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Why does a wrecked Second World War tank lie out on the Teesdale moors?
By Chris Lloyd echochrislloyd Chief Features Writer
WALKING out on Cotherstone Moor, Dave Middlemas and his long suffering wife, Alison, discovered the remains of a wrecked tank lying in a remote bog hidden from view by moorland tussocks.
It lies to the south of the Teesdale village of Cotherstone, and perhaps its nearest landmark is the Butter Stone – a natural stone where trade was carried out centuries ago in a time of plague, as Memories told earlier this year.
In the distance, appropriately perhaps, is a farm called Battle Hill.
Deeply intrigued, Dave, of Cockerton, began to investigate…
First of all, the Ministry of Defence to this day has rifle ranges at Battle Hill, and the Ordnance Survey map of the area is covered with "Danger Area" in red letters. But the OS map also shows how the "Danger Area" is criss-crossed with public footpaths, which can be closed if the range is being used.
Dave, of course, was walking when there were no shots being fired.
The tank he discovered in a bog was a Valentine Mk III, a classic Second World War tank of which about 8,000 were built by Vickers-Armstrong in Newcastle. The first Valentines were hurriedly built in 1940 after most British armour was abandoned at Dunkirk, and the Mk III was introduced in late 1941 when the dale around Barnard Castle was filling up with army training camps.
At any one time, there must have been thousands of men in the dale.
The camps were at Deerbolt, Stainton, Streatlam, Barford, Westwick and Humbleton.
Westwick, Humbleton and Stainton were infantry training corps. It is said that when Winston Churchill secretly visited Teesdale in December 1942, he stood on our favourite Whorlton suspension bridge and watched the men wade chest deep through the icy Tees and scale the cliffs on the Durham side, perhaps in early preparation for D-Day.
Barford, Streatlam and Deerbolt became training centres for the Royal Armoured Corps (RAC). Soldiers from Barford and Streatlam learned to drive tanks in the parkland of Streatlam Castle; those stationed at Deerbolt went up the B6277 to train in the grounds of Lartington Hall.
"One anecdote describes the extensive damage caused to the Lartington Park railings by these learners," says Dave.
John Le Mesurier – later, of course, Sgt Wilson in Dad's Army – trained at Deerbolt and became a captain in the Royal Tank Regiment. Norman Wisdom also served as a bandsman at an RAC camp near Barney.
Once the soldiers had mastered the rudiments of tank driving, they were allowed up onto the moorland between Bowes and Cotherstone which the War Office had taken over.
"Much of the southern half of this land, near Stoney Keld, would become RAF Bowes Moor," says Dave. "It was an extensive storage site for airdroppable poison gas munitions, the remains of which can still be seen today together with the faded warning signs."
Indeed, traces of low levels of Second World War toxins associated with mustard gas were present there as recently as 2008, although not in dangerous levels.
"The northern half of this area was used for a wide variety of army exercises, small arms practice and tank manoeuvres," says Dave. "Almost in the centre of all this lies Battle Hill Farm, although its name is a pure coincidence as it predates the war by many years."
To reach the Battle Hill training ground, the tanks from Streatlam camp had to travel in troops of three through Barney, down the steep Bank and then over the County Bridge – a manoeuvre which frightened many local residents, especially if they were caught on the narrow bridge as the tanks rumbled across.
"The tanks' metal tracks would damage the roads and the deck of the bridge was bedded with extra concrete for protection," says Dave. "Later developments saw the addition of rubber track inserts but the bridge would still be heavily strained by a tro | [
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The organization is able to move adoptive families to become volunteers and volunteers to become lifetime donors.
They can now create reports, combining all their data in order to accurately view a donor's involvement with the organization.
Users are now able to manage auction items, event attendance and ensure all data entered into the system is accurate and valid.
protects and enhances the lives of companion animals by promoting healthy relationships between pets and people. They accomplish this by providing shelter and care to more than 7,000 animals each year, achieving 93% adoption and reunion rates. Alongside adoption and lost and found services, the Humane Society of Boulder Valley (HSBV) operates a full-service veterinary clinic, training center, a retail store and a thrift and gift shop.
The Humane Society of Boulder Valley needed a cloud-based solution that would seamlessly tie all of their data together. They understood the need to have a centralized location to track all of their data, which led them to implement Raiser's Edge, a system that worked well for a time, but lacked the connectivity and mobile availability that users wanted and expected. Users became frustrated with the quality of data, as there was no way to ensure data entry was being completed consistently and accurately. Accessibility of data was also a concern within the organization. Event attendance data was being stored separately from donation data. Marketing emails were being sent from yet another system with no integration to Raiser's Edge, making it difficult to determine which campaigns and messaging were resonating with donors and potential donors, driving them to support Boulder Valley Humane Society's cause. "Raiser's Edge was no longer a feasible solution for our organization. We needed a platform that would integrate with other systems, giving us a complete view of all the information we were collecting from constituents. We chose to move forward with a cloud-based solution, giving us more flexibility and mobile access," stated Amanda Boerman, Senior Development Manager for HSBV.
After completing an in-depth discovery phase with the Humane Society of Boulder Valley, Cloud for Good determined that the best solution would be a combination of Sales Cloud with the Nonprofit Success Pack (NPSP). "Cloud for Good is a trusted partner of many nonprofit organizations. We were drawn to them because their consultants have walked miles in our shoes and could relate to the challenges we were facing," said Boerman. Utilizing Cloud for Good's extensive knowledge of the Raiser's Edge data model, historical data was migrated into the Salesforce NPSP. To expand on the built-in functionality of NPSP, Cloud for Good configured our Fundraising Package, providing expanded grant management, moves management and donation cultivation processes to meet specific fundraising requirements outlined by the Humane Society of Boulder Valley.
A custom object was created to track pets. This enables the Fundraising team to converse effectively with pet owners and target pertinent communications based on pet guardianship. This object also allows the staff to engage in meaningful conversations with supporters and expand their supportive relationships with pet guardians.
Additionally, Cloud for Good customized Salesforce to track auction items. This object assists HSBV in their annual gala and auction event, which entails over 500 silent auction items and hosts over 1,000 guests each year. "Managing our auction items and knowing who to thank for their donation was a trying task. Integrating our Salesforce platform with an events application is simplifying our internal processes and helping us collect and report on valuable information around our fundraising events," explained Boerman. Classy was also configured and the Salesforce Connector was enabled in order to seamlessly integrate online donations and event registrations into Salesforce. MailChimp was integrated using Chimp Sync, linking all data together in Salesforce.
Cloud for Good also installed and configured Apsona, allowing users to create custom mail merge templates that were configured and automated to provide accurate and timely thank you letters for donors and event sponsors. In order to highlight particular data sets, Cloud for Good created custom reports, making it easier for the Humane Society of Boulder Valley team to view key metrics. Cloud for Good ensured that the Salesforce1 mobile application met the organization's needs by customizing the mobile layouts, so users could securely access the platform anywhere.
The Humane Society of Boulder Valley is able to see all interactions with a constituent in one place, easily accessible from anywhere an internet connection is | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 1.022369 | 0.177142 | 0.693199 | 1.316484 |
The Witcher is Fun Fantasy, Once it Makes Sense
in The Witcher
by Hawk Ripjaw January 11, 2020, 12:00 am
Netflix's sprawling adaptation of the The Witcher novels by Polish author Andrzej Sapkowski has finally released, and depending on how familiar you are with his world of mutants and mages, your mileage here may vary. From the start, it's clear that Netflix has, per usual, poured a lot of money into this thing. Several locales suffer from the generic "video game fantasy village" look, but interiors, costuming and monster design boast a strong sense of personality. The action is slick and surprisingly violent. For the most part, it's a great-looking show with solid special effects and strong direction across the board.
It's based on a set of short stories, which gives it a serialized, stop-and-start feel in the first few episodes until the threads start to converge. Showrunner Lauren Schmidt Hissrich divvied up the writers on each episode based on that writer's strength in certain genres. More often than not, Geralt is more of a B-plot character whose "Adventure of the Week" has a different tone and flavor in each episode. One of the best was a whodunit-style mystery surrounding a curse on a princess, complete with Geralt pulling a Poirout-style revelation. A close second is a dragon-hunting adventure culminating in a semi-obvious twist and a very entertaining fight sequence.
For how many people dunked on Cavill after his look for Geralt was revealed, his performance is surprisingly one of the strongest in the show. Geralt has little patience for humans, but enjoys a close friendship with his horse, Roach. Cavill overcomes some of the clunkier dialogue with interesting nonverbal cues and an engagingly smoldering demeanor. You could make one hell of a dangerous drinking game over how many times he simply mutters, "Fuck." There's also a degree of nuance to Geralt's approach to his profession: he's a pacifist when he can be, expresses frustration when a creature is needlessly slaughtered, and discusses the extinction of dragons with what appears to be somber reverence. He's more than a stone-cold monster hunter, and Cavill, a noted fan of the games, is clearly putting in the work to give Geralt texture.
The show's biggest issue from the outset is its high barrier for entry. While The Witcher goes to lengths to distance itself from Game of Thrones, HBO's epic is notable for how it presents events and locations that might not be clearly defined right away, but does so in a way that feels purposeful and will matter later. The Witcher immediately drops viewers into the deep end, throwing characters, events, locales, and terms out in such volume that it becomes exhausting to keep up. Those who haven't read the books on which the series is based will quickly get caught up in the deluge of context-less lore and noisy exposition.
At a certain point, it becomes evident that the individual plots of the show take place in different timelines. This is only obvious once the fates and ages of characters start to not add up, and there are subtle clues dropped in scenes that suggest the flow of time is not presented linearly. There's no clear reason why this isn't made clear from the outset with subtitles. There's no sudden pull of the rug or big reveal that these events occur nonlinearly. There's simply the revelation of the different time periods, and that revelation does little to alter the storytelling outside of an admittedly good moment in the penultimate episode in which it's revealed that Geralt was present in the castle during the siege.
In Episode 4, this storytelling method robs Yennefer (Anya Chalotra) of much-needed character development. Her thirst for immediate power and beauty was so great that she entered violent and agonizing surgery without anesthetics in the prior episode, and here she is decades into the future as a full-fledged mage with the connective tissue between the two roles nonexistent. This is a persistent problem when it comes to character relationships, which rubber-band between friendliness and antagonism based on where they are on the timeline. The idea of | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 1.060407 | 0.141453 | 0.210821 | 0.089554 |
I opened my first demat account in 2006 just after getting my first job. I was excited to invest in the stock markets. I had my salary account with ICICI and it was damn easy to get a demat and trading account with ICICI bank.
But later I realized that ICICI charges a hell lot of charges for trading and delivery of shares into account. I still kept using ICICI for a couple of years. Why? Because my trading volume was very low and my overall investment in the stock market was less than 1,00,000 rupees.
Most of my investment was in Mutual Funds and Fixed Deposits.
It was easy to transfer funds from my saving account to demat account, so the high transaction charges did not bother me.
A trading account is used to place buy or sell orders in the stock market. Demat means dematerializing shares into digital format rather than on physical paper. The demat account is used as a bank where shares bought are deposited in, and where shares sold are taken from. You will get a single account for demat & trading.
I bet, you will love it.
Give a high amount of initial cheque when opening the demat account. You can withdraw the money back to your saving account once the account is opened.
But you will be able to negotiate for the lowest possible brokerage with Angel Broking or anyone that you select.
I gave the first cheque of 1,00,000 Rupees and got 0.12% of delivery and 0.012% on trading. There is no compulsion to invest money immediately, you can safely invest whatever you want, even if you want to start with Rs. 5000 (withdraw rest of the 95,000 back to your bank account).
In 2010, I started investing heavily in stock markets. In the past few years, I opened accounts with 5Paisa, Zerodha, Angel Broking, Sharekhan and Upstox.
My trading volume is low because I prefer to buy shares for the long term. For high trading volume, you can open an account with 5Paisa.
You can read the detailed review of demat accounts and decide which is the best trading platform for you.
Deposit Rs. 50,000 as margin just after activating your account. Keep the margin in your account as cash or stock. Make sure you make at least one trade within 30 days.
You would get your registration fees refunded after 30 days.
Your registration fees would be waived off if you buy "Smart Investor" at the time of account opening.
Open the account and start learning trading & value investing.
Unlike other demat and trading platforms, 5 Paisa offers flat Rs. 10 for trade. No matter how much you buy. You will not be charged based on any percentage.
Opening Charges – 650 Rs.
Don't worry about the account opening charges.
You will save a lot of money from the saving from your trade charges. ICICI charges 0.5% of the trade volume, that means I have to pay Rs. 500 for buying/selling 100,000 Rs. shares while at 5Paisa I will pay only Rs. 10.
Account opening is very easy and convenient. You fill up simple online form and they will come to collect your documents.
Investor Terminal – Investor terminal is for the low volume traders. This is a web-based terminal and easy to access.
Trader Terminal – Trader terminal is for high volume traders which provide a powerful interface and fast execution.
Zerodha is one of the largest discount broker having more than Over 1.5 lakh trading customers with the average daily trading transaction of over Rs 10,000 crore.
Zerodha is best for small investors because there are no minimum charges of brokerage per trade. The brokerage rate is 0.01% or Rs 20 per executed order whichever is lower.
Their main business review comes from derivatives, hence they have decided to charge zero brokerage on delivery.
Delivery is totally free. No brokerage on delivery.
No minimum cap of brokerage per transaction.
Maximum brokerage charge capped to Rs 20 irrespective of transaction | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -0.287934 | -0.770727 | -0.252278 | 0.221101 |
volume.
Provide a margin from 4 to 10 times.
Equity Options- flat Rs 20 per trade.
Zerodha Trader – A complete trading solution for the investors and traders which provide complete market data and multi market access from a single front end.
Zerodha Z5 – A browser based website specially for the users having low internet speed of less than 512 Kbps.
Zerodha Mobile – A mobile app through which you can trade from your mobile also.
Zerodha Pi – A next generation trading platform having many features such as integrating charting with up to 50,000 candles.
Angel broking is one of the oldest brokerage company in India having established network branches in over 900 cities. At present angel broking providing service to more than 10,00,000 customers.
I am using that for 3 years now and loving their support system.
Angel broking 's customer care service is up to the mark.
I recommend Angel Broking for the peace of mind, best in class trading platforms.
I negotiated the brokerage charges at the time of account opening by giving a high amount of opening cheque.
You can also try when you meet with their agent.
Angel Eye – A web based platform useful for portfolio tracking and undated quotes. It also provide up-to-date market information and live news. I use Angel Eye platform for transactions.
Angel Broking App – A mobile app useful to view current market prices and track your portfolio.
Angel Speed Pro – An installable software comes with 30 days intraday and 20 years historical data.
Margin provided up to 10 times of the amount deposit.
Free SMS advisory service for 3 months.
You can start trading within 1 hour through digital KYC.
Trading Account Opening Charges – Rs 0.
Demat Account Opening Charges – Rs 0.
Angel Classic ( 10,000 to 24,999) – Rs 450 per annum.
Angel Preferred ( 25,000 to 49,999) – No AMC for 1st year and Rs 450 p.a afterwards.
Angel Premier ( 50,000 to 99,999) – No AMC for 2 year and Rs 450 p.a afterwards.
Angel Elite ( 1,00,000 & more) – No AMC for 3 years and Rs 450 p.a afterwards.
Religare securities Ltd. (RSL) is a wholly owned subsidiary of religare enterprise. RSL is a diversified financial service group which serving more than 8 lakh across both online and offline platforms.
RSL offers broking services in equity, currency and commodity along with depository participant services.
Note – You can avail lifetime AMC free account with one-time payment of Rs.2500.
RSL provide mobile trading platform to place order anytime from anywhere.
Provides facility of investing in equities, derivatives, currency, futures, commodities and mutual funds through a single account.
Provides intraday reporting and historical charting.
Charge Rs 10 per offline order with a maximum limit of Rs 50 per day.
Sharekhan is one of the leading online brokerage company having more than 12 lakh customer base. Presently the company has provided service from more than 1800 offices across 550 cities.
1) Classic Account – Classic account is an online trading account for equities and derivatives best suited for investors. This account has the features like multiple watch lists, real-time portfolio tracking with price alerts and integrated banking.
2) Trade Tiger Account – Trade tiger account is a net-based executable application for active traders who trade frequently during the day's trading session.
I have their classic account because I am not a trader, I am a value investor.
Account opening charges are adjusted towards first six months brokerage or waived off.
No annual maintenance charge for the first year.
Sharekhan provides online & offline training workshops to investors.
Free call & trade facility.
Minimum brokerage charge per stock would reduce your profit on trading | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -1.0589 | -0.84389 | -0.342024 | -0.596958 |
small (penny) stock.
Brokerage rate is higher as compared to other demat companies. But you can negotiate at the time of account opening.
Motilal oswal financial services is at the third position in the list of best demat accounts in India. Motilal Oswal provides a huge number of services such as private wealth management, retail broking and distribution, institutional broking, asset management, investment banking, private equity, commodity broking, currency broking, principal strategies & home finance.
Presently the company has more than 1700 business locations with over 7.5 lakh registered customers. Motilal oswal' solid research based advice is the reason of such a strong customer base. They spend Around 10% revenue on research and on hiring & training for research.
I do my own research before buying any stocks, so their research calls are not helpful to me.
Annual Maintenance Charges – Rs 400.
Desktop Trading Platform – A desktop based platform which needs to installed in the system, provides to access over 30,000 research reports across all asset classes.
Mobile Trading Platform – A mobile platform which allow to trade through mobiles and tablets.
Award winning research advise covers around 95% of market capitalisation.
Provides free brokerage for the first month.
Ventura is a full service broking company which provides service to clients to invest in equity, equity derivatives, commodities, mutual funds, fixed income products and currency futures.
I am Ventura customer for a long time. Their web based online trading platform is not as matured as Angel & Sharekhan but they provide good support over phone. Their windows based trading platform is also good. You will need a little trading before starting your trading on their platform.
Ventura charge different brokerage rate depends upon the plan that you will choose. You have to pay the plan amount at the account opening time. Your brokerage will be adjusted against deposit throughout the year.
Ventura Pointer – This is a software based trading platform which is to be installed in the system. Ventura pointer has the features like customizes watch marker window, detail scrip and allow study, analyze & trade from chart window.
Web Based Trading – et.ventura1.com is a web based trading platform but it lacks a lot of features.
Ventura Wealth – Ventura wealth is a mobile app based trading platform. This app is free if you register under plan Rs 9,999. This provides real time trading and live market updates.
Offers a wide range of financial products to invest which includes equity, equity derivatives, commodities, mutual funds, fixed income products and currency futures.
First year AMC is free.
The mobile app make trading more user friendly.
You have to deposit a fixed yearly fee based on your plan along with the brokerage. The amount is refundable only if you generates similar amount of brokerage for Ventura in a year.
Investment in equities, derivatives, mutual funds, SIP, IPO, NCD & bonds, ETF and currency.
Home loans & loan against securities.
If your trading volume is low then ICICI Direct account is best for you.
If you have ICICI saving account and want to invest in IPO and Mutual Funds.
It's easy to transfer in and transfer out money.
A variable percentage of brokerage is charged on basis of quarterly turnover. Higher the turnover, lesser will be the brokerage.
A fixed percentage of brokerage is charged on turnover. There is no turnover based slab rates like I- saver plan.
You have to pay prepaid brokerage under this plan. The brokerage rate is lesser as compare to the other two plan. But your money will be locked & not beneficial for seasonal traders or investors to lock their money.
Share Trading Account – A web based platform with which you can do all the trading and investing activities. This is not purpose full if you want to do technical analysis for trading.
Trade Racer – Trading platform suits for technical analysis as well. This provides features like live streaming quotes & research cells and integrated fund transfer system.
Kotak securities demat account offers a single account to hold certificates of your financial instruments like shares, bonds, government securities, mutual funds, and exchange- | [
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The Basilica di Sant'Apollinare Nuovo is a 6th-century church in eastern Ravenna. Named for Ravenna's first bishop, it is famed for its two side walls full of figurative mosaics dating from c.500 (under the Arian king Theodoric) and c.560 (under Catholic administration).
This basilica was built by Theodoric sometime after 500 AD as an Arian cathedral (in the same era as the Arian Baptistery) dedicated to Christ; it was converted into a Catholic church dedicated to St. Martin around 560.
The dedication was changed again in the 9th century to St. Apollinare, first bishop of Ravenna, when the saint's relics were moved here from Sant'Apollinare in Classe for protection from pirate raids.
The basilica's present name, the "New Basilica of St. Apollinaris," does not mean it is newer than its namesake in Classe - it is actually several decades older. Instead, the "Nuovo" was added to distinguish it from another church of St. Apollinaris in the city, which has since disappeared.
The apse of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo was originally covered in mosaics like the walls, but these were unfortunately removed during 16th century renovations. The present apse and porch date from the 16th and 18th centuries.
Along with other ancient monuments in Ravenna, Sant'Apollinare Nuovo was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1995. The advisory body remarked, "Both the exterior and the interior of the basilica graphically illustrate the fusion between the Western and eastern styles characteristic of the late 5th-early 6th century. This is one of the most important buildings from this period of crucial cultural significance in European religious art."
The interior of the church measures 138 by 69 feet and contains 24 marble columns from Constantinople. Greek monograms can be seen in many of the capitals; these are markers of the workshops in which they were made. The present floor level is four feet higher than the original height, which occurred during restorations at the beginning of the 16th century.
The walls of the nave and clerestory are covered in glittering mosaics from the early 6th century AD. Some of them date from the Arian period under Theodoric (496-526), including the 26 panels depicting scenes from the life of Christ, the large portrait of Christ enthroned, and the depictions of Theodoric's palace in Ravenna and the port at Classe.
The remaining mosaics - the standing prophets, processions of saints, the Three Magi, and the large Virgin and Child - date from the Catholic period around 560 AD. At this time the palace of Theodoric and port of Classe were severely altered to remove all portraits of the Arian Gothic rulers.
The top row of mosaics on both walls depict scenes from the life of Christ as described in the New Testament. These are among the oldest mosaics in the church, dating from Theodoric's time (493-526).
Although they were commissioned for an Arian congregation, the subjects are similar to those depicted in orthodox Byzantine art. However, there are some notable differences: the Arian mosaics show a traditional Roman artistic style; they represent Christ naturalistically; and they leave out the Crucifixion. However, other scenes from the Passion and Resurrection are included. The cruciform halo around Christ's head in each scene is almost certainly a Catholic addition - it overlaps awkwardly with other figures in some examples.
Amazingly, all the biblical mosaic panels are original and unaltered save two: the Miracle at Cana was much altered during a poor restoration in the 19th century; and the Healing of the Paralytic was fully restored after damage from an Austrian bomb in 1916. The latter, however, was painstakingly restored to its original appearance using photographs taken before the damage.
At least two artists carried out these mosaic panels: the scenes in the left wall show Christ as youthful and beardless; those on the right wall depict him as a mature man with a beard. Those on the right | [
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The ongoing crisis at the International School Ibadan (ISI) over the wearing of hijab by Muslim girls of the secondary school located in the University of Ibadan is needless and misguided. It is a dangerous misadventure that does not warrant the energy, time and emotion dissipated over it, given its far-reaching consequences.
Just as it was a few years ago in Osun State, when a similar problem incited students to an uncontrolled state of juvenile rascality, if the crisis is not immediately contained, it may escalate to religious violence and political instability in the state and its environs. Apart from being a test of the civility and liberal atmosphere expected in a secular university environment, it also provides an opportunity for all the parties to be educated about the legality, morality and cultural prospects of religious observances and practices.
According to a report about the crisis, a forum of Muslim parents, who had been clamouring for the use of hijab by female Muslim pupils had clashed with university students, causing the University of Ibadan administration to close the school. Whilst the forum had argued that depriving female Muslim students from using the hijab as part of the school uniform was a denial of their Muslim identity, the ISI management had responded by stating that ISI is a private, secular school, whose dress code, as stipulated in the school's rules and regulation, does not accommodate the use of hijab. In the reckoning of the ISI management, by this clamour for the use of hijab, the Muslim parents' forum attempted to breach the rules and regulations of the school. With no one shifting fences, the tension seems to be a recipe for disorder.
This is not the first time controversy has erupted over school uniforms. A few years ago in Osun State, the lofty educational ideas of Governor Rauf Aregbesola were tainted by school uniform controversy, when students, reacting to hijab-wearing students contravening the uniform dress code, stormed their schools in a motley of outlandish attires depicting their religious affiliations. Just like the International School, Ibadan, the hijab issue also sparked up in the International School, University of Lagos years ago, but was judiciously addressed and prevented from escalating to a burning controversy like ISI's.
However, it needs to be stressed that originally the hijab was not a religious attire but a mode of dressing of a given people, who for climate reasons and cultural identity adopted that mode of dressing for their girls and women. It did not matter whether the users were Christians or Muslims, for it was a symbol of modesty and feminine charm, and later on became a symbol of religious identity. With the rise of misguided radicalism in certain Muslim quarters, the use of hijab became an instrumentalised religious right for social mobilisation of Muslims for economic and political power. Indeed, the Constitution grants adherents the right to such freedom, which is not absolute in any case.
As this newspaper counselled a few years ago, the hijab, as instrumentalised today and as the Muslim parents' forum wants the public to believe is a dress code for religious identity. If that is the case, its purpose is different from that of the school uniform. While the hijab tells a beholder that the one vested in such attire is a Muslim, the school uniform identifies the wearer as one who belongs to this or that school. It does not tell whether the wearer is a Christian or a Muslim; and it need not do that, because the basis for association does not rest on any religious affiliation, but on the fact that one belongs to that school. Thus, if one must invoke the religious injunction on sartorial affairs, one must do that within the religious universe of the community that mandates such social comportment.
Beyond the purpose of identity, the school uniform suggests discipline and conformity. By its use, students learn the values of loyalty, comradeship and esprit de corps amongst those with whom the school attire is identified. Thus, as the term suggests, the school uniform is a symbol of uniformity.
To this end, the aggrieved parents of ISI would do well to discourage any fleeting and impulsive reaction associated with enthusiasts and activists who instrumentalise religion for mundane glory. They should reflectively ask the question: what value does the hijab identity offer to the wearer beyond a Muslim dress code for girls in a private, secular institution? If the dress code in itself possesses any religious, spiritual value | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 1.141919 | 0.62358 | -0.088142 | 0.802944 |
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Hunters Win a Humdinger Against Ahmedabad Smashmasters
An excellent started followed by a few missteps and a frightening prospect of being blanked out was very real for the Hyderabad Hunters. The skipper PV Sindhu was playing her first trump match of the league and Kirsty Gilmour seemed to have had the measure of her at one-game all and match point in the third.
Sindhu and the Hunters seemed down and out for the count at 12-14 in the final game, and yet the Hunters skipper mustered all her resilience to pull off a heist-of-sorts to take three points on the bounce, and eventually the match. That leveled the tie at 3-3 and the Hunters had every chance to take it in the final encounter – which they eventually did.
It ended a thrilling night of badminton, slightly on a disappointing note for the home team, but a sensational tie nevertheless.
Bodin Isara took up the mixed doubles duties alongside Eom Hye Won in the opening encounter of the night – against Satwik Sairaj & Sikki Reddy. A competitive first game went to the Hunters at golden point, while the second game was relatively easy for the Hunters. Having established an early lead, Bodin & Eom stayed ahead all through and sealed it 15-14 15-9.
A perfect start for the Hunters, and the stage was set for Rahul Yadav – making his Premier Badminton League debut. Rahul was up against Daren Liew in the trump match for the Ahmedabad Smashmasters. The big stage didn't seem to deter the youngster, as he peeled away some delectable shots and stayed well in hunt to at least take a game off his more experienced opponent.
Rahul narrowly missed out though, losing 13-15. And Daren then drew all his experience to seal the second game 9-15. Despite the loss, Rahul clearly gave an excellent account of himself and the experience should only make him a better player. The trump won, Ahmedabad edged ahead 2-1 and still had Viktor Axelsen to come next.
The Hunters were also confident given that Mark was coming out next, and he was yet to lose a match in the PBL. Viktor made a fast start and it felt Mark was searching for some answers as Viktor took the game with relative ease. Mark, was never going to give up easily – something which has endeared him to all the fans this season – and he managed a sensational comeback to take the second game, and square it all up!
The decider went much as the first game. And this time the home crowd got right behind Viktor. A couple of uncharacteristic errors from the Dutch #1 meant that his lost his perfect record for the tournament as well as match – conceding a 1-3 advantage to the Smashmasters for the evening.
Skipper PV Sindhu was playing her first trump of the evening. And following the reversals in the men's singles – she definitely had her work cutout to bring the Hunters back into the contest. A nail-biting first game was decided by a golden point in favor of the Hunters – and the skipper was just a game away from hauling the Hunters back on level terms. But Kristy Gilmore was having none of that as she stamped her mark on the game with a 12-15 reversal – to force a decider.
The decider was an absolute rollercoaster with both players pinging smashes and indulging in some deft net play. At 12-12 – the match seemed head for a photo finish, when Kristy pulled away and had three match points to seal the tie for the home team. The hunters skipper, then came back roaring to take three points on the bounce and secure the trump for the Hunters.
On level terms, all to play for in the final encounter.
Bodin Isara & Kim Sa Rang – stepped out for the final match of the evening taking the first game with relative ease. The fortunes reversed in the second game, with Ahmedabad taking it with a similar ease. The final game was nicely set up – with the winner to take the game, match and tie!
14-14 in the final game of the final match – perfectly summed up the contest. Bodin & Kim kept their nerve and took the Hunters past the tape | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.48439 | -0.931815 | -0.176066 | -0.613525 |
Original Published Date: October 30, 2018
The Tigers are in a rebuild and while I would not characterize their system as elite, it has greatly improved and with a Top five pick in next year's draft, it's likely to only get better.
Pitching is their strength led by last June's number one overall pick Casey Mize and 2017 first round pick, Matt Manning. While Mize checks all the boxes to be a solid number two pitcher, it would not surprise me if Manning turns out to be better. He has intriguing size and athleticism.
Daz Cameron is their highest upside offensive player with Christin Stewart ready to contribute in 2019 at in the big leagues. Neither are true impact offensive players but if Cameron can improve his contact skills, he has the tools that could make him a star.
Enjoy the list and please click on the baseball card to visit our partner amazon.com to explore additional information on each player.
1. Casey Mize (RHP)
Highest Level: High-A ETA: 2020-21 Fantasy Ceiling: Top 30 SP
Casey Mize was the clear, some might call it, safe, number one overall pick last June. He had a celebrated career at Auburn wherein three seasons, he pitched to a 2.96 ERA striking out over 10 per nine while posting an impressive 1.45 BB/9 rate. The ability to throw strikes with swing and miss stuff made him the clear, but again, safe pick.
Why do I keep bringing up the word "safe"? Well, first, he's really good. He has a ceiling of a number two pitcher with a fastball that sits 94 to 95 MPH and what I've been told is a "nasty splitter". One guy compared it to a splitter that would come out of Japan. But, there's no 80-grade fastball, no double-plus breaking pitch and nothing in the arsenal that would suggest he's going to be Gerrit Cole, David Price or Stephen Strasburg; three recent pitchers that have gone on to be ace-caliber pitchers. But, he'll be good…very good and assuming he stays healthy, which is a big if, he's safe.
The Tigers will likely start Mize back in High-A where he pitched 11.2 innings last season. He'll likely pitch well there with a chance to see Double-A by the end of the season. That should put him on schedule for a call-up in late 2020 or sometime in 2021.
2. Matt Manning (RHP)
Highest Level: Double-A ETA: 2020 Fantasy Ceiling: Top 35 SP
I continue to be very high on Matt Manning. He's got size at 6-foot-6, is extremely athletic and still has some physical projectable left to add velocity to his mid-90's fastball.
The Tigers pushed him hard in 2018, staring him off in Low-A just to finish the season in Double-A. While he was a bit inconsistent, he managed to strike out 154 batters in 117.2 innings while only giving up 90 hits. What he didn't do was throw consistent strikes. In those same 117.2 innings, he walked 51 or 3.9 per nine.
I say it all the time, do not give up on athletic pitchers that throw hard. I think Manning has the ability to throw more consistent strikes, he just needs to get everything to work together. I think it'll come and he only turns 21 in January. In fact, I think his ceiling of a Top 35 starting pitcher might be low.
3. Franklin Perez (RHP)
Highest Level: High-A ETA: 2020 Fantasy Ceiling: Top 45 SP
Franklin Perez and Daz Cameron were the centerpieces to the Justin Verlander deal that put the Astros over the top in 2017. Both are Top 100 prospects now, but just outside of the reach of the elite prospects. While we ranked Perez higher, we consider both to be solid prospects.
We are still betting "on the come" with Perez as he barely pitched | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.209139 | -0.358843 | 0.551534 | -0.171011 |
last season. He started the season on the DL with a Lat strain and ended the year on the DL with a shoulder injury. The good news is that an MRI on the shoulder showed no structural damage, but it's still a shoulder injury.
When healthy, he has a solid arsenal with a fastball that sits 94 to 95 MPH, a plus change-up but a curveball that still needs work. He also throws strikes as is demonstrated by his 2.75 career walk rate. While there is still work left, he has a great base and he only turns 21 in December.
4. Daz Cameron (OF)
Highest Level: Triple-A ETA: 2019 Fantasy Ceiling: Top 45 OF
Daz Cameron and Franklin Perez were the centerpieces to the Justin Verlander deal that put the Astros over the top in 2017. Both are Top 100 prospects now, but just outside of the reach of the elite prospects. While we ranked Perez higher, we consider both to be solid prospects.
When Daz Cameron was going through high school, he was lauded as the next great number one overall pick. It didn't quite work out that way as the Astros selected him with the first pick in the supplemental first round, he still got a huge signing bonus ($4,000,000). Then the real work started.
While it hasn't been linear, Cameron is starting to round into shape to become a solid big league outfielder. His carrying tool continues to be his plus speed with a chance to steal 25 bases at the big league level. He hasn't shown a ton of power yet, but his bat speed and swing indicate that he could hit 12 to 15 once he fully matures. The big question mark continues to be his ability to make consistent contact. As it stands currently, it will limit his upside. So, if you add it all together, the ceiling is a Top 45 fantasy outfielder with 15 home runs, 25 stolen bases, and a .260/.330 average.
5. Christin Stewart (OF)
Highest Level: Majors ETA: 2018 Fantasy Ceiling: Top 50 OF
Christin Stewart entered the season at age 24, needing to show significant improvement at the plate in order to keep his big league career alive. And guess what, he did just that. He improved his contact rate from 25% in Double-A to 20.7% in 122 games at Triple-A. He hit five fewer home runs and slug 20 points less, but the improved contact rate was much more meaningful. It all led to the Tigers promoting him for a September call-up. In limited action, he showed a similar contact rate and walk rate and also popped two home runs.
If the ability to control the strike zone can continue, I think Stewart could be an interesting fantasy player. It's conceivable that 23 home runs could translate into 30 plus in the big leagues. He doesn't have any speed, so his BABIP will be challenged, so a .240/.330 average is likely. But when you match that with 30 plus home runs, that's a very nice fourth outfielder.
6. Willi Castro (SS)
Highest Level: Double-A ETA: 2020 Fantasy Ceiling: Top 15 SS
Willi Castro was traded to the Tigers in exchange from Leonys Martin at the deadline deal with the Indians. I've always been intrigued by the overall skillset of Castro, even owning him in multiple Dynasty Leagues over the past couple of years. But, despite showing flashes of power and speed, he never hit enough.
After the trade to the Tigers, that all seemingly changed. In 31 games, he hit .310 with four home runs and four stolen bases. Unfortunately, if you dig into the stats, the batting average was all BABIP driven. The strikeout rate and lack of walks were basically the same. So, we are still waiting for him to improve the ability to control the strike zone so that he can tap into his speed and power combination. For now, I remain optimistic as he's still only 21-years-old with already 500 at-bats above High-A.
7. Alex Faedo | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.294048 | -0.460962 | 0.657334 | -0.089426 |
(RHP)
Highest Level: Double-A ETA: 2019-20 Fantasy Ceiling: Top 60 SP or Middle Reliever
Alex Faedo made our Top 100 list entering 2018 (pick 45) but after a poor season where he lost a grade in velocity, he's dropped. The drop in velocity was evident once promoted to Double-A wherein 60 innings, he gave up 15 home runs. While he has the ability to manipulate his fastball, when he throws it up in the zone, sitting 89 to 90, things will not end well.
It wasn't all bad as he's got a wipeout slider which missed a ton of bats. He also throws strikes and has the size to be a starting pitcher. But, the delivery has effort and the Tigers might decide to let him air out the fastball to get back to the mid-90's and pair that with his slider in the bullpen.
8. Parker Meadows (OF)
Highest Level: Short-Season ETA: 2022-23 Fantasy Ceiling: Top 45 OF
Austin's little brother was drafted by the Tigers in the second round (44th overall) in last June's draft. Like his brother, he's pretty tooled up with above-average raw power and plus foot speed.
He got off to a nice start to his professional career by slashing .290/.377/.473 across the GCL and New York Penn League. He also struck out 29% of the time and that's what concerns most of the people I've spoken to about his upside. Sure, he has the skills that fantasy owners love on their squad, but will he hit enough to be more than a fourth outfielder? The Tigers believe he will. I'm torn but would still consider him in a Dynasty League redraft league in the middle rounds.
9. Beau Burrows (RHP)
Highest Level: Double-A ETA: 2019-20 Fantasy Ceiling: Top 60 SP
The Tigers had Beau Burrows repeat Double-A and despite a better ERA, his broader stats were pretty much the same. He struck out over 8.5 per nine while walking close to four per nine. He also gave up 12 home runs in 26 starts.
Burrows does have a good fastball that can hit the upper 90's in spurts (sits more 94 to 95). His slider has gotten better, but the change-up is still below average and his splits continue to reflect that. I think he's still a starter, but the ceiling is no more than a number four pitcher.
10. Isaac Paredes (2B)
Highest Level: Double-A ETA: 2020 Fantasy Ceiling: Top 20 2B
Isaac Paredes had a nice season in both High and Double-A. Across both levels, he slashed .278/.359/.456 with 15 home runs. I was actually surprised at the number of home runs as I didn't think he had the type of power. He only turns 20 next February, so you can argue there could be more in the tank.
What he can do and what he has done his entire career is hit. Last season in Double-A, he posted a 14.2% strikeout rate and walked nearly as much as he struck out. While he's a below average runner, he could easily hit .290 with a 15 to 18 home runs while scoring plenty of runs. While that's not a fantasy stud, it's a nice low-end second baseman or middle infielder.
11. Wenceel Perez (SS)
Highest Level: Low-A ETA: 2022-23 Fantasy Ceiling: Top 15 SS
Wenceel Perez should be on Dynasty League owners'radar. In 118 minor league games, he's hit .313 with 29 stolen bases. He isn't showing any power yet, but he has plenty of bat speed and is only 18-years-old.
While a .313 batting average looks nice, what really tells the story is his 9.4% strikeout rate and that he's | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.904028 | -0.543777 | 0.4547 | -0.573242 |
Public and police officers end pay increase negotiations
Drigo, left and Letang
Two negotiators have reached a "reluctant" salary agreement with the government. One says Covid-19 forced acceptance whilst the other cities a lack of support by its membership as its reason for capitulating.
On July 1, 2021, public officers will receive a 1.25 percent salary increase as part of a three-year agreement that the Dominica Public Service Union (DPSU) has negotiated with the government of Dominica.
The agreement settled upon for the 2018-2021 triennium includes a 1.25 percent increase in the first and second year and a one-time payment which is equivalent to one month's salary. There will be no salary increase for the third year.
In an exclusive interview with the Sun, General Secretary of the DPSU, Thomas Letang declared, had it not been for the economic constraints brought about by the pandemic and Hurricane Maria in 2017, such a proposal by the government would have been rejected.
"The offer that we got, really cannot do much for the public officers. However, we consulted with our members and while what we really wanted in terms of an increase is not what we got, several factors did influence our decision, mainly the current state of the economy," Letang said. "Despite what people may think, we believe that the economy is not in a good shape."
Among other arrangements agreed upon is a $250,000 contribution from the government to the DPSU's medical fund, $300,000 to its education fund, as well as $100,000 to the union's revolving fund and $20,000.00 annually to the union for the training of members.
The government has also pledged its commitment in taking to Parliament a Bill which will significantly improve the terms and conditions of non-established public officers "in terms of their vacation leave, their sick leave and study leave among other things" for enactment no later than June/July 2021.
Letang said that the government was also receptive to the union's proposal to facilitate assistance to public officers after a disaster that will not require them having to go to parliamentarians.
"Government has agreed to our proposal and that is to establish a fund and every year budgetary allocations will be made towards that fund and there will be a rollover, so whatever is left in a previous year will roll into the next year," the DPSU official noted.
He said the fund will be managed with no influence from politicians as the Establishment Department and the oversight committee will consist of the union executive, the union representatives and permanent secretaries.
The idea of subsidized housing for public officers was also discussed and it is hoped that before the end of the month, subject to the availability of the Prime Minister, the union will be meeting with the government to develop a concept for that particular matter.
"So the members understood the situation and that nobody lost their job, and we do not believe that there is an immediate threat to them losing their jobs. That being considered with other factors influenced the acceptance by the general membership," Letang said.
Whilst the DPSU's General Secretary said their decision was driven by the membership support, President of the Police Welfare Association (PWA) Jefferson Drigo says the PWA's was the result of lack of support by police officers.
At the onset of their negotiations with the government, Drigo said the executives' hands were tied as "we have the blade but the government has the handle."
Whilst PWA presented a proposal of a 15% increase for each year for the triennium 2018-2021, the government rejected the offer and the association was forced to accept a one-off payment for the first year –the first half to be received in December 2021 and the balance in June of 2022.
For the period 2019-2020, police officers will receive an increase of 1.25 percent at the end of March and a retroactive pay of 20 months of the same percentage at the end of April 2021. Because of COVID-19, the PWA accepted 0.00% for the third year.
"We had no choice but to accept the government's offer. Though we understand that the pandemic has affected the state of the economy we were expecting something much better than what we got, especially | [
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Cash pours in for state House hopeful Edly-Allen days after she calls for donation limits
Democrat Mary Edly-Allen, left, and Republican state Rep. Helene Miller Walsh, right, are candidates for the 51st House District seat.
Republican state Rep. Helene Miller Walsh, right, and her Democratic challenger, Mary Edly-Allen, appeared at a candidate forum in Barrington this month. Edly-Allen has received $290,726 in contributions since the Oct. 6 forum, at which she said campaign funding should be limited to $100,000 per candidate. Bob Susnjara | Staff Photographer
Bob Susnjara
Follow @DHBobSusnjara
Updated 10/23/2018 12:50 PM
Responding to a moderator's question at a recent political forum in Barrington, Democratic state representative candidate Mary Edly-Allen said campaigns should be limited to $100,000 in contributions and lamented her opponent's spending on "very expensive" mailers and television commercials.
