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61171651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockwell%20College%20of%20Education | Stockwell College of Education | Stockwell College of Education was a teacher-training college based in South London, England. It was located in Stockwell, South London from 1860 to 1935 and then relocated to the grounds of Bromley Palace, Bromley until its closure in 1980.
History
The College was founded in 1860 on a site at Stockwell, South London, by the British & Foreign School Society, for the purpose of training teachers. This continued the work of the Quaker Joseph Lancaster who had previously trained teachers in his school at Southwark. In 1861 the 75 female students of Borough Road College were transferred to the new establishment. The college awarded degree and postgraduate courses.
In 1935 the college relocated to Bromley Palace, the former palace of the Bishops of Rochester. The 18th century house was adapted and extended to provide accommodation for the 114 women students.
During the Second World War (from 1940 to 1945) the college temporarily relocated to Watcombe Park, Devon.
On the return to Bromley in 1945, some buildings had been destroyed by bombs, public air raid shelters had been built on the site, high blast walls had been constructed that obscured some windows, the grounds had been let out to allotments, and the fabric of the Old Palace itself had been badly damaged. Over the following years some redevelopment and improvement of the site took place, and some temporary accommodation was found in Wanstead Road, a mile away from the site. The post-war building programme included:
1966 - The Ann Springman and Joseph Lancaster halls of residence (each accommodating 72 students)
1967 - Music House and West Lodge extension.
1968 - Thanet Hall of Residence (75 students) in Wanstead Road. Completion of North Wing, Rochester Wing and Library.
1969 - Adaptations in the Old Palace.
1970 - St. Blaise Building.
By 1960 there were approximately 200 women students following one or two year courses of training leading to the Teacher’s Certificate, plus a small group of men and women following a one-year supplementary course in Mathematics.
On 1st August 1960 responsibility for the college was transferred from the British and Foreign School Society to the Kent Education Committee. In April 1965, following the re-organisation of the Greater London Council and London Boroughs, the college buildings became the property of the London Borough of Bromley. The college became administered by a Joint Education Committee of Kent County Council and of the London Borough of Bromley.
From 1961 to 1972 the college progressed towards the target of 1,200 students as set by the Department of Education & Science.
From 1960 most students were admitted to the three-year initial teacher training course, which led to the Certificate in Education of the University of London. In 1968 a four year course leading to a Bachelor of Honours degree was introduced. In 1969 the college began to admit postgraduate students to a one-year course leading to the University’s Graduate Certificate in Education. Options were available for training for infant, junior and secondary age ranges, in a full range of subjects. In addition, the college offered a range of courses approved by the Department of Education & Science for serving teachers.
This period of expansion and development was halted in December 1972 by publication of the UK government’s White Paper, “Education—a Framework for Expansion”. The government imposed a policy of regression with a reduction of teacher training places; the college’s allocation was reduced from a target of 400 in 1972 to one of 95 in 1977. Finally, in June 1977 the Secretary of State for Education directed that there should be no further intake for initial teacher training courses.
To comply with government policy the college, while continuing its main and historic task of teacher education, actively moved into the broader spectrum of higher education. Courses were developed and validated by the University of London, leading to ordinary and honours degrees, which progressively replaced the Certificate in Education and B.Ed. education.
From 1977 to 1980 student numbers were progressively reduced. Two degree programmes, Education with Educational Broadcasting, and Music with Film and Television Studies, were transferred to Christ Church College, Canterbury, for a September 1980 entry.
The college closed on 31st August, 1980. The site became part of Bromley Civic Centre in 1982.
References
External links
BFFS Archives Info Sheet no. 3 – Stockwell College
Ideal homes: a history of South London suburbs: Stockwell Training College, Stockwell, c. 1920
Defunct universities and colleges in England
Education in the London Borough of Bromley
Educational institutions established in 1860
Further education colleges in London
Teacher training colleges in the United Kingdom
1860 establishments in England |
14342095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giese | Giese | Giese is a German surname. Since the mid-19th century,
people with this name have migrated throughout the world and now form an extensive diaspora
in countries such as the United States and Australia, where they have lived for several generations.
Notable people with the surname Giese include:
Albrecht Giese (1524–1580), councilman and diplomat from Danzig
Bernd Giese (born 1940), German professor of chemistry
Dan Giese (born 1977), American retired Major League Baseball pitcher
Erich Giese (1887–1917), German naval officer
Georg Giese (1497–1562), merchant from Danzig
Godehard Giese (born 1972), German actor
Harry Giese (1903–1991), German theatre and voice actor
Harry C. Giese (1913–2000), Australian administrator, public servant and community leader
Horst Giese (1926–2008), East German actor
Kathrin Giese, East German sprint canoer who competed in the 1980s
Kenyon E. Giese (born 1933), American politician
Maria Giese, American film director and screenwriter
Max Giese (1879–1935), German engineer and inventor
Richard Giese (1924–2010), principal flautist with the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra (1962-1986)
Richard Mclean Giese, known professionally as Social Repose, American Singer and YouTuber
Robert Giese (born 1955), American politician
Tiedemann Giese (1480–1550), Catholic bishop from Danzig, Prince-Bishop of Warmia
Warren Giese (1924–2013), American politician and football coach
William C. Giese (1886–1966), American politician and educator
German-language surnames |
15897287 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9terchen | Téterchen | Téterchen () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
See also
Communes of the Moselle department
References
Communes of Moselle (department) |
18324343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abronia%20alpina | Abronia alpina | Abronia alpina is a rare species of flowering plant in the four o'clock family known by the common names Ramshaw Meadows sand verbena and Ramshaw Meadows abronia. It is endemic to Tulare County, California, where it is known from only one area high in the Sierra Nevada.
Description
This is a small, squat perennial herb which forms a flat to mounded mat on the floor of alpine meadow habitat. The leaves have rounded blades each less than a centimeter long at the ends of short petioles. The foliage and stems are fuzzy and glandular. The plant blooms in clusters of up to five white to pink or lavender flowers around a centimeter wide and long.
Further reading
External links
Jepson Manual Treatment for Abronia alpina
USDA Plants Profile for Abronia alpina
U.S.FWS Species Account
UC CalPhotos gallery of Abronia alpina
alpina
Endemic flora of California
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Natural history of Tulare County, California
Taxa named by Townshend Stith Brandegee
Plants described in 1899 |
66110165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicken%20Cheterian | Vicken Cheterian | Vicken Cheterian (Western , Eastern ) is a Lebanese-born journalist and author, who teaches international relations at Webster University Geneva. He has also lectured at University of Geneva and SOAS University of London (2012-14). Cheterian is also a columnist for the Istanbul-based weekly Agos. He holds a PhD from Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IUHEI).
Works
“Roots of ISIS Violence and the Killing Fields of the Middle East,” Survival , Vol. 57, Issue 2, 2015, pp. 105-118.
"Origins and Trajectory of the Conflicts in the Caucasus", Europe-Asia Studies , Vol. 64, No. 9, 2012, pp. 1625-1649.
"Karabakh Conflict After Kosovo: No Way Out?", Nationalities Papers , Vol. 40, No. 5, 2012, pp. 703-720.
"Kyrgyzstan, Central asia's Island of Instability", Survival , Vol. 52, No. 5, 2010, pp. 21-27.
"History, memory and international relations: the Armenian diaspora and Armenian-Turkish relations", International Relations , No. 141, 2010, pp. 7-24.
"The August 2008 War in Georgia: from ethnic conflict to border wars", Central Asian Survey , Vol. 28, No. 2, 2009, pp. 155-170.
"From Reform and Transition to 'Colored Revolutions'" Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics , Vol. 25, No. 2, 2009, pp. 136-160.
"Georgia's Rose Revolution: Change or Repetition? Tension between State-Building and Modernization Projects", Nationalities Papers , Vol. 36, No. 4, 2008, pp. 689-712.
References
Webster University faculty
Historians of the Caucasus
Historians of the Armenian genocide
Swiss people of Armenian descent
Swiss journalists
Ethnic Armenian journalists
International relations scholars
People from Beirut
Lebanese people of Armenian descent
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni |
22212798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waging%20War%20%28song%29 | Waging War (song) | "Waging War" is the first single from CeCe Winans's 2008 album Thy Kingdom Come. The song was released on March 4, 2008 and was written by CeCe Winans, Christopher Capehart, and Crannon Tunie. The song was also featured on the first disc of the 2010 compilation album WOW Gospel 2010
Awards
"Waging War" received a Grammy Award nomination for "Best Gospel Performance" at the 51st Grammy Awards of 2009 and a Dove Award nomination for Contemporary Gospel Recorded Song of the Year at the 40th GMA Dove Awards.
References
2008 singles
2008 songs
CeCe Winans songs |
212062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalasin | Kalasin | Kalasin () is a town (thesaban mueang) in northeast Thailand, the capital of Kalasin Province. As of 2015, it has a population of 34,429 It covers the whole tambon Kalasin of the Mueang Kalasin District, an area of . Kalasin lies north-northeast of Bangkok by road.
Geography
Climate
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20100731063711/http://www.kalasin-mu.go.th/ Official website
Populated places in Kalasin province
Cities and towns in Thailand
Isan |
54396419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rule%20of%20the%20Game | The Rule of the Game | The Rule of the Game is a 2002 Taiwanese black comedy film directed by Ho Ping and written by Kuo Cheng. The film focuses on a bunch of criminals and murderers whose paths crisscross in a small suburban town.
According to director Ho Ping, "this movie is about destiny and irony of my generation in Taiwan".
Plot
Ox (Lee Tien-chu) had made a lot of money from killing people, but he had lost the money gambling. After his wife Xia (Estrella Chen)—who mans a small diner—had a child, Ox goes to Ji (Ni Min-jan) for his last assignment. He tells Ji he'll immigrate with his family after receiving the payment. A girl he knew from his gambling days (and likely slept with), Xiu-Xiu (Cheng Hsiu-ying), is staying with Ji apparently as a result of gambling away all her money. Ox and Xiu-Xiu dress as a couple and sneak into a Karaoke bar the hit target frequents. In an adjacent room to the bathroom, they drill a hole on the wall and successfully assassinate the mob boss using a suppressed gun.
Ju (Chang Shih) and Turtle (Hsia Ching-ting) are burglars who have collaborated in crimes since their schooldays. Turtle is upset that another alumnus Wu (Kao Ming-wei) used his property as a collateral to cheat him of NT$8 million, and they plan to murder him. Ju tells Turtle that they need to dig a hole deep enough for the corpse, so they find a spot up on a mountain and begin digging. They stop in the eatery manned by Xia for their meals, and Turtle begins to seriously flirt with Xia. But when they are having sex, Ox returns home.
Wu tells his young wife Mei (Ku Jung-kao) how he got hold of Turtle's NT$8 million. Mei in turn discloses the secret to her lover Johnny (Chuang Shin-fu), and they plan to kidnap Wu for the sum. Johnny kidnaps Wu from his car and stuffs him in the trunk, before he and Mei realize they cannot acquire the fund without Wu's personal seal. Johnny opens the trunk, not knowing that Wu has found the gun he had hidden there. Wu opens fire and seriously injures Johnny, but Mei sits on the lid and the trunk again closes. Mei drags Johnny for a long distance for help, but Johnny dies. Meanwhile, Wu fires several shots from inside the trunk but cannot open the lid.
In the eatery, Ox tries to strangle Turtle, but is killed by Ju with a shovel. Ju and Turtle carry Ox's corpse and dump it into the grave they dug. During a quarrel, Ju insists it was Xia who killed Ox with a high-heel shoe. Turtle discovers Ju is hiding a corpse in his car trunk, and when he asks Ju whether it's his girlfriend or his dog, Ju does not answer. They find the money left behind by Ox from his assassination assignment. Ju tells Turtle he is free to decide what to do with it.
As Ox has left some money for Xiu-Xiu, she leaves Ji and begins a new life. Mei returns home, Wu is still trapped in the car, and Ju adopts a Rottweiler puppy. His car is dripping blood from the trunk.
Awards and nominations
Reception
Derek Elley of Variety wrote: "as in [Wolves Cry Under the Moon], Ho Ping and regular scripter Kuo Cheng take a group of eccentric characters and build an elaborate puzzle that mirrors much of the aimlessness and broken dreams of sections of modern Taiwanese society."
References
External links
Taiwanese films
Films set in Taiwan
Films shot in Taiwan
2002 black comedy films
2002 films
Films directed by Ho Ping
Films with screenplays by Kuo Cheng
2002 comedy films
Taiwanese black comedy films |
61753547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard%20Portielje | Édouard Portielje | Édouard Portielje (born 15 October 1915, date of death unknown) was a Belgian field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
References
1915 births
Year of death missing
Belgian male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players of Belgium
Field hockey players at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing |
23017537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szymon%20Zacjusz | Szymon Zacjusz | Szymon Zacjusz or Szymon Żak (1507 in Proszowice – 1591 in Bochnia) was a Polish Protestant pastor, supporter of Reformation in Lesser Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
He spent his childhood in Proszowice. In the years from 1523 to 1526 he studied at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, where he passed his Licentiate. After the graduation he attended a castle school in Wawel where he was one of the best humanists at his time. He studied Greek, Latin and Hebrew languages.
After 1535 he established himself as a proponent of Calvinism. From 1540 to 1548 he was a Calvinist pastor in Krzyżanowice, near the town Bochnia. There he married Catherine Przeklotowna (Katarzyna Przeklotówna) and they had two daughters.
As a Calvinist he couldn't be buried at a Catholic cemetery near his town, so he was buried in his own garden in Bochnia.
External links
Short biography of Szymon Zacjusz
1507 births
1591 deaths
People from Proszowice
Polish Calvinist and Reformed ministers
Jagiellonian University alumni
Translators of the Bible into Polish |
33188662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHC%20Wezep | WHC Wezep | Wezep Hattemerbroek Combination, commonly known as WHC Wezep, is a football club from the municipality of Oldebroek, Netherlands. WHC played in the 2017-18 Eerste Klasse. The club plays home games at Mulder Singel, where WHC has six playing fields and three training fields. The grandstand has 500 seats. WHC has blue and white team colors. The club is best known for a 14–1 defeat to Ajax Amsterdam in the KNVB Cup 2009–10 season.
History
1930s–1940s
On October 1 1930, the Hattemerbroek Football Association (HVV) was founded in Bakery Merchant to Hattemerbroek. After several years of participation in the North Central Football Association (NCVB), HVV won its first championship in 1938. This was followed with a second championship in 1939, with the team remaining undefeated throughout the season. The rise to prominence of HVV was halted in 1940 by the German invasion of the Netherlands. The competition fell into abeyance.
During the war years football mostly stopped. After liberation, HVV Wezeper Boys resumed competitive football. The KNVB did not accept Wezeper Boys and advised that they merge with the local HVV. A new name for the merged club was adopted: Wezep Hattemerbroek Combination (WHC).
In the 1946-1947 season, WHC entered the newly created fourth division of the KNVB, the highest level in the Eastern Division. WHC achieved success in 1949 at the expense of Quick Boys (champions of the Saturday amateur league) and qualified for the cup final. In Baarn, WHC lost 2-1 to the Amsterdam side AMVJ. After the match, the referee and his assistants fled amid complaints about the officiating. A year later, some 5,000 spectators saw WHC win 4-2 against Nunspeet in 't Harde, achieving its first championship under the new name.
1950s–1960s
In the 1950s, WHC was less controversial. In the late fifties Klouwenberg Wim Klein, WHC's first official coach, joined the club along with some young talent. Klouwenberg Klein was instrumental in the club achieving their greatest success up to that point.
From 1964 to 1970, WHC won five division championships. The 1968 championship included a deciding match against Go Ahead Kampen Zwolle (a 2-1 victory). This game was watched by 11,500 spectators, a number unheard of in a game between amateur clubs.
1970s
In 1970, WHC won an eighth title, remaining undefeated for the entire season. The team had a good run in the Saturday Press Wezenaar league, but failed to with the championship.
For five seasons during the 1970s, WHC competed unsuccessfully for the Saturday league title, finishing runner's up on four occasions. During that period, WHC became known nationally as a Saturday football club.
In 1971, WHC lost to Veenendaal Black White '28 champions in the Saturday amateur football cup final. It was one of the last appearances of legendary WHC footballers Gerrit Wessels, Jan Kroes, Freman Goudbeek, Roelof Dad, Henk Fine, Dirk Vierhuizen, Marten Westerink and Kees van Pijkeren. Several players from WHC participated in the Dutch national Saturday team.
1980s–1990s
In 1980 in a critical match in Nunspeet, watched by 5000 spectators, WHC beat SDCP 5-0 to avoid relegation. In 1982 WHC was relegated for the first time in their 52 year history. Six years later, WHC returned to the highest level. In 1988, a ninth division championship was won and a 5-1 victory over FC Meppel ensured a return to the top level.
In 1992, WHC again just avoided relegation, before relegation struck again in 1996. The club was promoted gain, however, after a 5-1 win over ASC, which gave them a tenth divisional championship.
2000s–2010s
The club scored three third places and time titles in 2000, 2004 and 2005. After 30 appearances in the first and / or second league since 1970, the club was one of the most experienced at the highest level of amateur Saturday football.
References
External links
Official site
Football clubs in the Netherlands
Football clubs in Gelderland
1930 establishments in the Netherlands
Association football clubs established in 1930 |
29748232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBera%C5%84%20Power%20Station | Żerań Power Station | Żerań Heat Power Station () is a coal-fired heat power station in the northeastern Warsaw suburb of Żerań, Poland. Built between 1952 and 1956 to Soviet design specifications – with the first turbine becoming operational on 21 July 1954 – it underwent modernisation in the years 1997-2001 when it was taken over by Vattenfall. It is now owned by PGNiG. The station has a heat generation capacity of 1,561 MW and an electric generation capacity of 350 MW.
Żerań Heat Power Station has three flue gas stacks: the tallest of which stands at whilst the other two both reach a height of .
References
Energy infrastructure completed in 1954
Energy infrastructure completed in 1956
Coal-fired power stations in Poland
Cogeneration power stations in Poland
Buildings and structures in Warsaw
Białołęka |
42652909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylohydrax | Phylohydrax | Phylohydrax is a genus of plants in the Rubiaceae. It contains two species:
Phylohydrax carnosa (Hochst.) Puff - Madagascar, South Africa
Phylohydrax madagascariensis (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Puff - Tanzania, Madagascar
References
External links
photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected near Durban, South Africa, Lewis, Walter Hepworth - 6291, Phylohydrax carnosa
photo of herbaruim specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Madagascar, Miller, James Spencer - 3840, Phylohydrax madagascariensis
Rubiaceae genera
Spermacoceae |
63617562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesbah%20Uddin%20Ahmed | Mesbah Uddin Ahmed |
Career
Ahmed was elected to parliament from Rajshahi-2 as a Jatiya Party candidate in 1986 and 1988.
References
Jatiya Party politicians
Living people
3rd Jatiya Sangsad members
4th Jatiya Sangsad members
Year of birth missing (living people) |
60163644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Harvey | Carlos Harvey | Carlos Miguel Harvey Cesneros is a Panamaian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Major League Soccer club LA Galaxy and the Panama national team.
Club career
He joined LA Galaxy II on loan from Tauro F.C. in February 2019. On 26 June 2020, Harvey moved to the LA Galaxy first team. He joined LA Galaxy on a permanent basis on 17 February 2021.
International career
Harvey participated at the 2018 CONCACAF U-20 Championship in November 2018. He made his senior international debut for Panama against United States on 27 January 2019 in a friendly match at the State Farm Stadium in Glendale, Arizona.
References
2000 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Panama City
Association football defenders
Panamanian footballers
Panama international footballers
Tauro F.C. players
LA Galaxy II players
LA Galaxy players
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Liga Panameña de Fútbol players
USL Championship players
Major League Soccer players |
64161201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian%20Majcherski | Fabian Majcherski | Fabian Majcherski (born 28 March 1997) is a Polish volleyball player.
Sporting achievements
Clubs
National championships
2017/2018 Polish Cup, with Trefl Gdańsk
Individual awards
2018: Polish Cup – Best Defender
References
External links
Player profile at PlusLiga.pl
Player profile at Volleybox.net
1997 births
Living people
People from Lębork
Sportspeople from Pomeranian Voivodeship
Polish men's volleyball players
Trefl Gdańsk players |
25576010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggane%20District | Reggane District | Reggane District is a district of Adrar Province, Algeria. According to the 2008 census it has a population of 33,540.
Communes
The district is further divided into 2 communes:
Reggane
Sali
References
Districts of Adrar Province |
55972809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis%20Grechikho | Denis Grechikho | Denis Grechikho (; ; born 22 May 1999) is a Belarusian professional footballer, who plays for Rukh Brest.
References
External links
1999 births
Living people
Belarusian footballers
Association football midfielders
FC Dnepr Mogilev players
FC Dnyapro Mogilev players
FC Rukh Brest players |
15922008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigris%20Township%2C%20Antelope%20County%2C%20Nebraska | Verdigris Township, Antelope County, Nebraska | Verdigris Township is one of twenty-four townships in Antelope County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 78 at the 2010 census.
See also
County government in Nebraska
References
External links
City-Data.com
Townships in Antelope County, Nebraska
Townships in Nebraska |
21529267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPK | UPK | UPK may refer to:
University Press of Kansas, an academic publisher
University Press of Kentucky, an academic publisher
UPK, LID code for Upernavik Kujalleq Heliport, Avannaata municipality, Greenland
User Productivity Kit, part of the Oracle Applications software
Universal Pre-Kindergarten, alternate term for Universal preschool |
53679691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranium | Kranium | Kemar Donaldson popularly known as Kranium, is a Jamaican reggae and dancehall singer known for his 2013 hit single "Nobody Has To Know" which gave him an international recognition and led him to the Atlantic Records record label.
Personal life
The nephew of Screwdriver, he was in Montego Bay before moving to Miami, Florida in 2005. He moved to New York City one year later.
Career
His career began with a series of appearances in New York City and the tri-state area. He opened shows for Gyptian, Serani, I-Octane and Tarrus Riley.
His song, "Nobody Has to Know", produced by PLMR Productions, played on ethnic radio stations in New York City, including the influential Hot 97 FM. "Nobody Has To Know" sold more than 39,000 copies in 2015, peaking at #32 on the Reggae Digital Songs chart. Kranium has been working with producers including Tony Kelly, TJ Records and Cash Flow. In 2021 he released and EP titled Toxic
Discography
Albums
Rumors (2015)
Midnight Sparks (2019)
Singles
"Nobody Has to Know" MC: Platinum
We Can
Between Us
Lifestyle
Draw Me Out
History
Beach House
Stamina
Lil Luv
Moonlight
Can't Give A...
Swagga Buck
Ride It
Rumors
Gotta Believe
Spydog
Rebel Moon
This Morning
El Obraje
Dos Sonrisas, Una Lagrima
Envuelto en el Silencio
Interlude
No Te Tortures
Nobody Haffi Know
Sleepless Nights
Summer Chill
Sex Addict
What We Need
Pressure Bust Pipe
No Commoners
Manos cruzadas
Up and Away
Sin Tener Más (ft. Timbaland and Cali)
Want
Yesos de Familia (with Wizkid, ft. Kyla, Ty Dolla $ign, Dandee and J Balvin)
"Can't Believe" (with Ty Dolla Sign, ft. WizKid) MC: Gold
Risky (Refix) (with Davido
So Me Move
Gal Policy (Remix) ft Tiwa Savage
References
1993 births
Living people
Jamaican reggae musicians
People from Montego Bay |
8312547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand%20Parmentier | Armand Parmentier | Armand Parmentier (born 15 February 1954 in Waregem, West Flanders) is a retired male long-distance runner from Belgium, who represented his native country in the men's marathon at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. There he finished in 30th position, clocking 2:18:10. Two years earlier, he won the silver medal in the classic distance at the 1982 European Championships.
Achievements
References
sports-reference
1954 births
Living people
Belgian male long-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
European Athletics Championships medalists
Olympic athletes of Belgium
People from Waregem |
58733962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renu%20Mandhane | Renu Mandhane | Madam Justice Renu Mandhane is a Canadian jurist and lawyer who was appointed a judge of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice (Brampton) on May 22, 2020.
Early life and education
Mandhane was born and grew up in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Her parents, Jaman and Nilima Mandhane (an engineer and bookkeeper, respectively), immigrated to Canada from India in the early 1970s. She has one brother, Dr. Piush Mandhane, who is an associate professor of medicine at the University of Alberta.
Mandhane earned a Bachelor of Arts (with distinction) from Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, a J.D. from the University of Toronto Faculty of Law, and a LL.M in international human rights law from New York University School of Law in 2003. Mandhane has authored the following academic articles:
"Ending impunity: critical reflections on the prosecutions of heads of state" (2011) 61 University of Toronto Law Journal 163
Paul Michell & Renu Mandhane, "New standards of independence and impartiality for the expert witness" (2005) 42(3) Alberta Law Review 636
"The use of human rights discourse to secure women’s interests: critical analysis of the implications" (2004) 10(2) Michigan Journal of Gender & Law 275
"Efficiency or autonomy? Economic and feminist legal theory in the context of sexual assault" (2001) 59 University of Toronto Faculty of Law Review 173
"Duty to rescue through the lens of multiple-party sexual assault" (2000) 9 Dalhousie Journal of Legal Studies 1
Early Legal Career
Mandhane's legal career has been diverse and distinguished. Mandhane was a member of the Law Society of Ontario from 2002 until her appointment to the bench in 2020.
Mandhane completed her articles at a leading full-service law firm in Toronto, Torys LLP, and then practiced criminal law with Diane Oleskiw, now Justice Oleskiw of the Ontario Court of Justice. Mandhane was counsel to criminally-accused persons and prisoners before trial and appeal courts, and administrative tribunals. She represented women and children as complainants in sexual assault matters. Mandhane's notable cases include:
Dodd v. Canada (Correctional Services of Canada), [2007] 85 OR (3d) 346 (C.A.); and
R. v. Truscott, (2006) 83 O.R. (3d) 272 (C.A.).
University of Toronto, Faculty of Law
From 2009-2015, Mandhane was Director of the University of Toronto's International Human Rights Program. Mandhane accepted the Ludwig and Estelle Jus Memorial Human Rights Prize and the Lexpert Zenith Award for Pro Bono Service on behalf of the International Human Rights Program. Mandhane was counsel on interventions before the Supreme Court of Canada related to the domestic application of international law, including:
Chevron Corp. v. Yaiguaje, [2015] 3 SCR 69;and
Ezokola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), [2013] 2 SCR 678.
Mandhane worked closely with PEN International to highlight threats to freedom of expression in Mexico and India. Mandhane is also noted for exposing Canada’s treatment of immigration detainees with mental health disabilities who are held indefinitely in provincial jails pending deportation. Throughout her tenure at the University of Toronto, Mandhane was involved with national law reform efforts to impose strict prohibitions and judicial oversight of solitary confinement in Canada's prisons and jails. In 2015, Mandhane appeared before the United Nations Human Rights Committee (Geneva) on Canada's periodic review under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Ontario Human Rights Commission
In 2015, Mandhane was appointed Chief Commissioner for the Ontario Human Rights Commission, and served in that role until she was appointed to the bench in 2020. During Mandhane's tenure, the Commission enacted policies on racial profiling, accessible education, and religious freedom. Mandhane conducted public inquires that showed the over-representation of Black people in violent police interactions, the over-representation of Black and Indigenous children in state care, and the barriers to accommodation of students with learning disabilities in public schools. As a result of her leadership, Ontario passed legislation to better protect human rights in policing and corrections, and to advance anti-racism initiatives within government. The Commission also obtained an order from the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario prohibiting segregation of people with mental health disabilities within provincial corrections.
As Chief Commissioner, Mandhane is noted for her efforts to advance reconciliation with Indigenous peoples in Ontario, especially in towns and cities in Northern Ontario. She negotiated a Memorandum of Understanding with the Ontario Federation of Indigenous Friendship Centres. In 2019, she was gifted an eagle feather by traditional knowledge-keeper Maurice Switzer of the Mississaugas of Alderville First Nation. Reflecting on her work at the Commission, Grand Chief Alvin Fiddler stated: "“While leading the Ontario Human Rights Commission, Renu was a strong and vocal advocate for the people of Nishnawbe Aski Nation and defender of the rights of many people across this province."
During her tenure, Mandhane became an influential voice on human rights issues in Ontario and nationally. She authored a number of opinion editorials in a variety of publications, including the following:
“Canada must put human rights at the centre of its COVID-19 response,” Toronto Star (2 April 2020)
“The public service should reflect the full diversity of our community,” Globe and Mail (23 July 2019)
“Adam Capay case shows Ontario must eliminate the inhumane practice of segregation,” Globe and Mail (26 February 2019)
“All children should feel like they belong in school,” Toronto Star (2 September 2018)
"A day to remember the tragic consequences of hate" Toronto Star (29 January 2018)
“Leadership needed to fight racism” Thunder Bay Chronicle Journal (25 July 2017)
“Ottawa’s solitary bill is a start. Now the provinces must do better” Globe and Mail (20 June 2017)
“Unfounded sexual assault cases: A human-rights issue” Globe and Mail (16 February 2017)
Mandhane received many accolades for her leadership as Chief Commissioner. Canadian Lawyer magazine reported that Mandhane, "reinvigorated the OHRC," and that she was "a vocal, courageous and ardent advocate on issues of racial profiling, carding, police oversight, Indigenous rights and the rights of people who are differently abled." Canadian Lawyer noted that Mandhane was in the media steadily, and that she largely what blew open the story of Adam Capay, the young indigenous man who had been in indefinite solitary confinement with the lights on 24/7 for more than four years." The Correctional Investigator of Canada, Dr. Ivan Zinger, stated that, “Mandhane has brought public attention to correctional practices that are discriminatory or violate the human rights of prisoners, including federally sentenced women, Indigenous people, persons with mental health disabilities and immigration detainees," and that she was "a leading voice on national and provincial efforts to end the use of solitary confinement."
Community Engagement
Mandhane is a Senior Fellow of Massey College at the University of Toronto, and a member of the South Asian Bar Association.
Mandhane has delivered addresses to a wide variety of audiences including to the judiciary, legal profession, community organizations, governments, Indigenous peoples, and international organizations.
Prior to her appointment, Mandhane was involved a number of community organizations including the Centre for Free Expression at Ryerson University, Human Rights Watch, Journalists for Human Rights, the Elizabeth Fry Society of Toronto, Nellie's shelter, and the Metropolitan Action Committee on Violence against Women and Children.
Awards and Recognitions
Mandhane has received myriad of awards and recognitions, including:
International Commission of Jurists-Canada’s Tarnipolsky Human Rights Award (2020);
Excellence Canada’s highest honour, the Special Recognition of Achievement (2019);
Ed McIsaac Human Rights in Corrections Award (2018)
Canada’s “Top 25 Most Influential Lawyers” by Canadian Lawyer Magazine (2017),
Grant’s Desi Achiever Award, Desi Magazine (2016).
Mandhane has been profiled in the following publications:
Ted Fraser, "Eight women named Ontario court judges," Toronto Star (May 22, 2020)
Tim Wilbur and Mallory Hendry, “The Top 25 Most Influential: Renu Mandhane,” Canadian Lawyer (August 2017);
Rhianna Schmunk, “Renu Mandhane, Ontario Human Rights Commissioner, Has History of Advocacy,” HuffPost Canada (28 October 2016);
Andrew Stokes, “Meet Renu Mandhane, Ontario Chief Human Rights Commissioner,” Queen’s University Alumni Review (23 March 2016);
Lucianna Ciccocioppo, “Out Front: Alumna Renu Mandhane wants everyone to know there’s still a need for the Ontario Human Rights Commission,” Nexus Magazine (Fall/Winter 2015);
Jim Rankin, “New Ontario Human Rights Commissioner Renu Mandhane vows aggressive approach,” Toronto Star (1 November 2015);
Kelly Korducki, “Agent of Change: In her role as head of the International Human Rights Program at UofT, Renu Mandhane is not afraid to ask tough questions,” Precedent Magazine (May 2012)
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Lawyers in Ontario
New York University School of Law alumni
Ontario civil servants |
36534441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%20SMU%20Mustangs%20football%20team | 1983 SMU Mustangs football team | The 1983 SMU Mustangs football team represented Southern Methodist University (SMU) as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by second-year head coach Bobby Collins, the Mustangs compiled an overall record 10–2 with a mark of 7–1 in conference play, placing second in the SWC. SMU was invited to the Sun Bowl, there they lost to Alabama.
Schedule
Roster
References
SMU
SMU Mustangs football seasons
SMU Mustangs football |
55872138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondelsheim%20%28Weinsheim%29 | Gondelsheim (Weinsheim) | Gondelsheim is a village (Ortsteil) in the municipality of Weinsheim in the county of Bitburg-Prüm in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.
Location
Gondelsheim lies in the valley of the Vlierbach stream, which flows past the village to the south. To the north rises the Seimersberg hill. The main roads through the village are the Kreisstrassen K 172 and K 178. Neighbouring villages are Schwirzheim to the east, Baselt to the south and Weinsheim to the west.
History
In 1988 scattered pieces of Roman pottery were found south of Gondelsheim dating to the 2nd and 4th centuries AD indicating that the area was already settled by that time.
On 1 January 1971 the hitherto independent municipality of Gondelsheim was incorporated into Weinsheim.
Sights
Roman Catholic parish and pilgrimage church of St. Fides, built in the 15th century
Clubs
Freiwillige Feuerwehr Gondelsheim (volunteer fire service)
Chorgemeinschaft Büdesheim-Gondelsheim-Schwirzheim (choir)
Karneval Gondelsheim (carnival)
Population
References
Bitburg-Prüm |
4199798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWayne%20Buice | DeWayne Buice | DeWayne Allison Buice (born August 20, 1957) is a former professional relief pitcher. Buice played two seasons for the California Angels and half a season for the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball (MLB). He officially announced his retirement and played in his final game on June 27, 1989, but he continued to make appearances in the minor leagues into the 2000s, exclusively for teams in which he had an ownership stake.
Buice is one of six pitchers in the Angels' 60-year history to strike out at least 100 batters in a season without starting a game (109 in 1987). The others are Mark Clear (105, 1980), Bryan Harvey (101, 1991), Troy Percival (100, 1996), Scot Shields (109, 2004) and Francisco Rodríguez (123, 2004).
Buice finished with a career record of 9 wins versus 11 losses, 20 saves, 157 strikeouts and a 4.23 earned run average over a 2½-year MLB career. Buice is currently the Reno Astros' co-owner.
Upper Deck
Buice was one of the original managing partners of the Upper Deck trading cards company, and held that position from 1988 to 2000. Buice was in downtown Yorba Linda, California, one evening in November 1987, looking for a particular Chinese restaurant in the area, and after looking around the neighborhood without success, he went into a baseball card shop called "The Upper Deck" to ask the person working there whether he knew the whereabouts of the restaurant.
Buice and owner Bill Hemrick struck up a friendship, which led to Buice having an autograph signing at the store, and within weeks, Buice had become one of Hemrick's business partners.
Hemrick and then-partner Paul Sumner were starting a card company called Upper Deck. The two did not have the connections to help land them the necessary license from the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA), which would allow them to use the names and likenesses of the players on the card. The only response they could elicit was that the players union wasn't accepting another card company for three more years. Buice was told that if he could help them secure a license, he was promised a 12 percent stake in the card company. Buice would become a key figure in getting MLBPA officials to agree to a meeting. By the end of the 1988 season, Hemrick and Summer received the license and were making baseball cards in 1989.
The company they started was called Upper Deck. The glossy cards featured holograms to protect against counterfeiting. There would be a high demand for the cards. Tom Geideman, one of Upper Deck's first employees, who was responsible for picking the players who would be featured in the set, called the phenomenon cardboard gold. By the time Buice retired from professional ball at the end of the 1989 season, he had collected $2.8 million. Buice believed he was owed much more, so he sued Upper Deck executives. After a battle over his stake in the company was settled in court, he reportedly made $17 million on the deal.
Buice entered into a four-year contract with the company. After the strike in 1994/95 was resolved, Upper Deck gave Buice six more years of ownership in the form of a contract extension. DeWayne Buice never worked for Upper Deck. Buice made the contact between Hemrick and the then de facto commissioner of baseball, Bud Selig, which earned Buice a twelve percent stake in the company. Buice earned $27 million, far more than his short MLB career brought him.
References
External links
Retrosheet
Mexican League
Venezuelan League
The Upper Deck Company
1957 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
American sports businesspeople
Baseball players from California
California Angels players
Cal State Dominguez Hills Toros baseball players
Cedar Rapids Giants players
Edmonton Trappers players
Fresno Giants players
Great Falls Giants players
Leones del Caracas players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Major League Baseball pitchers
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Midland Angels players
People from Lynwood, California
Syracuse Chiefs players
Tacoma Tigers players
Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos players
Toronto Blue Jays players |
7426575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway%20at%20the%201964%20Winter%20Olympics | Norway at the 1964 Winter Olympics | Norway competed at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria.
