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17991336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikuinen%20virta | Ikuinen virta | Ikuinen virta is the first album by Finnish pop rock band Indica, released in 2004. It spent a total of 29 weeks in the Finnish Top 40, peaking at number 4 in January 2005.
Track list
Saalistaja (Predator) - 3:29
Scarlett - 3:29
Ikuinen virta (The Eternal Stream) - 4:15
Valehtelen (I Lie) - 4:07
Surusilmä (One with Sad Eyes) - 4:43
Lasienkeli (Glass Angel) - 2:58
Onnen kartano (Mansion of Joy) - 4:04
Ihmisen lento (The Flight of Man) - 3:31
Lauluja paratiisista (Songs from Paradise) - 3:10
Aaltojen takaa (From Behind the Waves) - 4:19
Vettä vasten (Against the Water) - 6:08
Unten maa (Land of Dreams) - 4:02 *
Odotan (I Wait) - 4:21 *
Links to online bonus tracks "Odotan" and "Unten maa" *
Video clips
Scarlett
Ikuinen virta
References
2004 debut albums
Indica (band) albums |
2915834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error%20threshold%20%28evolution%29 | Error threshold (evolution) | In evolutionary biology and population genetics, the error threshold (or critical mutation rate) is a limit on the number of base pairs a self-replicating molecule may have before mutation will destroy the information in subsequent generations of the molecule. The error threshold is crucial to understanding "Eigen's paradox".
The error threshold is a concept in the origins of life (abiogenesis), in particular of very early life, before the advent of DNA. It is postulated that the first self-replicating molecules might have been small ribozyme-like RNA molecules. These molecules consist of strings of base pairs or "digits", and their order is a code that directs how the molecule interacts with its environment. All replication is subject to mutation error. During the replication process, each digit has a certain probability of being replaced by some other digit, which changes the way the molecule interacts with its environment, and may increase or decrease its fitness, or ability to reproduce, in that environment.
Fitness landscape
It was noted by Manfred Eigen in his 1971 paper (Eigen 1971) that this mutation process places a limit on the number of digits a molecule may have. If a molecule exceeds this critical size, the effect of the mutations becomes overwhelming and a runaway mutation process will destroy the information in subsequent generations of the molecule. The error threshold is also controlled by the "fitness landscape" for the molecules. The fitness landscape is characterized by the two concepts of height (=fitness) and distance (=number of mutations). Similar molecules are "close" to each other, and molecules that are fitter than others and more likely to reproduce, are "higher" in the landscape.
If a particular sequence and its neighbors have a high fitness, they will form a quasispecies and will be able to support longer sequence lengths than a fit sequence with few fit neighbors, or a less fit neighborhood of sequences. Also, it was noted by Wilke (Wilke 2005) that the error threshold concept does not apply in portions of the landscape where there are lethal mutations, in which the induced mutation yields zero fitness and prohibits the molecule from reproducing.
Eigen's Paradox
Eigen's paradox is one of the most intractable puzzles in the study of the origins of life. It is thought that the error threshold concept described above limits the size of self replicating molecules to perhaps a few hundred digits, yet almost all life on earth requires much longer molecules to encode their genetic information. This problem is handled in living cells by enzymes that repair mutations, allowing the encoding molecules to reach sizes on the order of millions of base pairs. These large molecules must, of course, encode the very enzymes that repair them, and herein lies Eigen's paradox, first put forth by Manfred Eigen in his 1971 paper (Eigen 1971). Simply stated, Eigen's paradox amounts to the following:
Without error correction enzymes, the maximum size of a replicating molecule is about 100 base pairs.
For a replicating molecule to encode error correction enzymes, it must be substantially larger than 100 bases.
This is a chicken-or-egg kind of a paradox, with an even more difficult solution. Which came first, the large genome or the error correction enzymes? A number of solutions to this paradox have been proposed:
Stochastic corrector model (Szathmáry & Maynard Smith, 1995). In this proposed solution, a number of primitive molecules of say, two different types, are associated with each other in some way, perhaps by a capsule or "cell wall". If their reproductive success is enhanced by having, say, equal numbers in each cell, and reproduction occurs by division in which each of various types of molecules are randomly distributed among the "children", the process of selection will promote such equal representation in the cells, even though one of the molecules may have a selective advantage over the other.
Relaxed error threshold (Kun et al., 2005) - Studies of actual ribozymes indicate that the mutation rate can be substantially less than first expected - on the order of 0.001 per base pair per replication. This may allow sequence lengths of the order of 7-8 thousand base pairs, sufficient to incorporate rudimentary error correction enzymes.
A simple mathematical model
Consider a 3-digit molecule [A,B,C] where A, B, and C can take on the values 0 and 1. There are eight such sequences ([000], [001], [010], [011], [100], [101], [110], and [111]). Let's say that the [000] molecule is the most fit; upon each replication it produces an average of copies, where . This molecule is called the "master sequence". The other seven sequences are less fit; they each produce only 1 copy per replication. The replication of each of the three digits is done with a mutation rate of μ. In other words, at every replication of a digit of a sequence, there is a probability that it will be erroneous; 0 will be replaced by 1 or vice versa. Let's ignore double mutations and the death of molecules (the population will grow infinitely), and divide the eight molecules into three classes depending on their Hamming distance from the master sequence:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Hammingdistance || Sequence(s)
|-
|align=center| 0
|align=center| [000]
|-
|align=center| 1
|align=center| [001][010][100]
|-
|align=center| 2
|align=center| [110][101][011]
|-
|align=center| 3
|align=center| [111]
|}
Note that the number of sequences for distance d is just the binomial coefficient for L=3, and that each sequence can be visualized as the vertex of an L=3 dimensional cube, with each edge of the cube specifying a mutation path in which the change Hamming distance is either zero or ±1. It can be seen that, for example, one third of the mutations of the [001] molecules will produce [000] molecules, while the other two thirds will produce the class 2 molecules [011] and [101]. We can now write the expression for the child populations of class i in terms of the parent populations .
where the matrix 'w’ that incorporates natural selection and mutation, according to quasispecies model, is given by:
where is the probability that an entire molecule will be replicated successfully. The eigenvectors of the w matrix will yield the equilibrium population numbers for each class. For example, if the mutation rate μ is zero, we will have Q=1, and the equilibrium concentrations will be . The master sequence, being the fittest will be the only one to survive. If we have a replication fidelity of Q=0.95 and genetic advantage of a=1.05, then the equilibrium concentrations will be roughly . It can be seen that the master sequence is not as dominant; nevertheless, sequences with low Hamming distance are in majority. If we have a replication fidelity of Q approaching 0, then the equilibrium concentrations will be roughly . This is a population with equal number of each of 8 sequences. (If we had perfectly equal population of all sequences, we would have populations of [1,3,3,1]/8.)
If we now go to the case where the number of base pairs is large, say L=100, we obtain behavior that resembles a phase transition. The plot below on the left shows a series of equilibrium concentrations divided by the binomial coefficient .
(This multiplication will show the population for an individual sequence at that distance, and will yield a flat line for an equal distribution.) The selective advantage of the master sequence is set at a=1.05. The horizontal axis is the Hamming distance d . The various curves are for various total mutation rates . It is seen that for low values of the total mutation rate, the population consists of a quasispecies gathered in the neighborhood of the master sequence. Above a total mutation rate of about 1-Q=0.05, the distribution quickly spreads out to populate all sequences equally. The plot below on the right shows the fractional population of the master sequence as a function of the total mutation rate. Again it is seen that below a critical mutation rate of about 1-Q=0.05, the master sequence contains most of the population, while above this rate, it contains only about of the total population.
It can be seen that there is a sharp transition at a value of 1-Q just a bit larger than 0.05. For mutation rates above this value, the population of the master sequence drops to practically zero. Above this value, it dominates.
In the limit as L approaches infinity, the system does in fact have a phase transition at a critical value of Q: . One could think of the overall mutation rate (1-Q) as a sort of "temperature", which "melts" the fidelity of the molecular sequences above the critical "temperature" of . For faithful replication to occur, the information must be "frozen" into the genome.
See also
Error catastrophe
Extinction vortex
Genetic entropy
Genetic erosion
Muller's ratchet
References
Evolutionary biology
Population genetics
Microbial population biology |
7773439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Opposition%3A%20The%20Diaries%20of%20Friedrich%20Kellner | My Opposition: The Diaries of Friedrich Kellner | My Opposition: The Diaries of Friedrich Kellner is a 2007 documentary television film about an orphaned American who went in search of his German grandfather and discovered a secret diary written during the time of the Third Reich. The film is a production of Abella Entertainment Ltd. of Toronto, Canada, co-produced and co-directed by Arnie Zipursky and Fern Levitt, with executive co-producer Leonard Asper of CanWest Global. The film is distributed by CCI Entertainment.
The documentary was based on news stories in Germany and America about the Friedrich Kellner diary. Because the diary consists of ten notebooks written over a period of six years, it sometimes is referred to in the plural as "diaries." The documentary was produced for Canadian television and shown in prime time on Global Television Network. The film received a 2007 Creative Excellence Award from the U.S. International Film and Video Festival in Los Angeles.
A version of the documentary for libraries and schools has been produced by Chip Taylor Communications. This version has been renamed Anti-Nazi: My Opposition - The Diaries of Friedrich Kellner.
Plot
The documentary tells the story of Chief Justice Inspector Friedrich Kellner and the ten-volume secret diary he wrote during World War II in Laubach, Germany, to record the misdeeds of the Nazis. The movie uses reenactments and archival footage and interviews to recount the lives of Friedrich Kellner, who risked his life to write the diary, and of his orphaned American grandson, Robert Scott Kellner, who located his grandparents in Germany, and then spent much of his life bringing the Kellner diary to the public.
The combined stories in the documentary are told by three narrators: Robert Scott Kellner tells the story of his grandparents and relates his own history; Friedrich Kellner speaks aloud (through the voice of Tony Daniels) as he writes entries into his diary; and the voice of Nicky Guadagni provides historical background and additional biographical information.
The documentary begins in 2005 with Robert Scott Kellner in Germany relating the story of his 1960 search for his grandparents, Justice Inspector Friedrich Kellner and his wife, Pauline. Photographs show Friedrich as a soldier in World War I, and as a political activist after the war for the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). Dramatic reenactments depict Kellner as he campaigns against Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. At his rallies, he holds a copy of Hitler’s book, Mein Kampf, above his head and cries out: "Gutenberg, your printing press has been violated by this evil book." Later, Kellner struggles to stop the mindless rampages of Kristallnacht, and as a consequence he is brought before a tribunal and threatened with imprisonment in a concentration camp. The film explores both his active and passive resistance during the Third Reich as he distributes Allied leaflets and risks his life to write the diary. When World War II comes to an end, Kellner helps to restore the Social Democratic Party and becomes the chairman of the party in his region.
Interwoven with Friedrich Kellner's story are two others: that of his errant son, Fred, who becomes caught up in Nazi ideology and ultimately commits suicide; and the dramatic story of Fred’s son, Friedrich’s grandson, Robert Scott Kellner. The grandson, abandoned as a child, joins the U.S. Navy at the age of seventeen and goes to Germany in search of his family. When he finds his grandparents and learns about the secret diary, he devotes himself to bringing the diary to the attention of the public and to using its message to counter neo-Nazism and anti-Semitism. In a fashion similar to when his grandfather used Mein Kampf to bring attention to Hitler’s evil purpose, Robert Scott Kellner uses his grandfather’s diary to warn against extremists in the Islamic world and their modern version of totalitarianism.
Cast
The actor portraying the younger Friedrich Kellner as a political activist is Mark Goldstein; the 70-year-old Friedrich is played by Max Eisen, Holocaust survivor and noted Canadian speaker. Friedrich’s wife, Pauline, is played by Roseanne Mason for the early years; Doloris Funt is the older Pauline. The three actors portraying Robert Scott Kellner as a child, youth, and sailor are Andrew Elder, Hugh Fisher, and Jesse Dubinsky. The voice of Friedrich Kellner is the noted narrator, Tony Daniels, and the historical narrator is the actress Nicky Guadagni.
Background and production
Prior to the production of the documentary, the original volumes of the Friedrich Kellner diary were on exhibit at the George Bush Presidential Library to commemorate the 60th anniversary of VE Day, Victory in Europe Day.
The filming of the documentary coincided with an exhibit of the diary at the Heimat Museum in Germany. This exhibit is included in the final cut of the film.
The documentary was filmed primarily in three locations in Germany: Mainz, where Friedrich Kellner campaigned against the Nazi Party prior to Hitler's taking power; Laubach, where Kellner lived during the war and wrote his secret diary; Hungen, where in 1960 Kellner's grandson found unexpected help in locating his grandparents. The interviews with Robert Scott Kellner, story consultant and principal narrator, were filmed in Mainz, Laubach, and College Station, Texas. The re-enactment scenes were staged and filmed in Toronto, Canada.
Distribution
On June 16, 2007, the film had its Canadian premiere in prime time on Global Television Network. On September 26, 2007, the film had its American premiere in the theater of the George Bush Presidential Library.In November 2008, the film was screened at the United Nations as part of the U.N.’s outreach program, The Holocaust and the United Nations, to commemorate the 70th anniversary of Kristallnacht.
Reception
The documentary was chosen as the Tikkun Olam screening for the Calgary Jewish Film Festival in 2007, and it was also screened at the Toronto Jewish Film Festival in 2008.
As a result of the relevance of the story line, which depicts the historical diary as a weapon against intolerance, the documentary was chosen to commemorate the 70th anniversary of Kristallnacht in a screening at the Dag Hammarskjöld Library at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City.
References
External links
My Opposition - The Diaries of Friedrich Kellner at Telefilm Canada movie catalog.
CCI Entertainment - Production company
Excerpts from the Kellner diary
George Bush Presidential Library - Kellner exhibit
Justus Liebig University - Kellner Project
University of Massachusetts, A Promise To Keep
Holocaust Museum Houston - Kellner exhibit
Heimat Museum, Laubach, Germany - Kellner exhibit
2007 television films
2007 films
Canadian documentary television films
Canadian films
English-language films
German-language films
Documentary films about World War II
Documentary films about the Holocaust
Films about orphans
2007 documentary films |
42531000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmanka%C5%9F%20Tunnel | Salmankaş Tunnel | The Salmankaş Tunnel () is a road tunnel under construction located on the province border of Gümüşhane and Bayburt connecting the provincial roads and on the route from Araklı, Trabzon via Dağbaşı, Trabzon to Uğrak, Bayburt in northeastern Turkey.
Situated on the Mount Salmankaş of Pontic Mountains, it is a -long twin-tube tunnel. The cost of the construction, which is carried out by as-yol Yapı A.Ş., is estimated to be 170 million.
It was built to bypass the Salmankaş Pass at elevation, which is on the ancient Silk Road, with extremely steep incline and to alleviate Black Sea Region's access to Eastern Anatolia Region. The tunnel will also eliminate the six-month-long traffic inaccessibility during the winter months due to harsh climatic conditions by heavy snow fall, icing and fog. It will shorten the route about resulting in a travel time reduction from 2–3.5 hours to 1.5 hours.