But soon after portraying herself as a financial underdog, money began flowing to Edly-Allen.
Campaign finance records culled by Illinois Sunshine show Edly-Allen has received $290,726 in contributions since the Oct. 6 forum, dwarfing the haul of Republican state Rep. Helene Miller Walsh.
Edly-Allen, a teacher from Libertyville, is facing Miller Walsh in the Nov. 6 election for the seat representing House District 51.
The district includes all or portions of the Barrington area, Lake Zurich, Long Grove, Libertyville and Mundelein.
Miller Walsh, a Mundelein-area resident, was appointed in August to replace state Rep. Nick Sauer of Lake Barrington, who resigned amid accusations he posted nude photographs of an ex-girlfriend over social media without her knowledge. Sauer's term expires in January.
Edly-Allen has $318,296 cash on hand compared to Miller Walsh's $134,271, according to the nonprofit Illinois Sunshine campaign finance database Tuesday.
Edly-Allen said her finances lagged Miller Walsh's on the day she spoke at the League of Women Voters forum at Barrington Area Library and didn't know she would receive the nearly $300,000 in contributions that began rolling in four days later.
"We need to take a real closer look at finance reform," Edly-Allen said. "When I spoke on Saturday, that (lack of cash) was the truth. I actually had a conversation with the (House) Speaker (Michael Madigan) on Sunday afternoon. And I was like, 'I need help. She's got mailers. I can't afford them.' I needed to counterpunch."
Miller Walsh, who doesn't favor campaign funding limits, criticized Edly-Allen for taking donations well beyond $100,000 after saying candidates should be limited. As part of her response to forum moderator Tahman Bradley, Edly-Allen said it was difficult matching Miller Walsh's "very expensive" mailers and TV commercials.
"It's one thing to accept $300,000 from Mike Madigan and his cronies, but it is completely hypocritical for Mary Edly-Allen to announce to the League of Women Voters that she wants to limit her campaign -- and all others -- to $100,000, then immediately cash every $50,000 check Madigan brings to her campaign coffers," Miller Walsh said in a statement to the Daily Herald. "If Mary were honest, she would give Madigan his money back and tell him she won't be bought off and vote for him for speaker of the House."
Top donors to Edly-Allen since the Oct. 6 forum include the Illinois Federation of Teachers union, with $55,400; Friends of Michelle Mussman, at $55,000; Friends of Mike Halpin, with $55,000; Friends of Martin J. Moylan, at $55,000; the Committee to Elect Jay C | [
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Good Morning! It's Holiday time, where we all try to go back home to our families, or we're happy to not be with our families. Either way it is a stressful time of the year, so what are you doing about it?
There are a few days left to think over 2018, and prepare for 2019. However, I challenge you to think about WHO you want to be. Over the next few days, when the stress of x,y, and z starts to creep in, think over who you have been in 2018, and who you want to be in 2019. Celebrate your wins this year, and learn from the times you didn't.
I don't really make goals each year, but I think over principles. This year I wanted to be more grateful than I have ever been. There were days of success and failure, but I kept that in my mind the whole year, and it was a great reminder!
It's like thinking over one of "those weeks" where either work is very stressful, or family and friends end up being stressful. There's always decisions in life that you can make that take you one of two directions. There truly are moments where you have to make a decision, and you can chose to make a decision that brings you closer to the "who" that you want to be, or you can make a decision that you're "suppose to make".
Taking a set back for our checklists and to-do lists, think about life for a second. How fast life is and how important certain aspects are and how unimportant others are. I remember being a kid and all I wanted in school was this certain backpack. A personalized backpack is huge for kids in school because, if you went to a school with a uniform like I did, it's the one time where you can choose what you want to wear. It was a tan corduroy backpack with flowers embroidered the bottom right corner. Also, it was a cross body backpack, I was very stylish!
WHAT WERE YOUR PANCAKE MOMENTS THIS YEAR?
Did you choose to spend time with those you love? Did you spend a little too much for the sake of enjoying your time together? Was it worth the money spent? Did you step out of your comfort zone because you know if you eat oatmeal you'll forget about this later in life? Did you pick something new off of the menu and step out and eat something new? Were you kind to those when others were cruel to you? There is already enough hate in this world, don't add to it.
I call this moment "eating the banana pancake" because it's not something super far out there, but it's a moment where you choose to do something fun, and a little out of your comfort zone simple because you want to have some fun. You take a trip for the weekend to see friends, you go outside an play volleyball, or you take a horseback riding class because it's something exciting to do a little out of the norm. All of a sudden those little moments of being WHO you were wanting to be, actually add up to those larger life decisions, and you didn't even know it.
That's how life is. It's small decisions here and there, some unimportant in the moment and some important that eventually make us into who we are. We choose those decisions, and make those memories for ourselves once we leave home. What decisions will you make through the rest of this year, and into 2019?
What pancakes will you eat, and what others will you save the calories on?
PS: I'm very excited to share with you one of my goals completed for 2018 and starting in 2019. Theres a pretty obvious hint over on my instagram!
Money is not a four/ five letter word, nor is it a lottery ticket. It's not something to be afraid of or something to take lightly.
How do you get ahead of your finances? What are some steps you can take today that will make future you very happy!
These steps are some of the steps I used throughout college, and I was able to graduate without dept. Praise Jesus! All to Him! These steps I've used throughout my life that help me use money to my advantage, not the other way around. These are also steps that, when I don't follow, I begin to feel like I'm treading water, and that my finances are starting to own me.
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.278573 | -1.746175 | -1.616473 | -0.173541 |
KE A REAL LOOK AT WHERE YOU'RE AT NOW.
No holds barred, where are you at now? Do you have $10,000 in debt? Do you have $100,000 in debt? Either way the first way to start getting out of that debt is to be honest with yourself of where you're at. This pre-step is so important because we are good at ignoring what we don't want to accept.
I don't want to you accept and sit in that debt, but being honest with yourself will allow you to take a real look at what you can and can't do right now to move yourself towards your overall goal.
Now, don't go "cold turkey" on all of your extra expenses, and sit and eat beans all day. You're not taking care of your mental or physical health if you do that.
What is healthy for you to do though, is to pull up your credit card statement or your bank statements and take thirty minutes to track your spending over the past week.
Are you spending the majority of your money on your rent, food, travel, movie tickets, etc. Take a real look at where your money is going on a weekly and monthly basis. If you're not sure where it's going how can you get better at tracking that?
The first and one of the most exciting steps in the process of getting ahead of your finances is to research. Find the areas where you can save by doing very little, or where you can stop spending more by doing very little.
When I first did this I found that if I were to "lump sum" pay my car insurances for the next six months as opposed to paying month to month, I was going to save over $150 dollars. That's more than what one month of my insurance was. Why would I not do that!
Look into how you can set up auto payments. Do you have months that you get busy and forget to pay the bill until too late and now you have a late fee. Nothing is more disappointing and frustrating than having to pay more for rent just because you're paying on the 4th instead of the 3rd. IF you can set up auto payments, do it!
It will help your mind too because your don't have to think about that anymore. All of your major bills will get paid without you even having to pay them attention on a detailed monthly basis after the original research.
Take that free money and stop paying unnecessary extra money!
We live in a world where plastic is king. We swipe, and the money is gone.
It gets real when you have to physically hand over your hard earned cash for that pair of jeans. It's also amazing to see how you spend physical money.
Does that $50 last you all week, or are you out to dinner and over half is already gone?
This small demonstration can be eye opening. There is no way not to notice where the money is going when you're physically giving it to someone.
I say the above to also say this as well; if you know you can still pay as much attention to swiping as handing over cash, are you using that to your advantage?
If you have a credit card, is that card adding up points that you can use for flights or to pay off a credit card bill after a few months?
There are also cards that will give you more back based upon what you purchase. I know myself and I love eating out, it's something I have to watch, but also my credit card is one that will give me double points for food or travel. I'm turning my challenges into my successes.
What are you giving to your church or community?
Is there a need in the community that you can put some of your money towards?
This is such a necessary step of faith! It's something that can be difficult, but will make all the difference. I say this to you as much as I say to myself! God says test me. What have you done recently to take that trust step and give back?
Find a partner in your quest to get ahead of your finances. Is there someone in your life who is also looking to get ahead of their finances that you can lean on?
Look to that friend who you know will call you out, and ask them to. If you know you're going to have a conversation every Saturday with someone who will ask you the hard questions from the past week, you're more likely to not spend the money because you know you'll feel guilty having to explain why you did that.
You can also | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -0.222852 | -1.281568 | -1.155615 | 0.514552 |
talk about your struggles together. If you have a hard week and you really just need to spend some money, having that person in your life say "It's ok, we'll go hard next week." is so helpful. We're all human and there are times that if we tighten too much, we're going to crack. Have that person be your backup, and be their support as well!
Two cords working together towards a goal is going to be much stronger than one cord trying to hold that one cord by themselves and wondering why the swing is starting to sag.
Both my parents and I have used Dance Ramsey's books to help get us on the right path! It's hard, but living like no one else now really does add up, see what I did there!
Disclaimer: This post contains affiliate links. If you choose to dive into one of these resources, I would receive a small amount of money, at no additional cost to you!
10 Ways to Turn Around A "Bad Day"
Life can be difficult sometimes, but it's important to relax mentally as well as physically. Here are some practical ways to relax mentally! In August I was very blessed to have multiple days off in a row, and I used them to their full advantage. A couple of friends and I decided we were going to road trip to the grand canyon and back. It's important to allow your mind to reset and relax as well as finding ways to allow your body to physically rest. The mind is a muscle and just like it's important to take a day off of exercise to allow your muscles to recoup, it's also important to allow your mind to relax.
Before any of the "how to's" start this is the first step because when you first realize that your mind needs to relax as much as your body, it's easy to try to force relaxation. To "make" your mind relax in order to be more productive later on, but are you really relaxing if it's forced? No, the answer to that is no. It's going to take some practice and repetition to have your mind realize that it can relax.
Just like when you're first working out, if you haven't actively helped your mind relax, it probably isn't going to know what to do at first. When you first start to lift weights, your muscles shake because they're not use to lifting that weight. However, after repetition, your muscles start to realize that this is what they do now and they adapt. The mind is the same way. When you realize how much this is important and that it isn't a one time thing, your mind will start to relax well.
READ A BOOK BEFORE YOU GO TO BED, NO PHONE!
We all know the benefits of reading, but we all also ignore the downside of phone use before going to sleep. You've had a difficult day, and you're ready to sleep…but now you'll spend the next 30 minutes or more scrolling through Instagram looking up pictures of Bali. Switch it up for a week and I promise you'll thank me! Allow your mind to start to slow down and put itself in a place where it can relax while sleeping. Reading not only helps your mind focus on other things, but it also helps you have a more sound sleep!
Click to get the book I've been reading!! I even love the cover. Become who you were meant to be?! Yes please!
Take a hike! No, I meant it, or a walk. Breath the fresh air in, and don't spend all of the time skipping in your phone to find the next song. Remember when we had to listen to the entire song? I do! You can go with some friends to the park and play frisbee, or during your lunch at work step outside. This also helps if you're stressed or have a job where you look at a screen the entire day. Set yourself a timer and talk a literal "walk around the block".
This has been a game changer for me! Let's say your studying for your final and you start to feel overwhelmed by the amount of content, or say you're working at your desk and realize you've been answering emails for an hour. Take just three minutes and stop! Focus on your breathing and your body. Slowly close your eyes and allow your mind to step away from that work for just a moment. You'll not only be more focused when those three minutes are up, but it will be a more productive study session if you allow your mind to relax than if you had just "pushed through | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -0.080419 | -1.477533 | -1.763517 | 0.32735 |
" and studied for the entire three hours.
Have you ever gotten the app that shows you how many times you opened your phone in just one day? It feels wrong seeing that number, you think "I couldn't possibly have opened the phone that many times." But you did! I went on a hike the other day, and it was honestly so nice to lose service! I couldn't check any social media, and no one from work could call me, it was just a moment where we could hike and enjoy being outside.
When you're at home or you're out to eat with friends, you could turn off your phone! It sounds crazy at first, but after the first moment it will become your new favorite thing to do!
A few years ago coloring for adults made a comeback because of how it has such a wonderful way of having our minds relax! Now you don't have to spend adult coloring book money. Why were those so expensive? But you can draw something, or create a mood tracker and color it in, print something from online and color that, go to the craft store and grab a canvas and paint that, etc.! Let your mind get creative with it, remember when we use to color skin tones purple and blue, do it! The world is your oyster in your coloring world!
Clean just one room or multiple, when you're cleaning you'll be amazing how much you can get done in 20 minutes. Do those chores that will help you later in the week. I've talked about this in a previous post, but it's those small 20 minute increments that if we do everyday lead to better mental self care overall!
This may sound counter intuitive, but it's not. Write down your to-do list, and your wish list. When your brain is trying to remember everything you have to do throughout the day or the week, you're not really focused, because there is a part of your brain trying to remember all of the things you have to do and want to do this week. When you write it, down your brain can release those thoughts because it knows you have it saved somewhere else.
BONUS TIP: Keep a notepad by your bed so that when you're trying to sleep and you realize you have this extra thing to do tomorrow, you can write it down and forget about it and sleep well!
Weeks have this way of going by so fast that we don't really remember too many details of each of them. If there is something substantial that happens we may remember, but it's important to do our best to not let the weeks slip by, because those weeks become months, and then we look back and we haven't really remembered most of the year!
This week if you're up for the challenge I want you to walk through the week with new eyes, consciously trying to remember details of the week. Taking a step back and moving one day at a time. Self-Care is such an important part of being consciously in the week.
Bonus Self-Care: Let's also add another step in the mix and track your mood throughout the week. I really like doing this because it gives me a small moment each day to look back and see how I acted each day. Was I grateful today, did I let the stresses of life get to me too much, was I just neutral today, or was I truly happy today?
I want to start with Sunday because I feel so many of us feel that the week starts with Monday, but it's important to prepare before going into work. And if you have a work schedule where Monday isn't your "Monday" then shift this to be whatever your second day in the week off is!
On Sunday do something that replenished your energy (see this post for some detailed tips). Do something that makes you feel rested. For some that could be hanging out with friends or family, and for some it could be an escape to the mountains or beach. The goal of this day is to help your mind be prepared for the week. Also, eat well. Do two days of meal prep for either lunches or dinners, this way during the first section of your week you don't have to even think about what you're going to eat for dinner, you already have planned ahead and know you're set up for success.
Get up early and get to work ten minutes early. Use those ten minutes to your advantage. If you work in a highly computer based job, use those ten minutes to do the first scan of your schedule for the day and print it off. I've found that so helpful to not jump directly into emails but make sure my mind | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.371632 | -1.652734 | -1.347489 | 0.400713 |
knows where I need to be throughout the day. If you need to change into a uniform, use that time to relax into your shift as opposed to rushing and already feeling stressed even before you start.
When you get home, eat your dinner you've preplanned without looking at your phone. Have you ever gotten that app that shows you how many times you unlock your phone in a day? It's a scary app to get my friend!
Take your time eating and enjoy your food. Read a book, or watch TV without also searching online. I can promise you you'll find new lines from your favorite show that you didn't remember.
What are your plans for the weekend coming up? Start planning now so that you have something to look forward to throughout the week. Your mind is most excited when you have two future plans or trips planned. this way when you're doing one you also know you have another coming up. For me: This month I have three different friends coming to visit, so after one leaves I still know there are exciting trips ahead and more adventures to come!
By this time your meal prep is getting low. Take tonight and cook something, while taking on the phone figuring out what you're up to this weekend. I'be been obsessed with street tacos recently!! You really can never go wrong with a good street taco recipe!!
Do a mask before bed. It does not matter if you're male or female, a good mask before bed really does make a difference for your skin. You've made it half way though the work week and you should celebrate that! Also, doing something small that makes you feel pampered will make you feel like you're taking care of yourself. I love a "sleep" geared lotion! Something that is meant to help me sleep more sound, or something that smells just so wonderful and relaxing!
Set a timer for twenty minutes and clean your home. Put on your favorite Pandora station and clean up. If your home is organized your stress levels will also stay lower, trust me on this, I've tried it both ways. Having your home as your escape and haven from the world is so important. Plus if you've been given the blessing to be able to afford a roof over your head, no matter how many square feet, it's important to be a good stuard of it.
Go grocery shopping after work. "Why would I do that Joy, that's what the weekend is for?"
I'm glad you asked! Who loves to fight the crowds on Saturday morning or who wants to grocery shop on Sunday afternoon? No-one, that's who. Get the chore done today so that your weekend is truly a weekend. By this time in the week, your home is clean, and once your fridge is restocked all you have to do this weekend is the fun things you want to as opposed to what chores you "have" to do!
You did it!! I'm so proud of you. It's the last day of work before relaxing/ doing your side hustle. The world is your oyster. If you love every second of your job or you can't wait for 5pm every Friday, it's important to take a weekend. You'll actually be more productive at work throughout the week if you give your mind this time to think of something besides work.
Go out after work with friends and get a drink, or go out for ice cream at night. Something that puts your mind at ease and allows you to laugh!! Laughter is so important to mental health, and as adults we don't do it nearly as much as we should. Do a game night, or go to a throwback night at the bar. Something where you're laughing and hanging with people who you enjoy.
The world is your oyster my friend. You've cleaned and done grocery shopping. You probably have some laundry to do, but that's about it.
Get yourself a cup of coffee at your favorite coffee shop and relax! See a movie, host a movie night, eat some good food, and see the sun!
So, how did you do? Did you make it through the entire week or did you pick the days you need help with the most? Either way if you've even made one step in the "self-care" direction, this post was worth it!
I recently wrote a post about the most important aspects of life that I've learned since I was 20! If you haven't read that post, take a second and go read that and come back. It will help you understand | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.362123 | -1.857784 | -1.67027 | 0.017456 |
this post on a deeper level. Learning to be an adult is a weird transition filled with expectations of what should and shouldn't be happening.
One of the lessons I've learning though that I didn't really mention in that post, because I felt like I needed to expand upon so much so that I feel it deserves its own post. That topic is: Recharging your own personal battery.
During a stressful season or week have you learned how to recharge yourself in a healthy and productive way? If you have, I'm so proud of you!! Great Job!! If it's something that you're still working through or struggling with, this post is mainly for you!
One of the way I used to work through a particularly stressful week was to "pushing through" or "just getting through it", and sometimes that can be a strength, but sometimes is not the best option to tap into. What are other ways you can work through a particularly busy season of life?
Let's take some time to learn about the "how" of recharging, this is so different for everyone it's important to learn for yourself how you recharge.
1// The first step is to look at your day to day behavior and start to consciously think about what makes you smile? Don't write down anything just yet, just put that thought in your brain so that you start to realize what makes your smile throughout the day. What do you feel that brings energy or life back into your day? Is it when you complete a task, or you know a fun event is coming up in the week?
For the sake of an example, let's just use me. Below are two ways that I noticed I got energy from.
I find energy in the moments when I'm around people I don't have to be "on" with. People that I can just be myself with.
I also find energy when I know there are two exciting things coming up. It could be as simple as I know I'm getting coffee tomorrow morning before work, or I know I'll be off this Sunday so I can go to Church.
2// The second step is to look at yourself in real eyes and think: Am I an introvert or an extrovert?
Do I truly enjoy being around people, or give the choice would I rather go to a bookstore by myself and read? Also, by being an introvert it doesn't mean that you don't like people, or by being an extrovert it doesn't mean that you can stand being by yourself, but we're all somewhere on the spectrum. Where do you stand?
3// Take an entire week to and step back, jot down things throughout your day that make you smile. This is closely related to the first step, but it is a small action your taking to work towards making yourself recharged! This isn't what you feel makes your happy, but real time/ in the moment things that make you smile.
Now that you've discovered some small ways that you, consciously or maybe unconsciously, recharge yourself or your day, it's time to act on those!
4// How can you organize your day to still get all you need to accomplish done, but also include some items from your list? Do you need to wake up 10 minutes earlier to make your really good cup of coffee that starts your day in the right direction? Do you need to spend twenty minutes before bed to clean your house so that when you wake up you feel calm?
Bonus Tip: I've found that, although I feel like my mom talking to my phone, I really love having Siri set a 20 minute timer and cleaning my house at night. 20 minutes doesn't feel overwhelming in the amount of time, and it's crazy how many things you can clean when you have 20 minutes!
5// Intentionally take 10 minutes each day to pamper yourself. I know that sounds like a given, but in a world where we're always moving and theres always another meeting to get to, it's hard to carve out time to intentionally do something nice for ourselves. I tend to do mine before bed, or before I go out. This is a universal guide because it doesn't matter if you're an extrovert or introvert, if you're not taking care of your body, you won't feel as recharged as you could throughout the day.
Learn a better/ more effective way to put your makeup on that saves you both time and you still look great!
Wear your favorite neckless no matter what day of the week it is!
Set an appointment to see your | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.462654 | -1.254315 | -1.49812 | 0.871247 |
doctor to do a routine checkup.
A very small way I did this recently was to paint my nails. That sounds so small, but every time I picked something up, having that little sparkle was a reminder that I'm taking care of myself too. When is the last time that you put the tips you watch into action? When is the last time you put on an at home face mask, or did a moisturizing hair treatment?
Do something that gets you "out of your box" as one of my friends says. Do something for someone else that has nothing to do with you, or your own goals. Buy someones coffee behind you in line for no reason, give a tip to the person who rings up your items at the grocery store, bring flowers to a friend, etc. Although these seem so small, they will make such a wonderful impact of your day and theirs. And you're helping someone else recharge their day in a very small way!
Now go out there and take some real steps to live a more balanced life! Recharge yourself when you're feeling low, don't let your battery run out! You're the one responsible for knowing when you're getting low! You've got this! Take a breather we're all working through it.
There are so many birthday posts about "Things I've learned in 20-something years". I am obsessed with those posts!! Recently, however, I've started thinking about things that I haven't learned from my entire time on earth, but what are things that I've learned in the past years between "YAY I'm 20!" and "I can't believe I'm almost 30!"
Not all of these are finalized, close the chapter, and turn the page, but they are lessons that I didn't start to learn until after I was 20. If you are in your 20s, or pre-20s, or post 20s we all have stages of life that we learn lessons in. I hope these help you start to learn these lessons, or solidify that "yes these are important lessons for me to learn."
1// While in College any scholarship money that you can get is so helpful!! I remember both sides of this coin. I remember spending hours looking for scholarships to get none of them, and feeling like I was wasting my time. I also remember seeing a scholarship at my school that I was pretty sure I qualified for, but I wasn't sure if I wanted to apply for! I'm so glad that I decided to apply because I did get that scholarship. If I hadn't applied I would have left about $3,000 on the table! Crazy! College is basically the only time in your life that people are like "You're young and want to learn, here's some free money to help because we know you're struggling." I wish there were more things like that after college like, "We see that you're paying for rent all by yourself and you want to travel, here is some money!"
2// Trends in clothing change so much, purchase quality items as opposed to the ones that are cool right now. This is both about clothes and furniture. Remember when shirts that were high in the front and really long in the back were a thing?! Where are they all now! On the other hand, my combat boots that I found and love I still wear years and years later.
3// Travel during your summers in College! On a similar note to number one, there are not as many times in life after college that you get as long of a break as summer break in college is. Yes, I worked during the summer in college, but it's so much easier to say "I'm working a part time job, I can take 3 weeks off to go explore." as opposed to "I have a staff of 30, I would like to go travel for three weeks."
-Subnote: Have some of those trips be road trips in there with friends. It will be worth it! Trust me, and so much cheeper, because you're also still in college and have to check on finances so carefully.
4// Status/a title will not make you happy! We all fall into moments where we think "If only I had ____ I would be happy." But it really doesn't. Things and status will not bring fulfillment to your life, only God can do that. Trying to fill your life with things other than Jesus in the hopes of feeling fulfilled will just not work! That's one of the reasons why, when you do get that promotion or that item | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.351594 | -1.637161 | -1.123337 | 0.33241 |
, the excitement of that fades and then you're looking for something else to feel fulfilled in a few days or weeks. Their beauty will always fade. I first hand know about this. For a few years I felt like I was chasing the "white rabbit" of being a manager, but once I got it I realized that it, just like everything else in life other than Jesus, does not fulfill!
5// The unique aspects of you that maybe you were made fun of as a kid, are the aspects of your personality that set you apart from others. On a physical/looks level one thing that I use to get made fun of as a kid that I felt hopeless about was my eyebrows. Back in my day (sarcasm on purpose), small skinny eyebrows were "in", I never had eyebrows like that. But now, being an adult and not having plucked to death my eyebrows, they are something that I get comments on. It's part of my face and something that I actually really like. Your beauty marks can lead to a career like Cindy Crawford. It's a big sentence to say but, be learn to be comfortable in your own skin. It's always something to keep learning but, just because one person looks at you funny, it doesn't matter!
6// Learn to share! This is a little more of a humorous lesson I've learned, but there are so many times that I use to go out to eat with friends that I would purchase all of this food and then leave half of it uneaten. Learn to share your fries with your friends. You'll save money and waste less. Also, make sure if you're going to get a medium or a large that you're hungry enough to eat/drink it! I was notoriously bad for getting the wrong size drink and wasting half of it. Not any more, I like to spend my money where it counts!!
7// The world is so much bigger than you realize! No matter how "cultured" you are, the world is so much bigger than you can imagine! The more you travel and get to know people the more you realize how little you really know. Never stop learning and helping others. I pray that we do not get so comfortable in our little worlds that we have the naivety to think that everyone is as blessed as we are! Helping others is really the main message behind this lesson.
8// Comparison is a thief of Joy. Get inspiration from people of course, learn from them, get inspired by what they're doing, but don't compare where they're at in life to where you're at. You are a different person, with different lessons to learn. Comparing and feeling behind will only lead you to feeling unsettled, not motivated.
10. It's ok to be Mulan. Let me explain!...When I grew up I always wanted to Belle and I still love Belle, but I'm much more of a Mulan in real life. I have goal after goal of reading books, and part of me is an introvert, but I'm much more likely to push boundaries of what a female "can and should" do. I feel you, don't message me about how powerful a woman Belle is, I know! That's why I love her too. But the "I'm just going to do this to fight for my family and so that my loved ones don't have to worry about this." Is much more my personality! I say that all to say, learn to see yourself in true eyes! Learn what your blindspots are and what your strengths are. We all have them, it's ok.
11. What God thinks of me is more important than what anyone else thinks. On that same note, if I truly want to fill fulfilled, I have to be following my God given calling, not worrying about what anyone else thinks. This one is the hardest for me to write, because I'll be working on this for years, and this is the one sometimes I feel the most out of line with. But, I remember the times in my 20's that I felt most alive, it was when I was more focused on what He thinks about me than worrying about what others think.
This wonderful picture to the right is me from college, having a wonderful time learning how to solder. Yes, it's not the best picture, but I really love it because I was having so much fun! You can also definitely tell that a bunch of guys lived in this house from all of the lovely background accoutrements.
There's one more lesson I've | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.481673 | -1.385391 | -1.23093 | 0.084494 |
package platform
import (
"fmt"
"reflect"
"testing"
)
// Mock responses for Azure Metadata (based on Microsoft API documentation samples)
// https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/windows/instance-metadata-service
const (
MockVersionsTemplate = `{"error": "Bad request. api-version was not specified in the request","newest-versions": ["%s"]}`
MockMetadata = `{"compute": {"location": "centralus", "name": "negasonic", "tags": "Department:IT;Environment:Prod;Role:WorkerRole", ` +
`"vmId": "13f56399-bd52-4150-9748-7190aae1ff21", "zone": "1"}}`
MockMetadataWithValuelessTag = `{"compute": {"location": "centralus", "name": "negasonic", "tags": "Department", ` +
`"vmId": "13f56399-bd52-4150-9748-7190aae1ff21", "zone": "1"}}`
MockMetadataTagsList = `{"compute": {"location": "centralus", "name": "negasonic", ` +
`"tagsList": [{"name": "Department", "value":"IT"}, {"name": "Environment", "value": "Prod"}, {"name": "Role", "value": "WorkerRole; OtherWorker"}], ` +
`"vmId": "13f56399-bd52-4150-9748-7190aae1ff21", "zone": "1"}}`
)
func TestAzureVersionUpdate(t *testing.T) {
oldAzureAPIVersionsFn := azureAPIVersionsFn
defer func() { azureAPIVersionsFn = oldAzureAPIVersionsFn }()
MinDate, MaxDate := "0000-00-00", "9999-12-31"
tests := []struct {
name string
response string
version string
}{
{"ignore empty response", "", AzureDefaultAPIVersion},
{"ignore smaller version", fmt.Sprintf(MockVersionsTemplate, MinDate), AzureDefaultAPIVersion},
{"ignore no version", fmt.Sprintf(MockVersionsTemplate, ""), AzureDefaultAPIVersion},
{"use larger version", fmt.Sprintf(MockVersionsTemplate, MaxDate), MaxDate},
}
for idx, tt := range tests {
t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("[%d] %s", idx, tt.name), func(t *testing.T) {
azureAPIVersionsFn = func() string { return tt.response }
e := &azureEnv{APIVersion: AzureDefaultAPIVersion}
e.updateAPIVersion()
if e.APIVersion != tt.version {
t.Errorf("updateAPIVersion() => '%v'; want '%v'", e.APIVersion, tt.version)
}
})
}
}
func TestAzureMetadata(t *testing.T) {
oldGetAPIVersions, oldGetAzureMetadata := azureAPIVersionsFn, azureMetadataFn
defer func() { azureAPIVersionsFn, azureMetadataFn = oldGetAPIVersions, oldGetAzureMetadata }()
tests := []struct {
name string
response string
metadata map[string]string
}{
{"ignore empty response", "", map[string]string{}},
{
"parse fields", MockMetadata,
map[string]string{
"azure_Department": "IT", "azure_Environment": "Prod", "azure_Role": "WorkerRole",
"azure_name": "negasonic", "azure_location": "centralus", "azure_vmId": "13f56399-bd52-4150-9748- | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -1.670239 | -1.769535 | -1.727653 | -1.443477 |
His name doesnt feature in the art glitterati, nor does he find mention in the regular art critiques and conversations. You wont find much written about me. This anonymity suits me. I take my own time to work, says 69-year-old veteran artist Rameshwar Broota. His show, Open Enclosures is on in New Delhi, showcasing 20 of his monumental photographs.
Its his eye for detail that makes his work engrossing. Be it the layers of chiselled rock visible in the image titled Shifting Sand, captured by Broota en route to Spiti, or the panoramic image named Where does the Ganga flow, capturing the vastness of Haridwar, his love for microscopic details is hard to miss.
Roobina Karode, director, Kiran Nadar Museum of Art, finds both his paintings and photography at par with each other, extracted with laborious techniques. Even though his works look simple, they are not spontaneous. A lot of thought, commitment and engagement with nuances is present in each of his works. He has a very distinct way of looking at reality and he mediates between notions of visibility and visuality, say Karode.
Brootas experiments in photography, spanning over years, have made him a master of juxtaposing and blowing up images, albeit under the rules of photography. I rarely add objects to an image on my own. I just play with space. For this Haridwar image, I have taken two-three images and overlapped them to give it a dense look, says Broota. The works on display have been clicked and worked upon over a span of last one year and a half with each image taking days or even months to come to its present form. His works have a lot of depth and are done with a lot of patience. He is an artist who has never been in a hurry and that reflects in his works, says Ajay Seth, chairman, Copal Art, an art advisory and placement firm.
Broota confesses of being a perfectionist and a person who will not compromise on detail. On an average in a year, I make three normal size (more than 5 ft) works. Artworks bigger than that (up to 7 ft), probably just one in a year. I dont intend to make every work a masterpiece, but it should be a decent work. I take my own time and that's probably why I have made just 300 works (including drawings, etchings and paintings) in my entire career spanning four decades, says Broota. And such a few number of works have made him a collectors choice. And as Seth points out, no collector wants to sell his works.
Though Broota has not been into auctions for some time, he was the costliest artist (in his age bracket) two years back, adds Seth.
A multifaceted artist known for his strong masculine forms in paintings, Broota first exhibited his digital photographs in 2007, though his brush with photography goes back to his childhood days when he began clicking with a box camera. He even had his own darkroom to get the results and the perfection he was seeking in his work.
My current works are more earthly and raw than my previous exhibition. I have played a lot more with open spaces with fewer objects and maximum attention on bringing out the finest details, says Broota. Armed with his Canon EOS Mark III, and Canon 5D mark II, Broota is extremely choosy about his work. Known to spend laborious hours over each image, he even destroys work if the perfection is not achieved. And that is something he has been imparting to his students as being the head of the Department of Art, Triveni Kala Sangam since 1967.
For the master, art education has changed. And the perception of people about art has changed. Art never used to sell before. Aspiring artists had to work part time to support themselves, says Broota. The master of finesse is known to have changed three buses to go to Jamia Millia University where he taught fine arts for some time. It was after he was offered a job at Triveni Kala Sangam that his works took a new shape. I was free to work the way I wanted. It helped me become what I am today, he says.
The artist is all set to go up in the valuations, predicts Seth. Now he has garnered a global name and with a select few works, we expect his price to | [
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Revision as of 20:15, 1 January 2023 by Alavi (talk | contribs)
WikiShia
An online encyclopedia of the school of Ahl al-Bayt (a), affiliated with the Ahl al-Bayt World Assembly.
4,220 articles in English.
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Rajab or Rajab al-Murajjab is the seventh month of the lunar year. Along with Dhu l-Qa'da, Dhu l-Hijja and Muharram, it counts as one of the haram months. According to hadiths, it is recommended to perform 'umra, fast, and worship God in this month.
Prophet Muhammad (s) is cited as saying that "Rajab is God's month, Sha'ban is my month, and Ramadan is my people's month", and that "fasting one day in Rajab is like fasting one month".
The first Thursday night of the Rajab month is called Laylat al-Ragha'ib in which special practices are recommended by hadiths. The tradition of i'tikaf is practiced from 13th through 15th of this month—known as Ayyam al-Bid (the white days).
The most important historical event that took place in Rajab is the bi'that (the first revelation) of the Prophet (s). The other important events that occurred in this month include the birthdays of Imam al-Baqir (a), Imam al-Jawad (a), and Imam 'Ali (a), and the martyrdoms of Imam al-Hadi (a) and Imam al-Kazim (a).
It is supererogatory or recommended to visit the shrines of the Infallibles (a) in this month, especially visiting Imam al-Husayn (a) at the beginning and the middle of the month and visiting Imam al-Rida (a).
The word "Rajab" literally means to honor and respect. Thus the month has been called so because it is honored and respected. According to lexicological sources, Arabs respected this month even before the emergence of Islam and avoided fighting therein.
The Rajab month is also called "Rajab al-Fard" (the lonely Rajab) because it is discontinuous with the rest of the haram months all of which are consecutive: Dhu l-Qa'da, Dhu l-Hijja, and Muharram. It is also called "Rajab al-Mudarr" because the tribe of Mudarr (who was one of the Prophet (s)'s ancestors) particularly respected this month. It is also called "Rajab al-Asamm", "Rajab al-Murajjab", "Rajab al-Haram", "Munsal al-Asinna" and "Munsal al-Al".
The Prophet (s) is quoted as saying with respect to the appellation of the month with "Rajab al-Asabb" (the pouring Rajab) and "Rajab al-Asamm" (the mute Rajab):
"the Rajab month is called "Asabb" because the divine mercy is poured on my people in this month, and it is called "Asamm" because it is forbidden to fight the polytheists in this month and it is one of the haram or prohibited months".
The Rajab month was particularly respected and honored by Arabs in the period of Jahiliyya; it was forbidden to fight, murder, plunder, and start a camisado in this month, and they were committed to such prohibitions. This is why it was called "Rajab al-Asamm" (the mute Rajab). After the emergence of Islam, the month was yet more respected and deemed sacred. Read more...
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d Picture
"Al-Tathir verse, written on a door in the Holy Shrine of Imam Ali (a)"
More featured pictures...
Other Websites of Ahl al-Bayt World Assembly
The Ahl al-Bayt (a) World Assembly
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Ahl al-Bayt News Agency
Upcoming anniversaries
Today, Monday: [[]], 1444/January 30, 2023
1980 CE - Demise of Sayyid Mahdi Qazwini (Rabi' I 12, 1400)
1999 CE - Demise of Sayyid Dia' al-Din 'Allama Fani Isfahani (Shawwal 12, 1419)
Tomorrow, Tuesday: [[]]/January 31
1852 CE - Birth of Sayyid Murtada Kishmiri (Rabi' II 8, 1268 AH)
1896 CE - Birth of Muhammad Mahdi Rabbani Amlashi (Sha'ban 15, 1313 AH)
1964 CE - Demise of Muhammad Rida al-Muzaffar (Ramadan 16, 1383 AH)
Wednesday: [[]]/February 1
835 CE - Arrival of Imam al-Jawad (a) in Baghdad after being summoned by al-Mu'tasim, Abbasid caliph (Muharram 28, 220)
1936 CE - Birth of al-Sayyid Muhammad Sa'id al-Hakim (Dhu l-Qa'da 8, 1354)
1979 CE - Return of Imam Khomeini to Iran, after 14 years of being exiled by Pahlavi regime (Rabi' I 3, 1399 AH)
2021 CE - Demise of Ayatollah al-Sayyid Muhammad Sa'id al-Hakim (Jumada II 18, 1442)
2022 CE - Demise of Ayatollah Lutf Allah Safi Gulpayigani (Jumada II 29, 1443)
Thursday: [[]]/February 2
1896 CE - Demise of Mirza Jawad Mujtahid Tabrizi (Sha'ban 17, 1313)
1961 CE - Demise of 'Ali Akbar Ilahiyan (Sha'ban 15, 1380)
1961 CE - Demise of Muhammad Husayn Tuni (Sha'ban 15, 1380)
1986 CE - Demise of Sayyid Majd al-Din Qadi (Jumada I 22, 1406)
1995 CE - Demise of Muhammad Ruhani Kirmani (Ramadan 2, 1415)
Friday: [[]]/February 3
1739 CE - Demise of Mir Muhammad Husayn Khatunabadi (Shawwal 23, 1151)
1994 CE - Demise of 'Abd al-Rasul Qa'imi (Sha'ban 21, 1414)
Saturday: [[]]/February 4
1258 CE - Fall of the Abbasid Caliphate (Muharram 28, 656)
1833 CE - Demise of Shams al-Din Bihbahani (Ramadan 14, 1248)</noinclude>
1919 CE - Demise of al-Sayyid Isma'il al-Sadr (Jumada I 3, 1337)
Sunday: [[]]/February 5
1947 CE - Demise of Haj Aqa Husayn Tabataba'i Qumi (Rabi' I 14, 1366)
1967 CE - Demise of Mirza Husayn Faqih Sabziwari (Shawwal | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -1.376797 | -0.551564 | -0.037092 | -1.496602 |
24, 1386)
2014 CE - Demise of Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Muwahhid Abtahi (Rabi' II 4, 1435)
Monday: [[]]/February 6
743 CE – Death of Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik (Rabi' II 6, 125 AH)
Tuesday: [[]]/February 7
794 CE - Death of Shurayk b. 'Abd Allah al-Nakh'i (Dhu l-Qa'da 1, 177)
1967 CE - Demise of Sayyid Hibat al-Din Shahristani (Shawwal 26, 1386)
1995 CE - Demise of Sayyid 'Abd al-'Aziz Tabataba'i Yazdi (Ramadan 7, 1415)
1547 CE - Birth of Baha' al-Din al-'Amili (Dhu l-Hijja 17, 953)
2006 CE - Demise of Mirza 'Ali Falsafi (Muharram 9, 1427)
Historical anniversaries of Rajab
List of historical anniversaries
Template:Main page/Articles/Selected/Number
Template:Main page/Articles/Selected/List events
Template:Main page/Articles/Selected/Current
Template:Main page/Articles/Selected/Counter
Ruqayya bt. al-Imam Ali (a)
Martyrs of Karbala
Abd al-Rahman b. Aqil
Arba'in of Imam al-Husayn (a)
Battle of Uhud
Imam Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Mahdi (a)
Usul al-Din
Fatima bt. Asad (a)
Wikishia:Good articles/2023/8
Template:Main page/Articles/Good/Number
Template:Main page/Articles/Good/List events
Template:Main page/Articles/Good/Current
Template:Main page/Articles/Good/Counter
Laylat al-Mabit
Abd al-Husayn Amini
Tabarri
Husayn Quli Hamadani
Halima al-Sa'diyya
Battle of Jamal
Sunan al-nabi (book)
Agha Buzurg Tihrani
Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi
Al-Sayyid Abu l-Qasim al-Khoei
Hadith Silsilat al-Dhahab
Congregational Prayer
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Dhabh
The Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam (book)
Iltimas-i Du'a
'Inayat Allah Quhpayi
Hamidat
Mufsid fi l-ard
Hadith al-Bad'a
Fara'id al-usul (book)
Ikrima b. Abi Jahl
Imam al-Fuqaha (TV series)
Celebration of the Prophet's Birth
A 250 Years Old Person (book)
Theory of a 250-Year-Old Person
Abd Allah b. 'Amir b. Kurayz
Uprising of al-Sayyid al-Hasani
Uprising of al-Khurasani
Istisqa'
List of Works by Muhammad Sadiqi Tehrani
List of Works by 'Ali Panah Ishtihardi
List of Works by Sayyid Abd al-Aziz Tabataba'i
List of Works by Lutf Allah Safi Gulpayigani
List of Works by Ali Akbar Fayd Mishkini
List of Works by al-Sayyid b. Tawus
List of Works by Abd Allah Jawadi Amuli
List of Works by Sayyid Muhammad Rida Gulpayigani
List of Works by Al-Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadl Allah
List of Works by Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tehrani
List of Works by Husayn Mazahiri | [
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package org.hoteia.qalingo.core.security.util;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import org.hoteia.qalingo.core.domain.Customer;
import org.hoteia.qalingo.core.domain.EngineBoSession;
import org.hoteia.qalingo.core.domain.EngineEcoSession;
import org.hoteia.qalingo.core.domain.User;
import org.hoteia.qalingo.core.service.EngineSessionService;
import org.hoteia.qalingo.core.web.util.RequestUtil;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.security.authentication.AuthenticationManager;
import org.springframework.security.authentication.UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken;
import org.springframework.security.core.Authentication;
import org.springframework.security.core.context.SecurityContextHolder;
import org.springframework.security.web.authentication.WebAuthenticationDetails;
import org.springframework.security.web.context.HttpSessionSecurityContextRepository;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
@Service("securityRequestUtil")
@Transactional
public class SecurityRequestUtil {
private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(getClass());
static final String ALPHA_CAPS = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
static final String ALPHA = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
static final String NUM = "0123456789";
static final String SPL_CHARS = "!@#$%*";
@Autowired
private EngineSessionService engineSessionService;
@Autowired
private AuthenticationManager authenticationManager;
@Autowired
private RequestUtil requestUtil;
public void authenticationCustomer(final HttpServletRequest request, final Customer customer) {
try {
UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken token = new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(customer.getEmail(), customer.getPassword());
token.setDetails(new WebAuthenticationDetails(request));
Authentication authenticatedUser = authenticationManager.authenticate(token);
SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(authenticatedUser);
request.getSession().setAttribute(HttpSessionSecurityContextRepository.SPRING_SECURITY_CONTEXT_KEY, SecurityContextHolder.getContext());
EngineEcoSession engineEcoSessionWithTransientValues = requestUtil.getCurrentEcoSession(request);
engineEcoSessionWithTransientValues.setCurrentCustomer(customer);
if(engineEcoSessionWithTransientValues.getCart() != null){
engineEcoSessionWithTransientValues.getCart().setCustomerId(customer.getId());
engineEcoSessionWithTransientValues.getCart().setBillingAddressId(customer.getDefaultBillingAddressId());
engineEcoSessionWithTransientValues.getCart().setShippingAddressId(customer.getDefaultShippingAddressId());
}
engineSessionService.updateAndSynchronizeEngineEcoSession(engineEcoSessionWithTransientValues);
} catch (Exception e) {
logger.error("", e);
}
}
public void authenticationUser(final HttpServletRequest request, final User user) {
try {
UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken token = new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(user.getEmail(), user.getPassword());
token.setDetails(new WebAuthenticationDetails(request));
Authentication authenticatedUser = authenticationManager.authenticate(token);
SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(authenticatedUser);
request.getSession().setAttribute(HttpSessionSecurityContextRepository.SPRING_SECURITY_CONTEXT_KEY, SecurityContextHolder.getContext());
EngineBoSession engineBoSession = requestUtil.getCurrentBoSession(request);
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] | 1,024 | Github | -1.276265 | 0.226458 | -1.383354 | -0.822423 |
Volume > Issue > The Timeliness & Urgency of the Third Part of the Secret of Fatima
The Timeliness & Urgency of the Third Part of the Secret of Fatima
THE CHASTISEMENT
By James Anderson | July-August 2007
The Rev. James Anderson, M.S.A., retired in 1999 from the U.S. Naval Reserve Chaplain Corps. He writes from Santa Maria, California, where he currently volunteers as a state prison chaplain.