Medalists
Alpine skiing
Men
Men's slalom
Women
Biathlon
Men
1 Two minutes added per miss.
Cross-country skiing
Men
Men's 4 × 10 km relay
Women
Figure skating
Women
Ice hockey
First Round
Winners (in bold) qualified for the Group A to play for 1st-8th places. Teams, which lost their qualification matches, played in Group B for 9th-16th places.
|}
Consolation Round
Japan 4-3 Norway
Poland 4-2 Norway
Norway 9-2 Italy
Norway 5-1 Hungary
Norway 4-2 Romania
Austria 2-8 Norway
Norway 8-4 Yugoslavia
Luge
Men
(Men's) Doubles
Nordic combined
Events:
normal hill ski jumping
15 km cross-country skiing
Ski jumping
Speed skating
Men
References
Official Olympic Reports
International Olympic Committee results database
Olympic Winter Games 1964, full results by sports-reference.com
Nations at the 1964 Winter Olympics
1964
1964 in Norwegian sport |
58092778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola%20Tomi%C4%87 | Nikola Tomić | Nikola Tomić (also known as Nykk Deetronic, born February 19. 1975, Kragujevac) is a Serbian composer, multimedia designer, animator and web designer. He is author of popular animated cartoons for children We are chickens (Serbian: Mi smo pilići), Mommy Loves Baby (Serbian: Mama voli bebu) and Maxim's adventures (Serbian: Maksimove avanture). His YouTube channel is among the most visited channels in the countries of former Yugoslavia. As of August 2018, he has almost 1 million subscribers and over 1 billion video views.
YouTube channel
Tomić created his YouTube channel in 2007 as a personal portfolio. Channel remained relatively anonymous until 2011, and the only video from that period with significant viewcount was the Nyan Pig. Tomić's YouTube channel started to be recognized by wider audience when he published the first version of We are chickens video.
We are chickens
Tomić was a member of team engaged on development of Facebook game Chicken lines (Serbian: Pilići), authored by Nenad Hrnjak. Tomić made a theme music for Serbian version of the game, while the English theme was composed by Boris Mladenović from the Jarboli band.
In 2011 Tomić published on his YouTube channel animated video We are chickens, for which he composed music and made animation, while the characters were designed by his cousin Dragan Tomić. Video become viral and significantly contributed to popularity of tomic's channel.
Maxim's adventures
Maxim's adventures (Serbian: Maksimove avanture) is a series of animated cartoons published first on Tomić's YouTube channel, and broadcast from September 10, 2016. on the first channel of Radio Television of Serbia.
Main characters are family members – daddy, mommy, and a little boy Maxim and their pet, a little dog called Masha. Characters are based on Tomić's own family members. Several theater plays based on Maxim's adventures were produced.
Mommy loves baby
Children's song Mommy loves baby (Serbian: Mama voli bebu) is Tomić's the most popular YouTube video with over 160 million views (July 2018). The song was made by chance, when Tomić's spouse Jelena sang a song to their son Maxim. Tomić recorded a song with his smartphone and in 2013. published a video. The song was sung by Jelena Kovačević. Later on, the song was adopted on Bosnian, Chinese, Italian and Spanish languages.
Brand
Mommy loves baby & Maxim's adventures is a brand and franchise used by Tomić for placement of products and services on the market, a business model already used by similar brands such as Masha and the Bear or Angry Birds.
In 2016 Tomić and AdvanTec Group from Belgrade placed on the market puppets modelled after characters of daddy, mommy and Maxim.
In 2017 a number of books was published in the serie Growing up with Maxim (Serbian: Odrastanje sa Maksimom):
Adventure in the ZOO (Serbian: Avantura u zoo vrtu)
The first day in the kindergarten (Serbian: Prvi dan
nmjn
vrtiću)
But I'm afraid (Serbian: Ali ja se bojim)
No no no and no (Serbian: Ne ne ne i ne)
Adventure with letters (Serbian: Avantura sa slovima)
I'm bored (Serbian: Dosadno mi je)
Healthy snack (Serbian: Zdrava užina)
That really isn't fair (Serbian: To stvarno nije fer)
In 2017 a kindergarten named Maksimove avanture was opened in Belgrade, Serbia.
Controversy and legal issues
Tomić's YouTube channel already survived several legal attacks, based on copyright infringement and intellectual property, which caused temporary removal of Tomić's videos from YouTube on multiple occasions.
After We are chickens video, Tomić produced and published additional videos with the same characters, which in 2015 caused legal disagreements and copyright issues between Tomić, Nenad Hrnjak (author of Facebook game Chicken lines) and IDJVideos ltd. Tomić, Hrnjak i IDJVideos solved this problem in the manner that Tomić removed 7 controversial videos with Chickens from his channel, while Hrnjak in turn granted Tomić with free licence for Chickens usage in the remaining 11 videos.
In June 2017, Tomić's YouTube channel was attacked once again, this time by Advantec Group ltd. from Belgrade, with whom Tomić already had some previous business cooperation in toys distribution. On May 30, 2017 Advantec Group submitted a registration claim on Mama voli bebu – Maksimove avanture trademark. As a consequence, the Court in Serbia rendered a decision on preliminary injunction by which Nikola Tomić is forbidden to make publicly available all episodes of Maksim's adventures until the dispute is resolved in final instance.
References
External links
Mommy Loves Baby
Deetronic Design Studio
Nykk Deetronic YouTube channel
Official facebook page
Living people
1975 births
Male YouTubers
Musicians from Kragujevac
Serbian composers
Serbian animators
Serbian designers |
42803158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Elmhirst | Edward Elmhirst | Edward Elmhirst (26 November 1811 – 12 November 1893) was an English cricketer who played in 15 matches between 1834 and 1853 that are considered to have been first-class. Among the teams that he played first-class games for were Cambridge University and the Gentlemen of England. He was born at Bag Enderby, Lincolnshire and died at Shawell, Leicestershire.
Though his record is not impressive by modern standards, Elmhirst batted mostly in the middle order, and sometimes as an opening batsman, but it is not recorded whether he was right- or left-handed; he also kept wicket in some games.
Elmhirst was ordained as a Church of England vicar after he left Trinity College, Cambridge in 1835 and served as rector of Shawell from 1841 until his death.
References
1811 births
1893 deaths
English cricketers
Cambridge University cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
North v South cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
People educated at King Edward VI Grammar School, Louth
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
19th-century English Anglican priests |
40447104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow-gauge%20railways%20in%20Asia | Narrow-gauge railways in Asia | Asia has many narrow-gauge railways. The railways of Japan (except for high-speed lines), Indonesia and the Philippines are predominantly narrow gauge. Those in mainland Southeast Asia, which includes Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar and Malaysia, are predominantly metre gauge. The proposed ASEAN Railway would be standard or dual gauge, using metre- and standard-gauge regional railway networks and linking Singapore (at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula) through Malaysia, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam to China's standard-gauge rail network. In Western Asia, Jordan uses narrow gauge.
China
Some of China's rail network is metre gauge, and many narrow-gauge railways existed in the country. Metre-gauge railways were popular in several regions before 1949. The metre-gauge Kunming-Hekou Railway (previously known as the Sino-Vietnamese Railway) was built between Vietnam and China by French colonists. In Manchuria, lumber companies built narrow-gauge railways—primarily gauge—into the forests. The , Gebishi railway was built from Caoba towards Shiping. Built in 1915, its final section was closed in 1990.
Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, the Kowloon-Canton Railway was partially laid with and gauge during its 1910 construction but was soon converted to standard gauge. The Sha Tau Kok Railway had a gauge for much of its existence. The Hong Kong Tramways are gauge and the territory's metro, the MTR, runs on except for its leased, standard-gauge KCR network.
India
India has five narrow-gauge railways: the metre-gauge Nilgiri Mountain Railway, the Kalka–Shimla Railway and Kangra Valley Railway and the Darjeeling Himalayan and Matheran Hill Railways. UNESCO World Heritage Sites as mountain railways, they were not converted to broad gauge.
Indonesia
Indonesia had a number of narrow-gauge railways supporting industry, primarily sugarcane plantations in Java. Sugarcane production has been declining, and the railways are now largely closed or used for tourism. Most of the country's active railways use the gauge.
Japan
Except for the high-speed Shinkansen lines and JR East's Ou Main and Tazawako Lines, all of Japan Railways Group's network is narrow-gauge . Some companies, such as Kintetsu, Keisei Electric Railway, Keihin Electric Express Railway, Hankyu Railway, Toei Asakusa Line, Tokyo Metro's Ginza Line and Marunouchi line, use standard gauge.
Tokyo's Keio Corporation network and the Toei Shinjuku subway line, which have through service, use an unusual gauge. This gauge is also used on the Tokyo and Hakodate tramways.
Japan adopted as a standard narrow gauge for small, forestry and industrial lines. Most of these narrow-gauge lines were abandoned, and only four remain in operation: the Kintetsu Utsube Line, Kintetsu Hachioji Line, Sangi Railway and Kurobe Gorge Railway.
Malaysia
Malaysia's oldest railway systems are metre gauge, a standard which was adopted when the British colonial government laid down the first rail lines in 1885. Keretapi Tanah Melayu, the main railway operator in Peninsular Malaysia, uses metre gauge for the main west- and east-coast intercity lines and the lines spanning Singapore from the Johor-Singapore Causeway to the Tanjong Pagar railway station. Existing metre-gauge lines are also used for KTM Komuter, the country's commuter rail service, which links Kuala Lumpur and its suburbs. Standard gauge is used by the Putra LRT and Star LRT light rail operators in Kuala Lumpur and the privately-operated Express Rail Link to Kuala Lumpur International Airport.
In Sabah, the North Borneo Railway (Keretapi Negeri Sabah) runs a metre-gauge line from Kota Kinabalu to Tenom in the Crocker Range via Beaufort. Steam locomotives are also used on this route.
Philippines
Except for the Line 1, Line 2 and Line 3 systems in Metro Manila, the Philippine National Railways (PNR) uses a track gauge. The PNR has one line (from Manila to the southern Luzon city of Legazpi), but only operates commuter rail service in Metro Manila. Until the 1980s, a more-extensive network ran north to San Fernando in La Union province.
A number of industrial narrow-gauge steam railways are operated by the sugarcane industry, concentrated on the islands of Negros and Panay. The Visayas region is the hub of the sugarcane lines, and some mills (such as La Carlotta Milling in Negros) run charter trains for tourists.
Abandoned lines remain on the islands of Cebu (abandoned in the 1950s or 1960s), Mindanao and Panay (closed in the 1990s). Panay Railways operated a rail line from Roxas City and Iloilo City until the mid-1980s.
Taiwan
Taiwan began developing its rail service during the Qing dynasty, using a gauge. The Japanese colonial government, which ruled from 1895 to 1945, continued using that gauge. The system is now administered by the Taiwan Railway Administration, and the Taipei Metro and Kaohsiung MRT use standard gauge. The Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR), which began operation in January 2007, also uses standard gauge. A gauge line on the east coast was regauged to when it was interconnected.
A , narrow-gauge Alishan Forest Railway stretches and connects Chiayi to the mountain resort of Alishan. The line is primarily a tourist attraction. On 7 September 2006, the Taiwanese government announced a plan to update to standard gauge.
Thailand
The Northern Line was originally standard gauge, but it was regauged after 1919 and the State Railway of Thailand now operates entirely on metre gauge (including service to Malaysia and Laos). However, standard gauge is used by the BTS skytrain, the MRT and the Bangkok airport link. All proposed new high-speed lines would be standard gauge. At Siam Park City in Bangkok, a light railway for visitors operated for about two decades. The Siam Park City Railway had a 2 ft (610 mm) track gauge; remnants are still visible, and the locomotives are at the former roofed depot.
References |
3786731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural%20researcher | Cross-cultural researcher | A cross-cultural researcher is a type of ethnologist interested in discovering general patterns about cultural traits. This branch of anthropology investigates what is universal and variable among cultures, why traits vary, and what consequences come from the variations.
Cross-cultural researchers generally follow cross-cultural research theory, which holds that most cultures share common evolutionary and functional traits. This view has evolved from the notion of cultures progressing from "barbarism to civilization" and "primitive versus advanced races" to a more nuanced, comparative view. This evolution also seeks to de-emphasize various traditional approaches based on race and racism, to a more objective, neutral view of cultures, taking in all their diversity and variability.
See also
Anthropology
Cross-cultural studies
Human evolution
Origin of the Nilotic peoples
Ethnology |
34836040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrance%20Hanold | Terrance Hanold | Terrance Hanold (1912–1996) was an American attorney, food industry executive, and President of the Pillsbury Company.
Hanold was an orphan from the age of four after his parents died in an unknown fire. He was then adopted and moved to a farm family in Illinois where descendants still live to this day as cattle farmers. Hanold was a graduate of the University of Minnesota, the University of Minnesota Law School, and married to Ruth E. Hanold. Upon becoming Pillsbury President in 1967, Hanold diversified the management structure of the company. He travelled the United States to tend to the large Pillsbury operation. He also practiced law in Minnesota and left his papers to the University of Minnesota archives.
References
Minnesota lawyers
University of Minnesota Law School alumni
1912 births
1996 deaths
American food industry businesspeople
20th-century American lawyers |
31029266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucedi%C3%B3%20en%20Jalisco%20%28Los%20cristeros%29 | Sucedió en Jalisco (Los cristeros) | Sucedió en Jalisco (Los Cristeros) ("It Happened in Jalisco (The Cristeros)") is a 1947 Mexican film written and directed by Raúl de Anda based on the novel Los Cristeros by José Guadalupe de Anda. It stars Sara García and portrays the drama of a love triangle during the Cristero War.
Legacy
The filmmakers took a great risk in the making of the film as, despite the liberalism towards Catholicism in the post-Calles era, the Mexican government restricted coverage of the Cristero War and the conflict was largely covered up.
A remake was made in 1972 which Raúl de Anda also directed. This version was based in part on the novel Sucedió en Jalisco by Jesús Goytortua. In light of the difference, Mexican cinema typically refers to the 1947 film by its alternative title Los Cristeros and the 1972 film by the proper title of Sucedió en Jalisco.
See also
For Greater Glory
References
External links
1947 films
Mexican films
1940s Spanish-language films
Mexican black-and-white films
Mexican war drama films
1940s war drama films
1947 drama films |
42043122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306%20HNK%20Rijeka%20season | 2005–06 HNK Rijeka season | The 2005–06 season was the 60th season in Rijeka's history. It was their 15th season in the Prva HNL and 32nd successive top tier season.
Competitions
Prva HNL
Classification
First stage
Second stage (championship play-off)
Results summary
Results by round
Matches
Croatian Supercup
Source: HRnogomet.com
Prva HNL
Source: HRnogomet.com
Croatian Cup
Source: HRnogomet.com
UEFA Cup
Source: HRnogomet.com
Squad statistics
Competitive matches only. Appearances in brackets indicate numbers of times the player came on as a substitute.
See also
2005–06 Prva HNL
2005–06 Croatian Cup
2005–06 UEFA Cup
References
External sources
2005–06 Prva HNL at HRnogomet.com
2005–06 Croatian Cup at HRnogomet.com
Prvenstvo 2005.-2006. at nk-rijeka.hr
HNK Rijeka seasons
Rijeka |
13480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe | Horseshoe | A horseshoe is a fabricated product, normally made of metal, although sometimes made partially or wholly of modern synthetic materials, designed to protect a horse hoof from wear. Shoes are attached on the palmar surface (ground side) of the hooves, usually nailed through the insensitive hoof wall that is anatomically akin to the human toenail, although much larger and thicker. However, there are also cases where shoes are glued.
The fitting of horseshoes is a professional occupation, conducted by a farrier, who specializes in the preparation of feet, assessing potential lameness issues, and fitting appropriate shoes, including remedial features where required. In some countries, such as the UK, horseshoeing is legally restricted to people with specific qualifications and experience. In others, such as the United States, where professional licensing is not legally required, professional organizations provide certification programs that publicly identify qualified individuals.
Horseshoes are available in a wide variety of materials and styles, developed for different types of horse and for the work they do. The most common materials are steel and aluminium, but specialized shoes may include use of rubber, plastic, magnesium, titanium, or copper. Steel tends to be preferred in sports in which a strong, long-wearing shoe is needed, such as polo, eventing, show jumping, and western riding events. Aluminium shoes are lighter, making them common in horse racing, where a lighter shoe is desired; and often facilitate certain types of movement, and so are favored in the discipline of dressage. Some horseshoes have "caulkins", "caulks", or "calks": protrusions at the toe or heels of the shoe, or both, to provide additional traction.
When kept as a talisman, a horseshoe is said to bring good luck. A stylized variation of the horseshoe is used for a popular throwing game, horseshoes.
History
Since the early history of domestication of the horse, working animals were found to be exposed to many conditions that created breakage or excessive hoof wear. Ancient people recognized the need for the walls (and sometimes the sole) of domestic horses' hooves to have additional protection over and above any natural hardness. An early form of hoof protection was seen in ancient Asia, where horses' hooves were wrapped in rawhide, leather or other materials for both therapeutic purposes and protection from wear. From archaeological finds in Great Britain, the Romans appeared to have attempted to protect their horses' feet with a strap-on, solid-bottomed "hipposandal" that has a slight resemblance to the modern hoof boot.
Historians differ on the origin of the horseshoe. Because iron was a valuable commodity, and any worn out items were generally reforged and reused, it is difficult to locate clear archaeological evidence. Although some credit the Druids, there is no hard evidence to support this claim. In 1897 four bronze horseshoes with what are apparently nail holes were found in an Etruscan tomb dated around 400 BC. The assertion by some historians that the Romans invented the "mule shoes" sometime after 100 BC is supported by a reference by Catullus who died in 54 BC. However, these references to use of horseshoes and muleshoes in Rome may have been to the "hipposandal"—leather boots, reinforced by an iron plate, rather than to nailed horseshoes.
Existing references to the nailed shoe are relatively late, first known to have appeared around AD 900, but there may have been earlier uses given that some have been found in layers of dirt. There are no extant references to nailed horseshoes prior to the reign of Byzantine Emperor Leo VI, and by 973 occasional references to them can be found. The earliest clear written record of iron horseshoes is a reference to "crescent figured irons and their nails" in AD 910. There is very little evidence of any sort that suggests the existence of nailed-on shoes prior to AD 500 or 600, though there is a find dated to the 5th century AD of a horseshoe, complete with nails, found in the tomb of the Frankish King Childeric I at Tournai, Belgium.
Around 1000 AD, cast bronze horseshoes with nail holes became common in Europe. A design with a scalloped outer rim and six nail holes was common. According to Gordon Ward the scalloped edges were created by double punching the nail holes causing the edges to bulge. The 13th and 14th centuries brought the widespread manufacturing of iron horseshoes. By the time of the Crusades (1096–1270), horseshoes were widespread and frequently mentioned in various written sources. In that period, due to the value of iron, horseshoes were even accepted in lieu of coin to pay taxes.
By the 13th century, shoes were forged in large quantities and could be bought ready-made. Hot shoeing, the process of shaping a heated horseshoe immediately before placing it on the horse, became common in the 16th century. From the need for horseshoes, the craft of blacksmithing became "one of the great staple crafts of medieval and modern times and contributed to the development of metallurgy." A treatise titled "No Foot, No Horse" was published in England in 1751.
In 1835, the first U.S. patent for a horseshoe manufacturing machine capable of making up to 60 horseshoes per hour was issued to Henry Burden. In mid-19th-century Canada, marsh horseshoes kept horses from sinking into the soft intertidal mud during dike-building. In a common design, a metal horseshoe holds a flat wooden shoe in place.
China
In China, iron horseshoes became common during the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), prior to which rattan and leather shoes were used to preserve animal hooves. Evidence of the preservation of horse hooves in China dates to the Warring States period (476–221 BC), during which Zhuangzi recommended shaving horse hooves to keep them in good shape. The Discourses on Salt and Iron in 81 BC mentions using leather shoes, but it's not clear if they were used for protecting horse hooves or to aid in mounting the horse. Remnants of iron horseshoes have been found in what is now northeast China, but the tombs date to the Goguryeo period in 414 AD. A mural in the Mogao Caves dated to 584 AD depicts a man caring for a horse's hoof, which some speculate might be depicting horseshoe nailing, but the mural is too eroded to tell clearly.
The earliest reference to iron horseshoes in China dates to 938 AD during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. A monk named Gao Juhui sent to the Western Regions writes that the people in Ganzhou (now Zhangye) taught him how to make "horse hoof muse", which had four holes in it that connected to four holes in the horse's hoof, and were thus put together. They also recommended using yak skin shoes for camel hooves. Iron horseshoes however did not become common for another three centuries. Zhao Rukuo writes in Zhu Fan Zhi, finished in 1225, that the horses of the Arabs and Persians used metal for horse shoes, implying that horses in China did not. After the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1271 AD, iron horseshoes became more common in northern China. When Thomas Blakiston travelled up the Yangtze, he noted that in Sichuan "cattle wore straw shoes to prevent their slipping on the wet ground" while in northern China, "horses and cattle are shod with iron shoes and nails." The majority of Chinese horseshoe discoveries have been in Jilin, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Sichuan, and Tibet.
Reasons for use
Environmental changes linked to domestication
Many changes brought about by the domestication of the horse have led to a need for shoes for numerous reasons, mostly linked to management that results in horses' hooves hardening less and being more vulnerable to injury. In the wild, a horse may travel up to per day to obtain adequate forage. While horses in the wild cover large areas of terrain, they usually do so at relatively slow speeds, unless being chased by a predator. They also tend to live in arid steppe climates. The consequence of slow but nonstop travel in a dry climate is that horses' feet are naturally worn to a small, smooth, even and hard state. The continual stimulation of the sole of the foot keeps it thick and hard. However, in domestication, the ways horses are used differ from what they would encounter in their natural environment. Domesticated horses are brought to colder and wetter areas than their ancestral habitat. These softer and heavier soils soften the hooves and make them prone to splitting, making hoof protection necessary. Consequently, it was in northern Europe that the nailed horseshoe arose in its modern form.
Physical stresses requiring horseshoes
Abnormal stress: Horses' hooves can become quite worn out when subjected to the added weight and stress of a rider, pack load, cart, or wagon.
Corrective shoeing: The shape, weight, and thickness of a horseshoe can significantly affect the horse's gait. Farriers may forge custom shoes to help horses with bone or musculature problems in their legs, or fit commercially available remedial shoes.
Traction: Traction devices such as borium for ice, horse shoe studs for muddy or slick conditions, calks, carbide-tipped road nails and rims are useful for performance horses such as eventers, show jumpers, polo ponies, and other horses that perform at high speeds, over changing terrain, or in less-than-ideal footing.
Gait manipulation: Some breeds such as the Saddlebred, Tennessee Walking Horse, and other gaited horses are judged on their high-stepping movement. Special shoeing can help enhance their natural movement.
Racing horses with weakness in their foot or leg require specialized horseshoes.
Horseshoeing theories and debates
Domestic horses do not always require shoes. When possible, a "barefoot" hoof, at least for part of every year, is a healthy option for most horses. However, horseshoes have their place and can help prevent excess or abnormal hoof wear and injury to the foot. Many horses go without shoes year-round, some using temporary protection such as hoof boots for short-term use.
Process of shoeing
Shoeing, when performed correctly, causes no pain to the animal. Farriers trim the insensitive part of the hoof, which is the same area into which they drive the nails. This is analogous to a manicure on a human fingernail, only on a much larger scale.
Before beginning to shoe, the farrier removes the old shoe using pincers (shoe pullers) and trims the hoof wall to the desired length with nippers, a sharp pliers-like tool, and the sole and frog of the hoof with a hoof knife. Shoes do not allow the hoof to wear down as it naturally would in the wild, and it can then become too long. The coffin bone inside the hoof should line up straight with both bones in the pastern. If the excess hoof is not trimmed, the bones will become misaligned, which would place stress on the legs of the animal.
Shoes are then measured to the foot and bent to the correct shape using a hammer, anvil, forge, and other modifications, such as taps for shoe studs, are added. Farriers may either cold shoe, in which they bend the metal shoe without heating it, or hot shoe, in which they place the metal in a forge before bending it. Hot shoeing can be more time-consuming, and requires the farrier to have access to a forge; however, it usually provides a better fit, as the mark made on the hoof from the hot shoe can show how even it lies. It also allows the farrier to make more modifications to the shoe, such as drawing toe- and quarter-clips. The farrier must take care not to hold the hot shoe against the hoof too long, as the heat can damage the hoof.
Hot shoes are placed in water to cool them off. The farrier then nails the shoes on, by driving the nails into the hoof wall at the white line of the hoof. The nails are shaped in such a way that they bend outward as they are driven in, avoiding the sensitive inner part of the foot, so they emerge on the sides of the hoof. When the nail has been completely driven, the farrier cuts off the sharp points and uses a clincher (a form of tongs made especially for this purpose) or a clinching block with hammer to bend the rest of the nail so it is almost flush with the hoof wall. This prevents the nail from getting caught on anything, and also helps to hold the nail, and therefore the shoe, in place.
The farrier then uses a rasp (large file), to smooth the edge where it meets the shoe and eliminate any sharp edges left from cutting off the nails.
In culture
Superstition
Horseshoes have long been considered lucky. They were originally made of iron, a material that was believed to ward off evil spirits, and traditionally were held in place with seven nails, seven being the luckiest number. The superstition acquired a further Christian twist due to a legend surrounding the 10th-century saint Dunstan, who worked as a blacksmith before becoming Archbishop of Canterbury. The legend recounts that, one day, the Devil walked into Dunstan's shop and asked him to shoe his horse. Dunstan pretended not to recognize him, and agreed to the request; but rather than nailing the shoe to the horse's hoof, he nailed it to the Devil's own foot, causing him great pain. Dunstan eventually agreed to remove the shoe, but only after extracting a promise that the Devil would never enter a household with a horseshoe nailed to the door.
Opinion is divided as to which way up the horseshoe ought to be nailed. Some say the ends should point up, so that the horseshoe catches the luck, and that the ends pointing down allow the good luck to be lost; others say they should point down, so that the luck is poured upon those entering the home.
Superstitious sailors believe that nailing a horseshoe to the mast will help their vessel avoid storms.
Heraldry
In heraldry, horseshoes most often occur as canting charges, such as in the arms of families with names like Farrier, Marshall and Smith. A horseshoe (together with two hammers) also appears in the arms of Hammersmith and Fulham, a borough in London.
The flag of Rutland, England's smallest historic county, consists of a golden horseshoe laid over a field scattered with acorns. This references an ancient tradition in which every noble visiting Oakham, Rutland's county town, presents a horseshoe to the Lord of the Manor, which is then nailed to the wall of Oakham Castle. Over the centuries, the Castle has amassed a vast collection of horseshoes, the oldest of which date from the 15th century.
The arms of Espoo, Finland are Azure, a crowned horseshoe Or.
Monuments and structures
The massive golden horseshoe structure is erected over the shopping mall of the Tuuri village in Alavus, a town of Finland. It is one of the most famous monuments in the locality; however, it stands at number three in Reuters' list of world's ugliest buildings and monuments.
Sport
The sport of horseshoes involves a horseshoe being thrown as close as possible to a rod in order to score points. As far as it is known, the sport is as old as horseshoes themselves. While traditional horseshoes can still be used, most organized versions of the game use specialized sport horseshoes, which do not fit on horses' hooves.
See also
Farrier
Horse care
Horse hoof
Laminitis
Natural hoof care
References
External links
Historical development of the horseshoe 1891 Scientific American article from Project Gutenberg
The True Legend of St. Dunstan and the Devil by Edward G. Flight, illustrated by George Cruikshank, published in 1871, and available from Project Gutenberg
Mair and Dicken collections of historical horseshoes in the Museum of English Rural Life
Equine hoof
Heraldic charges
Lucky symbols
Farriery
Objects believed to protect from evil
Talismans |
53906678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom%20technique | Qom technique | Kharmohre () is a kind of ceramic artwork with bright turquoise blue color which is also called kuji () or bead of mehr (). The Qom state of Iran is the only producer of kharmohre in the world. The color of kharmohre is also known as Iranian blue. It is registered as Turquoise pearl of the ancient Persia in Expo 2000 Hanover, Germany. This art is traced back at least to 6000 years ago at copper furnaces around Qom in Iran. This art is introduced as "Qom Technique" at New York museum book.
Kharmohre is one of souvenirs of Qom and its main application is for decoration.
References
Iranian pottery |
49208831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-Mont | Val-Mont | Val-Mont () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department of eastern France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2016 and consists of the former communes of Jours-en-Vaux and Ivry-en-Montagne.
See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
References
Communes of Côte-d'Or
States and territories established in 2016
Populated places established in 2016 |
11319960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansbury | Lansbury | Lansbury may refer to:
Angela Lansbury (born 1925), British-American actress
Bruce Lansbury (1930–2017), British-American television producer
Coral Lansbury (1929–1991), Australian author and academic
George Lansbury (1859–1940), British politician
Henri Lansbury (born 1990), English footballer
Minnie Lansbury (1889-1922), British suffragette
See also
Lansbury Estate, London, named after George Lansbury
Lansbury Park, Wales |
21009378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution%20Hill%2C%20Aberystwyth | Constitution Hill, Aberystwyth | Constitution Hill ( ) is a hill in the Welsh town of Aberystwyth, situated to the north of the town.
The hill overlooks Cardigan Bay in Ceredigion, Wales, running between the town and the coastal settlements Borth and Clarach to the north. The site provides good views of the Aberystwyth, and the sightline extends as far as Snowdonia National Park and north Pembrokeshire.
Since 1896, the Aberystwyth Cliff Railway has ascended to the hill's summit, and the summit features a camera obscura, which is a 1980s rebuild of a Victorian era building which was erected as part of the "Luna Park" recreation area.
At its peak runs the Clarach Footpath on the Wales Coast Path, which connects the town of Aberystwyth with Clarach Bay. Nearby is the Borth – Clarach Site of Special Scientific Interest. The hill itself is often referred to as "Consti" by locals.
Description
Constitution Hill is located on the western coast of Wales on Cardigan Bay, lying north of the town of Aberystwyth and to the south of the Clarach Bay holiday park. The hill is traversed from south to north by the Wales Coast Path.
At the base of the hill there is an apotropaic site, where people stop at a metal piece in the ground, and perform a ritual known as "kicking the bar", using the soles of their feet. The origin of this custom is unknown, with researchers having several theories as to its origin.
Human history
From medieval times up until the early twentieth century, Constitution Hill was the site of several large quarries which, along with others in the area, provided much of the stone required to build the town of Aberystwyth including its castle.
In 1895 the Aberystwyth Improvement Company was formed, a business venture with the goal of developing the hill for leisure and tourism. The company was financed by businessman George Newnes and the project to develop the hill was engineered by George Croydon Marks. The company developed the hill extensively over the following years, including the construction of a restaurant and arcades at the bottom, a theme park called Luna Park and the original camera obscura, and the Aberystwyth Cliff Railway. The Luna Park development did not survive long, as successive summers of poor weather in the early twentieth century limited visitor numbers. The railway, which operated over a length of on a standard gauge at a gradient steeper than 50%, and opened in 1896, proved more successful. Initially powered by pouring water into a tank in the descending car, it was converted to electric operation in 1921.
The original camera obscura and other Victorian features on the hill's summit were abandoned and became derelict during the first half of the 20th century, and by 1959 only one building remained. The site was redeveloped in the 1980s, with the modern camera obscura and other facilities being built.
References
External links
Constitution Hill
Photos of Constitution Hill on geograph.org.uk
Aberystwyth
Mountains and hills of Ceredigion |
3442844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha%20Inoue-Harte | Samantha Inoue-Harte | Samantha Inoue Harte (born April 21, 1979) is an American voice actress and founder of an animation studio called Saiko Studios. She is perhaps most recognized for her role as the Chocobo in Final Fantasy: Unlimited, the anime series, and as Kohran Li in Sakura Wars.
Career
Animated works
A Scanner Darkly
Birth – Munga
Blade of the Phantom Master – Bat
Clerks: The Lost Scene
Cosplay Complex – Delmo
Devil Lady – Flame Monster and Remi
Fairy Tail – Kemo–Kemo (Eps. 223–224)
Final Fantasy: Unlimited – Chobi the Chocobo, Crux, Cactuar
Gatchaman – Devil Star #2, Additional Voices (ADV dub)
Happy Lesson – Alice
Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has A Glitch
Magical Witchland – Pipin
Negima! – Tsukuyomi
Pumpkin Scissors – Dieter, Additional Voices
Sakura Wars – Li Kohran
SpikeTV's Fresh Baked Video Games
Soul Hunter – Shinyoh
Steam Detectives – Cat
Trinity Blood – Carly
Wedding Peach – Fortune Faye
Live-action
Teeth (uncredited gore FX artist)
Grindhouse
Sin City
Jesse's Closet
No Pain, No Gain
Homo Erectus
Idiocracy
Elvis & Annabelle
Kabluey
Man of the House
A Scanner Darkly
Office Space
Video games
DC Universe Online – Isis
External links
1979 births
Animators from Virginia
American film actresses
American television actresses
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
Living people
Actresses from Virginia
American women animators
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses |
56358906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted%20vests%20for%20children | Weighted vests for children | Weighted vests for children and similar therapeutic weighted clothing are sometimes used to try to treat symptoms of certain developmental disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or autism in children. There is however no evidence that they are useful for this purpose.
The vests are weighted down with sand or other heavy materials. Terms used for such items of clothing include sand vests, compression vests or squeeze jackets.
Effectiveness
A review of the use of weighted clothing indicates that they are not useful with respect to hyperactivity, clumsiness, or repetitive behavior. A 2015 review of treatments for autism found only a single study of five people that showed any benefit and six trials that showed no benefit resulting in the overall conclusion of no benefit.
Application
The use of weighted vests for children originated in the United States as a form of therapy for children with autism. By 2017, the use of weighted vests had become common in public schools in Hamburg, Germany. Teachers there reported that students wore the vests voluntarily for up to 30 minutes at a time, and that the vests were popular with the children. Media reports about this practice triggered controversy and criticism because of the lack of long-term studies of the effect of wearing such vests.
See also
Weighted blanket
References
Alternative therapies for developmental and learning disabilities
Vests |
11973524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic%20University%20of%20the%20Philippines%20San%20Pedro | Polytechnic University of the Philippines San Pedro | Polytechnic University of the Philippines – San Pedro Campus (PUP-SPC) is one of the campus units of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines located in San Pedro, Laguna, Philippines. It is one of the four PUP municipality-funded campuses in Laguna; the others are PUP Biñan Campus, PUP Santa Rosa Campus, and PUP Calauan Campus.
History
PUP San Pedro Campus was established on April 9, 2002, as an open university center by virtue of a memorandum of agreement signed by then-Mayor Felicismo A. Vierneza of San Pedro, Laguna and then PUP President Ofelia M. Carague. PUP San Pedro initially offered a single curricular program, Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurial Management. Two sections totaling 119 students enrolled in the courses were housed in a borrowed two-room building at the San Pedro Manpower Training Center (SPMTC) at the Elvinda Subdivision. Around 120 chairs were donated by then Laguna governor Teresita Lazaro.
Campus
The San Pedro, Laguna campus of PUP has an Eco Park and Butterfly Sanctuary.
Academics
College of Education (COED)
Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education (BSEd) Major in Mathematics and English
College of Business (CB)
Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurship (BSE)
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BSBA) Major in Marketing Management
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BSBA) Major in Human Resource Management
College of Computer Management and Information Technology (CCMIT)
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BSIT)
College of Accountancy (COA)
Bachelor of Science in Accountancy
Extracurricular activity
The Polytechnic University of the Philippines San Pedro Campus annually conducts their Quest For Excellence Also known as Q4E in which students will participate into three categories (Academics, Sports, and Arts) to showcase not only their intellectual ability but also their skills and talents. The students are divided according to their respective organization to win an individual categorized competition. The Organization that gathers the most points will hail as Best Organization and will receive the Directors Cup.
References
External links
Polytechnic University of the Philippines – Official website
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Universities and colleges in Laguna (province)
2002 establishments in the Philippines
Education in San Pedro, Laguna
Educational institutions established in 2002 |
5641476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralist%20Social%20Force%20Party | Decentralist Social Force Party | The Decentralist Social Force Party () also known as Social Force () was a centre-left, social democratic, Peruvian political party. Founded in 1997 as the Party for Social Democracy (), in 2007 it changed to its current name after incorporating members of the CONREDES de Junín Movement and the Cajamarca Social Force movement.
History
In 1999, in an assembly in Carabayllo, the Party for Social Democracy - Commitment for Peru was officially founded, being its first national coordinator Francisco Guerra-García. In 2000, in another assembly, Susana Villarán was elected as the national coordinator.
It was previously a member of the Concertación Descentralista, together with the Partido Movimiento Humanista Peruano (PMHP). The alliance was formally announced on 10 December 2005, two days after both parties obtained formal recognition by the Jurado Nacional de Elecciones, the election process authority. The alliance was ended the next year.