The groundbreaking ceremony was held in presence of Minister of Transport, Maritime and Communication Binali Yıldırım on 23 August 2012. For the construction of the tunnel the New Austrian Tunnelling method (NATM) is being applied. The breakthrough in the tunnel was achieved on 24 November 2013.
The tunnel was opened to traffic on December 20, 2019.
References
Road tunnels in Turkey
Transport in Gümüşhane Province
Transport in Bayburt Province
Transport infrastructure under construction in Turkey |
5806234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perakam | Perakam | Perakam is a census town in Thrissur district in the Indian state of Kerala.
Demographics
India census, Perakam had a population of 10,356. Males constitute 47% of the population and females 53%. Perakam has an average literacy rate of 84%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 85%, and female literacy is 84%. In Perakam, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.
References
Cities and towns in Thrissur district |
52486652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doriopsilla%20nigrolineata | Doriopsilla nigrolineata | Dendrodoris krebsii is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Dendrodorididae.
Taxonomy
It was previously considered a subspecies of Doriopsilla areolata Bergh, 1880 by Valdés & Ortea (1997), but Valdés & Hamann (2008) confirmed that it is a distinct species.
Distribution
Distribution of Doriopsilla nigrolineata includes Panama and Honduras.
Description
The shape of the body is oval to elongate. Dorsum is rigid and covered with rounded tubercles. Background color is translucent white to orange, with a series of irregular black lines over the entire dorsum. Bases of tubercles are densely spotted with white. Rhinophores and gill are yellow. The maximum recorded body length is 30 mm.
Ecology
Minimum recorded depth is 3 m. Maximum recorded depth is 12 m. It was found in the depth of 3–6 m of water in Panama.
References
This article incorporates Creative Commons (CC-BY-4.0) text from the reference
External links
Dendrodorididae
Gastropods described in 1977 |
30177338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim%20Legislative%20Assembly | Sikkim Legislative Assembly | The Sikkim Legislative Assembly is the unicameral state legislature of Sikkim state in north-eastern India. The seat of the Legislative Assembly is at Gangtok, the capital of the Sikkim state.
History
Sikkim became the 22nd state of India by the 36th Amendment of the Indian Constitution in 1975. The Act provides that the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim shall consist of not less than thirty two members and that "the Assembly of Sikkim formed as a result of the elections held in Sikkim in April 1974 with 32 members elected in the said elections (hereinafter referred to as the sitting members) shall be deemed to be the legislative Assembly of the State of Sikkim duly constituted under the Constitution."
Sikkim is situated in the North East of India and has a geographical area of and a population of 6.1 lakhs. It was a tiny Himalayan kingdom, ruled by a hereditary monarchy for about 3 centuries from the 17 century CE to 1975. In 1950, the kingdom became a protectorate of the Government of India, and was vested with autonomy in its internal affairs while its defense, communications and external relations became the responsibility of India. The kingdom finally opted to become full-fledged state of the Indian Union with effect from 26 April 1975.
Kazi Lhendup Dorjee was the first Chief Minister of Sikkim state from 1975 to 1979. Nar Bahadur Bhandari and Pawan Kumar Chamling served long terms as Chief Minister. As of the 2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, Prem Singh Tamang is the Chief Minister.
Speakers of the Assembly
Structure
There are 32 members in the legislative assembly. There are 12 seats reserved for Scheduled Tribes (ST). These scheduled tribes include ethnic tribes such as Bhutia, Lepcha (Sherpa), Limbu, Tamang and other Sikkimese Nepali Communities, as specified during the merger of the Kingdom of Sikkim (monarchy) into India. 2 seats reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC). One seat (Sangha) is reserved for the Buddhist monastic community of Sikkim.
Members of Legislative Assembly
The tenth assembly was elected in 2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election. The current members are listed below:
See also
List of constituencies of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly
List of chief ministers of Sikkim
List of states of India by type of legislature
Vidhan Sabha
References
State legislatures of India
Unicameral legislatures
Government of Sikkim
1975 establishments in Sikkim |
38602923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wusi%20language | Wusi language | Wusi (Wusi-Kerepua) is an Oceanic language spoken on the west coast of Espiritu Santo Island in Vanuatu.
References
Espiritu Santo languages
Languages of Vanuatu |
38887011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahuaa%20News | Mahuaa News | Mahuaa News was a 24-hour Hindi/Bhojpuri news channel launched in 2008. The news channel covers local news of Bihar and Jharkhand, India as well as other national and international news.
External links
Official Website (Hindi)
24-hour television news channels in India |
48644924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxmetamine | Methoxmetamine | Methoxmetamine (also known as 3-MeO-2'-Oxo-PCM, MXM and MMXE) is a dissociative anesthetic of the arylcyclohexylamine class that is closely related to methoxetamine and methoxyketamine, and has been sold online as a designer drug.
References
Arylcyclohexylamines
Designer drugs
Dissociative drugs
O-methylated phenols
Secondary amines |
115145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan%2C%20Kentucky | Harlan, Kentucky | Harlan is a home rule-class city in and the county seat of Harlan County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 1,745 at the 2010 census, down from 2,081 at the 2000 census.
Harlan is one of three Kentucky county seats to share its name with its county, the others being Greenup and Henderson.
History
Harlan was first settled by Samuel and Chloe Howard in 1796. Upon the founding of Harlan County (named for Kentucky pioneer Silas Harlan) in 1819, the Howards donated of land to serve as the county seat. The community there was already known as "Mount Pleasant", apparently owing to a nearby Indian mound. A post office was established on September 19, 1828, but called "Harlan Court House" due to another Mt. Pleasant preempting that name. During the Civil War, Confederate raiders under Gen. Humphrey Marshall occupied the town; the local postmaster renamed the community "Spurlock" after himself; and, in October 1863, the courthouse was burnt down in reprisal for the Union destruction of the courthouse in Lee County, Virginia. In 1865, the post office was renamed "Harlan" and, although the community was formally incorporated by the state assembly as "Mount Pleasant" on April 15, 1884, the town was already usually called "Harlan Court House" or "Harlan Town" by its inhabitants. The city's terms of incorporation were amended to change the name to "Harlan" on March 13, 1912. One year before, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad had arrived in Harlan and prompted massive growth. The city had initially expanded east along the Clover Fork; after World War II, it also expanded south along Martin's Fork.
Harlan is the site of a criminal case in which a man, Condy Dabney, was convicted in 1924 of murdering a person who was later found alive.
A flood in 1977 prompted federal aid that diverted the Clover Fork into man-made tunnels under Ivy Hill in 1989. In the 1990s, a flood wall was completed on the city's west side along the four-lane bypass U.S. Route 421.
Geography
Harlan is located in west-central Harlan County at (36.841487, -83.320066), at the junction of the Clover Fork and Martin's Fork rivers. The Clover Fork continues north to join the Poor Fork, forming the Cumberland River, a major tributary of the Ohio River. Harlan is in a narrow mountain valley, constrained to the north by the western end of Black Mountain, to the south by Little Black Mountain, and to the west by Ewing Spur. The elevation at the Harlan Courthouse is above sea level, while the surrounding ridges rise outside the city limits to (Black Mountain), (Little Black Mountain), and (Ewing Spur).
U.S. Route 421 passes through the city as four-lane highway; it leads north to Hyden and southeast to Pennington Gap, Virginia. The closest city with a population greater than 10,000 is Middlesboro, Kentucky, to the southeast via U.S. Routes 119 and 25E.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city of Harlan has a total area of , of which , or 2.45%, are water.
Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Harlan has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,081 people, 926 households, and 550 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,187.4 people per square mile (459.1/km). There were 1,060 housing units at an average density of 604.8 per square mile (2.339/km). The racial makeup of the city was 91.01% White, 7.02% Black or African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.86% Asian, and 0.82% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 0.62% of the population.
There were 926 households, out of which 24.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.3% were married couples living together, 14.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.6% were non-families. 39.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.91.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.3% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $17,270, and the median income for a family was $29,135. Males had a median income of $37,500 versus $20,852 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,572. About 23.8% of families and 32.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.0% of those under age 18 and 20.6% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Two school districts, the Harlan County Public Schools and the Harlan Independent Schools, are based in the city. The independent schools, whose district roughly coincides with the city limits of Harlan, feature Harlan Elementary, Harlan Middle, and Harlan High.
Harlan County High School, which opened in 2008 as the consolidation of the county district's three previous high schools (James A. Cawood, Evarts, and Cumberland), serves all other public high school students in the county. Harlan also features a campus of Southeast Kentucky Community and Technical College.
Harlan has a lending library, a branch of the Harlan County Public Library.
Media
The Harlan Daily Enterprise newspaper is published Monday through Saturday. Radio stations serving Harlan are WHLN (adult contemporary, 1410 AM), WFSR (gospel, 970 AM) and WTUK (country, 105.1 FM).
Some storylines of the FX Networks drama Justified take place in Harlan, although no scenes have been filmed there. The 2012–13 National Geographic series Kentucky Justice which followed the Harlan County Sheriff's Office in their daily duties was filmed in Harlan and Harlan County. Parts of the OxyContin scandal series “Dopesick” also take part in Harlan County.
Harlan was also featured in the Darrell Scott song "You'll Never Leave Harlan Alive" (later performed by Brad Paisley, Patty Loveless and in 2019 by Montgomery Gentry on the CD "Outskirts".), the Steve Earle song "Harlan Man", the Anna McGarrigle song "Goin' Back to Harlan" (notably covered by Emmylou Harris), the song "Harlan County Line" from Dave Alvin, and the Tyler Childers song “Harlan Road”.
Harlan County, USA a documentary about the coal miners' strike against the Brookside Mine of the Eastover Mining Company in Harlan County, Kentucky in June 1973. Eastovers refusal to sign a contract (when the miners joined with the United Mine Workers of America) led to the strike, which lasted more than a year and included violent battles between company personnel and the picketing miners and their supportive women-folk. Director Barbara Kopple puts the strike into perspective by giving us some background on the historical plight of the miners and some history of the UMWA. It won an Oscar for Best Documentary in 1977. This is one of the reasons it is called "Bloody Harlan".
Notable people
Maxine Cheshire, journalist
Karl Spillman Forester, federal judge for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky
Edwin B. Howard, Chief of Intelligence of the Allied Land Forces in Central Europe
Wallace Jones, NBA player
James E. Keller, former justice of the Kentucky Supreme Court
Nick Lachey, singer
Cawood Ledford, University of Kentucky basketball and football announcer
George Ella Lyon, author
Jordan Smith, musician and winner of Season 9 of The Voice
Green Wix Unthank, United States District Court judge
Don Whitehead, two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter and author
See also
Harlan Smokies, a minor league baseball team that operated here during 1948–1965
References
External links
Darrell Scott, song: "You'll Never Leave Harlan Alive"
Cities in Harlan County, Kentucky
County seats in Kentucky
Populated places established in 1796
Cities in Kentucky
1796 establishments in Kentucky |
27627185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacuna%20turneri | Lacuna turneri | Lacuna turneri is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.
Description
Distribution
References
Littorinidae
Gastropods described in 1886 |
68678680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%20European%20Road%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20elite%20time%20trial | 2021 European Road Championships – Men's elite time trial | The men's elite time trial at the 2021 European Road Championships will take place on 9 September 2021, in Trentino, Italy. Nations are allowed to enter a maximum of 2 riders into the event.
Results
References
Men's elite |
24432491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/139th%20Delaware%20General%20Assembly | 139th Delaware General Assembly | The 139th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1st and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 7, 1997, which was two weeks before the beginning of the fifth administrative year of Democratic Governor Thomas R. Carper from New Castle County and Democratic Lieutenant Governor Ruth Ann Minner from Kent County.
Currently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1990 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.
In the 139th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.
Party summary
Leadership
Members
Senate
About half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.
House of Representative
All the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.
References
The 1997-1999 Legislative Roster, Delaware State Chamber of Commerce, 1997
Places with more information
Delaware Historical Society; website; 505 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19801; (302) 655-7161
University of Delaware; Library website; 181 South College Avenue, Newark, Delaware 19717; (302) 831-2965
Delaware legislative sessions
1990s in Delaware |
32290377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twa | Twa | The Twa (also Batwa or Cwa) are a group of indigenous African Pygmy (Central African foragers) tribes.
Overview
Twa, also called Batwa, one of the best-known of the many Pygmy groups scattered across equatorial Africa. Like all other African Pygmies, the Twa, averaging about in height, are a people of mixed ancestry, probably descendants of the original inhabitants of the equatorial rainforest. They live in the high mountains and plains around Lake Kivu, in Congo (Kinshasa), Rwanda, and Burundi, and function in economic symbiosis with the pastoral Tutsi, the agricultural Hutu, and other peoples. Many specialize in pottery, which they market; others hunt.
Name
It is often supposed that the Pygmies were the aboriginal inhabitants of the forest before the advent of agriculture. Vansina argues that the original meaning of the (Proto-Bantu) word *twa was "hunter-gatherer, bushpeople", alongside yaka used for the western (Mbuti) pygmies (Bayaka). As the Twa developed into full-time hunter-gatherers, the words were conflated, and the ritual role of the absorbed aboriginal peoples was transferred to the Twa. Batwa and Abatwa are Bantu plural forms, translating to "Twa people".
Relation to the Bantu populations
All Pygmy and Twa populations live near or in agricultural villages. Agricultural Bantu peoples have settled a number of ecotones next to an area that has game but will not support agriculture, such as the edges of the rainforest, open swamp, and desert. The Twa spend part of the year in the otherwise uninhabited region hunting game, trading for agricultural products with the farmers while they do so.
Roger Blench has proposed that Twa (Pygmies) originated as a caste like they are today, much like the Numu blacksmith castes of West Africa, economically specialized groups which became endogamous and consequently developed into separate ethnic groups, sometimes, as with the Ligbi, also their own languages. A mismatch in language between patron and client could later occur from population displacements. The short stature of the "forest people" could have developed in the millennia since the Bantu expansion, as happened also with Bantu domestic animals in the rainforest. Perhaps there was additional selective pressure from farmers taking the tallest women back to their villages as wives. However, that is incidental to the social identity of the Pygmy/Twa.
Congo
Twa live scattered throughout the Congo. In addition to the Great Lakes Twa of the dense forests under the Ruwenzoris, there are notable populations in the swamp forest around Lake Tumba in the west (about 14,000 Twa, more than the Great Lakes Twa in all countries), in the forest–savanna swamps of Kasai in the south-center, and in the savanna swamps scattered throughout Katanga in the south-east, as in the Upemba Depression with its floating islands, and around Kiambi on the Luvua River.
The island of Idwji has a native population of approx 7000 BaTwa. And according to UNHRW more than 10000 BaTwa are displaced from Virunga Park in the Northern Kivu province's refugee camps such as Mugunga and Mubambiro because of decades of war.
The term Batwa is used to cover a number of different cultural groups, while many Batwa in various parts of the DRC call themselves Bambuti.
Arab and colonial accounts speak of Twa on either side of the Lomami River southwest of Kisangani, and on the Tshuapa River and its tributary the "Bussera".
Among the Mongo, on the rare occasions of caste mixing, the child is raised as Twa. If this is a common pattern with Twa groups, it may explain why the Twa are less physically distinct from their patrons than the Mbenga and Mbuti, where village men take Pygmy women out of the forest as wives. The Congolese variant of the name, at least in Mongo, Kasai, and Katanga, is Cwa.