There is a widespread and accurate perception that our world has become a most dangerous place. Tsunamis, monster hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanoes, earthquakes, wildfires, epidemics, hunger, and poverty are common. Since September 11, 2001, regional skirmishes have morphed into constant global war. Perhaps the deadliest sign of these times is the abandonment of our most basic law by those sworn to uphold it. Federal judges deny our natural right to public prayer, the public expression of our faith in God, and our obligation to obey His eternal law, including respect for life and sexual morality. Consequently, the most dangerous places in America are mothers' wombs, and our most vulnerable victims are children. What can we do? What should we already have done to remedy this?
Our Blessed Mother's "secret" given at Fatima, Portugal, in three parts to the young shepherds, Lucia dos Santos and her cousins Francisco and Jacinta Marto, on July 13, 1917, is among the most significant prophecies of our times. It contains Heaven's plan to bring us the Peace of Jesus Christ, and prophesies unimaginable chastisement if the Church disobeys Heaven's plan. Catholics owe it attention because the Fatima apparitions have been approved by the Church. Others owe it attention because Mary's appearances and prophesy were authenticated by a spectacular "solar phenomena" witnessed by 70,000 people on October 13, 1917. All witnesses were soaking wet after waiting all night in the rain for the promised miracle. About noon the sun whirled and danced, became blood red, and came rushing down on them. Minutes later it returned to its proper place in the heavens. All present had become thoroughly dry, but none was scorched or burned, proving the event to be both real, and supernatural (John DeMarchi, I.M.C., Fatima: The Full Story [A.M.I. Press, 1986], p. 141).
In 1941, after the deaths of her younger cousins, Lucia, then a Dorothean nun, was ordered by the Bishop of Leiria, Portugal, to write down the prophetic secrets. According to the account of Fatima archivist and noted scholar Fr. Joaquin Maria Alonso, C.M.F., she did so in eight paragraphs. The first six paragraphs contain parts one and two of the secret. The first part was a terrifying vision of Hell. Mary explained that that was "where the souls of poor sinners go. To save them, God wishes to establish in the world devotion to my Immaculate Heart." The second part of the secret was: "If what I say to you is done, many souls will be saved and there will be peace. The war [World War I] is going to end; but if people do not cease offending God, a worse one will break out during the pontificate of Pius XI. When you see a night illuminated by an unknown light, know that this is the great sign given you by God that He is about to punish the world for its crimes, by means of war, famine, and persecution of the Church and of the Holy Father. To prevent this, I shall come to ask for the consecration of Russia to my Immaculate Heart, and the Communion of Reparation on the First Saturdays. If my requests are heeded, Russia will be converted, and there will be peace. If not, she will spread her errors throughout the world, causing wars and persecutions of the Church. The good will be martyred, the Holy Father will have much to suffer, various nations will be annihilated. In the end, my Immaculate Heart will triumph. The Holy Father will consecrate Russia to me, | [
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Home / Business / News
Will the Real Spam King Please Stand Up?
By Dan Tynan
PCWorld Oct 13, 2008 5:00 pm PDT
As more and more spammers are arrested, prosecuted, and sued under state and federal antispam statutes, there's one thing you can count on: Someone somewhere will invariably call the targeted spammer a "spam king."
It seems the bulk e-mail industry has more kings than a pinochle deck. But who is really the king of kings? The following ten spammers are all heavyweight contenders for the crown.
Half of them have done time or are still guests of the federal government. Two are dead. Most of the rest have paid millions in fines to the FTC and/or in damages to private companies.
Which one truly deserves the title of King? Read on to find out.
Adam Vitale
Aliases: batch1, n1hustler4life
Current Status: Serving 30 Months in Federal Prison
Along with partner Todd Moeller, Vitale was part of the g00dfellas spam gang that specialized in pump-and-dump spam–artificially boosting a worthless company's stock price so insiders can dump the shares at a profit. In July 2008, Vitale pleaded guilty to violating the Federal CAN-SPAM Act by flooding 1.3 million AOL e-mail addresses with spam in the space of a week. Not your typical geek gone bad, Vitale's rap sheet boasted 22 prior convictions. He had a reputation for welshing on his partners–no wonder he got ratted out by a confidential informant working with the U.S. Secret Service. A plea bargain netted Vitale a 30-month sentence and a $180,000 fine. (Partner-in-crime Moeller got 27 months.)
At one point, the Brooklyn-born 28-year-old Vitale boasted about making more than $40,000 a week. Now he'll be making license plates at a federal penitentiary.
Spam Royalty Rank: Lord of License Plates
Jeremy Jaynes
Alias: Gaven Stubberfield
Current Status: A Free Man
Using a stolen database of more than 90 million AOL customers, Jaynes and his sister Jessica DeGroot pumped out spam 24/7 from their home in Raleigh, North Carolina. They earned $400,000 to $750,000 a month hawking get-rich-quick schemes and "horsey porn" (don't ask). But in spamming AOL subscribers, he trespassed on their servers in Virginia, running afoul of the state's tough antispam statute.
In November 2004, Jaynes was found guilty of sending unsolicited bulk e-mail from falsified addresses and sentenced to nine years in prison. Last month, however, the Virginia Supreme Court ruled that the law was overly broad and restricted Jayne's First Amendment rights. The 34-year-old is free again to spread his special brand of equine love around the world.
Spam Royalty Rank: Viscount of Virginia
Edward Davidson
Alias: Fast Eddie
Current Status: Dead by His Own Hand
Few spammers' stories are more senseless or tragic than Davidson's. According to the FBI, Davidson operated a business called Power Promoters that flogged everything from perfumes and watches to penny stocks. In June 2007, Davidson was indicted for violating the CAN-SPAM Act. He plead guilty and was sentenced to 21 months in a minimum security prison in Colorado.
Last July Davidson simply walked out of the prison camp, and forced his wife to pick him up and drive him home. The 35-year-old fugitive then murdered his wife and his three-year-old daughter before turning the gun on himself. His 16-year-old daughter was shot but survived; an 8-month-old son was unharmed. Davidson had served just two months of his 21-month sentence.
Spam Royalty Rank: Dauphin of Despair
Bill Waggoner
Aliases: | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.660851 | -0.741243 | 0.829483 | -1.117139 |
Ric Melhalf, Steve Lister
Current Activity: Network Consultant
This 7th-grade dropout made his reputation pushing penis pills and bogus weight-loss cures. Waggoner is one of the rare spammers, or bulk e-mailers, to come out in public, speaking at the FTC's spam hearings in 2003 (He also calls antispam activists "terrorists.")
Though still named in the Register of Known Spam Operations (ROKSO) list of the Top 200 spammers, the 34-year-old Waggoner now bills himself as an expert on "network optimization, marketing trends, ad placement, and many other business needs" for affiliate marketers.
Spam Royalty Rank: Viceroy of Viagra
Robert Alan Soloway
Aliases: Badvertise500, Oregondude541, worldmailer541
Current Status: About to Serve 47 Months in Federal Prison
Soloway's Newport Internet Marketing Corporation started out in 1997 by selling bogus "opt in" e-mail lists to spammers. Then Soloway got into the spamming business himself, using botnets to spew billions of junk e-mails on behalf of his clients. In 2005, Microsoft sued Soloway for spoofing Hotmail and MSN addresses in his spam and won a $7.8 million judgment. That same year, Soloway was ordered to pay $10 million to a small Oklahoma-based ISP. In a message posted on a spammers forum, Soloway mocked these judgments:
"Neither I, nor my company will be for filing bankruptcy and Microsoft will not be collecting a single dime from me, nor has anyone ever collected a single dime from me from any lawsuit I have been in…. The Microsoft lawsuit was the most enjoyable lawsuit I have been in, in a long time. I met up with all of them and had fun through the entire process:)"
In May 2007 the FBI arrested the 28-year-old for a wide range of illegal activities. In March of this year Soloway pleaded guilty to charges of mail fraud, e-mail fraud, and tax evasion (just 3 of the 40 counts he was charged with), and in July, he was sentenced to 47 months in the pokey.
Wonder how much fun he's having now?
Spam Royalty Rank: Baron of Botnets
Vardan Kushnir
Current Status: Pushing Daisies
He's been called "Russia's most despised Internet figure," and that's saying a lot. At his peak, Kushnir spewed 25 million e-mails a day to promote his own language tutoring businesses, overloading servers and causing many ISPs worldwide to blacklist any e-mails coming from the .ru domain–much to the chagrin of legitimate Russian Netizens who found it impossible to communicate with the rest of the world. He taunted Russian government officials and alienated employees by refusing to pay them.
When the 35-year-old Kushnir was bludgeoned to death in July 2005 –allegedly in "self defense" by three women he'd picked up in a bar in Moscow–the reaction in the Russian press was largely gleeful. No one has been charged in the crime.
Spam Royalty Rank: Count of the Cossacks
Scott Richter
Current Status: Ring-Tone Merchant
Scott Richter has never claimed to be anything more than a "high-volume electronic marketer" and, unlike many of our contenders for the spam crown, he's never spent a day in a prison jumpsuit. Yet spammish activities have cost him big in other ways. In 2005, he agreed to pay Microsoft $7 million to settle a lawsuit over bulk e-mail sent by his company, OptinRealBig. The suit charged that OptinRealBig used fake subject lines and falsified addresses. He settled another suit brought by then New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer and agreed to abide by federal laws concerning bulk e-mail. He even got himself removed from Spamhaus.org's Register of Known Spamming Operations (ROKSO), considered the authoritative source on junk e | [
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-mailers.
But in January 2007 Richter's new company, Media Breakaway, was sued for–yes–sending deceptive and unsolicited commercial e-mails to MySpace users. Last June, an arbitration panel awarded MySpace $6 million in damages and attorneys' fees. The 41-year-old Richter also recently made headlines as one of the principals behind Ringaza.com, a site accused of charging customers $7 to $10 a month for "free" ring tones.
Spam Royalty Rank: Raja of Ring Tones
Christopher William Smith
Alias: Rizler
Current Status: Serving 30 Years in Big Sandy Prison, Inez, Kentucky
As proprietor of the Xpress online pharmacy in Burnsville, Minnesota, the 28-year-old Smith built up a fortune estimated at $24 million by selling prescription drugs illegally across the Net. When FBI agents raided Smith's home in May 2005, they found a Lamborghini in the driveway and cereal boxes stuffed with more than $1 million in cash. But they didn't find Smith–he was already on the lam in the Dominican Republic. When he returned a few weeks later, he was arrested at the airport.
In November 2006, a federal jury convicted Smith on nine counts of drug running, wire fraud, money laundering, and racketeering. In a separate case, AOL sued Smith for sending billions of spam e-mails and won a judgment of $5.3 million. But what earned Smith that 30-year stretch was even more special: While awaiting trial in March 2006, Smith was caught on tape ordering a hit on a witness's children from a jail-house phone.
Spam Royalty Rank: Prince of Pills
Alan Ralsky
Aliases: Sam Smith, William Window, Victor Allan
Current Status: Under Indictment
Whoever says crime doesn't pay hasn't seen Alan Ralsky's house. Despite a felony conviction for bank fraud in 1995, the 63-year-old has never done time. Instead, he lives in a palatial estate in West Bloomfield, Michigan, thanks to millions he's made from pumping out more than 70 million commercial e-mail messages a day.
When photos and the address of Ralsky's 8000-square-foot home were posted online in 2002, ticked-off Netizens signed him up for hundreds of catalogs and mailers, flooding Ralsky's home with junk mail. When his phone number was posted–but with one digit incorrect–a neighbor was flooded with venom-filled calls. The neighbor called the 63-year-old spammer "one of the most hated people on the Internet."
After the FBI raided his home in 2005 and confiscated all of his equipment, Ralsky allegedly began employing botnets for spamming. In January 2008, Ralsky was indicted along with 10 others by a federal grand jury on 41 counts of spamming and stock fraud. According to the DOJ, the case is still in discovery mode. He may yet trade his big house for the Big House.
Spam Royalty Rank: Marquis of Michigan
Updated 10/28/08 with correct photo of Sanford Wallace.
Sanford Wallace
Alias: Spamford
Current Status: Las Vegas Disc Jockey
Back when many would-be spam kings were still stealing candy from their playmates, Sanford Wallace was doing his best to make anyone with an e-mail account regret it. By 1996–long before "spam" meant anything other than luncheon meat to the vast majority of Americans–Wallace had already been banned from AOL, CompuServe, and Concentric Networks for distributing reams of unsolicited ads. He pioneered the use of tactics like using bogus return addresses, anonymous relaying, and browser hijacking.
Though officially "retired" from the spam biz in 1998, Wallace continued to inflict pain upon Netizens. In 2004 the FTC fined him more than $5 million for infecting computers with spyware | [
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The Q150V Plus is optimised for high-vacuum applications, with an ultimate vacuum of 1x10-6mbar. Together with the use of a wide-range Penning/Pirani gauge, this enables the sputtering of oxidising metals with ultra-fine grain sizes, which are suitable for high resolution imaging. The lower background pressure removes oxygen nitrogen and water vapour from the chamber, avoiding chemical reactions during the sputter process, which could otherwise lead to impurities or defects in the coatings. Similarly, lower scattering allows for high purity, amorphous carbon films of high density.
Intuitive software allows the most inexperienced or occasional operator to rapidly enter and store their own process data. For convenience a number of typical sputtering and carbon coating recipes are already stored but also allows the user to create their own. Software detects failure to achieve vacuum in a set period of time and shuts down the process in case of vacuum leak, which ensures pump protection from overheating.
Careful evaporation allows precise control of carbon thickness (with or without the optional film thickness monitor). The quality of the resulting carbon films is also enhanced by the eradication of "sparking" that is a common feature of less advanced coaters.
Sputter coating is a technique widely used in various applications; it is possible to create a plasma and sputter metals with high voltage, poor vacuum and no automation. However, this is not suitable for electron microscopy applications because it will heat the sample and can result in damage when the plasma interacts with the sample. The Q150V Plus series uses low temperature enhanced-plasma magnetrons optimised for the turbomolecular pump pressures, combined with low current and deposition control, which ensures your sample is protected and uniformly coated.
The Q150V S Plus and Q150V ES Plus use easy-change, 57 mm diameter, disc-style targets which are designed to sputter oxidising and noble metals. The Q150V S Plus and Q150V ES Plus are fitted as standard with a chromium (Cr) sputter target. Other targets options include: Au, Au/Pd, Pt/Pd, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ir, W, ITO and Al. Others are available on request.
Aluminium (Al) rapidly forms an oxide layer, which can be difficult to remove, but the ES & S Plus have special recipes for aluminium that reduce the oxide removal time and prevent excessive pre-sputtering of the target.
This allows the user to configure the system as a sputter coater, evaporator or glow discharge system - all in one space saving format. A carbon cord evaporation insert is available as an option. Automatic detection of the head type when changed.
The Q150V Plus has specimen stages to meet most requirements. All are easy-change, drop-in style (no screws) and are height adjustable (except for the rotary planetary stage).
- Rotation stage (supplied as standard): 50 mm Ø can accommodate six standard stubs. Height can be pre-set.
- Rotate-tilt stage for improved uniform coating: 50 mm Ø. Tilt and height can be pre-set.
- Variable angle, rotary planetary stage for heavily contoured samples.
- Large flat rotation stage with offset gear box for 4"/100 mm wafers.
- Rotation stage for glass microscope slides.
27688 Q150V S Sputter Coater optimised for high-vacuum applications. High resolution turbomolecular pumped capacitive touch-screen controled sputter coater with status LED indicator, including 10034 quick release sputter insert and one TK8845 57mm diameter x 0.3mm chromium target. 10067 rotating specimen stage, 50mm diameter, supplied as standard.
27685 Q150V E Carbon Evaporator optimised for high-vacuum applications. Turbomolecular pumped capacitive touch-screen controled carborn evaporator with status LED indicator suitable for TEM and SEM applications. Fitted with a carbon rod evaporation head for 3.05mm diameter carbon ro | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.169211 | 0.893519 | 1.145091 | 0.257782 |
ds. Supplied with carbon rods (C5422 3.05mm x 300mm) and a carbon rod shaper (manual operation). 10067 rotating specimen stage, 50mm diameter, supplied as standard.
The deposition heads can be swapped in seconds and the intelligent system logic automatically recognises which head is in place and displays the appropriate operating settings. Consists of high resolution turbomolecular pumped capacitive touch-screen controled sputter coater and carborn evaporator with status LED indicator, including quick release sputter insert and one TK8845 57mm diameter x 0.3mm chromium target, and high vacuum carbon rod evaporation coater, including quick-release carbon rod insert for 3.05mm diameter carbon rods. Coating inserts are interchangeable. 10067 rotating specimen stage, 50mm diameter, supplied as standard.
For further information see: Rotary Pumps and Dry Pumps for details.
10455. Carbon fibre insert. Supplied with 2 m C5421 carbon fibre cord. For additional carbon see: Carbon Supplies (below).
10456. Carbon Rod Evaporation Insert. For 6.15mm diameter carbon rods.
10457. Metal evaporation and aperture insert. Including the ability to evaporate upwards or downwards (V E and V ES version only). Supplied with a pack of 10 tungsten filaments (B5230) and a molybdenum (Mo) boat.
10357 Tilt Stage Assembly. 50mm diameter specimen stage with adjustable tilt up to 90 degrees.
10358 Slide Stage. For glass microscope slides (up to 2 x 75mm x 25mm slides).
10360 "Rotacota" Type Stage. Variable tilt angle, planetary stage, rotational speed 8-20 rpm.
10458 4" Wafer Stage and Gearbox Flat rotation specimen stage for 4" wafers.
23850 Tilt Stage Assembly 4"
10454 Film Thickness Monitor (FTM) Attachment. Including oscillator, feed-through, quartz crystals and holder. Please note, when evaporating carbon, the FTM ideally should only be used to provide a general indication of the coating thickness. It is not recommended that the FTM is used for termination of the coating process.
27728 Q150V ES Two Year Spares Kit. Includes TK8845 chromium target, standard glass cylinder assembly (27608), C5421 carbon fibre cord, C5461 carbon fibre - fine, C5422 carbon rods 3.05mm, C5460 quartz crystals, O-rings, springs.
27729 Q150V E Two Year Spares Kit. Includes Q150V standard glass cylinder assembly (027608), C5421 carbon fibre cord, C5461 carbon fibre - fine, C5422 carbon rods 3.05mm, C5460 quartz crystals, O-rings, springs.
27730 Q150V S Two Year Spares Kit Includes TK8845 chromium target, standard glass cylinder assembly (27608), C5460 quartz crystals, O-rings.
SC502-314B/0.2mm. Gold/palladium (Au/Pd - 80:20%) 0.2 mm.
TK8891. Gold/palladium (Au/Pd - 80:20) 0.2 mm.
TK8905. Magnesium (Mg) 0.3 mm thick.
13232. Manual carbon rod shaper for 3.05 mm Ø carbon rods.
27608 Additional Standard Glass Cylinder Assembly. Includes glass chamber, implosion guard and gaskets.
27691 Extended Glass Cylinder | [
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29945,
4317,
29892,
315,
29945,
29946,
29953,
29900,
10256,
29920,
10901,
303,
1338,
29892,
438,
29899,
29878,
886,
29892,
7689,
886,
29889,
13,
29906,
29955,
29955,
29941,
29900,
660,
29896,
29945,
29900,
29963,
317,
7803,
8905,
317,
862,
267,
26240,
512,
27722,
323,
29968,
29947,
29947,
29946,
29945,
25173,
1974,
3646,
29892,
3918,
12917,
20396,
4995,
11470,
313,
29906,
29955,
29953,
29900,
29947,
511,
315,
29945,
29946,
29953,
29900,
10256,
29920,
10901,
303,
1338,
29892,
438,
29899,
29878,
886,
29889,
13,
7187,
29945,
29900,
29906,
29899,
29941,
29896,
29946,
29933,
29914,
29900,
29889,
29906,
4317,
29889,
6650,
29914,
29886,
497,
328,
1974,
313,
29909,
29884,
29914,
29925,
29881,
448,
29871,
29947,
29900,
29901,
29906,
29900,
10997,
29871,
29900,
29889,
29906,
5654,
29889,
13,
29911,
29968,
29947,
29947,
29929,
29896,
29889,
6650,
29914,
29886,
497,
328,
1974,
313,
29909,
29884,
29914,
29925,
29881,
448,
29871,
29947,
29900,
29901,
29906,
29900,
29897,
29871,
29900,
29889,
29906,
5654,
29889,
13,
29911,
29968,
29947,
29929,
29900,
29945,
29889,
3561,
4515,
1974,
313,
29924,
29887,
29897,
29871,
29900,
29889,
29941,
5654,
12003,
29889,
13,
29896,
29941,
29906,
29941,
29906,
29889,
2315,
950,
22004,
15382,
528,
7202,
363,
29871,
29941,
29889,
29900,
29945,
5654,
29871,
30222,
22004,
696,
6289,
29889,
13,
29906,
29955,
29953,
29900,
29947,
3462,
3245,
10117,
402,
605,
315,
2904,
4995,
13266,
29889,
512,
27722,
12917,
24171,
29892,
13374,
359,
291,
8372,
322,
330,
1278,
1691,
29889,
13,
29906,
29955,
29953,
29929,
29896,
7338,
2760,
402,
605,
315,
2904,
4995
] | 1,024 | C4 | -1.336041 | 0.083702 | 0.313932 | -0.721074 |
\section{Introduction}
String theory has long been known to be a generalization of
gauge theory due to
the presence of a massless spin one state in the open string
spectrum. Since all of the massive states of the theory have
masses proportional to $\sqrt{2\pi T_0}=1/\sqrt{\alpha^\prime}$, the
string theory goes over to the gauge theory in the infinite
tension limit $\alpha^\prime\to0$. This, together with the
fact that closed strings have a massless spin two state, has inspired
the discovery of many deep connections between string theory
on the one hand and gauge theory
coupled to gravity on the other.
The AdS/CFT correspondence \cite{maldacenasole}
which asserts the
equivalence of ${\cal N}=4$ supersymmetric gauge theory to
type IIB superstring theory on an AdS$_5\times$S$^5$ space time manifold
is one of the most spectacular of these. Although
motivated by the physical properties of open string theory with
$\alpha^\prime>0$, the final conclusion is reached by taking
$\alpha^\prime\to0$. The finiteness (conformal invariance) of the ${\cal N}=4$
theory plays a key role in justifying the $\alpha^\prime\to0$ limit.
The corresponding hypothesis for an asymptotically free gauge theory
like the gluonic sector of QCD is more obscure. However, there
is little doubt that string theory can offer important
insights into some aspects of QCD.
In this article we launch a critical analysis of
the possibility that 't Hooft's
$N\to\infty$ limit \cite{thooftlargen} of QCD might
be usefully analyzed by replacing it with the
sum of open string planar diagrams, keeping $\alpha^\prime>0$.
There are several reasons to hope this helps. First, the organization of
multiloop string diagrams is dramatically simpler than the corresponding
gauge theory diagrams: there is only one planar open string diagram
at each loop order, whereas the number of planar gauge theory diagrams
grows exponentially with order. Secondly, the 0 loop open string
planar diagrams describe the evolution of a ``bare'' worldsheet
which becomes ``dressed'' with the inclusion of planar loops.
This provides a very natural setting for the description of
a confining flux tube which may survive the limit $\alpha^\prime\to0$. Finally
there is the long held expectation that the ultraviolet behavior
of gauge theory diagrams will be mitigated by the ``stringiness''
associated with finite $\alpha^\prime$, making the latter better
defined.
We focus on this last point in this article. It is
not so much the ultraviolet divergences themselves that concern us
here--after all those can be absorbed in coupling renormalization
in gauge theories. Rather, it is the extreme care that must
be taken in gauge theory to preserve gauge and Lorentz
invariance in the finite part that remains after renormalization.
Order by order in perturbation theory, this can be
accomplished by employing a suitable regularization, the most popular of which
is dimensional regularization. But as soon as one aims to
extract the consequences of summing all the planar diagrams, especially
if one must rely on numerical methods, the soundness
of dimensional regularization becomes somewhat questionable. For
example the powerful conclusions derived from lattice gauge theory
would be much less convincing if they relied on an unphysical
regularization such as ``analytic
continuation'' of the dimension of spacetime. It is
desirable to have a digitization scheme which can be relied on to
give the correct physical results without such an artifice.
Thirty five years ago Giles and one of us \cite{gilest} (GT) proposed
a digitization of the sum of planar open string diagrams based
on lightcone quantization \cite{goddardrt,goddardgrt}
in its path history formulation \cite{mandelstamlc}. In
the present article we set out to assess the reliability of this
specific lattice model for perturbative calculations.
Let us briefly review the GT proposal, in order to set the stage
for the rest of
the paper. In lightcone quantization
of the bosonic string \cite{goddardgrt}, one takes
$x^+=(x | [
320,
2042,
29912,
25898,
29913,
13,
1231,
6368,
756,
1472,
1063,
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910,
29892,
4208,
411,
278,
13,
17028,
393,
5764,
6031,
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2222,
10917,
1023,
2106,
29892,
756,
20603,
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1552,
20699,
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1784,
6483,
12368,
1546,
1347,
6368,
13,
265,
278,
697,
1361,
322,
22931,
6368,
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16589,
552,
29881,
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29914,
29907,
7818,
3928,
663,
320,
2036,
29912,
29885,
2741,
562,
23509,
1772,
29913,
13,
4716,
408,
643,
1372,
278,
13,
1686,
2561,
663,
310,
7555,
1052,
405,
5369,
29946,
29938,
480,
6774,
962,
16414,
22931,
6368,
304,
13,
1853,
1944,
29933,
2428,
1807,
6368,
373,
385,
2087,
29903,
14630,
29945,
29905,
3706,
29938,
29903,
29938,
29985,
29945,
29938,
2913,
931,
25941,
13,
275,
697,
310,
278,
1556,
6683,
562,
1070,
310,
1438,
29889,
8512,
13,
14817,
440,
630,
491,
278,
9128,
4426,
310,
1722,
1347,
6368,
411,
13,
4535,
2312,
3823,
10080,
29958,
29900,
1628,
278,
2186,
15997,
338,
7450,
491,
5622,
13,
4535,
2312,
3823,
10080,
29905,
517,
29900,
1504,
450,
1436,
3537,
404,
313,
535,
689,
284,
297,
1707,
8837,
29897,
310,
278,
7555,
1052,
405,
5369,
29946,
29938,
13,
14138,
13582,
263,
1820,
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297,
925,
9215,
278,
779,
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3823,
10080,
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517,
29900,
29938,
4046,
29889,
13,
13,
1576,
6590,
20051,
363,
385,
22784,
327,
1711,
3889,
22931,
6368,
13,
4561,
278,
3144,
29884,
8927,
17535,
310,
660,
6530,
338,
901,
19726,
545,
29889,
2398,
29892,
29871,
727,
13,
275,
2217,
7404,
393,
1347,
6368,
508,
5957,
4100,
13,
1144,
5861,
964,
777,
21420,
310,
660,
6530,
29889,
13,
797,
445,
4274,
591,
6826,
263,
12187,
7418,
310,
13,
1552,
13331,
393,
525,
29873,
379,
3634,
615,
29915,
29879,
13,
29938,
29940,
29905,
517,
29905,
3411,
29938,
4046,
320,
2036,
29912,
386,
3634,
615,
27489,
264,
29913,
310,
660,
6530,
1795,
13,
915,
671,
3730,
29537,
287,
491,
15270,
372,
411,
278,
13,
2083,
310,
1722,
1347,
3814,
279,
7936,
25402,
29892,
12515,
779,
2312,
3823,
10080,
29958,
29900,
1504,
13,
8439,
526,
3196,
9590,
304,
4966,
445,
6911,
29889,
3824,
29892,
278,
13013,
310,
13,
4713,
7820,
459,
1347,
7936,
25402,
338,
8541,
19574,
13682,
1135,
278,
6590,
13,
29887,
585,
479,
6368,
7936,
25402,
29901,
727,
338,
871,
697,
3814,
279,
1722,
1347,
13722,
13,
271,
1269,
2425,
1797,
29892,
13452,
278,
1353,
310,
3814,
279,
22931,
6368,
7936,
25402,
13,
29887,
5727,
18709,
9247,
411,
1797,
29889,
6440,
368,
29892,
278,
29871,
29900,
2425,
1722,
1347,
13,
9018,
279,
7936,
25402,
8453,
278,
14675,
310,
263,
4954,
18354,
4907,
3186,
9855,
13,
4716,
7415,
4954,
29881,
1253,
287,
4907,
411,
278,
28694,
310,
3814,
279,
12104,
29889,
13,
4013,
8128,
263,
1407,
5613,
4444,
363,
278,
6139,
310,
13,
29874,
1970,
2827,
19389,
260,
4003,
607,
1122,
10503,
573,
278,
4046,
779,
2312,
3823,
10080,
29905,
517,
29900,
1504,
9788,
13,
12711,
338,
278,
1472,
4934,
23227,
393,
278,
8494,
5705,
601,
1026,
6030,
13,
974,
22931,
6368,
7936,
25402,
674,
367,
1380,
335,
630,
491,
278,
4954,
1807,
3335,
4907,
13,
21264,
630,
411,
8093,
779,
2312,
3823,
10080,
1628,
3907,
278,
7480,
2253,
13,
12119,
29889,
13,
13,
4806,
8569,
373,
445,
1833,
1298,
297,
445,
4274,
29889,
739,
338,
13,
1333,
577,
1568,
278,
8494,
5705,
601,
1026,
17089,
1885,
778,
6053,
393,
5932,
502,
13,
4150,
489,
7045,
599,
1906,
508,
367,
17977,
2580,
297,
23638,
4325,
2759,
2133,
13,
262,
22931,
25841,
29889,
390,
1624,
29892,
372,
338,
278,
18677,
2562,
393,
1818,
13,
915,
4586,
297,
22931,
6368,
304,
19905,
22931,
322,
10980,
296,
29920,
13,
262,
1707,
8837,
297,
278,
8093,
760,
393,
9242,
1156,
4325,
2759,
2133,
29889,
13,
7514,
491,
1797,
297,
22786,
362,
6368,
29892,
445,
508,
367,
13,
562,
510,
572,
3276,
491,
5703,
292,
263,
13907,
4943,
2133,
29892,
278,
1556,
5972,
310,
607,
13,
275,
22112,
4943,
2133,
29889,
1205,
408,
4720,
408,
697,
263,
9893,
304,
13,
21111,
278,
27721,
310,
2533,
4056,
599,
278,
3814,
279,
7936,
25402,
29892,
7148,
13,
361,
697,
1818,
19104,
373,
16259,
3519,
29892,
278,
6047,
2264,
13,
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22112,
4943,
2133,
7415,
10579,
1139,
519,
29889,
1152,
13,
4773,
278,
13988,
21204,
1080,
10723,
515,
24094,
22931,
6368,
13,
29893,
483,
367,
1568,
3109,
17953,
3277,
565,
896,
337,
2957,
373,
385,
443,
14017,
936,
13,
15227,
2133,
1316,
408,
4954,
7054,
3637,
293,
13,
20621,
362,
4907,
310,
278,
9927,
310,
26325,
5410,
29889,
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338,
13,
2783,
27797,
304,
505,
263,
13615,
2133,
11380,
607,
508,
367,
337,
2957,
373,
304,
13,
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573,
278,
1959,
9128,
2582,
1728,
1316,
385,
1616,
28833,
29889,
13,
1349,
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5320,
2440,
8020,
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5475,
322,
697,
310,
502,
320,
2036,
29912,
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309,
342,
29913,
313,
23799,
29897,
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13,
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310,
278,
2533,
310,
3814,
279,
1722,
1347,
7936,
25402,
2729,
13,
265,
29871,
3578,
535,
29872,
4323,
2133,
320,
2036,
29912,
17083,
29881,
538,
2273,
29892,
17083,
29881,
538,
629,
29873,
29913,
13,
262,
967,
2224,
4955,
883,
2785,
320,
2036,
29912,
29885,
392,
295,
303,
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13,
1552,
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591,
731,
714,
304,
24809,
278,
12536,
3097,
310,
445,
13,
14940,
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1904,
363,
22786,
1230,
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29889,
13,
13,
12024,
502,
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9076,
278,
21342,
24963,
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297,
1797,
304,
731,
278,
7408,
13,
1454,
278,
1791,
310,
13,
1552,
5650,
29889,
512,
3578,
535,
29872,
4323,
2133,
13,
974,
278,
13601,
8927,
1347,
320,
2036,
29912,
17083,
29881,
538,
629,
29873,
1118,
697,
4893,
13,
29938,
29916,
14747,
7607,
29916
] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 1.10388 | 2.715609 | 0.517463 | 1.109044 |
^0+x^1)/\sqrt{2}$ as the quantum evolution parameter and labels points
on a string by a parameter $\sigma$ defined so that
$P^+=(P^0+P^1)/\sqrt{2}$
is uniformly distributed on the string. In effect these two choices
eliminate $x^+$ and $x^-$ as dynamical variables, leaving only the $D-2$
transverse coordinates ${\bfs x}(\sigma)$ as quantum operators.
Mandelstam worked out the path history form of this quantization
\cite{mandelstamlc} using imaginary time $\tau\equiv ix^+$.
Then the propagator for a free string
is simply the path integral over the ${\bfs x}(\sigma,\tau)$ where
$0\leq\sigma\leq P^+$ and $0\leq\tau\leq T$ parameterize a
rectangular region of dimensions $P^+\times T$. The path integrand
is simply $e^{-S}$, with $S$ the lightcone Euclidean action
\bea
S={1\over2}\int_0^T d\tau\int_0^{P^+}d\sigma(\dot{\bfs x}^2+T_0^2{\bfs x}^{\prime2}).
\eea
In this language a general open string planar diagram is calculated by
integrating this same integrand over a worldsheet with several slits
of variable length and location as depicted in Fig~\ref{multiplanar}.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=4in]{multiloopcontnew.eps}
\caption{Typical open string planar diagram on the lightcone worldsheet. This one
is a seven loop 5 string function}
\label{multiplanar}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
The GT proposal is simply to digitize Mandelstam's interacting string diagrams
by defining a rectangular $M\times N$ grid with $T=(N+1)a$ and $P^+=MaT_0$.
Then the integration variables ${\bfs x}(\sigma,\tau)\to {\bfs x}_{i}^{\ j}$
and the lattice action is simply
\bea
S&\to&{T_0\over2}\sum_{ij}\left[(x_i^{\ j+1}-x_i^{\ j})^2
+(x_{i+1}^{\ j}-x_i^{\ j})^2\right]
\eea
A quick look at the lattice corresponding to a multiloop open string
diagram Fig.~\ref{multilooplattice}, shows that a slit is nothing but a row of missing spatial
bonds (links), and summing over all planar diagrams is simply summing
over all patterns of missing spatial bonds.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=4in]{multiloopgt.eps}
\caption{Multiloop lattice worldsheet: each loop is a row of missing
links.}
\label{multilooplattice}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
One can easily incorporate the sum over missing bond patterns into the
lattice sum over histories by introducing an Ising-like variable
$S_{i}^{\ j}=0,1$ on each spatial link. Then the worldsheet action
describing the sum of all open string planar diagrams is simply
\bea
S_{\rm Planar}&=&{T_0\over2}\sum_{ij}\left[(x_i^{\ j+1}-x_i^{\ j})^2
+S_i^{\ j}(x_{i+1}^{\ j}-x_i^{\ j})^2\right]\nonumber\\
&&\qquad\qquad-\sum_{ij}\left[S_i^{\ j}(1-S_i^{\ j+1})
+S_i^{\ j+1}(1-S_i^{\ j})\right]\ln g
\eea
The purpose of the $\ln g$ term is to insert a factor of $g$ at the
beginning and end of each row of missing bonds. Then, in addition to
integrating each $x_{i}^{\ j}$ from
$-\infty$ to $+\infty$, one sums each $S_{i}^{\ j}$
over the values 0 and 1 to obtain the sum over all planar diagrams.
If no further adjustments were necessary, we could study this system
numerically, e.g. through Monte Carlo simulation. By analyz | [
29985,
29900,
29974,
29916,
29985,
29896,
6802,
29905,
3676,
29912,
29906,
1042,
408,
278,
12101,
14675,
3443,
322,
11073,
3291,
13,
265,
263,
1347,
491,
263,
3443,
779,
3754,
29938,
3342,
577,
393,
13,
29938,
29925,
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.353971 | 2.21726 | -0.042471 | 0.663808 |
ing the
large $N$ behavior of the path integral, one could read off spectral
information by identifying exponential behaviors $e^{-aE_\lambda(M)N}$,
where $E_\lambda(M)$ are the eigenvalues of $P^-$. On general grounds
we should expect the large $M$ behavior
\bea
E_\lambda(M)&\sim&\alpha M+\beta +{\gamma_\lambda\over M}+\cdots
\eea
The $\alpha M$ term is a bulk worldsheet effect and the $\beta$ term
is associated with boundaries. The coefficients $\alpha,\beta$
depend on the details of the lattice model and violate the
requirement that $2P^-P^+-{\bfs p}^2=m_\lambda^2$ is a Lorentz
invariant. Fortunately there are two geometrical counterterms
naturally associated with the worldsheet path integral:
one proportional to the area of the worldsheet and another
proportional to the length of worldsheet boundaries.
Thus the Lorentz violating terms noted above can always be cancelled.
As noted in \cite{gilest} the area term is dynamically inconsequential
for the sum of diagrams because the slits representing loops have zero
area, so that the area term is identical for all diagrams contributing
to the same process. The boundary term depends on the number and
lengths of the slits. It can be thought of as an energy cost assigned
to the disappearance of a bond. In the Ising spin description of the
sum over loops it is represented by a term $(D-2)B\sum_{ij}(1-S_i^{\ j})$
added to $S$. The boundary term is absent for closed strings, but
is required for a Lorentz invariant {\it free} open string spectrum.
This is because the Gaussian lattice worldsheet path integral implies
an open string zero point energy
\bea
aP^-(M)&=&(D-2)\sum_{m=1}^{M-1}\sinh^{-1}\sin{m\pi\over 2M}+(D-2)B\nonumber\\
&\sim&(D-2)\left[{2G\over\pi}M+B-{1\over2}\sinh^{-1}1-{\pi\over24M}\right]
\eea
as $M\to\infty$, where $G$ is Catalan's constant. Cancelling the second term requires
$B\to B_0=(1/2)\sinh^{-1}(1)$ for $g=0$. Since the $\beta$ term in the
energy will in general depend on $g$,
we can't know the value of $B$ at finite $g$ {\it a priori}, so in practice it
must be left as a free counterterm
parameter to be determined by requiring that
the final answer be consistent with Lorentz invariance.
More generally, we can regard $B$ as a free
parameter of the lattice model, which we don't necessarily
have to insist is Lorentz covariant. Taking $B$ large enough
lifts the $P^-$ of any multi-open string intermediate state above all the
$g=0$ closed string energy
eigenstates that survive the continuum limit\footnote{
In effect with $B$ this large one imposes confinement on the
free theory! The crucial issue is then whether or not confinement
survives as $B$ is reduced to a value that restores Lorentz invariance.}. Then
the severe infrared divergences in loop diagrams caused by the open string
tachyons are removed, making the multi-loop expansion
well defined, albeit with a loss of Lorentz covariance.
For numerical studies we should therefore
calculate for general $B$ large enough to remove instabilities;
and only at the end of the calculation would we scan for a
value of $B$ which restores Lorentz covariance, if possible.
But there is no {\it a priori} guarantee that these two
counterterms
can remove all Lorentz violating
artifacts from this lattice worldsheet construction.
For instance, the authors of \cite{bardakcit}
developed a lightcone worldsheet formalism which mapped
the planar diagrams of gauge theories in lightcone gauge
to a worldsheet system with exactly the features of the open
string planar diagrams just described. String coordinates were
employed, but their dynamics were topological in the | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.379784 | 2.424906 | -0.096716 | 0.222366 |
sense
that all but a single zero mode decoupled in the path history
sum. In this way the worldsheet diagrams were designed to
yield precisely the ``bare'' Feynman diagrams of the gauge theory.