The Party Decentralist Social Force participated in the October 2010 elections in various departments and provinces of Peru, in many cases in alliances with regional movements.
In Lima, they formed a coalition with the "Movimiento Tierra y Libertad", the "Movimiento Nueva Izquierda" and the political movement "Lima Para Todos" to launch the candidacy of Susana Villarán, who obtained first place, becoming the first female elected mayor of Lima.
On December 10, 2010, Fuerza Social registered with the National Elections Jury as the Social Force Alliance to participate in the 2011 elections together with the New Left Movement and the Fonavistas of Peru. The next day, the party's legal representative re-registered the alliance but now only with the New Left Movement, excluding the Fonavista Party due to the link of one of its main leaders with the Comunicore case.
On December 18, 2010, in a party assembly, they decided the alliance with the New Left Movement, and launched the candidacy of Manuel Rodríguez Cuadros for the Presidency of the Republic in the 2011 elections, while the vice-presidential candidates They are Vladimiro Huaroc and Elva Quiñones.
On March 18, 2011, Manuel Rodríguez Cuadros and his presidential ticket resigned their candidacies, however the party's list to the Congress of the Republic and the Andean Parliament was maintained, although they did not manage to overcome the electoral threshold of 5% of the votes, the party losing its registration.
Last years
The party joined the Together for Peru coalition in May 2017, but ended up leaving in August 2019 in order to merge with Citizens for Change, a movement led by former Prime Minister Salomon Lerner Ghitis. The merger gave birth to Citizen Force, though Citizen Force was part of the Together for Peru coalition.
Electoral history
Presidential elections
Election to the Congress of the Republic
See also
:Category:Decentralist Social Force Party politicians
External links
Partido por la Democracia Social
References
1997 establishments in Peru
2019 disestablishments in Peru
Defunct political parties in Peru
Defunct social democratic parties
Political parties disestablished in 2019
Political parties established in 1997
Political parties in Peru
Social democratic parties in South America
Socialist parties in Peru |
41611518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi%20Magnotti | Luigi Magnotti | Luigi Magnotti (23 April 1895 – 8 July 1948) was an Italian cyclist. He competed in two events at the 1924 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1895 births
1948 deaths
Italian male cyclists
Olympic cyclists of Italy
Cyclists at the 1924 Summer Olympics
People from Ticino |
22847541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310%20Louisville%20Cardinals%20women%27s%20basketball%20team | 2009–10 Louisville Cardinals women's basketball team | The 2009–10 Louisville Cardinals women's basketball team represented the University of Louisville in the 2009–2010 NCAA Division I basketball season. The Cards, coached by Jeff Walz, played their final season at Freedom Hall at the Kentucky Exposition Center in Louisville, Kentucky, before moving into the KFC Yum! Center in Downtown Louisville for the 2010–11 season. The Cardinals were a member of the Big East Conference.
Offseason
April 21, 2009 : Freshman forward Gwen Rucker will play volleyball during the 2009 season while redshirting during the 2009–10 women's basketball season. Rucker was a starter for both the Louisville volleyball and women's basketball teams this past season, helping lead both to NCAA tournament play. Rucker saw action in 32 games for the Cardinals, starting in the final 27 games. She finished the year averaging three points and 2.1 rebounds per game.
April 28, 2009: The University of Louisville women's basketball team will serve as Honorary Grand Marshals of the Pegasus Parade. The Cardinals advanced to the 2009 NCAA Championship game. The 54th annual Parade will begin at 5 p.m. on Thursday, April 30.
April 29, 2009: BasketballScoop.com and ONS PerformanceTM announced that Louisville women's basketball assistant coach Stephanie Norman was named a finalist for their "Coaches of the Year" awards focusing on the "Rising Stars" of the college basketball coaching profession. The finalists were nominated by their peers, and were the 10 leading vote getters in our online voting. Norman joined Walz on the Louisville staff two years ago when he took over the program.
May 5, 2009 : Freshman guards Mary Jackson and Tiera Stephen will not return to the University of Louisville women's basketball team for the 2009–10 season. Jackson and Stephen are currently exploring other options to continue their playing careers.
Exhibition
Regular season
Roster
Schedule
Big East Tournament
Player stats
Postseason
NCAA Basketball Tournament
Awards and honors
Team players drafted into the WNBA
See also
2009–10 NCAA Division I women's basketball season
2009–10 Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team
Kentucky–Louisville rivalry
References
External links
Official Site
Louisville Cardinals women's basketball seasons
Louisville
Louisville Cardinals women's basketball, 2009-10
Louisville Cardinals women's basketball, 2009-10 |
12252819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Such%20a%20Night | Such a Night | "Such a Night" is a popular song from 1953, written by Lincoln Chase and first recorded by The Drifters.
The Drifters, featuring Clyde McPhatter, recorded the song in November 1953, and Atlantic Records released it in January 1954 as the intended B-side of the McPhatter-penned "Lucille", which was recorded by an early version of the group. Despite being banned by some radio stations as too "racy", it reached number 2 on the American R&B chart in 1954.
Other versions
The song also became a hit single for Johnnie Ray, whose cover version reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in 1954. Ray's version entered the US Cash Box chart on 27 March 1954, peaking at No. 18 two weeks later on 10 April.
Elvis Presley also recorded the song and released it on his 1960 RCA Victor album Elvis Is Back. Presley's version made number 13 in the UK and number 16 in the US, when released as a single in 1964.
Dinah Washington recorded the song twice. The first version was recorded for Mercury Records (catalog No. 70336) on March 1, 1954. The second was a single releases in 1962.
The Four Lovers released their version of the song in 1956. The Four Lovers later became known as The Four Seasons.
Flemish singer Eric De Clerk took the artist name 'Ricky Gordon', performed Dutch schlager songs, but changed to rock and roll in 1974, and "Such A Night" became his first hit: a Top 10 hit in both Flanders and the Netherlands.
Ray Stevens covered the song on his 1982 RCA Victor album, Don't Laugh Now.
Aaron Neville released on his Soulful Christmas album (1993).
Cliff Richard covered the song in his album, The Fabulous Rock 'n' Roll Songbook (2013).
Michael Bublé released his rendition as the third single from his album, Love (2018).
References
Songs about nights
1954 singles
1953 songs
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Atlantic Records singles
Songs written by Lincoln Chase
Johnnie Ray songs
Elvis Presley songs |
59654971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo%20Prieto%2C%20Yauco%2C%20Puerto%20Rico | Río Prieto, Yauco, Puerto Rico | Río Prieto is a barrio in the municipality of Yauco, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 680.
History
Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Río Prieto barrio was 799.
See also
List of communities in Puerto Rico
References
Barrios of Yauco, Puerto Rico |
12662441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasmaditta | Pasmaditta | Pasmaditta is a genus of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Punctidae, the dot snails.
Species
Species within the genus Pasmaditta include:
Pasmaditta jungermanniae
References
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Gastropod genera |
56317553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalostomis%20dimidiata | Megalostomis dimidiata | Megalostomis dimidiata is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
References
Further reading
Clytrini
Beetles described in 1848 |
3326284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDLH | KDLH | KDLH, virtual channel 3 (UHF digital channel 33), is a CW+-affiliated television station licensed to Duluth, Minnesota, United States, serving northeastern Minnesota, northwestern Wisconsin, and the far western portion of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The station is owned by Gray Television, as part of a duopoly with Superior, Wisconsin-licensed dual NBC/CBS affiliate KBJR-TV, channel 6 (and its Chisholm, Minnesota-licensed semi-satellite KRII, channel 11). The two stations share studios on South Lake Avenue in Canal Park, downtown Duluth; KDLH's transmitter is located west of downtown in Hilltop Park.
Throughout most of the station's history, KDLH had long been the Twin Ports' CBS affiliate. In its latter years, it was operated by Quincy through a shared services agreement (SSA) with then-owner SagamoreHill Broadcasting, making it sister to KBJR and KRII. Following the end of KDLH's SSA on August 1, 2016 (resulting from the station's sale from Malara Broadcast Group, concurrent with the sale of KBJR by Granite Broadcasting), CBS programming was moved to KBJR-DT2 and KDLH switched exclusively to The CW.
History
KDLH began broadcasting on March 14, 1954 as KDAL-TV and aired an analog signal on VHF channel 3. It took its calls from the initials of its founder, Dalton Alexander LeMasurier, who owned the station along with KDAL-AM 610. It switched affiliations with WDSM-TV (now KBJR) in 1955 and joined CBS. It also aired some ABC programs in off-hours, splitting them with WDSM-TV, until WDIO-TV signed-on in 1966. The station's original studio facilities were located with KDAL Radio in the Bradley Building (demolished) moved to West Superior Street in downtown Duluth in the mid-1960s. During the late-1950s, KDAL was also briefly affiliated with the NTA Film Network. The LeMasurier family sold KDAL-AM-TV to what eventually became Tribune Broadcasting in 1960. KDAL began broadcasting in color in 1965. In 1979, Tribune sold the station to Palmer Broadcasting, who changed the call letters to the current KDLH-TV on February 21. Palmer Broadcasting then sold KDLH to Benedek Broadcasting in 1985. The station dropped the -TV suffix in 1991.
Benedek went bankrupt in 2002, and most of the company merged with Gray Television in 2001. However, KDLH was not included in the merger and was sold to Chelsey Broadcasting instead. New Vision Television bought the station in 2003.
In March 2005, the Malara Broadcast Group purchased channel 3 from New Vision and outsourced most of the station's operations to longtime rival KBJR, who was owned by Granite Broadcasting. Under this agreement, KDLH laid off most of its staff. Filings with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) showed Malara could operate KDLH with as few as two people on the payroll.
KDLH's digital transmitter had been operating at reduced power with a substitute side-mounted antenna after a May 18, 2008 fire that severely damaged its main digital antenna. It returned to full power on UHF channel 33 by June of that year. In February 2009, Malara Broadcasting announced that KDLH would not make the switch to all digital later in the month due to the fire. With that announcement, the station was the only one in the area still broadcasting in analog after February 19 as KBJR, WDSE, WDIO, and KQDS-TV all went digital-only on that date. On June 12 at around 7 p.m., KDLH ceased normal broadcasting operations on its analog signal. At that time, the analog station began a nightlight signal consisting of a ten-minute digital television informational video on a constant loop.
On June 26, two weeks after regular broadcasts had ended, the nightlight signal was terminated with the help of Bob Peterson (a former engineer at the station who helped launch KDLH in 1954) bringing an end to all full-power analog broadcasting in the area. In November 2009, the station re-branded from "CBS 3" to "KDLH 3". This brought a new logo to the station for the first time since it merged with KBJR.
On February 11, 2014, it was announced that Quincy Newspapers would acquire KBJR-TV and KRII from Granite Broadcasting. Malara initially planned to concurrently sell KDLH to SagamoreHill Broadcasting; however, that November, the deal was reworked to remove SagamoreHill from the transaction, and as a result KDLH would remain with Malara. Quincy would continue to provide services to KDLH.
In July 2015, the deal was reworked yet again; it returned to its previous structure, with SagamoreHill acquiring KDLH and being operated under an SSA by Quincy. However, the SSA was wound down on August 1, 2016: at this time, CBS programming was moved to a subchannel of KBJR, and KDLH began operating independently as a CW affiliate. The sale was completed on November 2. The move ended KDLH's 61-year association with the CBS network.
On May 21, 2018, it was announced that Quincy Media would acquire KDLH outright for $792,557. While the FCC normally prohibits one company from owning two television licenses in the same market when both are among the top four rated stations, Quincy submitted a filing saying that during the November 2017 "sweeps" period, KBJR-TV was the top ranked station while KDLH placed fifth. The sale was completed on August 1.
On February 1, 2021, Gray Television announced its intent to purchase Quincy Media for $925 million. The acquisition was completed on August 2, making KBJR and KDLH sisters to Gray stations in nearby markets, including CBS/Fox affiliates KEYC-TV in Mankato and WSAW-TV/WZAW-LD in Wausau, and NBC affiliates WLUC-TV in Marquette and WEAU in Eau Claire, while separating from their former Wisconsin sister stations which were divested in order to complete the purchase.
Digital television
Digital channels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion
KDLH discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 3, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 33, using PSIP to display KDLH's virtual channel as 3 on digital television receivers.
News operation
While operating its own news department, KDLH was the last of the big three stations in Duluth to have a weeknight 5 o'clock broadcast. It aired Judge Judy in the time slot instead. In 2004, it debuted a 5 p.m. show that featured anchor Amy Rutledge and meteorologist Phil Johnson. This was replaced along with its 6 o'clock show with the current one at 5:30 when KDLH merged with KBJR in March 2005. Jeopardy! has since reclaimed the 5 o'clock spot on channel 3 and the CBS Evening News airs at 6.
After the buyout, the station had its news department closed and merged with KBJR. To maintain a separate identity, there were some channel 6 personalities that were also seen on KDLH. However, due to KBJR's existing newscasts, not all of that station's personnel were seen on channel 3.
KDLH's Northland's NewsCenter at 5:30 had been anchored by Pat Kelly who was the only channel 3 news team member remaining after the KDLH sellout. Its weeknight 10 o'clock newscast, which continues to be a separate production, was known as Northland's NewsCenter Express and consisted of a ten-minute news "capsule". The other 25 minutes was a Seinfeld rerun. After thirteen months of mediocre ratings, KDLH changed the 10 o'clock show to the traditional 35 minutes and re-branded it to Northland's NewsCenter Tonight.
KDLH and KBJR began broadcasting their local newscasts in 16:9 widescreen on May 4, 2009. They were the first television stations in the market to do so. Although not true high definition, the format matches the ratio of HD televisions. As of November, this station has now begun to brand its separate weeknight shows as KDLH 3 News. These broadcasts air from a secondary set. On January 11, 2010, KDLH began airing the area's only weeknight 6:30 newscast.
In the fall of 2014, KDLH 3 partnered with Midwest Communications' station KDAL-AM to produce a unique simulcast broadcast airing KDAL AM's Cadigan and Kelly. KDLH 3 installed cameras and switching gear so each member of the KDAL team could be seen on air.
KDLH's intellectual unit was re-located to KBJR-DT2 on August 1, 2016.
Notable former on-air staff
E.D. Hill (currently at CNN)
See also
Channel 2 branded TV stations in the United States
Channel 3 virtual TV stations in the United States
Channel 33 digital TV stations in the United States
References
External links
Rabbitears.info Query - KDLH
Gray Television
Television channels and stations established in 1954
Television stations in Duluth, Minnesota
1954 establishments in Minnesota
The CW affiliates
True Crime Network affiliates
Laff (TV network) affiliates
Court TV affiliates
Ion Mystery affiliates
Quest (American TV network) affiliates |
45088222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmondmania%21 | Osmondmania! | Osmondmania! is a compilation album by The Osmonds released in 2003. It contains hit songs from The Osmonds (Alan, Wayne, Merrill, Jay and Donny) as well as Donny's solo hits, Marie's solo hits and Donny & Marie's duet hits. Although Jimmy Osmond appears on the album cover, none of his material was featured.
Track listing
References
2003 compilation albums
The Osmonds albums
MGM Records compilation albums |
5932906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Porges%20von%20Portheim | Joseph Porges von Portheim | Joseph Porges, Edler von Portheim (1817 in Prague – September 3, 1904 in Prague) was a Czech-Austrian manufacturer and art patron; son of Moses Porges von Portheim.
On completing his studies at the gymnasium he entered his father's cotton mills; there he occupied various positions until 1873, when the business was converted into a stock company, of whose board of directors he was president for several years. His leisure time was devoted to literature and music, and he was well known as a violoncello virtuoso. Porges founded the Prague Kammermusikvereins, and was also interested in the Deutsches Theater of that city. His philanthropy was extensive, the Josefstädter Kinderbewahranstalt, founded by his father, being an especial object of his benevolence.
References
Czech classical cellists
Edlers of Austria
1817 births
1904 deaths
19th-century classical musicians |
55309088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896%20Kansas%20Jayhawks%20football%20team | 1896 Kansas Jayhawks football team | The 1896 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Western Interstate University Football Association (WIUFA) during the 1896 college football season. In their third and final season under head coach Hector Cowan, the Jayhawks compiled a 7–3 record (2–1 against conference opponents), finished in second place in the WIUFA, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 136 to 40. The Jayhawks played their home games at McCook Field in Lawrence, Kansas. B. D. Hamill was the team captain.
Schedule
References
Kansas
Kansas Jayhawks football seasons
Kansas Jayhawks football |
2254939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll%20Get%20You | I'll Get You | "I'll Get You" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, written by Lennon–McCartney, and released by the Beatles as the B-side of their 1963 single "She Loves You". The song was initially titled "Get You in the End".
Structure
Typical of the Beatles' vocal style of that period, John Lennon and Paul McCartney sing in unison for the majority of the track, allowing the few occasions when they do harmonise to stand out. But unlike most Beatles songs of the time there is no lead guitar break; the lead guitar is virtually reduced to a second rhythm guitar. The most prominent instruments in the track are McCartney's "plumply rounded bass" and Lennon's harmonica, which was overdubbed in a rush as session time ran out.
Beatles writer Bill Harry credits Lennon as the main composer, although McCartney claims it was a 50 / 50 collaboration. McCartney recalls using Lennon's Menlove Avenue home as the writing base for the song. This was rare as Lennon's Aunt Mimi, whom Lennon still lived with at the time, was disapproving of the Beatles.
The song's opening line "Imagine I'm in love with you" was innovative, drawing the listener immediately into the story. McCartney would cite this as an early example of Lewis Carroll's influence on Lennon's lyrics—a ploy explored again in later compositions such as "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", "Strawberry Fields Forever" and Lennon's solo "Imagine". Reiterating its A-side's catchphrase ("Yeah"), and assuming the heavy scouse accents conspicuous on their early records, Lennon and McCartney "drawl their way through a mock-naïve love lyric". McCartney later singled out the chord change underneath "It's not like me to pretend" as unusual (moving from a D major to A minor), and crediting the Joan Baez rendition of the folk song "All My Trials" as inspiration. "I [also] liked that slightly faggy way we sang: 'Oh yeah, oh yeah', which was very distinctive, very Beatley." Looking back in 1967, Lennon said: "Ever heard anyone from Liverpool singing 'yes'? It’s yeah!".
Release
The song was a B-side on two occasions. It was initially released as the B-side of "She Loves You" (on 28 August 1963 in the United Kingdom and 16 September in the United States) and was also released in the US only on 21 May 1964 as the B-side of "Sie liebt dich", a German language recording of the previous A-side. Both were released on the Swan Records label in the United States—the only Beatles releases on that label (the British release was on Parlophone).
The song was also released in the US on 10 April 1964 on the Capitol Records album The Beatles' Second Album. It was not released on album in the UK until the Rarities release as part of the set The Beatles Collection. A live version of the song, recorded at the London Palladium on 13 October 1963, is included on Anthology 1. A version was also recorded at the BBC Paris studios in London on 16 July 1963 for airing on programme nine of the "Pop Go The Beatles" radio series, and has currently not been made officially available. Another BBC performance, recorded on 7 September 1963, was officially issued in 2013 on On Air – Live at the BBC Volume 2.
The song is available on compact disc in the first volume of the two-disc Past Masters compilation.
Missing master tape
No original master tapes of "I'll Get You" are known to exist. Standard procedure at Abbey Road Studios at the time was to erase the original two-track session tape for singles once they had been "mixed down" to the (usually monaural) master tape used to press records. This was the fate of two Beatles singles (four songs): "Love Me Do"/"P.S. I Love You" and "She Loves You"/"I'll Get You".
Personnel
John Lennonlead vocals, acoustic guitar, harmonica
Paul McCartneylead vocals, bass guitar
George Harrisonelectric guitar, harmony vocals
Ringo Starrdrums
Personnel per Ian MacDonald
Notes
References
The Beatles songs
Song recordings produced by George Martin
Songs written by Lennon–McCartney
Parlophone singles
Capitol Records singles
Swan Records singles
1963 singles
Songs published by Northern Songs
1963 songs |
44356080 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20commercially%20important%20fish%20species | List of commercially important fish species | This is a list of aquatic animals that are harvested commercially in the greatest amounts, listed in order of tonnage per year (2012) by the Food and Agriculture Organization. Species listed here have an annual tonnage in excess of 160,000 tonnes.
This table includes mainly fish species, but also listed are crabs, shrimp, squid, bivalves, and a soft shell turtle.
Note that Oreochromis niloticus and Penaeus monodon appear twice, because substantial amounts are harvested from the wild as well as being extensively raised through aquaculture.
Summary
The 70 wild species shown in this table total 41,925,250 tonnes. Other wild species total 49,410,980 for a world total of 91,336,230 tonnes of wild, captured animals.
The 31 cultivated species shown in this table total 45,252,999 tonnes. Other cultivated species total 21,380,254 tonnes for a world total of 66,633,253 tonnes of animals cultivated through aquaculture.
Harvested aquatic animals by weight
See also
World fish production
Fishing industry by country
Seafood#Types of seafood
List of types of seafood
References
.
commercial
. |
56671771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dali%C4%87 | Dalić | Dalić () is a Croatian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Martina Dalić (born 1967), Croatian economist
Zlatko Dalić (born 1966), Croatian footballer and manager
Croatian surnames
Slavic-language surnames
Patronymic surnames |
55805057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenias%20Tembo | Kenias Tembo | Kenias Tembo (born 15 March 1955) is a Zimbabwean long-distance runner. He competed in the men's 10,000 metres at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
References
1955 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Zimbabwean male long-distance runners
Olympic athletes of Zimbabwe
Place of birth missing (living people) |
1017522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sollefte%C3%A5 | Sollefteå | Sollefteå () is a locality and the seat of Sollefteå Municipality in Västernorrland County, Sweden with 8,562 inhabitants in 2010.
The earliest written account on Sollefteå is found in a script dating back to 1270. During this time the name of the village was given as De Solatum - a name that can be interpreted as a composition of Sol (sun) and at (property) i.e. literally The sunlit region. De Solatum also can be interpreted as desolation, which means loneliness or remoteness (see Remote and isolated community).
With Sollefteå being located at the lowest rapids of the Ångermanälven thereby making it the last outpost to which it was possible to sail. The village developed into a municipality. The town changed from a commercial town into a town dominated by the military when the two regiments T 3 (Logistics) and I 21 (Infantry) were located there in 1898 and 1911 respectively.
In 1902 Sollefteå obtained the status of market town or köping before finally being granted a town charter in 1917 thereby making it a city.
It is now the seat of the much larger Sollefteå Municipality. Sollefteå is, despite its small population, for historical reasons normally still referred to as a city.
Notable buildings
The pharmacy
The pharmacy building was erected in 1889. It is a brick building, two and a half storeys high. The style of the building is influenced by the late 19th-century architectural style and is dominated by the neo-Gothic style. The house was designed by the architect Niclas Wahrgren.
The many various architectural styles represented in the building is seen in the medieval inspired crenellated corner tower, Norman arches, North German gothic styles, blind windows with pointed arches and portico supported by columns. There are also renaissance elements in the design, for example the staircase's orientalic/antique and geometric mosaics with meanders. The overall style of the building is reminiscent of the palatial buildings erected on Strandvägen in Stockholm and in the Stenstaden in Sundsvall at the same time.
In 1984, the building was declared a historic building and thereby protected from demolition or major alterations. It is today the home of the local library as well as the city's museum.
Hotel Appelbergs
The hotel is located in the centre of Sollefteå, along the pedestrian district. It is also the oldest hotel in the city, built in 1882 by timberman and innkeeper Erik Appelberg.
The hotel became a hub for timber-merchants as well as local potentates. Notable guests include Crown Princess Stéphanie of Austria, King Oscar II and Gustav V of Sweden, and Kaiser Wilhelm II. The hotel also provided accommodation for King Chulalongkorn of Siam and four of his princes during their tour of Ångermanland in the early 20th century. Their journey is commemorated in the hotel with a plaque, and in the village of Utanede with a royal pavilion.
The building is a good example of the early architecture of Sollefteå, being built of wood.
Sollefteå Church
Multrå transmitter
A facility for FM/TV broadcasting with a 288 metre tall mast.
Climate
The nearest weather station to Sollefteå is located in Österforse, slightly more than by air to its south-west. The station's slightly more southerly latitude is likely even exceeded by a 50–80 metres higher elevation depending on location within Sollefteå. This likely renders Sollefteå slightly milder, particularly during afternoons.
Österforse has a subarctic climate (Dfc) that is quite moderate in nature considering its inland position and latitude. Summer days are very warm for North Central Sweden, being heavily affected by its low elevation in comparison to areas further west such as Östersund. Temperatures are heavily dependent on wind direction and the convergences of warm southerly and cold northerly air. As a result, cold snaps can be quite extreme, resulting in an all-time low of . The all-time heat record is from July 2, 2015 with in an otherwise chilly summer.
Sports
The following sports clubs are located in Sollefteå:
Sollefteå GIF official website (Swedish)
Sollefteå Hockey official website (Swedish)
Remsle UIF official website (Swedish)
Sollefteå Handboll handball official website (Swedish)
Sollefteå BTK Table tennis official website (Swedish)
Notable people from Sollefteå
Helena Jonsson, 1984-, biathlete
Emma Johansson, 1983-, cyclist. Won two Olympic silver medals.
Pelle Svensson, 1943-, lawyer and distinguished wrestler
Ulf Eriksson, 1942-association football referee
Mona Sahlin, 1957-, former chairman of Swedish Social Democratic Party and Member of Parliament
Urban Bäckström, 1955-, former Governor of the Bank of Sweden, president of the Confederation of Swedish Enterprise
Ingrid Thulin, 1926-2004, actress
Marie-Helene Östlund, 1966-, skier
Per Svartvadet, 1975-, ice-hockey player
Mattias Timander, 1974-, ice-hockey player
Therese Sjölander, 1981-, ice-hockey player
Helen Svedin, 1976, supermodel, wife of Luís Figo
Frida Karlsson, 1999-, cross-country skier
Lennart Ljung, 1921-1990, former Supreme Commander Of The Swedish Armed Forces
Sister city
Madison, Mississippi
Madison has been Sollefteå's sister city since 1997. Talks began in 1995 when Madison officials were meeting with the board of Sollefteå-based forestry products company, Haglof, Inc, for the latter was interested in opening a plant in Madison. The Madison officials came to Sollefteå and were more interested to learn about Swedish culture.
A delegation of 30 members of the city of Sollefteå's board came to Madison to tour the city and make the sister city relationship official.
During the visit, Haglof opened its new office in Madison, and another Swedish company, Mini Tube, was also interested in opening offices in Madison.
After the people of the delegation of Sollefteå came to Madison, the latter sent 34 delegates to Sollefteå, once again to tour the city. The Madison delegates learned about Swedish culture and traditions, came to Haglof Inc.'s facilities, and toured an environmental center.
Because of Sollefteå's and Madison's relationship, the Swedish-American Chamber of Commerce was created in the latter.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Sollefteå Municipality
Ångermanland
Municipal seats of Västernorrland County
Swedish municipal seats
Diocese of Härnösand
fi:Sollefteån kunta |
44370607 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford%20Hildreth | Clifford Hildreth | Clifford George Hildreth (December 8, 1917 – August 15, 1995) was an American econometrician. He was a head of the Department of Economics at Michigan State University.
A native of McPherson, Kansas, Hildreth earned his bachelor's from the University of Kansas before entering Iowa State University for graduate studies. After years at University of Chicago and North Carolina State University, he joined the faculty at Michigan State, before going to the University of Minnesota in 1964 where he held joint appointments in the Department of Economics, the School of Statistics and the Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics. He retired in 1988. His most notable contribution was a procedure for estimating a linear model in the presence of autocorrelated error terms, known as Hildreth–Lu estimation.
In 1960 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. He was President of the American Statistical Association in 1973, and the editor of the Journal of the American Statistical Association from 1960 to 1965. He was also a fellow of the Econometric Society and the Institute of Mathematical Statistics.
Bibliography
References
External links
1917 births
1995 deaths
Economists from Kansas
University of Kansas alumni
Iowa State University alumni
Michigan State University faculty
University of Minnesota faculty
Time series econometricians
Death in Oregon
20th-century American mathematicians
20th-century American economists
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
People from McPherson, Kansas |
111132 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrenville%2C%20Illinois | Warrenville, Illinois | Warrenville is a city in DuPage County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 13,140, which was estimated to have increased to 13,174 by July 2019. It is a part of the Chicago metropolitan area and the Illinois Technology and Research Corridor.
History
Warrenville was founded in 1833 when Julius Warren and his family moved west from New York seeking a fresh start from a failing gristmill and distillery. Daniel Warren, Julius' father, claimed land at what is now McDowell Woods, and Julius claimed land at what is now the Warrenville Grove Forest Preserve. The first major establishment, an inn and tavern, was built in 1838 by Julius Warren himself, as the family was skilled in timber and grain. The inn still stands today, and was renovated in 2002.
The town quickly blossomed with two mills and a plank road connecting it with Naperville and Winfield, on which Julius operated a stagecoach line. The town failed at its bid to have the railroad come through the town. However, in 1902, the Chicago Aurora and Elgin Railroad came through town, which lasted until the late 1950s.
With a population of 4,000, Warrenville was finally incorporated as a city in 1967, following six unsuccessful attempts. The 1970s and 1980s brought westward expansion from the city of Chicago, causing the small farming community's population to nearly double to 7,800.
Geography
Warrenville is located at (41.826280, -88.189465).
According to the 2010 census, Warrenville has a total area of , of which (or 97.19%) is land and (or 2.81%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 13,363 people, 4,931 households, and 3,476 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,430.6 people per square mile (938.1/km2). There were 5,067 housing units at an average density of 921.6 per square mile (355.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 89.13% White, 2.39% African American, 0.29% Native American, 3.43% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 3.46% from other races, and 1.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.10% of the population.
There were 4,931 households, out of which 39.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.2% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.5% were non-families. 23.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.26.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.7% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 36.1% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.1 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $62,430, and the median income for a family was $72,233. Males had a median income of $50,144 versus $35,487 for females. The per capita income for the city was $28,922. About 0.9% of families and 1.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.0% of those under age 18 and 1.7% of those age 65 or over.
Neighborhoods
There is an "old neighborhood", south, with mixed housing styles near Galusha Avenue. There is a Forest Preserve neighborhood, east, with wooded-lot expensive multi-acre homes close to Cantigny War Museum, Cantigny Golf Course, and Mckee Marsh. In the mid-1970s two large subdivisions were developed in the west, next to Fermilab, a scientific research center where the world's largest superconducting particle accelerator ring was located. The subdivisions are called Summerlakes and Fox Hollow. Other notable subdivisions of Warrenville include Warrenville Lakes, Saddle Ridge, Thornwilde, Edgebrook, River Oaks, and Maple Hill.
Cantera
Cantera was built from a TIF district on the former grounds limestone quarry. Located on the district is a 30-screen Regal Cinemas movie theater, family entertainment center Main Event Entertainment, several restaurants (California Pizza Kitchen, Red Robin, Twin Peaks, Rock Bottom Brewery, Buffalo Wild Wings, Eddie Merlots, and more), a Super Target retail store, three hotels, three banks, a Life Time Fitness club, numerous corporate offices, and two residential complexes. Major companies that have office space and research facilities at Cantera include: BP America, the corporate office for EN Engineering, the corporate headquarters for Symbria, and a corporate office for Exelon Nuclear. Also, the headquarters of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) Local 701 of DuPage County is in Cantera.
Downtown
Downtown Warrenville is located at the intersection of Butterfield Road and Batavia Road. The addition of another TIF district, a new police station was built in 1998, a new City Hall in 2001, a new Public Works Building in 2002, and additions were made to the library in 2003/2017.
Economy
Durham School Services is a company based in Warrenville. Navistar left Warrenville in 2011, and moved to neighboring Lisle due to tax incentives.
Top employers
According to the City's 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top ten non-city employers in the city are:
Education
Warrenville is a part of Community Unit School District 200, and shares 20 schools with Wheaton. Residents of Warrenville attend Bower or Johnson elementary school, Hubble Middle School, St. Irene Catholic School (grades K-8), and Wheaton Warrenville South High School. Wheaton Warrenville South High School is located in Wheaton. Until 2009, Hubble was also located in Wheaton; however, in time for the 2009–2010 school year, a new Hubble was opened in Warrenville, and the new building is one of a very few schools to meet the LEED certification standards for energy-efficient design. Some children from all over DuPage County attend Four Winds Waldorf School, a private PreK-8 school in Warrenville.
Warrenville is also home to the Illinois Youth Center, a correctional facility for female juvenile offenders.
Library
In the 1950s, the library was housed in in the Community Building and was essentially a volunteer library filled with donated materials. Ten years later, the library closed due to a lack of volunteers and funding. The Warrenville Public Library District was formed by a referendum held in February 1979 with the citizens approving a 15-cent rate for library services. In 1986, voters approved another 15-cent tax rate increase to build and operate a facility on Stafford Place. In September 2003, a large addition and renovation project which tripled the size of the facility was completed. The building was made possible by the City of Warrenville TIF funds. The Warrenville Public Library District is a member of the DuPage Library System.
Notable people
Adam Emory Albright, figure-in-landscape painter
Ivan Albright, magic realist painter
Dustin Byfuglien, Right Wing/Defense for Winnipeg Jets of NHL, won Stanley Cup in 2010 with the Chicago Blackhawks
Brooks McCormick (1917–2006) chief executive officer of International Harvester, philanthropist and equestrian
Chauncey McCormick (1884–1954) art collector and father of Brooks McCormick
Tony Moeaki, Tight End for The Chicago Bears
Miles J. Stanford, Christian author
Jack Steadman, former president and general manager of the Kansas City Chiefs
John Maynard Woodworth, first Surgeon General of the United States
References
External links
Warrenville Home Page
Warrenville Library Home Page
Julius M. Warren Biography
Chicago metropolitan area
Cities in Illinois
Populated places established in 1833
Cities in DuPage County, Illinois
1833 establishments in Illinois |
47505430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton%20Oaks%20birthing%20figure | Dumbarton Oaks birthing figure | The Dumbarton Oaks birthing figure is a possibly Aztec scapolite figurine of a woman giving childbirth in a squatting position. Housed in the Dumbarton Oaks collection, United States, the figurine is considered by several scholars to be a pre-Columbian artwork, while others believe it was made in modern times, possibly in the 19th century. The figurine measures 20.2 cm in height.
Birthing figures, while common in Colonial Mexican manuscripts, are rare in Aztec three-dimensional art. Women, however, occupied a prominent position in the Aztec mythology.
Provenance
Early mentions of the figurine come from Ernest-Théodore Hamy, who first saw it in a Paris antique store. The figurine was later bought by French obstetrician and collector Alban Ribemont-Dessaignes. In 1947, the figure was acquired by Robert Woods Bliss, the founder of Dumbarton Oaks.
Authenticity
The first scholarly article about the figurine was written by Ernest-Théodore Hamy in 1899 and called it "absolutely unique in the history of Mexican art". In 1906, Hamy published an article in the Journal de la Société des Américanistes writing that the figurine is of pre-Columbian Mexican origin and represents the Aztec goddess Ixcuina, also known as Tlazolteotl. Scholars such as Pal Kelemen, Miguel Covarrubias, John Alden Mason, Michael D. Coe and Jeffrey Quilter also considered the figurine to be authentic. Others, such as Claude-François Baudez and Esther Pasztory, question the figurine's stylistic features. The authenticity was also questioned on the basis of technical virtuosity compared to the technical limitations of pre-Columbian artisans. According to Jane MacLaren Walsh, "the essential nature of the sculpture is almost completely anomalous with regard to the accepted canon of Mexica art, and does not in fact resemble any other Mesoamerican art form" and "the choice of stone, the complicated carving in the round, the birthing position, the facial expression of the mother, the somewhat grotesque realism, the lack of iconographic detail all point to a highly idiosyncratic work".
See also
Golden Idol
References
Aztec artifacts
Aztec mythology and religion
Books and art about childbirth
Figurines
Pre-Columbian art
Archaeological controversies
Natural childbirth
Squatting position |
46522697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou%20Barker%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201925%29 | Lou Barker (footballer, born 1925) | Louis Herbert Barker (3 July 1925 – 3 March 2001) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Footscray in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Notes
External links
1925 births
2001 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Western Bulldogs players
Braybrook Football Club players
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II
Royal Australian Air Force airmen |
2724632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o%20Rodrigues%20T%C3%A7uzu | João Rodrigues Tçuzu | João Rodrigues (1561or 1562 1633or 1634), distinguished as Tçuzu and also known by other names in China and Korea, was a Portuguese sailor, warrior, and Jesuit interpreter, missionary, priest, and scholar in Japan and China. He is now best known for his linguistic works on the Japanese language, including The Art of the Japanese Language. He was also long erroneously supposed to have been the main compiler of the first Japanese–Portuguese dictionary, published in 1603.
Name
João Rodrigues's epithet Tçuzu was an early Portuguese transcription of his Japanese descriptor Tsūji (, "the Interpreter"). It distinguished him from a contemporary João Rodrigues in the Jesuits' China mission. João's surname sometimes appears in its Spanish form Rodriguez, the form he himself used in his Portuguese works; his epithet is sometimes mistakenly written as Tçuzzu.