Uganda
The Batwa of Uganda were forest dwellers who lived by gathering and hunting as their main source of food. They are believed to have lived in the Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga National parks that border the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Rwanda living mainly in areas bordering other Bantu Tribes.
In 1992 the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest became a national park and a World Heritage Site to protect the 350 endangered mountain gorillas within its boundaries. As a result the Batwa were evicted from the park. Since they had no title to the land, they were given no compensation. The Batwa became conservation refugees in an unforested environment unfamiliar to them. Poverty, drugs and alcohol abuse were rampant, as well as a lack of education facilities, HIV as well as gender-based violence and discrimination were higher among Batwa communities than among the neighboring Bantu communities.
Angola and Namibia
Southern Angola through central Namibia had Twa populations when Europeans first arrived in the 16th century. Estermann writes,
These peoples live in desert environments. Accounts are limited and tend to confuse the Twa with the San.
Zambia and Botswana
The Twa of these countries live in swampy areas, such as the Twa fishermen of the Bangweulu Swamps, Lukanga Swamp, and Kafue Flats of Zambia; only the Twa fish in Southern Province, where the swampy terrain means that large-scale crops cannot be planted near the best fishing grounds.
The geneticist Cavalli-Sforza also shows Twa near Lake Mweru on the Zambia–Congo border. There are two obvious possibilities: the Luapula Swamps, and the swamps of Lake Mweru Wantipa. The latter is Taabwa territory, and the Twa are reported to live among the Taabwa. The former is reported to be the territory of Bemba-speaking Twa.
See also
Pygmies
Classification of Pygmy languages
Notes
References
Further reading
African Pygmies
Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ethnic groups in Zambia
Ethnic groups in Botswana
Ethnic groups in Namibia
Ethnic groups in Angola |
44397613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong%20Seoul%20Bus%20Terminal | Dong Seoul Bus Terminal | Dong Seoul Bus Terminal is a bus terminal located in 50 Gangbyeonyeokro (Gu-wi dong 546-1), Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea. It is in front of Seoul Subway Line 2 Gangbyeon Station.
It was constructed in 1987, and established in 1990. One if the station goal was to serve the new Jungbu Expressway. The terminal is operated by Dong Seoul Terminal Operations Corp, but the company is owned by Hanjin.
This terminal uses two national terminal codes, buses which go to Chungchung and Gyeongsang uses code 031, and which go to Gangwon and Jeolla uses 032. This terminal is heavily used by soldiers from multiple military bases in Gangwon Province.
See also
Gangbyeon Station
References
External links
Bus stations in South Korea
1990 establishments in South Korea |
17142665 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%20McNab | Sandy McNab | Alexander McNab (27 December 1911 – September 1962) was a Scottish footballer. He played a leading role in two of Sunderland's greatest successes. He was on the pitch for the league championship clincher in 1936, and replaced injured captain Alex Hastings in the 1937 FA Cup Final. He also won the 1936 FA Charity Shield.
In 1938, McNab joined West Bromwich Albion for a fee of £7,000 but war intervened and he went to various clubs on loan including Nottingham Forest, Northampton Town and Walsall. He eventually signed for Newport County in 1946. McNab later played for Dudley Town and managed Northwich Victoria from 1948 to 1949 before eventually retiring in 1952.
References
1911 births
1962 deaths
Scottish footballers
English Football League players
Sunderland A.F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Newport County A.F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. wartime guest players
Northwich Victoria F.C. managers
Walsall F.C. wartime guest players
Northampton Town F.C. wartime guest players
Scotland international footballers
Dudley Town F.C. players
Date of death missing
Scottish football managers
Association football wing halves
Pollok F.C. players
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Footballers from Glasgow
FA Cup Final players |
32956352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommando%20LSK/LV | Kommando LSK/LV | The Kommando Luftstreitkräfte/Luftverteidigung (Kdo LSK/LV) was the Air Force Staff - and simultaneously the Air Force Command of the National People's Army (NPA), the Air Force of the former German Democratic Republic.
The main task of the Kdo LSK/LV was to provide Command, Control and Communications (C3) to the military branch as the whole, as well as to the subordinated division-sized specified commands, groups, organizations, and units of the NVA's Air Force. Under deployment conditions, and in line with the situation awareness C3 had to be executed from the Main Air Force Operations Center, the so-called Zentraler Gefechtsstand 14 (ZGS-14) in Fürstenwalde, the Rear Operations Center (Rückwärtige Führungsstaffel - RFS) in Beeskow (Ranzig), or the Interim Operations Center (Hilfsführungsstelle - HFS) in Strausberg (Eggersdorf).
The Kdo LSK/LV was established in 1950, and was disbanded together with the NVA in 1990. Its legal successor was the 5. Luftwaffendivision of the Bundeswehr.
Command and organisation
Commanding generals of the Kdo LSK/LV NVA
Source:
Organisation
The command was composed by the following establishment:
Deputy Minister and Commander-in-chief LSK/LV (3 star level) with the chief's office, flight planning and military advisor
Deputy of the Commander LSK/LV (DC LSK/LV) and Chief of the Political Division (2 star level) with
Three branches including Chief Party Control Commission (de: PKK), Central Party Leadership (de: ZPL), Spec-Propaganda, and Political Branch of the Kdo LSK/LV
DC LSK/LV and Chief of Staff (CS) (2 star level) with
Assistant Chief Of Staff (ACOS) and A3 (1 star level) with
Branch 1 (4 sections; section EW, Counter Measures (de: GTAG), 3 radio electronic control vehicles; section military topography)
Branch 2
Combat Operations Center (de: GFZ)
ACOS and Chief and Automation (de: GSA) (1 star level) with
Branch Operations Centres (de: GS]
Branch C2 Mechanisation and Automation, IT (de: MAT DV)
Operations Training and Education Center (de: OTAZ)
ACOS and Chief General Tasks with
Staff company, guard company and vehicle company
Chief A1 with PTA and WTA
Chief Organization/Replenishment with
Branch Organization
Branch Replenishment
Chief RECON
Chief General-Military Training and Schools (de: AMAS)
Chief A6 and ATC with
Branches 1, 2 and 8th section
Chief Mil Scientific (de: MiWi)
Chief Chemical Services (de: CD)
DC LSK/LV and Chief Military - and Transport Aviation (de. MTFK) (2 star level) with
Chief Aviation Procurement and Maintenance (de: FID) (1 star level)
Chief Front Aviation
Chief Transport Aviation
Chief Helicopter
Search and Rescue (SAR), senior air traffic controller, parachute service
DC LSK/LV and Chief Air Defence (2 star level) with
Chief SAM Forces (de. FRT)
Chief Fighter Air Craft Aviation (de: JFK)
DC LSK/LV and Chief A4 (de. RD) (2 star level) with
AC and CS A4 (1 Star level)
Chief Medical Service
Chief Combat Engineer Service
Chief Military Architecture Accommodation (de: MBU)
Chief Military Transport (de: MTW)
Chief Closing and Equipment (de: BA)
Chief Tactical Air Command and Control Service (TACCS) (de. FuTT) (1 star level) with
Chief Engineering TACCS
Safeguarding, counterintelligence, prevention of anti-state agitation
Administration 2000: - This was the name for the Main Division I of the Stasi (Ministry for State Security), responsible for the National People's Army and the Border Troops
Subordination
A decisive number of division-sized specified commands, groups, organizations, units and military formations have been under direct control of the Kommando LSK/LV.
Divisions and division-sized specified commands
Führungsorgan Front- u. Militärtransportfliegerkräfte (FO FMTFK)
1. Luftverteidigungsdivision (1. LVD)
3. LVD
Groups, organizations, units and military formations
Units directly subordinated to the Kommando LSK/LV normally had numbers ending at 4. The first unit was -14, a second unit of the same kind was -24 etc.
Amt für Luftraumkoordinierung (ALK), Berlin
Auswerte-, Rechen- und Informationsgruppe 14 (ARIG-14), Fürstenwalde
Chemische Werkstatt und Lager 14 (ChWL-14), Storkow, Brandenburg
Druckerei 14, Strausberg
Fla-Raketenwerkstatt und -lager 14 (FRWL-14), Pinnow, Brandenburg
Fliegertechnisches Lager 14 (FTL-14), Krugau
Flugplatz-Pionierbataillon 14 (FPiB-14) „Franz Dahlem“, Potsdam
Flugzeugreparaturwerkstatt 14 (FRW-14), Cottbus
Flugzeugreparaturwerkstatt 24 (FRW-24), Kamenz
Institut für Luftfahrtmedizin (IfLM), Königsbrück
Kfz-Instandsetzungswerkstatt 14 (KfzIW-14), Kamenz
Kfz-Kompanie 14 (KfzK-14), Strausberg
Kfz-Transportkompanie 34 (KfzTK-14), Krugau
Kompanie Chemische Abwehr 14 (KChA-14), Waldsieversdorf
Konditionsheim, Rugiswalde
Konditionszentrum 14, Benneckenstein
Labor für Treib- und Schmierstoffe 14, Cottbus
Lazarett LSK/LV, Cottbus
Militärtechnische Schule der Luftstreitkräfte/Luftverteidigung (MTS LSK/LV) „Harry Kuhn“ (Air and Air Defense Forces Technical Academy "Harry Kuhn"), Bad Düben
Nachrichtenregiment 14 (NR-14) „Harro Schulze-Boysen“, Waldsieversdorf
Nachrichten- und Flugsicherungs-Werkstatt und Lager 14 (NFWL-14), Cottbus
Offiziershochschule für Militärflieger „Otto Lilienthal", Bautzen
Fliegerausbildungsgeschwader 15 (FAG-15) „Heinz Kapelle“, Rothenburg/Oberlausitz
Fliegertechnisches Bataillon 15 (FTB-15), Rothenburg
Nachrichten- und Flugsicherungsbataillon 15 (NFB-15), Rothenburg
Fliegerausbildungsgeschwader 25 (FAG-25) „Leander Ratz“, Bautzen
Fliegertechnisches Bataillon 25 (FTB-25), Bautzen
Nachrichten- und Flugsicherungsbataillon 25 (NFB-25), Bautzen
Transportfliegerausbildungsstaffel 45 (TAS-45), Kamenz
Fliegertechnisches Bataillon 45 (FTB-45), Kamenz
Hubschrauberausbildungsgeschwader 35 (HAG-35) „Lambert Horn“, Brandenburg-Briest
Fliegertechnisches Bataillon 35 (FTB-35), Brandenburg-Briest
Offiziershochschule der Luftstreitkräfte/Luftverteidigung „Franz Mehring" (Air and Air Defense Forces Officer Cadet School), Kamenz
Musikkorps der OHS der LSK/LV, Kamenz
Pionierbataillon 24 (PiB-24) „Ludwig Renn“, Potsdam
Pionierwerkstatt und -lager 14 (PiWL-14), Briest
Rechenzentrale 14 (RZ-14), Strausberg
Stabsmusikkorps der LSK/LV, Cottbus
Technisches Versorgungslager 34 (TVL-34), Doberlug-Kirchhain
Treib- und Schmierstofflager 14 (TSL-14), Hähnichen
Treib- und Schmierstofflager 24 (TSL-24), Lohmen
Treib- und Schmierstofflager 34 (TSL-34), Utzedel
Treib- und Schmierstofflager 44 (TSL-44), Niederlehme
Topographisches Lager, Stallberg
Transportfliegergeschwader 44 (TG-44) „Arthur Pieck“, Diepensee/Marxwalde
Fliegertechnisches Bataillon 44 (FTB-44), Marxwalde
Verbindungsfliegerstaffel 14 (VS-14), Strausberg
Fliegertechnische Kompanie 14 (FTK-14), Strausberg
Vereinigte Hauptzentrale 14 (VHZ-14), Wünsdorf
Versorgungslager 14 (VL-14), Görlitz
Waffenwerkstatt und Lager 14, Bautzen
Wartungseinheit 14 (WE-14), Ranzig
Zentraler Gefechtsstand 14 (ZGS-14), Fürstenwalde/Spree
References
External links
Übersicht zu den DDR-Luftstreitkräften auf www.ddr-luftwaffe.de
Air Forces of the National People's Army
1950 establishments in East Germany
Military units and formations established in 1950
Military units and formations disestablished in 1990
Germany, East |
3740523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxy%20corn | Waxy corn | Waxy corn or glutinous corn is a type of field corn characterized by its sticky texture when cooked as a result of larger amounts of amylopectin. The corn was first described from a specimen from China in 1909. As this plant showed many peculiar traits, the American breeders long used it as a genetic marker to tag the existence of hidden genes in other maize breeding programs. In 1922 a researcher found that the endosperm of waxy maize contained only amylopectin and no amylose starch molecule in opposition to normal dent maize varieties that contain both. Until World War II, the main source of starch in the United States was tapioca, but when Japan severed the supply lines of the U.S., they forced processors to turn to waxy maize. Amylopectin or waxy starch is now used mainly in food products, but also in the textile, adhesive, corrugating and paper industry.
When feeding trials later on showed that waxy maize could produce more efficient feed gains than normal dent maize, interest in waxy maize suddenly expanded. Geneticists could show that waxy maize has a defect in metabolism precluding the synthesis of amylose in the endosperm. It is coded by a single recessive gene (wx). Waxy maize yield about 3.5% less than their normal dent counterparts and has to be isolated from any nearby normal maize fields by at least 200 meters.
History
The exact history of waxy maize is unknown. The first mentions of it were found in the archives of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). In 1908, the Rev. J. M. W. Farnham, a Presbyterian missionary in Shanghai, sent a sample of seeds to the U.S. Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction. A note with the seeds called it: "A peculiar kind of corn. There are several colours, but they are said to be all the same variety. The corn is much more glutinous than the other varieties, so far as I know, and may be found to be of some use, perhaps as porridge." These seeds were planted on May 9, 1908, near Washington, D.C., by a botanist named Guy N. Collins. He was able to grow 53 plants to maturity and made a thorough characterisation of these plants, including photographs, which were published in a USDA bulletin issued in December 1909.
In 1915, the plant was rediscovered in Upper Burma and in 1920 in the Philippines. Kuleshov, when screening the distribution of maize in Asia, found it in many other places.
The discovery in China of a distinct type of maize bears the historical question whether maize was known in the Orient before the discovery of America. The question was considered closed at the end of the 19th century by De Candolle who stated: "Maize is of American origin, and has only been introduced into the old world since the discovery of the new. I consider these two assertions as positive, in spite of the contrary opinion of some authors."
But the finding of this unique variety of maize suggested a re-examination of the question. He also states that Portuguese arrived in China in 1516, simultaneously introducing maize. Collins supposed that waxy maize has arisen by a way of mutation in Upper Burma. For some scholars it was difficult to conceive that from 1516 on the American plant had had time to penetrate into a wild country inaccessible to foreigners, to produce a mutation, and as such a mutant to spread from the Philippines to Northern Manchuria and the Primorsky region within three to four hundred years.
Nowadays we are able to counterpart both of these arguments. At first we know that the waxy mutation is quite common (see #Genetics). Secondly, the fact that maize, if introduced into Asia in Post-Columbian times, must have been rapidly accepted merely indicates that, like the potato in Ireland, it met an acute and pressing need.