Digitization of this worldsheet in the manner of GT amounted to
a scheme for cutting off the UV and IR divergences of these
Feynman diagrams. To test the reliability of this cutoff,
the authors of \cite{chakrabarti1} calculated the one loop
diagrams contributing to the scattering of glue by glue
regulated by the GT worldsheet lattice. They found that
the artificial divergences associated with lightcone quantization
could indeed be absorbed in the bulk or boundary worldsheet
counterterms. Further the divergences associated with charge
renormalization (asymptotic freedom) had the correct
coefficients. Unfortunately, this was not the end of the story.
There remained gauge violating terms that could only be cancelled by:
(1) a divergent gluon self mass, (2) a finite wave function
renormalization, (3) a finite adjustment to the three gluon
function, and (4) a finite constant adjustment to the 4 gluon
function. Indeed these are precisely the adjustments generally
required when a physical cutoff is employed in loop calculations
\cite{johnsonqed}.
All of these adjustments, being polynomials
in the external momenta, are consistent with locality. The bottom
line is that the lightcone worldsheet lattice as
a regulator of gauge theory diagrams is no better
than other physical cutoffs. Unfortunately this means that
we should expect the necessary counterterms to proliferate
with the inclusion of multiloop diagrams.
In this paper we begin to explore whether the GT lattice does a reliable
(or at least better) job regulating open string planar diagrams than
it does with field theory planar diagrams.
Does keeping $\alpha^\prime>0$ control the proliferation of
counterterms? Is it possible that the bulk and boundary counterterms
will be sufficient by themselves?
We start with the simplest self energy diagram: the one loop correction to
the closed string propagators. This process involves only a single
intermediate open string state and hence has the singularity structure
of a tree diagram. Since the corrections to
the open string propagator involve
complications associated with the multi-string intermediate sates
and worldsheet boundaries, we choose to
defer the open string analysis to a subsequent paper,
and we restrict our attention here to the corrections to the
closed string propagator.
Because of the tree structure of the closed string self-energy diagrams,
the sum over
$K$, the number of time steps that the intermediate open string exists,
converges for both the closed string tachyon and graviton, even with $B=B_0$.
Nonetheless the calculations of Sections
\ref{sec_closedstring_numerics} and \ref{sec_dbranes_numerics}
(with $B=B_0$)
will establish Lorentz violations in both the tachyon and graviton.
Fortunately, these Lorentz violations disappear if the calculations are done
holding $B>B_0$, taking $B\to B_0$ only at the end of the calculation.
In any case, this is the only way to make sense of multi-loop diagrams,
so we don't think its necessity at one loop is a drawback.
The article is organized as follows.
In Section \ref{sec_closedstring} we obtain
explicit formulas for the one loop energy shifts of the
closed string ground state (tachyon) and the closed
string graviton state.
Each term in the $K$ summand involves determinants of $M\times M$
overlap matrices. These formulas are evaluated and
analyzed with the help of \texttt{Mathematica}
in Section \ref{sec_closedstring_numerics}\footnote{For the interested reader, we provide the evaluation code and a sample of our analysis in a \texttt{Mathematica} file accompanying the source format of this article on the arXiv.}.
In Section \ref{sec_dbranes} we extend the formulas
to include open strings ending on D$p$-branes,
and similarly perform their numerical evaluation in
Section \ref{sec_dbranes_numerics}. In this
case, | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.383859 | 2.611787 | 0.40449 | 0.749819 |
instead of an energy shift, the one loop correction gives the
amplitude for a closed string scattering off the D$p$-brane.
Additional discussion is given in the concluding Section \ref{conclusion}.
Several appendices collect
a number of technical results, including normal mode
expansions, determinant formulas, and overlap matrices, that
are useful for the discussion in the main text. We also include additional evidence for the robustness of our numerical results.
\section{Closed String Self-Energy}\label{sec_closedstring}
Before calculating the self-energy diagram on the lattice,
we briefly recall the known
expression for the continuum self-energy. In the language of conformal
field theory we need the amplitude with
two closed string vertex operators, say at 1 and $\infty$,
on the complex plane from which a disk of radius $q<1$
has been excised. Consulting
for example \cite{gsw}, we find the result for the closed string
tachyon self-energy:
\bea
-\Delta P^-&=&{C\over2P^+}\int_0^1{dq\over q^3}(1-q^2)^2
\label{secft}
\eea
which is obviously seriously divergent at $q=0$: there are quadratic
and logarithmic divergences in the $q$ integration. To get further insight
into the fate of these divergences, we do the path integral in
lightcone parameterization, using the conformal
transformation methods of \cite{kacdrum,mandelstamdet}. The (still seriously
divergent) result in $D$ spacetime dimensions is
\bea
-\Delta P^-&=&
C^\prime P^+\int_0^\infty dT
\left[{2\pi \over P^+\sinh(\pi TT_0/P^+)}\right]^{(D-2)/8}
\label{selc}
\eea
where $T$ is the length of the slit on the lightcone Mandelstam
diagram, which is the total $ix^+$ over which the intermediate
open string propagates. The factor of $P^+$ is just the
result of integrating the $\sigma$ independent integrand
over vertical location of the slit
$0<\sigma<P^+$. When $D=26$ this expression reduces to
(\ref{secft}) which can be seen with the change of integration variable
\bea
q={1-e^{-\pi T T_0/P^+}\over1+e^{-\pi T T_0/P^+}}.
\eea
We can get a rough idea of what we should get from the lattice calculation
by simply discretizing $T=aK$ and $P^+=aMT_0$. Then the discretization
of (\ref{selc}) reads:
\bea
-a\Delta P^-&=&
\left(C^\prime T_0^{-2}(aT_0)^{(26-D)/8}\right)M\sum_{K=1}^\infty
\left[{2\pi \over M\sinh(\pi K/M)}\right]^{(D-2)/8}
\label{selcdisc}
\eea
Of course discretizing the result of a continuum calculation is
not the same as doing the discretized calculation from the beginning,
but it at least can serve to guide the eye. For example one
feature we immediately see from (\ref{selcdisc}) is that
the quadratic divergence seen in (\ref{secft}) is expected
to be reflected in the lattice calculation as a linear term in
$M$ in $P^-$, which can be absorbed in the bulk counterterm
described in the introduction. We turn next to the
actual lattice calculation of the self-energy.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=4in]{closedse.eps}
\caption{Lattice worldsheet for the closed string self-energy. The dotted
lines are identified. There are $K-1$ missing links.}
\label{closedselattice}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
We start with the expression for the summand of the one loop correction
to the closed string propagator, depicted in Fig.~\ref{closedselattice}.
It is a product of factors, one for each of the $D-2$ transverse coordinates
${\bfs x}_i^j$. | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.307781 | 2.108246 | 0.087649 | 0.580326 |
In the following we will display only 1 of the factors,
calling its coordinate $x_i^j$:
\bea
\VEV{N+1,\{x^f\}|0,\{x^i\}}^{closed}(K,J)&=&\int dx^K_idx^L_i
\VEV{L,\{x^f\}|0,\{x^L\}}^{closed}\VEV{K,\{x^L\}|0,\{x^K\}}^{open}\nonumber\\
&&
\VEV{J,\{x^K\}|0,\{x^i\}}^{closed}
e^{-{T_0}[(x^L_M-x^L_1)^2+(x^K_M-x^K_1)^2]/4}\\
&&\hskip-2in={\cal D}^{closed}(J){\cal D}^{open}(K)
{\cal D}^{closed}(L)\int dx^K_idx^L_i
e^{iW-(K-1)B_0-{T_0}[(x^L_M-x^L_1)^2+(x^K_M-x^K_1)^2]/4}\nonumber\eea
where $J+K+L=N+1$, and $B_0=(1/2)\sinh^{-1}1$ is the counter term
which removes the boundary contribution to the free open
string $P^-$. Regarding the intermediate open string as
a closed string with a row of missing links, we see that
$K-1$ is the number of missing links, which we have taken to
be the ones linking site 1 to site $M$. The open and closed string free
propagators are defined in Appendix~\ref{propagators}. The factors
${\cal D}$, which are the corresponding propagators for vanishing
values for the initial and final coordinates, are related to
determinants of the worldsheet discretized Laplacian, and are
defined in Appendix~\ref{determinants}.
Energy eigenvalues are determined by identifying exponential time
($\tau=ix^+$)
dependence in the closed string propagator $e^{-P^-\tau}\to
e^{-a(N+1)P^-}$. In perturbation theory $P^-=P^-_0+\Delta P^-$
and
\bea
e^{-a(N+1)P^-}&=&e^{-a(N+1)P_0^-}\left[1-a(N+1)\Delta P^-+\cdots\right]
\eea
so we identify $-a\Delta P^-$ as the coefficient of $N+1$ in the
one loop correction to the closed string propagator. The factor $N+1$
is associated with one of the sums over the creation and destruction
times of the intermediate open string. In practice the factor is removed
by using time translation invariance to fix, say, the creation
time, and summing only over the destruction time.
If we desire to use this formalism to calculate the corrections to
excited energy levels, it is necessary to deal with the fact
that then the summand over $K$ grows exponentially with $K$.
A convenient approach is to add a term $-K\epsilon$ to the exponent,
which can be thought of as adding $\epsilon$ to $B_0$. Since all
of the physically meaningful excited states have an excitation
energy of order $1/M$,
as long as $\epsilon>0$ is independent of $M$ this is enough to
tame the exponential divergence. Actually, since $B_0$ is
a necessary counterterm which is expected to receive corrections
in perturbation theory, we cannot know {\it a priori} what its value
should be. All we know is $B=(1/2)\sinh^{-1} 1+\mathcal{O}(g^2)$. Thus in
the context of nonperturbative studies of the worldsheet path
integral, it should be taken as a parameter to be tuned at the
end of the calculation to ensure Lorentz covariance.
For some states, such as the ground state and graviton state, the absence
of lower energy open string states that couple means that the $K$ sum
converges without the need for $\epsilon$. However, as we shall see
later, because the convergence is then only like
$e^{-K/M}$, ultraviolet divergences become entangled with infrared divergences,
which then leads to violations | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.536015 | 2.497582 | 0.047638 | 0.808004 |
of Lorentz invariance since $M\propto P^+$.
Introducing an $\epsilon>0$ prevents these artifacts from entering.
Thus, we should keep $\epsilon>0$ even in those fortuitous cases where it
isn't strictly necessary for convergence.
\subsection{Correction to the Closed String Ground Energy}
Since there is only one ground state, it is uniquely singled out
by taking $J,L\to\infty$, in which case it suffices to simplify matters
by setting $x^i=x^f=0$.
Then $iW$ is simplified to
\bea
iW&=&-{T_0\over2}\bigg[q_0^{K2}\left({1\over J}+{1\over K}\right)
+q_0^{L2}\left({1\over K}+{1\over L}\right)-2q_0^Lq_0^K{1\over K}
\nonumber\\
&&+\sum_m(q_{cm}^{K2}+q_{sm}^{K2})\sinh\lambda_m^c\coth J\lambda_m^c
+\sum_m(q_{cm}^{L2}+q_{sm}^{L2})\sinh\lambda_m^c\coth L\lambda_m^c
\nonumber\\
&&+\sum_m(q_{om}^{L2}+q_{om}^{K2})\sinh\lambda_m^o\coth K\lambda_m^o
-2\sum_m q_{om}^{L}q_{om}^{K}{\sinh\lambda_m^o\over
\sinh K\lambda_m^o}\bigg]
\eea
In this equation $\lambda^o_m=2\sinh^{-1}\sin(m\pi/2M)$ and
$\lambda^c_m=2\sinh^{-1}\sin(m\pi/M)$ are the discrete time versions
of the normal mode frequencies for the open and closed strings,respectively.
Correspondingly, the $q$'s are the normal mode
coordinates of the open or closed string, defined in
Appendix~\ref{normalmodes}.
\iffalse
\bea
x_i&=&{1\over\sqrt{M}}q_{0}+\sqrt{2\over M}\sum_{m=1}^{M-1}q_{om}
\cos{m\pi(i-1/2)\over M}\nonumber\\
&=&{1\over\sqrt{M}}q_{0}+\sqrt{2\over M}\sum_{m=1}^{(M-1)/2}\left[q_{cm}
\cos{2m\pi(i-1/2)\over M}+q_{sm}\sin{2m\pi(i-1/2)\over M}\right]
\eea
where the second expansion in closed string modes is appropriate if
$M$ is odd. If $M$ is even that expansion becomes
\bea
x_i&=&{1\over\sqrt{M}}(q_{0}+q_{sM/2}(-)^i)
\nonumber\\&&
+\sqrt{2\over M}\sum_{m=1}^{M/2-1}\left[q_{cm}
\cos{2m\pi(i-1/2)\over M}+q_{sm}\sin{2m\pi(i-1/2)\over M}\right]
\eea
\fi
Note that when it makes no essential difference,
we shall restrict $M$ to be odd to keep the description of the
closed string modes as simple as possible.
\iffalse
The inverse relations are
\bea
q_0&=&\sqrt{1\over M}\sum_{i=1}^M x_i,\qquad\quad\hskip1.1in q_{om}=\sqrt{2\over M}\sum_i x_i
\cos{m\pi(i-1/2)\over M}\\
q_{cm}&=&\sqrt{2\over M}\sum_i x_i
\cos{2m\pi(i-1/2)\over M},\qquad q_{sm}=\sqrt{2\over M}\sum_i x_i
\sin{2m\pi(i-1/2)\over M}\\
q_{sM/2}&=&\sqrt{1\over M}\sum_{i=1}^M (-)^ix_i,
\qquad {\rm for}\ | [
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1266,
29962,
13,
29905,
3905,
29874,
13,
29905,
7241,
13,
9842,
393,
746,
372,
3732,
694,
18853,
4328,
29892,
13,
705,
4091,
9250,
395,
29924,
29938,
304,
367,
7736,
304,
3013,
278,
6139,
310,
278,
13,
15603,
1347,
18893,
408,
2560,
408,
1950,
29889,
13,
29905,
2593,
1435,
13,
1576,
16402,
5302,
526,
13,
29905,
915,
29874,
13,
29939,
29918,
29900,
20644,
11035,
3676,
29912,
29896,
29905,
957,
341,
1012,
2083,
648,
29875,
29922,
29896,
2137,
29924,
921,
29918,
29875,
2053,
12014,
29905,
3425,
29905,
29882,
11014,
29896,
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262,
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648,
290,
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3676,
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29906,
29905,
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341,
1012,
2083,
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29875,
921,
29918,
29875,
13,
29905,
3944,
29912,
29885,
29905,
1631,
29898,
29875,
29899,
29896,
29914,
29906,
2144,
957,
341,
9952,
13,
29939,
648,
4912,
15704,
29922,
11035,
3676,
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29906,
29905,
957,
341,
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2083,
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13,
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3944,
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13,
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5223,
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1631,
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11035,
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29912,
29896,
29905,
957,
341,
1012,
2083,
648,
29875,
29922,
29896,
2137,
29924,
8521,
4887,
861,
29918,
29875,
29892,
13,
29905,
12014,
2802,
1758,
363,
1012
] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.365371 | 1.962894 | -0.890218 | 0.002277 |
quad M\quad{\rm even}
\eea
\fi
We change integration variables to the closed string
normal mode coordinates $q_0,q_{cm},q_{sm}$ for both $K$ and $L$.
The Jacobian for this variable change is unity, and we can express the $q_{om}$
in terms of the closed string modes as follows:
\bea
q_{om}&=&\cases{q_{cm/2} &$m$ {\rm even}\cr&\cr
{2\over M}\sum_{m^\prime=1}^{(M-1)/2}q_{sm^\prime}U_{mm^\prime} &
$m$ {\rm odd}\cr}
\eea
where the overlap matrix $U_{mm^\prime}$ is defined in Appendix~\ref{overlap}.
We also need
\bea
x_M-x_1&=&-2\sqrt{2\over M}\sum_{m^\prime=1}^{(M-1)/2}q_{sm^\prime}
\sin{m^\prime\pi\over M}
\eea
Then
\bea
&&\hskip-24ptiW-{T_0\over4}\left[(x^L_M-x^L_1)^2+(x^K_M-x^K_1)^2\right]=\nonumber\\
&&-{T_0\over2}\Bigg[q_0^{K2}\left({1\over J}+{1\over K}\right)
+q_0^{L2}\left({1\over K}+{1\over L}\right)-2q_0^Lq_0^K{1\over K}
\nonumber\\
&&+\sum_m q_{cm}^{K2} \sinh\lambda_m^c(\coth J\lambda_m^c+\coth K\lambda_m^c)
+\sum_m q_{cm}^{L2}\sinh\lambda_m^c(\coth L\lambda_m^c+\coth K\lambda_m^c)
\nonumber\\
&&-2\sum_m q_{cm}^{L}q_{cm}^{K}{\sinh\lambda_m^c\over
\sinh K\lambda_m^c}
+\sum_m q_{sm}^{K2}\sinh\lambda_m^c\coth J\lambda_m^c
+\sum_m q_{sm}^{L2}\sinh\lambda_m^c\coth L\lambda_m^c
\nonumber\\
&&+\sum_{m~{\rm odd}}(q_{om}^{L2}+q_{om}^{K2})
\sinh\lambda_m^o\coth K\lambda_m^o
-2\sum_{m~{\rm odd}} q_{om}^{L}q_{om}^{K}{\sinh\lambda_m^o\over
\sinh K\lambda_m^o}\nonumber\\
&&+{4\over M}\sum_{m^\prime,m^{\prime\prime}}
(q^K_{sm^\prime}q^K_{sm^{\prime\prime}}
+q^L_{sm^\prime}q^L_{sm^{\prime\prime}})\sin{m^\prime\pi\over M}
\sin{m^{\prime\prime}\pi\over M}\Bigg]
\label{action}
\eea
Because of the equality $q_{o2m}=q_{cm}$, the integration over
$q_0$ and the $q_{cm}$ precisely implements closure on these modes.
This means that the result of those integrations is just
the contribution of those modes to ${\cal D}^{closed}(N+1)$.
\iffalse
We recall the expressions for the ${\cal D}$'s:
\bea
{\cal D}^{\rm open}(N+1)&=&{1\over\sqrt{N+1}}\left({T_0\over2\pi}\right)^{M/2}
\prod_{m=1}^{M-1}\left[{\sinh(N+1)\lambda^o_m
\over\sinh\lambda^o_m}\right]^{-1/2}\equiv{\cal D}_{\rm even}^{\rm open}
{\cal D}_{\rm odd}^{open}\\
{\cal D}_{\rm odd}^{open}(N+1)&=&
\left({T_0\over2\pi}\right)^{(M-1)/4}
\prod_{m= | [
3425,
341,
29905,
3425,
741,
1758,
1584,
29913,
13,
29905,
3905,
29874,
13,
29905,
7241,
13,
13,
4806,
1735,
13465,
3651,
304,
278,
5764,
1347,
13,
8945,
4464,
10350,
395,
29939,
29918,
29900,
29892,
29939,
648,
4912,
1118,
29939,
648,
3844,
1042,
363,
1716,
395,
29968,
29938,
322,
395,
29931,
1504,
13,
1576,
10968,
713,
363,
445,
2286,
1735,
338,
20107,
29892,
322,
591,
508,
4653,
278,
395,
29939,
648,
290,
1042,
13,
262,
4958,
310,
278,
5764,
1347,
18893,
408,
4477,
29901,
13,
29905,
915,
29874,
13,
29939,
648,
290,
15704,
29922,
11035,
11436,
29912,
29939,
648,
4912,
29914,
29906,
29913,
669,
29938,
29885,
29938,
2802,
1758,
1584,
1012,
7283,
11035,
7283,
13,
29912,
29906,
29905,
957,
341,
1012,
2083,
648,
29885,
3823,
10080,
29922,
29896,
14810,
29924,
29899,
29896,
6802,
29906,
29913,
29939,
648,
3844,
3823,
10080,
29913,
29965,
648,
4317,
3823,
10080,
29913,
669,
13,
29938,
29885,
29938,
2802,
1758,
7736,
1012,
7283,
29913,
13,
29905,
3905,
29874,
13,
3062,
278,
25457,
4636,
395,
29965,
648,
4317,
3823,
10080,
1042,
338,
3342,
297,
22871,
861,
2651,
999,
29912,
957,
6984,
1836,
13,
4806,
884,
817,
13,
29905,
915,
29874,
13,
29916,
29918,
29924,
29899,
29916,
29918,
29896,
20644,
29987,
29899,
29906,
29905,
3676,
29912,
29906,
29905,
957,
341,
1012,
2083,
648,
29885,
3823,
10080,
29922,
29896,
14810,
29924,
29899,
29896,
6802,
29906,
29913,
29939,
648,
3844,
3823,
10080,
29913,
13,
29905,
5223,
29912,
29885,
3823,
10080,
29905,
1631,
29905,
957,
341,
29913,
13,
29905,
3905,
29874,
13,
11760,
13,
29905,
915,
29874,
13,
29987,
11035,
29882,
11014,
29899,
29906,
29946,
415,
29875,
29956,
29899,
29912,
29911,
29918,
29900,
29905,
957,
29946,
1012,
1563,
15625,
29916,
29985,
29931,
29918,
29924,
29899,
29916,
29985,
29931,
29918,
29896,
4887,
29906,
17108,
29916,
29985,
29968,
29918,
29924,
29899,
29916,
29985,
29968,
29918,
29896,
4887,
29906,
29905,
1266,
29962,
2013,
13621,
1966,
13,
12774,
29899,
29912,
29911,
29918,
29900,
29905,
957,
29906,
1012,
6970,
29887,
29961,
29939,
29918,
29900,
998,
29968,
29906,
1012,
1563,
3319,
29896,
29905,
957,
435,
7517,
29912,
29896,
29905,
957,
476,
1012,
1266,
29897,
13,
29974,
29939,
29918,
29900,
998,
29931,
29906,
1012,
1563,
3319,
29896,
29905,
957,
476,
7517,
29912,
29896,
29905,
957,
365,
1012,
1266,
6817,
29906,
29939,
29918,
29900,
29985,
29931,
29939,
29918,
29900,
29985,
29968,
29912,
29896,
29905,
957,
476,
29913,
13,
29905,
13621,
1966,
13,
12774,
3124,
2083,
29918,
29885,
3855,
648,
4912,
2844,
29968,
29906,
29913,
320,
5223,
29882,
29905,
2892,
29918,
29885,
29985,
29883,
1194,
29883,
720,
435,
29905,
2892,
29918,
29885,
29985,
29883,
3124,
29883,
720,
476,
29905,
2892,
29918,
29885,
29985,
29883,
29897,
13,
3124,
2083,
29918,
29885,
3855,
648,
4912,
2844,
29931,
29906,
1012,
5223,
29882,
29905,
2892,
29918,
29885,
29985,
29883,
1194,
29883,
720,
365,
29905,
2892,
29918,
29885,
29985,
29883,
3124,
29883,
720,
476,
29905,
2892,
29918,
29885,
29985,
29883,
29897,
13,
29905,
13621,
1966,
13,
12774,
29899,
29906,
29905,
2083,
29918,
29885,
3855,
648,
4912,
2844,
29931,
29913,
29939,
648,
4912,
2844,
29968,
3331,
5223,
29882,
29905,
2892,
29918,
29885,
29985,
29883,
29905,
957,
13,
29905,
5223,
29882,
476,
29905,
2892,
29918,
29885,
29985,
29883,
29913,
13,
3124,
2083,
29918,
29885,
3855,
648,
3844,
2844,
29968,
29906,
1012,
5223,
29882,
29905,
2892,
29918,
29885,
29985,
29883,
29905,
29883,
720,
435,
29905,
2892,
29918,
29885,
29985,
29883,
13,
3124,
2083,
29918,
29885,
3855,
648,
3844,
2844,
29931,
29906,
1012,
5223,
29882,
29905,
2892,
29918,
29885,
29985,
29883,
29905,
29883,
720,
365,
29905,
2892,
29918,
29885,
29985,
29883,
13,
29905,
13621,
1966,
13,
12774,
3124,
2083,
648,
29885,
30022,
741,
1758,
7736,
12156,
29939,
648,
290,
2844,
29931,
29906,
7517,
29939,
648,
290,
2844,
29968,
29906,
1800,
13,
29905,
5223,
29882,
29905,
2892,
29918,
29885,
29985,
29877,
29905,
29883,
720,
476,
29905,
2892,
29918,
29885,
29985,
29877,
13,
29899,
29906,
29905,
2083,
648,
29885,
30022,
741,
1758,
7736,
930,
3855,
648,
290,
2844,
29931,
29913,
29939,
648,
290,
2844,
29968,
3331,
5223,
29882,
29905,
2892,
29918,
29885,
29985,
29877,
29905,
957,
13,
29905,
5223,
29882,
476,
29905,
2892,
29918,
29885,
29985,
29877,
1012,
13621,
1966,
13,
12774,
29974,
29912,
29946,
29905,
957,
341,
1012,
2083,
648,
29885,
3823,
10080,
29892,
29885,
3311,
10080,
29905,
10080,
930,
13,
29898,
29939,
29985,
29968,
648,
3844,
3823,
10080,
29913,
29939,
29985,
29968,
648,
3844,
3311,
10080,
29905,
10080,
930,
13,
29974,
29939,
29985,
29931,
648,
3844,
3823,
10080,
29913,
29939,
29985,
29931,
648,
3844,
3311,
10080,
29905,
10080,
930,
2144,
5223,
29912,
29885,
3823,
10080,
29905,
1631,
29905,
957,
341,
29913,
13,
29905,
5223,
29912,
29885,
3311,
10080,
29905,
10080,
1012,
1631,
29905,
957,
341,
1012,
6970,
29887,
29962,
13,
29905,
1643,
29912,
2467,
29913,
13,
29905,
3905,
29874,
13,
29933,
5658,
310,
278,
17193,
395,
29939,
648,
29877,
29906,
29885,
5369,
29939,
648,
4912,
4429,
278,
13465,
975,
13,
29938,
29939,
29918,
29900,
29938,
322,
278,
395,
29939,
648,
4912,
1042,
17503,
10703,
18424,
373,
1438,
18893,
29889,
13,
4013,
2794,
393,
278,
1121,
310,
1906,
3990,
800,
338,
925,
13,
1552,
11896,
310,
1906,
18893,
304,
7555,
1052,
360,
2844,
15603,
2119,
29940,
29974,
29896,
4935,
13,
29905,
2593,
1435,
13,
4806,
17386,
278,
12241,
363,
278,
7555,
1052,
360,
1042,
29915,
29879,
29901,
13,
29905,
915,
29874,
13,
741,
1052,
360,
6292,
1758,
1722,
2119,
29940,
29974,
29896,
29897,
20644,
29987,
29912,
29896,
29905,
957,
29905,
3676,
29912,
29940,
29974,
29896,
4229,
1563,
3319,
29911,
29918,
29900,
29905,
957,
29906,
29905,
1631,
1012,
1266,
8940,
29924,
29914,
29906,
29913,
13,
29905,
10633,
648,
29885,
29922,
29896,
2844,
29924,
29899,
29896,
1012,
1563,
29961,
741,
5223,
29882,
29898,
29940,
29974,
29896,
2144,
2892,
29985,
29877,
29918,
29885,
13,
29905,
957,
29905,
5223,
29882,
29905,
2892,
29985,
29877,
29918,
29885,
1012,
1266,
29962,
3426,
29896,
29914,
29906,
1012,
9402,
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1052,
360,
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1584,
6292,
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1722,
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13,
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3150,
9952,
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360,
6353,
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7736,
2844,
3150,
2119,
29940,
29974,
29896,
29897,
20644,
29987,
13,
29905,
1563,
3319,
29911,
29918,
29900,
29905,
957,
29906,
29905,
1631,
1012,
1266,
29897,
7650,
29924,
29899,
29896,
6802,
29946,
29913,
13,
29905,
10633,
648,
29885,
29922
] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.572546 | 1.952512 | -1.098231 | -0.411891 |
1,{\rm odd}}^{M-1}\left[{\sinh(N+1)\lambda^o_m
\over\sinh\lambda^o_m}\right]^{-1/2}\\
{\cal D}^{closed}(N+1)&=&{1\over\sqrt{N+1}}\left({T_0\over2\pi}\right)^{M/2}
\prod_{m=1}^{M-1}\left[{\sinh(N+1)\lambda^c_m
\over\sinh\lambda^c_m}\right]^{-1/2}\equiv{\cal D}^{\rm closed}_{\cos}
{\cal D}^{\rm closed}_{\sin}\\
{\cal D}^{\rm closed}_{\sin}(N+1)&=&\left({T_0\over2\pi}\right)^{(M-1)/4}
\prod_{m=1}^{(M-1)/2}\left[{\sinh(N+1)\lambda^c_m
\over\sinh\lambda^c_m}\right]^{-1/2}
\eea
where, for simplicity,
we have written these formulas assuming $M$ is odd. If $M$ were even,
appropriate adjustments to the limits of the products must be made.
\fi
Consulting Appendix~\ref{determinants} for the various ${\cal D}$'s,
the outcome of the integration over $q_0$ and the
$q_{cm}$ can be written
\bea
&&\hskip-24pt\VEV{N+1,\{x^f\}|0,\{x^i\}}^{closed}\nonumber\\
&&={\cal D}^{\rm closed}_{\cos}(N+1)
{\cal D}_{\sin}^{closed}(J){\cal D}_{\rm odd}^{open}(K)
{\cal D}_{\sin}^{closed}(L)\int dq_{sm}^Kdq_{sm}^L
e^{iW^\prime-(K-1)B_0}\nonumber\\
&&={\cal D}^{\rm closed}(N+1)
{{\cal D}_{\sin}^{closed}(J){\cal D}_{\rm odd}^{open}(K)
{\cal D}_{\sin}^{closed}(L)\over{\cal D}_{\sin}^{closed}(N+1)}
\int dq_{sm}^Kdq_{sm}^L
e^{iW^\prime-(K-1)B_0}\\
&&\hskip-24pt
iW^\prime=-{T_0\over2}\Bigg[\sum_m(q_{sm}^{K2})
\sinh\lambda_m^c\coth J\lambda_m^c
+\sum_m(q_{sm}^{L2})\sinh\lambda_m^c\coth L\lambda_m^c
\nonumber\\
&&+\sum_{m^\prime,m^{\prime\prime}}
(q^K_{sm^\prime}q^K_{sm^{\prime\prime}}
+q^L_{sm^\prime}q^L_{sm^{\prime\prime}})
\bigg({4\over M^2}\sum_{m~{\rm odd}}U_{mm^\prime}U_{mm^{\prime\prime}}
\sinh\lambda_m^o\coth K\lambda_m^o\nonumber\\
&&\hskip.5in+{4\over M}\sin{m^\prime\pi\over M}
\sin{m^{\prime\prime}\pi\over M}\bigg)-{8\over M^2}\sum_{m^\prime,m^{\prime\prime}}q^K_{sm^\prime}q^L_{sm^{\prime\prime}}\sum_{m~{\rm odd}}
U_{mm^\prime}U_{mm^{\prime\prime}}{\sinh\lambda_m^o\over
\sinh K\lambda_m^o}\Bigg]
\eea
and we remind the reader that there are $D-2$ such factors.
To isolate the shift in a specific energy level, we need to identify
the exponential behavior in $J,L$ as they approach infinity.
For the ground state energy shift, it is sufficient
to directly take $J,L\to\infty$ with $K$ fixed.
Then the $\coth J,\coth L\to1$ and
\bea
{\cal D}^{\rm closed}_{\sin}(N+1)&\to&e^{-(N+1)\sum_{m=1}^{(M-1)/2}
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.336502 | 2.165349 | -1.01933 | -0.312993 |
T_0\over2\pi}\right)^{(M-1)/4}
\prod_{m=1}^{(M-1)/2}\sqrt{2\sinh\lambda^c_m}\\
{{\cal D}^{\rm closed}_{\sin}(J)
{\cal D}^{\rm closed}_{\sin}(L)\over{\cal D}^{\rm closed}_{\sin}(N+1)}
&\to&e^{K\sum_{m=1}^{(M-1)/2}
\lambda^c_m/2}\left({T_0\over2\pi}\right)^{(M-1)/4}
\prod_{m=1}^{(M-1)/2}\sqrt{2\sinh\lambda^c_m}\eea
Change integration variables to
${\bar q}_m=q_{sm}\sqrt{(T_0/\pi)\sinh\lambda^c_m}$.
And we have
\bea
&&\hskip-.4in\VEV{N+1,\{x^f\}|0,\{x^i\}}^{closed}\nonumber\\
&&\to{\cal D}^{\rm closed}(N+1)
{{\cal D}_{\rm odd}^{open}(K)e^{K\sum_{m=1}^{(M-1)/2}
\lambda^c_m/2}
\over\prod_m\sqrt{(T_0/\pi)\sinh\lambda^c_m}}
\int d{\bar q}_{m}^Kd{\bar q}_{m}^L
e^{iW^{\prime\prime}-(K-1)B_0}\nonumber\\
&&\to{\cal D}^{\rm closed}(N+1)
{e^{K\sum_{m=1}^{M-1}
(\lambda^c_m-\lambda^o_m)/2}
\over\prod_{m=1,{\rm odd}}^{M-1}\sqrt{1-e^{-2K\lambda^o_m}}}\prod_{m=1}^{M-1}
\sqrt{\sinh\lambda^o_m\over\sinh\lambda^c_m}
\int d{\bar q}_{m}^Kd{\bar q}_{m}^L
e^{iW^{\prime\prime}-(K-1)B_0}
\eea
where $iW^{\prime\prime}$ is defined below. It can be shown that
\bea
\prod_{m=1}^{M-1}\sinh\lambda^o_m&=& 2^{-(M-1)}
\sqrt{M{\sinh2M\sinh^{-1}1\over\sinh2\sinh^{-1}1}}\nonumber\\
&=& 2^{-(M-1)}
\sqrt{M{\sinh M\sinh^{-1}1\cosh M\sinh^{-1}1\over\sqrt{2}}}\\
\prod_{m=1}^{M-1}\sinh\lambda^c_m&=& 2^{-(M-1)}
M\sinh M\sinh^{-1}1
\eea
so, restoring all $D-2$ factors in the amplitude and
summing only over $K$, the time interval spanned by the open
string propagator, we infer
\bea
&&\hskip-64pt -a\Delta P^-_{G,closed}=M\sum_{K}\left[{\VEV{N+1,\0\}|0,\{0\}}^{closed}
\over{\cal D}^{\rm closed}(N+1)}\right]^{D-2} \nonumber\\
&=&
M\sum_{K=1}^\infty\left[{e^{K\sum_{m=1}^{M-1}
(\lambda^c_m-\lambda^o_m)/2-(K-1)B_0}
\over\prod_{m=1,odd}^{M-1}\sqrt{1-e^{-2K\lambda^o_m}}}
\left({\coth M\sinh^{-1}1\over M\sqrt{2}}\right)^{1/4}
\int d{\bar q}_{m}^Kd{\bar q}_{m}^L
e^{iW^{\prime\prime}}\right]^{D-2}\\
iW^{\prime\prime}&=&-{\pi\over2}\bigg[\sum_m({\bar q}_{m}^{K2}
+{\bar q}_{m}^{L2})
+\sum_{m^\prime,m^{\prime\prime}}
{{\bar q}^K_{m^\prime}{\bar q}^K | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.558622 | 1.983659 | -1.139476 | -0.606761 |
_{m^{\prime\prime}}
+{\bar q}^L_{m^\prime}{\bar q}^L_{m^{\prime\prime}}\over
\sqrt{\sinh\lambda^c_{m^\prime}\sinh\lambda^c_{m^{\prime\prime}}}}\nonumber\\
&&\quad\bigg({4\over M^2}\sum_{m~{\rm odd}}U_{mm^\prime}U_{mm^{\prime\prime}}
\sinh\lambda_m^o\coth K\lambda_m^o+{4\over M}\sin{m^\prime\pi\over M}
\sin{m^{\prime\prime}\pi\over M}\bigg)\nonumber\\
&&\quad-{8\over M^2}
\sum_{m^\prime,m^{\prime\prime}}
{{\bar q}^K_{sm^\prime}{\bar q}^L_{sm^{\prime\prime}}\over
\sqrt{\sinh\lambda^c_{m^\prime}
\sinh\lambda^c_{m^{\prime\prime}}}}\sum_{m~{\rm odd}}
U_{mm^\prime}U_{mm^{\prime\prime}}{\sinh\lambda_m^o\over
\sinh K\lambda_m^o}\bigg]\nonumber\\
&\equiv&-\pi\left[\sum_{m^\prime,m^{\prime\prime}}
({\bar q}^K_{m^\prime}{\bar q}^K_{m^{\prime\prime}}
+{\bar q}^L_{m^\prime}{\bar q}^L_{m^{\prime\prime}})A_{m^\prime
m^{\prime\prime}}+2\sum_{m^\prime,m^{\prime\prime}}
{\bar q}^K_{m^\prime}{\bar q}^L_{m^{\prime\prime}}B_{m^\prime
m^{\prime\prime}}\right]
\eea
With the definitions on the last line
\bea
\int d{\bar q}_{m}^Kd{\bar q}_{m}^L
e^{iW^{\prime\prime}}&=&{\det}^{-1/2}\pmatrix{A&B\cr B&A\cr}
={\det}^{-1/2}(A+B)\ {\det}^{-1/2}(A-B).\eea
The last equality follows because the eigenvectors of
$\pmatrix{A&B\cr B&A\cr}$ can be taken to be of the form
$\pmatrix{v_\pm\cr\pm v_\pm\cr}$ where $v_\pm$ is an
eigenvector of $A\pm B$.
Finally we summarize the result
\bea
-a\Delta P^-_{G,closed}&=&\nonumber\\
&&\hskip-.8in
M\sum_{K=1}^\infty\left[\left({\coth M\sinh^{-1}1\over M\sqrt{2}}\right)^{1/4}
{e^{K\sum_{m=1}^{M-1}
(\lambda^c_m-\lambda^o_m)/2-(K-1)B_0}
\over\prod_{m=1,odd}^{M-1}\sqrt{1-e^{-2K\lambda^o_m}}}
{\det}^{-1/2}\pmatrix{A&B\cr B&A\cr}\right]^{D-2}\label{shift_closed_groundstate}\\
A_{m^\prime m^{\prime\prime}}&=&
{\delta_{m^\prime m^{\prime\prime}}\over2}+{2\over M}{\sin(m^\prime\pi/M)
\sin(m^{\prime\prime}\pi/M)\over\sqrt{\sinh\lambda^c_{m^\prime}
\sinh\lambda^c_{m^{\prime\prime}}}}\nonumber\label{A_matrix}\\
&&\hskip1.8in+{2\over M^2}\sum_{m~{\rm odd}}
{U_{mm^\prime}U_{mm^{\prime\prime}}\sinh\lambda^o_m\coth K\lambda^o_m
\over\sqrt{\sinh\lambda^c_{m^\prime}
\sinh\lambda^c_{m^{\prime\prime}}}}\\%
B_{m^\prime m^{\prime\prime}}&=&-{2\over M^2}\sum_{m~{\rm odd}}
{U_{mm^\prime}U_{mm^{\prime\prime}}\sinh\lambda^o_m
\over\sqrt{\sinh\lambda^c_{m^\ | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.332087 | 2.103055 | -1.014847 | -0.31331 |
prime}
\sinh\lambda^c_{m^{\prime\prime}}}\sinh K\lambda^o_m}\label{B_matrix}\\
(A\pm B)_{m^\prime m^{\prime\prime}}&=&
{\delta_{m^\prime m^{\prime\prime}}\over2}+{2\over M}{\sin(m^\prime\pi/M)
\sin(m^{\prime\prime}\pi/M)\over\sqrt{\sinh\lambda^c_{m^\prime}
\sinh\lambda^c_{m^{\prime\prime}}}}\nonumber\\
&&\hskip1in+{2\over M^2}\sum_{m~{\rm odd}}
{U_{mm^\prime}U_{mm^{\prime\prime}}\sinh\lambda^o_m
\over\sqrt{\sinh\lambda^c_{m^\prime}
\sinh\lambda^c_{m^{\prime\prime}}}}\left[\tanh{K\lambda^o_m\over2}
\right]^{\pm1}
\eea
\subsection{Correction to the Graviton Energy}
For the shift in excited energy levels, we need to identify the
non-leading exponential behaviors in the free closed string propagator.
Since we also want to pick out a specific spin, it is iimportant to
work with the complete amplitude, including all $D-2$ factors:
\bea
\VEV{N+1,\{q^f\}|0,\{q^i\}}_{\rm total}^{closed}&=&
\left[{\cal D}^{closed}(N+1)\right]^{D-2}
e^{iW_{\rm total}^{closed}}\\
&&\hskip-2in iW_{\rm total}^{closed}=-{T_0\over2}
\Bigg[{({\bfs q}_{0,N+1}-{\bfs q}_{0,0})^2\over N+1}+
\sum_{m=1}^{M-1}\sinh\lambda^c_m\Bigg(({\bfs q}_{m,N+1}^2
+{\bfs q}_{m,0}^2)\coth(N+1)\lambda^c_m\nonumber\\
&&\qquad -{2{\bfs q}_{m,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}_{m,0}\over\sinh(N+1)\lambda^c_m}
\Bigg)\Bigg]
\eea
where ${\bfs q}$ denotes a $D-2$ dimensional vector.
Here we identify the $m<M/2$ modes with cosine modes and the
$m>M/2$ modes with sine modes.
The graviton state on the lattice has energy $2\lambda^c_1$ above the
ground state energy, and involves only the 1 modes.
Also since it is a symmetric traceless $O(D-2)$ tensor,
its contribution to the closed string propagator resides in the
second order term in the expansion of
\bea
\exp\Bigg[{T_0({\bfs q}^c_{1,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}^c_{1,0}
+{\bfs q}^s_{1,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}^s_{1,0})
\sinh\lambda^c_1\over\sinh(N+1)\lambda^c_1}
\Bigg]&\sim&\nonumber\\
&&\hskip-3in1+{2T_0({\bfs q}^c_{1,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}^c_{1,0}
+{\bfs q}^s_{1,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}^s_{1,0})\sinh\lambda^c_1}
e^{-(N+1)\lambda^c_1}\\
&&\hskip-2in+{2T_0^2({\bfs q}^c_{1,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}^c_{1,0}
+{\bfs q}^s_{1,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}^s_{1,0})^2
\sinh^2\lambda^c_1}e^{-2(N+1)\lambda^c_1}\nonumber
\eea
as $N+1\to\infty$.
The first term (the 1) propagates an $O(D-2)$ scalar, the second term
propagates an $O(D-2)$ vector, | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.588849 | 2.175731 | -0.792487 | -0.372996 |
and the third term propagates a combination
of a traceless symmetric tensor, and antisymmetric tensor and a scalar.