In Japan and China, Rodrigues used the Chinese name (), abbreviating his family name to a single character Lu in the Chinese style and transcribing his given name's Latin form to Ruohan. In modern Korean sources, Rodrigues's name is written with the pronunciation (), although at the time his Chinese surname would have been pronounced Ryuk (). In 19th- and early 20th-century sources, his name appears as "Jean Niouk", a blend of the French form of his given name and Dallet's French transcription of the Korean pronunciation of the Chinese form of his surname.
Life
In Japan
Rodrigues was born at Sernancelhe in Beira, Portugal, in 1561 or 1562. He sailed to Asia in his early teens and reached Japan by 1577. Ōtomo Yoshishige, daimyō of Funai ("Bungo"), had long maintained a friendly relationship with the Portuguese and Spanish against the strong resistance of his wife and counselors; at some point, Rodrigues joined his campaigns against other clans competing for control of Kyushu.
Ōtomo divorced his Shinto-priestess wife and converted to Catholicism in 1578. In December 1580, around age 19, Rodrigues joined the Jesuit novitiate at Ōita ("Funai"). At the time, the Society of Jesus reckoned a Christian community in Japan of about 100,000 converts.
Despite having an admittedly unpolished style in Portuguese, he knew Spanish he taught grammar while he studied Latin and theology under the Jesuits and Japanese literature and philosophy with others. He was soon recognized for his fluent Japanese, and his knowledge of Han script also allowed him to translate documents written in Chinese. (From examples and comparisons in his works, he also seems to have had some knowledge of Italian and one of the Indian languages around Goa, possibly a dialect of Konkani or Tamil.) He served as interpreter for Alessandro Valignano during his visit and for vice provincial Gaspar Coelho (1581–1590). He began to preach in Japanese in 1588, despite still being unordained. During Valignano's visit to Toyotomi Hideyoshi in July 1590, Rodrigues so impressed Toyotomi that the regent hired him for a time as his personal interpreter. He was procurator of the Jesuits' Japan mission from 1591 to 1626.
Rodrigues finished his theological studies at Nagasaki in 1593 and was ordained as a priest at Macao the next year, returning to Japan in 1596. On 16 September 1598, Rodrigues visited the dying Hideyoshi and tried unsuccessfully to convert him to Christianity. He remained well-liked and influential under the new shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu, protecting Jesuit missions and Japanese converts at Nagasaki, Osaka, and Kyoto. Native courtiers tried to remove him on several occasions and even Tokugawa tested his honesty on a few occasions before admitting his suspicions were ill-founded. Following a violent suppression of marauding Japanese sailors in Macao in 1608 and court intrigues the next year, however, Tokugawa resolved to replace Portuguese traders with red seal ships, the Dutch, and the Spanish in early 1610. After a successful assault on a Portuguese ship then in Nagasaki Bay, he permitted most of the missionaries to remain but replaced Rodrigues with the Englishman William Adams. In 1614, he was finally compelled to leave Japan altogether, having lived there over thirty years.
In China
Rodrigues returned to Macao and then began work with the China mission. He first worked at Zhenjiang near Nanjing and then traveled the interior of the country looking for antiquities related to the medieval Nestorian church. He participated in the Chinese Rites Controversy, where he opposed Matteo Ricci's attempts to permit most traditional Chinese rituals within a Christian context.
During the Manchu invasion of Ming China, Rodrigues came to Beijing in 1623 as the interpreter for the Portuguese company charged with demonstrating European firearms. During one demonstration, the cannon exploded, killing a Portuguese artillerist and three Chinese, prompting Rodrigues and the rest to return to Macao.
Following memorials by the converts Paul Xu and Leo Li in 1629, Rodrigues—now 68—served as the interpreter for a second expedition under Gonçalo Teixeira-Correa intended for Beijing. The group was permitted to bring ten artillery pieces and four "excellent bombards" through China to the capital. They reached Zhuozhou on 5 January 1630, but were first delayed from reaching the capital and then quickly sent from it to Dengzhou (now Penglai) in Shandong, where they trained troops under its Christian governor Ignatius Sun in the use of modern cannon. While there in early 1631, Sun and Rodrigues were visited by Jeong Duwon, a Korean mandarin traveling with a diplomatic mission from Seoul to Beijing. Rodrigues introduced him to the Jesuits' work on astronomy and other sciences and made a personal gift of his telescope, which Jeong highly praised for its use in warfare. He also provided Jeong with a small fieldgun, a treatise on cannon and their use, and a book on European customs and manners. Jeong also had Rodrigues speak with his assistants Yi Yeonghu (, ) and Colonel Jeong Hyogil (, ) in greater detail, Yi about geography and Col. Jeong about Western firearms and cannon. A record survives of his conversation with Yi, who was most curious about whether or not China—whose native name Zhōngguó () literally means "The Central Realm"—did in fact occupy the middle of the earth. Rodrigues replied that, since the earth was a sphere, every country could truthfully claim their land as its center.
On 19 January 1632, Governor Sun's subordinates Kong Youde and Geng Zhongming mutinied in Wuqiao. Rather than immediately attacking them, Sun attempted to negotiate a peaceful resolution of their differences. This proved futile and, on 11 February, their forces besieged Dengzhou. When the city fell a little over a week later, Sun was spared by Kong and Geng for his leniency but, for the same reason, he was then arrested, court-martialed, and executed by the Ming government. Captain Teixeira and 11 other Portuguese were killed in battle, 15 escaped only with serious injury, and Rodrigues himself survived by jumping from the high city wall into the sea. He then made his way back to Beijing, where he received an imperial decree praising his services.
Rodrigues returned to Macao in 1633 and died there at some point before a letter to Rome mentioning his death, dated 20 March 1634. Francesco Sambiasi's 1639 memorial to the throne responsible for the first Catholic graveyard at Macao's São Paulo church mentions Rodrigues's remains prominently, although after the plot was approved for the church's use Rodrigues's body was instead interred within the church itself in front of its StMichael altar.
Works
The Art of the Japanese Language () was published at Nagasaki in three volumes from 1604–1608. In addition to vocabulary and grammar, it includes details on the country's dynasties, currency, measures, and other commercial information. Although it was preceded by some manuscript glossaries and grammars, such as those given to the Philippine Jesuits who settled at Kyoto in 1593, it was apparently the first printed Japanese grammar. A manuscript edition is in the Vatican Library; the two surviving copies of the printed version are in Oxford's Bodleian Library and the private collection of the Earl of Crawford. It was translated into Japanese by Tadao Doi (土井忠生) in 1955.
The Short Art of the Japanese Language (), distinguishing the earlier grammar as the Great Art (), was published on Macao in 1620. It does not mere abridge the earlier work but reformulates its treatment of grammar, establishing clear and concise rules regarding the principal features of the Japanese language. There is a manuscript edition in the French National Library; the two surviving printed editions are in the Ajuda Library in Lisbon and the library of the School of Oriental and African Studies in London. It was translated into French by M.C. Landresse as Elements of Japanese Grammar () in 1825, with a supplement added the next year.
His History of the Japanese Church () was a monumental attempt to complete the earlier unfinished works of Valignano and Luís Fróis but was itself uncompleted. Despite the book's name, the details of the Jesuit efforts in Japan are largely relegated to an appendix entitled "Bishops of the Japanese Church" (). The main text describes Japanese history and culture, including discussions of the Japanese language, Chinese characters, and writing styles. In Japan, Rodrigues witnessed the expansion of the Portuguese presence, the arrival of the first Englishman William Adams, and the consolidation of the Tokugawa Shogunate. During this period, he also wrote observations on Japanese life, including political events of the emergence of the shogunate and a detailed description of the tea ceremony. His writings reveal an open mind about the culture of his host country, including praise of the holiness of the Buddhist monks. The autograph manuscript is lost but a 1740 copy was discovered by the Jesuit J.M. Cros in the Ajuda Library around 1900. The first 181 pages of the manuscript were published in two volumes as Vol.XIII of the series Notices from Macao (; 1953 & 1955) in Tokyo. It was translated into English by Michael Cooper in 2001.
He worked on two treatises—one concerning the Chinese Buddhist sects and their relation to those in Japan and another on the geography of China after the style of Ortelius's Theater of the World—that have only survived in manuscript fragments. His letter to Jeong Duwon on Western astronomy is also preserved; it was translated into Italian by d'Elia and English by Suter & al. In China, he also wrote a description of the 8th-century Nestorian Stela discovered at Xi'an in 1625 and a treatise opposing Matteo Ricci's translation of Christian concepts into Chinese. His Record of Gonçalo the Dutiful (, Gōngshā Xiàozhōng Jǐ) is a Chinese paean to the bravery of Capt. Teixeira at Dengzhou.
He was also long supposed to have been the main compiler of the first Japanese–Portuguese dictionary, published in 1603, but this attribution was mistaken and Rodrigues's involvement with any aspect of its compilation has been debated.
Legacy
The character of Martin Alvito in the James Clavell book Shōgun and its adaptation as a television miniseries is loosely based on Rodrigues, while their protagonist is based on William Adams. He was portrayed in the miniseries by Damien Thomas. Clavell appears to have named the character Vasco Rodriques to acknowledge João Rodrigues in a similar way as he gave Vasco Rodriques's Japanese wife the name "Gracia" to honor Hosokawa Gracia. (In the book, the character "Mariko" is based on Hosokawa.)
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
{{citation |first=Hugh Alexander |last=Webster |display-authors=0 |contribution=Corea |title=''Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol. VI |editor-last=Baynes |editor-first=Thomas Spencer |display-editors=0 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |date=1878 |ref= |pages=390–394 }}.
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, a translation of the manuscript copy of Rodrigues's History of the Japanese Church''.
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External links
Arte da lingua de Iapam by father João Rodrigues Originally published in Nagasaki: Collegio de Iapao da Companhia de Iesv, 1604-1608, first grammar of the Japanese language, in Portuguese, by the missionary João Rodrigues
Missionary Linguistics - Japanese web domain named after the Portuguese missionary João Rodrigues
Monuments to Father João Rodrigues
1561 births
1633 deaths
Portuguese expatriates in Japan
Portuguese Roman Catholic missionaries
Portuguese Renaissance writers
Portuguese Jesuits
Jesuit Asia missions
People from Sernancelhe
16th-century Portuguese people
17th-century Portuguese people
Jesuit missionaries in Japan
16th-century Portuguese writers
16th-century male writers
17th-century Portuguese writers
Jesuit missionaries in China
Missionary linguists
17th-century male writers |
59183162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombieland%3A%20Double%20Tap | Zombieland: Double Tap | Zombieland: Double Tap is a 2019 American post-apocalyptic zombie comedy film directed by Ruben Fleischer and written by Rhett Reese, Paul Wernick, and David Callaham. A sequel to Zombieland (2009), it stars Woody Harrelson, Jesse Eisenberg, Abigail Breslin, and Emma Stone reprising their roles from the first film, alongside new cast members, Rosario Dawson, Zoey Deutch, Avan Jogia, Luke Wilson, and Thomas Middleditch.
Talk of a Zombieland sequel began before the release of the first installment, with Reese and Wernick suggesting ideas and the cast voicing their desire to make a second film. By 2017, a script had been written, the cast was on board, and the film was confirmed in July 2018 by Sony Pictures. The four main stars and Fleischer all signed on that month, while additional cast members, including Dawson and Wilson, joined in early 2019. Filming took place from January to March 2019.
Zombieland: Double Tap was theatrically released in the United States on October 18, 2019, by Sony Pictures Releasing through Columbia Pictures, received mostly positive reviews from critics and has grossed $122 million worldwide.
Plot
Five years after the events of the first film, survivors Tallahassee, Columbus, Wichita, and Little Rock have become experts in identifying and disposing of various zombies. Since then, they have set up their new home in the abandoned White House. They have also come across new strains of zombies, including "Homers" (very slow with no actual drive to feed), "Hawkings" (smarter than your average flesh-eater), and "Ninjas" (hides in the shadows waiting for the right time to kill). Columbus decides to propose to Wichita using the Hope Diamond, while Tallahassee rebuffs Little Rock's hopes of finding people her own age. The next morning, Tallahassee finds a note from Wichita and Little Rock. The girls took off after feeling too attached/repressed respectively to the men, in Tallahassee's heavily modified presidential limousine he lovingly calls "The Beast."
A month later, while exploring a mall, Columbus is mourning his relationship with Wichita. Tallahassee, claiming Native American blood runs through his veins, is ready to head out on his own. Columbus is startled by a ditzy blonde named Madison, who has survived Zombieland by hiding inside the freezer of a Pinkberry store. Columbus invites her back to the White House, much to Tallahassee's annoyance, where Madison pounces on Columbus and the two have sex. Returning and discovering Columbus has slept with Madison, Wichita explains that Little Rock has left for Graceland with a pacifist from Berkeley, with no weapons save for "The Beast". Fearing for Little Rock's safety, the group heads toward Graceland in a rundown minivan, including Madison.
While trying to switch vehicles and secure an abandoned RV, they fight off another horde of zombies. Madison appears to be scratched on the foot by a "Ninja" and is saved by Columbus. The last zombie in the bunch is a new strain of super-zombie that takes multiple gunshots to kill, leading Columbus to nickname it the "T-800" after the Terminator franchise. They fail to secure the RV and retreat back to the minivan. Madison begins to show signs of "zombification," such as pale, flushed skin, deforming facial features, and uncontrollable vomiting. This forces them to pull to the side of the road so Columbus could lead her into the forest to shoot her.
The trio finally arrives at Graceland days later, only to find it in ruins. Little Rock, Berkeley, and "The Beast" are nowhere in sight. Tallahassee, a great admirer of Elvis Presley, is broken-hearted and pushes them to drive away. Further down the road, they discover "The Beast" at a nearby Elvis-themed motel. The place is run by a gun-slinging survivor named Nevada, who reveals Little Rock and Berkeley took another vehicle toward Babylon, a hippie commune. Bonding over their love of Elvis, Nevada and Tallahassee spend the night together.
In the morning, they are awakened to find "The Beast" being crushed by a monster truck driven by Nevada's friends Albuquerque and Flagstaff, who strongly resemble Tallahassee and Columbus in physical appearance and personality. Albuquerque and Tallahassee argue over Nevada while Flagstaff and Columbus compare "commandments" and "rules" for surviving a zombie apocalypse. T-800s soon appear in the driveway. Albuquerque and Flagstaff, trying to one-up the others, fight them alone. Almost immediately, however, they both exhibit signs of "zombification" and reveal they were bitten. The group is forced to fight the T-800 version of their counterparts. While proving to be severely difficult, they successfully kill the zombies. They hit the road again, this time heading for Babylon.
During an intimate conversation between Columbus and Wichita about their relationship, the group finds Madison, alive and well, driving an ice cream truck heading in the same direction. She rejoins the group and explains that her nut allergy caused symptoms similar to zombification. Instead of shooting her, Columbus spared her in the forest, shooting above her head to try and scare her off. They arrive at Babylon, begrudgingly giving up their weapons, and find Little Rock. A satisfied Tallahassee departs, only to find a horde of super zombies attracted by the commune's fireworks and drives back to warn everybody. Left without guns, Tallahassee devises a plan to kill the zombies with exploding biodiesel and then have commune members, armed with barricade shields, corral the stragglers off of a skyscraper with himself as the bait.
The zombie horde is more massive than expected, the exploding biodiesel is ineffective and the group is surrounded and almost overwhelmed. Nevada arrives in Albuquerque's monster truck, rescuing the group. They are able to take out several of the T-800s before the vehicle soon rolls over and they can't get it back up. Escaping upstairs, the survivors corral the zombies off the roof. Tallahassee uses a construction crane hook to dangle just out of reach, but the last two zombies seize his leg as they fall. Little Rock shoots them with a pistol given to her earlier by Tallahassee, rescuing him. The two reconcile and Wichita accepts Columbus' proposal of marriage. Little Rock breaks up with Berkeley, who hooks up with Madison. The original quartet leaves Babylon, joined by Nevada. Columbus remarks that they have finally found their home in each other.
In a mid-credits scene set during the start of the zombie outbreak in 2009, Bill Murray witnesses Al Roker turn into a Zombie during an interview promoting the fictional Garfield 3: Flabby Tabby. Before making his escape, he kills multiple zombies, including zombie versions of Grace Randolph and Lili Estefan. In a post-credits scene, an outtake of Murray causing the cast to break character while he coughs up a hairball is shown.
The rules
Continuing the rules from Zombieland, Columbus' list of 73 rules includes:
Flagstaff's commandments or rules for staying alive:
Tallahassee considers adding a rule of his own: "It takes a real man to drive a pink Cadillac"
Madison's rule for surviving Zombieland: "Mostly stay in the freezer."
Cast
Woody Harrelson as Tallahassee, Columbus' trusted partner
Jesse Eisenberg as Columbus, who survives thanks to a strict set of rules
Emma Stone as Wichita, a hardened survivor who is reluctant to settle down with Columbus
Abigail Breslin as Little Rock, Wichita's rebellious younger sister
Rosario Dawson as Nevada, owner of an Elvis-themed motel
Zoey Deutch as Madison, a dumb blonde
Luke Wilson as Albuquerque, Flagstaff's partner whose personality mirrors Tallahassee
Avan Jogia as Berkeley, a pacifist, whom Little Rock picks up
Thomas Middleditch as Flagstaff, Albuquerque's partner who has his own set of commandments for survival, and whose personality mirrors Columbus’
A mid-credits scene features Bill Murray being interviewed by Al Roker, Lili Estefan, Josh Alex Horowitz, and Grace Randolph in the final minutes before the Zombie apocalypse hits them.
Production
Development
After Zombieland success, writers Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick soon planned a possible sequel, with many more ideas they wanted to explore. "We would love it, and everybody involved creatively wants to do another one," Wernick said in 2009. "Woody Harrelson came up to us after the final cut of the last scene and gave us a hug and said, 'I've never wanted to do a sequel in the previous movies I've done until this one.'''" Wernick said he wanted to have Jesse Eisenberg, Harrelson, Emma Stone, and Abigail Breslin star again, with Ruben Fleischer returning as the director, and that the writers had "tons of new ideas swimming in their heads." Additionally, they wanted to make the comedy into an enduring franchise. "We would love to do several sequels," stated Wernick. "We would love to also see it on television. It would make a wonderful TV series." From this, they wrote a TV pilot, starring a different cast, released in April 2013 on Lovefilm and Amazon Video.
At the time of the first film's release, Reese and Wernick said they were not planning on an immediate sequel, due to being heavily involved with other writing projects. By November 2009, the original cast and director were all set to return, with Fleischer enthusiastic about the idea of making the sequel in 3D. In 2010, Fleischer stated that he was working on the screenplay, and the creators had begun searching for another "superstar cameo."
In July 2011, Eisenberg said that he was "not sure what's happening" with the sequel, but that the writers were working on Zombieland 2. He also expressed concern that a sequel would no longer be "relevant." Harrelson said that he was hesitant to return for a sequel as well, adding, "It's one thing to do it when it came out real good and it made a lot of people laugh, but then do a sequel? I don't know. I don't feel like a sequels guy."
In February 2016, the project was officially revived, with Reese and Wernick again set to write the script. In August 2016, Reese and Wernick confirmed that they were working on Zombieland 2 and meeting with Woody Harrelson to discuss the film, while stating "all the cast is pretty excited."
In March 2017, it was revealed that the script for Zombieland 2 had been completed, with Wernick and Reese stating:
In May 2018, Harrelson said that he hoped the film would be in production by early 2019, and that it would be released in time for the original's tenth anniversary.
Pre-production
On July 13, 2018, Zombieland: Double Tap was officially greenlit by Sony Pictures. Ruben Fleischer returned to direct while Eisenberg, Harrelson, Stone and Breslin reprised their roles. Sanford Panitch, president of Columbia Pictures, declared in a press release:
In November 2018, Zoey Deutch and Avan Jogia joined the cast. In December 2018, it was confirmed that Bill Murray would return for the sequel, once again playing the fictionalized version of himself. In January 2019, Rosario Dawson joined the cast of the film. Thomas Middleditch and Luke Wilson joined in February.
Filming
Filming began on January 19, 2019, in Atlanta, Georgia. Primary production finished on March 15, 2019. The building used for the Babylon commune is located in Atlanta near the spaghetti junction. It was used for a hotel for many years, and is now abandoned. The film was also shot at Pinewood Atlanta Studios.
Release
The film was released in the United States on October 18, 2019. Worldwide, Sony spent about $60 million on prints and advertising for the film.
Home mediaZombieland: Double Tap was released on Digital HD on December 24, 2019, and on DVD, Blu-ray, and Ultra HD Blu-ray on January 21, 2020.
Reception
Box officeZombieland: Double Tap grossed $73.1 million in the United States and Canada, and $49.7 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $122.8 million.
In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside Maleficent: Mistress of Evil, and was projected to gross $25–30 million from 3,468 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $10.2 million on its first day, including $2.85 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $26.8 million, finishing third, behind Maleficent and Joker. It then dropped 56% in its second weekend to $11.8 million, finishing fourth, and made $7.4 million in its third weekend, finishing sixth.
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads, "Zombieland: Double Tap makes up for a lack of fresh brains with an enjoyable reunion that recaptures the spirit of the original and adds a few fun twists." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 56 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, down from the "A-" received by the first film, while those surveyed at PostTrak gave it four out of five stars and a 64% "definite recommend."
Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times praised the performances, saying "They're all terrific, but Emma Stone in particular kills with a sharply honed, funny and endearing performance as the battle-tested and cynical Wichita, who is fearless when it comes to taking on zombies, but terrified when it comes to fully committing to a human connection." Simon Thompson at IGN also praises the acting, writing, "Zombieland: Double Tap is a riot, and a lot of that is due to Zoey Deutch and her character, Madison. While it doesn't quite achieve classic status in its own right, when it comes to sequels that do the original film justice, it is up there. It's worth the wait, your time and your money."
Kate Erbland of IndieWire gave the film a "C+", saying, "Zombieland: Double Tap still finds space for big laughs (the pairing of Eisenberg and Harrelson remains nutty and fun), a welcome cameo in the credits, and a banger of a final battle in which the body count soars to ridiculous numbers. But, after 10 years of anticipation, it would have been nice to see a zombie movie with more on its mind than the same goofy undead routine." Peter Debruge of Variety wrote, "The zombies have evolved[...] the comedy not so much," and, "Here, humor turns every kill into a sick punchline, and while the writers do a fine job of making them funny, like macabre cartoons in which Wile E. Coyote can rebound from unthinkable injuries, the movie’s tone negates a fundamental respect for human life. Yeah, yeah, it’s just a movie, you say. But like the first-person-shooter video games the film’s Double Tap title references, society can’t just passively sit back and accept an attitude that mocks pacifism and makes light of such extreme violence. Or else we’re the zombies, and the joke’s on us."
Other media
Video games
A mobile game, titled Zombieland: Double Tapper, was released along with the film, featuring the characters.
The film also inspired a twin-stick shooter video game titled Zombieland: Double Tap – Road Trip. Developed by High Voltage Software and published by GameMill Entertainment and Maximum Games in North America and Europe respectively, it was released on October 15, 2019, for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One, three days before the film's US release.
On Metacritic, the PlayStation 4 version of Zombieland: Double Tap – Road Trip received a score of 39% based on 5 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable" reviews.
Halloween Horror Nights Zombieland: Double Tap was featured as a scare zone at Universal Studios Florida's Halloween Horror Nights.'' The zone included the modified presidential limousine "Beast" as seen in the film.
Future
Sequel and Spin-off
During the press tour for the film, the director, writers, and cast have all stated an interest in reuniting every 10 years to do a Zombieland film. Director Ruben Fleischer said, "I think we all had so much fun making this one, we’d be really lucky to get to return to Zombieland. Although, I will say, Emma Stone said she thought it would be fun if we did one of these every 10 years. Knowing that Woody Harrelson’s just the healthiest guy there is, he’s going to outlive all of us, and so we can just keep doing them every 10 years, ‘til the end of time. … I can’t imagine a better way to look forward to my future than knowing that every 10 years I get to hang out with those guys and make a movie with them again."
In another interview, he also said, "I would love to do a Madison stand-alone movie."
References
External links
2019 films
2019 action comedy films
2019 comedy horror films
2010s action horror films
2010s adventure comedy films
2010s buddy comedy films
2010s comedy road movies
2010s monster movies
American zombie films
American zombie comedy films
American action comedy films
American action horror films
American adventure comedy films
American buddy comedy films
American comedy road movies
American films
American sequel films
Columbia Pictures films
2010s English-language films
Films about viral outbreaks
Films directed by Ruben Fleischer
Films scored by David Sardy
Films set in 2019
Films set in Memphis, Tennessee
Films set in Pisa
Films set in Washington, D.C.
Films set in the White House
Films shot at Pinewood Atlanta Studios
Films shot in Atlanta
Films with screenplays by David Callaham
Films with screenplays by Paul Wernick
Films with screenplays by Rhett Reese
Adventure horror films
Hippie films
Parodies of horror
American post-apocalyptic films
Zombieland (franchise)
Cultural depictions of Elvis Presley |
5456198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapping%20Music | Clapping Music | Clapping Music is a minimalist piece written by Steve Reich in 1972. It is written for two performers and is performed entirely by clapping.
Reich and his ensemble were on tour in Europe in 1972. After a concert in Brussels, the promoter asked him if they would like to go see some flamenco music. They ended in a club and watched a pair of musicians who by Reich's account were terrible guitarists and singers. However, when they started clapping very loudly, Reich and his group, who were mainly percussionists, joined in. After the concert Reich realised that he could use this as the basis for work, not least as it could be performed with only a few people rather than taking two trucks of equipment.
A development of the phasing technique from Reich's earlier works such as Piano Phase, it was written when Reich wanted to (in his own words) "create a piece of music that needed no instruments beyond the human body". However, he quickly found that the mechanism of phasing slowly in and out of tempo with each other was inappropriate for the simple clapping involved in producing the actual sounds that made the music.
Instead of phasing, one performer claps a basic rhythm, a variation of the fundamental African bell pattern in 12/8 time, for the entirety of the piece. The other claps the same pattern, but after every 8 or 12 bars shifts by one eighth note to the right, skipping one note or rest in the pattern.
The two performers continue this until the second performer has shifted 12 eighth notes and is hence playing the pattern in unison with the first performer again (as at the beginning), some 144 bars later. The variation of the African bell pattern is minimal; it contains just one additional beat. However, this minimal addition results in a much more interesting piece from the point of view of the variation of syncopation as the piece progresses. A typical recording of the piece, as included in Reich's Works 1965–1995 box set, lasts just under five minutes.
The piece was performed at the Contemporary Arts Museum in Houston, Texas, on 13 November 1973.
In dance, the piece was used in 1982 by the Belgian choreographer Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker as part of one of her seminal works, Fase, which became a cornerstone of contemporary dance.
In 2012 an authorized arrangement for solo piano of Clapping Music was released on the album Which Way Is Up? by Simon Rackham, with permission granted by the publisher Universal Edition (London).
Imagine Dragons used Clapping Music as the foundation for their 2012 hit "On Top of the World" on their debut studio album Night Visions, although only a sample is used and Reich's composition does not progress over the course of the song. The piece is also utilized on a remix by James Murphy of the David Bowie song "Love Is Lost".
There is a Clapping Music app available for iOS.
References
External links
Reich, Steve. "Steve Reich Clapping Music Video Medium". stevereich.com
Compositions by Steve Reich
1972 compositions
Process music pieces
Percussion music |
7063978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Gentry | Howard Gentry | Howard Gentry may refer to:
Howard Gentry, Jr. (born 1952), American politician in Nashville, Tennessee
Howard Scott Gentry (1903–1993), American botanist
Howard C. Gentry, head college football coach for the Tennessee State University Tigers, 1955–1960 |
14764249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horndon-on-the-Hill | Horndon-on-the-Hill | Horndon on the Hill is a village, former civil parish and Church of England parish in the unitary authority of Thurrock, in the county of Essex, England. It is located close to the A13, around one mile northwest of Stanford-le-Hope and around two miles northeast of Orsett. The village area falls within the Orsett ward of Thurrock District Council. In 2019 it had an estimated population of 1517. In 1931 the parish had a population of 1052.
Horndon on the Hill has one church, the Church of St Peter and St Paul, which dates from the 13th century and is Grade I listed. It also has a primary school, a recreational park and two public houses, The Swan and The Bell.
History
Horndon-on-the-Hill appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Hornindune, meaning "horn-shaped hill". It may have been the site of the 11th-century Horndon mint, based on the survival of a single Anglo-Saxon penny from the village.
In the late 15th century, the lord of the manors of Arden Hall and Horndon House was Sir Edmund Shaa. Shaa was a supporter of Richard III and was knighted by him. These manors remained in the Shaa family for several generations before passing to the Pooley family.
A woolmarket was established in the village in the early 16th century; the building later became a shelter for the poor people of the area.
On the south wall of the church is a memorial to Thomas Higbed, who was burned at the stake in Horndon in 1555 and is included in Foxe's Book of Martyrs.
Horndon on the Hill is one of the seven conservation areas of Thurrock and was the first of the seven to be designated, in September 1969.
Since the 13th century, Horndon on the Hill hosts the annual "Feast and Fayre" on the last weekend in June.
Prominent residents have included Sir John Tusa, journalist and broadcaster and former President of Wolfson College, Cambridge.
Philip Conrad Vincent, founder & Designer of Vincent Motorcycles Great Britain, lived in Horndon on the-Hill, and his final resting place is in the Parish cemetery of St Peter and St Paul in the centre of the village.
Governance
Horndon on the Hill belonged to the Barstable hundred of Essex, before becoming part of Orsett Rural District in 1894 and then part of Thurrock Urban District on 1 April 1936 when the parish was abolished to form Thurrock. In 1974, the urban district became the Borough of Thurrock under the Local Government Act 1972. The borough was given administrative independence from Essex County Council in 1998.
References
External links
Villages in Essex
Former civil parishes in Essex
Thurrock |
2499415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trutnov%20Open%20Air%20Music%20Festival | Trutnov Open Air Music Festival | Trutnov Open Air Music Festival is one of the biggest music festivals in the Czech Republic. Its origins go back to 1987 when it was founded on the tradition of underground culture in the city of Trutnov. Since the Velvet Revolution the festival is held annually and attendance has risen from 1,800 in 1990 to 20,000 in 1995. Since 2013, the exact attendance has not been disclosed.
Festival 2004 headliners
Motörhead
Tata Bojs
David Koller
Festival 2005 headliners
The Wailers
Rachid Taha
Dog Eat Dog
Senor Coconut
The Dhol Foundation
The Slackers
Superhiks
Blackfire
Yat-kha
Fanfare Savale
Brainless Wankers
Kultur Shock
Festival 2006 headliners
Living Colour
Killing Joke
The Presidents of The USA
Hedningarna
The Dhol Foundation
MTO
The Plastic People of the Universe
Eva Pilarová
Monkey Business
Support Lesbiens
Festival 2007 headliners
The Young Gods
Billy Gould and Harmful
The Race
New York Ska Ensemble
Tanya Stephens
The Dhol Foundation
Festival 2008 headliners
The Subways
Stephen Marley
Soulfly
Voodoo Glow Skulls
Shelter
Ungdomskulen
Dub Trio
The Sex Pistols Experience
Festival 2009 headliners
Primal Scream
Anti-Flag
Cavalera Conspiracy
Candie Payne
Enter Shikari
The International Noise Conspiracy
Pro-Pain
The Plastic People of the Universe
The Tower of Dudes
Lord Bishop Rock
Tagada Jones
Trunk Show
Eva Pilarová
Monkey Business
Festival 2010 headliners
Manic Street Preachers
Rachid Taha
Senser
Dubioza Kolektiv
Irie Révoltés
Elvis Jackson
The Flying Eyes
Trunk Show
The Tower of Dudes
Monkey Business
The Plastic People of the Universe
Festival 2011 headliners
Iggy and the Stooges
The Plastic People of the Universe
Garage with Tony Ducháček
Skindred
Brian "Head" Welch
Petr Váša & Ty Syčáci
Monkey Business
Festival 2012 headliners
John Cale from The Velvet Underground
The Plastic People of the Universe
Jessie Evans
Anti-Flag
Korn
dEUS
Yellowcard
Jaroslav Hutka
Garage with Tony Ducháček
Vladimír Merta
Petr Váša & Ty Syčáci
Velvet Underground Revival Band
Milan Smrčka a.k.a. Záviš
References
External links
Official site of the festival
https://web.archive.org/web/20050830001033/http://trutnov.openair.cz/
Music festivals in the Czech Republic
Rock festivals in the Czech Republic
Music festivals established in 1987
Trutnov |
34420191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9poi | Pépoi | The Pépoi or Pepoi is a rustic dual-purpose breed of small chicken from north-eastern Italy, particularly the Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia regions. It is not officially recognised as a breed in Italy, but is being considered for recognition.
History
The Pépoi is a traditional farmhouse breed of north-eastern Italy, and of Friuli-Venezia Giulia and the north-eastern part of the Veneto in particular. It is one of the few dwarf breeds in Italy, others being the Mericanel della Brianza and the Mugellese.
Together with the Ermellinata di Rovigo, the Robusta Lionata, the Robusta Maculata and the Padovana, the Pépoi is one of the five chicken breeds included in the CO.VA. project of Veneto Agricultura, the regional administration for agriculture of the Veneto. The project includes among its aims the conservation of local avian species of limited distribution, and the conservation of genetic resources and biodiversity, and has published a detailed description of the breed.
In early 2012, the Pépoi was not officially recognised by the Federazione Italiana Associazioni Avicole, but was under consideration. Critics have suggested that the characteristics of the Pépoi are too variable for it to be considered a breed.
Breed numbers remain low. A study published in 2007 used a figure of approximately 550 for the total breeding stock, of which approximately 50 were cocks.
Characteristics
The colouring of the Pépoi is golden (partridge). The skin and legs are yellow. Average weight is for cocks, for hens.
The eggs are pinkish brown and weigh 40–45 g.
Uses
The Pépoi is a dual-purpose breed. Hens lay 160–180 eggs per year. In meat production, birds reach a weight of 600–700 g in four months, and are suitable as a single portion or for the spit. The meat is well-flavoured.
References
Chicken breeds
Chicken breeds originating in Italy |
43309339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balluneh | Balluneh | Balluneh () is a Syrian village located in Al-Suqaylabiyah Nahiyah in Al-Suqaylabiyah District, Hama. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Balluneh had a population of 60 in the 2004 census.
References
Populated places in al-Suqaylabiyah District |
54177142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20Police%20of%20the%20Federal%20District | Civil Police of the Federal District | The Civil Police of the Federal District is the police force for the Federal District of Brazil, which contains the capital Brasilia. The Civil Police report to the Governor of the Federal District and is linked to the State Secretariat of Public Security.
History
In 1808, after the Portuguese Royal Family fled to Brazil from Portugal, the colonial government created the General Police Office of the Court and the State of Brazil . That force was the forerunner of the Civil Police of Rio de Janeiro.
In 1960, with the creation of the new capital in Brasilia, the government create the Civil Police of the Federal District, using officers from the Rio police.
Main institutional functions
Practice, with exclusivity, all the necessary acts for the investigation of criminal offenses and preparation of the police investigation;
To promote the recruitment, selection, training, improvement and professional and cultural development of the civil police;
Organize and execute the registration of civil and criminal identification;
Maintain the police statistical service in compliance with statistical and research institutes in order to provide accurate and up-to-date information on crime, violence and traffic infractions;
Collaborate with the Criminal Justice, providing for the enforcement of the arrest warrants issued by the judicial authorities, providing the necessary information for the investigation and prosecution of the cases and to carry out the actions, reasonably requested by the judge and members of the Public Prosecutor's Office in the police investigation files
Careers
Chief Police Delegate
Medical-Legal Expert
Forensics expert
Police Papilopscopist expert
Police Agent
Police clerk
Custody agent
Rio de Janeiro (city)
Law enforcement agencies of Brazil
Civil police of the states of Brazil
Organisations based in Federal District (Brazil) |
14307085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Swedish%20films%20of%20the%201990s | List of Swedish films of the 1990s | This is a list of films produced in Sweden and in the Swedish language in the 1990s. For an A-Z see :Category:Swedish films.
1990s
External links
Swedish film at the Internet Movie Database
1990s
Films
Swedish
nl:Lijst van Zweedse films
zh:瑞典電影列表 |
32820073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson%20Parker-Smith | Johnson Parker-Smith | Johnson Parker-Smith (14 January 1882 – 13 July 1926) was a British lacrosse player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team which won the silver medal. Smith was born in 1882 in Chelford near Macclesfield in Cheshire, his father, also Johnson Parker Smith, was a merchant. Smith became a chartered accountant.