Goodrich states that there are now in China some 6000 local histories called gazetteers written from A.D. 347 on. Maize was first accurately described in one of them, published in the sixteenth century.
Ho, an eminent Chinese historian, stated: "Summing up the introduction of maize into China, we may say that maize was introduced into China two or three decades before 1550 . . . " It might be, as various students concluded, that maize reached Asia before 1492, but currently we are not aware of a single plant fragment, artifact, illustration, or written record to prove it. Therefore, any undocumented statement about its occurrence there in earlier times is to be regarded with scepticism until substantiated. Thus, the two assertions of De Candolle are still valid.
In his publication, Collins characterised the new plants as possessing a number of unique characteristics No indications of these characteristics in any recorded form of Zea mays had thus far been found. Several of the unique features combine to enable the plant to resist the drying out of the silks by dry, hot winds at the time of flowering. Although the plants produced such small ears that they could find no place in direct competition with the improved varieties, the possession of this adaptation gave the new type an economic interest, particularly in some parts of the semiarid Southwest. Consequently, the effort has been made to combine by hybridising the desirable characteristics of this small variety with those of larger and more productive types.
And when Collins found such a distinct difference in the appearance of normal and waxy maize endosperm, he suspected a difference in chemical composition, but the analysis did not yield any unusual results. The percentages of starch, oil, and protein were all within the normal range. Yet, he was intrigued by the physical nature of the starch, and wrote: "In view of the recent development of specialised maize products as human food, the unique type of starch may be of some economic importance." So actually, for many years the main use of waxy maize was a genetic marker for other maize breeding programs. Breeders were able to use some of the traits to "tag" the existence of hidden genes and follow them through breeding programs. It is possible that waxy maize would have become extinct again in the USA without this special application in breeding.
In 1922, another researcher, P. Weatherwax of Indiana University in Bloomington, reported that the starch in waxy maize was entirely of a "rare" form called "erythrodextrin", known today as amylopectin. He found that this rare starch stained red with iodine, in contrast to normal starch which stained blue. Bates, French et al. and Sprague, Brimhall, et al. confirmed that endosperm starch of waxy maize consists nearly exclusively of amylopectin. The presence of amylopectin in rice had been demonstrated previously by Parnell.
In 1937, just before World War II, G.F. Sprague and other plant breeders at what was then called Iowa State College had begun a crossbreeding program to attempt to introduce the waxy trait into a regular high-yielding hybrid maize. By this time, the waxy plant no longer had the peculiar structural traits noted by Collins, probably due to years of crossing into various genetic stocks. Only the unique endosperm had been retained. At this time, waxy maize was not so important because the main source of pure amylopectin still was the cassava plant, a tropical shrub with a large underground tuber.
During World War II, when the Japanese severed the supply lines of the States, processors were forced to turn to waxy maize. Waxy maize appeared to be especially suitable for this purpose because it could be milled with the same equipment already extensively used for ordinary maize. H. H. Schopmeyer has advised that the production of waxy maize in Iowa for industrial use amounted to approximately 356 metric tons in 1942 and 2540 tons in 1943. In 1944, there were only 5 varieties of waxy maize available for waxy starch production. In 1943, to cover all the special requirements for amylopectin, approximately 81650 tons of grains were produced. From World War II until 1971, all the waxy maize produced in the U.S. was grown under contract for food or industrial processors. In fact, most of the maize was grown in only a few counties in Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana.
But in 1970, the Southern corn leaf blight epidemic (Helminthosporium maydis Nisik. and Miyake) swept the U.S. corn belt. At the same time, at least 80% of the maize being grown in the U.S. was susceptible to the blight because this maize contained the "Texas type" male-sterile cytoplasm, which allowed production of hybrid seed without mechanical or hand detasseling. As a result, there was a scramble in 1971 to find any kind of maize that had normal cytoplasm – cytoplasm that would resist the blight. Consequently, some seed of waxy maize worked its way into the market. Through backcrossing, also has been used extensively to transfer individual genes such as wx (waxy), o2 (opaque 2) and the Htl gene for resistance to the leaf blight was transferred to regular dent corn.
Some farmers who fed this waxy grain to their beef cattle observed that animals thrived on it. Feeding trials were set up which suggested that the waxy maize produced more efficient weight gains than normal dent. Interest in waxy maize suddenly mushroomed, and this maize type abandoned the status of botanical curiosity and speciality product to become the subject of major research importance.
In 2002, an estimated 1,200,000 to 1,300,000 tonnes of waxy maize was produced in the United States on about 2,000 km2, representing only 0,5% of the total maize production.
Biology
Chinese maize
Collins noted, among others, these unusual traits of the Chinese maize:
Several unique structural features that enabled the plants to resist the drying out of the silks by wind at the time of flowering
Unusual growth behaviour in that the top four or five leaves all appeared on the same side of the main stem of the plant. Extremely erect leaves of the upper nodes, while the lower leaves were more spread and drooping
One of the main things he noted was the composition of the endosperm of the maize kernels. He wrote: "The texture of the endosperm is one of the unique features of this maize. Cut in any direction it separates with a sort of cleavage, exposing a dull, smooth surface. The texture suggests that of the hardest waxes, though it is still harder and more crystalline. From this optical resemblance to wax the term cereous or waxy endosperm is suggested." The moisture content of the kernel must be 16% or lower before the waxy trait can be recognised visually.
The starch of normal dent maize is characterised by a content of about 25% amylose with the remainder being amylopectin and the intermediate fraction (see 3.5 Biochemistry). But these percentages vary among cultivars and with kernel development. For example, amylose percentage ranged from 20 to 36% for 399 cultivars of normal maize. There are maize germplasm collected that range from less than 20 to 100% complement of amylopectin. And waxy maize contains 100% amylopectin.
Waxy starch is of main interest because fractionation of normal starch to obtain pure amylose or amylopectin is very costly.
Waxy endosperm is inherently a defect in metabolism, and its low frequency in most maize populations in the face of recurring mutations indicates that it is acted against by natural selection.
Genetic drift
Experiments by Sprague have shown that ten to twenty plants are required for adequate representation of genetic diversity in an open-pollinated maize variety. Since the number of ears saved for seed by ancient Asian maize cultivators with only small plots of land at their disposal was often smaller than this and, indeed, since new maize populations are sometimes established by growing the progeny of a single ear, it follows that there must often have been genetic drift – changes in gene frequencies resulting from the creation of small breeding populations.
A striking example of genetic drift in maize is the occurrence in parts of Asia of varieties with waxy endosperm. In maize races of America such a variety is unknown, but the waxy character itself has been discovered in non-waxy varieties: in a New England flint maize and in a South American variety.
The fact that waxy maize occurs so commonly in a part of the world that also possesses waxy varieties of waxy rice, sorghum, and millet can be attributed to artificial selection. The people of Asia being familiar with waxy varieties of these cereals and accustomed to using them for special purposes recognised the waxy character in maize after it was introduced into Asia following the discovery of America and purposely isolated varieties purely for waxy endosperm. But the fact that waxy endosperm came to their attention in the first place is probably due to genetic drift. The gene for waxy endosperm, which has a low frequency in American maize, apparently attained a high frequency in certain samples of Asian maize.
Indeed, the practice reported by Stonor and Anderson of growing maize as single plants among other cereals would result in some degree of self-pollination and, in any stock in which the waxy gene was present, would inevitably lead in a very short time to the establishment of pure waxy varieties with special properties that people accustomed to the waxy character in other cereals could hardly fail to recognise.
Genetics
Genetic research of this genetic drift started first with describing the physical appearance (phenotyping) of the mutant maize. Later on these phenotypes were coupled to mutant genes genotypes. More than 40 mutant alleles are known for the waxy locus, making up the finest collection of mutations found among higher plants.
Some of these waxy mutants are very stable whereas others are very unstable. The genotype of the stable mutants remains unchanged whereas the one of unstable mutants changes because of the insertion of transposable elements (5-8). For a listing of all these mutations, the excellent book of Neuffer, Coe et al. is greatly recommended.
Because the waxy mutation is expressed in an easy identifiable nonlethal phenotype, it has been the subject of major research during the 20th century. Nelson made a fine structure genetic map of most of these mutations
For waxy maize, a single recessive gene (wx) was located on the short arm of chromosome 9, codes for the waxy endosperm of the kernel (Wx codes for endosperm with normal starch). This was first shown by Collins and Kempton.
The structure of the wildtype waxy (wx+) locus has been determined through DNA sequencing. The gene has 3718 bp (14 exons and 13 introns).
Waxy endosperm is the counterpart in maize of the "glutinous" character in rice.
There is a wide range of species also presenting the waxy mutation, including rice, sorghum, millet, barley and wheat, which were characterised by starch granules staining red with iodine.
In crosses between heterozygous plants for the waxy character, a small but significant deviation from an expected Mendelian ratio in self-pollination is produced. Bear obtained from 71 segregated ears on the F1 generation 23,77% of waxy kernels and 76,23% of non-waxy kernels. This is evidenced by the two heterozygous types, Wx Wx wx and wx wx Wx.
The waxy gene is epistatic for all known other amylose and amylopectine forming mutants genes like dull (du), sugary-1 (su1 ) and sugary-2 (su2),. wx gene for example increases sugars and water-soluble polysaccharides (WSP) in a su1 background and it causes dramatic increases in sugars and reduction in starch with ae or aedu mutated genes.
The mutation from Wx to wx is not uncommon in Corn Belt varieties, Bear having found three separate mutations to waxy in three consecutive years in a total population of some 100,000 selfed ears.
Mangelsdorf found also many mutants on his trial fields.
Argentine waxy (wx-a) corn, an allele at the waxy locus first reported by Andrés and Bascialli, is known to produce small amount of amylose (< 5%) and gives an intermediate staining reaction with iodine.
Other mutant alleles at the waxy locus have been reported which possess similar starch properties to those observed with wx.
Genotype and characterisation with iodine
The wx locus is expressed in the endosperm, in the male gametophyte (pollen) as well as in the female gametophyte (embryo sac). Amylose and amylopectin have different iodine binding-properties, with maize amylose and amylopectin giving iodine affinity (IA) values of about 19 to 20 and 1%, respectively, depending upon the source. Weatherwax discovered this process in 1922.
The amount of apparent amylose can be determined either by measuring the absorbency of the starch-iodine complex (blue-value) and relating this value to that of pure amylose and amylopectin standards or by measuring the amount of iodine (mg) bound per 100 mg of starch in a potentiometric titration and relating the value to the amount bound by an amylose standard.
Values used on the iodine binding, however, are only estimates of amylose content because of differences in the binding abilities (and structure) of amylose and amylopectin among starch types. For example, amylopectin molecules with long external branches bind more iodine than those with short branches do, resulting in a small measure of apparent amylose.
Chromatographic profiles of wx-containing starches, however, reveal no amylose peak. The wavelength at which a starch-iodine complex has maximum absorbency is referred to as the lambda max.
Plants which are heterozygous on the waxy gene (Wx:wx) can be characterised by staining the pollen with iodine. Half of the pollen will be blue and half brown whereas the kernels will stay blue (very helpful in backcrossing program). If the plant is homozygous recessive (wx:wx) the whole pollen will be brown and the kernel too. Being homozygously dominant (Wx:Wx) the iodine will appear only blue.
Biochemistry
Normal dent maize has two different pathways for starch formation one leading to branched chain (amylopectin) and the other to straight-chain polysaccharides (amylose).
The amylopectin consists of chain of α-D-(1-4) and α-D-(1-6)-glucosidic linkages that form a branched molecule.
Amylose is primarily linear with α-D-(1-4)-linked glucose residues.
The locus Wx codes for a specific starch granule-bound enzyme, NDP-glucose-starch glucosyltransferase. This specific starch synthase enzyme is responsible for amylose biosynthesis. The Wx gen catalyses the 1–4 linkage from glucose residues to amylose synthesis in the developing endosperm. This enzyme is located in the amyloplasts and is the major component of the starchbound protein in maize. Nelson showed that starch granules from wx wx wx endosperm had very low starch granule-bound glucosyltransferase activity.
When measuring if the activity of the transferase was a function of the Wx dosage in diploid and tetraploid maize, Akatsuka noticed a linear proportionality between a preparation of Wx Wx Wx and Wx Wx Wx Wx Wx Wx . Nevertheless, the amylose content was the same in both types, suggesting that activity of the transferase is not directly linked to the amylose content.
In maize and some other plants, there is evidence of a starch molecule that is intermediate in size to amylose and amylopectin. The intermediate fraction contains chains of (1–4)-linked alpha-D-anhydroglucose residues, but the average length of these chains and the number of chains per molecule are different from those in either amylopectin or amylose. Several researchers demonstrated the presence in normal maize starch of about 5 to 7% intermediate polysaccharides, basing their conclusions on indirect evidence from IA.
As early as in 1956, it was stated that amylopectin contained three different types of chains. In each macromolecule there is one C-chain, which carries the only reducing group. The B-chains are linked to the macromolecules linked by their potential reducing group, and may contain one or more A-chains that are similarly linked. The ratio of A-B chains (1:1 to 1,5:1) is a measure of the degree of multiple branching and is an important property describing amylopectin. Nevertheless, the exact arrangement of chains within the amylopectin molecule is still not clear.
Combining the recessive mutant (wx) maize variant with other mutant as for example amylose extender (ae)maize and dull (du) maize has an effect on the amylose and amylopectine structure of the starch.
The amylose extender waxy (aewx) starch contain 21% apparent amylose and has a lambda max. of 580 for the iodine-starch complex. The aewx outer chains are longer than those of wx mutant and fewer in number per weight of starch. In general, the aewx starch had a unique structure that is similar to the anomalous amylopectin (intermediate fraction) reported in ae starch.
Increased dosage at the ae locus, regardless of the genotype at the wx locus, resulted in amylopectin with increased linearity.
Short-chained amylose (approximately 100 glucose units) was observed in all ae genotypes in a homozygous Wx background.
Amylopectin of the aewx mutants had an increased proportion of long B-chains and a decreased proportion of short B-chains compared with wx amylopectin, whereas amylopectin of the dull waxy (duwx) mutant had a decreased proportion of long B-chains and an increased proportion of short B-chains, thus confirming the novel nature of aewx and duwx amylopectin.
Agronomic features
Producing waxy maize starch on an industrial scale requires extra measures compared to standard dent maize.
New varieties with the waxy locus are relatively easy to breed through back-crossing breeding with dent maize varieties, but their productivity is approximately 3 to 10% less than that of dent maize.
Due to the waxy gene being recessive, waxy maize has to be isolated from any nearby dent maize fields by at least 200 meters to prevent cross-pollination. Volunteer dent maize plants sprouting from the previous year's debris are also a problem. A few dent maize volunteers in a waxy field will be enough to contaminate the whole field, resulting in dent grains instead of waxy grains with amylopectin starch.
Almost all waxy grain is produced under contract for starch (wet milling) companies. A premium is paid as compensation for the extra costs incurred from the lower yield and the extra handling, such as quality control procedures to ensure starch in the grain is not contaminated.
Utilization
Amylopectin or waxy cornstarch is relatively easy to gelatinise, produces a clear viscous paste with a sticky or tacky surface. The paste rheology resembles pastes of root or tuber starches, such as potato starch or tapioca starch (made from cassava). Amylopectine starch have also a lower tendency to retrogradate and are thus more viscosity stable. These different properties compared to normal dent corn starch, containing also amylose, are utilized mainly in following different applications.