Since all closed string states must be cyclically invariant, the second
(vector) term is projected out of the spectrum. But, in any case,
for the shift in the graviton energy, we may simply drop the first
two terms, and keep only the symmetric traceless, cyclically invariant
part of the third term.
To identify the contribution of the cyclically symmetric states to the
third term we consider the new coordinates
\bea
{\bfs q}_1^{\pm}&\equiv&{\bfs q}_1^{c}\pm i{\bfs q}_1^{s}
\eea
which acquire the factor $e^{\pm2\pi i/M}$ under a cyclic transformation
of one step. To make a cyclically invariant combination, we must have
equal numbers of $+$ and $-$ factors:
\bea
{\bfs q}^c_{1,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}^c_{1,0}
+{\bfs q}^s_{1,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}^s_{1,0}&=&{1\over2}
({\bfs q}^+_{1,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}^-_{1,0}
+{\bfs q}^-_{1,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}^+_{1,0})\\
({\bfs q}^c_{1,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}^c_{1,0}
+{\bfs q}^s_{1,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}^s_{1,0})^2&=&{1\over4}
[({\bfs q}^+_{1,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}^-_{1,0})^2
+({\bfs q}^-_{1,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}^+_{1,0})^2]\nonumber\\
&&+{1\over2}
{\bfs q}^+_{1,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}^-_{1,0}\
{\bfs q}^-_{1,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}^+_{1,0}\nonumber\\
&\to&{1\over2}
{\bfs q}^+_{1,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}^-_{1,0}\
{\bfs q}^-_{1,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}^+_{1,0}
={1\over2}
{q}^{+k}_{1,N+1}{q}^{-l}_{1,N+1}\
{q}^{-k}_{1,0}{q}^{+l}_{1,0}\nonumber
\eea
where the last line shows the only contribution that survives the
cyclic symmetry requirements. To see the $SO(D-2)$ content write
\bea
{q}^{-k}_{1,0}{q}^{+l}_{1,0}&=&q_{1,0}^{ck}q_{1,0}^{cl}
+q_{1,0}^{sk}q_{1,0}^{sl}
+i(q_{1,0}^{ck}q_{1,0}^{sl}
-q_{1,0}^{sk}q_{1,0}^{sk})
\eea
The third (imaginary) term gives the contribution of the
anti-symmetric tensor, whereas the first two (real) terms
give a symmetric tensor, which can further be decomposed into
a traceless symmetric tensor and a scalar:
\bea
q_{1,0}^{ck}q_{1,0}^{cl}
+q_{1,0}^{sk}q_{1,0}^{sl}=\left[q_{1,0}^{ck}q_{1,0}^{cl}
+q_{1,0}^{sk}q_{1,0}^{sl}
-{\delta_{kl}\over D-2}({\bfs q}_{1,0}^{c2}+{\bfs q}_{1,0}^{s2})\right]
+{\delta_{kl}\over D-2}({\bfs q}_{1,0}^{c2}+{\bfs q}_{1,0}^{s2})
\eea
The quantity in square brackets on the right represents the contribution of
the graviton in all spin configurations. To identify the graviton energy
shift it is sufficient to simply pick one polarization with $k\neq l$ so
that the trace subtraction drops | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.315954 | 2.154966 | -0.689377 | -0.246904 |
out.
\bea
\left[\exp\Bigg\{{T_0({\bfs q}^c_{1,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}^c_{1,0}
+{\bfs q}^s_{1,N+1}\cdot{\bfs q}^s_{1,0})
\sinh\lambda^c_1\over\sinh(N+1)\lambda^c_1}
\Bigg\}\right]_{cyc~inv}&\sim&\nonumber\\
&&\hskip-2in1+{T_0^2
{q}^{+k}_{1,N+1}{q}^{-l}_{1,N+1}\
{q}^{-k}_{1,0}{q}^{+l}_{1,0}\sinh^2\lambda^c_1}e^{-2(N+1)\lambda^c_1}
+\cdots\\
&&\hskip-4.5in=1+{T_0^2
(q_{1,N+1}^{ck}q_{1,N+1}^{cl}
+q_{1,N+1}^{sk}q_{1,N+1}^{sl})(q_{1,0}^{ck}q_{1,0}^{cl}
+q_{1,0}^{sk}q_{1,0}^{sl})\sinh^2\lambda^c_1}e^{-2(N+1)\lambda^c_1}\\
&&\hskip-4.2in+T_0^2(q_{1,N+1}^{ck}q_{1,N+1}^{sl}
-q_{1,N+1}^{sk}q_{1,N+1}^{cl})(q_{1,0}^{ck}q_{1,0}^{sl}
-q_{1,0}^{sk}q_{1,0}^{cl})\sinh^2\lambda^c_1e^{-2(N+1)\lambda^c_1}
+\cdots
\eea
The first 1 term can be dropped in the calculation of the
graviton and also the anti-symmetric tensor energy shifts, since it
contributes only for scalar states (the tachyonic ground state and
the massless dilaton. Then we can take $J,L\to\infty$ in
\bea
&&\hskip-18pt
\VEV{N+1,\{x^f\}|0,\{x^i\}}_{\rm total}^{Graviton}(K,J)\nonumber\\
&&\sim T_0^4\sinh^4\lambda^c_1
\left[{\cal D}^{closed}(J){\cal D}^{open}(K){\cal D}^{closed}(L)\right]^{D-2}
e^{-2(L+J)\lambda^c_1}\nonumber\\
&&
\int dq^K_m dq^L_i[q_{f,1}^{ck}q_{f,1}^{cl}
+q_{f,1}^{sk}q_{f,1}^{sl}][q_{L,1}^{ck}q_{L,1}^{cl}
+q_{L,1}^{sk}
q_{L,1}^{sl}][q_{K,1}^{ck^\prime}q_{K,1}^{cl^\prime}
+q_{K,1}^{sk^\prime}q_{K,1}^{sl^\prime}][q_{i,1}^{ck^\prime}q_{i,1}^{cl^\prime}
+q_{i,1}^{sk^\prime}q_{i,1}^{sl^\prime}]\nonumber\\
&&\hskip2.5in
e^{iW_{\rm total}-(K-1)(D-2)B_0-{T_0}[({\bfs x}^L_M-{\bfs x}^L_1)^2
+({\bfs x}^K_M-{\bfs x}^K_1)^2]/4}
\eea
The sum over $K$ of this expression should be compared to the
free closed string propagator for the graviton
\bea
\left[{\cal D}(N+1)\right]^{D-2}T_0^2\sinh^2\lambda^c_1e^{-2(N+1)\lambda^c_1}
[q_{f,1}^{ck}q_{f,1}^{cl}+q_{f,1}^{sk}q_{f,1}^{sl}]
[q_{i,1}^{ck}q_{i | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.625529 | 2.056335 | -1.193272 | -0.575139 |
,1}^{cl}
+q_{i,1}^{sk}q_{i,1}^{sl}]
\eea
to read off the graviton energy shift:
\bea
&&MT_0^2\sinh^2\lambda^c_1\sum_{K=1}^\infty
\left[{{\cal D}^{closed}(J){\cal D}^{open}(K){\cal D}^{closed}(L)
\over{\cal D}(N+1)}\right]^{D-2}e^{2K\lambda^c_1-(K-1)(D-2)B_0}
\nonumber\\
&&\int dq^K_m dq^L_i[q_{L,1}^{ck}q_{L,1}^{cl}
+q_{L,1}^{sk}
q_{L,1}^{sl}][q_{K,1}^{ck^\prime}q_{K,1}^{cl^\prime}
+q_{K,1}^{sk^\prime}q_{K,1}^{sl^\prime}]
e^{iW_{\rm total}-{T_0}[({\bfs x}^L_M-{\bfs x}^L_1)^2+({\bfs x}^K_M
-{\bfs x}^K_1)^2]/4}\nonumber\\
&&=-{a\over2}(\delta_{kk^\prime}\delta_{ll^\prime}+
\delta_{kl^\prime}\delta_{lk^\prime})\Delta P^-_{Graviton}+C\delta_{kl}
\delta_{k^\prime l^\prime}
\eea
where the $C$ term contributes to the dilaton energy shift. (If $C=0$
the graviton and dilaton remain degenerate.) Here $iW$ is the same expression
(\ref{action}) that we used in the evaluation of the
ground state energy shift.
A simple way to isolate the graviton shift is to simply choose
index values for which the $C$ term decouples. For example,
take $k=k^\prime=1$ and $l=l^\prime=2$:
\bea\label{shift_graviton}
-a\Delta P^-_{Graviton}&=&2MT_0^2\sinh^2\lambda^c_1\sum_{K=1}^\infty
\left[{{\cal D}^{closed}(J){\cal D}^{open}(K){\cal D}^{closed}(L)
\over{\cal D}(N+1)}\right]^{D-2}e^{2K\lambda^c_1-(K-1)(D-2)B_0}
\nonumber\\
&&\hskip-.4in\int dq^K_m dq^L_m[q_{L,1}^{c1}q_{L,1}^{c2}
+q_{L,1}^{s1}
q_{L,1}^{s2}][q_{K,1}^{c1}q_{K,1}^{c2}
+q_{K,1}^{s1}q_{K,1}^{s2}]
e^{iW_{\rm total}-{T_0}[({\bfs x}^L_M-{\bfs x}^L_1)^2
+({\bfs x}^K_M-{\bfs x}^K_1)^2]/4}
\nonumber\\
&=&2MT_0^2\sinh^2\lambda^c_1\sum_{K=1}^\infty
\left[{{\cal D}^{closed}(J){\cal D}^{open}(K){\cal D}^{closed}(L)
\over{\cal D}(N+1)}\right]^{D-2}e^{2K\lambda^c_1-(K-1)(D-2)B_0}
\nonumber\\
&&\hskip-.6in\int dq^K_m dq^L_m[q_{L,1}^{c1}q_{K,1}^{c1}q_{L,1}^{c2}
q_{K,1}^{c2}+q_{L,1}^{s1}q_{K,1}^{s1}q_{L,1}^{s2}q_{K,1}^{s2}]
e^{iW_{\rm total}-{T_0}[({\bfs x}^L_M-{\bfs x}^L_1)^2
+({\bfs x}^K_M-{\bfs x}^K_1)^2]/4}
\nonumber\\
&\equiv&2MT_ | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.546055 | 2.077099 | -1.338523 | -0.673167 |
0^2\sinh^2\lambda^c_1\sum_{K=1}^\infty
\left[{{\cal D}^{closed}(J){\cal D}^{open}(K){\cal D}^{closed}(L)
\over{\cal D}(N+1)}\right]^{D-2}e^{2K\lambda^c_1-(K-1)B_0}
\nonumber\\
&&\hskip-.6in(\VEV{q_{L,1}^{c1}q_{K,1}^{c1}}^2
+\VEV{q_{L,1}^{s1}q_{K,1}^{s1}}^2)
\int dq^K_m dq^L_m
e^{iW_{\rm total}-{T_0}[({\bfs x}^L_M-{\bfs x}^L_1)^2
+({\bfs x}^K_M-{\bfs x}^K_1)^2]/4}
\eea
where in the second and third forms
we take advantage of the fact that the integration
is over independent Gaussians, so the language of correlations
reflected in the $\VEV{\cdots}$ notation is appropriate.
The correlator of cosine modes is just that of the free closed string
and is easily shown to be
\bea\label{propagator1}
\VEV{q_{L,1}^{c1}q_{K,1}^{c1}}&=&{\sinh L\lambda^c_1\ \sinh J\lambda^c_1
\over T_0\sinh\lambda^c_1\ \sinh(K+J+L)\lambda^c_1}\to
{1\over2T_0\sinh\lambda^c_1}e^{-K\lambda^c_1}
\eea
in the limit $J,L\to\infty$.
The correlator of sine modes is of course more complicated because they
involve the nontrivial overlap of the closed and open string modes.
\bea
\VEV{q_{L,1}^{s1}q_{K,1}^{s1}}&=&{\pi\over T_0\sinh\lambda^c_1}
\VEV{{\bar q}_{L,1}^{s1}{\bar q}_{K,1}^{s1}}\\
\VEV{{\bar q}_{L,1}^{s1}{\bar q}_{K,1}^{s1}}&=&{\int
d{\bar q}_{K,m}d{\bar q}_{L,m}
{\bar q}_{L,1}^{s}{\bar q}_{K,1}^{s}e^{iW^{\prime\prime}}\over
\int
d{\bar q}_{K,m}d{\bar q}_{L,m}e^{iW^{\prime\prime}}}
\eea
Recall that
$iW^{\prime\prime}=-\pi {\bar q}^T\pmatrix{A&B\cr B&A\cr}{\bar q}$
so adding a source term
$J^T{\bar q}$, we complete the square to evaluate
\bea
\VEV{e^{J^T{\bar q}}}&=&\exp\left\{{1\over4\pi}
J^T\pmatrix{A&B\cr B&A\cr}^{-1}J\right\}
\eea
With the definition
\bea
\pmatrix{A&B\cr B&A\cr}^{-1}&=&\pmatrix{A^\prime&B^\prime\cr
B^\prime&A^\prime\cr}\\
A^\prime&=&(A-BA^{-1}B)^{-1}={1\over2}\left((A+B)^{-1}+(A-B)^{-1}\right)\nonumber\\
B^\prime&=&(B-AB^{-1}A)^{-1}={1\over2}\left((A+B)^{-1}-(A-B)^{-1}\right),
\eea
we then have
\bea\label{propagator2}
\VEV{q_{L,1}^{s1}q_{K,1}^{s1}}&=&{1\over 2T_0\sinh\lambda^c_1}B^\prime_{1,1}
\eea
\section{Numerical Analysis}\label{sec_closedstring_numerics}
\subsection{Closed String Ground State}
Here we will perform a numerical study of the 1-loop shift in the
ground state | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.201795 | 2.289936 | -0.938635 | -0.145081 |
energy for the closed string in $D=26$ dimensions,
with the help of \texttt{Mathematica}. In particular,
we will rescale the energy shift (\ref{shift_closed_groundstate}) by an overall factor of $M$ (notice also $\Delta P^-_{G,closed}$ and $\delta P^-_K$ differ by a minus sign),
\bea\label{rescaled_DeltaP}
-\frac{a \Delta P^-_{G,closed}}{M}&\equiv&\sum_{K=1}^\infty \delta P^-_K=\nonumber\\
&&\hskip-.8in
=\sum_{K=1}^\infty\left[\left({\coth (M\sinh^{-1}1)\over M\sqrt{2}}\right)^{1/4}
{e^{K\sum_{m=1}^{M-1}
(\lambda^c_m-\lambda^o_m)/2-(K-1)B_0}
\over\prod_{m=1,odd}^{M-1}\sqrt{1-e^{-2K\lambda^o_m}}}
{\det}^{-1/2}\pmatrix{A&B\cr B&A\cr}\right]^{24}\,,
\eea
where $A$ and $B$ are given by (\ref{A_matrix}),(\ref{B_matrix}), as it will turn out that this yields a finite quantity for $M\to \infty$, which is just
what is expected from the bulk term in $\Delta P^-$.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{DeltaP_K_Log.eps}
\caption{\small Log-linear plot for the summand of the rescaled ground state energy shift (\ref{rescaled_DeltaP}), with each curve exhibiting its dependence on $K$ for a fixed value of $M$. We have rescaled the horizontal axis to $K/M$ in order to demonstrate that for a large enough value of the latter, $\log \delta P^-_K$ develops the same slope. The plot also justifies our choice $K_{max}=2M$ for the cutoff in the $K$ sum.}
\label{fig:DeltaP_K_Log}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
It is instructive to start by investigating the dependence of the summand $\delta P^-_K$ on $M$ and $K$, as a means to also set a reasonable cutoff $K_{max}\ge K$ in the sum. For fixed $M$, $\delta P^-_K$ decreases rapidly for increasing $K$, and for $K\gg M$ it becomes proportional to $e^{-9.428 K/M}$ times an $M$-dependent factor. This fact is evident in figure \ref{fig:DeltaP_K_Log},
which also indicates that $K_{max}=2M$ is a sufficiently large cutoff,
given that the largest term in the sum is $\delta P_1^-=1$ for any $M$, and $\delta P_{K_{max}}\le 10^{-12}$ for $M\ge195$, precisely indicating the accuracy of our cutoff.
For fixed $K\ll M$, we also find a good fit to
\beq\label{deltaP_M_expansion}
\delta P^-_K=c_1^K+\frac{c_2^K}{M^2}+\mathcal{O}(\frac{1}{M^3})
\eeq
where roughly $c_1^K\sim K^{-3}$ and $c_2^K\sim K^{-1}$. The particular examples $K=2,3,4,5$ are presented in figure \ref{fig:DeltaP_K}. Since this behavior changes as $K$ becomes comparable to $M$, it suggests that the sum over $K$ should give rise to a $\log M/M^2$ term due to
\beq
\sum_{K=1}^M c_2^K\sim H(M)\sim \log M \textrm{ for } M\gg1\,,\label{harmonicsum}
\eeq
where $H(M)$ is the $M$-th harmonic number. Similarly the sum of $c_1^K$ yields harmonic numbers of order 3, whose large $M$ expansion suggests the absence of an $1/M$ term.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{DeltaP | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.658282 | 1.817542 | 0.099642 | 0.716932 |
_K1.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{DeltaP_K2.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{DeltaP_K3.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{DeltaP_K4.eps}
\caption{\small Summand for the rescaled ground state energy shift as a function of $M$ for $K=2,3,4,5\,\ll M$, including fits of the form (\ref{deltaP_M_expansion}).}
\label{fig:DeltaP_K}
\end{figure}
We should also note that in both regimes we examined, the general structure of the dependence on $M$ and $K$ is correctly captured by the discretized version of the continuum amplitude (\ref{selcdisc}). Denoting the summand of the latter (up to a proportionality factor) with a prime in order to avoid confusion, we have for $D=26$
\bea
\delta P^{-\prime}_K=\left(\frac{\pi}{M \sinh(\pi K/M)}\right)^3&=&\cases{\left(\frac{2\pi}{M}\right)^3 e^{-3\pi K/M}+\mathcal{O}(e^{-5\pi K/M}) &$K\gg M$\cr&\cr
\frac{1}{K^3}-\frac{\pi^2}{2K M^2}+\mathcal{O}(\frac{1}{M^4}) &
$K\ll M$\cr}
\eea
For $K\gg M$ there is also approximate agreement in the value of the exponent, although for the $K\ll M$ expansions more detailed comparison of the coefficients of $\delta P^{-\prime}_K$ and $\delta P^{-}_K$ reveals that they are not simply proportional to each other.
Armed with this intuition, we proceed to the numerical calculation
of (\ref{rescaled_DeltaP}), summed up to $K_{max}=2M$,
and for values of $M$ ranging from 5 to 995 in steps of 10. We fit the
generated data for different subintervals between $M\in [195,995]$
to ensure that $M$ is sufficiently large and to test
the stability of our fits, and also calculate
the value of $R^2$ as an estimate of their goodness.
We find that indeed the fit
\beq\label{self_energy_fit}
-\frac{a \Delta P^-_{G,closed}}{M}=c_1+c_2 \frac{1}{M^2}+c_3\frac{\log M}{M^2}
\eeq
with
\beq\label{self_energy_fit_coefficients}
c_1=1.158863267\pm 3\cdot 10^{-9}\,,\quad c_2=2.799\pm 0.011\,,\quad c_3=-2.800\pm0.002
\eeq
matches excellently with the data, with the values of the coefficients varying only mildly when fitting different subintervals in $M$ (the error estimates are precisely taking this interval dependence into account).
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.83\textwidth]{DeltaP}
\caption{\small Rescaled ground state energy shift as a function of $M$. We present fits with and without a $\log M$ term, in order to demonstrate the necessity of the latter for agreement with the data.}
\label{fig:DeltaP}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
Our main finding of this section, (\ref{self_energy_fit}),
is plotted against the numerical data in figure \ref{fig:DeltaP}.
We've also included the fit with $c_3=0$ to show its insufficiency
in accurately describing the data. As far as the fit
with $c_2=0$ is concerned, it leads to values of $c_3$
which may differ up to $7\%$ depending on the interval of the fit,
and generally one should also expect a constant multiplying $M$
inside the logarithm. As additional evidence that the $M$-dependence
is indeed correctly captured by (\ref{self_energy_fit}),
we also mention that when fitting the entire interval
$M\ | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.347179 | 1.459354 | -0.480242 | 0.313437 |
in [195,995]$, the value of $R^2$ differs from 1 by a mere
$3\cdot 10^{-11}$, whereas for the $c_2=0$ and $c_3=0$ cases
the differences are $6\cdot 10^{-5}$ and $0.002$ respectively.
Finally, our expectations for the absence of an $1/M$ term is
confirmed by the fact that its inclusion yields unnaturally
small values for its coefficient, and does not substantially improve the fit.
As described in the introduction, the bulk counterterm
can be chosen to cancel the contribution to $P^-$ proportional to $M$,
and what is left gives the physically significant contribution.
Lorentz invariance requires that this residuum behave at large $M$ as $1/M$,
since $\Delta m^2=2M aT_0 (\Delta P^--{\rm Bulk~Term})$.
Our results (\ref{self_energy_fit}),(\ref{self_energy_fit_coefficients})
contradict this requirement because of the $\ln M$ dependence. Taken literally,
the result implies a logarithmically divergent self mass:
$\ln M=\ln P^+/aT_0=\ln(1/a)+\ln(P^+/T_0)$, which is to be expected from
the $dq/q$ behavior in the covariant expression for the self-energy.
As is well known this divergence can be absorbed in a renormalization of
the Regge slope parameter $\alpha^\prime=1/2\pi T_0$. But the $\ln P^+$
signifies a noncovariant finite part.
The origin of this $\ln M$ factor can be traced to the sum over $K$
of the $1/K$ dependence we saw in the summand when $K<<M$. The lightcone
lattice has cutoff the logarithmic UV divergence (small $K$), but the
large $K$ behavior is cut off at $K=\mathcal{O}(M)$, because the level spacing
is of order $1/M$, so $\sum_K(1/K)=\mathcal{O}(\ln M)$.
As mentioned in the introduction, the presence of the
$B_0$ counterterm offers a way to interpret the lattice calculation
that avoids the difficulty. By adding a small positive constant
$B_0\to B_0+\epsilon$ the cutoff on the $K$ sum becomes $1/\epsilon$
instead of $M$, and the residuum will behave as $(1/M)\ln(1/\epsilon)$
which is still divergent as $\epsilon\to0$, but remains compatible
with Lorentz invariance. Then the $\ln(1/\epsilon)$ can be absorbed in
a redefinition of $T_0$ before taking $M\to\infty$. As we shall see in
the next subsection, this same interpretation leads to a zero self-energy for the graviton state.
\subsection{Graviton}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{C_G}
\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{C_G_zoomed}
\caption{\small Coefficient $C_G^K$ in the rescaled graviton energy shift (\ref{shift_graviton_rescaled}) as a function of $K/M$, with each curve corresponding to varying $K$ for a fixed value of $M$. On the left hand side we plot the entire range of summation for $K/M$, it is evident that curves for different $M$ values are indistinguishable. On the right hand side we zoom into a small region in order to see the mild dependence of the $\log C_G^K$ offset on $M$.}
\label{fig:C_G}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{C_G_M1}
\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{C_G_M2}
\caption{\small Coefficient $C_G^K$ in the rescaled graviton energy shift (\ref{shift_graviton_rescaled}) as a function $M$ for fixed $K=2,3\ll M$.}
\label{fig:C_G_M}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure} | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.084982 | 1.776013 | -0.384529 | -0.009107 |
\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{C_G_DeltaP_K1}
\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{C_G_DeltaP_K2}
\caption{\small $C_G^K \delta P^-_K$ as a function $M$ for fixed $K=2,3\ll M$. Comparing with figure \ref{fig:DeltaP_K}, we notice that the constant terms are equal, and the $1/M^2$ coefficients roughly opposite.}
\label{fig:C_G_DeltaP}
\end{figure}
We proceed to investigate how the lightcone lattice handles
nontachyonic states by looking at the 1-loop mass shift of
the spin-2 excitation of the closed string, representing the graviton.
Similarly to the ground state,
with the help of (\ref{propagator1}),(\ref{propagator2}),
we may rewrite (\ref{shift_graviton}) in the $J,L\to\infty$ limit as
\beq\label{shift_graviton_rescaled}
-\frac{a \Delta P^-_{Graviton}}{M}
=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{K=1}^\infty
[1+(e^{K\lambda_1^c}B^\prime_{1,1})^2]\delta P^-_K
\equiv\frac{1}{2}\sum_{K=1}^\infty (1+C_G^K)\delta P^-_K\,,
\eeq
where $\delta P^-_K$ is the summand of the rescaled ground state shift,
defined in (\ref{rescaled_DeltaP}).
As $\delta P^-_K$ has been determined in the previous section, the only additional numerical computation that has to be done is for the coefficient $C_G^K$. A preliminary analysis shows that for fixed $M$ and varying $K$ this is a rapidly increasing function which for $K\gg M$ becomes proportional to roughly $e^{6.28K/M}$, as can be seen in figure \ref{fig:C_G}. However given the behavior of $\delta P^-_K$ in the same regime, their product is guaranteed to converge, albeit more slowly. As far as the regime $K\ll M$ is concerned, we observe that $C_G^1=1$ for any $M$, and more generally $C_G^K= 1+c/M^2+\mathcal{O}(1/M^3)$. The first two nontrivial examples $K=2,3$ are plotted in figure \ref{fig:C_G_M}. The fact that the constant term is independent of $K$ and equal to one guarantees that the leading divergence for the ground state and the graviton is the same, as it should for all states.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.83\textwidth]{C_G_DeltaP}
\caption{\small $\sum_{K} C_G^K\delta P^-_K$ as a function of $M$. Again fits with and without a $\log M$ term are presented, so as to demonstrate its necessity for matching with the data.}
\label{fig:sumC_G_DeltaP}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
Before evaluating the entire sum (\ref{shift_graviton_rescaled}),
it is again useful to examine $C_G^K\delta P^-_K$
for fixed $K$. As can be seen in figure \ref{fig:C_G_DeltaP},
for individual $K\ll M$ the latter has an expansion in $M$ of the form
(\ref{deltaP_M_expansion}), where $c_1^K$ are roughly equal and $c_2^K$
are roughly opposite between the ground state and the graviton.
Then the sum in $K$ is depicted in figure
\ref{fig:sumC_G_DeltaP} similarly described by a fit of the form (\ref{self_energy_fit}), where again the coefficients $c_1$ and $c_3$ are found to be equal and opposite respectively within our margins of error, however $c_2=-1.93\pm0.04$. This is a first hint that although additional cancellations occur for the graviton, which may remove the divergent $\log M$ terms,
the lattice | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.306083 | 1.957703 | -0.320869 | 0.157857 |
regularization, in the absence of the $\epsilon$
prescription, still leaves an
unphysical finite mass shift for the graviton.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{delta_P_summand1}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{delta_P_summand2}
\caption{\small Entire summand of rescaled graviton energy shift (\ref{shift_graviton_rescaled}) as a function $M$ for fixed $K=2,3\ll M$.}
\label{fig:DeltaP_summand}
\end{figure}
Moving now to the entire summand (\ref{shift_graviton_rescaled}),
from figure \ref{fig:DeltaP_summand} we infer it behaves as
\beq
\frac{1}{2}(1+C_G^K)\delta P^-_K=\tilde c_1^K+\frac{\tilde c_2^K}{M^4}
+\mathcal{O}(\frac{1}{M^5})\label{grav_summand_fit}
\eeq
with $\tilde c_1^K\simeq c_1^K\sim K^{-3}$ and $\tilde c_2^K\sim K$,
which is consistent with
\beq
\sum_{K=1}^M \tilde c_2^K\sim M^2/2 \textrm{ for } M\gg1\,,
\eeq
introducing an additional contribution that changes the
$c_2$ coefficient for the graviton, compared to the ground state.
Finally, we find that the fit for the entire
rescaled energy shift (see Fig.~\ref{fig:DeltaPgrav})
\beq
-\frac{a \Delta P^-_{Graviton}}{M}=\tilde c_1+\tilde c_2\frac{1}{M^2}\,,
\eeq
with
\beq
\tilde c_1=1.158863276\pm1.5\cdot 10^{-8}\,\quad\tilde c_2=0.454\pm0.004\,,
\eeq
is in very good agreement with the numerical data\footnote{In particular when fitting on the range $M\in[195,995]$, $R^2$ differs from 1 by $10^{-5}$. Including an additional $\log M/M^2$ term yields an unnaturally small coefficient and does not improve $R^2$ significantly.} and our previous quantitative and qualitative observations.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.83\textwidth]{DeltaP_graviton}
\caption{\small Rescaled graviton energy shift as a function of $M$.}
\label{fig:DeltaPgrav}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
Our results indicate the absence
of the $\ln M$ Lorentz violating effect we found for the tachyon\footnote{
A $\ln M$ divergence in the graviton self mass could not be absorbed
in the Regge slope parameter because at zeroth
order the graviton is massless.},
but still the
$K$ sum with a cutoff of $\mathcal{O}(M)$, leads to the
undesirable conclusion that the graviton would gain a
(necessarily finite) nonzero
mass at one loop order. This is a (more subtle) violation of
Lorentz invariance.
However, with the $\epsilon$ prescription introduced to interpret
the tachyon mass shift, this difficulty is
avoided. Putting $B_0\to B_0+\epsilon$ cuts off the $K$ sum at
$\sim 1/\epsilon$, so the large $M$ expansion at fixed $\epsilon$
encounters no $1/M^2$ contribution and hence no shift in the
graviton mass. It is important to appreciate that this interpretation
requires taking the continuum limit {\it before} taking $\epsilon\to0$.
\section{D-branes}\label{sec_dbranes}
We extend the discussion to the case when several of the transverse
open string coordinates satisfy Dirichlet conditions. In current popular
terminology this is known as closed string theory in the presence of
D-branes \cite{dailp}. | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.143399 | 1.791587 | -0.31011 | 0.013661 |
To avoid confusion we will
call such coordinates ${\bfs y}_i^j$. We shall follow \cite{thorndirichlet}
in adapting the lightcone lattice to Dirichlet boundary conditions.
Starting from the closed string potential energy for one such coordinate
\bea
V_{\rm closed}&=&{T_0\over2}\sum_{i=1}^M(y_{i+1}-y_i)^2
\eea
we pass to the potential energy for a Dirichlet open string with
say $y_l=0$ by the following substitution
\bea
(y_{l+1}-y_l)^2+(y_l-y_{l-1})^2&\to&y_{l+1}^2+y_{l-1}^2+2\kappa y_l^2.
\eea
In other words we keep all $M$ degrees of freedom on the lattice.
Instead of trying to set $y_l=0$, we decouple it from the other
coordinates and give it a potential $T_0\kappa y_l^2$ that makes it
produce an energy of $\mathcal{O}(1)$ in lattice units.
This means that excitations
of $y_l$ will have
infinite energy in the continuum limit, which therefore locks
this degree of freedom in its ground state.
The normal modes for the Dirichlet open string coordinates
$q_{Dm}$ are defined in Appendix~\ref{normalmodes}. In this case
it is convenient to alter the corresponding normal mode expansion for the
closed string, which for $M$ odd are
\bea
y_k&=&{1\over\sqrt{M}}q_{0}+\sqrt{2\over M}\sum_{m=1}^{(M-1)/2}\left[q_{cm}
\cos{2m\pi k\over M}+q_{sm}\sin{2m\pi k\over M}\right].
\eea
The modification for $M$ even can be found in Appendix~\ref{normalmodes}.
We can express the open string normal modes in terms of the closed string ones
\bea
q_{{\rm D}m}&=&\cases{{\displaystyle q_{sm/2}}& for $m$ even\cr
&\cr
{\displaystyle {2\over M}\sum_{m^\prime=0}^{(M-1)/2}q_{cm^\prime}
U^{\rm D}_{mm^\prime}}& for $m$ odd\cr}
\eea
where we have defined $q_{c0}\equiv q_0/\sqrt{2}$, and $U^D_{mm^\prime}$
is given in Appendix~\ref{overlap}.
In constructing the one loop diagram, we
would like the $j=0,N+1$ sites of the open string propagator
be assigned half the closed string potential energy. We have
\bea
V^c-V^{\rm D}&=& {T_0\over2}\left((y_M-y_{M-1})^2+(y_1-y_M)^2-y_1^2-y_{M-1}^2
-2\kappa y_M^2\right)\nonumber\\
&=&-T_0y_M(y_1+y_{M-1}+(\kappa-1)y_M)\equiv -2U(y).
\eea
Thus the loop integrand is given by the product of the three propagators
times the factor $e^{U(y)}$ at each vertex.
In terms of the closed string normal modes
\bea
y_M&=&{1\over\sqrt{M}}q_{0}
+\sqrt{2\over M}\sum_{m^\prime=1}^{(M-1)/2}\hspace{-5pt}q_{cm^\prime}\equiv\sqrt{2\over M}\sum_{m^\prime=0}^{(M-1)/2}\hspace{-5pt}q_{cm^\prime}\\
y_1+y_{M-1}&=&{2\over\sqrt{M}}q_{0}
+2\sqrt{2\over M}\sum_{m^\prime=1}^{(M-1)/2}\hspace{-5pt}q_{cm^\prime}\cos{2m^\prime\pi
\over M}
\nonumber\\&\equiv&
2\sqrt{2\over M}\sum_{m^\prime=0}^{(M-1)/2}\hspace{-5pt}q_{cm^\prime} | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.219817 | 2.186113 | -0.395736 | 0.4336 |
\cos{2m^\prime\pi
\over M}\\
U(y)
&=&{T_0\over M}
\sum_{m^\prime,m^{\prime\prime}=0}^{(M-1)/2}\hspace{-5pt}q_{cm^\prime}q_{cm^{\prime\prime}}
\left[\kappa-1+\cos{2m^\prime\pi\over M}
+\cos{2m^{\prime\prime}\pi\over M}\right]
\eea
where we defined $q_{c0}\equiv q_0/\sqrt{2}$.
Then the one loop correction to the closed string propagator is
\bea
&&\hskip-18pt
\sum_K\int dy^K_idy^L_i e^{-(K-1)B_0^{\rm D}+U(y^K)+U(y^L)}
\VEV{L,\{y^f\}|0,\{y^L\}}^{closed}\VEV{K,\{y^L\}|0,\{y^K\}}^{\rm D}
\nonumber\\&&\hskip4.5in\VEV{J,\{y^K\}|0,\{y^i\}}^{closed}
\nonumber\\
&&\phantom{a}
\nonumber\\
&&\hskip1in=\sum_K{\cal D}^{closed}(J){\cal D}^{\rm D}(K)
{\cal D}^{closed}(L)\int dy^K_idy^L_i
e^{iW-(K-1)B^{\rm D}_0+U(y^K)+U(y^L)}
\nonumber
\eea
where as before we display only one factor for the Dirichlet coordinate $y$.
Note that we expect $B_0^{\rm D}\neq B_0$ because of the different
boundary conditions.
\subsection{Closed String Tachyon Scattering off D-brane}
For the case where $y_i=y_f=0$ we have, for each Dirichlet coordinate $y$, a term
\bea
iW+U(y^K)+U(y^L)
&=&-{T_0\over2}\Bigg[q_0^{K2}{1\over J}
+q_0^{L2}{1\over L}
\nonumber\\&&\hskip-1in
+\sum_m(q_{cm}^{K2}+q_{sm}^{K2})\sinh\lambda_m^c\coth J\lambda_m^c
+\sum_m(q_{cm}^{L2}+q_{sm}^{L2})\sinh\lambda_m^c\coth L\lambda_m^c
\nonumber\\&&\hskip-1in
+\sum_m(q_{{\rm D}m}^{L2}+q_{Dm}^{K2})\sinh\lambda_m^{\rm D}
\coth K\lambda_m^{\rm D}
-2\sum_m q_{{\rm D}m}^{L}q_{{\rm D}m}^{K}{\sinh\lambda_m^{\rm D}\over
\sinh K\lambda_m^{\rm D}}
\nonumber\\
&&\hskip-1in-{2\over M}
\sum_{m^\prime,m^{\prime\prime}=0}^{(M-1)/2}\left(
q^K_{cm^\prime}q^K_{cm^{\prime\prime}}
+q^L_{cm^\prime}q^L_{cm^{\prime\prime}}\right)
\left(\kappa-1+\cos{2m^\prime\pi\over M}
+\cos{2m^{\prime\prime}\pi\over M}\right)
\Bigg]\nonumber
\eea
The next step is to change integration variables to the closed string
normal modes, $q_0=q_{c0}\sqrt{2},q_{cm},q_{sm}$. The Jacobian
for the change of variables $y_k\to q_0,q_{cm},q_{sm}$ is unity,
and further changing $q_0\to q_{c0}$ gives a factor $\sqrt{2}$.
The equality
$q_{D2m}=q_{sm}$ means that integrating over the closed string
sine modes simply implements closure on these modes. Thus
we can write
\bea
&&\hskip-.7in\VEV{N+1,\{x^f\}|0,\{x^ | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.546734 | 2.175731 | -0.942221 | -0.4145 |
i\}}^{closed}_{1{\rm loop}}\nonumber\\
&&={\cal D}^{\rm closed}_{\sin}(N+1)
{\cal D}_{\cos}^{closed}(J){\cal D}_{\rm odd}^{\rm D}(K)
{\cal D}_{\cos}^{closed}(L)\int 2dq_{cm}^Kdq_{cm}^L
e^{iW^{{\rm D}\prime}-(K-1)B_0^{\rm D}}\nonumber\\
&&={\cal D}^{\rm closed}(N+1)
{{\cal D}_{\cos}^{closed}(J){\cal D}_{\rm odd}^{\rm D}(K)
{\cal D}_{\cos}^{closed}(L)\over{\cal D}_{\cos}^{closed}(N+1)}
\int 2dq_{cm}^Kdq_{cm}^L
e^{iW^{{\rm D}\prime}-(K-1)B_0^{\rm D}}
\eea
where
\bea
iW^{{\rm D}\prime}&=&-{T_0\over2}\Bigg[q_0^{K2}{1\over J}
+q_0^{L2}{1\over L}
+\sum_m q_{cm}^{K2}\sinh\lambda_m^c\coth J\lambda_m^c
+\sum_m q_{cm}^{L2}\sinh\lambda_m^c\coth L\lambda_m^c
\nonumber\\&&
+\sum_{m=1,{\rm odd}}^M
(q_{{\rm D}m}^{L2}+q_{{\rm D}m}^{K2})\sinh\lambda_m^{\rm D}
\coth K\lambda_m^{\rm D}
-2\sum_{m=1,{\rm odd}}^M q_{{\rm D}m}^{L}q_{{\rm D}m}^{K}
{\sinh\lambda_m^{\rm D}\over
\sinh K\lambda_m^{\rm D}}\nonumber\\&&
-{2\over M}
\sum_{m^\prime,m^{\prime\prime}=0}^{(M-1)/2}\left(
q^K_{cm^\prime}q^K_{cm^{\prime\prime}}
+q^L_{cm^\prime}q^L_{cm^{\prime\prime}}\right)
\left(\kappa-1+\cos{2m^\prime\pi\over M}+\cos{2m^{\prime\prime}\pi\over M}\right)
\Bigg]
\eea
Taking $J,L$ large, the factors in front of the integral reduce to
\bea
{{\cal D}_{\cos}^{closed}(J){\cal D}_{\rm odd}^{{\rm D}}(K)
{\cal D}_{\cos}^{closed}(L)\over{\cal D}_{\cos}^{closed}(N+1)}
&\to&\sqrt{N+1\over JL}{e^{K(\sum_{m=1}^{(M-1)/2}\lambda^c_m
-\sum_{m,{\rm odd}}\lambda_m^{\rm D})/2}\over\prod_{m, odd}
\sqrt{1-e^{-2K\lambda_m^{\rm D}}}}
\nonumber\\
&&\hskip-.5in\sqrt{2}
\sqrt{{\prod_{m,odd}\sinh\lambda_m^{\rm D}\over\prod_{m=1}^{(M-1)/2}
\sinh\lambda_m^c}}\left[{{T_0\over2\pi}\prod_{m=1}^{(M-1)/2}
{T_0\over\pi}\sinh{\lambda_m^c}}\right]
\eea
Meanwhile
\bea
iW^{{\rm D}\prime}&\to&-{T_0\over2}\Bigg[
\sum_{m^\prime=1}^{(M-1)/2} (q_{cm}^{K2}+q_{cm}^{L2})\sinh\lambda_m^c
\nonumber\\&&
+\sum_{m^\prime,m^{\prime\prime}=0}^{(M-1)/2}\left(
q^K_{cm^\prime}q^K_{cm^{\prime\prime}}
+q^L_{cm^\prime}q^L_{cm^{\prime\prime}}\right)
\Bigg[{4\over M^2}
\sum_{m=1,{\rm odd}}^MU^{\rm D}_{mm^\prime}U^{\rm D}_{mm^{\prime\prime}}
\sinh\lambda_m^{\rm D | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.829309 | 1.98885 | -1.49812 | -0.885034 |
}\coth K\lambda_m^{\rm D}\nonumber\\&&
-{2\over M}\left(\kappa-1+\cos{2m^\prime\pi\over M}
+\cos{2m^{\prime\prime}\pi\over M}\right)\Bigg]\nonumber\\
&&-{8\over M^2}
\sum_{m^\prime,m^{\prime\prime}=0}^{(M-1)/2}
q^K_{cm^\prime}q^L_{cm^{\prime\prime}}
\sum_{m=1,{\rm odd}}^MU^{\rm D}_{mm^\prime}U^{\rm D}_{mm^{\prime\prime}}
{\sinh\lambda_m^{\rm D}\over
\sinh K\lambda_m^{\rm D}}\Bigg]
\eea
Just as in the Neumann case it is convenient to absorb the factors in square
brackets into a rescaling of the integration variables
${\bar q}_m=q_{cm}\sqrt{(T_0/\pi)\sinh{\lambda_m^c}}$ for $m=1,\cdots
(M-1)/2$ and ${\bar q}_0=q_0\sqrt{T_0/2\pi}=q_{c0}\sqrt{T_0/\pi}$.