References
External links
Johnnson Parker-Smith's profile at Sports Reference.com
1882 births
1926 deaths
Lacrosse players at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Olympic lacrosse players of Great Britain
Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain
English accountants
Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in lacrosse
20th-century English businesspeople |
15651615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSVL | KSVL | KSVL (92.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve Smith, Nevada and the surrounding area. The station is owned by Jerry Evans, through The Evans Broadcast Company, Inc. It airs a news and talk format.
The station was assigned the KSVL call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on September 24, 1999. Since 2019, KSVL 92.3 has been run by Evans Broadcast Company.
Ownership
In March 2007, Lyon Broadcasters Inc. made a deal to buy KSVL from Donegal Inc. James Foss, Lyon Broadcasters’ president, told the Northern Nevada Business Weekly that he planned to add local news and a talk show hosted by a local personality to the station's automated alternative rock format.
References
External links
SVL |
48918606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigger%20Tricks | Trigger Tricks | Trigger Tricks is a 1930 American pre-Code Western film written and directed by B. Reeves Eason, and starring Hoot Gibson, Sally Eilers, Robert Homans, Jack Richardson, Monte Montague and Neal Hart. It was released on June 8, 1930, by Universal Pictures.
Cast
Hoot Gibson as Texas Ranger Tim Brennan
Sally Eilers as Betty Dawley
Robert Homans as Thomas Kingston
Jack Richardson as Joe Dixon
Monte Montague as Nick Dalgus
Neal Hart as Sheriff Jack Thompson
Max Asher as Ike
Walter Perry as Mike
Plot
A cattleman (Gibson) works as a gunman for a group of cattlemen while he tries to find out who killed his brother. Along the way, he falls in love with the owner (Eilers) of a sheep ranch and learns the killer's identity.
References
External links
1930 films
American films
English-language films
American Western (genre) films
1930 Western (genre) films
Universal Pictures films
Films directed by B. Reeves Eason
American black-and-white films |
32780487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Han%20%28figure%20skater%29 | Yan Han (figure skater) | Yan Han (; ; born March 6, 1996) is a Chinese competitive figure skater. He is a three-time Four Continents bronze medalist (2013, 2015, 2016), the 2013 Cup of China champion and a four-time Chinese national champion (2010-2011, 2018, 2020).
On the junior level, he is the 2012 Youth Olympic champion, the 2012 Junior World champion, the winner of four ISU Junior Grand Prix titles, and a two-time Junior Grand Prix Final silver medalist (2010, 2011).
Career
The only athlete in his family, Yan started skating at the age of 5. He trained in Harbin until he relocated to Beijing in early 2012.
2009–2010 season: Junior Grand Prix debut
Yan made his ISU Junior Grand Prix debut in the 2009–2010 season. He won gold at the event in Turkey, his only assignment that season. He did not compete at the 2010 World Junior Championships due to a fracture injury.
2010–2011 season
Yan was assigned to the 2010–11 ISU Junior Grand Prix events in Austria and Czech Republic. After winning his two JGP events, he qualified to the Junior Grand Prix Final, which was held in Beijing, China. Yan took the silver medal in his home country. He ended the season by placing 6th in his debut at the 2011 World Junior Championships in Korea.
2011–2012 season: Youth Olympic and World Junior titles
In the 2011–2012 season, Yan began attempting a triple Axel and a quad toe loop in competition. After winning gold at his JGP events in Austria and Italy, Yan qualified for the 2011–12 Junior Grand Prix Final. At the event, held in Quebec City, Canada, he won the silver medal despite having a fever. He became the 2012 Youth Olympics champion in Innsbruck, Austria.
At the 2012 World Junior Championships, Yan became the first skater representing China to win the men's junior world title.
2012–2013 season: First medal at Four Continents
Yan started his season at the 2012 JGP Slovenia, where he finished fifth after a shattering fall on the quadruple toe loop in the free program. He then won silver, behind Maxim Kovtun at the 2012 JGP Croatia. He did not advance to the JGP Final.
Yan took silver at the 2013 Chinese Championships. He made his senior international debut at the 2013 Four Continents Championships, where he took the bronze medal. Yan ended the season placing ninth in the men's discipline and fifth with Team China at the 2013 World Team Trophy. He then flew to Toronto to work with Lori Nichol for two new programs for the upcoming season.
2013–2014 season: Grand Prix debut
Yan's senior Grand Prix debut came at the 2013 Cup of China. He placed first in the short setting a personal best score of 90.14 points and placed second in the free winning the gold medal overall, ahead of Maxim Kovtun. Yan set a personal best overall score of 245.62 points. Yan finished fourth at the 2013 Trophée Éric Bompard, competing with a fever that he developed the day before his short program. His results qualified him for the Grand Prix Final, in which he placed sixth overall. He was selected to compete at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, where he finished seventh. He then finished seventh at the 2014 World Figure Skating Championships in Saitama, Japan.
2014–2015 season: Second bronze at Four Continents
Yan's first assignment of the 2014 Grand Prix season was Cup of China. On November 8, during the free skate warm-up, he collided with Japan's Yuzuru Hanyu. Yan was visibly injured, but decided to compete. He placed seventh in the free program and sixth overall. Later in the same month, he placed eighth at another Grand Prix event, the 2014 Trophee Eric Bompard.
At the 2015 Four Continents Championships, Yan took the bronze medal with a combined score of 259.47, a personal best. He placed tenth at the 2015 World Championships.
2015–2016 season: Third bronze at Four Continents
Competing in the 2015 Grand Prix season, Yan placed fourth at Skate America and took bronze at Cup of China. He went on to win his third bronze medal at the 2016 Four Continents Championships, setting personal bests in the free program (181.98) and combined score (271.55). Yan placed twenty-sixth at the 2016 World Championships.
2016–2017 season
During the 2016 Grand Prix season, Yan placed tenth at Skate Canada and fifth at Cup of China. He ranked 10th at the 2017 Four Continents Championships. He won a bronze medal at the 2017 Asian Winter Games.
Yan's shoulder dislocated repeatedly after he sustained a fracture. As a result, he withdrew from the 2017 World Championships.
2017–2018 season
Yan's first international competition during this season was the International Cup of Nice, where he won the gold medal. For his Grand Prix assignments, Yan competed at Skate America and the Cup of China, placing fifth at both competitions. He then became the Chinese national champion and went on to place tenth at the 2018 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships. During this season, he competed in the 2018 Winter Olympics, making it his second time at the Olympics. He ranked 23rd overall.
2018–2019 season
Yan did not compete internationally during the season, subsequently attributing this to both injury recovery and disappointment with his performances in recent seasons. Initially intending to travel and study, he ultimately opted to plan a return to competition.
2019–2020 season
Yan won his fourth national title at the 2020 Chinese Championships in September. Despite rumors of his retirement, he was initially assigned to 2019 CS Nebelhorn Trophy, but withdrew before the event. Yan was assigned to the 2019 Cup of China, where, despite performing only triple jumps, he placed first in the short program, narrowly ahead of Jin Boyang. After placing second in the free skate behind Jin, he won the silver medal. Speaking afterward, he thanked the Chinese Skating Association for giving him the chance to return to competition, and said that he was somewhat surprised to be competitive for a medal without quads. Yan did not receive a second Grand Prix assignment, and thus could not contend for a 2019–20 Grand Prix Final berth.
Making his return to the Four Continents Championships in February 2020, Yan placed tenth. Yan was required to self-quarantine for two weeks after returning to China, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, he was not named to the team for the 2020 World Championships, despite China having two men's spots.
2020–2021 season
With the 2020–21 figure skating season having to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, senior skaters were invited to a maximum of one Grand Prix event, based largely on geographic location. Yan was invited to the 2020 Cup of China, where he won the silver medal for the second consecutive year.
Yan competed at the 2021 World Championships in Stockholm, placing thirteenth, while Jin Boyang placed twenty-second. As a result, China qualified only one men's berth at the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.
2021–2022 season
For the 2021-22 Grand Prix Season, Yan was assigned to the 2021 Cup of China, which was later cancelled and replaced by the 2021 Gran Premio d'Italia. Yan's name was initially in this entry list as well, but he later withdrew.
Age controversy
In February 2011, a group of Chinese skaters' ages became the subject of controversy as their birth dates published on the Chinese Skating Association's website did not match the ones listed on their bio pages in the ISU website. The controversy prompted a search for more discrepancies among Chinese figure skaters' dates of births. According to news articles published in February 2011, although Yan's birthday was listed as March 6, 1996 on ISU's website, the Chinese website suggested that he was born on that day in 1994. Officials from the State General Administration of Sports held a press conference where they attributed the discrepancies to erroneous information provided by the Chinese website.
Programs
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
Detailed results
Small medals for short program and free skating awarded only at ISU Championships. Personal bests highlighted in bold.
2013–14 to present
2009–10 to 2012–13
References
External links
1996 births
Living people
Figure skaters from Harbin
Chinese male single skaters
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters of China
Figure skaters at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics
Youth Olympic gold medalists for China
Figure skaters at the 2017 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2017 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games bronze medalists for China
Asian Games medalists in figure skating
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists |
12238807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi%20Ugolini | Luigi Ugolini | Luigi Ugolini (25 June 1891 – 22 June 1980) was an Italian writer. He is best known for his series of fictionalized biographies of Italian leaders in art and science, and for a volume of work that immortalizes traditions, values and ways of life of Tuscany and Florence. Ugolini left an early career as a lawyer to write, and his literary works, many of which are inducted as scholastic required reading in Italian schools, earned a worldwide reputation and several prestigious literary awards. He was also a painter, an expert ornithologist and gastronome.
Biography
Luigi Ugolini descended from a noble family of Tuscany whose recorded lineage dates back to 1585 in Arezzo, Italy. Ugolini was born in Florence, where his Siena-born father and his grandfather both had medical practices. Ugolini was a nobleman who was known to prefer the company of poor farmers in the regions of Maremma, whom he described as truer gentlemen than many of those so-called gentlemen in the city. Accounts depict Ugolini as playful as he was honestly outspoken. He married Lina Vaselli, and the couple had seven children, four sons and three daughters.
Ugolini attended the Military Academy of Modena and graduated from the University of Pisa with a degree in Law, mainly to honor his father's wishes. After 10 years of practicing law, he made a dramatic move to devote his life to his calling of letters. He was introduced by Giovanni Papini in Nuova Antologia the leading Italian literary magazine (New Anthology). Ugolini's novels document and give voice to the nearly invisible Tuscan way of life, now absorbed into near nonexistence by a modernized and globalized Italy. For example, in his story of the fearless Domenico Tirbuzi, a Florentine Robin Hood of the poor masses, Ugolini preserves the dialogue, Tuscan dialect, and archaic words particular to the Maremma vernacular. Ugolini's The Story of My Land immortalizes bread making, cooking and many details of classic country life in a now changing Tuscany.
Ugolini was godfather to his granddaughter, the novelist/poet Vanna Bonta. He named her Vanna after the female character in Dante Alighieri's "La Vita Nuova." Lydia Ugolini, Ugolini's eldest daughter and a popular children's writer, returned to the Ugolini home after becoming widowed in 1964. She was appointed by Ugolini as executrix of his literary and personal estate in 1972, and later named to that position by Ugolini's last will and testament. She worked with her father and cared for him until his death in 1980. In his will, Ugolini left half of his estate to Lydia Ugolini, the maximum allowable to a testator by Italian law, and the remainder was divided among his other living children and descendants.
Ugolini and his wife were married over sixty years at the time of her death in 1975. He died at home in Florence. His body is interred in the Porte Sante (Holy Doors) cemetery at the Basilica di San Miniato al Monte, Florence. On his death bed, Ugolini told his daughter Lydia that he had always been true to his wife, her mother, and was still in love with her. He added that she was the only woman he had loved and that he would marry her again. His last murmured words were, "Una pagina bianca" (literally "a white page" but meaning "a blank page" or "a new page").
Literary career
Ugolini wrote fiction and novelized historical biographies for adults and young readers, many of which are required reading in Italian schools. In all, he published over 120 works, including technical manuals, radio dramas, scholastic texts, handbooks, cookbooks, and scientific essays.
In 1916, Luigi Ugolini published Ex Corde, a collection of poems with themes about Nature, eternal war, and humanity. He was living as a second lieutenant after his graduation from the Military Academy of Modena and embarked in a law career for ten years, but this volume first publicly revealed Ugolini a poet. The book of the then-unknown author earned high praise in La Nazione reviews by noted writers of that epoch that included Grazia Deledda and Giovanni Marradi.
Ugolini was featured in many publications. He also contributed as a journalist to leading Italian newspapers, among them La Nazione and Messaggero. Following the review of an early work, New York Times Book Review (3 June 1934) stated: "an extremely interesting biography of the one notorious brigand of the Maremma, Tiburzi, from the pen of Luigi Ugolini, painter and hunter, whose Il nido di Falasco (1932) first attracted attention to his possibilities as a man of letters. Ugolini will bear watching."
After World War II, Ugolini concentrated on literary work for youths, creating the famous series of "Novelized Biographies" for the Paravia, Società Editrice Internazionale (SEI), and Minerva Italica publishing houses.
Ugolini's passion for the land, adventure, and human sensibilities continues to spark the imaginations of youth. Through keen and warm humanization of great artists and leaders, original novels dedicated to "the young of all ages", and a breadth of genres that includes fantasy and science fiction, Ugolini has influenced generations. "Ugolini's degree in jurisprudence ultimately honored his father's wishes in a larger courtroom, on the human stage where, whether history or fiction, he treats and judges his characters with keen, compassionate justice in its barest and most universal sense, one which respects humanity using measures beyond wealth and power, measures that apply to the fundamental heart and honor of any human being."
In 1983, Ugolini's "Tales of Hunting, Fishing, Life" ("Olimpia di Vallecchi") posthumously earned Italy's Prize of Bancerello Sport.
Translations
The Austrian Ministry of Education acknowledged Ugolini in the noted publication "Jugendbuch Autoren aus allen Welt," edited by Lucia Binder for Italy. Ugolini's works have been translated into Japanese and most European languages (German, Romanian, Czech, Hungarian, Portuguese, Serb-Croatian, Spanish) and have won numerous literary prizes.
National monument
On 11 December 1993 the Commune of Florence affixed a commemorative marble plaque to the Ugolini home in Florence, declaring the house a national monument. The epigraph on the plaque was unveiled during a government dedication ceremony in which some officials wore Renaissance-period clothing styles. In English, the epigraph reads, "Here for many years the Florentine writer and poet Luigi Ugolini gave voice to the beauty and humanity of his land and his people.",
Throughout his life, Ugolini referred to himself as an Etruscan, as did his publishers. In a preface About Luigi Ugolini (1965), his publisher, Paravia, added the comment: “His work adheres to its spirit and its inspiration, to the ancient region that always gave, by particular grace, the most iconic figures of art and science. Because his work has, of the Maremma region, the ancient mysterious spell, like the luminous Florentine hills and the deep silences of Volterra.”
Political activity
Known as a poet whose writings were a flame to conscience and ethical thinking, Ugolini is remembered as a brave spirit who considered indifference among the most reprehensible of sins. On 27 April 1940 Ugolini was arrested by the Fascist police for his essays against the regime. When Benito Mussolini's political movement began to establish alliances with Germany, Ugolini protested and predicted the misfortune of entering World War II in alliance with Adolf Hitler. He was tried and condemned by the Special Court to two years of confinement as a political prisoner.
Legends of Ugolini are still told in smaller towns of the Tuscan countryside. He is said to have packed his seven children into a car after a dishonest business manager lost their country villa, and to have lit a cigarette with a piece of money to show disdain for greed. Another legend tells of his arrest by the Fascist police. According to this legend, his daughter Maria Luisa went to the garden to announce to her father they had visitors, two men who claimed to be from Cinecittà. When Ugolini asked his daughter for her impression of them, she gave him the hand signal for "so-so." Ugolini quietly instructed her to hide his typewriter. The two men in fact were Fascist police in disguise, and they arrested him. After interrogation and threats against his family, Ugolini admitted being the anonymous author of the anti-Fascist essays. Ugolini asked for copies of the essays in question, a pen, and a cigarette, and then he signed his name to each essay. He was spared execution because Mussolini admired his novel La Zolla and saw that the public opinion of Ugolini was too favorable.
Awards and honors
Premio Nazionale Città di Biella, 1935, for La Zolla
Premio dell'Accademia d'Italia (Accademia dei Lincei), 1936, for The Skua of White Island (Societa Editrice Internazionale)
Premio Castello, 1962, for The Skua of White Island (Societa Editrice Internazionale)
Premio Bancerello Sport, 1983, for Tales of Hunting, Fishing, Life (Olimpia)
Bibliography
Novelized biographies
The Story of Beato Angelico (Il romanzo di Beato Angelico) (Paravia)
The Story of Benvenuto Cellini (Il romanzo di Benvenuto Cellini) (Paravia)
The Story of Brunelleschi (Il romanzo di Brunelleschi), 1953 (Paravia)
The Story of Caravaggio (Il romanzo del Caravaggio), 1954
The Story of Dante (Il romanzo di Dante)
The Story of Monk Diavolo (Il romanzo di fra Diavolo), 1969
The Story of Brother Sun (Il romanzo di frate sole)
The Story of Galileo (Il romanzo di Galileo), 1959, 1998 (Le Monnier)
The Story of Garibaldi (Il romanzo di Garibaldi), 1958 (Paravia)
The Story of Goldoni (Il romanzo di Goldoni) illustr. by Luigi Togliatto, 1954 (Paravia)
The Story of Julius Caesar (Il romanzo di Giulio Cesare)
The Story of Leonardo (Il romanzo di Leonardo), 1950 (G. B. Paravia)
The Story of Lodovico Ariosto (Il romanzo di Lodovico Ariosto), 1965 (Paravia)
The Story of Michelangelo
The Story of Napoleon (Il romanzo di Napoleone), 1957 (Paravia)
The Story of Niccolò Machiavelli (Il romanzo di Niccolò Machiavelli), 1973 (Paravia)
Paul VI, (Paolo 6), 1969 (Società Editrice Internazionale)
The Story of Messier Petrarc (Il romanzo di Messier Petrarca) (Paravia)
The Story of Raffaello
The Story of Savonarola (Il romanzo di Savonarola) (Paravia)
The Story of Virgil (Il romanzo di Virgilio), 1951, (Paravia)
The Story of Titian (Il romanzo di Tiziano)
The Story of Vespucci (Il romanzo di Vespucci)
The Story of Hannibal (Il romanzo di Annibale) illustr. by Marcello Vettor, 1962
The Story of Ulysses (Minerva)
The Story of Ugo Foscolo (Il romanzo di Ugo Foscolo) (Paravia)
Poetry
Ex Corde 1916
Anthologies
Fiordelverde – Antologia Italiana (Italian anthology for Middle Schools), 1951 (Paravia) Editor and Contributor
Novels into film
Giuliano de' Medici (1941)
Musoduro (1953)
Nido di Falasco II (1950)
Radio drama
Seventy-seven Larks and a Husband (Settantasette lodole e un marito), 1934
Fiction, youth, and scholastic required reading
The Story of "Him" (Il romanzo di "lui")
The Sod (La Zolla)
Wildlife Adventures (Storie di vita selvaggia), 1931
The Nest of Falasco (Il nido di falasco), (Vallecchi, 1932) (Olimpia, 2001)
Domenico Tiburzi, Old Maremma (Domenico Tiburzi, vecchia maremma), 1933 (Vallecchi)
Birds of Italy (Reference book) (Dizionario dialettale italiano degli uccelli d'Italia : con 12160 voci dialettali e corrispondenti italiane) (Editor), 1938 Diana
Island of the Birds (L'isola degli uccelli), 1934
Submerged Land (Terra Sommersa Nuova Antologia), 1935, introduction by Giovanni Papini
A Boy and 1000 Creatures (Un Ragazzo e Mille Bestie)
Florence Lives (Firenze Viva), illustr. by Luciano Guarnieri, 1954 (Società Editrice Internazionale), 1979 (Longanesi)
Musoduro – Memoirs of a Poacher (Musoduro, Memorie di un Bracconiere), 1991 (Olimpia)
Around the World with Magellan (Con Magellano Intorno al Mondo), 1952 (Società Editrice Internazionale)
With Marco Polo in the Court of Kublai Khan (Con Marco Polo alla Corte del Gran Kan), illustr. by R. Sgrilli, (Società Editrice Internazionale)
Cavalry and Army, The Heroic Empress (prose narrative) ("Cavalieri e l'Armi", Le Eroiche Impresse dell'Orlando Furioso)
Son of Dante (Il Figlio di Dante) (historical novel), 1944, illustr. by A. Craffonara (Società Editrice Internazionale)
The Condottieri of Italy (I Condottieri D'Italia), 1944 (Principato)
King of Gypsies (Il Re degli Zingari) Illustr. by D. Natoli, 1964
When I Met God (Quando m'Incontrai Con Dio)
Pinocchio 2 (sequel) (Il Seguito di Pinocchio), Illustr. R. Sgrilli (Società Editrice Internazionale)
The City of Fire (adventure thriller) (La città del fuoco), Illustr. by E. Dell'Acqua (Società Editrice Internazionale)
"The Wolf" – Stories of Fishing and Hunting (La lupa – Novelle di pesca e di caccia per tutti), Illustr. D. Natoli (Società Editrice Internazionale)
The Little House (youth fiction) (La Piccola Casa ), 1951, Illustr. by R. Sgrilli (Società Editrice Internazionale)
The Island Never Found (adventure thriller) (L'isola non-Trovata – Avventure del Mozzo Ramon), Illustr. L.Togliatto (Società Editrice Internazionale)
Youth of Maremma (Tuscan novellas) (Ragazzi di Maremma. Novelle toscane), 1940, illustr. by R. Sgrilli (Società Editrice Internazionale)
We Navigate to the Orient (historical fiction) (Si naviga ad Oriente), illustr. by A. Craffonara (SEI)
Sotto le insegne del Ferruccio (romanzo storico), illustr. by F. Chiletto
A Boy and 1000 Creatures in Four Dimensions of Earth (Un Ragazzo e Mille Bestie in Quattro Palmi di Terra), 1951, illustr. by A.M. Nardi (Società Editrice Internazionale)
The Castle of Dreams (Il Castello dei Sogni), 1952, illustr. by Piquillo (Società Editrice Internazionale)
Pa of the Caverns (Pa delle caverne), 1956 (Società Editrice Internazionale)
A Man Alone in the Forest, a story for kids of 12 to 80 (Un Uomo Solo nel Bosco, racconto per ragazzi dai 12 agli 80 anni) illustrazioni del pittore Natoli) (illustr. by D. Natoli) (Società Editrice Internazionale)
Toward a New World – The Story of Amerigo Vespucci (Verso un Nuovo Mondo. Il Romanzo di Amerigo Vespucci), illustr. by C. Monasterolo (Società Editrice Internazionale)
Voices of the Sea and the Land (narrative prose) (Voci del Mare e della Terra), 1953 (Società Editrice Internazionale)
The Story of My Land (Il romanzo della mia terra), cover by Pietro Annigoni, 1946, 1966 (Paravia)
Diana's Realm: Story of the Hunt Over Centuries (Il regno di Diana: storia della caccia attraverso i secoli), 1954 (Società Editrice Internazionale)
The Poet of Sorrento Torquato Tasso (Il Poeta di Sorrento), 1995 (Società Editrice Internazionale)
The Skua of White Island (Gli Skua d'Isola Bianca), 1961 (Collana L'Aquilone)
With You, Father (Con Te, Babbo), 1967 (Paravia)
Those Days... (Quei giorni...), 1967
Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner (Tuscan cookbook) – (Colazione Pranzo e Cena), 1969 (Casa Editrice Ceschina)
Queen Sky – Ten Months of Fascist Jail, (Regina coeli – dieci mesi di carcere fascista), 1970, (Casa Editrice Ceschina)
Life Blooms in a Garden (La Vita Sboccia in un Giardino), 1970 (Centauri)
Tales of Hunting, Fishing and Life (Racconti di caccia, di pesca, di vita), 1982 (Olimpia)
Stories of the Hunt in Marsh and Hill (Storie di Caccia in Palude e in Collina), 2005 (Olimpia)
References
External links
Authors for Youth: Luigi Ugolini Italian bibliographic resource
Ugolini Titles OPAC Library; Italy; SBN info
1891 births
1980 deaths
Italian biographers
Male biographers
Italian essayists
Italian food writers
Italian historians
Italian male journalists
Italian male poets
Writers from Florence
Italian male novelists
20th-century Italian poets
20th-century Italian novelists
20th-century Italian male writers
20th-century historians
Male essayists
20th-century essayists
20th-century Italian journalists |
1218066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundry | Dundry | Dundry is a village and civil parish, situated on Dundry Hill in the northern part of the Mendip Hills, between Bristol and the Chew Valley Lake, in the English county of Somerset. The parish includes the hamlets of Maiden Head and East Dundry. The parish had a 2011 population of 829.
The village lies on the route of the Monarch's Way long-distance footpath. It is a popular destination for the people of Bristol as it is known for its panoramic views of the city.
History
According to Robinson the name means 'The hill that is dry' from the Old English dun and dryge. An alternative derivation is from a Celtic name, meaning fort of refuge.
The parish was part of the hundred of Chew.
Dundry is notable for its stone: the yellow oolitic limestone from local quarries such as Dundry Main Road South Quarry and the Dundry Downs (to the west of the village) is found even at Cardiff Castle, a fort originally built by the Romans to defend against Anglo-Saxon invasions. The stone was much used in medieval Bristol: an outstanding example being St Mary Redcliffe, an Anglican church in central Bristol. Dundry stone was extensively important into Ireland after the 12th century Anglo-Norman invasions, being used to build Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, amongst many other prominent buildings. A large cube of stone (approximately 1.5m each edge) still stands in the churchyard: the cube is much considered to be an early advertisement for Dundry stone.
The neighbouring village of Chew Magna has in its graveyard an early 19th-century limestone round-topped stone which bears the inscription to William Fowler "shot by an Highwayman on Dundry Hill 14 June 1814 aged 32 years".
Second World War
Being so close to Bristol, Dundry caught many of the 77 air raids (mostly in 1940 and 1941) for which Bristol had:
919 tons of high-explosive bombs and myriad incendiary bombs
1299 persons killed
81,830 houses destroyed.
Many bombs and anti-aircraft shells landed in Dundry. The diary of Doris Ogilvie of East Dundry records that:
24 November 1940: Christening of William Duncan [born in East Dundry] at St James Presbyterian Church, The Barton, Bristol. ... Church completely burned out that night. ... This evening a tremendous air raid began about 6pm – ended about midnight – Bristol was demolished in parts and fires started over a tremendously wide area [148 long-range bombers of Luftwaffe 3]. Glare in the sky reflected on hillside opposite the house [The Dingle, now Dingle House]. Shrapnel fell around the house, but vibration from bombs felt very little here – nearest ones fell North Wick, top fields near Knights [Walnut Farm], Bishopsworth etc. Next day roads partly closed for time bombs. L in Bristol and returned with tales of devastation and the amazingly good organisation and firefighting services."
27 November 1940: The Dundry Parish Hall – 86 people sheltered this week who were driven out of Bristol from demolished houses, flooding etc.
Night of 3 January 1941 "Lawrie [her husband] on Home Guard duty at the wireless station [on Dundry Downs] all night. This night there was a bad raid on Bristol. A good many bombs dropped around Russell's and Knight's farms [North Hill Farm and Walnut Farm, both in East Dundry]: they sound like flocks of starlings coming down. Bad damage done to Bristol. One fell in Russell's bull pen and exploded."
On 17 January "Preparations for incendiary bombs going on. Small bags of sand and buckets of water to be at every corner of the house — most awkward, but adds a spice to life."
On 2 February "Lawrie continues his [air-raid] trenching in the kitchen garden"
On 12 April "Discovered a neat shell cap buried in the lawn, so now we have one like everyone else. This night Lawrie was on fire watch duty from 1 a.m. on. I was alone with D who slept in a basket under the kitchen table. The decoy [see Chew Magna] over the hill, a mile away, caught HEs [high explosive bombs] that night: we only felt vibrations."
Summer 1942 "All this summer has been unnaturally quiet. Only two bad nights when Bath was blasted and set on fire in May."
Sunday 15 November 1942 "Church bells were rung everywhere for the first time to celebrate Egypt victory."
Dundry Home Guard
During World War II members of the Dundry Home Guard had many draughty nights on the top of the church, on Maes Knoll, and (on Dundry Down) at the wireless complex watching out for air raids and possible troop landings by parachute and glider. Captain Knight of Walnut Farm, East Dundry served in the First World War and was in charge of the Dundry Home Guard. Fire watchers turned out to watch for fires whenever there were bombing raids.
500 metres south of Rackledown Farm in East Dundry, there was a Civil Bombing QL decoy site, C1C. It was built as part of the 'C-series' of civil decoys. This QL site operated from the same operations room as a permanent Starfish site SF1B that was located 800 metres further south. These sites featured displays of muted lights to appear like urban areas during poor blackouts. Bonfires were also lit to resemble buildings under attack with the intention of tricking the bombers to release the bomb load before arriving over Bristol.
In 1941, there was a Home Guard exercise for Dundry and neighbouring villages including Winford, Bishopsworth, Leigh Woods and Norton Malreward.
1968 storm
On 10 July 1968 a storm deluged the parish and neighbouring areas— of rain was measured in Chew Stoke,
and local streams such as Winford Brook were swollen by rain running off the slopes of Dundry Hill.
Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, such as the village hall or community centre, playing fields and playgrounds, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also of interest to the council.
The parish is in the unitary authority of North Somerset which was created in 1996, as established by the Local Government Act 1992. This act established a single tier of local government with responsibility for almost all local government functions within its area including local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection, recycling, cemeteries, crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism. It is also responsible for education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning, although fire, police and ambulance services are provided jointly with other authorities through the Avon Fire and Rescue Service, Avon and Somerset Constabulary and the South Western Ambulance Service.
North Somerset's area covers part of the ceremonial county of Somerset but it is administered independently of the non-metropolitan county. Its administrative headquarters is in the town hall in Weston-super-Mare. Between 1 April 1974 and 1 April 1996, it was the Woodspring district of the county of Avon. Before 1974 that the parish was part of the Long Ashton Rural District.
The parish is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom as part of the North Somerset constituency. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election, currently Liam Fox of the Conservative Party. It was also part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament prior to Britain leaving the European Union in January 2020, which elected seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.
Religious sites
The Church of St Michael at Dundry is a prominent feature in its hill-top position with its tower visible for many miles around. The four-stage tower was erected by the Society of Merchant Venturers of Bristol as a landmark and is widely visible.
Transport
In the 1940s and 1950s the Ball family of Dundry ran the "Dundry Pioneer" bus service from Dundry Chapel via Dundry Church and the Hairpin Corner into Prince Street in central Bristol with Bedford buses. After the Dundry Pioneer, Bristol buses route 80, renumbered 373 in 1983, served Dundry.
Notable persons
Lawrence Ogilvie (1898–1980), East Dundry, plant pathologist
References
External links
Dundry Parish website
Dundry Inn website
Dundry Primary School website
Map of Dundry circa 1900
Civil parishes in Somerset
Villages in North Somerset |
739067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinotega%20Department | Jinotega Department | Jinotega () is a department of Nicaragua. Its departmental head is Jinotega. It is located in the north of the country, on the border with Honduras.
The Department of Jinotega has a population of 475,630 (2020 estimate) and covers an area of 9,222 km2. It is one of the 15 most extensive departments in the country. Founded on October 15, 1891.
The city of Jinotega "Las Brumas" is the departmental capital of the homonymous department with an urban population of 53 265 inhabitants in the year 2017. It is located in a valley at an altitude of 1,003.87 meters above sea level with a cool climate at an average temperature of 25 °C and a distance of 142 km from Managua (2h 44 min, by Carr.Panamericana / Panamericana Nte./CA-1).
Source: National Institute for Development Information (INIDE) - Nicaragua. Statistical Yearbook 2016 - 18
The department generates its own power through Lake Apanás Dam, which is also a tourist attraction. Isabelia Mountain Range contains several cloud forests peaks and massifs such as Chimborazo (1,688 m), Datanlí Diablo (1,550 m) with "la Bujona" waterfall. Also, Penas Blancas Massif (1,700 m) containing several water drops, and Bosawás Biosphere Reserve, the largest biosphere reserve in Central America with about 22,000 km2.
Points of interest
There are various restaurants and markets throughout the department of Jinotega, that serve various fruits, vegetables, meats, and drinks. The city of Jinotega is in the vicinity of the artificial Lake Apanas. The town of San Rafael del Norte located about 20 minutes north of Jinotega City, was General Sandino's Headquarters against US Marine's forced occupation of Nicaragua in the late 1920s and early 1930s. San Rafael has a really nice neoclassical parrish church across the leafy Main Square, and a small museum dedicated to Sandino and his wife, Blanca Aráuz.
Attractions and places of interest
In the city of Jinotega
Museum and Library
Museo Municipal, on north side of Central Plaza: it covers archeology, history and antiques displays.
Biblioteca Municipal: within the same premises as the museum.
Temples and Parks
San Juan Bautista Cathedral, on the city's Main Avenue has remarkable neoclassical interiors, a beautiful wooden retable and pulpit, delicate statuary and great views from the bell towers.
Church of Our Lady of Angels, near La Salle College.
Otto Casco Park: with a basketball court, near the bus station to Managua, and Victoria Motta Hospital.
Central Park: a tree covered square with a fountain, a central gazebo for Christmas displays, skateboard tracks, and wifi connection. Surrounding the park are San Juan Cathedral, the Mayor's Office, the City Museum, the Public Library, the Social Club, UNAN (National Autonomous University of Nicaragua), and several hotels, and restaurants.
Panoramic Views of Jinotega
Travel up the steps to the top of "Peña de la Cruz", the path of many pilgrims to fulfill promises to la Santa Cruz (Holy Cross).
In the municipalities of the department of Jinotega
Natural, historical and religious attractions
Town of La Concordia, birthplace of General Benjamin Zeledon.
Town of San Rafael del Norte, where General Augusto C. Sandino married telegraph operator Blanca Aráuz.
Tepeyac Shrine in San Rafael del Norte, where "the Servant of God" Fray Odorico D'Andrea carried out several pastoral works and town improvements.
Canopy tours of "La Brellera" on the outskirts of San Rafael del Norte, experiencing the sensation of "flying" on the trees.
Visits to "El Jaguar" Nature Reserve.
Rural and community tourism experience
Tours of "Datanlí - El Diablo" Natural Reserve to enjoy its cloud forests and "La Bujona" waterfall while guided by locals and sharing daily activities.
Lodging at "La Bastille" Ecolodge.
Farm holidays in Santa María de Pantasma.
Ecotours at "La Fundadora" and "Vida Joven" farms located on the Jinotega - Matagalpa road.
Natural and cultural experience.
Visits to Bosawás, declared by UNESCO a Biosphere Reserve, and to "Peñas Blancas" Massif known for its white cliffs and sharp water drops among misty cloud forests.
Nature tours among coffee fields in Mount Kilambé Nature Reserve, near the town of Wiwilí, and "Santa Maura" farm to learn about the cultivation of this grain called the "green gold".
Visits to Volcan "Yalí" Nature Reserve.
Adventure tourism on Lake Apanás where sport fishing activities and rowing boat competitions take place. This lake is a habitat for a great variety of lake flora and fauna.
Municipalities
El Cuá
Jinotega
La Concordia
San José de Bocay
San Rafael del Norte
San Sebastián de Yalí
Santa María de Pantasma
Wiwilí de Jinotega
References
External links
(Jinotega, JINOTEGA, Nicaragua)
Portal del Norte de Nicaragua
Noticias del Norte de Nicaragua
Historia de Jinotega
Portal del Norte de Nicaragua
Avodec.org
Noticias del Norte de Nicaragua
Información de los municipios del departamento de Jinotega
La Cuculmeca
Radio Estereo Libre
Solingen - Jinotega
Outreach 360
Mision para Cristo Jinotega
Eco albergue La Fundadora Jinotega
Departments of Nicaragua |
3366896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair%20CV-240%20family | Convair CV-240 family | The Convair CV-240 is an American airliner that Convair manufactured from 1947 to 1954, initially as a possible replacement for the ubiquitous Douglas DC-3. Featuring a more modern design with cabin pressurization, the 240 series made some inroads as a commercial airliner, and had a long development cycle that produced various civil and military variants. Though reduced in numbers by attrition, various forms of the "Convairliners" continue to fly in the 21st century.
Design and development
The design began with a requirement by American Airlines for an airliner to replace its Douglas DC-3s. Convair's original design, the unpressurised Model 110, was a twin-engine, low-wing monoplane of all-metal construction, with 30 seats. It was powered by Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp radial engines. It had a tricycle landing gear, and a ventral airstair for passenger boarding. The prototype Model 110, registration NX90653, first flew on July 8, 1946. By this time, American Airlines had changed the requirements to include pressurization and deemed the design too small. Convair used the first prototype for 240 series development work before it had the plane broken up in 1947.
To meet the requirements of airlines for a pressurized airliner, Convair produced a revised design—the Model 240. This had a longer but thinner fuselage than the Model 110, accommodating 40 passengers in the first pressurized, twin-engined airliner. The 240 first flew on March 16, 1947.