Food products
Modified waxy maize starches are used for the improvement of uniformity, stability, and texture in various food products. The clarity and viscous stability of amylopectin starch make it especially suitable for thickening fruit pies. It improves smoothness and creaminess of canned food and dairy products as well as freeze-thaw stability of frozen foods. It gives a more desirable texture and appearance to dry foods and mixes [24]. Waxy maize starch is also the preferred starting material for the production of maltodextrins because of improved water solubility after drying and greater solution stability and clarity.
Waxy corn on the cob is popular in China and Southeast Asia, and may be found in frozen or precooked forms in Chinatowns. Waxy corn is the most popular corn in China for fresh consumption. The waxy texture is familiar and preferred by people in East Asia since items such as tapioca pearls, glutinous rice, and mochi have similar textures.
Adhesive industry
Starch from waxy maize differs from regular maize starch in both molecular structure and pasting characteristics. Pastes made from waxy starch are long and cohesive, whereas pastes made from regular maize starch are short and heavy bodied. Waxy maize starch is a major starch component in adhesives used for making bottle labels. This waxy starch-based adhesive imparts resolubilizing resistance to the labels which prevents their soaking off the bottle if immersed in water or being subjected to very high humidity conditions. waxy maize starches are commonly used in the US for the manufacture of gummed tapes and envelope adhesives.
Livestock, dairy and poultry feeding research
The research in feeding of waxy maize began in the 1940s. Beginning with a research report in 1944, waxy maize seemed to have the potential to increase feed conversion efficiencies compared to dent maize. Many other feeding trials were started and generally indicated a slight to clear positive advantage for feeding waxy grain. Increases of both milk production and butterfat content for lactating dairy cattle, increase in daily weight gains in fattening lambs and when fed to finishing beef cattle.
Still the extensive (mushroomed) agro-research did not lead to any large scale use in the feed industry due to analytical research analysing the pancreatic digestibility of starches of several genotypes. Waxy starch of the genome type ae, as also the genome type du and su2, for starches with a high amylose content, show an excellent digestibility. Thus, amylopectin, waxy starches alone, cannot be correlated to good digestibility. Sandsted suggests that digestibility could lie more in the structure of starch granule, in differences in bonding of the starch molecules and in possible anomalous linkages between the molecules.
See also
Amylomaize high amylose maize starch
Waxy potato starch
Glutinous rice
Binatog, a Filipino waxy corn dessert
References
Vegetables
Maize varieties
Starch
Edible thickening agents |
1219258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streethouse | Streethouse | Streethouse is a semi rural village in West Yorkshire, England that is situated to the east of Wakefield, the west of Featherstone and the south-west of Castleford.it is also situated on a Roman road.
History
A former mining village, Streethouse is currently a commuter village serving Wakefield, Normanton, Featherstone, Pontefract and Leeds.
Access
Streethouse railway station provides regular services to Pontefract and Wakefield with interconnecting services to Leeds and Sheffield. Junction 31 of the M62 is close by and the Glasshoughton Link Road has improved access to Wakefield and Castleford and relieved congestion on the M62.
Environs
Like many industrial areas, Streethouse suffered a period of decline. In recent years however, the village has enjoyed a considerable amount of investment from regeneration funds and private investment from housing companies. Some of the older, run down buildings are now earmarked for demolition but because of the developer going into administration no further work on the site has taken place. The village has a school, although children needing secondary education have to travel to nearby Featherstone, Crofton or Normanton. The area has a church, post office, one shop, Streethouse Cricket club, and a cafe. The former WMC is now demolished and new houses have been built on the site. There is also a park with a new children's playground and a separate playing field. Sharlston Country Park borders the village following the completion of surface mining on land from the former Sharlston Colliery.
The village also boasts 5-time Pontefract League Division One Champions, 1-time National Village Semi-finalists and 1-time Dyson-Skidmore trophy winners, the Streethouse Cricket Club. The local professional Rugby League club is Featherstone Rovers.
External links
Website of Streethouse Cricket Club
website of streethouse community
Villages in West Yorkshire
Featherstone |
43635111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Alcantra | Battle of Alcantra | The Battle of Alcantra was fought at Alcantra, on the Alamo River on 3–4 October 1839 between insurgents under the command of General Antonio Canales Rosillo, and Centerists under the command of General José Ignacio Pavón. The insurgents won decisive victory which led to Pavón being replaced by General Mariano Arista.
Notes
References
Further reading
1839 in Mexico
Alcantra |
48638538 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Odissea%20%281911%20film%29 | L'Odissea (1911 film) | L'Odissea is a 1911 Italian silent film adapted from Homer's Odyssey.
The film was made in the context of the world's fair of Turin International in 1911, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the unification of Italy, where he launched a film competition for films artistic, scientific and with educational purposes.
Released in 1912 in the United States it was welcomed, in the trade journal The Moving Picture World, the film was proclaimed as marking "a new epoch in the history of the motion picture as a factory of education".
Plot
Reception
London City Nights said the film " was an interesting watch: the 1911 equivalent of a summer blockbuster, and a chance to see the past come alive in two ways; firstly in the depiction of Ancient Greece and secondly in the film itself as historical text."
References
External links
1911 films
1911 short films
Italian films
Italian silent short films
Italian black-and-white films
Films directed by Giuseppe de Liguoro
Films based on the Odyssey
World's fair films
Articles containing video clips |
21889787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardija%20Tower | Wardija Tower | Wardija Tower (), originally known as Torre della Guardia di Giorno and also known as Bubaqra Tower (), is a small watchtower in the limits of Żurrieq, Malta. It was completed in June 1659 as the thirteenth of the De Redin towers.
Wardija Tower was the last coastal watchtower to be built on the main island of Malta. It is situated between Żurrieq and Ħal Far, with the nearest tower to it being Sciuta Tower to the west.
The tower follows the standard design of the De Redin towers, having a square plan with two floors and a turret on the roof, but it is slightly smaller. It was originally armed with 2 cannons and 2 mortars.
References
Further reading
External links
National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
De Redin towers
Towers completed in 1659
Żurrieq
National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
1659 establishments in Malta |
2379873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidron%20Valley | Kidron Valley | The Kidron Valley (classical transliteration, Cedron, from , Naḥal Qidron, literally Qidron River; also Qidron Valley) is the valley originating slightly northeast of the Old City of Jerusalem, which then separates the Temple Mount from the Mount of Olives. It continues in a general south-easterly direction through the Judean desert in the West Bank, reaching the Dead Sea near the settlement of Ovnat, and descending along its course. The ancient Mar Saba ('Saint Sabbas') monastery is located in the lower part of the valley. Other names include , Wadi el-Joz, 'Valley of the Walnut', for the upper segment near the Temple Mount; and Wadi en-Nar, 'Fire Valley', for the rest of it – with at least the segment at Mar Saba monastery also known in the 19th century as Wadi er-Rahib, 'Monk's Valley'.
In its upper part, the neighbourhood of Wadi al-Joz bears the valley's Arabic name. The settlement Kedar, located on a ridge above the valley, is named after the valley's Hebrew name.
The Hebrew Bible calls the upper course Emek Yehoshafat, the "Valley of Josaphat". It appears in Jewish eschatologic prophecies, which include the return of Elijah, followed by the arrival of the Messiah, and the War of Gog and Magog and Judgment Day.
The upper Kidron Valley holds Jerusalem's most important cemetery from the First Temple period, the Silwan necropolis, assumed to have been used by the highest-ranking officials residing in the city, with rock-cut tombs dating between the 9th and 7th centuries BCE.
The upper Kidron Valley segment north of the Old City was one of the main burial grounds of Jerusalem in the Second Temple period, where hundreds of tombs have survived until today, while the segment east of, and opposite the Temple Mount, boasts several excellently preserved monumental tombs from the same period. Several of the Second Temple period tombs were also used later in time, either as burial or as shelters for hermits and monks of the large monastic communities which inhabited the Kidron Valley during the Byzantine Empire period (4th-7th century). The ancient tombs in this area attracted the attention of ancient travelers, most notably Benjamin of Tudela.
A source of confusion is the fact that the modern name "Kidron Valley" (Nahal Kidron in Hebrew) applies to the entire length of a long wadi, which starts north of the Old City of Jerusalem and ends at the Dead Sea, while the biblical names Nahal Kidron, Emek Yehoshafat, King’s Valley etc. might refer to certain parts of this valley located in the immediate vicinity of ancient Jerusalem, but not to the entire wadi, and certainly not to the long segment crossing the Judean desert. Similarly, in Arabic every more substantial wadi has many names, each applied to a certain distinct segment of its course.
Etymology
The Hebrew name Qidron is derived from the root qadar, "to be dark", and may be meant in this context as "dusky".
In Christian tradition the similarity between the Greek word for cedar, κέδρος (kedros), and the Greek name of the valley as used in the Septuagint, Kedron, has led to the Qidron Valley being wrongly called "Valley of the Cedars".
Identification with biblical locations
Valley of Jehoshaphat
The Hebrew Bible talks of the "Valley of Jehoshaphat - Emek Yehoshafat" (), meaning "The valley where Yahweh shall judge." Not all scholars agree with the traditional view that the Kidron Valley, as the valley situated between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives to the east, is the location of the Valley of Jehoshaphat. The Kidron Valley was not associated with the Valley of Jehoshaphat until the 4th century AD, making this identification somewhat uncertain since no actual valley of this name is known to pre-Christian antiquity.
Biblical commentator Adam Clarke claims that the Valley of Judgment is a symbolic place.
King's Garden and King's Valley
In the times of the Old Testament kings, the Kidron Valley was identified with, at least in part, the King's Garden; the kings owned land in the area. That the upper Kidron Valley was also known as the King's Valley, in which Absalom set up his monument or "pillar" (see ; no connection to the much later "Absalom's Pillar"), is problematic. The Bible does not make this identification explicit, and the association can only be inferred as associated with En-rogel, which is farther down the Kidron Valley towards the desert.
The name 'King's Valley' may be derived from its location just east of the palace of David in the City of David on the western slopes of the Kidron Valley and south of where the platform was built.
Monumental tombs
The three monumental tombs on the eastern side of the Kidron Valley are among the most well-known landmarks of ancient Jerusalem. These are, from north to south, the so-called "Tomb of Absalom" (Hebrew: Yad Avshalom), which rises in front of the so-called "Cave" or "Tomb of Jehoshaphat", the (correctly named) Tomb of Benei Hezir (Benei Hezir is the Hebrew for "sons of Hezir", meaning the Hezir priestly family ), and the so-called "Tomb of Zechariah", which could quite likely be the nefesh of the Tomb of Benei Hezir.
Absalom's Tomb consists of two parts. First, a lower cube hewn out of the bedrock, decorated with engaged Ionic columns bearing a Doric frieze and crowned by an Egyptian cornice. This part of the monument contains a small chamber with an entrance and two arcosolia (arched funeral niches) and constitutes the actual tomb. The second part, built of ashlars, is placed on top of the rock-hewn cube. It consists of a square pedestal carrying a round drum, itself topped by a conical roof. The cone is slightly concave and is crowned by an Egyptian-style lotus flower. The upper part has the general shape of a tholos and is interpreted as a nefesh or monument for the tomb below, and possibly also for the adjacent "Cave of Jehoshaphat". The "Pillar of Absalom" is dated to the 1st century CE.
Literally, the word nefesh means 'soul', but in a funerary context it is the term applied to a form of funerary monument. In descriptions of the tombs of the Jewish nobility, the pyramid shape is also emphasized as the mark of a tomb. This would imply that nefesh and pyramid were synonymous. The Jewish tombs in the Kidron Valley are the best examples of this form of nefesh. They appear as a rectangular, pyramid-capped monument. Similar forms of the nefesh decorate ossuaries, with the addition of a dome-capped column. In Jerusalem the nefesh as a tomb monument stood either above or beside the tomb; set on steps or on a base.
Scriptural significance
Hebrew Bible
It was in this valley where King Jehoshaphat is thought to have overthrown the enemies of Israel ().
King David fled through the Kidron Valley during the rebellion of Absalom ().
Chapters 29, 30 and 31 of 2 Chronicles () cover King Hezekiah's call for the sanctification of the ministers of the Lord, the purification of unclean things, an invitation to all Israel and Judah to celebrate Passover in Jerusalem, and liturgical reforms. During the reforms of King Hezekiah around 700 BCE, as part of the ritual cleaning of the Temple, the priests removed the unclean items from the inner part of the Temple to the courts, and the Levites carried the unclean items to Wadi Kidron ().
Kidron Valley in Jewish eschatology
The Book of Joel mentions that God will assemble all nations in the "Valley of Jehoshaphat" (, ).
Gospels
According to the New Testament, Jesus crossed the valley many times travelling between Jerusalem and Bethany. The valley contains the Garden of Gethsemane, where Jesus prayed the night before he was crucified. The name Kidron was mentioned in John 18:1.
Archaeological excavations
Upper course
The Akeldama Tombs
The Akeldma Tombs were discovered in 1989 at theconfluence of the Kidron and Hinnom Valleys, south of Jerusalem's Old City, and were excavated and published by archaeologists Gideon Avni and Zvi Greenhut. In 1989, the Jerusalem Municipality conducted routine development work in the area. Upon widening a narrow street near one of the approaches to the Silwan village, bulldozers uncovered a number of square openings hewn into rock. The Israel Antiquities Authority immediately stopped the road construction. After uncovering the underground spaces, archaeologists found themselves standing inside large burial complexes which appeared intact. Moving carefully from one chamber to another, flashlights revealed an abundance of artifacts scattered on the floors, pottery and glass vessels, oil lamps and many ornamental ossuaries. The three large caves proved to be part of an extensive Jewish burial ground in use at the end of the Second Temple period, which terminated in the year 70 AD, when Jerusalem was conquered and the Temple destroyed by the Roman legions.
Development, development plans
Upper course
As of 2010, there is a controversial proposal to reconstruct part of the Kidron Valley, an Arab neighborhood of Silwan in East Jerusalem, and turn it into a park to be called the Garden of the King.
Lower course
A road crossing the very steep Wadi Naar (lower Kidron Valley) and connecting Arab towns has been substantially upgraded as part of the USAID effort to modernise the Arab infrastructure. An existing road has been widened and re-paved, and efforts were made to improve the route it takes.
References
External links
Pictorial Compendium of Kidron Valley on Madain Project
Hebrew Bible valleys
Wadis of Israel
Rivers of the West Bank
Geography of Jerusalem
Landforms of Jerusalem District
Valleys of Israel
Judaean Desert |
37819949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starozhilovo | Starozhilovo | Starozhilovo () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.
Urban localities
Starozhilovo, Ryazan Oblast, a work settlement in Starozhilovsky District of Ryazan Oblast
Rural localities
Starozhilovo, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a settlement in Podsosensky Selsoviet of Nazarovsky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai |
24318971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naka-Sasebo%20Station | Naka-Sasebo Station | is a railway station in Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan. It is operated by Matsuura Railway and is located on the Nishi-Kyūshū Line.
The distance to Sasebo-Chūō Station is only 200 m.