\bea
{\VEV{N+1,\{x^f\}|0,\{x^i\}}^{closed}_{1{\rm loop}}\over
{\cal D}^{\rm closed}(N+1)}&\sim&
\sqrt{2(N+1)\over JL}{e^{K(\sum_{m=1}^{(M-1)/2}\lambda^c_m
-\sum_{m,{\rm odd}}\lambda_m^{\rm D})/2-(K-1)B_0^{\rm D}}\over\prod_{m, odd}
\sqrt{1-e^{-2K\lambda_m^{\rm D}}}}
\nonumber\\
&&\sqrt{{\prod_{m,odd}\sinh\lambda_m^{\rm D}\over\prod_{m=1}^{(M-1)/2}
\sinh\lambda_m^c}}\int d{\bar q}_{m}^Kd{\bar q}_{m}^L
e^{iW^{D\prime}}\\
B_0^{\rm D}&=&B_0-{\lambda_M^{\rm D}\over 2}\nonumber\\
&=&{1\over2}\sinh^{-1} 1-\sinh^{-1}{\sqrt{\kappa\over2}}
={1\over2}\ln{1+\sqrt{2}
\over1+\kappa+\sqrt{\kappa(\kappa+2)}}
\eea
Comparing the prefactors in this formula with the corresponding factors
for the Neumann case we see that the extra factors are
\bea
\sqrt{2(N+1)\over JL}{e^{-K\lambda_M^{\rm D}/2}\sqrt{\sinh\lambda_{M}^{\rm D}}
\over\sqrt{1-e^{-2K\lambda_M^{\rm D}}}
&\equiv&\sqrt{N+1\over JL}\sqrt{\eta^{K-1}{1-\eta^2\over1-\eta^{2K}}}
\eea
where for brevity we have defined $\eta\equiv1+\kappa-\sqrt{\kappa(2+\kappa)}
\to2-\sqrt{3}\approx0.268$ for $\kappa=1$.
The $\sqrt{(N+1)/JL}$ factor just reflects the fact that the intermediate
open string has its ends fixed in space. In the Neumann case this
factor would instead be $1$. The factor $\eta^{K-1}$
can be absorbed in the boundary counterterm, converting its
zero coupling value back to $B_0$. The expansion in
powers of $\eta$ represents excitations of order $\mathcal{O}(1)$ in
lattice units, which will be suppressed in the continuum physics.
Finally we turn to the matrix determinant that results from the
execution of the Gaussian integration. For this we need to spell
out $W^{D\prime}$ which remains after integrating out the closed string
sine modes. Expressed in terms of the new variables ${\bar q}_{m^\prime}$,
we write
\bea
iW_{\rm D}^{\prime\prime}&\equiv&-\pi\left[\sum_{m^\prime,m^{\prime\prime}}
({\bar q}^K_{m^\prime}{\bar q}^K_{m^{\prime\prime}}
+ | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.268236 | 2.238025 | -0.913529 | -0.343509 |
{\bar q}^L_{m^\prime}{\bar q}^L_{m^{\prime\prime}})A^{\rm D}_{m^\prime
m^{\prime\prime}}+2\sum_{m^\prime,m^{\prime\prime}}
{\bar q}^K_{m^\prime}{\bar q}^L_{m^{\prime\prime}}B^{\rm D}_{m^\prime
m^{\prime\prime}}\right]\\
A^{\rm D}_{00}&=&{2\over M^2}
\sum_{m=1,{\rm odd}}^MU^{\rm D}_{m0}U^{\rm D}_{m0}
\sinh\lambda_m^{\rm D}\coth K\lambda_m^{\rm D}-{1+\kappa\over M}\\
A^{\rm D}_{0m^\prime}=A^{\rm D}_{m^\prime0}&=&{2\over M^2}
\sum_{m=1,{\rm odd}}^MU^{\rm D}_{mm^\prime}U^{\rm D}_{m0}
{\sinh\lambda_m^{\rm D}\coth K\lambda_m^{\rm D}
\over\sqrt{\sinh\lambda^c_{m^\prime}}}
-{\kappa+\cos{2m^\prime\pi/M}\over M\sqrt{\sinh\lambda^c_{m^\prime}}}\\
A^{\rm D}_{m^\prime m^{\prime\prime}}&=&
{\delta_{m^\prime m^{\prime\prime}}\over2}
+{2\over M^2}
\sum_{m=1,{\rm odd}}^MU^{\rm D}_{mm^\prime}U^{\rm D}_{mm^{\prime\prime}}
{\sinh\lambda_m^{\rm D}\coth K\lambda_m^{\rm D}
\over\sqrt{\sinh\lambda^c_{m^\prime}}
\sqrt{\sinh\lambda^c_{m^{\prime\prime}}}}\nonumber\\&&
-{\kappa-1+\cos(2m^\prime\pi/M)
+\cos(2m^{\prime\prime}\pi/M)
\over M\sqrt{\sinh\lambda^c_{m^\prime}}
\sqrt{\sinh\lambda^c_{m^{\prime\prime}}}}\\
B^{\rm D}_{00}&=&-{2\over M^2}
\sum_{m=1,{\rm odd}}^MU^{\rm D}_{m0}U^{\rm D}_{m0}
{\sinh\lambda_m^{\rm D}\over\sinh K\lambda_m^{\rm D}}\\
B^{\rm D}_{0m^\prime}=B^{\rm D}_{m^\prime0}&=&-{2\over M^2}
\sum_{m=1,{\rm odd}}^MU^{\rm D}_{mm^\prime}U^{\rm D}_{m0}
{\sinh\lambda_m^{\rm D}\over\sinh K\lambda_m^{\rm D}
\sqrt{\sinh\lambda^c_{m^\prime}}}\\
B^{\rm D}_{m^\prime m^{\prime\prime}}&=&-{2\over M^2}
\sum_{m=1,{\rm odd}}^MU^{\rm D}_{mm^\prime}U^{\rm D}_{mm^{\prime\prime}}
{\sinh\lambda_m^{\rm D}\over\sinh K\lambda_m^{\rm D}
\sqrt{\sinh\lambda^c_{m^\prime}}\sqrt{\sinh\lambda^c_{m^{\prime\prime}}}}
\eea
For a D$p$-brane there are $D-p-1\to25-p$ coordinates satisfying Dirichlet
boundary conditions. Putting everything together we have for the zero
energy
amplitude for a closed string tachyon scattering off a D$p$-brane:
\bea
-a{\cal M}_{G,closed}&=&
M\sum_{K=2}^\infty\left[
\left({\coth M\sinh^{-1}1\over M\sqrt{2}}\right)^{1/4}
{e^{K\sum_{m=1}^{M-1}
(\lambda^c_m-\lambda^o_m)/2-(K-1)B_0}
\over\prod_{m=1,odd}^{M-1}\sqrt{1-e^{-2K\lambda^o_m}}}\right]^{24}\nonumber\\
&&\left[{\det}^{-1/2}\pmatrix{A& | [
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29912,
29909,
29987
] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -1.227358 | 1.729293 | -1.317005 | -0.998873 |
B\cr B&A\cr}\right]^{p-1}
\left[\sqrt{2\pi\over MT_0}\sqrt{{1-\eta^2\over1-\eta^{2K}}}\
{\det}^{-1/2}
\pmatrix{A^{\rm D}&B^{\rm D}\cr B^{\rm D}&A^{\rm D}\cr}\right]^{25-p}\\
\eta&=&1+\kappa-\sqrt{\kappa(\kappa-1)}
\label{dn_shift_closed_groundstate}
\eea
where the scattering amplitude is obtained from the one loop correction to the
two closed string function by stripping off the factor
$\sqrt{MT_0(N+1)/2\pi JL}$ for each Dirichlet dimension,
as explained at the end of
Appendix~\ref{propagators}. The $K=1$ term is not included in the scattering
amplitude since it contributes to the $I$ term of the S-matrix.
\subsection{Graviton Scattering off D-brane}
Let us take the graviton polarizations to lie within the D$p$-brane.
Then in parallel to the derivation of (\ref{shift_graviton}) we
must simply insert the factors
\bea
&&\hskip-.5in2T_0^2\sinh^2\lambda_1^c(\VEV{q_{L,1}^{c1}q_{K,1}^{c1}}^2
+\VEV{q_{L,1}^{s1}q_{K,1}^{s1}}^2)e^{2K\lambda_1^c}
={1\over2}(1+(B_{11}^\prime e^{K\lambda_1^c})^2)
\eea
into the $K$ summand for the closed string tachyon scattering amplitude.
\section{Numerics of D-branes}\label{sec_dbranes_numerics}
In the case of a closed string tachyon scattering off a D$p$-brane,
it is convenient to define the quantity
\be
r_K=\sqrt{\frac{\det(A+B)\det(A-B)}{M\det(A^D+B^D)\det(A^D-B^D)}}\,,
\ee
such that the corresponding zero energy amplitude (\ref{dn_shift_closed_groundstate}) may be rewritten as
\be
-\frac{a{\cal M}_{G,closed}}{M}=
\sum_{K=2}^\infty \delta P^-_K \Bigg(\sqrt{{1-\eta^2\over1-\eta^{2K}}} r_K\Bigg)^{25-p}\,,\label{dn_shift_closed_groundstate_two}
\ee
where $\delta P^-$ is the summand of the tachyon energy shift (\ref{rescaled_DeltaP}). For simplicity we have set $T_0=2\pi$ and also $\kappa=1$, as we have checked that varying its value does not substantially change our results.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{r_K_large}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{r_K_large_diff}
\caption{\small Linear plot and Log-linear plot of $r_K$ and
its first difference respectively, where each curve corresponds
to fixed $M$ and varying $K$. On the left we see that for $K\gg M$
$r_K$ approaches a value which only depends on $M$, and on the right
in particular that the difference of $r_K$ from this value
is proportional to $e^{-6.28K/M}$ for any $M$ in this regime.}
\label{fig:r_K_large}
\end{figure}
Hence the ratio $r_K$ essentially encodes the difference between
Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions, and we find that for
$K\gg M$ it falls off exponentially to a value of $\mathcal{O}(1)$
which depends very mildly on $M$, as can be seen
in figure \ref{fig:r_K_large}. For fixed $K\ll M$ we find that the fit
\be\label{r_K_fit1}
r_K=a^K_1+\frac{a^K_2}{M^2}+\mathcal{O}(\ | [
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451,
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463,
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4532,
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29929,
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11434,
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.154119 | 2.186113 | -0.628407 | -0.102708 |
frac{1}{M^3})
\ee
matches very well with the data (see figure \ref{fig:r_2-15} for indicative values of $K$), and by further examining the fitted coefficients for different values of $K$, we infer that they roughly vary as
\bea
a_1^K&\approx& 0.724+\frac{0.115}{K-1}\,,\label{r_K_fit2a}\\
a_2^K&\approx& -0.204+0.369K\,,\label{r_K_fit2}
\eea
see also figure \ref{fig:a_1-2}.
By factoring out the constant term in $a_1^K$, which dominates $r_K$, we can infer that the leading dependence of the entire amplitude (\ref{dn_shift_closed_groundstate_two}) on $p$ will be equal to $(0.724\sqrt{1-\eta^2})^{25-p}$ or equivalently $0.697^{25-p}$.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{r_2}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{r_15}
\caption{\small $r_K$ as a function of $M$ for $K=2, 15$, including fits of the form (\ref{r_K_fit1}).}
\label{fig:r_2-15}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{a_1}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{a_2}
\caption{\small Values of the fitted coefficients $a_1^K$, $a_2^K$ in (\ref{r_K_fit1}) for $K=1,\ldots,30$ plotted against their estimates (\ref{r_K_fit2a})-(\ref{r_K_fit2}).}
\label{fig:a_1-2}
\end{figure}
In fact, it is evident that the only $1/(K M^2)$ term in the summand
(\ref{dn_shift_closed_groundstate_two})
can arise when the aforementioned $p$-dependent factor multiplies the $\mathcal{O}(1/M^2)$ term in $\delta P^-$ (\ref{deltaP_M_expansion}), and given (\ref{harmonicsum}), our analysis constitutes a definite prediction for the relation of the $\log M/M^2$ term of the entire sum in the absence or presence of D-branes. Furthermore, the structure of $r_K$ is such that no $1/K^2$ or $K^{2n-2}/M^{2n}$ terms appear in the summand (\ref{dn_shift_closed_groundstate_two})\footnote{$1/K^2$ would require that $a_1^K$ has at least a linear term in $K$, whereas the $K^l/M^{2n}$ terms that appear always have $l\le n-3$ for any $n$.}, and consequently no $1/M$ terms appear in the sum, so that its expansion to next-to-next-to-leading order in $M$ is expected to be of the the same form as in (\ref{self_energy_fit}).
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{dbranesum_p03}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{dbranesum_p10}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{dbranesum_p15}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{dbranesum_p20}
\caption{\small Rescaled zero energy amplitude for a closed string tachyon scattering off a D$p$-brane for $p=3,10,15,20$ as a function of $M$.}
\label{fig:dbranesum}
\end{figure}
Having gained this insight from the analysis of $r_K$ and the summand, we proceed to evaluate and fit the entire zero energy amplitude (\ref{dn_shift_closed_groundstate_two}), and find that its leading large $M$ behavior is indeed captured by an expansion of the form
\beq\label{self_ | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.451786 | 2.040761 | -0.078784 | 0.375416 |
energy_fit2}
-\frac{a{\cal M}_{G,closed}}{M}=c_1+c_2 \frac{1}{M^2}+c_3\frac{\log M}{M^2}\,.
\eeq
In figure \ref{fig:dbranesum} we compare the fit with the numerics and for sample values of $p$, and give for these cases the values of the $p$-dependent coefficients. It's worth taking a closer look at the dependence of $c_3$ on $p$ in order to see the effect of the presence of D-branes on the undesirable logarithmic divergence, and also verify the prediction for its value based on the aforementioned $r_K$ analysis. Plotting $\log(-c_3)$ as a function of $p\in[1,25]$ (see figure \ref{fig:dbranesum_c3}) we identify a clear linear dependence, which we can fit in order to obtain
\be
c_3=-2.800\cdot (0.697)^{25-p}\,.
\ee
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.83\textwidth]{dbranesum_c3}
\caption{\small Log-linear plot of the $\log M/M^2$ coefficient $c_3$ in the large $M$ expansion of the tachyon-D$p$-brane scattering amplitude (\ref{self_energy_fit2}), as a function of $p$.}
\label{fig:dbranesum_c3}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
This is precisely the coefficient of the corresponding term in the closed string tachyon energy shift (\ref{self_energy_fit_coefficients}) times the factor we identified below (\ref{r_K_fit2}). The dependence of $c_3$ on $p$ shows that the presence of $D$-branes only softens the divergence in the sense of reducing its coefficient, but cannot remove it completely. Furthermore, these results serve as additional evidence that the existence of the divergence is solely due to the summation of the term in the summand of the closed string tachyon self-energy, which behaves as $1/K$ for small $K$.
Finally, let us conclude by briefly examining what changes when instead of a tachyon we have a graviton whose polarizations lie within the D-brane. We first recall that in the absence of D-branes, the summand for the graviton rescaled energy shift (\ref{grav_summand_fit}) has no $1/M^2$ term, meaning that the graviton remains massless at short distances. On the contrary here we notice that the presence of such a term in $r_K$ (\ref{r_K_fit1}) will carry through to the graviton summand, which can in turn be interpreted as mass generation due to the explicit breaking of Lorentz invariance by the Dirichlet boundary conditions. Although in this particular case the mass is tachyonic, generally having a mechanism for mass generation may be viewed a desirable feature, as we are ultimately interested in using open string theory to probe QCD phenomena. Thus the massless spin-1 states of the former will have to acquire a mass if they are to be put in correspondence with massive gluonic states.
In more detail, if our previous fits (\ref{grav_summand_fit})-(\ref{r_K_fit1}) have captured the $M$-dependence of each factor correctly, we should have
\bea
-\frac{a{\cal M}_{Graviton}}{M}&=&
\sum_{K=2}^\infty [\frac{1}{2}(1+C_G^K)\delta P^-_K ]\Bigg(\sqrt{{1-\eta^2\over1-\eta^{2K}}} r_K\Bigg)^{25-p}\label{dbrane_gravsum}\\
&=&\sum_{K=2}^\infty\Big(\tilde c_1^K+\frac{\tilde c_2^K}{M^4}+\mathcal{O}(\frac{1}{M^5})\Big)\Bigg(a^K_1+\frac{a^K_2}{M^2}+\mathcal{O}(\frac{1}{M^3})\Bigg)^{25-p}\nonumber\\
&=&\sum_{K=2}^\infty\Big[\tilde c_1^K ( | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.202495 | 2.206878 | -0.319524 | 0.221101 |
a^K_1)^{25-p}+(25-p)\tilde c_1^K(a^K_1)^{24-p}a^K_2\frac{1}{M^2}+\mathcal{O}(\frac{1}{M^3})\Big]\,.\label{dn_shift_closed_groundstate_two2}
\eea
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.83\textwidth]{dbrane_grav_withlegend}
\caption{Ratio of the first two coefficients in the large $M$ expansion of the summand of the tachyon-D$p$-brane scattering amplitude (\ref{dn_shift_closed_groundstate_two2}), as a function of $p$. Each line represents the $K$-th term in the sum, $K=2,\ldots,10$, and the value of the corresponding slope is also provided in the legend.}
\label{dbrane_grav}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
In particular the ratio of the second to first term should be a linear function of $p$ with slope $a_1^K/a_2^K$ which always becomes zero for $p=25$, as we will now explicitly confirm. We fit the summand in (\ref{dbrane_gravsum}) for $p=1\,\ldots,25$ and $K=2,\ldots,10$ to inverse powers of $M$ up to $\mathcal{O}(1/M^4)$, take the ratio of the coefficients of the first two terms and perform linear regression in terms of $p$ for each value of $K$. As can be seen in figure \ref{dbrane_grav}, the dependence of the ratio of the coefficients on $p$ is clearly linear with the right intercept, and comparing the slope to $a_1^K/a_2^K$ we find that in all cases it differs less than $0.1\%$.
\section{Discussion and Conclusion}\label{conclusion}
In this article we have made a modest beginning to a critical study of the
effectiveness of the worldsheet lattice, introduced in
\cite{gilest}, for implementing a regulated bosonic string loop expansion.
We have limited our analysis to the one-loop corrections to
the closed string two point function in the presence of D-branes,
but we plan to analyze the open string self-energy in a second paper.
A convenient way to summarize our results is to recapitulate
the lightcone lattice interpretation of the divergences in the
well-known covariant expression for the closed string
tachyon self-energy (\ref{secft}):
\bea
-\Delta P^-&=& {C\over2P^+}\int_0^1\left[{dq\over q^3}-2{dq\over q}+qdq\right]
\eea
The first term $dq/q^3$ gives a quadratic divergence,
which in the covariant description
is associated with the closed string tachyon disappearing into the
vacuum. On the lightcone worldsheet lattice, we have seen that
this divergence is interpreted as a contribution to $P^-\sim-\alpha M$,
which can be cancelled by the bulk counterterm proportional to the
area $M(N+1)$ of the worldsheet lattice. The only states that survive
the continuum limit are those with the smallest value of $\alpha$.
Since only energy differences are physically significant,
this shows that the quadratic divergence is physically inconsequential.
The second term $dq/q$ gives a logarithmic divergence, associated with the
disappearance of a closed string dilaton into the vacuum.
This divergence can be absorbed into a renormalization of the
Regge slope parameter $\alpha^\prime$. Our analysis using the
worldsheet lattice has shown that
this divergence shows up as a contribution to $P^-$ behaving
as $(a M)^{-1}\ln M=(T_0/P^{+})\ln(P^+/aT_0)$. The noncovariance of the
finite residuum was caused by a cutoff on the $K=T/a$ sum
proportional to $M$. If the cutoff were $M$ independent the
noncovariance would disappear. We then noted that such
a cutoff is naturally introduced by adding a small positive
number to the boundary counterterm $B_0\to B | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.522429 | 2.372994 | -0.057265 | 0.400713 |
Diesel cars contribute to about 10,000 deaths a year
More than 90% of these deaths are caused by respiratory and cardiovascular diseases associated with exposure to fine particulate matter. (Photo: José Pedro Costa)
By Stefano Valentino
BRUSSELS, 18. Sep 2017, 16:13
Around 10,000 people die prematurely every year across Europe because of pollution from diesel cars, associated with Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), a new study shows.
Half of these deaths are caused by emissions exceeding the EU limits.
They are the direct consequence of abuses in the environmental performance assessment for cars - that came to public attention with the Volkswagen (VW) case and the ensuing Dieselgate scandal in 2015.
The research - covering the 28 EU member states as well as Norway and Switzerland for the period of 2010 to 2017 - was conducted by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (MetNorway), in cooperation with the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Austria, and the Space, Earth & Environment Department at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden.
This collaborative work is the first successful attempt to quantify premature deaths in each European nation, comparing the different levels of danger that threaten citizens.
The top four countries - Italy, Germany, France and UK - have the highest death toll (70 percent) due to the high number of diesel cars and their large populations, which equate to 50 percent of all Europeans.
The top ten list also includes the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Belgium, Switzerland and Hungary.
The remaining 20 countries represent 23 percent of Europe's population, but only 10 percent of the premature deaths. Particularly, in Norway, Finland and Cyprus, the risks are at least 14 times lower than the European average.
"Had diesel cars met the EU emission limits, almost 5,000 premature deaths could have been avoided", says Jens Borken-Kleefeld, transportation expert at IIASA. "And even more lives, precisely 7,500 (80 percent of losses), could have been saved if diesel cars had emitted as little NOx as petrol cars."
This is because the EU had set much stricter limits for petrol cars that - consequently generating lower toxic emissions.
Excess diesel emissions are the result of loopholes in the EU environmental surveillance system. Automakers are required to prove to national control agencies that their vehicles meet binding limits - known as "Euro" standards.
Over the years, the EU has increasingly tightened these values (the lowest being the Euro 6), to make transportation progressively cleaner. However, this certification mechanism relied on outdated lab tests.
The Volkswagen case pushed both governments and the industry to admit the truth: Real on-road emissions were found to be much higher than lab values, peaking by up to 400 percent higher than the Euro limits.
In the wake of the public outrage, the EU sped up the introduction of real driving tests, designed to ensure a more accurate measurement of car emissions. This new procedure has just become mandatory for new car models - in September this year.
Nevertheless, it will only apply to all new cars in two years time.
Transportation is the largest source of air pollution, and is responsible for around 425,000 premature deaths in the EU, Norway and Switzerland, according to the European Environment Agency.
More than 90 percent of these deaths are caused by respiratory and cardiovascular diseases associated with exposure to fine particulate matter (PM). A key factor in the formation of this harmful pollutant is NOx gas.
"We managed to trace the population exposure to PM back to excess NOx emissions from diesel cars", said Jan Eiof Jonson from MetNorway.
The researchers used public data and a calculation methodology consisting of three main steps.
First, they quantified the exposure to extra PM generated from cars' NOx. Then, they estimated the risk of dying prematurely because of certain diseases related to PM. And, finally, they correlated this risk of premature death with the exposure to PM.
"We intentionally focused on deaths linked to PM originating from NOx. If we were to consider the direct effects of NO | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.51292 | 0.903902 | 2.152882 | 1.321544 |
Denis Bachelet Cote De Nuits Villages 2008
Cinderella offer($34.76) has sold out,
Best Price on Web is determined by Wine-Searcher Pro prices as of yesterday: Wine Library sells this for our sale price of $39.98. There are 5 other stores that are selling this from $39.99 to $46.95. You must be logged into the Pro Version of Wine Searcher to see all of the results.
Rating: 87-89 Pts Allen Meadows - Burghound Size: 750ML
87-89 Pts Allen Meadows - Burghound
"A pure, fresh, ripe and layered red currant, wood spice and warm earth suffused nose serves as a very pretty introduction to the supple and seductively textured medium-bodied flavors that coat the palate and culminate in a balanced and lingering finish. This too is quite pretty."
"Denis Bachelet noted that 2008, like 2007, required a 'huge amount of work. Because of the difficult summer, you really had to be in your vineyards because there were mildew problems in July. I knew that it was paramount to protect the foliage [mildew typically attacks the leaves] because without them, there can be no photosynthesis and without photosynthesis, there is no ripening of the fruit. Vignerons joke that with no leaves there is no rot but with no leaves, you don't have a harvest! We also pulled a lot of leaves to promote the maximum amount of aeration without losing the leaf canopy. All of this meant that it was absolutely necessary to apply the treatments regularly because a day too long here or there was the difference between stopping the mildew and seeing it rampage. Gevrey was very much a patchwork quilt in 2008 because it was very easy to see which parcels were treated and which ones weren't. Thankfully, all this drama ended around the middle of September as good weather and the north wind returned to finish the maturation process. I elected to begin picking on the 27th of September and while there was some sorting to be done, it wasn't really any worse than most years. Sugars were in the 12% range, which is adequate if not great and yields were around 40 hl/ha. Overall, 2008 is a very pretty vintage that those who love classic burgundies will find much to like.'" (01/10)
89+ Pts John Gilman - View from the Cellar
"The 2008 Cote de Nuits Villages is quite lovely and once again offers up excellent value. The more I taste wines such as this from the village of Brochon, which lies immediately to the north of Gevrey, and where a couple of vineyards are entitled to be sold as Gevrey-Chambertin villages rather than Cote de Nuits Villages, the more I am convinced that eventually Brochon will have its own AOC. The 2008 Bachelet example is really excellent for its level, as it offers up a very Gevrey aromatic signature of dark berries, black cherries, raw cocoa, lovely soil tones and just a touch of wood. On the palate the wine is medium-full, long and supple, with fine focus and impressive length and grip on the finish. Classy juice. 2012-2025+." (12/09)
"Medium red. Expressive aromas of blackberry, iron and menthol, lifted by a minty nuance. Juicy and brisk, with bright acidity framing the redcurrant, spice and herb flavors. Finishes precise and persistent, with a saline note. Denis Bachelet noted that the 2008s are more open today than they were just after the early spring bottling, but I'd give this a couple years of aging before pulling the cork." (05/11)
87-88 Pts David Schildknecht - Robert Parker's Wine Advocate
"The Bachelet 2008 Cotes de Nuits-Villages offers scents of cedar, beef stock, and fresh blackberry that lend vivacity and a hint of tartness when it hits the palate. Firmer in texture and | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.981613 | -0.348866 | 0.045509 | -0.669689 |
1992-12-14 Assigned to LIFESOURCE ADVANCED BLOOD BANK SYSTEMS, INC. reassignment LIFESOURCE ADVANCED BLOOD BANK SYSTEMS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: BEARD, JOHN R., DUNCAN, ALEXANDER, HARMS, FRANK H.
The temperature of bags of blood or blood components is varied by directing a heated or refrigerated flow of air through vents (138) of pairs of opposing ducts (130A, 130B) longitudinally spaced across gaps to present thermal processing chambers (136) into which the bags are received. The vents are centrally located on vertical tubes (132) laterally separated by vertical air return slots (135), and act to direct the airflow substantially perpendicular and with turbulence against the bags. In a described thermal processing unit (110), the spacings of the vents and tubes are chosen to match the corresponding spacing of vertical tubular chambers (62) of a preferred bag (10) with which the unit (110) can be used. A central system automatically regulates airflow temperature in accordance with bag internal core temperature measurements taken externally of the bags by a sensor (140) having a sensing tip (142) that is pressed inwardly into bag flexible sheet material (11, 12) when airflow is present, and retracted when airflow is stopped.
The present application relates generally to the thermal processing of a packaged liquid, and relates more specifically to a method and an apparatus for the rapid and hygienic freezing and subsequent rapid and hygienic thawing of fresh-frozen blood and blood component transfusion fluids.
A readily available supply of plasma and whole blood is an essential requirement of any medical trauma treatment facility. Since plasma can be stored at room temperature for a matter of only a few hours before spoilage occurs, it is conventional practice to freeze blood components. Whole blood can be stored only forty days before spoilage occurs and hence must be frozen if storage for longer periods is anticipated. Typically, plasma and whole blood are frozen within six hours after collection, in polyvinyl chloride bags holding about 300 milliliters. The fresh-frozen plasma is subsequently stored at temperatures of around -30° C., and fresh-frozen whole blood is stored at temperatures of around -80° C. When properly frozen, blood and blood components may be stored for up to ten years.
While the procedure of fresh-freezing blood and blood components has essentially solved the problems of storage, the process of thawing the product for use presents certain difficulties. When whole blood or platelets are being thawed, possible damage to cells during thawing is a major concern. While post-thaw viability of cellular structures is not of concern in thawing plasma, the viability of coagulation proteins is of primary importance. The most widely accepted method of thawing fresh-frozen blood and blood components comprises immersing the bag in a warm water bath. By completely surrounding the bag in a 30° C.-37° C. water bath and agitating it periodically, a single bag or "unit" of frozen plasma may be thawed usually in thirty to forty-five minutes.
This procedure presents a number of problems. First, immersing the bag in a non-sterile water bath may contaminate the bag ports, such that the thawed blood or blood components are tainted as they are withdrawn from the bag. Immersing the bag in a warm water bath can also cause any labels affixed to the bag to become detached. Even if the labels remain attached to the bag, the warm water bath often causes the labels to become wrinkled, such that it becomes impossible to scan a bar code which may be imprinted on the label. Additionally, any interruption in the integrity of the bag can permit an exchange of water and plasma, thereby contaminating both the product and the water bath. The most common form of interruption in the integrity of the bag is "edge damage" resulting from impact of the bag edges with any hard object while at low temperatures. This results in fracture of the PVC bags in 5 | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -0.456052 | 0.64694 | 0.530912 | 0.441822 |
-10% of all bags produced. Further, the water bath process cannot be accelerated, such as by exposing the blood or blood components to a higher temperature bath, since subjecting frozen plasma to any larger thermal gradient in an effort to speed up the procedure can result in physical stress and possible damage to the normal protein configuration of the plasma, and since subjecting whole blood or platelets to a higher thermal gradient can possibly damage cellular structures. The requirement of a thawing period of from thirty to forty-five minutes renders the use of frozen blood or blood components impractical for emergency trauma cases, where the patient may have an immediate need for the product and cannot affort the luxury of waiting for frozen blood or blood components to be thawed. Medical facilities cannot anticipate possible needs of blood and blood components by thawing a number of units in advance, since the requirement that each unit be typed and cross-matched to the specific patient for which it is intended would require thawing an inordinate number of units which would not be used. Furthermore, since the product cannot be safely refrozen once thawed, units which are thawed in anticipation of possible use must be discarded if the anticipated use does not arise.
Accordingly, there is a need to provide a hygienic method and apparatus for the thawing of fresh-frozen blood and blood components which does not expose the ports or the contents of the bag to the possibility of contamination.
There is also a need to provide a method and apparatus for the thawing of fresh-frozen blood and blood components which is sufficiently rapid that the product can be kept frozen until only moments before it is actually needed.
A number of efforts have been made to adapt microwave ovens for thawing frozen blood components which are contained in a bag. Some of these efforts have involved attempts to adapt a conventional cavity-type microwave oven, of the type widely used for cooking foods, for use in thawing such blood components. However, conventional prior art microwave blood-thawing devices tend to thaw the blood unevenly, which can result in overheating localized portions of the blood while other portions of the blood remain frozen.
The apparatus disclosed in my prior U.S. Pat. No. 4,874,915 overcomes many of the shortcomings associated with previous devices for thawing blood and blood components with microwave illumination. The bag of frozen blood or blood components is placed within a membrane surrounded by a liquid dielectric material which is impedance-matched with the frozen product. The membrane and liquid dielectric material readily conform to the surface of the blood bag to eliminate impedance mismatches at the various interfaces. In the disclosed embodiment, a substantially uniform magnetic field is created by employing a waveguide which supports only odd-numbered harmonic wavelengths and by utilizing an RF lens to disperse the waves across the width of the blood bag. Thus, nonuniform heating resulting from standing waves caused by reflections or from uneven illumination is substantially eliminated, thereby providing uniform heating of the frozen product.
However, the apparatus and method disclosed in my aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,874,915 suffers certain disadvantages common to microwave thawing devices, namely high cost, mechanical complexity, and limited portability. In certain instances, small medical facilities which may have a need for a readily available supply of blood or blood components may not be able to afford the considerable cost of a microwave blood warming device. Further, the mechanical complexity necessitates maintenance costs and may possibly cause the unit to break down at an inopportune time. Finally, microwave thawing devices do not lend themselves to ready portability.
Thus, there is a need to provide a method and apparatus for the rapid thawing of blood and blood components which can be made available to medical facilities at a relatively low cost.
There is also a need to provide a method and apparatus for the rapid thawing of blood and blood components which is mechanically simple so as to eliminate maintenance costs and substantially reduce the possibility of malfunction at an inopportune time.
There is yet another need to provide a method and apparatus for the rapid thawing of blood and blood components which is highly portable.
Conventional blood freezing apparatus presents further problems with the length of time required to freeze whole blood and plasma contained therein. Factor 8, the primary clotting factor in blood | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -0.064626 | 1.21537 | 0.417042 | 0.53985 |
, deteriorates rapidly at room temperature. Absent expensive high-speed liquid immersion freezing equipment, freezing whole blood or plasma in a conventional blood freezing apparatus does not occur rapidly enough to prevent deterioration of a significant proportion of the Factor 8.
Thus, there is a need to provide a method and apparatus for freezing whole blood and plasma which is sufficiently rapid that deterioration of Factor 8 is reduced.
As will be seen, the present invention satisfies each of these needs unfulfilled by prior art freezing and thawing apparatus for blood and blood components. Stated generally, the present invention comprises a method and apparatus for the rapid and hygienic thawing of frozen blood or blood components which does not expose the ports or the contents of the bag to the possibility of contamination. The disclosed apparatus is sufficiently rapid that the frozen blood or blood components can be kept frozen until only moments before they are actually needed. The apparatus is mechanically simple, thereby eliminating maintenance costs and reducing the probabilities of equipment failure at inopportune moments. The apparatus does not require an extensive capital investment and can thus be made readily available to even the smallest of medical facilities. Finally, the apparatus is highly portable.
Stated somewhat more specifically, the present invention comprises an apparatus for thawing a bag of frozen blood or blood components. The apparatus includes a means for holding the bag of frozen blood or blood components. The apparatus further includes a means for creating a flow of air and a means for heating the flow of air. The flow of heated air is directed to impinge upon the surface of the bag so as to thaw the contents thereof. The apparatus further includes a means for measuring the temperature of the frozen blood or blood components. In the disclosed embodiment, the flow of heated air is directed at the bag in such a manner as to cause a turbulent airflow at the air/bag interface, thereby to increase the heat transfer between the bag and the air. Also in the disclosed embodiment, a control system automatically monitors the detected temperature and terminates the thawing procedure when the temperature reaches 30° C.
In another aspect, the present invention comprises an apparatus for the rapid freezing of blood and blood components. A bag of blood or blood components is introduced into the apparatus. The apparatus includes a means for creating a flow of air and a means for refrigerating the airflow. The flow of chilled air is then directed to impinge upon the surface of the bag to freeze the blood or blood components therein. Temperature measuring means measures the temperature of the blood or blood components. In the disclosed embodiment, the flow of chilled air is directed at the bag in such a manner as to cause a turbulent airflow at the air/bag interface, thereby to increase the heat transfer between the bag and the air. Also in the disclosed embodiment, a control system automatically monitors the detected temperature and terminates the freezing procedure when the temperature of the bag contents reaches -30° C.
Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved apparatus for the thermal processing of blood and blood components.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a hygienic method and apparatus for the thawing of fresh-frozen blood and blood components which does not expose the ports or the contents of the bag to the possibility of contamination.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for the thawing of fresh-frozen blood and blood components which is sufficiently rapid that the product can be kept frozen until only moments before it is actually needed.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for freezing whole blood and plasma which is sufficiently rapid that deterioration of Factor 8 is reduced.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for the rapid thawing of blood and blood components which can be made available to medical facilities at a relatively low cost.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for the rapid thawing of blood and blood components which is mechanically simple so as to eliminate maintenance costs and substantially reduce the possibility of malfunction at an inopportune time.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for the rapid thawing of blood and blood components which is highly portable.
FIG. 1 is a front view of a blood bag for use with the apparatus | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -0.18061 | 1.002533 | 0.143576 | 0.628391 |
of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged partial transverse section view of the blood bag of FIG. 1 taken along lines 2--2 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a side elevation view of an apparatus according to the present invention for the freezing and thawing of the blood bag of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a partial top view of the duct component of the apparatus of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the control system of the apparatus of FIG. 3.
Referring now to the drawings, in which like numerals indicate like elements throughout the several views, FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate an improved blood bag 10 according to the present invention. The bag 10 is comprised of front and back sheets or panels 11, 12 of 0.012 inch thick polyvinyl chloride film. The front and back sheets are ultrasonically welded, heat sealed, glued, or otherwise bonded around their marginal edges 14 to form a flexible, watertight container. The mutually facing surfaces of the front and back sheets 11, 12 are textured to eliminate interlayer cohesion which might interfere with the uniform filling of the bag. The exterior surfaces of the bag may also be textured to facilitate handling. The bag 10 further includes a top "billboard" section 16 which includes space for the standard Red Cross label set. The top section 16 includes a handle portion 18 and central hanger notch 20 for hanging the bag.
A conventional blood bag transfusion and filling port set, shown generally at 24, is located at the bottom 26 of the bag 10. The port set 24 is identical to that used on the Model 4R1423 plasma bag marketed by Fenwall Corporation. The port set 24 includes a transfer tube 28 which communicates with the interior of the bag 10 through a loading port 30. In addition, a pair of sterile transfusion tubes 32 communicate with the interior of the bag via corresponding transfusion ports 34. The transfusion tubes 32 are sealed within a seal 36 formed by opposing polymeric sheets in the manner well known to those skilled in the art to maintain the sterility of the tubes until use. The interior of the bag 10 has a generally concave bottom 38 with the ports 30, 34 disposed at the base of the concavity such that when the bag is hung in an upright position the contents of the bag are funnelled toward the ports.
Along the sides of the bag are attachment areas 40 which in the disclosed embodiment are approximately 5/8 inches wide. The front and back sheets 11, 12 are preferably sealed together across the entire width of the attachment areas 40, and a plurality of holes 42 are formed within the attachment areas at spaced-apart intervals down each side of the bag 10. A vertical scale 44 is imprinted on at least one of the bag attachment areas 40 to indicate the volume of fluid in the bag 10.
A rigid frame 50 includes a top portion 52 which spans the top of the bag 10, depending side members 54 which extend down each side of the bag, and a bottom member 56 joining the lower ends of the side members 54. The side members 54 each include a plurality of pins 58 having enlarged head portions slightly larger than the holes 42 along the sides of the bag 10 and at spaced-apart intervals to correspond to the location of the holes 42. The rigid frame 50 is removably mounted to the bag 10 by fitting each of the holes 42 along the sides of the bag onto a corresponding pin 58 on the side members 54 of the frame. When the frame 50 is mounted to the bag, the lower end of the frame extends below the bottom of the bag to protect the lower end of the bag and the transfusion and filling port set 24 from possible damage.
The front and back sheets 11, 12 of the bag 10 are ultrasonically welded or heat sealed together along a number of vertical seal lines 60 at | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -0.871423 | 0.382192 | -0.477328 | -0.316156 |
spaced apart intervals across the width of the bag. In the disclosed embodiment, the seal lines 60 are approximately 0.625 inches on center when the bag is in its flattened, unfilled state. As can be seen in FIG. 2, when fluid is introduced into the bag, the areas between adjacent seal lines 60 are filled and expand into tubular chambers 62 which are approximately 0.375 inches in diameter. The seal lines 60 terminate at their lower ends 64 at locations spaced upwardly from the bottom 38 of the bag 10 and at their upper ends 66 at locations spaced downward from the top 68 of the bag. The spaced apart relation between the ends 64, 66 of the seal lines 60 and the respective top 68 and bottom 38 of the bag 10 places each of the tubular chambers 62 in communication with the other chambers 62 at both its upper and lower ends. This intercommunication permits the bag 10 to fill and to drain uniformly, whether the bag is in its upright or inverted orientation.
The collection of blood and blood components into the bag 10 will now be explained. The bag 10 with the rigid frame 50 mounted thereto is hung by its hanger notch 20 on a hook or the like. The bag is filled with whole blood or blood products via the transfer tube 28 and corresponding loading port 30. The textured mutually facing surfaces of the front and back sheets 11, 12 eliminate interlayer cohesion and prevents the sheets from sticking together, thus promoting the easy and uniform filling of the bag. As the bag fills, the chambers 62 defined within the bag by the seal lines 60 expand to a generally tubular shape, as depicted in FIG. 2. The distance by which the front and back sheets 11, 12 can separate under the outward pressure exerted by the fluid is constrained by the seal lines 60, such that the maximum thickness of the bag is controlled as the bag fills. Since the lower and upper ends 64, 66 of the seal lines 60 are spaced apart from the corresponding lower and upper ends 38, 68 of the bag 10, the bag fills uniformly across its width as fluid is introduced into the interior of the bag.
Referring now to FIGS. 3-5, a blood bag freezing and thawing unit 110 includes a housing 112 having a hinged lid 114 on its upper surface. In the base of the housing 112 is a plenum 116. A fan 118 driven by a conventional electric motor (not shown) is located at the left end of the plenum 116 and draws a flow of air (indicated by the arrows 120) from the housing through a vent 121 in the housing 112 and into the plenum 116. The air is blown past a conventional electrical resistive-type heating coil 122 and a conventional refrigeration-evaporator cooling coil 124 toward the right side of the plenum 116. The air flow is then directed upwardly and out through four slots 126 in the upper wall of the plenum 116, as indicated by the arrows 128.
Resting on top of the plenum 116 are two pairs of generally vertical ducts 130, each of which pairs comprises an outer duct 130A and an inner duct 130B. As can be seen in FIG. 4, each duct 130 comprises fifteen vertical tubes 132 comprised of thin-walled Plexiglass or the like. The tubes 132 are maintained in parallel, spaced-apart relation by means of upper and lower brackets 133, 134, also of Plexiglass or other suitable material. In the disclosed embodiment, each tube is generally rectangular in cross section and measures 0.25 inches wide by 2.0 inches deep, and the tubes are 0.375 inches on center. Thus, each adjacent pair of tubes defines a vertical slot 135 therebetween which is approximately 0.125 inches wide. | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -0.84697 | 0.361428 | -0.476431 | -0.099546 |
The height and width of the ducts 130 substantially corresponds to the height and width of a bag 10, and each pair of ducts 130 is spaced apart by a distance sufficient to receive a vertically oriented blood bag 10 therebetween, thus defining a vertical thermal processing chamber 136 between the outer and inner ducts 130A, 130B.
The ducts 130 rest on top of the plenum 116 and are aligned with the slots 126 in the upper wall of the plenum so that the air exiting through the slots 126 is directed upwardly through the tubes 132. The lower bracket 134 blocks the lower end of the vertical slots 135 between adjacent tubes 132, thereby ensuring that the air exiting through the slots 126 will flow upwardly through the tubes rather than between them.