The Model 240 was followed by the Model 340, which had a longer fuselage, longer-span wings, and more powerful engines. The 340 first flew on October 5, 1951. In 1954, in an attempt to compete with turboprop-powered airliners such as the Vickers Viscount, Convair produced the Model 440 Metropolitan, with more streamlined cowlings, new engine exhausts, and better cabin soundproofing. As the "Super 240" evolved into the CV-340 and CV-440, the design reached the limit of piston-engine performance, and future development centered on conversion to turboprop power.
Operational history
Convair delivered the first production Convairliner to American on February 29, 1948. They delivered a total of 75 to American—and another 50 to Western Airlines, Continental Airlines, Pan American Airways, Lufthansa, KLM, Swissair, Sabena, and Trans Australia Airlines.
A CV-240 was the first private aircraft used in a United States presidential campaign. In 1960, John F. Kennedy used a CV-240 named Caroline (after his daughter) during his campaign. This aircraft is now preserved in the National Air and Space Museum.
After aborted negotiations with TWA and Eastern for "Super 240" orders, Convair temporarily halted 240 series production. In response to a United inquiry, Convair redesigned the Super 240, calling it the CV-340. United ordered 55, and more US orders came from Braniff, Continental, Delta, Northeast, and National. Other orders came from abroad, and the CV-340 was popular in South America. The CV-340 earned a reputation for reliability and profitability, and was developed into the CV-440 Metropolitan, the final piston-engined variant of the Convairliners.
Kelowna Flightcraft Air Charter, the major remaining operator of this model, currently holds the type certificate for this aircraft.
Used price for a Convair 240 in 1960 was around £40,000.
Variants
Data from: General Dynamics Aircraft and their predecessors
Civil variants
Convair Model 110
Unpressurized prototype with seats for 30 passengers. 89 ft (27.13 m) wingspan, 71 ft (21.64 m) length, powered by two 2,100 hp (1,567 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2800-SC13G engines. One built.
Convair CV-240
Initial production version, with seats for 40 passengers in a pressurised fuselage. Powered by two Pratt & Whitney R-2800 engines. 176 built (excluding military derivatives).
Convair CV-240-21 Turboliner
Turboprop-powered conversion fitted with Allison T38 engines. It became the first turboprop airliner to fly in the United States (on December 29, 1950), but problems with the engines resulted in development being terminated. Used as a test bed before being converted back to piston power.
Convair CV-300
A conversion from a Convair CV-240 with two R-2800 CB-17 engines and nacelles as used on the CV-340.
Built for United Airlines and other operators including KLM, the CV-340 was a CV-240 lengthened to hold an additional four seats. The wingspan was extended for better performance at higher altitudes. The CV-340 replaced the DC-3 in United service. The airline flew 52 340s for 16 years without a fatality. KLM operated the type from early 1953 until mid-1963. Many CV-340 aircraft were converted to CV-440 standard.
CV-340 with improved soundproofing and an option for weather radar. Maximum weight rose to 49,700 lbs. An optional increase from 44 to 52 passengers was facilitated by the replacement of the carry-on luggage area with two more rows of seats, marked by the addition of an extra cabin window. This option was taken up by several airlines including Swissair, Lufthansa and SAS. Finnair operated the type from 1953 until 1980.
Convair CV-540
Conversion from a Convair CV-340 aircraft with two Napier Eland turboprop engines in place of the piston engines. Six aircraft were converted by Napier for Allegheny Airlines. Cost for the conversions was £160,000 per-aircraft. 12 built as new-builds by Canadair for RCAF as CC-109 in 1960 for £436,000 per-aircraft. First flight February 9, 1955. When Rolls Royce purchased Napier, the Eland program was terminated, and the Allegheny aircraft were converted back to piston power, but were later converted to Convair 580s with Allison turbo props.
Conversion from Convair CV-340 (Allison Prop-Jet Convair 340) or CV-440 aircraft with two Allison 501 D13D/H turboprop engines with four-blade propellers, in place of piston engines with three-blade propellers, an enlarged vertical fin and modified horizontal stabilizers. The conversions were performed by Pacific Airmotive on behalf of the Allison Engine Company. Cost of the conversions was around £175,000 per aircraft and took 60 days. The CV-580 served with the original Frontier Airlines (1950-1986), Allegheny Airlines, and North Central Airlines for many years and was also the first aircraft type operated by American Eagle on behalf of American Airlines in code sharing feeder service. General Motors Air Transport (GMATs) also used CV-580's on their internal air shuttle operation which ran between Detroit Metro Airport, Dayton,OH, Anderson, IN and other locations as needed.
Convair CV-580 Airtanker
Firefighting airtanker conversions with retardant tanks and dropping systems.
Convair CV-600
Conversion from a Convair 240 aircraft with Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop engines with four-blade propellers, in place of piston engines with three-blade propellers. CV-600 conversions were performed by Convair. The CV-600 first flew with Central Airlines on 30 November 1965 and also served with Trans-Texas Airways (TTa) and successor Texas International Airlines for many years. The CV-600 aircraft that flew with Air Metro Airways was configured as a 40-passenger airliner. In 2012 the last Convair CV-600 (Rhoades Aviation) went out of service.
Convair CV-640
Conversion from a Convair CV-340 or -440 with Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop engines with four-blade propellers, in place of piston engines with three-blade propellers. The conversions were performed by Convair. In 2012, a total of seven Convair CV-640 aircraft remained in airline service, with Rhoades Aviation (one) and C&M Airways (six).
Convair CV-5800
A stretched Convair CV-5800 of IFL Group with this aircraft being developed by Kelowna Flightcraft (now KF Aerospace) in Canada
Conversion from former US Navy C-131F Samaritans by Kelowna Flightcraft Ltd. (KF Aerospace since 2015) in Canada. The CV-5800 is a C-131F Samaritan stretched by 16 ft 7 in (4,98 m) with the Samaritan's original tail unit rather than the enlarged tail of the CV-580. These conversions also have a new freight door, digital avionics with EFIS and Allison 501-D22G engines in place of the original R-2800 engines. The prototype of this conversion first flew on February 11, 1992; the type certificate was issued on December 11, 1993. A total of six aircraft were converted (construction numbers 276 to 279, 309, 343) and mostly used by Contract Air Cargo (later IFL Group); one aircraft later operated by Air Freight NZ was then returned to KF Aerospace for operation in their own fleet.
Allison Turbine ATF 580S Turbo Flagship
Stretched Convairliner conversion.
Military variants
Convair C-131 Samaritan
The CV-240/340/440 series was used by the United States Air Force for medical evacuation and VIP under this designation
Convair T-29 trainer
A trainer model of the C-131 was used to instruct navigators and radio operators
Convair R4Y Samaritan
The United States Navy used the Samaritan under this designation
Canadair CC-109 Cosmopolitan
Conversion from CV-440, with Napier Eland turboprops in place of the piston engines. The conversions were performed in Canada by Canadair. In Royal Canadian Air Force and later in Canadian Armed Forces service they were known as the CC-109 Cosmopolitan. All were re-engined in 1966 with Allison 501-D13 engines.
Canadair CL-66
Company designation for the CC-109 Eland powered variant
Operators
Civil operators
Africa
Air Algerie – CV-640
Ethiopian Air Lines –CV-240
Kardair (Libya) – CV-440
Titan Helicopter Group (South Africa)– 3 CV 580
Regional Air (South Africa – 2 CV 580)
Rovos Air (South Africa – CV-340)
Asia
Air Jordan - CV-240.
Air Maldives - CV-440
All Nippon Airways - CV-440.
Ariana Afghan Airlines - CV-340.
(CATC), - 6 CV-240.
Garuda Indonesia - CV-240, CV-340 & CV-440
Iran Air - CV-240
Japan Domestic Airlines - CV-240
Orient Airways CV-240
Pakistan International Airlines - CV-240
Philippine Airlines - CV-340
Royal Air Cambodge – CV-440.
Saudi Arabian Airlines - CV-340
Seulawah Air Services – CV-640.
South East Asia Air Transport – CV-340.
Toa Airways
Oceania
Air Chathams - CV-580
Air Fiji - CV-580
Air Freight NZ - CV-580 & CV-5800
Airlines of New South Wales - CV-440.
Airlines of South Australia - CV-440.
Ansett Airlines - CV-340, CV-440 (some were formerly operated by Braniff International Airways)
Chathams Pacific - CV-580
Pionair - CV-580
Real Tonga - CV-580
Trans Australia Airlines - CV-240
Europe
Aviaco - CV-440.
Alitalia - Linee Aeree Italiane - , CV-340 & CV-440.
Condor (& predecessor Deutsche Flugdienst) - & CV-440.
Delta Air Transport - CV-440
European Air Transport - CV-580
Finnair CV-340(converted to CV-440) & CV-440
Fred Olsen Air Transport - CV-340
General Air (Germany) - CV-440
JAT Yugoslav Airlines - CV-340 & CV-440
Iberia Airlines - Convair CV-440.
Kar-Air CV-440
KLM - CV-240 & CV-340
Linjeflyg - CV-340 & CV-440
LOT Polish Airlines - CV-240 (5 in 1957–1966)
Lufthansa - CV-340 & CV-440
Martinair - CV-640
Mey-Air - CV-240
Nor-Fly Charter - CV-440 & CV-580
Pan Adria CV-440
Partnair - CV-580
Polaris Air Transport - CV-240
SABENA - CV-240 & CV-440
SAS - CV-440
SATA, SA de Transport Aérien - CV-440 & CV-640
Stellar Airfreighter (Norway) - CV-440
Swiftair - CV-580
Swissair - CV-240 & CV-440
Tellair - CV-440
United States and Canada
Air Mid-America - CV-600
Air New England - CV-580
Air Ontario - CV-580
Air Rajneesh - CV-440
Air Resorts - CV-440
Air Tahoma - CV-240 & CV-580
Allegheny Airlines - , CV-540 & CV-580
Alaska Airlines - CV-240
American Airlines - CV-240.
American Eagle - See Metro Airlines
American Inter-Island - CV-440 (wholly owned subsidiary of American Airlines, which operated flights between San Juan, St. Thomas and St. Croix in the Caribbean)
Aspen Airways - CV-240, CV-440 & CV-580
Atlantic Gulf Airlines - CV-580
Bar Harbor Airlines - CV-600
Braniff International Airways - CV-340 & CV-440.
Buffalo Airways - CV-240 bought for its engines, not put in service
Cal Sierra Airlines - CV-580
Canadian Pacific Airlines - CV-240.
Caribair (Puerto Rico) - CV-340, CV-440 & CV-640
Central Airlines - CV-240 & CV-600
Charter Airlines - CV-580
Cochise Airlines - CV-440
Conair Group - CV-580
Continental Airlines - CV-240, CV-340 & CV-440
Continental Express - CV-580 (operated by Trans-Colorado Airlines)
Cordova Airlines - CV-240 (acquired by and merged into Alaska Airlines)
Delta Air Lines - CV-340 & CV-440
Desert Air - CV-240
Eastern Air Lines - CV-440
Era Aviation - CV-580
Executive Airlines - CV-440
Freedom Airlines - CV-580
Frontier Airlines (1950-1986) - CV-240, CV-340, CV-440, CV-580 & CV-600 (CV-600 aircraft formerly operated by Central Airlines)
Great Lakes Airlines (Canada) - CV-440 & CV-580
Gulf Air Transport - CV-340, CV-440 & CV-580 (U.S. charter air carrier. CV-580 aircraft were formerly operated by North Central and Republic.)
Harrison Airways (Canada) - CV-440
Hawaiian Airlines - CV-340, CV-440 & CV-640
IFL Group - CV-580 & CV-5800
Kelowna Flightcraft Air Charter (KF Aerospace) - CV-580 & CV-5800
Kitty Hawk Aircargo - Convair CV-240, CV-340, CV-440, CV-600 and CV-640
L&J Company of Addison, Texas - CV-240 (aircraft tragically crashed with the band Lynyrd Skynyrd on board)
Lake Central Airlines - CV-340 & CV-580
Laredo Air - CV-580
Mackey Airlines (also known as Mackey International) - CV 440 & CV 580
Metro Airlines (via its wholly owned Metroflight division) - CV-580 (former Frontier Airlines aircraft that were operated for American Eagle via agreement with American Airlines)
Miami Air Lease - CV-440
Midwest Air Charter/Airborne Express - CV-600
Mohawk Airlines - CV-240 & CV-440
National Airlines - CV-340 & CV-440
Nolinor Aviation - CV-580
Norcanair - CV-580 & CV-640
Nordair (Nordair Metro division) - CV-580
North Central Airlines - CV-580
Northeast Airlines - CV-240
Northwest Airlines - CV-580 (former Republic Airlines aircraft that were previously operated by North Central Airlines)
Pacific Western Airlines - CV-640
Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) - CV-240 & CV-340
Powell Air - CV-440
Quebecair - CV-540 (CL-66)
Renown Aviation - CV-440 & CV-580
Republic Airlines - CV-580 (formerly operated by North Central Airlines)
Resort Air Commuter - CV-580
Rhoades Aviation - CV-640
Sea Airmotive - CV-340, CV-440 & CV-580
Sierra Pacific Airlines - CV-340, CV-440 & CV-580
Skyfreighters - CV-440
SMB Stage Lines - CV-600 & CV-640
Summit Airlines - CV-580
Sun Valley Key Airlines - CV-440 (U.S. commuter air carrier previously known as Sun Valley Airlines, which operated out of Salt Lake City, UT and Sun Valley, ID, and then changed its name back to Key Airlines)
Trans-Texas Airways (TTa) - CV-240 & CV-600
Texas International Airlines - CV-600 (former Trans-Texas Airways aircraft)
Time Air - CV-580 & CV-640 (former Norcan Air and North Caribou, also one previously owned by Domino's Pizza)
Trans-Colorado Airlines - CV-580 (aircraft painted in the livery of Continental Express)
United Airlines - CV-340 & CV-580 (CV-580 aircraft operated via wet lease contract by Frontier Airlines (1950-1986) as the replacement for former United Douglas DC-6 service to Elko, NV and Ely, NV)
Viking International Airlines - CV-600 & CV-640
Westates Airlines - CV-580
Western Airlines - CV-240
Wright Airlines - CV-440, CV-600 & CV-640
Zantop International Airlines - Convair 640
Mexico, the Caribbean, Central and South America
Aero California - CV-340
Aerocaribe - CV-340 & CV-440
Aerolíneas Argentinas - CV-240
Aerolineas Colonia (Uruguay) - CV-240
Aeromexico - CV-340
Aeroquetzal - CV-580
ALM Antillean Airlines - CV-340 & CV-440
Arawak Airlines (Trinidad and Tobago) CV-440
ARCO Aerolíneas Colonia S.A. (Uruguay) - CV-240, CV-600
Avensa - CV-240, CV-340, CV-580.
Aviateca - CV-240, CV-340 & CV-440
Caribair (Puerto Rico) - see North America
Chilean Airways - CV-580
COPA Compañia Panameña de Aviación - CV-340
Cruzeiro do Sul - CV-240, CV-340 & CV-440
LACSA - CV-340 & CV-440
Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas (LAP) - 3 CV-240
LAN Chile - CV-440
Prinair - CV-580
Real Transportes Aéreos - CV-340 & CV-440
SAHSA - CV-580
Transportes Aéreos Nacional - CV-440
VARIG - CV-240, CV-340 & CV-440
Military operators
Royal Australian Air Force - Two CV-440 Metropolitans (RAAF serial A95-313 and 353) were in service with RAAF from 1956 to 1968.
No. 34 Squadron RAAF
Transporte Aéreo Militar - Six CV-440s and five CV-580s acquired. One of each remaining as of 1987.
Royal Canadian Air Force and Canadian Armed Forces CV-540s were re engined with T56 turbo props with 412 Squadron
CV-580
Luftwaffe operated six CV-440s.
Italian Air Force operated four CV-440 Metropolitans from 1957 until 1978
Paraguayan Air Force: CV-440/C-131D
Sri Lanka Air Force - CV-440
Mexican Air Force CV-580 Nowadays used as an AEW&C Simulator on AFB #1 Santa Lucia
Other operators
National Research Council (Canada) (CV-580 C-FNRC) multi purpose flying laboratory, mainly used for airborne atmospheric research, carrying more than 40 in-situ sensors and cloud probes and remote sensing instrumentation such as X,W band radars, 355 nm lidars, and radiometers.
Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, later Environment Canada, retired to the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in June 2015 in recognition of its historical significance to Canadian science (CV-580 C-GRSC)
CAAC - One CATC CV-240 defected to the People's Republic in November 1949. This may have been used as a VIP aircraft.
Airborne Resources, (C-131B N131CR)
Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, later Veridian and then General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems (CV-580s N51211) and N51255)
Honeywell International, Everett Washington (CV-580 N580HW)
Raytheon, Tucson Arizona (CV-580 N580HH)
University of Washington, (CV-580 N3UW)
Accidents and incidents
Specifications (CV-240)
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Best, Martin S. "The Development of Commercial Aviation in China: Part 8A: Central Air Transport Corporation". Air Britain Archive, Summer 2009. pp. 75–92. .
Best, Martin S. "The Development of Commercial Aviation in China: Part 8B: Central Air Transport Corporation - Fleet Lists". Air Britain Archive, Autumn 2009. pp. 103–118.
Best, Martin S. "The Development of Commercial Aviation in China: Part 14: Civil Aviation Administration of China". Air Britain Archive, Winter 2011. pp. 153–171.
Best, Martin S. "The Development of Commercial Aviation in China: Part 14: Civil Aviation Administration of China". Air Britain Archive, Winter 2011. pp. 153–171.
Best, Martin S. "The Development of Commercial Aviation in China: Part 14B: Civil Aviation Administration of China". Air Britain Archive, Spring 2012. pp. 15–28.
Bridgman, Leonard (ed.) Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1955–56. New York: The McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
"Commercial Aircraft of the World". Flight, November 18, 1960. Vol. 78, No. 2697. pp. 781–827. .
"Complete Civil Registers: 7: Ethiopia ET: Part Two". Archive. 1996, No. 3. Air-Britain Historians. pp. 63–68. .
Frawley, Gerald. "Convair CV-540, 580, 600, 640 & CV5800". The International Directory of Civil Aircraft 1997/98. Fyshwick ACT, Aerospace Publications, 199, p. 86 .
Gradidge, Jennifer. The Convairliners Story. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., First edition, 1997, .
Hagby, Kay . Fra Nielsen & Winther til Boeing 747. Drammen, Norway. Hagby, 1998. .
Lambert, Mark. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1993–94. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Data Division, 1993. .
Siegrist, Martin. "Bolivian Air Power — Seventy Years On". Air International, Vol. 33, No. 4, October 1987. pp. 170–176, 194. .
Veronico, Nicholas A. & Larkins, William T. Convair Twins: Piston Convair-Liners: Prop-Jet Turbo Liners. Airliner Tech Series, Volume 12. North Branch, Minnesota: Speciality Press Publishers, 2005. .
Wegg, John. General Dynamics Aircraft and their Predecessors. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1990. .
Wragg, David W. World's Air Fleets. London: Ian Allan, 2nd edition, 1969. .
"World Airline Directory". Flight, April 8, 1960, Vol. 77, No. 2665. pp. 484–516. .
External links
Convair CV-240, National Air and Space Museum
C-131 Samaritan factsheet, National Museum of the United States Air Force
C-131D Samaritan, March Field Air Museum
C-131 Samaritan
C-131 Samaritan, The Aviation Zone
Gunships, The Aviation Zone
BBC News Article about Convair CV-440
Aero News Network Article about Convair CV-440
Canadian Research Facilities Navigator: NRC Flight Research Laboratory Convair-580 aircraft
CV-240
1940s United States airliners
1950s United States airliners
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1947
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft |
3650822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelism%20%28rhetoric%29 | Parallelism (rhetoric) | Parallelism is a rhetorical device that compounds words or phrases that have equivalent meanings so as to create a definite pattern. This structure is particularly effective when "specifying or enumerating pairs or series of like things". A scheme of balance, parallelism represents "one of the basic principles of grammar and rhetoric".
Parallelism as a rhetorical device is used in many languages and cultures around the world in poetry, epics, songs, written prose and speech, from the folk level to the professional. It is very often found in Biblical poetry and in proverbs in general.
Examples
The following sentences and verses possess "similarity in structure" in words and phrases:
In the quote above, the compounded adjectives serve as parallel elements and support the noun "law".
In the above quote, three infinitive verb phrases produce the parallel structure supporting the noun "purpose". Note that this rhetorical device requires that the coordinate elements agree with one another grammatically: "nouns with nouns, infinitive verb phrases with infinitive verb phrases and adverb clauses with adverb clauses."
When the coordinate elements possess the same number of words (or in the example below, the same number of syllables) the scheme is termed isocolon:
Synonymous parallelism in which one couplet expresses similar concepts can also be combined with antithetical parallelism in which a second couplet contrasts with the first. For example, synonymous and antithetical parallelism occur in Revelation 22:11:
A Let the evildoer still do evil,
A' and the filthy still be filthy,
B and the righteous still do right.
B' and the holy still be holy.
Forms
Parallelisms of various sorts are the chief rhetorical device of Biblical poetry in the tristich and in multiples of distich parallels and also in the poetry of many other cultures around the world, particularly in their oral traditions. Robert Lowth coined the term parallelismus membrorum (parallelism of members, i.e. poetic lines) in his 1788 book, Lectures on the Sacred Poetry of the Hebrew Nation. Roman Jakobson pioneered the secular study of parallelism in poetic-linguistic traditions around the world, including his own Russian tradition.
Chinese and Vietnamese classical poetry and prose have frequently made use of parallelism. Conversations between learned men in many cases involved exchanging single parallel couplets as a form of playing with words, as well as a kind of mental duel. In a parallel couplet, not only must the content, the parts of speech, the mythological and historico-geographical allusions, be all separately matched and balanced, but most of the tones must also be paired reciprocally. Even tones are conjoined with inflected ones, and vice versa.
Parallelisms in artistic speech are common in some languages of Mesoamerica, such as Nahuatl (Aztec). It has also been observed in a language of Indonesia (that Fox imprecisely referred to as "Rotinese") and Navajo. Other research has found parallelisms in the languages of the Ural-Altaic area (including Finnish-Karelian folk poetry and the epics and songs of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples) and Toda, suggesting wider distribution among Dravidian languages.
In the Limba language community, some prayers are formed with parallelisms.
In proverbs
Parallelisms in proverbs are very common in languages around the world. Parallel structures in short passages such as proverbs help direct the listener or reader to compare the parallel elements and thereby more easily deduce the point.
Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime. (English proverb)
Wounds caused by knives will heal, wounds caused by words will not heal. (Tamil proverb)
The truth has legs and ran away; the lie has no legs and must stay. (Yiddish proverb)
When there is food in the house, what matter if a guest arrives? When there is faith, what is death? (Pashto proverb)
The cow which leaves first will be broken at the horn; the cow which remains in the back will be broken at the tail. (Alaaba proverb from Ethiopia)
See also
Anaphora
Antithetic parallelism
Chiasmus
Exergasia
Footnotes
Sources
Baldrick, Chris. 2008. Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford University Press. New York.
Corbett, Edward P. J. and Connors, Robert J. 1999. Style and Statement. Oxford University Press. New York, Oxford.
Forsyth, Mark. 2014. The Elements of Eloquence. Berkley Publishing Group/Penguin Publishing. New York.
Special issue of the journal Oral Tradition from 2017, Volume 31, Issue 2: "Parallelism in Verbal Art and Performance".
Grammar
Rhetoric |
363276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck%20Hagel | Chuck Hagel | Charles Timothy Hagel ( ; born October 4, 1946) is an American military veteran and former politician who served as a United States senator from Nebraska from 1997 to 2009 and as the 24th United States secretary of defense from 2013 to 2015 in the Obama administration.
A recipient of two Purple Hearts while an infantry squad leader in the Vietnam War, Hagel returned home to start careers in business and politics. He co-founded Vanguard Cellular, the primary source of his personal wealth, and served as president of the McCarthy Group, an investment banking firm, and CEO of American Information Systems Inc., a computerized voting machine manufacturer. A member of the Republican Party, Hagel was first elected to the United States Senate in 1996. He was reelected in 2002, but did not run in 2008.
On January 7, 2013, President Barack Obama nominated Hagel to serve as Secretary of Defense. On February 12, 2013, the Senate Armed Services Committee approved Hagel's nomination by a vote of 14–11. On February 14, 2013, Senate Republicans denied Democrats the 60 votes needed to end the debate on Hagel's nomination and proceed to a final vote, citing the need for further review. It was the first time that a nominee for Secretary of Defense was filibustered, although candidates for other cabinet offices had been filibustered before. On February 26, 2013, the Senate voted for cloture on Hagel's nomination and confirmed him by a vote of 58–41. He took office on 27 February 2013, as his predecessor, Leon Panetta, stepped down.
Hagel previously served as a professor at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, chairman of the Atlantic Council, and co-chairman of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board. Before his appointment as Secretary of Defense, Hagel served on a number of boards of directors, including that of Chevron Corporation.
On November 24, 2014, it was announced that Hagel would resign following conflicts within the administration, particularly relating to issues concerning ISIL.
Early life, education, military, and early political career
Hagel was born in North Platte, Nebraska, a son of Charles Dean Hagel, and his wife Elizabeth (Betty) Dunn. His father was of German heritage, while his mother was of Irish and Polish ancestry. Growing up, Hagel lived across Nebraska; in Ainsworth, Rushville, Scottsbluff, Terrytown, York and Columbus. Hagel was the oldest of four brothers. His father, a veteran of World War II, died suddenly on Christmas morning, 1962, at the age of 39, when Hagel was 16. He graduated from St. Bonaventure High School (now Scotus Central Catholic High School) in Columbus, Nebraska, in 1964, the Brown Institute for Radio and Television in 1966, and earned a BA degree in history from the University of Nebraska at Omaha in 1971.
Hagel volunteered to be drafted into the United States Army during the Vietnam War, rejecting a draft board recommendation that he go to college instead. He served in the United States Army infantry in Vietnam from 1967 to 1968. As a sergeant (E-5), he served as an infantry squad leader in the 9th Infantry Division. Hagel served in the same infantry squad as his younger brother Tom, and they are thought to be the only American brothers to have done so during the Vietnam War. They also saved each other's lives on separate occasions. Hagel received the Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry, two Purple Hearts, the Army Commendation Medal, and the Combat Infantryman Badge.
After his discharge, he worked as a radio newscaster and talk show host in Omaha from 1969 to 1971 while finishing college on Veterans Administration (VA) assistance under the GI Bill.
In 1971, Hagel was hired as a staffer for Congressman John Y. McCollister (R-NE), serving until 1977. For the next four years, he worked as a lobbyist for Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, and in 1980, he served as an organizer for the successful presidential campaign of former California Governor Ronald Reagan.
After Reagan's inauguration as president, Hagel was named deputy administrator of the Veterans Administration. In 1982, however, he resigned over a disagreement with VA Administrator Robert P. Nimmo, who was intent on cutting funding for VA programs. Nimmo had referred to veterans groups as "greedy", and to Agent Orange as not much worse than a "little teenage acne."
Business career (1982–1996)
After leaving government employment, Hagel co-founded Vanguard Cellular, a mobile phone service carrier that made him a multi-millionaire. While working with Vanguard, he served as president and chief executive officer of the United Service Organizations and the Private Sector Council, as deputy director and chief operating officer of the 1990 G7 Summit, and on the board of directors or advisory committee of the American Red Cross, the Eisenhower World Affairs Institute, Bread for the World, and the Ripon Society. He also served as Chairman of the Agent Orange Settlement Fund and is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
Although he was pressured by some to run for Governor of Virginia, where he had lived for 20 years, in 1992 Hagel moved back to Nebraska to become president of the McCarthy Group, LLC, an investment banking firm. He also served as a chairman and was CEO of American Information Systems Inc. (AIS), later known as Election Systems & Software, a computerized voting machine manufacturer jointly owned by McCarthy Group, LLC and the Omaha World-Herald company. On March 15, 1995, Hagel resigned from the board of AIS as he intended to run for office. Michael McCarthy, the parent company's founder, was Hagel's campaign treasurer. Until at least 2003, he retained between $1 million and $5 million in stock in Election Systems & Software's parent company, the McCarthy Group.
U.S. Senate (1997–2009)
Elections
In 1996, Hagel ran for the open US Senate seat created by the retirement of Democrat J. James Exon. Hagel's opponent was Ben Nelson, then the sitting governor of Nebraska. Hagel won and became the first Republican in twenty-four years to win a Senate seat in Nebraska. Six years later, in 2002, Hagel overwhelmingly won re-election with over 83% of the vote, the largest margin of victory in any statewide race in Nebraska history.
Senate voting record
According to David Boaz, of the Cato Institute, during the Bush administration, Hagel maintained a "traditionally Republican" voting record, receiving "a lifetime rating of 84 percent from the American Conservative Union and consistent A and B grades from the National Taxpayers Union." On the Issues describes Hagel as a "libertarian-leaning conservative." According to Boaz, among his most notable votes, Hagel:
Voted for the Patriot Act;
Voted for the 2001 and 2003 tax cuts;
Voted against No Child Left Behind;
Voted against Bush's Medicare prescription drug bill;
Voted against McCain-Feingold.
Foreign policy
Hagel co-sponsored the failed Kosovo Resolution, authorizing President Bill Clinton the use of U.S. military force against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
After the 9/11 terrorist attacks, Hagel voted in favor of Senate Joint Resolution 23, authorizing "necessary and appropriate U.S. Military force" in Afghanistan against those who planned or aided the September 11 attacks. During his tenure in the Senate, Hagel continued his support for NATO involvement, and funding in the War in Afghanistan. In a 2009 The Washington Post op-ed after being nominated as Chairman of President Obama's Intelligence advisory board, Hagel said that "We cannot view U.S. involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan through a lens that sees only 'winning' or 'losing,' Iraq and Afghanistan are not America's to win or lose." And that "We can help them buy time or develop, but we cannot control their fates." In 2011, after he left office, Hagel stated that President Obama needs to start "looking for the exit in Afghanistan", and that "We need to start winding this down."
On October 11, 2002, Hagel, along with 76 other Senators, voted in favor of the Iraq Resolution. Hagel, a later critic of the war, commented on his vote authorizing the use of force against Iraq saying,
How many of us really know and understand much about Iraq, the country, the history, the people, the role in the Arab world? I approach the issue of post-Saddam Iraq and the future of democracy and stability in the Middle East with more caution, realism, and a bit more humility.
In July 2007, Hagel was one of three Republican senators who supported Democratic-proposed legislation requiring a troop withdrawal from Iraq to begin within 120 days. He told Robert D. Novak "This thing is really coming undone quickly, and [Prime Minister] Maliki's government is weaker by the day. The police are corrupt, top to bottom. The oil problem is a huge problem. They still can't get anything through the parliament—no hydrocarbon law, no de-Baathification law, no provincial elections." In 2008, along with then-Senator (and presumptive Democratic nominee for president) Barack Obama, and Senator Jack Reed (D-RI), Hagel visited Iraq in a congressional delegation trip, meeting with U.S. service members, General David Petraeus, and the Prime Minister of Iraq Nouri al-Maliki. While talking to reporters in Iraq, Hagel said, "Each one of us who has a responsibility of helping lead this country needs to reflect on what we think is in the interests of our country, not the interest of our party or our president."
National security
In his first term in the Senate, Hagel voted in favor of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Threat Reduction Act, establishing criminal penalties for possession of Chemical or Biological weapons, and he cosponsored the American Missile Protection Act, deploying an effective National Missile Defense system capable of defending the U.S. against limited ballistic missile attacks. Hagel voted to establish the United States Department of Homeland Security, and supported increasing Defense Department spending, voting in favor of the National Defense Authorization Act every year he served in the Senate. Hagel voted for spending increases in preventing HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria funding, and voting against caps on the U.S.'s foreign aid budget.
Veterans affairs
In 2007, Hagel introduced Senate Amendment 2032, amending the Defense Authorization bill limiting the deployment of U.S. service members serving in Iraq 12 months. The amendment needed 60 votes in the Senate to pass, but was ultimately defeated in a 52–45 vote. In 2008, Hagel was a principal co-sponsor with two other veterans in the Senate of Senator Jim Webb's "21st Century GI Bill" which passed Congress as the Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008, expanding education assistance to veterans who served after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. During his tenure in the Senate, Hagel supported the military's "Don't ask, don't tell" policy, barring openly LGBT members of the armed forces from serving, but was later described as "pro-ending don't ask, don't tell."
Civil liberties
In 2001, Hagel voted in favor of the Patriot Act. Although Hagel originally indicated a "nay" vote in reauthorizing expiring provisions of the Patriot Act in 2006, Hagel voted in favor of reauthorization. After calls from the Bush Administration for the House and Senate to reform FISA, the House introduced the Protect America Act of 2007, expanding provisions allowing electronic surveillance of foreigners outside of the U.S. with a warrant. In a 68–29 vote, the Protect America Act of 2007 passed the Senate, with Hagel voting to expand FISA's provisions on warrantless surveillance.
Hagel voted in favor of Senate Amendment 2022, restoring habeas corpus, the right to due process, to American citizens detained at Guantanamo Bay detention camp, but voted against a similar resolution restoring it to all prisoners detained at Guantanamo. In response to the Bush Administration's intentions to keep Guantanamo Bay open permanently, Hagel said the military prison is why the U.S. is "losing the image war around the world," and that "It's identifiable with, for right or wrong, a part of America that people in the world believe is a power, an empire that pushes people around, we do it our way, we don't live up to our commitments to multilateral institutions."
Immigration
Hagel co-sponsored the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006. He supported the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007 and, with Senator Bob Menendez proposed an amendment to allow immigration authorities to consider family-unification petitions submitted by people for an additional two years, which would have allowed approximately estimated 833,000 additional individuals to seek permanent residency. The proposal received 51 votes but was defeated by a procedural maneuver. The bill failed to pass. Hagel voted in favor of the Secure Fence Act of 2006, which aimed to build a double fence along the Mexico–United States border and appropriated $1.2 billion for the fence and a systematic surveillance system.
Committee assignments
Committee on Foreign Relations
Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs
Subcommittee on African Affairs
Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs
Subcommittee on International Development and Foreign Assistance, Economic Affairs, and International Environmental Protection (Ranking Member)
Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
Subcommittee on Securities, Insurance and Investment
Subcommittee on Financial Institutions (Ranking Member)
Subcommittee on Housing, Transportation, and Community Development
Select Committee on Intelligence
Committee on Rules and Administration
Criticism of Bush administration
On August 18, 2005, Hagel compared the Iraq War to Vietnam, and openly mocked Vice President Dick Cheney's assertion that the Iraqi insurgency was in its "last throes." In November 2005, Hagel defended his criticism of the Iraq war, stating "To question your government is not unpatriotic — to not question your government is unpatriotic." In December 2005, in reference to Bush, the Republican Party, and the Patriot Act, Hagel stated "I took an oath of office to the Constitution, I didn't take an oath of office to my party or my president."
In January 2006, Hagel took issue with Karl Rove's statement that the Republican and Democratic worldviews were "post-9/11" and "pre-9/11", respectively. Hagel stated, "I didn't like what Mr. Rove said, because it frames terrorism and the issue of terrorism and everything that goes with it, whether it's the renewal of the Patriot Act or the NSA wiretapping, in a political context."
In July 2006, Hagel criticized the Bush administration on its handling of the 2006 Lebanon War, saying "The sickening slaughter on both sides must end and it must end now. President Bush must call for an immediate cease-fire. This madness must stop." He also said "Our relationship with Israel is special and historic... But it need not and cannot be at the expense of our Arab and Muslim relationships. That is an irresponsible and dangerous false choice."
Following heavy Republican losses in the 2006 midterm election, Hagel penned an editorial in The Washington Post highly critical of military strategies both employed and proposed for Iraq. He wrote that "There will be no victory or defeat for the United States in Iraq," and called for a "phased troop withdrawal." According to a SurveyUSA poll, in August 2006 Hagel had a 10% higher approval rating among Nebraska Democrats than Republicans.
In January 2007, Hagel openly criticized President Bush's plan to send an additional 20,000 troops to Iraq. He called it "the most dangerous foreign policy blunder in this country since Vietnam, if it's carried out." Together with Democrats Joe Biden and Carl Levin, he proposed a non-binding resolution to the Democratic-controlled Senate Foreign Relations Committee, which rejected Bush's policy as "not in the national interest" in a 12–9 vote. After an April 2007 visit to Iraq with U.S. congressman Joe Sestak (D-PA), Hagel stated his belief that the occupation of Iraq should not continue indefinitely and expressed his intention to cooperate with Senate Democrats in voting for a bill that would set a timeline to get out of Iraq.
In November 2007, he rated the Bush administration "the lowest in capacity, in capability, in policy, in consensus—almost every area" of any presidency in the last forty years.