Lines
The station is served by the Nishi-Kyūshū Line.
Station layout
The station is elevated with a single side platform.
Environs
Yonkachō Shōtengai
Sasebo Tamaya
Sankachō Shōtengai
Sasebo City Library
Sasebo city museum Shimanose art center
Sasebo Post Office
History
July 15, 1961 - Opens for business.
April 1, 1987 - Railways privatize and this station is inherited by JR Kyushu.
April 1, 1988 - This station is inherited by Matsuura Railway.
Adjacent stations
|-
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center;" |Matsuura Railway
References
Nagasaki statistical yearbook (Nagasaki prefectural office statistics section) (Japanese)
External links
Matsuura Railway (Japanese)
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1961
Railway stations in Nagasaki Prefecture
Sasebo, Nagasaki |
22042336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcidoptera | Chalcidoptera | Chalcidoptera is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.
Species
Chalcidoptera alimenalis (Walker, 1859)
Chalcidoptera appensalis (Snellen, 1884)
Chalcidoptera argyrophoralis Hampson, 1912
Chalcidoptera atrilobalis Hampson, 1896
Chalcidoptera bilunalis Hampson, 1898
Chalcidoptera contraria Gaede, 1917
Chalcidoptera emissalis Walker, [1866]
Chalcidoptera nigricans Gaede, 1917
Chalcidoptera orbidiscalis Hampson, 1918
Chalcidoptera pryeri Hampson, 1899
Chalcidoptera rufilinealis Swinhoe, 1895
Chalcidoptera thermographa Hampson, 1912
Chalcidoptera thermographalis Strand, 1920
Chalcidoptera trogobasalis Hampson, 1912
Former species
Chalcidoptera aethiops Gaede, 1917
References
Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Arthur Gardiner Butler |
54486890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proturentomon%20discretum | Proturentomon discretum | Proturentomon discretum is a species of proturan in the family Protentomidae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China).
References
Protura
Articles created by Qbugbot
Animals described in 1961 |
28304968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao%20Zongze | Gao Zongze | Gao Zongze is a Beijing attorney and politician. He currently a senior partner at multinational law firm King & Wood Mallesons. Gao also holds many national political appointments, serves on multiple corporate boards, and was the former president of the All China Lawyers Association, the national bar association for China governing the nation's 110,000 lawyers. He also serves as a consultant to the Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China.
Career
Gao graduated from the Dalian Maritime Transportation College and then continued his studies at the China Academy of Social Sciences where he later became a lecturer. he served as the president of the All China Lawyer's Association and serves on the boards of Huaneng Power International, Tianjin Capital Environmental Protection Group, Golden Meditech Holdings, HL Corp, and Lumena Resources Group. Gao also served as the President of the Inter-Pacific Bar Association. He currently is a senior partner at King & Wood since 2004.
Gao's political involvement also extends to the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, a national advisory board to the legislature.
References
Living people
20th-century Chinese lawyers
21st-century Chinese lawyers
Year of birth missing (living people) |
42903721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw%20Zalewski | Wacław Zalewski | Wacław Piotr Zalewski (25 August 1917 – 29 December 2016) was a Polish construction engineer and designer, creator of innovative buildings such as "Spodek" in Katowice, "Supersam" in Warsaw from the roof of the structure funikularnej, or train station in Katowice. He was Professor Emeritus of Structural Design at the School of Architecture of MIT.
Early life and education
Zalewski was born on 25 August 1917 to a Polish family settled in Samgorodek, Ukraine since the seventeenth century. He took part in the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 in Czerniaków. Went to Tadeusz Czacki High School in Warsaw, where he was in the same graduating class as the poet priest Jan Twardowski.
In 1947 he graduated from Warsaw University of Technology, which he began before the war, eventually graduating from the Gdańsk University of Technology.
Career
He has designed a whole range of new industrial construction. He was repeatedly sent to foreign conferences during the communist era to "proclaim the Polish technical thought." In 1962 he earned a Ph.D. at the Technical University of Warsaw. His greatest achievement in Poland was working in the Office for the Study and Design of Industrial Building Types (BISTYP) in Warsaw until 1963.
and later worked as a consultant for the Ministry of Public Works in Caracas. He designed a number of innovative structures, including buildings of hanging roofs and structures funikularne.
In 1965 he was invited as a full, tenured professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he worked full-time until 1988, when he retired. Since that time, he has been a professor emeritus of architecture. He is considered one of the pioneers of the techniques of linear – rod on the principle of tensegrity structures in light canopies without the use of load-bearing columns. He wrote the book Shaping Structures with Ed Allen. Among others streams forces were introduced as a method for the calculation of the structure. He retained his connections in Venezuela for many years, however, and continued to design structures there during academic holidays and sabbaticals.
The exhibition "Shaping Structures" shown at MIT, supplemented by the Polish exhibits such as a model Supersam was also shown in Poland at the Technical University of Łódź, then in Warsaw in the Association of Polish Architects in Foksal, then Gdańsk University of Technology, and Wrocław University of Technology. A portion of the exhibit was also shown at Roger Williams University School of Architecture, Art and Historic Preservation in Bristol, Rhode Island, in Fall 2006.
In 1998, he received an honorary doctorate from Warsaw University of Technology from the Faculty of Architecture and the Faculty of Civil Engineering.
Death
He died on 29 December 2016 at the age of 99.
Projects
Architect/Engineer
Department of Forest Engineering at the Universidad de los Andes (Mérida, Venezuela, 1965)
Structural Engineering
Gimnasium Pedro Elias Belisario in Maracaibo (Venezuela, 1965)
Engineer
Museum of Art in Caracas, Venezuela (1973)
Keum Jung Sports Park in Pusan, Korea (2002)
Spodek in Katowice, Poland (1972)
Supersam supermarket in Warsaw, Poland (1960)
Torwar Hall in Warsaw ( 1960)
Venezuelan Pavilion at Expo 1992 in Seville (Spain) (1992)
Factory in Mińsk Mazowiecki
Furniture Factory in Las Vegas
Monument of the Coast Defenders (Pomnik Obrońców Wybrzeża) in Gdańsk (1966) Monument in honor o the defenders of the Battle of Westerplatte
Bibliography
Shaping Structures, John Wiley & Sons, New York, , 1998; pp. 416
Shaping Structures: Statics Edward Allen, Waclaw Zalewski,
Buildings on Slopes, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 1970
A simplified procedure for torsional analysis of prismatic members with open section, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 1971
Form and Forces: Designing Efficient, Expressive Structures Edward Allen, Waclaw Zalewski
References
General references
Sylwetka Wacława Zalewskiego w serwisie architekci.pl
Nicholas Janber's Structurae, Wacław Zalewski International Database for Civil and Structural Engineering
External links
Structurae people - Waclaw Zalewski Structurae International Database for Civil and Structural Engineering
SHAPING STRUCTURES, SHAPING THE FUTURE
Wacław Zalewski: Shaping Structures
WACLAW ZALEWSKI Profile MIT School of Architecture + Planning
Wacław Zalewski Archive
1917 births
2016 deaths
Architects from Warsaw
Warsaw Uprising insurgents
Warsaw University of Technology alumni
MIT School of Architecture and Planning faculty
People from Zhytomyr
Polish emigrants to the United States |
1432828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin%20Airlines | Virgin Airlines | Virgin Airlines may refer to:
Active airlines:
Virgin Atlantic
Virgin Australia
Defunct airlines:
V Australia (Rebranded to Virgin Australia with Virgin Blue & Virgin Polynesia)
Virgin Australia Airlines (NZ)
Virgin Nigeria (Rebranded to Air Nigeria)
Virgin Express (Rebranded to Brussels Airlines)
Virgin Express France
Virgin Sun (sold and merged into Air 2000)
Virgin Atlantic Little Red
Virgin Samoa
Virgin America (sold and merged into Alaska Airlines)
See also
Virgin Group
Virgin Galactic
Virgin Balloon Flights |
334361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri%20State%20Highway%20System | Missouri State Highway System | In Missouri, odd-numbered highways run north-south and even-numbered highways run east-west (with a few exceptions, such as Route 112). Missouri also maintains a secondary set of roads, supplemental routes, which are lettered rather than numbered.
Missouri has also changed highway designations with a US route or an interstate with the same number is designated through the state (Route 40 was redesignated Route 14 to avoid duplicating numbers with US-40 which also passes through the state). There are a few instances of number duplication between federal and state highways (such as with Route 72 and I-72), but any such pairs of highways are nowhere near each other to avoid confusion.
In some states (such as Arkansas and New Mexico), highways are allowed to be discontinuous. Missouri overlaps highways in order to maintain continuity.
The Missouri Department of Transportation routinely uses the term "Route" in reference to the names of the roads. However, Missouri statutes define them as "State Highways". Missourians may use the terms "Route" and "Highway" interchangeably when referring to a state road.
See also
References
External links
Missouri Department of Transportation website
Official MoDOT Travel Information Map
Official current and historical Missouri road maps
Kansas City Scout - KC area intelligent transportation system
St. Louis Metro area intelligent transportation program website
Road Signs of Missouri
Missouri Highways (unofficial) |
42128609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound%20Prairie%20Township | Mound Prairie Township | Mound Prairie Township may refer to the following townships in the United States:
Mound Prairie Township, Jasper County, Iowa
Mound Prairie Township, Houston County, Minnesota |
1557421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vmobile | Vmobile | Vmobile was a Nigerian mobile phone network provider with close to a million subscribers in 2004. The company was previously owned by Econet Wireless Nigeria, but after a shareholder dispute was purchased (for a month) by Vodacom of South Africa. The Vodacom deal was short lived, and the operator soon thereafter began trading as VMobile Nigeria, owned by Vee Netoworks Limited. The name Vee was based on Vee from Vodacom, after Vodacom pulled out of the deal. Vodacom's South African staff was retained by the Nigerian Investors, to run the now called VMobile network. Willem Swart was appointed as CEO, with a number of previous Econet staff as directors.
The company claimed that all investors were Nigeria-based. They included the state governments of Lagos, Delta and Akwa Ibom. On April 16, 2006, Celtel made a conditional offer for Vmobile and in May 2006, Vmobile was bought over by Celtel for US$1.005. billion after Celtel acquired a controlling stake of 65% in Vmobile
During its time, Vmobile branded itself as the network for the Nigerian people, with the catch phrase being "its all about you".
References
External links
Celtel Company Website
Interview with Willem Swart
Telecommunications companies of Nigeria
Defunct mobile phone companies |
53358360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna%20Ghat%20railway%20station | Patna Ghat railway station | Patna Ghat railway station is a small railway station in Patna district, Bihar. Its code is PTG. It serves Patna city. The station consists of a single platform.
References
External links
Official website of the Patna district
Railway stations in Patna
Railway stations in Patna district
Danapur railway division |
22171258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synodontis%20nebulosus | Synodontis nebulosus | Synodontis nebulosus, known as the cloudy squeaker, or clouded squeaker, is a species of upside-down catfish that is native to the lower Zambezi River basin of Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe. It was first described by German naturalist and explorer Wilhelm Peters in 1852, from a specimen collected in the Zambezi River at Tete, Mozambique. The species name nebulosus is derived from the Latin word nebulosus, meaning "foggy", "cloudy", or "full of mist".
Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. nebulosus has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin. The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process. The shape and size of the humeral process help to identify the species. In S. nebulosus, the humeral process is as broad as it is wide, with a pointed back end.
The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw. The maxillary barbel is long and straight without any branches, without a membrane at the base. It extends to a length a little shorter than the head. The outer pair of mandibular barbels is about twice the length of the inner pair, and both pairs have short, simple branches, with secondary branches on the inner pair.
The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines. In S. nebulosus, the spine of the dorsal fin is slightly shorter than the head, smooth in the front and serrated on the back. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven branching rays. The spine of the pectoral fin about the same size as the dorsal spine, and serrated on both sides. The adipose fin is 5 times as long as it is deep. The anal fin contains four unbranched and eight-branched rays. The tail, or caudal fin, is deeply forked.
All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. In S. nebulosus, the toothpad forms a short and broad band. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. nebulosus, there are about 18 teeth on the mandible.
The base body color is yellowish green, with ill-defined, irregular brown to black spots. The underside of the fish is yellowish white. The fins are yellowish green with black spots.
The maximum standard length of the species is . Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.
Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species has been found in the middle Zambezi River basin, as well as the Pungwe River and Buzi River. It inhabits rivers and floodplains, favoring floodplains, but does not occur in rocky areas. The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning. As a whole, species of Synodontis are omnivores, consuming insect larvae, algae, gastropods, bivalves, sponges, crustaceans, and the eggs of other fishes. The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.
References
External links
nebulosus
Freshwater fish of Africa
Fish of Malawi
Fish of Mozambique
Fish of Zambia
Fish of Zimbabwe
Fish described in 1852
Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters |
16043141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazi%C3%A8res-Naresse | Mazières-Naresse | Mazières-Naresse (; ) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
See also
Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department
References
Mazieresnaresse |
13340976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldis%20Intlers | Aldis Intlers | Aldis Intlers (24 April 1965 in Liepāja – 28 August 1994) was a Latvian-born Soviet bobsledder who competed from the late 1980s to the mid-1990s. He won a bronze medal in the two-man event at the 1989 FIBT World Championships in Cortina d'Ampezzo.
Competing in two Winter Olympics, Intlers earned his best finish of 11th in the two-man event at Lillehammer in 1994
Aldis Intlers died 28 August 1994 in a car accident, he was 29 years old.
References
External links
1992 bobsleigh two-man results
1992 bobsleigh four-man results
1994 bobsleigh two-man results
1994 bobsleigh four-man results
Bobsleigh two-man world championship medalists since 1931
1965 births
1994 deaths
Sportspeople from Liepāja
Bobsledders at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Bobsledders at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Latvian male bobsledders
Russian male bobsledders
Soviet male bobsledders
Olympic bobsledders of Latvia |
31892688 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy%20of%20Peru%2C%20Washington%2C%20D.C. | Embassy of Peru, Washington, D.C. | The Embassy of Peru in Washington, D.C., also known as the Emily J. Wilkins House, is the diplomatic mission of the Republic of Peru to the United States. It is located at 1700 Massachusetts Avenue, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Embassy Row neighborhood.
The embassy also operates Consulate-Generals in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York City, Paterson, New Jersey, San Francisco.
The former Ambassador was Luis Miguel Castilla Rubio, who was concurrently the non-resident ambassador to the nation of Barbados.
Since 2016, Carlos Jose Pareja Rios has been the ambassador of Peru to the United States of America.
History
The building was designed by Jules Henri de Sibour.
Beriah Wilkins lived there; he married Emily Wilkins. Their son John F. Wilkins inherited the property in 1910. He married Julia C. Wilkins; they entertained there.
In 1946, Australia purchased the property.
On January 31,1973, Australia sold the property to the Republic of Peru.
References
External links
Official website
wikimapia
Peru
Washington, D.C.
Peru–United States relations
Peru
Dupont Circle |
12641254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coop%20Kaffe | Coop Kaffe | Coop Norge Kaffe AS is a Norwegian coffee purchasing and processing subsidiary of Coop Norge Handel, itself a subsidiary of Coop Norge, a coöperative grocery chain. The brand is exclusively distributed throughout the Coop stores in Norway. There are 12 different blends are available, including organic and decaffeinated.