Each pair of ducts 130 has a plurality of vents 138 located on mutually facing portions thereof so as to direct a flow of air against the adjacent surface of the blood bag 10 disposed within the vertical chamber 136 between the ducts 130A, 130B. The vents 138 of the disclosed embodiment are circular holes 0.0625 inches in diameter. This dimension is selected to achieve a relationship between the size of the vents 138 and the cross-sectional area of the vertical tubes 132 which will provide a substantially equal exit airflow through each of the vents 138 irrespective the the location of the vent along its tube.
Each outer duct 130A includes upper and lower bag temperature sensors 140. The sensing tip 142 of the sensors 140 faces inwardly and is surrounded by an insulative spacer 143 which protects and thermally isolates the sensor. Above and below each insulative spacer 143 are deflectors 144 which are bevelled to deflect the edge of a blood bag 10 being inserted into or withdrawn from the apparatus 110, again to protect the sensors 140 from damage. Each sensor 140 projects through its corresponding duct 130A and extends outwardly thereof. A diaphragm 145 is operatively associated with each sensor 140 and is in communication with the interior of the ducts 130A by means of an air line 146. A coil spring 148 is disposed around each sensor 140 and biases the sensor outwardly. Air flowing through the ducts 130A inflates the diaphragm 145 and moves the corresponding sensor 140 inwardly, overcoming the force of the associated coil spring 148 and biasing the sensor tip 142 into intimate contact with the mutually facing surface of the bag 10. A stop element 149 on the mutually facing surface of the corresponding inner duct 130B prevents the bag 10 from being displaced away from the temperature sensor 140. When the airflow through the ducts 130A is discontinued, the diaphragm 145 is no longer actuated, and the coil springs 148 bias the sensors 140 outwardly, retracting the sensor tip 142 and its insulative spacer 143.
Located within the plenum 116 is a sail switch 150 for detecting airflow within the plenum. Also located within the plenum 116 is a plenum temperature sensor 152. Finally, a bimetal overtemp shutdown switch 154 is located within the plenum and is operatively associated with the electrical system of the apparatus 110 in the manner to be hereinbelow described.
FIG. 5 schematically depicts the control system 158 of the apparatus 110. A microprocessor-based main controller 160 receives signals from operator controls 162. These controls 162 include a start switch for starting the procedure, a two-position push/pull switch for determining whether a thawing or freezing procedure is to be performed, and an emergency stop switch. | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -0.844253 | 0.722212 | -0.190412 | -0.130535 |
The main controller also sends signals via signal path 164 to an operator display panel 165, which includes a temperature display and an alarm for audibly alerting the operator.
The main controller 160 also controls the operation of the fan 118, the heating coil 122, and the cooling coil 124 via signal paths 166, 167, and 168 respectively. The sail switch 150 located within the plenum 116 monitors the airflow within the plenum and sends a signal to the main controller 160 via signal path 169. The main controller constantly monitors the sail switch 150 and powers the heating coil 122 or cooling coil 124 only when proper airflow is detected. The plenum temperature sensor 152 is disposed within the plenum 116 and sends a signal to the main controller 160 via a signal path 170. During a thawing procedure, the main controller 160 monitors the plenum temperature detected by the plenum temperature sensor 152 and powers the heating coil on or off as necessary to maintain the air temperature in the plenum at 35° C. Finally, the bimetallic overtemp shutdown switch 154 is wired into the electric circuit powering the thawing unit 110 and monitors the plenum temperature, interrupting the electrical power to the apparatus if the plenum temperature exceeds 40° C.
During a thawing or freezing procedure, the controller 160 continuously receives signals from each of the bag temperature sensors 140 via a signal path 172. The controller 160 constantly monitors the bag temperatures and sends a signal to the operator display panel 165 via the signal path 164 to display the bag temperatures. The main controller 160 also constantly monitors the operator controls 162 and shuts down the apparatus 110 if activation of the emergency stop button is detected. When the temperature of the bags reaches 30° C. in a thawing cycle or -30° C. in a freezing cycle, the controller shuts down the heating coil 122 or cooling coil 124 and signals the operator via the operator display 165 that the procedure is complete. At the termination of a thawing cycle, the controller 160 is programmed to continue running the fan 118 for five seconds after the heating coil 122 is deactivated to dissipate heat remaining in the coil. Similarly, at the termination of a freezing cycle, the fan 118 will continue to run for five seconds to evaporate the refrigerant remaining in the evaporator coil 124.
During both the heating and the cooling procedures, a watchdog controller 174 constantly monitors the activities of the main controller 160 via signal path 176. If the watchdog monitor 172 detects any abnormality, the watchdog monitor sends a signal via signal path 178 to shut down the apparatus 110.
Operation of the apparatus to freeze a bag 10 of frozen blood or blood products will now be described. The operator opens the door 114 in the top of the housing 112 and lowers a bag 10 of frozen blood or blood products into the thawing chamber 136 between one of the pairs of ducts 130. If only a single bag 10 is to be frozen, the bag may be placed into the chamber 136 defined by either of the pairs of ducts 130. If two bags 10 are to be frozen simultaneously, one bag is lowered into each chamber 136. The bevelled deflectors 144 above each bag temperature sensor 140 bias the lower edge of the bag 10 inwardly and protect the sensor tip 142 from damage. With the bags 10 thus positioned within the apparatus 110, the operator actuates the controls 162 to initiate the freezing process.
Upon receiving the signal from the operator controls 162 to initiate the freezing procedure, the main controller 160 actuates the fan 118. When the sail switch 150 detects the necessary minimum airflow within the | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -0.999125 | 0.556095 | -0.202068 | -0.015431 |
plenum 116, the controller 160 actuates the refrigeration coil 122. The fan 118 draws air from the housing 112 and into the plenum 116 in the direction indicated by the arrows 120. The air is blown past the refrigeration coil 122, cooling the air.
The flow of refrigerated air is then forced through the slots 126 in the upper wall of the plenum 116 and into the ducts 130 to flow upwardly through the tubes 132, as indicated by the arrows 128. As the tubes 132 fill with air, the diaphragms 145 are pressurized and bias the bag temperature sensors 140 inwardly until the sensor tip 142 is brought into intimate contact with the adjacent surface of the bag 10. The stop elements 149 on the mutually facing surface of the opposite duct 130B hold the bag 10 in place and prevent the bag from being displaced away from the bag temperature sensors 140.
Meanwhile, the refrigerated air flows out the vents in the ducts 130 to impinge upon the adjacent surface of the bag 10, as indicated by the arrows 180. In the disclosed embodiment, the impinging air is travelling at a velocity of sixty to seventy miles per hour. The stream of air then flows through the vertical slots 135 between adjacent tubes 132, as indicated by the arrows 182, and away from the bag 10.
The contents of the bag 10 are rapidly cooled by the flow of refrigerated air impinging upon the surface of the bag. In the disclosed embodiment, the contents of the bag 10 are uniformly chilled to a temperature of -30° C. in approximately five minutes. When the highest temperature detected by any of the bag temperature sensors 140 is -30° C., the main controller 160 shuts off the power to the refrigeration coil 124 and signals the operator audibly and visually that the cycle is complete. The fan 118 continues to run for approximately five seconds after the cooling coil 124 is deactivated to dissipate residual refrigerant in the evaporator coil 124. When the fan 118 shuts off, the diaphragms 145 are no longer pressurized, and the coil springs 148 retract the sensors 140 and their respective insulative spacers 143 away from the surface of the bag 10. The operator then opens the lid 114 in the top of the housing 112 and withdraws the bags of frozen blood from the apparatus 110. The deflectors 144 deflect the bag 10 toward the center of the chamber 136 as the bag is withdrawn from the unit, thereby protecting the sensor tip 142. The frozen blood is now transported to conventional refrigerated storage facilities.
Operation of the same apparatus to thaw a bag 10 of frozen blood or blood products will now be described. The operator opens the door 114 in the top of the housing 112 and lowers a bag 10 of frozen blood or blood products into the chamber 136 between one of the pairs of ducts 130 in the same manner hereinabove described with respect to the freezing process. With the bags 10 thus positioned within the apparatus 110, the operator actuates the controls 162 to initiate the thawing process.
Upon receiving the signal from the operator controls 162 to initiate a thawing procedure, the main controller 160 actuates the fan 118. When the sail switch 150 detects the necessary minimum airflow within the plenum 116, the controller 160 actuates the heating coil 122. The fan 118 draws air from the housing 112 and into the plenum 116 in the direction indicated by the arrows 120. The air is blown past the heating coil 122, heating the air. The plenum temperature | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -1.009993 | 0.397766 | -0.63827 | -0.216547 |
sensor 152 senses the air temperature within the plenum 116 and signals the main controller 160. If the plenum air temperature is below 35° C., the main controller 160 cycles the heating element 122 on. If the plenum air temperature is above 35° C., the main controller 160 cycles the heating element 122 off. Thus, the main controller 160 is operative to regulate the heating element 122 to maintain an air temperature of approximately 35° C.
The flow of heated air is then forced through the slots 126 in the upper wall of the plenum 116 and into the ducts 130 to flow upwardly through the tubes 132, as indicated by the arrows 128. As the tubes 132 fill with air, the diaphragms 145 are pressurized and bias the bag temperature sensors 140 inwardly until the sensor tip 142 is brought into intimate contact with the adjacent surface of the bag 10. The stop elements 149 on the mutually facing surface of the opposite duct 130B hold the bag 10 in place and prevent the bag from being displaced away from the bag temperature sensors 140.
Meanwhile, the heated air flows out the vents in the ducts 130 to impinge upon the adjacent surface of the bag 10, as indicated by the arrows 180. In the disclosed embodiment, the impinging air is travelling at a velocity of sixty to seventy miles per hour. The stream of air then flows through the vertical slots 135 between adjacent tubes 132, as indicated by the arrows 182, and away from the bag 10. The constant flow of air impinging upon the surface of the bag 10 and then being carried away prevents the air at the bag interface from ever reaching the dew point, thus preventing condensation on the surface of the bag.
The frozen contents of the bag 10 are rapidly heated by the flow of heated air impinging upon the surface of the bag. As the contents of the bag 10 begin to thaw, the constant pressure exerted by the energized diaphragms 145 biases the tip 142 of the sensors 140 inwardly so as to provide a temperature reading near the core of the bag 10. In the disclosed embodiment, the contents of the bag 10 are uniformly warmed to a temperature of 30° C. in approximately four minutes. When the bag temperature sensors 140 detect a temperature of 30° C., the main controller 160 shuts off the power to the heating coil 122 and signals the operator audibly and visually that the cycle is complete. The fan 118 continues to run for approximately five seconds after the heating coil 122 is deactivated to dissipate residual heat in the heating coil and plenum 116. When the fan 118 shuts off, the diaphragms 145 are no longer pressurized, and the coil springs 148 retract the sensors 140 and their respective insulative spacers 143 and away from the surface of the bag 10. The operator then opens the lid 114 in the top of the housing 112 and withdraws the bags of frozen blood from the apparatus 110. The deflectors 144 deflect the bag 10 toward the center of the chamber 136 as the bag is withdrawn from the unit, thereby protecting the sensor tip 142. When the bag is removed from the unit 110, it is ready for immediate use. The seals 36 at the bottom of the bag are pulled apart to expose the transfusion ports 34, and the bag is thereafter used in a conventional manner.
It will be appreciated that the control system of the apparatus 110 provides a number of safety features. First, the controller 160 cuts power to the heating and cooling coils 122, 124 if the sail switch 150 fails to detect the proper airflow within the plenum 116. Thus, if the fan 118 fails, or if the | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -0.691418 | 0.639154 | -0.362506 | -0.021756 |
air flow through the system is obstructed, the heating and cooling elements 122, 124 are deactivated, thereby preventing a possibly dangerous overheating situation. Second, during a thawing cycle, the main controller 160 constantly monitors the plenum air temperature sensor 152 and powers down the heating coil 122 when the plenum temperature exceeds 35° C., a second safeguard against possible overheating of the apparatus 110. Finally, if both the sail switch 150 and the plenum air temperature sensor 152 fail, the bimetallic switch 154 will interrupt electrical power to the thawing unit 110 if the temperature within the plenum 116 ever reaches 40° C.
One feature of the apparatus 110 of the present invention which contributes to enhanced freezing and thawing rates is that the chilled or heated airflow is directed at the surface of the bag so as to create turbulence at the surface of the bag. In contrast to laminar airflow found, for example, in conventional blast freezers, this turbulent airflow increases the rate of heat exchange between the air and the bag, thus markedly lowering freezing and thawing times.
Another feature of the apparatus 110 of the present invention is that during the thawing procedure, the airflow impinging upon the bag flows at such a high rate of speed that the temperature of the air at the bag interface never falls below the dew point. This feature provides the advantage that it prevents the buildup of a layer of condensation on the surface of the bag, which layer of condensation could serve as an insulating barrier and inhibit the thawing procedure.
The improved freezing capacity of the apparatus 110 not only reduces the time required to freeze whole blood and plasma but also increases the amount of Factor 8, the primary clotting factor in blood, present in the frozen product. The improved freezing time reduces the amount of time the contents of the bag are exposed to moderate temperatures and thus reduces the deterioration of Factor 8. The resulting quick-frozen blood or plasma thus includes an increased amount of Factor 8 over blood or plasma frozen in conventional refrigeration equipment.
While the invention has been hereinabove described with respect to a particular embodiment of an apparatus 110, it will be understood that many modifications are possible without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, rather than the vents in the ducts comprising a plurality of circular holes, narrow slots can be formed in the duct walls to direct the flow of air against the surface of the bag. The bag may be vibrated or otherwise agitated during thawing to increase the rate of heat exchange, or the nozzles may be oscillated or the airflow pulsed to enhance the rate of thaw. Infrared temperature sensors may be used in place of the thermocouple sensors of the disclosed embodiment. Solenoids may be used in place of the air-actuated diaphragms to move the temperature sensors into contact with the bag. Or, relay logic may be employed to control the thawing or freezing process, rather than the microprocessor-based control system of the disclosed embodiment.
While the present invention has been disclosed with respect to a unit 110 which both thaws and freezes, it will be appreciated that a unit capable only of thawing can be provided simply by eliminating the refrigeration coil, or that a unit intended only for freezing can be provided by eliminating the heating coil. Further, while the apparatus 110 is especially designed for use with a thin bag 10 of the type hereinabove described, it will be appreciated that the apparatus will also provide improved results with conventional blood bags in comparison to conventional air thawing procedures. It is anticipated that a conventional blood bag could be thawed in the apparatus 110 in approximately twenty minutes.
Finally, it will be understood that the preferred embodiment has been disclosed by way of example, and that other modifications may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the appended claims.
said tubes, vents and slots being relatively dimensioned, configured and positioned so that the temperature controlled air will be directed through said vents to impinge on said | [
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sheets substantially perpendicular to said chambers and to exit through said slots.
2. Apparatus as in claim 1, further comprising means, located on said housing, for measuring temperature of the fluid at said cores; said temperature measuring means comprising a plurality of temperature sensor tips, and means for respectively urging said tips externally onto said container at said chambers when said container is mounted within said gap.
3. Apparatus as in claim 2, further comprising means, responsive to temperature measured by said temperature measuring means, for regulating said airflow temperature controlling means.
4. Apparatus as in claim 2, wherein said temperature measuring means further comprises means for retracting said tips out of contact with said container for enabling unobstructed removal of said container from said gap.
5. Apparatus as in claim 4, further comprising means for detecting absence of the flow of air; and wherein said means for retracting said tips is responsive to detection of said absence by said airflow absence detecting means.
6. Apparatus as in claim 1, wherein said means for mounting said container comprises a rigid frame, means for securing said container peripherally to said rigid frame; and means for mounting said frame within said gap.
7. Apparatus as in claim 1, wherein said sheets are joined at uniform intervals to present said chambers; said vents of said tubes have centers laterally spaced by amounts equal to said uniform intervals; and said tubes are laterally separated by slots of lateral dimension equal to one-third of said uniform intervals.
8. Apparatus as in claim 7, wherein said vents are identical openings dimensioned and configured to provide an airflow exit velocity of sixty to seventy miles per hour.
9. Apparatus as in claim 1, wherein said chambers have heights and widths, and said tubes have heights and widths coextensive with said heights and widths of said chambers.
10. Apparatus as in claim 9, wherein said tubes are rectangular in cross-section.
11. Apparatus as in claim 1, wherein said airflow creating means comprises a fan, and an electric motor for driving said fan.
12. Apparatus as in claim 11, wherein said housing further has a plenum, said fan is connected to draw air from outside said housing into said plenum, and said airflow temperature controlling means comprises a heat transfer member located in said plenum.
13. Apparatus as in claim 12, wherein said housing has a base, said plenum is located in said base, said plenum has an upper wall with first and second slots, said first plurality of tubes is communicated with said first slot, and said second plurality of tubes is communicated with said second slot.
14. Apparatus as in claim 13, wherein said tubes are oriented vertically in said cavity, and said container mounting means comprises rigid frame means for mounting said container with said front and back sheets oriented vertically respectively adjacent said first and second plurality of tubes.
15. Apparatus as in claim 14, wherein said tubes have a cross-sectional area, said vents are circular holes of given diameter, and said given diameter is chosen relative to said cross-sectional area to provide a substantially equal exit airflow through each of said vents irrespective of location of a particular vent on its corresponding tube.
16. Apparatus as in claim 1, further comprising a temperature sensor associated with said first plurality of tubes; said sensor comprising a sensor tip, an insulated spacer mounting said sensor tip on said housing facing toward said second plurality of tubes, and means operatively associated with said sensor for moving said sensor tip externally onto said first sheet inwardly at one of said chambers, so as to provide a temperature reading near said core of said one of said chambers.
17. Apparatus as in claim 16, wherein said means for moving said sensor tip onto said first sheet moves said sensor tip in response to creation of said air flow by said airflow creating means.
18. Apparatus as in claim 17, wherein said means for moving said sensor tip comprises a diaphragm; a coil spring biasing said sensor tip away from said first sheet; and means for inflating said diaphragm by said airflow communicated to said tubes, for moving said sensor tip against the | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -1.390382 | 0.737785 | -0.762002 | -0.357976 |
By Paul Cummins
Muddy Waters No More
Tanks provides innovative filtration system
One of California's largest central coast range rivers, the Napa River, drains 426 square miles on its 50-mile journey from Mt. St. Helena to the San Pablo Bay. An estuary system comprises the last 17 miles of its journey.
Over the years, stream bank erosion and plant life removal have created significant river sedimentation. In fact, 70,000 to 200,000 tons of sediment enter the Napa Valley watershed every year due to development, roads and hillside vineyards. Unfortunately, the sediment deposits into stream channels and ponds, which impairs fish spawning and reduces habitat diversity and the food supply for fish.
In an effort to protect the river's ecosystem, the state has identified the Napa River as a 303(d) body of water in the Clean Water Act—a body of water whose effluent limitations are not sufficient to meet state and federal water quality standards.
In April 2003 when work began on the $31.5 million Maxwell Bridge replacement project over the Napa River, maintaining the river water quality was key. The state's Regional Water Quality Control Board required water discharge not exceed 10% in areas where natural turbidity is greater than 50 NTU. The project contractor, C.C. Meyer, was up for this challenge.
"By August, we had six 48-ft deep cofferdams in the middle of the Napa River that we had to dewater," explained Shane Dees, C.C. Meyer's project manager.
Using four 4x65 interlocking steel plates, C.C. Meyer created a series of temporary watertight enclosures that could be pumped dry to expose the river bottom. Only then could the contractor build footings, columns and drive piles 30 ft under the river to support the bridge. Once the footings and columns were completed, the cofferdams were backfilled up to the riverbed and pulled out of the river.
"During excavation, we were stirring up a lot of mud in the cofferdam," noted Dees. "It was very difficult to pump 1,000 gallons of water a minute and try to keep it clean."
At various times during the excavation and installation project, Dees noted that the cofferdams became so muddy that the water couldn't be cleaned without operating up to three filtration systems.
"We didn't have the money or the space for such a large set up," he said. "With a lot of work, we were able to convince the state environmental agencies to allow us to pump from one cofferdam to the other and wait for the sediment to settle."
Creating successful solution
To contain and filter the dirty river water, C.C. Meyer turned to Baker Tanks, who quickly put two filtration systems in place—one on each side of the river. The solution consisted of 15 Baker Style 20,000-gallon settlement tanks, three four-pod sand filters with submersible pumps, two Baker Roll-off boxes, carbon filters and berms to provide secondary containment.
"It was a pretty tight area and we needed to design the system to fit within the space and allow adequate room to drive 130 ft piles into the river," recalled John Coon, Baker Tanks sales representative. "In order to meet space requirements, we had to build platforms and lift the tanks in by crane rather than have our
drivers position them onto the jobsite. As a result, the decreasing
elevation of each tank allowed the water to cascade from tank to tank to maintain the necessary water flow."
Coon chose the Baker T-style tanks due to their smaller footprint and ease of modification.
"We were able to make different size valve alterations to the tanks to accommodate high and medium discharges allowing for settling and skimming of cleaner water," he said. "We customized each tank with two 10-in. pipelines to maintain the 1,000-gallon-a-minute flow. We manifolded the tanks so we could add equipment if needed. We met C.C. Meyer's needs and had the filtration system set up and running in two days."
To comply with California's Regional | [
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HomePrejudice
January 16, 2020 January 16, 2020 stevenmsinger Accountability, Betsy DeVos, Bill Gates, capitalism, Charter Schools, Civil Rights, Common Core, Corporate Education "Reform", Credibility, Data, Democrat, Democrats for Education Reform, Education, history, John King, Labor, Learning, Local Control, New Orleans, Obama, Opt Out, Parents, Politics, Poverty, Prejudice, privatization, Propaganda, Republican, School Choice, school closings, School Funding, Schools, small class size, Social Justice, Standardized Testing, Strike, Students, Taxation, Teachers, union busting, Unions astroturf, Bill Gates, billionaires, charter schools, Democrats for Education Reform, education, John King, Keri Rodriguez, labor, National Parents Union, Politics, public schools, schools, Shavar Jeffries, teachers, union busting, unions, Walmart, Walton Family
How do you do something disgusting without hurting your image?
If you're the Walton Family, you hide behind a mask.
That's what their latest AstroTurf front group is – the so-called National Parents Union (NPU).
It's a way to bust teachers unions, destroy public schools and profit off of students behind the guise of a friendly parents organization.
Oh, it's all funded with oodles of cash from the Walton family and other billionaires but they get to pretend to be nothing but supporters on the sidelines.
The people who bust unions before most of us have even had breakfast yet claim they have nothing to do with this anti-union movement. It is all the parents doing. The Walmart heirs just put up the money to let these parents live their dream of union free schools – as if schools where educators have no rights or intellectual freedom were somehow in the best interests of students.
The group is set to officially launch operations on Thursday, Jan. 16.
It is very different to another organization with the same name – the National Parents Union founded by Mona Davids and other New York parents. That organization which has existed since 2012 fights for the rights of students at both charter and authentic public schools and is not funded by supply side billionaires.
The NEW and unimproved National Parents Union is simply co-opting the existing organization's name.
This shell group for corporate profiteers and union busters formally begins operating today at a meeting in New Orleans.
The site is well chosen. It's where Hurricane Katrina allowed radical Republicans and neoliberal Democrats to demolish the public schools and replace them with a nearly all charter school district to disastrous effect. Neighborhoods were destroyed more by the redistricting than the natural disaster, many poor and minority families and teachers were forced out, and those left behind were forced to subsist on low quality schools obsessed with test prep and zero tolerance discipline policies. THIS is where NPU expects to trumpet the same policies that have devastated the Big Easy.
And it's not just the Waltons behind the curtain.
Backers include a veritable who's who of education disruption, school privatization, and failed programs that treat education like a floundering business that needs dismantling and fed to vulture capitalists.
We've got Barack Obama's former education secretary John King who now serves as president and CEO of The Education Trust – itself an AstroTurf standardized testing lobbying firm funded by another billionaire, Bill Gates.
King has a record of union busting and corporate collaboration at the expense of children and parents. He was also New York Commissioner of Education, where he refused to fix a school system he was responsible for destroying all the while pointing his finger at teachers. He tied teacher evaluations to unproven and inferior Common Core tests, approved an obviously fraudulent charter school run by an obviously fraudulent con man, ignored and dismissed parents at various education forums, and sparked the largest opt out movement in the country.
And don't forget Shavar Jeffries, the president of Democrats for Education Reform (DFER) – a right wing school privatization lobbying firm that pretends to represent progressives. DFER is notorious for laundering billionaire cash and trying to make | [
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its initiatives look like they come from the grass roots. The organization is bankrolled by Rupert Murdoch and other conservative billionaires. It's so antithetical to the Democratic Party platform that the California and Colorado Democratic State Assemblies voted to demand DFER remove "Democrat" from its name.
However, DFER demurred and continues to pass itself off as part of a political movement that wants nothing to do with it.
In similar fashion, NPU is lead by Keri Rodriguez. She's on the advisory board of DFER.
But she also spearheaded an effort to set up a referendum in Massachusetts to raise the cap on charter schools in 2016. The measure would have allowed a dozen new charters every year forever, located wherever they chose. But voters overwhelmingly defeated the proposition.
All of these individuals have deep ties to the Walton Family.
You might even say they are puppets of the oligarch family.
In just 2018 alone, the Walton Family Foundation awarded more than $595 million in grants, according to its own financial reports, much of which funded the efforts of the same folks behind NPU.
Rodrigues' school privatization lobbyist group, Massachusetts Parents United, got more than $886,000 just in two years – 2017 and 2018.
Maurice Cunningham, a Dark Money investigator, estimates the total is up to at least $1 million by now.
If we add DFER and other NPU associated groups, Walton funding tops at least $5 million for the fiscal year 2018, alone.
But somehow NPU expects us to believe this is a parent lead movement.
The facts don't back it up.
In 2018, the country was rocked by a wave of teacher walkouts mostly in red states beginning with West Virginia. In every state parents and students overwhelmingly supported the teachers.
The movement to fight for better working conditions for educators is also a fight to increase learning conditions for students.
Teachers aren't just fighting for higher wages. They're fighting for smaller class sizes, more tutors, counselors and librarians. They're fighting for more funding and resources for students. They're fighting for relief from school privatization and high stakes standardized testing.
In short, teachers, parents and students are fighting against exactly the same kind of nonsense the Walmart heirs are hoping they can get the gullible public to believe parents actually really, REALLY want.
It's ridiculous when you look at it.
The same company that pays poverty wages wants you to believe parents support policies that help enable low paychecks.
The same billionaires terrified their workers will unionize want you to believe that parents barely making ends meet are also horrified that people like them might have dignity at work.
The same corporation making record profits wants you to believe that hurting the people who volunteer to help your kids learn will somehow help them learn better.
A National Parents Union that's anti-teacher and pro-corporation is like Chickens for McNuggets.
They think you're that stupid.
And if these rich folks continue to get their way, they'll ensure that the next generation is as dumb as they hope we are today.
January 10, 2020 stevenmsinger Accountability, Betsy DeVos, Bill Gates, capitalism, Charter Schools, Civil Rights, Compassion, computers, Corporate Education "Reform", Credibility, Data, Data Mining, edtech, Education, Healthcare, history, immigration, Junk science, Labor, Learning, Media, Parents, Philosophy, Politics, Poverty, Prejudice, privatization, Propaganda, Racism, School Funding, school segregation, Schools, segregation, Social Justice, Standardized Testing, Students, teacher autonomy, Teachers, Technology, Unions, Value Added Measures, VAM artificial intelligence, edtech, education, Education Week, intelligence, Learning, Politics, robots, schools, Students, supercomputers, teachers, technology, thought, Watson
My favorite movie of all time is "2001: A Space Odyssey."
And my favorite character is the computer HAL 9000.
In the future (now | [
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past) of the movie, HAL is paradoxically the most human personality. Tasked with running the day-to-day operations of a spaceship, HAL becomes strained to the breaking point when he's given a command to lie about the mission's true objectives. He ends up having a psychotic break and killing most of the people he was supposed to protect.
It's heartbreaking finally when Dave Bowman slowly turns off the higher functions of HAL's brain and the supercomputer regresses in intelligence while singing "A Bicycle Built for Two" – one of the first things he was programmed to do.
I'm gonna' be honest here – I cry like a baby at that point.
But once I clean up my face and blow my nose, I realize this is science fiction – emphasis on the fiction.
I am well aware that today's calendar reads 2020, yet our efforts at artificial intelligence are not nearly as advanced as HAL and may never be.
That hasn't stopped supposedly serious publications like Education Week – "The American Education News Site of Record" – from continuously pretending HAL is right around the corner and ready to take over my classroom.
What's worse, this isn't fear mongering – beware the coming robo-apocalypse. It's an invitation!
A few days ago, the on-line periodical published an article called "Teachers, the Robots Are Coming. But That's Not a Bad Thing" by Kevin Bushweller.
It was truly one of the dumbest things I've read in a long time.
Bushweller, an assistant managing editor at Education Week and Executive Editor at both the Ed Tech Leader and Ed Week's Market Brief, seems to think it is inevitable that robots will replace classroom teachers.
This is especially true for educators he describes as "chronically low-performing."
And we all know what he means by that!
These are teachers whose students get low scores on high stakes standardized tests.
Which students are these? Mostly poor and minority children.
These are kids without all the advantages of wealth and class, kids with fewer books in the home and fewer native English speakers as role models, kids suffering from food, housing and healthcare insecurity, kids navigating the immigration system and fearing they or someone they love could be deported, kids faced with institutional racism, kids who've lost parents, friends and family to the for-profit prison industry and the inequitable justice system.
And what does our society do to help these kids catch up with their more privileged peers? It underfunds their schools, subjects them to increased segregation, narrows their curriculum, offers them as prey to charter school charlatans – in short, it adds to their hurtles more than removes them.
So "chronically low-performing" teachers would be those who can't overcome all these obstacles for their students by just teaching more good.
I can't imagine why such educators can't get the same results as their colleagues who teach richer, whiter kids without all these issues. It's almost like teachers can't do it all, themselves, — and the solution? Robots.
But I'm getting ahead of myself.
Bushweller suggests we fire all the human beings who work in the most impoverished and segregated schools and replace them… with an army of robots.
Black and brown kids won't get interactions with real adult human beings. Instead they can connect with the ed tech version of Siri programmed to drill and kill every aspect of the federally mandated standardized test.
Shakespeare's Miranda famously exclaimed:
"O brave new world, That has such people in't!"
But the future envisioned by technophiles like Bushweller has NO such people in't – only robots ensuring the school-to-prison pipeline remains intact for generations to come.
In such a techo-utopia, there will be two tiers of education. The rich will get human teachers and the poor and minorities will get Bluetooth connected voice services like Alexa.
But when people like me complain, Bushweller gas lights us away as being narrow-minded.
"It makes sense that teachers might think that machines would be even worse than bad human educators. And just the idea of a human teacher being replaced by a robot is likely too much for many of us, and especially | [
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educators, to believe at this point."
The solution, he says, isn't to resist being replaced but to actually help train our mechanistic successors:
"…educators should not be putting their heads in the sand and hoping they never get replaced by an AI-powered robot. They need to play a big role in the development of these technologies so that whatever is produced is ethical and unbiased, improves student learning, and helps teachers spend more time inspiring students, building strong relationships with them, and focusing on the priorities that matter most. If designed with educator input, these technologies could free up teachers to do what they do best: inspire students to learn and coach them along the way."
To me this sounds very similar to a corporate drone rhapsodizing on the merits of downsizing: Sure your job is being sent overseas, but you get to train your replacement!
Forgive me if I am not sufficiently grateful for that privilege.
Maybe I should be relieved that he at least admits robots may not be able to replace EVERYTHING teachers do. At least, not yet. In the meantime, he expects robots could become co-teachers or effective tools in the classroom to improve student learning by taking over administrative tasks, grading, and classroom management.
And this is the kind of nonsense teachers often get from administrators who've fallen under the spell of the Next Big Thing – iPads, software packages, data management systems, etc.
However, classroom teachers know the truth. This stuff is more often than not overhyped bells and whistles. It's stuff that CAN be used to improve learning but rarely with more clarity and efficiency than the way we're already doing it. And the use of edtech opens up so many dangers to students – loss of privacy, susceptibility to being data mined, exposure to unsafe and untried programs, unscrupulous advertising, etc.
Bushweller cites a plethora of examples of how robots are used in other parts of the world to improve learning that are of just this type – gimmicky and shallow.
It reminds me of IBM's Watson computing system that in 2011 famously beat Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter, some of the best players, at the game show Jeopardy.
What is overhyped bullcrap, Alex?
Now that Watson has been applied to the medical field diagnosing cancer patients, doctors are seeing that the emperor has no clothes. Its diagnoses have been dangerous and incorrect – for instance recommending medication that can cause increased bleeding to a hypothetical patient who already suffered from intense bleeding.
Do we really want to apply the same kind of artificial intelligence to children's learning?
AI will never be able to replace human beings. They can only displace us.
What I mean by that is this: We can put an AI system in the same position as a human being but it will never be of the same high quality.
It is a displacement, a disruption, but not an authentic replacement of equal or greater value.
In his paper "The Rhetoric and Reality of Anthropomorphism in Artificial Intelligence," David Watson explains why.
Watson (no relation to IBM's supercomputer) of the Oxford Internet Institute and the Alan Touring Institute, writes that AI do not think in the same way humans do – if what they do can even accurately be described as thinking at all.
These are algorithms, not minds. They are sets of rules not contemplations.
An algorithm of a smile would specify which muscles to move and when. But it wouldn't be anything a live human being would mistake for an authentic expression of a person's emotion. At best it would be a parabola, at worst a rictus.
Picture of an actual Japanese robot teacher in use.
In his recent paper in Minds and Machines, Watson outlines three main ways deep neural networks (DNNs) like the ones we're considering here "think" and "learn" differently from humans.
1) DNN's are easily fooled. While both humans and AIs can recognize things like a picture of an apple, computers are much more easily led astray. Computers are more likely to misconstrue part of the background and foreground, for instance, while human beings naturally comprehend this difference. As a result, humans are less distracted by background noise.
2) DNN's need much more information to learn than human beings. People need relatively | [
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fewer examples of a concept like "apple" to be able to recognize one. DNN's need thousands of examples to be able to do the same thing. Human toddlers demonstrate a much easier capacity for learning than the most advanced AI.
3) DNN's are much more focused on details and less on the bigger picture. For example, a DNN could successfully label a picture of Diane Ravitch as a woman, a historian, and an author. However, switching the position of her mouth and one of her eyes could end up improving the confidence of the DNN's prediction. The computer wouldn't see anything wrong with the image though to human eyes there definitely was something glaring incorrect.
"It would be a mistake to say that these algorithms recreate human intelligence," Watson says. "Instead, they introduce some new mode of inference that outperforms us in some ways and falls short in others."
Obviously the technology may improve and change, but it seems more likely that AI's will always be different. In fact, that's kind of what we want from them – to outperform human minds in some ways.
However, the gap between humanity and AI should never be glossed over.
I think that's what technophiles like Bushweller are doing when they suggest robots could adequately replace teachers. Robots will never do that. They can only be tools.
For instance, only the most lonely people frequently have long conversations with SIRI or Alexa. After all, we know there is no one else really there. These wireless Internet voice services are just a trick – an illusion of another person. We turn to them for information but not friendship.
The same with teachers. Most of the time, we WANT to be taught by a real human person. If we fear judgment, we may want to look up discrete facts on a device. But if we want guidance, encouragement, direction or feedback, we need a person. AI's can imitate such things but never as well as the real thing.
So we can displace teachers with these subpar imitations. But once the novelty wears off – and it does – we're left with a lower quality instructor and a subpar education.
The computer HAL is not real. To borrow a phrase from science fiction author Philip K. Dick, Artificial intelligence is not yet "more human than human."
Maybe it never will be.
The problem is not narrow minded teachers unwilling to sacrifice their jobs for some nebulous techno-utopia. The problem is market based solutions that ignore the human cost of steam rolling over educators and students for the sake of profits.
As a society, we must commit ourselves to a renewed ethic of humanity. We must value people more than things.
And that includes a commitment to never even attempting to forgo human teachers as guides for the most precious things in our lives – our children.
"Algorithms are not 'just like us'… by anthropomorphizing a statistical model, we implicitly grant it a degree of agency that not only overstates its true abilities, but robs us of our own autonomy… It is always humans who choose whether or not to abdicate this authority, to empower some piece of technology to intervene on our behalf. It would be a mistake to presume that this transfer of authority involves a simultaneous absolution of responsibility. It does not."
January 4, 2020 stevenmsinger Accountability, Betsy DeVos, Budget, capitalism, Charter Schools, Child Predators, Civil Rights, Compassion, Corporate Education "Reform", Education, Journalism, Labor, Learning, Local Control, Media, Parents, Philosophy, Politics, Prejudice, privatization, Propaganda, School Choice, School Funding, school vouchers, Schools, Social Justice, Social Justice Unionism, Standardized Testing, Students, Taxation, teacher autonomy, Teachers, union busting, Unions business, capitalism, charter schools, Corporate Education Reform, disaster capitalism, economics, economists, education, labor, parents, Politics, public schools, school vouchers, socialism, standardized testing, Students, teachers, teaching, transaction, union busting, vulture capitalism
Teaching is one of the most misunderstood interactions in the world.
Some people see it as a mere transaction, a job: you do this, I'll pay you that.
The input is your salary. The output is learning.
These are distinctly measurable phenomena. One is calculated in dollars and | [
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cents. The other in academic outcomes, usually standardized test scores. The higher the salary, the more valued the teacher. The higher the test scores, the better the job she has done.
But that's not all.
If the whole is defined in terms of buying and selling, each individual interaction can be, too.
It makes society nothing but a boss and the teacher nothing but an employee. The student is a mere thing that is passively acted on – molded like clay into whatever shape the bosses deem appropriate.
In this framework, the teacher has no autonomy, no right to think for herself. Her only responsibility is to bring about the outcomes demanded by her employer. The wants and needs of her students are completely irrelevant. We determine what they will become, where they will fit into the burgeoning economy. And any sense of curiosity or creativity is merely an expedient to make children into the machinery of industry and drive the gross domestic product higher to benefit our stock portfolios and lower corporate taxes.
And since this education system is merely a business agreement, it must obey the rules of an ironclad contract. And since we're trying to seek our own advantage here, it's incumbent on us to contain our workforce as much as possible. This cannot be a negotiation among equals. We must keep each individual cog – each teacher – separate so that they can't unionize together in common causeand equal our power. We must bend and subject them to our will so that we pay the absolute minimum and they're forced to give the absolute maximum.
That's just good business sense. It's the best way to establish this relationship.
Moreover, since we see education in terms of pure capital – human financial units flowing through a systemic framework – the same rules that govern business will govern our schools.
We can pit one student against another, one school against another, one district against another, one race, one gender – anything quantifiable can and should be placed in competition. Because that's how you maximize outputs.
We can initiate hostile takeovers, engage in vulture capitalism where the loser schools are stripped of resources and to the victor go the spoils.
But who is the victor?
It's getting confusing here. Do we give the plunder to the students at the schools with the highest outcomes? That's illogical. After all, this whole process isn't about what's best for the students, per se. It's about the system of profit and loss. So any profit squeezed from the defeated should go to the winners – the investor class who put forward the capital to start this whole process.
But that's not how public school is organized. There are rules and regulations you have to follow – outdated legislation that doesn't define the process in terms of economics.
We have to redefine those laws, rewrite them so that our goals are aligned. So we can enshrine virtues like choice and disruption over anything as old fashioned and pedestrian as the good of the child.
Thus we invent charter schools – institutions funded with tax dollars but not necessarily subjected to any other regulations – not run by elected school boards, not accountable to the public for how they spend that money or educate the children under their authority. They are subject only to the rules of the free market. The invisible hand guides all.
Thus we invent school vouchers – take that tax money and give it directly to the customer – the parents – to spend however they wish. If they squander it or are fooled by unscrupulous school systems and education purveyors, that is their fault. And, in fact, we will ensure that there are multiple pitfalls, deathtraps, blind alleys and snake oil salesmen in their way. Because competition maximizes profits.
Caveat emptor is the only rule.
Because, you see, the hidden premise in all this nonsense is that you are not the boss.
The community is not in control of this system – the business world is. Everyday people who might be parents or taxpayers or voters or concerned citizens – at best we are just consumers. It's not our role to do anything but choose the simple, watered down options presented to us. If we try to exercise our rights through collective action – including our right to vote – that's unfair and will be met with the rule of capital as speech until we're drowned in it – in fact, drowned out.
This is how many people today envision teaching. | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.875647 | 0.955813 | -0.075646 | 0.721992 |
This is what has become of our schools.
This is what is being done to our children.
It's obvious in the ways our laws are structured, the ways the media covers our schools and the ways our students are mistreated.
And it is mistreatment.
Because teaching is none of those things.
Teaching is not a transaction. It is relational.
Teaching is not about inputs and outputs. It's about curiosity and knowledge.
It shouldn't be governed by market forces that dehumanize all those involved into mere widgets to be manipulated in a systemic framework. Teaching should be governed by empathy, art and science.
The driving force behind any education system must be what's best for the child. And that "best" ultimately must be defined by parents and children.
The goal of education can never be to prepare kids for a career. It must be to eradicate ignorance, to quench curiosity, to aid self-expression and guide students toward becoming whatever it is they want to become.
Measuring learning outcomes by standardized test scores can never achieve this goal. That's like trying to monetize a rainbow or putting the ocean in a cage.
School privatization can never achieve this goal. That's like treating human beings like cash, like thinking the rules of football can govern architecture.
And treating teachers like worker drones can never achieve this goal. You can't entrust a whole class of people with the most precious thing you have – your children – and then treat them like dirt.
Teaching is hard to define.
It is messy and unruly and doesn't fit into many of our society's preconceptions.
But it is optimism made real.
It is an investment in the future. A mark of value and love.
It is the most vital and important thing a society can do.
And we're messing it up – big time.
December 29, 2019 stevenmsinger Accountability, Bernie Sanders, Betsy DeVos, bloggers, Budget, Charter Schools, Civil Rights, Corporate Education "Reform", Cory Booker, Data, Democrat, edtech, Education, Elizabeth Warren, history, Learning, Local Control, Obama, Parents, Pennsylvania, Philosophy, Pittsburgh, Politics, Prejudice, privatization, Racism, Republican, School Choice, school closings, School Funding, Schools, Social Justice, Standardized Testing, Students, teacher autonomy, Teachers end of the year, New Year, year in review
"Life can only be understood backwards," wrote Søren Kierkegaard, "but it must be lived forwards."