2008 presidential election
In the 2008 presidential election, Hagel was seen as a likely choice to hold a top cabinet position in a future John McCain or Barack Obama administration. In 2006, McCain told The New York Times that he would be "honored to have Chuck with me in any capacity. He'd make a great Secretary of State."
Hagel was rumored to be a possible running mate for vice president for then Senator Barack Obama, in his 2008 presidential campaign. On June 20, 2008, Hagel said he would consider running with Obama if offered the VP spot, though he added that he did not believe that Obama would pick him for the position. At the time he also was mentioned as a potential United States Secretary of Defense to succeed incumbent Robert Gates in the Obama administration. Hagel said that he would consider serving if asked.
Hagel and Senator John McCain were close friends until 2007 when they diverged regarding Iraq policy; Hagel did not endorse McCain for President in the 2008 Republican primaries or in the general election. Explaining his reason for not endorsing John McCain in the 2008 election, Hagel told The New Yorker, "In good conscience, I could not enthusiastically—honestly—go out and endorse him, when we so fundamentally disagree on the future course of our foreign policy and our role in the world." In August 2008, Hagel indicated that he would not endorse either candidate or get involved in their campaigns.
Retirement from U.S. Senate
During his first campaign, Hagel indicated that, were he to be elected, he would retire in 2008 after two terms in the Senate. In August 2004 Hagel acknowledged that he was considering a presidential campaign in 2008. In 2006 he cooperated with Charlyne Berens who wrote a biography entitled Chuck Hagel: Moving Forward. On September 10, 2007, Hagel announced that he would retire and not seek a third term. He also declined to run for president in 2008. He decided to go into academia.
Hiatus from public service (2009–2013)
America: Our Next Chapter
In Hagel's 2008 book, America: Our Next Chapter: Tough Questions, Straight Answers (with Peter Kaminsky), he suggests that the United States should adopt independent leadership and possibly another political party. He also believes that the Iraq War is one of the five biggest blunders in U.S. history. Hagel is critical of George W. Bush's foreign policy, calling it "reckless." He has been a major critic of the war since it started, and has stated that the United States should learn from its mistakes in the Vietnam War. He considered Bush's foreign policy a "ping pong game with American lives."
Service in academia and on boards of directors
Following Hagel's retirement from the Senate, in February 2009 he accepted a position as Distinguished Professor in National Governance at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. He was chairman of the Atlantic Council, a foreign policy think tank; co-chairman of President Obama's Intelligence Advisory Board; a member of the Defense Department's Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee and the Energy Departments Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future; a member of The Washington Center's board of directors; and a member of the Public Broadcasting Service's board of directors. In the private sector, he served on the board of directors of Chevron Corporation, Deutsche Bank's Americas Advisory Board, and the advisory board of Corsair Capital, and was a director of the Zurich Holding Company of America and a senior advisor to McCarthy Capital Corporation. In October 2012, Defense Secretary Leon Panetta asked Hagel to chair an advisory committee for the Vietnam War 50th anniversary commemoration. While a Senator, Hagel co-sponsored the bill creating the commemoration committee.
Hagel identifies with Ronald Reagan's nuclear disarmament policies and was an initial signatory to the Global Zero campaign which advocates the international elimination of nuclear weaponry. He also served on the board of the Ploughshares Fund, which pursues the elimination of weapons of mass destruction and seeks to prevent their use.
Endorsement of Senate candidates
In 2010, Hagel endorsed Democratic Pennsylvania congressman Joe Sestak in his run for the United States Senate. In 2012 he endorsed Democrat Bob Kerrey in the race for an open U.S. Senate seat in Nebraska.
Secretary of Defense (2013–2015)
President Obama nominated Hagel to succeed Leon Panetta and serve as his second term Secretary of Defense on January 7, 2013. Hagel, who became, upon confirmation, the first former enlisted combat soldier to hold the office of Secretary of Defense, was interviewed by the Senate Armed Services Committee during a seven-and-a-half-hour hearing on January 31, 2013.
Nomination process
Criticism of the nomination
According to Jon Swaine writing in The Daily Telegraph, Hagel has been accused of having "views [that] verged on anti-Semitic" due to his stating in a 2006 interview with Aaron David Miller that "[t]he Jewish lobby intimidates a lot of people [on Capitol Hill]", and "I'm not an Israeli senator. I'm a United States senator." Hagel later clarified these remarks saying he was referring to the Israel lobby. Hagel also has been criticized by the American Jewish Committee for an incident in 1999 where he was the only senator not to sign an open letter to Russian President Boris Yeltsin threatening to cut aid to Russia if it did not take action against rising anti-Semitism in the country. However, Hagel's refusal to sign the letter was consistent with his policy of never signing letters to foreign heads of state. Hagel, instead, wrote to Bill Clinton on this issue, saying "Anti-Semitism or any form of religious persecution should never be tolerated."
Hagel was criticized by the Christian Science Monitor and many Republicans, including senator John McCain, for opposing some sanctions against Iran, and for calling for dialogue with Iran and Hamas.
Some of Hagel's policy positions became the subject of heated debate in the Senate, including support of defense cuts, opposition to preemptive action against Iran, and support of talks with Hamas and Hezbollah. However, U.S. News and World Report cited public opinion polls and foreign policy experts to suggest that Hagel's views were within the mainstream of American foreign policy thought. Opponents also complained of Hagel's 2011 call to have the Pentagon "pared down", saying that "[t]he Defense Department, I think in many ways, has been bloated."
The Human Rights Campaign criticized Hagel for having a "consistent anti-LGBT" voting record in the Senate and for opposing President Bill Clinton's nomination of James Hormel as the U.S. Ambassador to Luxembourg, stating that Hormel was "openly, aggressively gay." The group demanded that Hagel apologize for this 1998 remark. The Log Cabin Republicans ran full-page newspaper ads opposing Hagel's nomination. Hagel apologized to Hormel in December 2012. On January 24, 2013, Senator Jeanne Shaheen stated that Hagel will oppose restrictions on LGBT military family benefits. Shortly thereafter, on February 13, 2013, the Senate's first openly LGBT member, Tammy Baldwin (D-WI) stated that after meeting with Hagel, she would support his nomination.
Republican Senator Lindsey Graham of South Carolina predicted that Hagel would be "the most antagonistic Secretary of Defense toward the State of Israel in our nation's history" and called it an "in-your-face nomination."
The New York Times reported that the media campaign opposing Hagel's appointment was financed by new groups including a conservative group, Americans for a Strong Defense and a gay rights group, Use Your Mandate. The donors of these groups were mostly anonymous and running advertisements on issues raised by critics. The Times described the campaign as "unmatched in the annals of modern presidential cabinet appointments".
Support for the nomination
In December 2012, nine former United States ambassadors, including five former ambassadors to Israel, wrote a letter in support of nominating Hagel. Brent Scowcroft, Anthony Zinni and nine other retired senior military officers signed a separate letter of support. Robert Gates and Colin Powell also endorsed Hagel for the nomination, with Powell calling him "that kind of independent and bold leader who thinks in and out of the box" who can "deal with the strategic and resource challenges [the Department of Defense] will be facing over the next several years." Rabbi Aryeh Azriel, the senior rabbi at Temple Israel in Omaha, Nebraska since 1988, wrote in a CNN article that "[Hagel's] record shows strong support for Israel" and that Hagel understands "the Israeli people and their desire to live in peace and security." He added that "Recent efforts to smear Chuck ... ultimately that hurts the long-term security of the state of Israel."
Defenses of Hagel have included opinion pieces by writers Amy Davidson, Thomas Friedman, and Robert Wright, with Wright objecting to what he called "McCarthyite" smears against Hagel. Jeremy Ben-Ami, President of the liberal lobby group J Street, said: "The notion that Chuck Hagel is anti-Israel is ludicrous. The notion that he is anti-Semitic is slanderous." Harvard University Professor Stephen Walt, co-author of a 2007 book critical of the Israeli lobby wrote in Foreign Policy that "The real meaning of the Hagel affair is what it says about the climate inside Washington. Simply put, the question is whether supine and reflexive support for all things Israeli remains a prerequisite for important policy positions here in the Land of the Free."
Commentators at The American Conservative and Pat Buchanan endorsed Hagel. Hagel's nomination received support from Antiwar.com founder Justin Raimondo and the libertarian think tank Cato Institute; Justin Logan, director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, expressed the hope that Hagel's confirmation might "loosen the neoconservative stranglehold on the GOP."
Senate hearing and votes
During his Senate hearing opening statement Hagel said that he endorsed use of American military power, supported Israel and supported using special operations forces and unmanned combat aerial vehicles ("drones") on terrorist groups in Yemen, Somalia and North Africa. He stated "I believe, and always have, that America must engage—not retreat—in the world". During the hearing he explained his 2001 and 2002 votes against unilateral American sanctions on Iran as being for strategic reasons. He said he supported President Obama's drawing down troops in Afghanistan and said he would do "everything possible under current law" to support gay and women service members equal benefits and combat roles.
Hagel faced sharp questioning from Republicans. Senator John McCain berated him for refusing to give a yes or no answer to the question of whether the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 was a success. Senator Lindsey Graham demanded he "name one dumb thing we've been goaded into doing because of the pressure from the Israeli or Jewish lobby." Hagel stated "I've already said I regret referencing the Jewish lobby, I should have said, 'pro-Israel lobby. ... The use of 'intimidation'—I should have used 'influence.' I think that would have been more appropriate. I should not have said 'dumb' or 'stupid,' because I understand or appreciate there are other views on these things.". Senator Ted Cruz played video excerpts from a 2009 Al Jazeera interview and asserted that Hagel had agreed with a caller who suggested that Israel had committed war crimes. Hagel denied he agreed with that view. After the hearing, Cruz organized a letter from 25 Republican Senators saying they would not vote until Hagel gave them copies of speeches given to organizations and told them the amount he was paid and whether the organizations received money from foreign sources. Lindsey Graham said they wanted to know if he spoke for any "anti-Israel" groups. Senate Committee chair Carl Levin said the demands were unprecedented, asking "for information no prior nominee has been asked for," and expressed confidence Hagel would be approved by the Senate.
Cloture and final vote
Despite the committee's February 12, 2013, 14-to-11 vote to approve Hagel, committee member James Inhofe vowed to use procedural tactics to delay a full Senate confirmation vote. Inhofe told the National Review "Each day that goes by will make it more difficult for Democrats who say they are pro-Israel to hold out." On February 14 Republicans refused to close debate on Hagel's nomination, which would require 60 votes, even though the nomination was assured the simple majority of votes needed to pass. Reasons given included a demand for more White House information about the 2012 Benghazi attack, remaining questions about Hagel's views on Iran and Israel, and assertions two weeks after the hearings was insufficient time. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid said the Republicans were politically motivated and that the vote would proceed after the recess.
Senate Republicans successfully filibustered his nomination after a cloture vote failed 58–40 with one present and one not voting. This filibuster marked the first time a nominee for Secretary of Defense was successfully filibustered.
The Senate voted 71-27 for cloture on Hagel's nomination on February 26, 2013. Later that day the Senate voted to make Hagel the Secretary of Defense by a vote of 58–41.
Criticism of the process
The hearings were criticized in the media. In Time magazine Brandon Friedman presented a chart showing that Israel was mentioned 106 times while Afghanistan was mentioned only 24 times; nuclear-armed Pakistan was barely mentioned. Friedman asked if the Senate committee was more concerned with Hagel's "relationship with Israel than with the future of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the fate of U.S. troops engaged in both locations." A Michael McGough Op-Ed in the Los Angeles Times was entitled "Hagel hearings: Is Israel more important than Afghanistan?" Gene Healy in Reason called the hearings "farcical" and wrote there was "plenty of bloviating, grandstanding and browbeating—but, apparently, not enough time for serious deliberation over key policy questions facing any new Pentagon chief."
Mark Mardell, the BBC News North America editor, criticized the "whole process, which has been used not to examine a candidate's fitness for high office, but to underline the rather obvious fact that the Obama administration does not share the world view of Republican senators, and they don't like their former colleague joining it." Mardell noted the senators repeatedly "insisted he gave a simple 'yes' or 'no' to complex questions. These are old men who hold themselves in high regard, but seem to see serious examination of difficult problems as a personal affront. They desperately want to play 'gotcha', but haven't the self-restraint to design effective questions." Mardell called Senator Hagel "equally unimpressive, almost unprepared, for a level of hostility that had been signalled long in advance. Neither smart, nor humble, his tactic seemed to be a kind of bumbling blandness." According to Mardell, only Cruz was effective and well-prepared, as "he ripped into the nominee with all the skill honed as a Texas solicitor general."
Tenure
Hagel was sworn in on February 27, 2013, taking over from Leon Panetta.
In May 2013, during a visit to Asian countries whose "main doubt" was American staying power in the region, Hagel called the decline of American military power a "good thing", because it forced American allies to share responsibilities.
On July 31, 2013, Hagel announced the results of his Strategic Choices and Management Review, undertaken in response to the budget sequestration in 2013. One of the options he highlighted was to reduce the navy's aircraft carrier groups down from 11 to as little as eight.
On August 27, 2013, Hagel told the BBC that the United States was ready to launch a strike against Syria if given the orders.
Hagel has pushed National Guard leadership to provide benefits for same-sex domestic partnerships, as directed by the Department of Defense.
Speaking at the Halifax International Security Forum in November 2013, Hagel announced the Pentagon's new Arctic strategy emphasizing the commitment of the United States to "detect, deter, prevent and defeat threats to the United States, and continue to exercise US sovereignty in and around Alaska". He also called for more international cooperation to protect the Arctic's environment and to keep the region "peaceful, stable and free of conflict".
In December 2013, after the suspension of an Association Agreement with the EU by the Ukrainian Government of President Victor Yanukovych in November 2013 had led to massive protests, Hagel in a phone call warned the Ukrainian Minister of Defense Pavlo Lebedyev "not to use the armed forces of Ukraine against the civilian population in any fashion". After Yanukovych's impeachment and the beginning of the Crimean crisis in February 2014, Hagel warned Russia against military maneuvers "that could be misinterpreted, or lead to miscalculation during a very delicate time". In several phone calls with the Russian Minister of Defense Sergey Shoygu Hagel expressed deep concerns about Russian military activities near the Ukrainian border and called for an end of any "destabilizing influence inside Ukraine". He was assured by Shoygu that the Russian army would not invade Ukraine.
In May 2014, speaking at the Wilson Center on the future of NATO, Hagel focused on the alliance's imbalance in defense spending and called for "renewed financial commitments from all NATO members". According to Hagel, the alliance "should expect Russia to test our alliance's purpose, stamina and commitment".
During his time as Secretary of Defense, he was known for the close relationship he formed with Israeli defense officials, in particular Moshe Ya'alon, who described Hagel as a 'true friend'. Even as his relations with the White House deteriorated, Hagel was positively viewed by Israeli military officials, which was seen as a stark contrast to the way Hagel was perceived by some in Washington prior to his appointment.
Resignation
On November 24, 2014, The New York Times reported that Hagel would be resigning from his position as Secretary of Defense under pressure from the Obama administration. Later that day, President Obama announced Hagel's resignation and thanked him for his service. Hagel said in a statement, "You should know I did not make this decision lightly. But after much discussion, the President and I agreed that now was the right time for new leadership here at the Pentagon."
Hagel did not deny rumors that Obama asked for his resignation, but he explicitly contended that it was a "mutual decision" between him and President Obama. Senator John McCain offered his own insight: Hagel was frustrated with the White House decision-making process, national security policy, and "excessive micromanagement" within the White House. In December 2015, during an interview with Foreign Policy, Hagel stated he was "backstabbed" and accused Obama administration officials of making anonymous comments after his resignation in an effort to destroy his reputation.
Awards and honors
In 2001, Hagel was awarded the Horatio Alger Award for Distinguished Americans. He was also granted the title of Nebraska Admiral by Nebraska's governor, an honorary title, considering Nebraska is a landlocked state.
On June 7, 2001, Hagel gave the commencement address for North Central College and was given an honorary L.L.D. He was the keynote speaker at the College of William & Mary's Charter Day in 2007, at which he was awarded an honorary degree of Public Service. On March 3, 2008, he led a town meeting on domestic and foreign policy issues at the University of Maryland, at which the Center for American Politics and Citizenship (CAPC) gave him the Millard Tydings Award for Courage and Leadership in American Politics. Hagel served as the 2010 Clifford P. Case Professor of Public Affairs at Rutgers University's Eagleton Institute of Politics, speaking at public programs in New Brunswick and Newark, New Jersey.
Hagel was also the featured speaker at the 2015 Annual Meeting of the American Chemistry Council at Colorado Springs.
2020 presidential election
Hagel, along with more than 100 Republican former national security officials, signed a letter in November 2020 that stated that the delay of the presidential transition imperiled the security of the nation. The 9/11 Commission finding that the shortened transition to the administration of George W. Bush during the disputed 2000 presidential election "hampered the new administration in identifying, recruiting, clearing, and obtaining Senate confirmation of key appointees" was mentioned in the statement.
Hagel, along with all other former secretaries of defense, nine in total, published a Washington Post op-ed piece in January 2021 telling President Trump not to involve the military in determining the outcome of the 2020 elections.
Personal life
Hagel has two younger brothers: Thomas, a professor at the University of Dayton School of Law, and Michael, an artist resident in Omaha, Nebraska. Hagel's third brother, James, died in an automobile accident at the age of 16. Hagel was raised in the Roman Catholic faith, but converted to Episcopalianism.
In 1979, Hagel married Patricia Lloyd. The couple separated in 1981 and divorced a year later. He married his second wife, Lilibet Ziller, in April 1985. The couple live with their daughter, Allyn, and son, Ziller, in McLean, Virginia.
While a Senator, Hagel had a tradition of wearing costumes to work on Halloween, usually masquerading as one of his colleagues or other notable political figures, including Joe Biden, John McCain, Colin Powell, and Pat Roberts in past years. He gave back a portion of his salary for the 2013 fiscal year in solidarity with his department's workers who were facing 14 days of furloughs.
Hagel is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One.
Electoral history
1996
2002
References
Further reading
Charlyne Berens, Chuck Hagel: Moving Forward University of Nebraska Press (2006)
External links
Hagel Joins MIC Industries
Corsair Capital
U.S. Senator Chuck Hagel Archives at the Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library
U.S. Senator Chuck Hagel Archives finding aid at the Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library
Digital collection including selected speeches of Senator Chuck Hagel at the Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library
Charles Timothy Hagel: A Life in Photographs online exhibit from the Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library
Parading Around: Chuck Hagel Campaign Parades and Events online exhibit from the Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library
Life of a Senator: Schedules in a Senate Office online exhibit from the Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library
In the News: Press, Media, and Speeches in the Hagel Archives online exhibit from the Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library
Under the Bright Lights: Videos in the Hagel Archives online exhibit from the Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library
At Home in Nebraska online exhibit from the Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library
Documentaries, topic pages and databases
Selected speeches
Speech on U.S.-Iran Relations, Senate Speeches, U.S. Government, February 22, 2007
Selected news articles
Josh Rogin, Chuck Hagel does not like sanctions, Foreign Policy, December 17, 2012e
Connie Bruck, "Odd Man Out: Chuck Hagel's Republican Exile" The New Yorker 84/35 (November 3, 2008) : 52-63
Sen. Chuck Hagel Interview (video), The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, March 31, 2008
Hagel low on cash on hand, raising retirement issue, The Hill, January 30, 2007
Joseph Lelyveld, "The Heartland Dissident", New York Times Magazine, February 12, 2006
Chuck Hagel: A Christmas Present, and Past, The Washington Post, December 22, 2005
Interview C-SPAN Q&A, November 13, 2005
Hagel’s ethics filings pose disclosure issue, The Hill, January 29, 2003
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1946 births
20th-century American Episcopalians
21st-century American Episcopalians
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
American people of German descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Polish descent
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
Deutsche Bank people
Directors of Chevron Corporation
Walsh School of Foreign Service faculty
International Republican Institute
Living people
Nebraska Republicans
Obama administration cabinet members
People from North Platte, Nebraska
Reagan administration personnel
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
Republican Party United States senators
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United States senators from Nebraska
University of Nebraska Omaha alumni
Atlantic Council
Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun |
31997583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangalengan | Pangalengan | Pangalengan is a district (Kecamatan) in the Bandung Regency, Indonesia. It is located south of the major West Java city of Bandung.
Main industries of the Pangalengan district include dairy farming and tourism, the latter arising from the popularity of the many traditional villages and natural attractions such as lakes, ponds, hot springs and waterfalls in the district. The area is an important centre of activity for the tea industry in Indonesia. There is also considerable interest in the potential for the use of geothermal sites in the region for the production of electricity. The Wayang Windu plant, the largest geothermal plant in Indonesia with a capacity of 227 megawatts, is located to the east of Pangalengan on the slopes of the Wayang Windu volcano. The site has been jointly developed by Star Energy and PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy, a subsidiary of the large state-owned oil company Pertamina. The activity has not been without controversy however and local people near the site have sometimes protested about certain aspects of the development.
Pangalengan became a major site for the placement of refugees (internally displaced persons, or IDPs) after the large West Java earthquake in September 2009. Following the earthquake, it was estimated that 50,000 homes had been destroyed in the area, 80,000 people had been left homeless, and around 250,000 people had been displaced.
Administrative divisions
Pangalengan is divided into 13 following villages
Nature reserves
Malabar
Mount Tilu (shared with Pasirjambu)
Mountains and volcanoes
Malabar Mountain (Besar peak is located entirely within Pangalengan, Haruman peak is shared with Cimaung) and several peaks and hills around it
Mount Bedil
Wayang Volcano (shared with Kertasari)
Windu Volcano
Mount Kencana
Mount Riung Gunung
Mount Waringin (shared with Pasirjambu)
Mount Tilu
Tourism
A shortage of good roads in the area is believed to have held back development. However, the area is attractive and was formerly well known for tourist spots in the Malabar region.
Some of the tea estates in the area provide good facilities for tourists to stay overnight, walk through tracks in the tea plantations, and bath in nearby hot springs.
Main tourism sites near Pangalengan include the following.
Cultural or historical sites such as the Cikondang traditional village, and the gravesite of the Dutchman K.A.R. Bosscha who played a key role in helping develop the tea industry in the area.
Tea and quinine estates such as the Malabar estate and estates at Kertamanah, Purbasari, Pasir Junghuhn, Pasirmalang, Cukul, and the Indonesian Research Institute for Tea and Quinine at Gambang.
Various lakes, of which the most well-known is Lake Cileunca, along with Lake Cipanunjang
Small lakes like Gede, Datar, Cukul, Cicoledas, and Kanceuh
Numerous hot springs
Waterfalls such as Panganten, Malabar, Patra, Sanghiang, and Bangku Waterfall
Wayang-Windu bike park
Cukul sunrise point
References
Bandung Regency
Populated places in West Java |
17021863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranoia%20%28game%20show%29 | Paranoia (game show) | Paranoia is a game show that aired on the Fox Family channel from April to May 2000. The show was hosted by Peter Tomarken, and the first game show since the 1950s to be recorded live with contestants playing in the studio, by satellite, over the phone, and on the show's website.
Gameplay
An in-studio contestant competed against three satellite players across the U.S. by answering a series of 10 multiple-choice questions, each with four answers. The studio contestant began the game with $10,000 in cash.
Before the studio contestant answered each question, the three satellite players picked their answers. If the studio contestant responded correctly, his/her total remained intact; if not, he/she lost $1,000. In either case, the studio contestant then had to challenge at least one satellite contestant. Each correct answer won $1,000 for that satellite contestant, paid out of the studio contestant's total, while a miss earned one strike. Satellite contestants were eliminated upon earning two strikes, and kept any money they had earned (or $500 if they had earned none).
The studio contestant was given two cards, each of which could be used once: a "Swap Out" to replace one satellite contestant with an unknown alternate, at a cost of $1,000; and a "Knock Out" to eliminate one satellite contestant from the game, at a cost of $3,000. Near the end of the show's run, the money associated with using these cards was given to the affected satellite contestant. Any strikes earned by a swapped-out contestant carried over to the alternate.
Every game featured a $5,000 Interactive Jackpot, which was not affected by the studio or satellite contestants' performance. Five online players and five telephone players were chosen before each question at random; each correct answer won $50 for that player, deducted from the jackpot.
If the studio contestant ran out of money at any time, the game ended and he/she left with $500 as consolation. However, if the studio contestant either survived all 10 questions or eliminated all three satellite players, he/she won whatever money remained of both the original $10,000 cash and the Interactive Jackpot. The maximum front-game total was therefore $15,000.
In the event that the studio contestant lost the game, the surviving satellite player with the most money would get a chance to become a future studio contestant.
Bonus round
While connected to a heart monitor that broadcast his/her heartbeat to the studio audience, the studio contestant chose one of 10 categories and had 15 seconds to answer an open-ended question asked by Tomarken. A correct answer multiplied the front-game winnings by whatever number was hidden behind the category; nine of the categories hid the number 10, while the tenth hid 100. There was no penalty for a wrong answer. The maximum possible grand prize was $1.5 million.
Interactive game
As described above, five each of online and phone players were randomly chosen before each question and could win $50 for a correct answer. In addition, Tomarken asked two more interactive questions during the show, one to an online player and the other to a phone player (this could happen multiple times in one episode). A correct answer won a home computer and camera.
Near the end of an episode, the online players who reached the "Top 5" leaderboard would be shown onscreen and each person would also receive a home computer, a camera, and a chance to become a future satellite player.
References
2000s American game shows
2000 American television series debuts
2000 American television series endings
Fox Family Channel original programming |
48880013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rua | The Rua | The Rua are an Irish/British family pop-rock band from Windsor, England. The band consists of sisters, Roseanna (Lead Vocals, guitar), Alanna (Piano, backing vocals) and brother, Jonathan Brown (violin, vocals, guitar).
Billboard named the band one of "Tomorrow's Hits", also calling the band's "sound" a mix between Taylor Swift, The Cranberries and The Corrs.
Q gave their debut album Essence a four-star review.
In 2019 they were the main opening act for Westlife on the UK dates of The Twenty Tour.
History
The Rua grew up in Windsor, Berkshire, however, their family roots are all from Ireland, where they spent a lot of their time growing up, playing music and taking part in music competitions. They are also the nieces and nephew of Irish Eurovision winner Dana Rosemary Scallon.
They were all classically trained on piano, violin and voice and performed together from when they were all young. The trio formed as a band in 2011 and started writing their own material together. They were influenced by all types and genres of music, especially from growing up in such a musical family. Artists such as Fleetwood Mac, U2, Coldplay, Snow Patrol, The Corrs, Taylor Swift, Adele, have had a lot of musical impact on the group and their writing.
Music
Essence
Nigel Harrison, former bass player of the rock band Blondie, played on the band's debut album. On drums they brought in Clive Deamer, who is best known for playing in Portishead, Get the Blessing, and Radiohead. On keys/synth was Mike Rowe, who plays with Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds and on electric guitar was Dani Robinson, who played Jimi Hendrix in The Hendrix Experience, with original bassist Billy Cox.
The second single from the album, "Without You", was the fourth most added song in its first week at Hot AC radio, tied with Zara Larsson and MNEK's "Never Forget You".
On 20 May 2016 The Rua debuted "Without You" for the first time in Ireland, as guests performing on The Late Late Show in Dublin. Its dance remix by Love to Infinity secured the no. 3 Breakout spot on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart and peaked at no. 17 on the Billboard Dance Club Songs.
They had three singles from this album, including "Fight for What's Right", "Without You" and "Fire & Lies", all of which charted at Hot AC radio.
The Rua
In 2019 the band announced they would be releasing a self-titled second album. The album has the same session musicians as Essence apart from a change of drummer to Manny Elis from band Tears for Fears. The Rua was released online on 25 September 2019. The eleven-track album also includes an acoustic cover of the Grammy Award-winning song "Clarity" by producer Zedd.
Three singles off this second album also placed at Hot AC radio - ‘All I Ever Wanted’ (no. 27), ‘Gasoline’ (number 25) and ‘Hey You’ (no. 36). ‘Gasoline’ also was the first single to break in to the top 30 in the Billboard Adult Top 40 chart reaching no. 25
Tour
In 2019 the band supported Westlife on their 30-date UK The Twenty Tour.
They have previously opened up for and shared the stage with Shinedown, Rob Thomas, Goo Goo Dolls, Train, Rachel Platten, Adam Lambert, Michael Franti & Spearhead, A Great Big World, Third Eye Blind, Wrabel, Parachute, Blue October, Walking on Cars and Andrew McMahon.
Film
All three have appeared in the Harry Potter film series. Alanna was in Gryffindor and appeared in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Roseanna in Slytherin appeared in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Jonathan was in Hufflepuff and appeared in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Saying "it was one of the best experiences we have ever had... it was like being part of a big family". They have also been in films separately. Roseanna appeared in Thor: The Dark World, Maleficent and Snow White and the Huntsman; Alanna in The Crown and Allied; and Jonathan in Dark Shadows.
Discography
Albums
Essence (2015)
The Rua (2019)
Singles
References
External links
English pop music groups
Sibling musical trios
English pop rock music groups
Musical groups established in 2015
2015 establishments in England |
24796911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center%20for%20Family%20and%20Human%20Rights | Center for Family and Human Rights | The Center for Family and Human Rights (C-Fam) is a right-wing United States-based advocacy group, founded in 1997, in order to affect policy debate at the United Nations and other international institutions. It was formerly known as the Catholic Family and Human Rights Institute. The 501(c)(3) organization is anti-abortion and anti-LGBT.
History
The Catholic Family & Human Rights Institute was formally incorporated on 11 August 1997 in Suffolk County, NY with three directors - Seth Perlman, Clifford Perlman and Jane Burke-Robertson Initially nicknamed CAFHRI, the group was founded as an independent non-profit corporation by Human Life International-Canada and then with ongoing support from the headquarters of Human Life International (HLI), based in Front Royal, Virginia. Later nicknamed C-Fam, which subsequently became the group's corporate name, part of the group's mission was to work closely with the Holy See delegation at the UN. Austin Ruse subsequently replaced Anne Noonan as Director and shortly thereafter became president.
In July 2013, Ruse was identified as a key member of Groundswell, a coalition of conservative activists and journalists attempting to make political change within the United States from behind the scenes. Ruse is also the author of two books; Fake Science: Exposing the Left's Skewed Statistics, Fuzzy Facts, and Dodgy Data, published by Regnery, and Littlest Suffering Souls: Children Whose Short Lives Point Us to Christ, published by TAN Books.
In 2015, Monsignor Anthony Frontiero resigned from the organization's board of directors in protest when Ruse commented "The hard-left human-hating people that run modern universities should be taken out and shot." Ruse said this was a figure of speech and issued a formal apology.
NGO at the United Nations
In February, 2014, the 19-member NGO Committee of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) unanimously approved C-Fam for Special Consultative Status. On April 23, 2014, the ECOSOC granted this status without objection.
Jessica Stern of the LGBT rights advocacy group OutRight Action International, commenting on C-FAM's United Nations mission, said that the organization "regularly releases homophobic vitriol". The civil rights advocacy organization Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) has listed C-Fam as an anti-LGBT hate group, and pointed out that Ruse supports the criminalization of homosexuality.
In 2015, Stefano Gennarini (Director of the Centre for Legal Studies at C-Fam) publicly criticised Bishop Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo, chancellor of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences and the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in the Vatican, by accusing him of opposing the negotiating position of the Holy See on the issue of sexual and reproductive health. He also went on to accuse economist Jeffrey Sachs, director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University and a senior UN advisor, and UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon of actively promoting abortion. This received a strong rebuke from Professor Margaret Archer of the University of Warwick, president of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences, who referred to "distorted criticism" and raised concern at Gennarini's "understanding of Catholic Social Doctrine”. This, in turn, drew a rebuke from influential Catholic journalist Phil Lawler who wrote, "Archer’s ad hominem approach, and her unwillingness to engage the real issues in the debate, were unworthy of a social scientist. Her uncharitable attitude is unworthy of someone representing the Holy See."
The London-based Guardian newspaper reported in May 2019 that C-Fam has "emerged from the extreme right fringe on abortion, sexual orientation and gender identity to become a powerful player behind the scenes at the UN. With a modest budget and a six-strong staff led by the president Austin Ruse, it has leveraged connections inside the Trump administration to enforce a rigid orthodoxy on social issues, and helped build a new US coalition with mostly autocratic regimes that share a similar outlook." Subsequently, Reuters wrote, "Emails and memos from U.S. officials at the U.N. obtained by Reuters show the influence of the Center for Family and Human Rights, or C-Fam, a private U.S. research institute formed to affect policy at the U.N. to align with conservative Catholic views." The SPLC has characterized the institute as being "heavily focused on global anti-LGBT work", citing its opposition to United Nations efforts to protect LGBT rights and to study and prevent anti-LGBT violence, and praise of American anti-gay activist Scott Lively.
Staff
Besides Ruse, who is the president of the organization, C-FAM lists four staff members:
Lisa Correnti, Executive Vice President
Stefano Gennarini, Vice President for the Center of Legal Studies
Rebecca Oas, Director of Research
Hannah Russo, Development Manager
See also
List of organizations with consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council
List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBT hate groups
References
External links
501(c)(3) organizations
Anti-abortion organizations in the United States
Christian organizations based in the United States
Christian organizations established in 1997
Christianity in New York City
Christianity in Washington, D.C.
Conservative political advocacy groups in the United States
Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the United States
Human rights organizations based in the United States
Legal think tanks
Non-profit organizations based in New York City
Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Organizations that oppose LGBT rights in the United States
Political and economic think tanks in the United States
Research institutes established in 1997
Research institutes in the United States
Think tanks based in Washington, D.C.
Think tanks established in 1997
1997 establishments in the United States |
218450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoJa | DoJa | DoJa profile is a Java application environment specification for DoCoMo's i-mode mobile phone.
DoJa is based on the Java ME CLDC API that is defined in the Java Community Process (JCP). DoJa is a profile defined by NTT DoCoMo to provide communications and other input-output processing, user interface (GUI) and other application features/functions unique to i-mode, and extension libraries defined by individual phone terminal makers to add original functions. However, in contrast with other Java ME profiles like Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) or Information Module Profile (IMP), DoJa is not defined as a Java Specification Request (JSR), hence it is often called a "proprietary" Java ME profile.
DoJa allows i-mode to offer more dynamic and interactive content than conventional HTML-based i-mode content. Java for i-mode consists of support for a version of CLDC and a version of the DoJa profile. CLDC support can be 1.0 or 1.1 depending on the handset. The DoJa profile was originally created for the local Japanese market with version 1.0 and version 2.0 more or less corresponding to MIDP 1.0 and MIDP 2.0. For the market outside Japan a new API has been created, which is referred to as the Overseas Edition. Currently DoJa 1.5oe and DoJa 2.5oe are implemented on handsets sold in Europe. (The first DoJa handset with DoJa1.5oe is N341i launched in 2003 from NEC, and the first DoJa 2.5 handset is M430i launched in the beginning of 2005 from Mitsubishi.) The DoJa Profile provides for use with i-mode extension library (Java for i-mode profiles), including user interfaces and HTTP communications.
DoJa Profiles
"Star" is the successor to DoJa, rather than being part of it, with access to modern hardware and services such as the accelerometer.
References
External links
NTT Docomo i-appli Development Page
DoJa developers mailing list archive
Java device platform |
180366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumae | Cumae | Cumae ( or or ; ) was the first ancient Greek colony on the mainland of Italy, founded by settlers from Euboea in the 8th century BC and soon becoming one of the strongest colonies. It later became a rich Roman city, the remains of which lie near the modern village of Cuma, a frazione of the comune Bacoli and Pozzuoli in the Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, Italy.
The archaeological museum of the Campi Flegrei in the Aragonese castle contains many finds from Cumae.
History
Early
The oldest archaeological finds by Emil Stevens in 1896 date to 900–850 BCE and more recent excavations have revealed a Bronze Age settlement of the ‘pit-culture’ people, and later dwellings of Iron Age peoples whose memory was preserved as cave-dwellers named “Cimmerians”, among whom there was already an oracular tradition.
The Greek settlement was founded in the 8th century BCE by emigrants from cities of Eretria and Chalcis in Euboea. The Greeks were already established at nearby Pithecusae (modern Ischia) and were led to Cumae by the joint oecists (founders): Megasthenes of Chalcis and Hippocles of Cyme.
The site chosen was on the hill and later acropolis of Monte di Cuma surrounded on one side by the sea, and on the other by particularly fertile ground on the edge of the Campanian plain. While continuing their maritime and commercial traditions, the settlers of Cumae strengthened their political and economic power by exploitation of the land and extended their territory at the expense of neighbouring peoples.
The colony thrived and in the 8th century BCE it was already strong enough to send Perieres to found Zancle in Sicily, and another group to found Tritaea in Achaea, Pausanias was told. Cuma established its dominance over almost the entire Campanian coast up to Punta Campanella over the 7th and 6th centuries BCE, gaining sway over Puteoli and Misenum.
The colony spread Greek culture in Italy and introduced a dialect of Greek, and the Euboean alphabet, a variant of which was adapted and modified by the Etruscans and then re‑adapted by the Romans and became the Latin alphabet, still used worldwide today.