History
After World War II there was rationing of coffee and NKL was not given a quota relative to their proportion of sales, resulting in the need to purchase coffee quotas from other importers. Also, at this time the quality of coffee varied greatly because the wholesalers were not able to test the burnt coffee, only the raw beans. To solve this, NKL started its own coffee house in 1953 which allowed NKL to distribute its own imported coffee and test the burnt produce. But the greatest change was the introduction of the yellow and red bags of coffee that replaced the loose weight sale of the beans. Import was still restricted until 1960 due to restrictions, and that Norway had an agreement with Brazil to exchange coffee with clipfish. After 1960 Coop introduced vacuum packaged coffee, at first canned and later hard vacuumed, though in the 1980s loose weight coffee was reintroduced.
References
Drink companies of Norway
Food and drink companies established in 1953
Coffee brands
Norwegian brands
Coop Norden
Norwegian companies established in 1953 |
70084077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397%20Southwest%20Texas%20State%20Bobcats%20men%27s%20basketball%20team | 1996–97 Southwest Texas State Bobcats men's basketball team | The 1996–97 Southwest Texas State Bobcats men's basketball team represented Southwest Texas State University in the 1996–97 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Bobcats, led by head coach Mike Miller, played their home games at Strahan Arena in San Marcos, Texas as members of the Southland Conference.
The Bobcats finished atop the regular season conference standings, wont the Southland Tournament, and received an automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. As No. 16 seed in the Midwest region, Southwest Texas State was beaten by No. 1 seed and eventual Final Four participant Minnesota, 78–46.
Roster
Schedule and results
|-
!colspan=12 style=| Regular season
|-
!colspan=12 style=| Southland Tournament
|-
!colspan=12 style=| NCAA Tournament
Source
References
Texas State Bobcats men's basketball seasons
Southwest Texas State Bobcats
Southwest Texas State
Texas State Bobcats men's basketball
Texas State Bobcats men's basketball |
33834431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevy%20Chase%20Arcade | Chevy Chase Arcade | The Chevy Chase Arcade is an historic structure located in the Chevy Chase neighborhood in the Northwest Quadrant of Washington, D.C. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.
History
The building is a unique example of a small-scale commercial arcade in Washington. Built in 1925, it is located along Chevy Chase's commercial strip, Connecticut Avenue. The area was planned by the Chevy Chase Land Company as one of four commercial areas along the street that are separated by apartment blocks. The Arcade is an example of providing elegant and convenient shopping venues in the city's prestigious suburban neighborhoods.
Architecture
The Classical Revival building was designed by Louis R. Moss. The exterior features a limestone façade with monumental pilasters, large windows to display the merchant's wares to pedestrians as they pass by and an arched entry way to the central arcade of shops and the offices on the second floor. The interior of the building features a vaulted ceiling, clerestory lighting, a black and white marble floor, plaster ornamental moldings and sylvan bas-relief panels.
See also
Chevy Chase Theater
References
Commercial buildings completed in 1925
1925 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Neoclassical architecture in Washington, D.C.
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C. |
5640486 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford%20Park | Ford Park | Ford Park is a 221-acre multi-purpose park, arena, exhibit hall, pavilion, midway, and fields located on I-10 South in Beaumont, Texas. The park opened in 2003. It is the home of the South Texas State Fair. Jefferson County and the Southeast Texas Ford Dealers agreed to $1.25 million over a five-year period in exchange for naming rights.
Facilities
Ford Arena seats 9,737 people. The arena hosts concerts, rodeos, circuses, motor sports, ice shows and many other special events. It was also the former home to several professional teams including the Oxford City FC of Texas (formerly the Texas Strikers) of the Major Arena Soccer League, the Southeast Texas Mavericks ABA franchise, Beaumont Drillers of the NIFL, and the Texas Wildcatters of the ECHL.
Ford Exhibit Hall is a multi-purpose hall for exhibits, boat shows, and more. It has of space. The hall includes a 48,000 sq ft dedicated exhibit floor, an 11,000 sq ft lobby/pre-convention space, 8 meeting rooms, 6 loading bays, concession stands, and restrooms.
Ford Fields are 12 softball/baseball fields. Infields are all-weather. Each field has covered seating with protective netting. Also included are 1,000 onsite parking spots, concession stands, and restrooms
Ford Midway is a midway for fairs and carnivals, and other large outdoor events. The midway includes a 44,660 sq ft covered, enclosed practice arena. Also included is dedicated parking and restrooms
Ford Pavilion, an outdoor amphitheater, seats 14,000 people. The pavilion includes 2 star dressing rooms, 2 supporting act dressing rooms, 3 production offices, 7 loading bays, a catering/crew room, parking, restrooms, and concessions.
There is also an RV park on the site, the Gulf Coast RV Resort. In addition, there are eight meeting rooms and a regional visitors center.
See also
Beaumont Civic Center
Fair Park Coliseum
Ford Arena
List of contemporary amphitheatres
Montagne Center
References
External links
Official website
Convention centers in Texas
Indoor arenas in Texas
Indoor ice hockey venues in the United States
Arena football venues
Sports venues in Beaumont, Texas
Tourist attractions in Beaumont, Texas
Softball
2003 establishments in Texas
Sports venues completed in 2003
Fairgrounds in the United States |
60578061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi%20Arabia%20national%20football%20team%20results%20%282000%E2%80%932009%29 | Saudi Arabia national football team results (2000–2009) | This is a list of official football games played by Saudi Arabia national football team between 2000 and 2009.
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Statistics
Results by year
As of 2009
Opponents
Notes
References
External links
Saudi Arabia. National football team
2000
2000s in Saudi Arabian sport |
68430750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%20J.%20Weathers | Luke J. Weathers | Luke Joseph Weathers, Jr., (December 16, 1920 – October 15, 2011) was a U.S. Army Air Force officer, historic African American air traffic controller and prolific World War II combat fighter pilot with the prodigious 332nd Fighter Group's 302nd Fighter Squadron, best known as the Tuskegee Airmen, "Red Tails," or "Schwartze Vogelmenschen" ("Black Birdmen") among enemy German pilots. Weathers earned a Distinguished Flying Cross for defending and escorting a damaged U.S. Army Air Corps B-24 Liberator bomber against eight Messerschmitt 109s on November 16, 1944, shooting down two Me-109s.
On June 25, 1945, the City of Memphis, Tennessee and 22,000 people honored Weathers with a "Luke Weathers Day" parade on Memphis' famous Beale Street and a key to the city, the first ever parade for an African American in the then-racially segregated Memphis, Tennessee.
In 1960, Weathers became the first ever African American Air Traffic Controller, working at his hometown Memphis International Airport.
Early life
Weathers was born on December 16, 1920, in Grenada, Mississippi. He was the son of Luke Joseph Weathers Sr., a mixed race African American man, and Jessie Weathers, an African American woman. The family later moved to Memphis, Tennessee where both parents worked in a grocery store.
Weathers attended Memphis, Tennessee's Booker T. Washington high school, where he was the star quarterback on its football team. After graduating from high school in 1939, Weathers attended Xavier University in New Orleans, Louisiana from 1939 to 1942. He later transferred to Lane College where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in biology.
At his "Carl J. Weathers Jr." parade in June 1947, Weathers met LaVerne Nailling (November 20, 1925 - February 26, 1999). On July 13, 1947, they married at Memphis's St. Therese-Little Flowers Catholic Church. Their ceremony was photographed by Ernest Withers, one of the most prolific civil rights movement photographers besides Gordon Parks. Weathers and LeVerna had five children. He later transferred to Lane College where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in Biology. They also had 10 grandchildren and eight great-grandchildren.
On February 14, 1995, Weathers married his second wife, Jacqueline Weathers. They remained married until Weathers' passing in 2011.
Military service
After college, Weathers returned home to Memphis where he made a formal appointment to meet with his mother's employer, Memphis's infamous Democratic political boss E.H. Crump (October 2, 1874 – October 16, 1954) ("Boss" Crump), the most dominant political force in Memphis for most of the early 20th century. Weathers wished to discuss with Boss Crump an article Weathers read in an African American newspaper advertising the U.S. Army Air Corps' newly minted aviation cadet training program in Tuskegee, Alabama. Incredulous, Boss Crump immediately called President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt and, frequently referring to Weathers with the pejorative N-Word, sponsored Weathers for the aviation program.
On April 29, 1943, Weathers graduated as a member of the Single Engine Section Cadet Class SE-43-D, receiving his silver wings and commission as a 2nd Lieutenant.
Weathers earned a Distinguished Flying Cross for defending and escorting a damaged B-24 Liberator bomber against eight Messerschmitt 109s on November 16, 1944, shooting down two Me-109s
During one bombing mission, Weathers flew so close to the ground that he almost inadvertently dropped his entire bomb payload on a wedding. He pulled his plane up after noticing a distressing look on the bride's face.
After the end of World War II in Europe, newly promoted to captain, he was posted to Tuskegee where he served as a flight instructor.
For his heroics in World War II, the City of Memphis, Tennessee and 22,000 people on June 25, 1945, honored Weathers with a key to the city, a "Luke J. Weathers Day" parade and official dance on Memphis' famous Beale Street and a key to the city, an honor never previously given to an African American in Memphis. Guests included Weathers' parents, Jessie Weathers and Luke Weathers Sr., and Weathers' uncle William.
On VE Day on August 18, 1945, Weathers introduced Colonel (and later General) Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., Weathers' former commanding officer, during a special ceremony celebrating Japan's unconditional surrender in the Pacific.
Weathers continued to serve in the military as a member of the U.S. Air Force Reserves. In 1985, Weathers retired as a Lt. Colonel after 23 years in the military.
Unit Assignments
1944–1945, 332nd Fighter Group
Combat and Non-Combat Operations
1942–1945, World War II
1944–1944, WWII - European Theater of Operations/Anzio Campaign (1944)
1945–1945, WWII - European Theater of Operations/North Apennines Campaign (1944–45)
Honors
Pinnacle Airlines named its 100th completed aircraft, "The Spirit of Beale Street", in honor of Weathers and the city of Memphis.
In 2004, The Pentagon unveiled a portrait of Weathers escorting the damaged U.S. Army Air Corps B-24 Liberator bomber to safety during World War II.
In 2007, Weathers and the collective Tuskegee Airmen were awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.
Post-Military Career, Historic Air Traffic Controller Career
After leaving the military, Weathers worked for the Philip Morris International and the Royal Crown Company. He later transferred to Lane College where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in biology. In the 1960s, Weathers joined the Federal Aviation Administration, becoming the first African American air traffic controller, working at his hometown Memphis, Tennessee airport in 1965. Weathers also worked as an air traffic controller in Anchorage, Alaska, Galena, Alaska, Nashville, Tennessee, Atlanta, Georgia and Washington, D.C.
He also owned a coin-operated laundry, a flight school, and a vocational rehabilitation program for veterans.
Death, George Lucas' Red Tails
On October 15, 2011, Weathers died of pneumonia in Tucson, Arizona. He was 90 years old. He was 90 years old. His funeral was held at Memphis's St. Therese-Little Flower, the church he and his first wife LaVerne integrated in 1963.
On January 20, 2012, Weathers was interred at Arlington National Cemetery, Plot Section 64 Site 64–2. The Tuskegee Airmen-themed film, Red Tails, opened in theaters nationwide the same day Weathers was interred.
See also
Executive Order 9981
List of Tuskegee Airmen
List of Tuskegee Airmen Cadet Pilot Graduation Classes
Military history of African Americans
References
External links
Arlington National Cemetery
1920 births
2011 deaths
Tuskegee Airmen
United States Army Air Forces officers
Military personnel from Tuskegee, Alabama
African-American aviators
Military personnel from Mississippi
Military personnel from Tennessee
Military personnel from Arizona
21st-century African-American people |
49514451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo%20Aldesa | Grupo Aldesa | Grupo Aldesa is a Costa Rican financial services consulting firm. It founded the a brokerage house, Aldesa Brokerage House, and was a founding firm of the Costa Rican national stock exchange. It also created the first investment fund in Costa Rica in 1988.
History
The company was founded in 1968.
In 1976, Grupo Aldesa created the Aldesa Brokerage House ("Aldesa Puesto de Bolsa" name in Spanish) and was a founding firm of the Costa Rican national stock exchange ("Bolsa Nacional de Valores"). In 1988, Aldesa created the first investment fund in Costa Rica under the company name "Aldesa Sociedad de Fondos de Inversión S.A." through which Aldesa now operates a family of investment funds. Aldesa is owned by the holding "Aldesa Corporación de Inversiones"
Aldesa began offering Internet access to investment clients' financial information in mid-1999, making it the second Costa Rican investment firm to offer internet-based services.
Aldesa is a registered financial services firm in Costa Rica by the regulatory body SUGEVAL (Superintendencia General de Valores) and is listed as "Grupo Bursátil Aldesa S.A." Aldesa was authorized in September 1999.
References
Companies of Costa Rica
Investment banks
Brokerage firms |
32655989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spassky%20District%2C%20Nizhny%20Novgorod%20Oblast | Spassky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast | Spassky District () is an administrative district (raion), one of the forty in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Spassky Municipal District. It is located in the east of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Spasskoye. Population: 10,998 (2010 Census); The population of Spasskoye accounts for 35.9% of the district's total population.
History
The district was established in 1929.
References
Notes
Sources
Districts of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
States and territories established in 1929
|
11289607 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraburkholderia%20graminis | Paraburkholderia graminis | Paraburkholderia graminis is a species of proteobacteria isolated from agricultural soils in France and Australia.
Notes
graminis
Bacteria described in 1998 |
25766993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puccio%20Pucci%20%28politician%29 | Puccio Pucci (politician) | Puccio Pucci (Florence, 1 September 1389 – 7 May 1449) was a Florentine politician and the founder of the main branch of the Pucci family.
1389 births
1449 deaths
Puccio |
60938548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20Bay%20Historic%20District | Dennis Bay Historic District | Dennis Bay Historic District is a historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. It is located northeast of Cruz Bay off North Shore Rd., in Virgin Islands National Park. The plantation was claimed and cleared by 1728 to operate as a sugar cane plantation.
References
National Register of Historic Places in Virgin Islands National Park
Buildings and structures completed in 1728 |
56688836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma%20V.%20Kelley | Emma V. Kelley | Emma V. Kelley (February 8, 1867 – December 14, 1932) was an American educator and community organizer. She founded a women's organization, the Grand Temple of Daughter Elks.
Early life
Kelley was born as Emma Virginia Lee in Barrett's Neck, Nansemond County, Virginia, the daughter of John Lee and Agnes Walker Lee. She trained as a teacher at Hampton Normal Institute.
Career
Emma Kelley taught as a young woman, before she married. In widowhood, she moved to Norfolk, Virginia, where she founded the "Daughters of the Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World", the first women's auxiliary to the Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World (IBPOEW), a black fraternal organization, in 1903. The organization was affiliated with the National Council of Negro Women. She wrote a short history of the organization, published posthumously in 1943.
Personal life
Emma V. Lee married Robert Kelley in 1893. They had a daughter, Buena Vista Kelley. Emma V. Kelley was widowed in 1900. She died in 1932, aged 65 years. Her grave in Calvary Cemetery in Norfolk is included on historical tours of the cemetery. The Daughters of Elks national organization presents an annual Emma V. Kelley Achievement Award, named in her memory.