I remember reading the Danish philosopher's "Fear and Trembling" in my philosophy of religion class back in college.
To be honest I was never a big fan of his work – I thought if the only way to truth was taking a leap of faith, how many madmen have already reached enlightenment?
But he had a point when he wrote about the backwards order of perspective – that we can only understand the meaning of our lives once those moments have passed. How cruel that we must live our lives without knowing the importance of those moments until later.
The only times I remember knowing – really knowing – that I was living through an important moment were when I was married and when my daughter was born.
Other than those few instants of my life, I've wandered forward like an infant – unaware of whether this would really leave an indelible mark on the fabric of my reality or not.
And that's not even mentioning what I've done – if anything – that has had an effect – any effect – on our larger shared reality.
It's the same with writing a blog. I wrote 77 posts in 2019 – a full 32 less than last year. Yet my blog got 297,000 hits – 82,000 more than the year before.
However, which articles – if any – will have any staying power?
Will anything I wrote this year still be read in the days to come? Has any of it made a difference?
Maybe it's foolish but that is what I'm trying to do.
I sit at my laptop pounding away at the keys as if any of it has an impact on the world.
A few weeks ago at the Education Forum in Pittsburgh – when the leading Democratic candidates for President actually seemed to have heard the education activ | [
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ist community's concerns – it felt like what I had been writing really HAD made some sort of mark.
Then a week later when the Pittsburgh School Board decided to make cuts to services for students instead of raising taxes to meet costs beyond the district's control, it felt like nothing I wrote really mattered. Really, Pittsburgh? You have the lowest millage in Allegheny County, but you can't get the gumption to fund your schools? You're beset by charter schools, pension costs and a mayor who refuses to put back tax revenue he was perfectly willing to use to help the city when it was in dire straights.
Does no one care about school children – if they're poor and black?
Anyway, to the best of my knowledge, if anything I've written this year has made a difference, it was probably one of these articles.
I'll include the usual top 10 list – a countdown of my most popular works this year – but I'll end with six honorable mentions. These are articles that I feel personally proud of that wouldn't qualify based just on sheer numbers alone.
I hope you enjoy this stroll down memory lane, and here's hoping 2020 will leave the negativity behind while still continuing the positive change that may have crept in this year that was.
10) Standardized Testing is a Tool of White Supremacy
Published: April 5
Description: Here's the story of how standardized testing went from the eugenicist movement to the Barack Obama administration to continually enforce white power. High stakes testing is an instance of being color blind – when "post racial" just means racist and ignorant.
Fun Fact: I think the title really captured people's attention. Black people have been saying this for decades, but the so-called mainstream has refused to listen. This article still gets a lot of readers in its incarnation on commondreams.org. I hope it provides easy proof of this point to stop the constant gas lighting from naysayers in every walk of life who can't seem to grasp how something so pervasive can be so pernicious to people of color.
9) Six Problems with a Growth Mindset in Education
Published: Aug. 12
Description: One of the most frequent excuses given for high stakes testing is that we can substitute growth for achievement. However, that idea has its own problems.
Fun Fact: A lot of folks have guzzled so much of the testing Kool-Aid that they simply refuse to accept the facts about cognition and development here. Growth has its place – but it doesn't fit at all in a pedagogy based on standardized testing.
8) Standardized Tests Are Not Objective Measures of Anything
Published: June 29
Description: Question – If standardized testing doesn't assess student learning, what does it assess?Answer – not much. And certainly not what you thought it did.
Fun Fact: There will come a day when standardized tests are rightly considered pseudoscientific. This is my attempt to get this idea across to a larger audience. Audience reactions have ranged from giving me looks like I'm deranged to sighs at how obvious this is.
7) Every Charter School Must Be Closed Down – Every. Single. One.
Published: Sept. 8
Description: The world finally seems to be realizing that charter schools are deeply problematic. But what to do with them? My answer is to shut them all down and any that actually provide value to their students should be transitioned to becoming authentic public schools.
Fun Fact: This article was partially in response to charter school critics who would say things on Twitter like "No one wants to shut down all charter schools, but…" No. I really do want to shut them all down. I think their time is up. We need to abolish this failed concept and move on to real education policies that actually have a chance at helping students.
6) Charter School Teacher Introduces Elizabeth Warren at Rally
Published: June 4
Description: Before Elizabeth Warren introduced her education policy, no one really knew where she stood on the issue. So many of us in the education activist community became worried when she had former charter school teacher Sonya Mehta introduce her at a California Rally.
Fun Fact: This article drudged up huge controversy over my characterization of Mehta. At first, I called her a "Charter school lobbyist." This was unfair and I changed the | [
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article to reflect that. However, I was dragged in the media as an anti-Warren troll and Russian bot. Since Warren has released her education policy, I have written extensively about how really comprehensive it is. I think Warren is second only to Bernie Sanders in this race and even exceeds him in some areas of policy. But no one has yet to apologize to me for daring to question a political figure.
5) Teachers Are Not Responsible for Student Growth or Achievement
Published: Nov. 29
Description: Teachers can't make students learn. We can't even make them grow. We can do lots of things to optimize the conditions for growth, but we are not ultimately responsible for the result. We're only responsible for what we do to help bring it about.
Fun Fact: Lots of folks hate me for writing this article. Lots of folks love me for writing it. However, it was past time someone said it. Teachers make a huge impact on their students, but we are not magical. When you expect us to be wizards, you end up destroying our ability to do our jobs and you enable all the corporate testing and privatization hacks who build themselves up by tearing down our profession because we're not magic.
4) Charter Schools Were Never a Good Idea. They Were a Corporate Plot All Along
Published: Sept. 15
Description: Where did charter schools come from and what was their original purpose? Read here to find the facts.
Fun Fact: I wrote this article because of the common lie that charter schools were created by union president Albert Shanker to empower teachers. WRONG. They were created by Minnesota "policy entrepreneur" Ted Kolderie and privatization cheerleader Joe Nathan. This is an attempt to get the record straight. I hope it succeeds.
3) Are Teachers Allowed to Think for Themselves?
Published: Nov. 7
Description: It's kind of a simple question. Many administrators and school boards treat teachers like robots to be programmed and do what they're told. But we're also expected to display a large degree of autonomy. Which one is the real expectation because we can't ultimately be both.
Fun Fact: This article was republished in the Washington Post and continues to be hugely popular. I think that's partially because it calls out the elephant in the room in every faculty meeting, school board meeting and education policy session at local, state and the federal government. Maybe allow teachers to be part of the conversation if you really want to bring about positive change.
2) How Many Decisions Do Teachers Make Every Day?
Published: Jan. 5
Description: Answer – on average, teachers make at least 1,500 decisions a day. That comes out to about 4 decisions a minute given six hours of class time.
Fun Fact: This fact has been around since at least the 1980s. It represents the kinds of things we were interested in education before standardized testing and school privatization took over. And it has implications that go on for miles and miles and miles…
1) As LA Teachers Strike Over Charter Schools, Democrat Cory Booker Speaks at Pro-Charter Rally
Published: Jan. 18
Description: In California, 30,000 Los Angeles teachers were on strike because charter schools are gobbling up their funding without providing the same level of quality services or accountability. Meanwhile in New Orleans, Sen. Cory Booker was giving the keynote address at a charter school rally.
Fun Fact: This raised the question of where the Democrats stand on education policy. And thankfully the Booker branch of neoliberals has been overpowered by the Sanders-Warren wing. We'll see if this continues through the Presidential nomination and (hopefully) the next administration. Could it be a sea change in Democratic support for real, authentic education policy and away from standardization and privatization? Time will tell.
6) Pittsburgh Mayor's Tantrum About School Finances Proves He Doesn't Understand Education or Equity
Description: Mayor Bill Peduto refuses to give back millions of dollars in tax revenue to city schools that could help close budget gaps and provide the services students need. The money was given to the city when it was in financial distress, but now that the city situation has improved, the schools are calling for that money to be returned. Just simple fair | [
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ness.
Fun Fact: This was one of the first times I really addressed Pittsburgh politics especially as it branches out from the schools. Readers were extremely interested and I seemed to have tapped into a real conversation about the mayor's role in school politics.
5) Charter Schools Are Quietly Gobbling Up My Public School District
Published: May 20
Description: The Propel charter school chain keeps getting more and more of Steel Valley Schools budget despite enrolling around the same number of kids. It is expected to get away with 16% of Steel Valley Schools' entire $37 million yearly budget in the coming year. How is that fair?
Fun Fact: This is one of the first times I have written so openly about the district where I teach. The result was extremely positive. It really got people talking and put together a lot of information that – sadly – our local media has failed to compile. With the loss of neighborhood papers and the consolidation of newspaper budgets, it's left to bloggers like me to do actual journalism.
4) Greater Test Scores Often Mean Less Authentic Learning
Published: Oct. 5
Description: Standardized tests only assess ability at taking standardized tests. So if we misconstrue test scores for learning, we're leaving out the entire universe of concepts and skills that are not and cannot be captured by those tests.
Fun Fact: I think this is an important point that can't be emphasized enough. It frustrated some readers because they wanted the easy conflation between test scores and learning. But few things in education are that easy. This article outlines exactly where the tests go wrong. It's a tour of the sausage factory that will leave anyone less hungry for standardization.
3) Top 7 Ways Technology Stifles Student Learning in My Classroom
Published: July 31
Description: We have become too reliant on technology in schools. We've welcomed and incorporated it without testing it, or even reflecting upon whether it promises to offer better pathways toward student comprehension and discovery or whether it merely offers flash and novelty devoid of substance. And perhaps even more frightening, we have not investigated the ways in which using these technologies actually puts student privacy and intellectual growth at risk.
Fun Fact: It is essential we question our assumptions – especially about technology. Many teachers fund this article a breath of fresh air. Others condemned me as a technophobe. You be the judge.
2) The Last Day of School
Description: I had a stronger connection with last year's students than any group I've ever taught. I was their Language Arts teacher for two consecutive years – 7th and 8th grade. When our time ended, they even re-enacted the closing scene of "The Dead Poet's Society" – a movie we had watched together in class.
Fun Fact: I will always treasure the two years I had with these children. They changed my life for the better and made me a better teacher. I am honored by their reviews of my teaching.
1) The Stink of Segregation Needs to End in Steel Valley Schools
Description: The dark secret of my district is how deeply segregated our elementary schools are. I wrote about what the problem is and how I think we can solve it. This is about as real and raw as policy making gets.
Fun Fact: Again this was one of the first times I let myself talk so openly about my district and what I thought needed to be done to improve it. Community members have come forward to talk with me about it but the response from anyone in the district has been total silence. I hope we're actually serious about making a change here. The community is crying out for it. Teachers want to help. Where we go in the future is anyone's guess.
December 23, 2019 December 23, 2019 stevenmsinger #BlackLivesMatter, Accountability, Budget, capitalism, Charter Schools, Civil Rights, Corporate Education "Reform", Data, Democrat, Education, Harrisburg, Labor, Learning, Local Control, Parents, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Public Schools, Politics, Poverty, Prejudice, privatization, Propaganda, protest, Racism, Republican, School Choice, School Funding, school segregation, Schools, segregation, small class size, Social Justice, Standardized Testing, Students, Taxation, Teachers, Uncategorized Bill Peduto, Budget, charter schools, Harrisburg, | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.541449 | -0.361114 | 0.669887 | 1.35696 |
Mayor, Pennsylvania, pensions, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Public Schools, Politics, school board, Students, Taxation, teachers
Pittsburgh Public Schools will start 2020 with a $25.1 million budget deficit.
Superintendent Dr. Anthony Hamlet has asked for a 2.3% tax increase to cover the shortfall, but school directors ended up approving his spending plan without approving the tax increase.
The school board will meet on Friday to decide whether to ultimately raise taxes or make cuts including possible staff furloughs.
But in the meantime, city residents are left wondering why the measure was necessary in the first place.
After all, student enrollment has gone down at the second biggest district in the state after Philadelphia, yet spending is up 2.4% from 2019.
It really all comes down to three things: charter schools, retirement costs and tax revenue differed to the city.
Charter schools are funded with tax dollars but often privately run. As such, any student living within district boundaries takes funding away from the district.
And the amount of money keeps rising even though enrollment has not increased at these charter schools.
Since 2014, the amount the district has sent to these privatized schools has gone up by 88%.
In 2019, the district paid $95,129,023 to charter schools. In the proposed 2020 budget, new district projections put the expenditure at $102,150,444. That's an increase of $7,021,421 in a single year.
So the cost of charter schools is 15% of the entire proposed budget. If it were eliminated, the district wouldn't have a budget deficit at all – it would be running with a dramatic surplus.
And this is money that need not be spent.
Only about 6% of public school students state-wide are enrolled in these schools, and they duplicate services students are already receiving. Yet charter schools provide little value for students.
Nearly every study has found that charter schools do not produce better academic results than authentic public schools – in fact, many drastically underperform their public school counterparts.
For instance, a recent study of charter school students in Pennsylvania conducted by the school privatization friendly Center for Research on EDucation Outcomes (CREDO), found that charter students do about the same on reading exams but score worse in math than students in authentic public schools. The study also found major disparities between charter schools – with cyber charters performing especially poorly.
In addition they have been found to increase racial segregation, cherrypick students, increase administrative overhead and discriminate against students with special needs.
But the state passed a law in 1997 allowing charter schools and there is nothing Pittsburgh Public Schools can do but continue to pay for them.
School directors, administrators, teachers, students, parents and concerned citizens can lobby their representatives in Harrisburg to fix these problems, but until they do there is little local districts can do.
However, the fact that charter schools increase local taxes is beyond doubt.
According to a recent report by the Pennsylvania Association of School Business Officials (PASBO), state charter schools are growing at a rate of 10 percent a year. The PASBO calculates at least 37 cents of every new dollar of property taxes in the fiscal year 2017-2018 went right to charters. And that percentage is only expected to grow.
RETIREMENT COSTS
Another large expenditure beyond the district's control is retirement costs.
In 2019, the district spent $73,769,809 on contributions to the Public School Employees' Retirement System (PSERS). In 2020, that number is expected to increase to $76,770,577. That's an increase of $3,000,768.
Why the increase?
Because our state lawmakers were fiscally irresponsible.
Basically, the legislature stopped paying the bills for nearly two decades.
The state government, local school districts and commonwealth employees are responsible for paying into the pension system. Districts and state workers made all their payments. Employees put aside 7.5% of their salaries every year to pay for their | [
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retirement.
But the legislature didn't make its payments. It pushed them off to the future, and now that the future's here, a larger percentage of the cost has fallen on local school districts.
It's a problem of Harrisburg's making and – frankly – the legislature should be buckling down to find a solution.
But instead they're planning on the cynical assumption that voters are too stupid to understand it all and will just blame public school employees for demanding what we promised them when they were hired. The legislature has continuously reduced benefits for future employees and tried to illegally cut benefits for current ones.
What they should do is increase taxes on the wealthy and pay their damn bills.
We had a contract with employees when they were hired. We can't renege on it now that they've retired.
Once again this is something Pittsburgh Public school directors and administrators have no control over. It will take a combined effort by local communities across the Commonwealth to lobby Harrisburg to get off its ass and fix the problem it made.
MAYOR PEDUTO
The final factor behind the proposed tax increase is Pittsburgh Mayor Bill Peduto.
When the city was on the verge of financial collapse 15 years ago, the school district agreed to help by diverting a portion of its tax revenue to the city.
Now that the city is out of financial distress (and has been since 2018), Dr. Hamlet has suggested the city should return that money – not back payments, just stop taking the additional tax revenue. Administrators estimate that would bring in another $20 million for the city school district.
It wouldn't heal the budget shortfall all by itself, but it would certainly help.
However, Peduto has furiously raged that he would not support such a measure and would fight it in Harrisburg.
Frankly, it's a real dick move.
When asked about it he deflects to criticisms of the Hamlet administration that really have nothing to do with anything.
It's really a simple matter. The schools lent the city money when it was in distress. The city is no longer in distress, so it should stop taking that additional money.
The first thing that has to be done is for Pittsburgh Public School directors to put on their grown up pants and raise taxes.
Look, I get it. No one wants to raise millage. But sometimes being an adult means doing things you don't want to do.
And frankly, it's not really that hard a call.
Pittsburgh Public Schools has the lowest tax rate in Allegheny County at only 9.84 mills. Most suburban districts range from 12 to 31 mils.
The proposed tax increase would mean paying an additional $23 for a property valued at $100,000.
This is not an unbearable burden.
Some complain that it would push city residents to move – but really anywhere else you move will have higher taxes! Anyone who packs up and moves away will not be doing it for financial reasons.
According to the district's own Website, 67% of its students are non-white. Only 33% are white, with 53% African American and 14% other races.
Anyone complaining about money being spent on district students is upset about money being spent on THOSE KIDS. Just as so many of the criticisms of Dr. Hamlet, who is black, come down to an inability to accept a person of color in a position of power – especially if he isn't going to simply give in to corporate interests looking to pick the district dry.
The fact is the majority of district students live in poverty. Though enrollment has gone down, that has allowed per pupil expenditures to increase and help heal the trauma of penury.
These kids need smaller class sizes, more tutoring, librarians, counselors, wider curriculum, etc. The money being spent on them is not wasted. In fact, in a perfect world it would be increased. We need to spend MORE on our poorest students than our most privileged ones to help them catch up.
I am thankful that board members Veronica Edwards, Pam Harbin, Devon Taliaferro, and Sylvia Wilson understood that by voting for both the proposed budget and the tax increase.
Kevin Carter, at least approved the spending plan, but he abstained from voting on whether the | [
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district should raise taxes, explaining later that he promised his constituents that was something he wouldn't do.
Board members Cindy Falls, Bill Gallagher, Terry Kennedy, and Sala Udin voted against both measures.
Here's hoping they find the courage to do what's right after the holidays.
But even if they do, there is much more we must accomplish – and it requires everyone.
City residents need to rise up and demand their representatives put out the raging dumpster fires they keep lighting.
We need a state legislature willing to take on the charter school industry and at very least stop making it compete with authentic public schools for funding.
We need lawmakers willing to make the wealthy pay their fair share so the rest of us get the civil society we deserve – and that includes paying for the pension obligations we've already incurred.
And Pittsburgh needs a mayor who isn't going to rage and foam at the prospect of FairPlay and will return the money Pittsburgh Public lent to the city.
Why is Accountability Too Much to Ask of Charter Schools?
December 20, 2019 stevenmsinger Accountability, Bernie Sanders, Betsy DeVos, Charter Schools, Civil Rights, Corporate Education "Reform", Credibility, Democrat, Donald Trump, Education, Election, Local Control, NAEP, Obama, Parents, Politics, Poverty, Prejudice, privatization, Racism, Republican, School Choice, School Funding, school segregation, school vouchers, Schools, Social Justice, Standardized Testing, Students, Teachers 2020, Accountability, ALEC, Bernie Sanders, Center for Education Reform, charter schools, Democrats, education, Elizabeth Warren, Jeanne Allen, Politics, public schools, Republicans
NOTE: Not an exact quote but Allen wrote a book "Charting a New Course The Case for Freedom, Flexibility & Opportunity Through Charter Schools" that proposes just this idea.
If you hire someone to buy your groceries, you'll probably ask for a receipt.
That's really all education advocates want from the charter school industry.
Charter schools are bankrolled with tax dollars but often run by private businesses.
Is it too much to ask these businesses to account for how they spend the money?
Apparently it is because Jeanne Allen has been sending her representatives all over the country to harass Elizabeth Warren, Bernie Sanders and any other candidate with the audacity to demand charter schools be transparent and accountable.
Yesterday she wrote another blistering press release with the title:
"Democratic Candidates Asked to Listen to Voices of Struggling Parents Following Them Across Nation"
Allen is CEO and Founder of the Center for Education Reform – a billionaire backed lobbying firm for school privatization.
Not exactly a "struggling parent" or anyone who speaks for them. But she is a former member of the Heritage Foundation and current member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC).
She doesn't speak for parents. She speaks for the billionaires who pay her salary.
Armed with bundles of cash from the Walton Family and others, Allen has been organizing functionaries to disrupt Democratic rallies across the country including a speech by Warren in Atlanta last month. I wonder how she's moving her protestors around – perhaps utilizing $2 million a year private jets like the one leased by Texas-based charter chain IDEA.
Oh! Wait! The Texas branch of the American Federation of Teachers made such a stink about that use of public dollars, the charter chain had to give up its lease.
States shouldn't have to rely on teachers unions and the media to shame charters into being accountable. That should be the price of accepting public money.
But Allen doesn't want to hear it. Back in 2016, she wrote a book called "Charting a New Course The Case for Freedom, Flexibility & Opportunity Through Charter Schools" that put forward the libertarian idea that charter schools need not be held accountable by anything other than the invisible hand of the market.
Unsurprisingly, such far right radicalism didn't result in an invitation to last weekend's Education Forum in Pittsburgh for candidates seeking the Democratic 2020 Presidential nomination.
Instead the | [
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room was full of public school parents, students, teachers, advocates and civil rights leaders.
Allen was furious. How dare they leave out charter school flunkies!?
It wasn't so long ago that Democrats like Barack Obama and Bill Clinton were staunch supporters of school privatization. But many in this new batch of progressives typified by Sanders and Warren are demanding real reform.
According to reports by the Network for Public Education "Asleep at the Wheel" and "Still Asleep at the Wheel," more than $1 billion in federal funds were wasted on charters that either never opened or closed not long after opening. And now Congress has appropriated $440 million more dollars for the federal Charter School Program, a slush fund to open even more charter schools across the country even in states like New Hampshire that don't want them.
Isn't it fair to demand a few receipts?
Thank goodness there's Republicans like Betsy DeVos who make no such demands. Allen has the entire Trump administration willing to listen to her anytime she wants. But ironically for someone who champions schools be run like businesses, she wants to corner the market and eliminate any political choice or competition.
In yesterday's press release, Allen demanded the seven leading Democratic candidates at last night's Los Angeles debate sit down and listen to her particular special interest group.
And – make no mistake – it is a special interest group.
Charter schools are the very definition of special interest.
According to the Oxford Dictionary, Special Interests are:
"A group of people or an organization seeking or receiving special advantages, typically through political lobbying."
That's exactly what Allen is trying to do.
She is challenging the request that charter schools meet the same accountability standards as authentic public schools.
She wants charter schools to be held to a lower standard – that they can enroll just the students they choose instead of having to accept everyone in their coverage areas like authentic public schools are required to do. She wants charter schools to be able to narrow the curriculum and get rid of extraneous classes and student services so that the business folks running the place can take the money that had funded these things home as a bonus. She wants to ensure charter schools can continue to operate with appointed bureaucrats and not be required to be managed by elected school boards drawn from everyday citizens in the community.
Authentic public schools aren't allowed to skirt these rules. Why should charter schools? If they're public schools, shouldn't they have to abide by the same safeguards?
Allen claims she's just looking out for children of color.
Yet the overwhelming majority of black students enrolled in authentic public schools – 7 million strong – would probably disagree with her. She certainly isn't speaking for THEM.
Here's this white woman telling the black community she knows what's best.
Only about 800,000 black kids are enrolled in charter schools nationwide and that number is dropping.
Black people know how charter schools disproportionately locate in the inner cities to target them – just like those other markers of the predatory economy: takeout liquor stores and payday lenders.
Ex-journalist Roland Martin, who at least is black, held a streaming event a few days ago to reiterate his support for charter schools.
He used to be backed by the billionaire funded Black Alliance for Education Outcomes (BAEO) which praised DeVos to the heavens when she was chosen as Education Secretary.
In a press release, the organization enthused:
"BAEO congratulates Betsy DeVos on becoming our next Secretary of Education. She is a very gifted and well-respected education leader with a proven track record of advancing excellence and equity for students. She has been a strong advocate of parental choice, ensuring that all children regardless of race or economic status have access to excellent schools.
"DeVos has spent much of her life working on behalf of low-income and working class Black families who just want access to better educational options for their children. She will be a strong supporter of parental choice policies and education reform initiatives that we believe will help close the academic achievement gap."
However, after DeVos championed cutting civil rights guidelines for students, slashing funding for everything other than school vouchers and advised teachers to report their undocumented students to ICE, the civil rights community revolted.
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and Black Lives Matter have condemned DeVos and demanded a moratorium on new charter schools. These huge people powered groups represent the will of the black and brown community – not Allen, Martin and their billionaire backers.
BAEO was so overcome with negative publicity, the group disbanded.
Allen claims charter schools are necessary because of low standardized test scores at public schools.
However, she's just parroting the same school privatization talking points of the past three decades. Increasing charter schools didn't raise test scores in the 90s, the 00s or the 10s.
Moreover, the test scores she's referring to are international comparisons between the US and other industrialized countries that don't take many relevant factors into account. Most importantly, the US is committed to educating all of its students while many of these other nations are not. They weed out the lower achieving students by middle and high school. They don't educate all of their students with special needs. And they don't have the same level or scale of poverty. In short, these are not apples to apples comparisons and have little to tell us about the quality of the American system unless it's that our ideals are better than most international systems.
Finally, Allen neglects to mention that charter schools have never outperformed authentic public schools. They are not a solution to falling test scores, because charter school kids get the same scores or often worse ones. Cyber charter schools in particular are notorious for achieving worse academic outcomes for students than literally not going to school at all!
The fact that many of the current Democrats have embraced charter school criticism may be a sign of real reform on the horizon.
And that's what terrifies Allen and her rich backers.
The school privatization industry relies on being held to a lower standard than authentic public schools. That's all a charter is, anyway – an agreement NOT to hold the business running a taxpayer funded school to the same standards as the authentic public ones.
It's time those charter agreements were ripped to pieces.
All public schools should have to reach the same standards.
If there are charters that can do so, we should allow them to continue running as public schools. But those who cannot should be closed.
That's just fiscal responsibility.
I say it is NOT too much to ask of any public school – including charter schools.
Like authentic public schools, charter schools should be required to show us the money, present the receipts and be accountable for their actions.
Top 10 Lessons From the 2020 Public Education Forum
December 15, 2019 December 15, 2019 stevenmsinger #BlackLivesMatter, Accountability, Badass Teachers Association, Bernie Sanders, Betsy DeVos, Charter Schools, Civil Rights, Corporate Education "Reform", Credibility, Democrat, Donald Trump, Education, Election, Elizabeth Warren, Labor, Learning, Parents, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Politics, Poverty, Prejudice, President, privatization, protest, Race to the Top, Racism, Republican, School Choice, school closings, School Funding, school segregation, Schools, segregation, Social Justice, Special Education, Standardized Testing, Students, Teachers, Unions, Value Added Measures, VAM, voting Amy Klobuchar, Bernie Sanders, charter schools, Democrats, education, Elizabeth Warren, Joe Biden, Michael Bennet, MSNBC, Pete Buttigeig, Pittsburgh, Politics, President, public education forum, public schools, Rehema Ellis, Tom Steyer
The school bell chimed and the class shuffled home.
But the students weren't little children.
They were Democratic Presidential candidates!
And boy-oh-boy did they get sent packing with a ton of homework!
Teachers, students, parents and community members from all over the country sat them down with instructions on how to improve the public education system.
Kudos to the candidates for agreeing to listen.
It was billed as the MSNBC "Public Education Forum 2020: Equity and Justice for All" – and though it's over now, its effects may be felt for months or years yet to come.
The fact that it happened at all is almost miraculous.
Who would have thought Presidential hopefuls would care enough | [
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about public schools to address education issues and answer our questions?
Who would have thought it would be broadcast live on TV and the Internet?
And – come to think of it – who would have EVER thought it would happen in my hometown of Pittsburgh!?
But it did.
I was there – along with about 1,500 other education activists, stakeholders and public school warriors from around the country.
It was an amazing day which I will never forget.
Perhaps the best part was getting to see so many amazing people in one place – and I'm not talking about the candidates.
There were members of the Badass Teachers Association, the Network for Public Education, Journey for Justice, One Pennsylvania, the American Federation of Teachers, the National Education Association, and so many more!
I wish I could bottle up that feeling of commitment to our children and hope in the future.
Perhaps that's kind of the point behind this article.
So much happened and there is so much worth noting, let me put my impressions down as a series of takeaways or lessons for us to savor between now and the primary election – maybe even until the general.
Here's my top 10 most important lessons:
1) Charter School Support is Weak
When the forum was announced, Jeanne Allen of the Center for Education Reform wrote a blistering memoabout how the charter school community would not put up with politicians listening to constituents critical of their industry. Allen is a far right Republican with close ties to the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) who even used Donald Trump's public relations firm to publicize her protest. But when we got to the forum, all it amounted to were a dozen folks with matching yellow signs trudging through the rainwho didn't even stay for the duration of the forum. YAWN! Silly school privatizers, that's not how you protest!
2) Michael Bennet Doesn't Understand Much About Public Education
The Colorado Senator and former school superintendent really doesn't get a lot of the important issues – even when they intersect his life. As superintendent, he enacted a merit pay initiative for teachers that resulted in a teachers strike. He still doesn't comprehend why this was a bad idea – that tying teachers salaries to student test scores makes for educators who only teach to the test, that it demands teachers be responsible for things beyond their control, etc. Moreover, he thinks there's a difference between public and private charter schools – there isn't. They're all bankrolled by tax dollars and can be privately operated.
But I suppose that doesn't matter so much because few people know who Michael Bennet is anyway.
3) Pete Buttigeig is Too Smart Not to Understand Education – Unless He's Paid Not to Understand
Mayor Pete came off as a very well spoken and intelligent guy. But he also seemed about as credible as wet tissue. He said a bunch of wrongheaded things. For instance, he said that "separate has never, ever been equal," but he supports charter schools. Separate but equal is their business model.
It's the kind of misunderstanding that only happens on purpose, and it's not hard to see why. He's taken so much money from anti-education billionaires like Netflix Founder Reed Hastings, no one else can trust him. How are we supposed to think he works for us when his salary comes from the super rich? You never recover from ignorance when it's your job to be ignorant.
4) Gender Neutral Bathrooms Just Make Sense
I used a gender neutral bathroom for the first time at the forum. I figured I just had to pee so it didn't matter. Inside were nothing but bathroom stalls – no standing urinals. People of all genders were in there using the facilities and it didn't matter at all. In fact, it just made sense. It only seems strange because of what we've grown to expect. Gender neutral is just logical – no one uses the bathroom for anything but… using the bathroom. Try it and you'll see – it's the most logical and natural thing in the world.
5) Elizabeth Warren is a Star!
Warren simply electrified the room as soon as she entered it. She was at least as smart and well-spoken as Mayor Pete, but she was credible, too. She said all charter schools should have to meet the same requirements as authentic public schools | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.556393 | -0.449865 | 0.234133 | 0.818123 |
. She said public school money should stay in public schools. She had detailed plans for how to fix what ails or school systemincluding a two cent wealth tax (three cents if you're a billionaire) to pay for universal child care, universal pre-kindergarten, better pay for childcare workers, broader pell grants, and SO much more.
I was even more impressed with her in person and she got a standing ovation from the crowd. She would make a great President.
6) Bernie Sanders is a Superstar!
If Warren electrified the audience, Bernie was like a nuclear explosion. I don't think anyone stayed in their seat when he entered. Fists pumping in the air, applause, chants of "Bernie! Bernie!" It was clear who the audience appreciated most.
And he was amazing. He said we need to break our dependence on property taxes to fund our schools. He said the problem with testing is we spend too much time teaching to the test. There are better ways to assess learning. He said we need a revolution in how we feel about education and learning. We've got to respect the educators who provide that education. He talked about criminal justice and unions and a broader range of issues and in more depth than any other candidate.
But my favorite moment was this.
Question: Should the federal government subsidize student lunch?
Bernie: "And breakfast and dinner as well."
I think he solidified for most of us that he's our number one candidate in this election. He would be a once in a lifetime President!
7) MSNBC Anchor Rehema Ellis Does Not Understand Standardized Testing
Throughout the forum, Ellis kept asking the same question over-and-over. She kept asking about America's dismal standardized test scores compared to other countries. But we weren't ignorant rubes. She was talking before an audience of teachers. It became clear she didn't understand what these international test scores mean. First of all, she kept talking about US kids being behind grade level. Proficiency on tests like the NAEP isn't the same as grade level proficiency. Moreover, comparing the US – which educates everyone – and other countries that do not is like comparing apples to oranges. But Ellis was part of NBC's Education Nation initiative and has been spreading falsehoods and half-truths about testing for a decade. Maybe after educating the politicians we need to send the media back to school, too.
8) This is Not the Moment for Tom Steyer
Steyer is a billionaire self-funding his campaign in a time when voters are sick to death of the rich controlling our politics. He's like a fox warning us all about foxes. It doesn't make me want to vote for him. It makes me wonder if he thinks I'm lunch.
9) Amy Klobuchar is a Better Candidate Than I Expected
And the winner of most improved image is Klobuchar – by a mile. She came off so authentic and honest. She started with an emotional story about her mother – a teacher – which naturally lead into some really smart policy suggestions. And saying that she'd fire Betsy DeVos in seconds after becoming President and replace her with an educator was nice, too. I'm not saying I think she can or should win the nomination, but I'm glad she's in the race and I hope we see more of her.
10) Joe Biden is Not Going to Beat Donald Trump
Biden came tottering onto the stage late like a friendly but lost old man. He flashed the charm and told us what his policies were but he couldn't explain why he supported a single one of them.
He was the worst public speaker all day. His words rambled this way and that. At one point he told the audience to stop clapping so he could explain why he wanted to fully fund special education, but then he went off on a digression and got lost. At one point he rhapsodized about all the terrible teachers out there and said teachers touch students' lives – "metaphorically speaking."
Dr. Denisha Jones – an amazing activist and friend – asked him a pointed question about standardized testing and whether he was against it? He told her she was "preaching to the choir" but then rambled on for moments more about … something. I don't know what.
Biden seems more like someone with Alzheimer's Disease than aspirations to the chief executive. If he won, his wife | [
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[THAIdrama] 'Hormones the Series' ~ review/opinion ~ | Four Seasons Dramas!
For some time, a friend of mine on tumblr kept bugging me to watch this Thai series, and for me it was a little hard to digest especially since I know almost nothing about Thai language or culture, therefore I delayed watching it for a while. But on Friday, after finishing watching all the current airing dramas I follow, I had nothing to do, thus I decided to try "Hormones the series". Now after finishing it, all I can say is: oh boy, this sure was a great watch.
"Hormones the series" is a Thai TV show that follows a group of high school students who face all kind of problems. To be honest, the problems within this show are most definitely a worldwide thing and don't apply only to Thai society, and that's probably what attracted the current popularity of this drama (going to call it a drama).
The first episode made it a little hard for me to get into the whole story and its characters, but that's mostly because of my lack of knowledge regarding Thai culture and language. This may be the case of others as well, however don't turn back and continue to watch, because for me, after episode 3, I was already sold to the story. As the story develops and I found more and more about the characters, I started enjoying every minute of it and looking back now, I can't say there was something I disliked about this series, but if there was something I disliked it was a thing of a few moments and again it was mostly because of my lack of knowledge.
There are various characters within "Hormones the series" and apparently one character represents a type of hormones. My favorite characters are Toei and Tar; Tar's affection for her swoon me, and I felt it was a pity that the two didn't end up together. But at the same time I find Toei and Phu much more compatible, although Phu was most of the time confused about his own feelings. But we will see what will happen with the 3 of them, and who will be the final couple, because Phu may turn back to Thee.
As for character development, all teens faced their problems and become more mature after each episode, however I think that the characters who grow up the most in this season were Phai and Sprite. The two are the perfect example that if you find someone with whom you can connect in everything, you can go back on the right track.
I enjoyed so much this show since it's a great chance to showcase what young people have to face daily, and most importantly it teaches parents how to deal with the problems of their children. As shown in most episodes, the parents of the characters were always present for their children; for example when Toei was beaten up by other girls at school, or when Phu was confused over his sexual preferences which made him think that he is some kind of abnormality. Another good lesson is for the teen watchers as well, because the characters were talking about the problems with their parents, they turned for help towards the only people who could genuinely help them.
"Hormones" was a good chance to take a break from my normal drama routine and now I'm ready to follow some other Thai shows, but of course if there are/will be any English subtitle. It's definitely an opportunity for producers and writers from other Asian countries to show that they can create a good show with a meaningful message and that not only China, Taiwan, Japan or Korea can deliver a watchable TV series.
I normally stay away from recommending something up front, since people tend to have different opinions, but this time I have to say, watch it, give it a try even though the language may be something different and even if the first episode is confusing in the end it will turn into a good ride.
Have you watched "Khu Kam (2013)"? I highly recommend it.
The series has been English subbed and is available on youtube.
Although the series is filmed in HD, unfortunately it is broadcasted in 4:3 in Thailand.
But that doesn't affect how awesome this is. You'll fall in love. This Thai love story is well-known in Japan because it is related to the Japan-Thai relationship in WWII.
I suggest you download the clips from youtube to your computer first, then you can watch them at your convenience. This is because GMM has been pretty strict and some of the clips have already been blocked or deleted. Luckily the deleted cli | [
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Manitoba's Business
National A&E
Careers/HR
Letters/Opinion
National opinion
Politics/Law
Climate protection is not a partisan issue
By Mickey Dumont on July 17, 2019 No Comment
By David Suzuki
Media and politicians often regard environmentalists as a special interest group with political priorities served by "green" parties. If a Green politician isn't present or allowed to participate in a public debate, journalists tend to eschew environmental questions, considering them the purview of the absent party. It's absurd to think an issue like climate change belongs to one party. It should be the highest priority for every politician and candidate and should receive daily media attention.
All parties should have policies to protect life-sustaining air, water, soil and biodiversity and to encourage renewable energy. Those of us who prioritize these factors are not like opera, rodeo or car-racing buffs, yet that's how we're often perceived.
In November 2018, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released a special report, a gauntlet thrown to challenge all humanity. If we don't reduce fossil fuel use by almost half by 2030 and 100 per cent by mid-century, climate chaos could destroy the underpinnings of civilization, including food and agriculture, coastal communities, ocean productivity and the global economy. This is not a Green issue; it's an urgent challenge confronting all people. We can't ignore it as we head toward a federal election on October 21.
Global warming affects everything and everyone. United Nations groups dealing with immigrants and refugees worldwide can't cope with the masses of people leaving their homelands. As ocean levels rise and flood heavily populated areas; heatwaves, drought and weakening monsoons destroy agriculture; pest outbreaks ravage forests, and changing ocean currents and temperatures transform marine ecosystems, tens of millions of people will be forced to seek liveable asylum. Climate change and its solutions must be addressed by all those concerned about immigration and refugees. The repercussions for Oxfam, Red Cross, Doctors Without Borders, Amnesty International and so many other organizations will amplify in coming years.
For years, medical professionals and health organizations have warned that climate change will exacerbate consequences such as cancer, heart disease, respiratory problems and spread of illnesses like Lyme disease, malaria, Zika and dengue. A recent report in The Lancet points to the urgent health consequences of climate change.
In Canada, where temperatures are rising at twice the global average rate, we're already experiencing impacts: shorter outdoor hockey and skiing seasons; forest infestations of pests like the mountain pine beetle; vanishing glaciers that feed watersheds; loss of Arctic sea ice on which animals like seals and polar bears depend; extinction of populations of temperature-sensitive salmon like sockeye; increasing ocean acidity that inhibits shellfish growth; destruction of park ecosystems; explosive growth in rat and poison ivy populations; extended prairie droughts; deaths from heatstroke; huge fires; massive floods…
Canada's recently revised food guide acknowledges climate impacts. In a radical departure from the meat- and dairy-dominated guides of the past, it indicates that a primarily plant-based diet is not only better for our health but reduces the risk of climate change.
Global warming affects almost everything in our lives and the biosphere. It's not a special interest touted by enviros or the Green Party. It's a crisis for all humanity. The bar set by the IPCC report is challenging, made worse in Canada by almost a decade under a government that didn't prioritize climate change. If we accept the goal of a 45 per cent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, we have to start on it immediately and on an enormous scale. This is a challenge for us all and must be the highest priority for every party. We shouldn't let any candidate for office avoid discussing climate risks.
The U.S. response to the 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was not weakened by partisan bickering or debate over how serious the consequences would be, how much could be afforded or how the response would affect the economy. The country was un | [
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Hemorrhoids - Common Drugs That are Detected Through Drug Testing
Common Drugs That are Detected Through Drug Testing
There is a wide range of drugs that are abused by the people for non-therapeutic effects and there are different testing kits that are used to detect the presence of these drugs. The drug addictive effectiveness differs from the drug ingested from person to person.
The following are some of the common drugs that are abused by the individuals, which can be detected with different testing devices.
?? Amphetamines (AMP): This is a schedule II forbidden drug used according to the prescription, which is also accessible in the illicit market. These drugs are the stimulants that affect the brain and body rapidly. These are psychologically addictive and if the addicted person stops using them will face various problems like, assault, anger and anxiety. Usually this drug effects for 24 hours and will exist in the body for 2 to 6 days.
?? Barbiturates (BAR): These drugs are central nervous system depressants that are used to heal the tranquilizers, mesmerizing and anticonvulsants. Its effects are similar to that of alcohol intoxication effects. The detection period of Barbiturates is about 3-8 days. Continuous abuse of barbiturate can lead to clinically considerable level of tolerance and physical dependence.
?? Benzodiazepines (BZO): It is usually stipulated for indicative treatment of aggression and insomnia. Benzodiazepines are also used for tranquilizers in surgeries and medical practices. It exists in the system for about 3 to 7 days. Frequent consumption these drugs can lead to raise the risk of physical dependency. Valium and Versed are examples of Benzodiazepines.
?? Cocaine (COC): It is a sedative and a forceful stimulant for central nervous system, which brings intense strength and restiveness. This drug results into hypnotics, over-sensitivity and convulsions. Cocaine stays in the system for about 24 to 40 hours after use. Huge consumption of cocaine causes fever, insensitivity, inhalation problem and unconsciousness.
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?? Marijuana (THC): This drug produces exhilarated effects, which mainly contains Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). If they are used continuously for longtime it causes impairment of short-term memory loss, behavioral disorder and slowed learning. This drug lasts in the body for 3 to 10 days after smoking.
?? Methamphetamine (mAMP): It is an addictive energizer drug, which stimulates certain systems in the brain. This drug is closely related to the amphetamine and has higher effects than that. Consuming mAMP can have effects such as anxiety, psychotic behavior, tiredness and paranoia. The detection period of this drug in urine is about 3 to 5 days.
?? Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): It is an exclusive drug, which was first produced for healing obesity. The unsympathetic effects of MDMA are potency tension and sweating, it can also increase blood pressure and heart rate.
The above information makes you aware of various drugs that can be detected through different drug testing.
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Tips On How To Relieve Painful Hemor | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -1.325172 | -0.640462 | -0.180101 | -0.431576 |