According to Dionysius
Cumae was at that time celebrated throughout all Italy for its riches, power, and all the other advantages, as it possessed the most fertile part of the Campanian plain and was mistress of the most convenient havens round about Misenum.
The growing power of the Cumaean Greeks led many indigenous tribes of the region to organise against them, notably the Dauni and Aurunci with the leadership of the Capuan Etruscans. This coalition was defeated by the Cumaeans in 524 BCE at the first Battle of Cumae under the direction of Aristodemus. The glorious victories of the colony increased its prestige, so much so that according to Diodorus Siculus, it was usual to associate the whole region of the Phlegraean Fields with Cumaean territory.
At this time the Roman senate sent agents to Cumae to purchase grain in anticipation of a siege of Rome. Then in 505 BCE Aristodemus led a Cumaean contingent to assist the Latin city of Aricia in defeating the Etruscan forces of Clusium (see also War between Clusium and Aricia) and having attained the people's favour he overthrew the aristocratic faction and became a tyrant himself. It was probably it this point that Cumae founded Neapolis (“new city”) in the late 6th century BCE.
Further contact between the Romans and the Cumaeans occurred during the reign of Aristodemus. Tarquinius, the last of the legendary Kings of Rome, lived his life in exile with Aristodemus at Cumae after the Battle of Lake Regillus and died there in 495 BCE. Livy records that Aristodemus became the heir of Tarquinius, and in 492 BCE when Roman envoys travelled to Cumae to purchase grain, Aristodemus seized the envoys' vessels on account of the property of Tarquinius which had been seized at the time of Tarquinius' exile.
Eventually the disposessed nobles and their sons were able to take over Cumae in 490 BCE, and executed Aristodemus.
The combined fleets of Cumae and Syracuse (on Sicily) defeated the Etruscans at the Battle of Cumae in 474 BCE.
The temple of Apollo sent the revered Sibylline Books to Rome in the 5th c. BCE. Also Rome obtained its priestesses who administered the important cult of Ceres from the temple of Demeter in Cumae.
Oscan and Roman Cumae
The Greek period at Cumae came to an end in 421 BC, when the Oscans allied to the Samnites broke down the walls and took the city, ravaging the countryside. Some survivors fled to Neapolis.
The walls on the acropolis were rebuilt from 343 BC. Cumae came under Roman rule with Capua and in 338 BC was granted partial citizenship, a civitas sine suffragio. In the Second Punic War, in spite of temptations to revolt from Roman authority, Cumae withstood Hannibal's siege, under the leadership of Tib. Sempronius Gracchus.
The city prospered in the Roman period from the 1st c. BC along with all the cities of Campania and especially the bay of Naples as it became a desirable area for wealthy Romans who built large villas along the coast. The "central baths" and the amphitheatre are built.
During the civil wars Cumae was one of the strongholds that Octavian used to defend against Sextus Pompey. Under Augustus extensive public building works and roads were begun and in or near Cumae several road tunnels were dug: one through the Monte di Cumae linking the forum with the port, the Grotta di Cocceio 1 km long to Lake Avernus and a third, the "Crypta Romana", 180m long between Lake Lucrino and Lake Averno. The temples of Apollo and Demeter were restored.
The proximity to Puteoli, the commercial port of Rome and to Misenum, the naval fleet base, also helped the region to prosper.
Another very important innovation was the construction of the great Serino aqueduct, the Aqua Augusta supplying many of the cities in the area from about 20 BC. Domitian's via Domitiana provided an important highway to the via Appia and thence to Rome from 95 AD.
The early presence of Christianity in Cumae is shown by the 2nd-century AD work The Shepherd of Hermas, in which the author tells of a vision of a woman, identified with the church, who entrusts him with a text to read to the presbyters of the community in Cuma. At the end of the 4th century, the temple of Zeus at Cumae was transformed into a Christian basilica.
The first historically documented bishop of Cumae was Adeodatus, a member of a synod convoked by Pope Hilarius in Rome in 465. Another was Misenus, who was one of the two legates that Pope Felix III sent to Constantinople and who were imprisoned and forced to receive Communion with Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople in a celebration of the Divine Liturgy in which Peter Mongus and other Miaphysites were named in the diptychs, an event that led to the Acacian Schism. Misenus was excommunicated on his return but was later rehabilitated and took part as bishop of Cumae in two synods of Pope Symmachus. Pope Gregory the Great entrusted the administration of the diocese of Cumae to the bishop of Misenum. Later, both Misenum and Cumae ceased to be residential sees and the territory of Cumae became part of the diocese of Aversa after the destruction of Cumae in 1207. Accordingly, Cumae is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.
Under Roman rule, so-called "quiet Cumae" was peaceful until the disasters of the Gothic Wars (535–554), when it was repeatedly attacked, as the only fortified city in Campania aside from Neapolis: Belisarius took it in 536, Totila held it, and when Narses gained possession of Cumae, he found he had won the whole treasury of the Goths.
Diocese of Cuma(e)
A bishopric was established around 450 AD. In 700 it gained territory from the suppressed Diocese of Miseno.
In 1207 it was suppressed when forces from Naples, acting for the boy-King of Sicily, destroyed the city and its walls, as the stronghold of a nest of bandits. Its territory was divided and merged into the Roman Catholic Diocese of Aversa and Roman Catholic Diocese of Pozzuoli. Some of the citizens from Cumae, including the clergy and the cathedral capitular, took shelter in Giugliano.
Resident bishops
Saint Massenzio (300? – ?)
Rainaldo (1073? – 1078?)
Giovanni (1134? – 1141?)
Gregorio (1187? – ?)
Leone (1207? – ?)
Titular see
In 1970, the diocese was nominally restored as a Latin titular see. The title has been held by:
Bishop Louis-Marie-Joseph de Courrèges d’Ustou (1970.09.02 – 1970.12.10)
Archbishop Edoardo Pecoraio (1971.12.28 – 1986.08.09)
Bishop Julio María Elías Montoya, O.F.M.
Archaeology
Despite the abandonment of the area of Cumae due to the formation of marshes, the memory of the ancient city remained alive. The ruins, although in a state of neglect, were later visited by many artists and with the repopulation of the area due to land reclamation, short excavation campaigns were made. The first excavations date to 1606 when thirteen statues and two marble bas-reliefs were found; later finds included the large statue of Jupiter from the Masseria del Gigante exhibited at the National Archaeological Museum of Naples. However, after the discovery of the Vesuvian sites the attention of the Bourbon explorers was diverted there and the Cumae area was abandoned and plundered of numerous finds which were then sold to private individuals. A first campaign of systematic excavations took place between 1852 and 1857 under Prince Leopoldo, brother of Ferdinando II of the Two Sicilies when the area of the Masseria del Gigante and some necropoles were explored. Later Emilio Stevens was given the concession and worked at Cumae between 1878 and 1893, completing the excavation of the necropolis, even though news of the various finds led to a continuous looting of the area.
A disaster occurred between 1910 and 1922 when draining of Lake Licola caused part of the necropolis to be destroyed.
The explorations of the acropolis started in 1911, bringing to light the Temple of Apollo. Between 1924 and 1934 Amedeo Maiuri and Vittorio Spinazzola investigated the Temple of Jupiter, the Cave of the Sibyl and the Crypta Romana, while between 1938 and 1953 the lower city was explored. A chance discovery occurred in 1992 when during the construction of a gas pipeline near the beach a temple of Isis was discovered. In 1994 the "Kyme" project was activated for the restoration of the site. Excavation of the tholos tomb was completed, first partly explored in 1902. In the area of the forum a basilica-shaped building, the Aula Sillana, was discovered, while along the coastline three maritime villas were found.
Since 2001 the CNRS has been excavating a necropolis dating from 6th to 1st c. BC outside the Porta mediana.
In June 2018 a painted tomb dating to the 2nd century BC and depicting a banquet scene was discovered.
Development of the ancient city
The ancient city was divided into two zones, namely the acropolis and the lower part on the plains and the coast. The acropolis was accessible only from the south side and it was on this area that the first nucleus of the city developed crossed by a road called Via Sacra leading to the main temples. The road began with two towers, one of which collapsed with part of the hill and the other was restored in the Byzantine era and is still visible. The lower city developed from the Samnite period and to a greater extent during the Roman age.
The lower city was defended by walls and during the Greek age the acropolis had probably the same type of defences, even if the remains today dating back to the 6th century BC are only on the southeastern part of the hill perhaps also used as retaining walls of the ridge.
In the 6th c. BC temples were built in tufa, wood and terracotta. Columns, cornices and capitals were made of yellow tufa, roofs and architraves of wood and to protect the overhang, terracotta tiles and elaborate antefix decorations. The city and acropolis walls were built from 505 BC, as well as the Sibyl's cave.
When the city was allied with the Romans in 338 BC a new temple was built with exceptional painted friezes and ornamentation which have been discovered though the temple was destroyed after a few decades by fire.
Between the Punic Wars and the adoption of Latin as the official trading language (180 BC) the city walls were restored and a large stadium built west of the Porta mediana. The central baths were built and major work was done on the acropolis temples. From the end of the 2nd c. BC Cumae's architecture became increasingly romanised.
The Augustan age saw many fine new buildings in the city such as the basilica or "Sullan Aula" south of the forum, decorated with polychrome marble. Water supply to the town was increased by an extension to the town of the great Serino aqueduct, the Aqua Augusta, after 20 BC and paid for by local benefactors, the Lucceii family, praetors of the city, who also built an elaborate nymphaeum in the forum as well as several other monuments and buildings.
In the 1st c. AD the "temple of the portico" was built, now embedded in a farmhouse.
After Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD, survivors from Herculaneum came to Cumae and it became a well prosperous town.
Surviving ancient monuments
The visible monuments include:
Temple of Diana
Capitoline temple of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva
Temple of Isis
Temple of Demeter
Temple of Apollo
The Acropolis
Arco Felice
the forum
Grotta di Cocceio
Crypta Romana
Masseria del Gigante
Arco Felice
The Arco Felice was a 20 m high monumental entrance to the city built in a cut through Monte Grillo which Domitian made in 95 AD to avoid the long detour imposed by the via Appia, and allow easier access to Cumae along what was later called the via Domitiana while the bridge also carried a road along the ridge of the hill. It was built of brick and tiled in marble, and surmounted by two rows of arches of lighter concrete covered with brick. The piers had three niches on both sides where statues were placed.
The via Domitiana, whose paving is still perfectly preserved and is in continuous use today, connected to the via Appia, the artery of communication with Rome, as well as with Pozzuoli and Naples.
The arch probably replaced a smaller gate from Greek times and in a higher position.
Crypta Romana
The Crypta Romana is a tunnel dug into the tufa under the Cuma hill, crossing the acropolis in an east-west direction, giving an easier route from the city to the sea. Its construction is part of the set of military enhancement works built by Agrippa for Augustus and designed by Lucius Cocceius Auctus in 37 BC, including the construction of the new Portus Iulius and its connection with the port of Cumae through the so-called Grotta di Cocceio and the Crypta Romana itself.
With the displacement of the fleet from Portus Iulius to the port of Miseno in 12 BC and the end of the Civil War between Octavian and Mark Antony in 31 BC the tunnel lost its strategic value. The forum entrance was made monumental with 4 statue niches in 95 AD at the same time as the Arco Felice was built. An avalanche closed the sea entrance in the 3rd c. After 397 it was reopened. In the christian age it was used as a cemetery area; in the 6th c. the Byzantine general Narsete tried to use it to reach the city during the siege of Cumae, but weakened the structure and a large section of the vault collapsed.
It was brought to light between 1925 and 1931 by the archaeologist Amedeus Maiuri.
Sculpture
Mythology
Cumae is perhaps most famous as the seat of the Cumaean Sibyl. Her sanctuary is now open to the public.
In Roman mythology, there is an entrance to the underworld located at Avernus, a crater lake near Cumae, and was the route Aeneas used to descend to the Underworld.
Gallery
See also
List of ancient Greek cities
Graecians
Fusaro Lake
Notes
References
External links
Official website
GigaCatholic with resiedential.titular incumbenty biography links
Bacoli
Pozzuoli
Euboean colonies of Magna Graecia
Archaeological sites in Campania
Roman sites of Campania
Buildings and structures in Campania
Former populated places in Italy
Populated places established in the 8th century BC
Tourist attractions in Campania
Populated places disestablished in the 13th century
8th-century establishments in Italy
1207 disestablishments in Europe
13th-century disestablishments in Italy
National museums of Italy
Greek city-states |
11268035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy%20%28specification%20language%29 | Alloy (specification language) | In computer science and software engineering, Alloy is a declarative specification language for expressing complex structural constraints and behavior in a software system. Alloy provides a simple structural modeling tool based on first-order logic. Alloy is targeted at the creation of micro-models that can then be automatically checked for correctness. Alloy specifications can be checked using the Alloy Analyzer.
Although Alloy is designed with automatic analysis in mind, Alloy differs from many specification languages designed for model-checking in that it permits the definition of infinite models. The Alloy Analyzer is designed to perform finite scope checks even on infinite models.
The Alloy language and analyzer are developed by a team led by Daniel Jackson at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States.
History and influences
The first version of the Alloy language appeared in 1997. It was a rather limited object modeling language. Succeeding iterations of the language "added quantifiers, higher arity relations, polymorphism, subtyping, and signatures".
The mathematical underpinnings of the language were heavily influenced by the Z notation, and the syntax of Alloy owes more to languages such as Object Constraint Language.
The Alloy Analyzer
The Alloy Analyzer was specifically developed to support so-called "lightweight formal methods". As such, it is intended to provide fully automated analysis, in contrast to the interactive theorem proving techniques commonly used with specification languages similar to Alloy. Development of the Analyzer was originally inspired by the automated analysis provided by model checkers. However, model-checking is ill-suited to the kind of models that are typically developed in Alloy, and as a result the core of the Analyzer was eventually implemented as a model-finder built atop a boolean SAT solver.
Through version 3.0, the Alloy Analyzer incorporated an integral SAT-based model-finder based on an off-the-shelf SAT-solver. However, as of version 4.0 the Analyzer makes use of the Kodkod model-finder, for which the Analyzer acts as a front-end. Both model-finders essentially translate a model expressed in relational logic into a corresponding boolean logic formula, and then invoke an off-the-shelf SAT-solver on the boolean formula. In the event that the solver finds a solution, the result is translated back into a corresponding binding of constants to variables in the relational logic model.
In order to ensure the model-finding problem is decidable, the Alloy Analyzer performs model-finding over restricted scopes consisting of a user-defined finite number of objects. This has the effect of limiting the generality of the results produced by the Analyzer. However, the designers of the Alloy Analyzer justify the decision to work within limited scopes through an appeal to the small scope hypothesis: that a high proportion of bugs can be found by testing a program for all test inputs within some small scope.
Model structure
Alloy models are relational in nature, and are composed of several different kinds of statements:
Signatures define the vocabulary of a model by creating new sets
sig Object{} defines a signature Object
sig List{ head : lone Node } defines a signature List that contains a field head of type Node and multiplicity lone - this establishes the existence of a relation between Lists and Nodes such that every List is associated with no more than one head Node
Facts are constraints that are assumed to always hold
Predicates are parameterized constraints, and can be used to represent operations
Functions are expressions that return results
Assertions are assumptions about the model
Because Alloy is a declarative language the meaning of a model is unaffected by the order of statements.
References
External links
Alloy website
Alloy Github Repository
Guide to Alloy
Kodkod analysis engine website at MIT
An Alloy Metamodel in Ecore
Formal methods tools
Satisfiability problems
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Computer-related introductions in 1997
Formal specification languages
Z notation |
27269740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20House%2C%20Auckland | University House, Auckland | University House is a 19th-century building in Auckland, New Zealand, that originally served as the synagogue for the city's Jewish population. The building is situated on Princes Street, adjacent to Albert Park, and is now occupied by the University of Auckland.
History
A Jewish community had been present in Auckland since its founding in 1840. The synagogue building, which blends Moorish and classical elements, was designed and built by Edward Bartley in 1884–1885. The foundation stone was laid by David Nathan (1816–1886), an early Jewish settler and founder of the L.D. Nathan chain of stores, and the synagogue opened on 9 November 1885. The building could seat 375 people. It was built on the site of an earlier military guardhouse associated with Albert Barracks. In 1967 the congregation moved to larger premises on Greys Avenue, overlooking Myers Park, and the Princes Street synagogue was deconsecrated in 1969.
Ownership of the property reverted to Auckland City Council as part of the Albert Park Reserve following the deconsecration. The building was left vacant and deteriorated over the next two decades, until it was carefully restored under the direction of Salmond Reed Architects in 1989 to serve as a branch of the National Bank. The University of Auckland has leased it since 2003, and it now houses the University's Alumni Relations and Development department (formerly called External Relations).
The building has a Category I listing with the New Zealand Historic Places Trust.
References
Former synagogues
Synagogues in New Zealand
Buildings and structures of the University of Auckland
Synagogues completed in 1885
Religious buildings and structures in Auckland
Former religious buildings and structures in New Zealand
NZHPT Category I listings in the Auckland Region
1880s architecture in New Zealand
Moorish Revival synagogues
Neoclassical synagogues
Auckland CBD |
43104664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%20Breydel | Frans Breydel | Frans Breydel or Frans Breydel I (1679 in Antwerp – 1750 in Antwerp) was a Flemish painter, draftsman and decorative painter (of interiors). He is known for his merry companies, carnival scenes, landscapes and battle pieces.
Life
The details about Frans Breydel's life are sketchy. Frans Breydel was a younger brother of the painter Karel Breydel. There is no information about his training. He left for a trip, maybe to Italy, at an early age but stayed in Kassel when his work was favourably received by local patrons. He was appointed painter to the local court.
When his brother Karel left for a trip to Italy and heard about Frans' success in Kassel, he abandoned his plans to go to Italy and travelled instead to Kassel to join his brother. Here the two brothers worked together for two years with considerable success. Karel Breydel then travelled to Amsterdam.
Frans later left Kassel for London where he linked up with the Dutch painter Herman van der Mijn. This must have been before 1724. Little is known about the remainder of his life. According to the French 18th-century biographer Jean-Baptiste Descamps, Frans Breydel died in Antwerp in 1750 where he was buried in the St. Andrew's Church.
Work
He first specialised in portraits but changed to merry companies, a genre which was very popular in France at the time.
References
External links
1679 births
1750 deaths
Artists from Antwerp
Flemish genre painters
Flemish war artists
Flemish portrait painters
Flemish landscape painters
18th-century Flemish painters |
66767288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaw%20Manu-Yeboah | Yaw Manu-Yeboah | Yaw Manu-Yeboah (born 27 September 1951) is a Ghanaian politician and educationist. He was a member of the First Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana from 1993 to 1997. He was a member of parliament for Sunyani East Constituency in the Brong-Ahafo region of Ghana, under the membership of the National Democratic Congress.
Early life and education
Manu- Yeboah was born 27 September 1951. He attended University of Cape Coast and University de Bordeaux III where he studied Education and French and obtained his Bachelor of Arts and Diploma degrees respectively. He worked as a teacher.
Politics
Manu- Yeboah is the first member of parliament to represent Sunyani East constituency which was hither to Sunyani constituency. He contested the seat on the ticket of National Democratic Congress (NDC) and won. After the elections, the authenticity of the parliamentary results in the December 1992 electoral results of Sunyani East was contested in court by Joseph Henry Mensah of the New Patriotic Party (NPP), who claimed to be the winner of the Sunyani East seat. Manu- Yeboah served for just one term in parliament. He was succeeded by Joseph Henry Mensah in 1996.
The National Democratic Congress (NDC) led by Jerry John Rawlings won 80.95% of the votes in the presidential and parliamentary with 17 seats in Sunyani East, in the general elections in December 1992. This victory, coupled with other victories in other constituencies gave the NDC majority of in parliament. There were allegations of electoral rigging of some 200,000 ballot papers being thumb printed before the general elections. And cases of impersonation of electoral officers at Boahen-Korkor and Methodist middle 'B' in the Sunyani East constituency as well as Zongo in Techiman South.
Manu- Yeboah was sworn into the First Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana on 7 January 1993 after being pronounced winner at the 1992 Ghanaian election held on 29 December 1992.
Personal life
He is a Christian.
References
Living people
1951 births
People from Brong-Ahafo Region
Ghanaian MPs 1993–1997
National Democratic Congress (Ghana) politicians
University of Cape Coast alumni |
162597 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla%20communication | Guerrilla communication | Guerrilla communication and communication guerrilla refer to an attempt to provoke subversive effects through interventions in the process of communication.
It can be distinguished from other classes of political action because it is not based on the critique of the dominant discourses but in the interpretation of the signs in a different way. Its main goal is to make a critical non-questioning of the existing, for reasons ranging from political activism to marketing. In terms of marketing, journalist Warren Berger explains unconventional guerrilla-style advertising as "something that lurks all around, hits us where we live, and invariably takes us by surprise". These premises apply to the entire spectrum of guerrilla communication because each tactic intends to disrupt cognitive schemas and thought processing.
The term was created in 1997 by Luther Blissett and Sonja Brünzels, with the publication of Kommunication Guerrilla Handbook (originally in German, translated in 2001 to Spanish and Italian). Both pertain to autonome a.f.r.i.k.a gruppe, which includes many people involved in communication guerrillas such as activists and non-artists living in different German peripheries. However, it was used before in 1984 by Jay Conrad Levinson, as a marketing strategy for small businesses.
Forms
One form of guerrilla communication is the creation of a ritual via participative public spectacle to disrupt or protest a public event or to shift the perspectives of passers-by. Such spectacles often take the form of street and guerrilla theater. Another way to create such spectacle is via tactical frivolity.
Pie-throwing as performance art is a form of guerrilla communication. Other forms of guerrilla communication include adbusting, graffiti, hacktivism (notably cybersquatting), and reclaiming.
An example of guerrilla communication are the demonstrations taking place since 15 May 2011 in Spain and cities in other countries, such as London, Berlin or Paris. These demonstrations, organized through the Internet, are trying to create awareness among the population about other ways to manage governments, using the motto "Real Democracy NOW!"
Main methods of action
Generally, the techniques and methods used are guided by two principles: distanciation and over-identification.
Distanciation is based on subtle modifications in the regular representation, which lights new aspects of the representation and produces by displacement, new meanings unforecast. It consists on taking images, ideas and forms to change the communication process or its usual presentation to create confusion and reconsideration about each own cultural grammar. The new elements in the communication process create perturbations, which are effective to offer a critic vision to general public in front of the traditional point of view. The goal of this method is to create distance in front the existing to gain a new perspective. For example, in the mid-1990s the ad agency Crispin Porter + Bogusky employed distanciation in order to raise support for a local homeless shelter. Their method included printing posters on dumpsters that said "kitchen" and a "House" poster was placed on bus shelters. Creative director Bogusky had the notion that the homeless "live in separate culture, where things take on new meanings- a bench becomes your bed; a shopping cart becomes your closet". In this case, distinction confronts the passers-by to re-consider the traditional concept of "home" and how this seemingly basic concept in not applicable to homeless people.
On the other hand, over-identification means to publicly express those aspects which are well known but still taboo, or consciously disregarded. An effective way of subversion may consist in expressing positively the hidden aspects of the communication in a convincing way, better if it is close to the system dominant logic. This is a call to the background parts of the message not always seen but felt. Another example of over-identification exists in the work of street artist Banksy. In October 2003 he entered the landscape room at the Tate Britain, removed a framed painting from his bag, and glued it to the wall. Beside the work, a rural scene with an image of police tape stenciled over it, the artist placed a card reading: "Banksy 1975. Crimewatch UK Has Ruined The Countryside For All Of Us. 2003. Oil On Canvas." As mentioned prior, this installation ensures that the "felt message" is also the "seen message". It is a reaction to a culturally dominating institution, Crimewatch UK. It was accomplished in a guerrilla-esque, under-the-radar manner, and it also amplifies a consensus of sentiments towards such institutions.
See also
2007 Boston bomb scare, corporate guerrilla communication gone awry
Culture jamming
Situationist prank
Subvertising
Practitioners of guerrilla communication
The KLF / K Foundation
Lavender Menace
Andreas Heusser
monochrom
Publixtheatre Caravan
Reclaim the Streets
Spaßguerilla
Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell (W.I.T.C.H.)
Youth International Party
References
External links
Republicart.net: afrikagruppe "All or None? Multiple Names, Imaginary Persons, Collective Myths"
Handbook Of The Communication Guerilla
The Guerrilla Marketing Handbook
What about communication guerrilla?
Media hijack
Memefest, international festival of radical communication
autonome a.f.r.i.k.a.-gruppe: "Communication guerrilla - Transversality in everyday life?"
autonome a.f.r.i.k.a.-gruppe, Luther Blissettt and Sonja Brünzels, "Communication guerrilla - a message out of the deeper German backwood" / Version 2.0 (all rights dispersed)
Culture jamming techniques
Underground culture |
21665051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%20B | Model B | Model B may refer to:
Aircraft
Chu Hummingbird Model B, an experimental helicopter
Funk Model B, a 1930s two-seat cabin monoplane
Gee Bee Model B, a sports aircraft
Wright Model B, an early pusher airplane
Land vehicles
Allis-Chalmers Model B, a tractor
Buick Model B, a car
Cadillac Model B, a car
Ford Model B (1904), a car
Ford Model B (1932), a car
Mack B series, a heavy truck
Lambretta Model B, a motor scooter
Other uses
Electro-Spanish Model B, a guitar
See also
Class B (disambiguation)
Type B (disambiguation) |
6463818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Breakup%20Song%20%28They%20Don%27t%20Write%20%27Em%29 | The Breakup Song (They Don't Write 'Em) | "The Breakup Song (They Don't Write 'Em)" is a song written by Greg Kihn and Steve Wright and recorded by the American rock band The Greg Kihn Band. It is the first single from the band's sixth studio album, RocKihnRoll (1981). The song's musical style encompasses pop rock and power pop.
Meaning
It celebrates the quality of break-up songs in rock's earlier times, as the narrator laments both his recent breakup and the fact that they don't write good breakup songs anymore.
Release
The song reached No. 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and #5 on the Billboard Top Tracks chart.
In popular culture
It has been featured in several films, including Let Me In (2010), The House of the Devil (2009), The Groomsmen (2006) and Beautiful Girls (1996) as well as the hit video game Grand Theft Auto V (2013). It was sampled in "Gone" by Yelawolf on his Arena Rap EP. It was also featured in a season five episode of "The Sopranos". Additionally the TV show The Nanny made a reference to the song when Fran said they don't write them like that anymore.
Track listing
12" Maxi (AS-11506)
"The Breakup Song (They Don't Write 'Em)" - 3:42
"The Girl Most Likely" - 3:46
"Can't Stop Hurtin' Myself" - 4:30
"Valerie" - 2:44
7" Single (B-47149)
"The Breakup Song (They Don't Write 'Em)" - 2:50
"When the Music Starts" - 2:34
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
1981 singles
1981 songs
Greg Kihn songs
Beserkley Records singles
Songs written by Greg Kihn
Metasongs |
20934882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier%20Bouvet | Didier Bouvet | Didier Bouvet (born March 6, 1961) is a French former alpine skier who competed in the 1984 Winter Olympics and in the 1988 Winter Olympics.
He was born in Thonon-les-Bains.
In 1984 he won the bronze medal in the slalom event. In the giant slalom competition he finished 14th.
Four years later he participated in the 1988 slalom competition but did not finished the race.
External links
1961 births
Living people
French male alpine skiers
Olympic alpine skiers of France
Alpine skiers at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for France
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
Medalists at the 1984 Winter Olympics |
2237795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous%20Thirteen | Famous Thirteen | The Famous Thirteen (Spanish Los trece de la fama, "the thirteen of the fame", or Los trece de Gallo, "the thirteen of [Isla del] Gallo") were a group of 16th century Spanish conquistadors that participated in the Spanish conquest of Peru (second expedition) along with their leader, Francisco Pizarro. In 1527 Pizarro and his men were waiting on the Isla del Gallo, in bad conditions, when the supply ship returned from Panama, commanded by Juan Tafur with orders from the Spanish governor to abandon the expedition. According to the traditional version of the story, Pizarro drew a line in the sand with his sword and said, "those on that side of the line can go back to Panama and be poor; those on this side can come to Peru and be rich. Let the good Castillian choose his path." In the traditional telling of the story, only thirteen men chose to stay with Pizarro.
Historians have noted inconsistencies in reports of the identity of the Famous Thirteen, and have identified as many as nineteen candidates for the thirteen spots.
One list of names is as follows:
Nicolás de Ribera "el Viejo", born in Olvera, Andalucía;
Cristóbal de Peralta, hidalgo of Baeza;
Antón de Carrión, born in Carrión de los Condes;
Pedro de Candia, a Greek born in Candia, Crete;
Domingo de Soraluce, or Soria Lucina, a Basque merchant from Vergara
Francisco de Cuéllar, from Cuellar;
Joan de la Torre y Díaz Chacón, born in Villagarcía de la Torre de Extremadura, near Llerena;
Pedro de Alcón, from Cazalla de la Sierra north of Seville;
García de Jeréz or Jaren, Utrera merchant
Alonso de Briceño, born about 1506 in Benavente;
Alonso de Molina, born in Úbeda;
Gonzalo Martín de Trujillo, born in Trujillo;
Martín de Paz.
Also, the "brave pilot" Bartolomé Ruiz.
Aftermath
The Capitulacion of 1529, made Ruiz Grand Pilot of the Southern Ocean, while Candia was placed at the head of artillery, and the remaining eleven "were created hidalgos and cavalleros.
See also
The Nine Worthies are known in Spanish as los nueve de la fama.
References
Spanish conquistadors
16th-century Spanish people |
38164126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagudda | Hemagudda | Hemagudda near Kammatadurga is a village in the Gangavathi taluk of Koppal district in the Indian state of Karnataka. Hemagudda is located northeast to District Headquarters Koppal.
Hemagudda is from Gangavathi and from.
Importance
Hemagudda is noted for the 14th-century Hemagudda Fort and the Dasara Festival.
See also
Koppal
Munirabad
References
Villages in Koppal district |
36563843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rd%20Mochtar | Rd Mochtar | Hajji Raden Mochtar (born 1918), often credited as Rd Mochtar, was an Indonesian actor. Of noble descent, Mochtar was discovered by Albert Balink and first cast in the commercial failure Pareh (1936). Rising to popularity after the release of Terang Boelan the following year, he spent nearly sixty years in film, while also becoming a businessman and farmer.
Childhood and early career
Mochtar was born in Cianjur, West Java, in 1918. He was a Javanese of priyayi (noble) descent. He did his elementary school studies at a Taman Siswa school in Bandung.
In 1935 Mochtar was cast in the leading role of Mahmud in Albert Balink's film Pareh. Balink was out with coffee with Joshua and Othniel Wong and saw Mochtar, whom he considered tall, strong, and handsome, driving by. Balink and the Wongs chased Mochtar in their car and caught him. For the film Mochtar was told to use the title Raden, which he and his family had already abandoned. According to the Indonesian anthropologist Albertus Budi Susanto, the emphasis on Mochtar's title was meant as a way to draw a higher-class audience. The film, which cost 75,000 gulden to produce, was a commercial failure. However, it was financially beneficial for Mochtar, who was paid a monthly retainer of 250 gulden.
Balink recalled Mochtar for his next film, Terang Boelan (Full Moon), in 1937. Although the role called for Mochtar to sing he was unable to do so. As such, the composer Ismail Marzuki was called to provide Mochtar's singing voice. The film was a commercial success, garnering over 200,000 Singapore dollars during its international release. This led to Mochtar becoming a bankable star and often playing alongside Roekiah. The film also played a role in the establishment of a star system in the country's cinema. Soon after the release of Terang Boelan Mochtar married the actress Soekarsih, whom he had met on the set of Pareh.
After the success of Terang Boelan and Balink's emigration to the United States, most of the cast – including Mochtar – were signed with Tan's Film. Mochtar's first film with the company, Fatima (1938), was a commercial success, earning 200,000 gulden on a 7,000 gulden budget. After making several further films, by 1940 Mochtar had left Tan's over a wage dispute. He made a further three films with Yo Kim Tjan's Populair Films before transferring to Action Film.
Later career
During the Japanese occupation (1942–1945) and ensuing four-year revolution, Mochtar acted in several theatrical groups, including Terang Boelan, Bintang Soerabaja, and Pantai Warna. As the Indonesian film industry gained steam during the 1950s, Mochtar continued acting. Aside from Indonesian films, he also had a role in Rodrigo de Villa, by the Philippine company LVN Pictures.
In the late 1950s the local film industry ebbed and Mochtar became a businessman, then later a farmer. In the mid-1960s he went on the hajj to Mecca, and in the 1970s he began acting again. During this period he received awards from both the West Javan and Jakartan governments for his acting. He continued to be active in film until 1991.
Filmography
Mochtar appeared in 69 films spanning a period of almost sixty years, as follows:
Pareh (Rice; 1936)
Terang Boelan (Full Moon; 1937)
Fatima (1938)
Siti Akbari (1940)
Gagak Item (Black Raven; 1939)
Garoeda Mas (Golden Garuda; 1941)
Boedjoekan Iblis (Demons' Temptations; 1941)
Moestika dari Djemar (1941)
Bengawan Solo (1949)
Terang Bulan (Moonlight; 1950)
Sedap Malam (Sweetness of the Night; 1950)
Bantam (1950)
Rindu (Longing; 1951)
Surjani Mulia (The Great Surjani; 1951)
Sepandjang Malioboro (The Length of Malioboro; 1951)
Marunda (1951)
Main-Main Djadi Sungguhan (Acting... for Real; 1951)
Dunia Gila (Crazy World; 1951)
Hidup Baru (New Life; 1951)
Rodrigo de Villa (1952)
Leilani (1953)
Gara-gara Hadiah (Because of a Gift; 1953)
Pegawai Tinggi (Stately Employee; 1954)
Gara-gara Djanda Muda (Because of a Young Widow; 1954)
Berdjumpa Kembali (Meet Again; 1955)
Hadiah 10.000 (10,000 Gifts; 1955)
Gadis Sesat (Lost Maiden; 1955)
Kamar Kosong (Empty Room; 1956)
Harta Angker (Cursed Treasure; 1956)
Djandjiku (My Promise; 1956)
Wanita Indonesia (Indonesian Women; 1958)
Tak Terduga (Unexpected; 1960)Limapuluh Megaton (Fifty Megatons; 1961)Asmara dan Wanita (Love and Women; 1961)Tauhid (1964)Singa Betina dari Marunda (The Lioness from Marunda; 1971)Si Gondrong (1971)Bengawan Solo (River of Love; 1971)Malin Kundang (Anak Durhaka) (Malin Kundang (Faithless Child); 1971)Deru Campur Debu (Dust with Dust; 1972)Dalam Sinar Matanya (In Her Eyes; 1972)Perkawinan (Marriage; 1972)Tokoh (Figure; 1973)Jembatan Merah (The Red Bridge; 1973)Ibu Sejati (True Mother; 1973)Gara-gara (Riot; 1973)Dosa di Atas Dosa (Sins Upon Sins; 1973)Mei Lan, Aku Cinta Padamu (I Love You Mei Lan; 1974)Si Doel Anak Modern (Doel the Modern Child; 1976)Sesuatu yang Indah (Something Beautiful; 1976)Remaja 76 (Teens of '76; 1976)Pembalasan Naga Sakti (The Holy Dragon's Revenge; 1976)Dukun Beranak (Dukun and Child; 1977)Balada Dua Jagoan (Ballad of Two Masters; 1977)Jangan Menangis Mama (Don't Cry, Mom; 1977)Hamil Muda (Young and Pregnant; 1977)Cobra (1977)Krakatau (1977)Karate Sabuk Hitam (Black Belt Karate; 1977)Remaja Idaman (The Perfect Teen; 1979)Di Sini Cinta Pertama Kali Bersemi (Here Love Bloomed for the First Time; 1980)Bercanda Dalam Duka (Laughing in Grief; 1981)Merenda Hari Esok (Preparing for Tomorrow; 1981)Tirai Malam Pengantin (Curtains for the Newlyweds; 1983)Sunan Kalijaga dan Syech Siti Jenar (Sunan Kalijaga and Syech Siti Jenar; 1985)Nyi Mas Gandasari (1989)Tutur Tinular (1989)Ketika Dia Pergi (When She Leaves; 1990)Tutur Tinular II (1991)
References
Footnotes
'Bibliography
External links
1918 births
Possibly living people
People from Cianjur
Indonesian male film actors
Male actors of the Dutch East Indies
20th-century Indonesian male actors |
58030052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazi%20Shams-ud-Din%20Rajar | Qazi Shams-ud-Din Rajar | Qazi Shams-ud-Din Rajar is a Pakistani politician who has been a member of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh since August 2018.
Political career
He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of Sindh as a candidate of Grand Democratic Alliance from Constituency PS-42 (Sanghar-II) in 2018 Pakistani general election.
References
Living people
Grand Democratic Alliance MPAs (Sindh)
Year of birth missing (living people) |