References
External links
Letter from W. E. B. Du Bois to Emma V. Kelley (December 27, 1926), W. E. B. DuBois Papers, University of Massachusetts Amherst Special Collections and University Archives.
1867 births
1932 deaths
People from Suffolk, Virginia
People from Norfolk, Virginia |
13503947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch%20McColl | Mitch McColl | Mitchell McColl is a fictional character from the Australian Channel Seven soap opera Home and Away, originally played by Cameron Welsh. He debuted on-screen during the episode airing on 15 July 1999. Welsh thought that the role of Mitch would be a guest part, but producers soon signed him onto a three-year contract. Welsh was diagnosed with an herniated disc and took a break from filming in 2000. Mitchell McMahon took over the role temporarily when producers decided that Mitch needed to remain part of a "big storyline". Welsh decided to leave Home and Away in November 2000 and Mitch departed on 9 March 2001. Welsh reprised the role in 2005 for the serial's 4000th episode. Mitch has been described as a "bad boy with a heart of gold" and likes to help people out. He is also "emotionally scarred and guarded" due to his upbringing.
Character development
Actor Cameron Welsh auditioned for a part in Home and Away with the predicate that it would only be a guest role. Welsh was originally signed a three-year contract to appear in Home and Away. He began filming in May 1999 and his character Mitch debuted on-screen during the episode airing on 15 July. Welsh said that he viewed it as a "great opportunity" to learn the "technical aspect of acting".
Mitch was initially described as a "motherless 16-year-old bad boy with a heart of gold" and "emotionally scarred and guarded". Welsh was given a "very clear starting point" with Mitch and he knew that he would develop well in the years that followed. Welsh said that playing Mitch was "weird" because he had to get into the mindset of a sixteen-year-old. Welsh looked older than his character, he said it worked well for Mitch because "he's seen a lot for his age, he's had a turbulent childhood, so it's okay to play him a lot wiser than the average kid." Welsh later described Mitch as always being "a good guy with an interest in helping people out". Welsh enjoyed playing the guitar, so producers decided to incorporate this into Mitch's character. Prior to Mitch's arrival media sources it was reported that he would become attracted to the character of Hayley Smith (Bec Cartwright). Welsh said that because Mitch is a romantic "he was in town for all of five seconds before he caught a glimpse of Hayley." He opined that the two characters shared chemistry and said that viewers could expect "a few more sparks" between them.
In 2000, Welsh was diagnosed with a herniated disc in his back and was ordered to take bed rest. Producers granted Welsh a six-week break but decided to hire Mitchell McMahon to play Mitch in his absence. Welsh said it felt "weird" seeing another actor playing Mitch but as he was involved in a "big storyline" at the time, producers were left with no other option. Welsh said that McMahon looked different to him and had a different way of playing Mitch and said "it will be interesting to see how viewers react". After his return, Welsh's scenes as Mitch started airing once again from 3 April 2000.
Mitch was often used in "romantic" scenes and characterised as "a nice guy". Welsh said "I guess it's not the worst thing in the world to get down pat." In 2001 Welsh left Home and Away, Mitch's exit storyline was not dramatic as he left to visit his ill grandmother in New Zealand.
In 2005, Welsh filmed a cameo for the serial's 4000th episode, which saw Mitch return for Alf Stewart's (Ray Meagher) birthday. Welsh later became Home and Away's producer. He said that playing Mitch helped give him a better understanding when it came to producing the serial.
Storylines
Mitch arrives in Summer Bay and hides out on Travis Nash's (Nic Testoni) boat. It is soon revealed that Mitch is a runaway who fled home after his stepfather, Rod Branson (Russell Newman) blamed him for causing his mother's death by accidentally hitting her in the chest with a cricket ball. Mitch is then fostered by Alf and Ailsa Stewart (Judy Nunn) and quickly becomes a big brother figure to their son, Duncan (Brendan McKensy). Mitch is accepted into the local high school and makes friends with Hayley, Will (Zac Drayson), Gypsy Nash (Kimberley Cooper), Peta Janossi (Aleetza Wood) and Edward Dunglass (Stephen James King).
Mitch is attracted to Hayley and she is attracted to him but she is dating Sam Marshall (Ryan Clark). Mitch dates Gypsy instead and sleeps with her. After Hayley and Sam break up, Mitch gets together with Hayley but they briefly separate when she learns that he lied about Gypsy. They reconcile when Mitch confronts Hayley's employer Brian Rogers (Gerry Tacovsky) sets about making inappropriate advances towards her.
One morning, Mitch finds the body of Sarah McKay, a teenage girl who had run away and drowned while sleeping in a storm drain. After realising he could have easily suffered the same fate as Sarah, Mitch is compelled to set up a Drop-in Centre. His idea comes to fruition after his friends and the local adults battle the council for permission and name the centre after Sarah, whose [parents attend the grand opening. When the centre is up and running, Mitch feels a little annoyed when the newly arrived Shelley Sutherland (Paula Forrest) and Gypsy begin running the centre but eventually relents. Brodie Hanson (Susie Rugg) begins staying at the centre after fleeing her abusive mother, Jan (Genevieve Sulway) and Mitch forms a close friendship with her. Hayley is annoyed when she finds Mitch is dating Brodie, as she hoped to reconcile with him as they had broken up after her father Ken (Anthony Phelan) died.
After Mitch wins a charity talent contest with a self-composed musical number, he is approached by Morrie Sanders (Peter Brownie), who reveals he is his uncle and explains that Mitch's grandfather had thrown Vicky out of home when he learned she was going to marry Mitch's father. Morrie tells Mitch that his grandmother, Morrie and Vicky's mother is dying and wants to see him before she dies and Mitch agrees to go to New Zealand with Morrie. When Mitch returns to the Bay, he feels he has changed and his relationship with Alf in the wake of Ailsa's death sours. He then moves in with Gypsy and Vinnie Patterson (Ryan Kwanten). Mitch then decides to leave for New Zealand permanently and before leaving reconciles with Alf and shares an emotional farewell with Brodie. Four years later, Mitch returns to Summer Bay briefly in 2005 for Alf's 60th birthday party.
Reception
For his portrayal of Mitch, Welsh was nominated for the "Best New Male Talent" Logie Award in 2000. James Joyce of The Newcastle Herald said that Mitch made a big impact in his first episode on-screen. He later opined that Mitch and Hayley's first kiss was "long-awaited" and had that the pair had "lustful eyes" for one another. When they face "frustration" after the kiss, he added that fans "crave this sort of teasing". A columnist for the Daily Record chose Mitch's exit as one of their TV highlights of the week.
References
External links
Character profile at the Official Home and Away website
Character profile at the Internet Movie Database
Home and Away characters
Television characters introduced in 1999
Male characters in television |
52885873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colphepeira | Colphepeira | Colphepeira is a genus of North American orb-weaver spiders containing the single species, Colphepeira catawba. It was first described by Allan Frost Archer in 1941, and has only been found in United States and Mexico.
References
Araneidae
Monotypic Araneomorphae genera
Spiders of Mexico
Spiders of the United States |
44797545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdija%20Kre%C5%A1evljakovi%C4%87 | Hamdija Kreševljaković | Hamdija Kreševljaković (18 September 1888 – 9 May 1959) was a Bosniak historian.
Biography
Kreševljaković was born in Vratnik, a neighborhood in Sarajevo's Old Town. His father Mehmed (died 1929) was the son of Ibrahim Kreševljaković.
He completed schooling 1 August 1912. Three primary schools in Sarajevo, Kakanj and Gradačac carry his name.
Descendants
Kreševljaković's son Muhamed (1939–2001) served as the Mayor of Sarajevo from 1990 until 1994, during most of the Bosnian War. Muhamed's son, Nihad Kreševljaković, is a historian and the director of the Sarajevo War Theatre. Muhamed's son, Sead Kreševljaković, is a film-doc producer at Al Jazeera Balkans and the Consul General of the Republic of San Marino in Sarajevo.
Bibliography
Sarajevo za vrijeme austrougarske uprave (Sarajevo in the time of Austro-Hungarian administration, 1946)
Vodovodi i gradnje na vodi
References
1888 births
1959 deaths
Writers from Sarajevo
Bosniaks of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina Muslims
Bosniak writers
Bosnia and Herzegovina essayists
Bosnia and Herzegovina historians
20th-century historians
Members of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts |
15930642 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arconsat | Arconsat | Arconsat (; ) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France. It also qualifies itself as "World home of the Saucisse de choux d'Arconsat".
Population
See also
Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department
References
External links
Official site
Communes of Puy-de-Dôme |
22604568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosaur%20size | Pterosaur size | Pterosaurs included the largest flying animals ever to have lived. They are a clade of prehistoric archosaurian reptiles closely related to dinosaurs. Species among pterosaurs occupied several types of environments, which ranged from aquatic to forested. Below is a list that comprises the largest pterosaurs known .
The smallest known pterosaur is Nemicolopterus with a wingspan of about . The specimen found may be a juvenile or a subadult, however, and adults may have been larger.
Pterosaurs with largest wingspan
This is a list of pterosaurs with estimated maximum wingspan of more than 5 meters (16 feet):
Arambourgiania philadelphiae
Hatzegopteryx thambema
Quetzalcoatlus northopi
Cryodrakon boreas
Undescribed specimen from Mongolia
Undescribed specimen UNCUYO-LD 350
Tropeognathus mesembrinus
Geosternbergia maysei
Coloborhynchus capito
Moganopterus zhuiana
Thapunngaka shawi
Pteranodon longiceps
Tupuxuara longicristatus
Santanadactylus araripensis
Cearadactylus atrox
Caulkicephalus trimicrodon
Istiodactylus latidens
Lacusovagus magnificens
Liaoningopterus gui
Phosphatodraco mauritanicus
Anhanguera sp.
Speculation about pterosaur size and flight
Some species of pterosaurs grew to very large sizes and this has implications for their capacity for flight. Many pterosaurs were small but the largest had wingspans which exceeded . The largest of these are estimated to have weighed . For comparison, the wandering albatross has the largest wingspan of living birds at up to but usually weighs less than . This indicates that the largest pterosaurs may have had higher wing loadings than modern birds (depending on wing profile) and this has implications for the manner in which pterosaur flight might differ from that of modern birds.
Factors such as the warmer climate of the Mesozoic or higher levels of atmospheric oxygen have been proposed but it is now generally agreed that even the largest pterosaurs could have flown in today's skies. Partly, this is due to the presence of air sacs in their wing membranes, and that pterosaurs launched into flight using their front limbs in a quadrupedal stance similar to that of modern bats, a method faster and less energy taxing than the bipedal launching of modern birds.
See also
Dinosaur size
List of pterosaur genera
Timeline of pterosaur research
References
External links
Czech article on DinosaurusBlog
Pterosaurs
Animal size |
25759909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63rd%20parallel | 63rd parallel | 63rd parallel may refer to:
63rd parallel north, a circle of latitude in the Northern Hemisphere
63rd parallel south, a circle of latitude in the Southern Hemisphere |
35255323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushkak%2C%20Qazvin | Kushkak, Qazvin | Kushkak (, also Romanized as Kūshkak) is a village in Ilat-e Qaqazan-e Sharqi Rural District, Kuhin District, Qazvin County, Qazvin Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 417, in 89 families.
References
Populated places in Qazvin County |
19231122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odda%20Nyhetsblad | Odda Nyhetsblad | Odda Nyhetsblad was a Norwegian newspaper, published in Odda in Hordaland county.
Odda Nyhetsblad was started in 1925 by Andreas Bjelland, who was the newspaper's only chief editor; he had formerly published the newspaper Sandheden from 1909 to 1910. Odda Nyhetsblad was closed in 1940, returned in 1945 but went defunct in 1946.
References
1925 establishments in Norway
1946 disestablishments in Norway
Defunct newspapers published in Norway
Mass media in Hordaland
Norwegian-language newspapers
Odda
Publications established in 1925
Publications disestablished in 1940
Newspapers established in 1945
Publications disestablished in 1946 |
18598441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20New%20York%20Times%20Nonfiction%20Best%20Sellers%20of%202000 | The New York Times Nonfiction Best Sellers of 2000 | This is a list of adult nonfiction books that topped The New York Times Nonfiction Best Seller list in 2000.
See also
The New York Times Fiction Best Sellers of 2000
References
2000
2000 in the United States |
38993861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Creative%20Behavior | Journal of Creative Behavior | The Journal of Creative Behavior is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Creative Education Foundation. The journal was established in 1967. Its current editor-in-chief is Maciej Karwowski (University of Wroclaw). The journal focuses on creativity and problem solving, including ways to foster creative productivity, giftedness, management of creative personnel, testing, creativity in business and industry, development of creative curricula, and creativity in the arts and the sciences.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 1.853, ranking it 19 out of 58 journals in the category "Psychology Educational".
References
External links
Wiley-Blackwell academic journals
English-language journals
Publications established in 1967
Psychology of creativity journals |
52337555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda%20Webb | Brenda Webb | Brenda Webb is an indigenous Australian singer and actress. Her debut single "Little Black Girl" was nominated for an ARIA Award in 1994 for Best Independent Release.
"Little Black Girl" was released in 1993 and received radio airplay all over the country. Another song "Melting Pot" (a cover a Blue Mink song) was used by NSW Aboriginal Land Council for an anti-racism campaign.
"Little Black Girl" was originally credited as being written by Webb and Wendy May Dempster but was actually written primarily by Dempster and Christopher Lloyd Bowen who took legal action soon after the song's release. The issue was settled in 1996 and Webb publicly acknowledged that she was not the main writer.
Webb was pursuing an acting career before her music become successful. She appeared in some educational videos for Film Australia and a few plays. She also made an appearance in A Country Practice. Webb played teacher Sally Pritchard in television soap opera Neighbours for six weeks in 1994.
Discography
"Little Black Girl" (1993) – Republic
"Melting Pot" (1994) – Republic
References
External links
Australian women singers
Indigenous Australian musicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
55956622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%20Giro%20di%20Lombardia | 2001 Giro di Lombardia | The 2001 Giro di Lombardia was the 95th edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 20 October 2001. The race started in Varese and finished in Bergamo. The race was won by Danilo Di Luca of the Cantina Tollo team.
General classification
References
2001
2001 in road cycling
2001 in Italian sport
2001 UCI Road World Cup
October 2001 sports events in Europe |
20988632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisk%C3%B3w-Rzg%C3%B3w | Lisków-Rzgów | Lisków-Rzgów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lisków, within Kalisz County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.
References
Villages in Kalisz County |
32560722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil%20Chandra%20Tirkey | Sunil Chandra Tirkey | Sunil Chandra Tirkey is an Indian politician and was the Minister of State for Consumer Affairs in the Government of West Bengal. He is also an MLA, elected from the Phansidewa constituency in the 2011 West Bengal state assembly election.
He resigned from the ministry when Congress withdrew its support to the Mamata Banerjee government in September 2012.
References
State cabinet ministers of West Bengal
Indian National Congress politicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021 |
21043136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigouden | Bigouden | Bigouden (Breton: Bro-Vigoudenn; French: Pays Bigouden), historically known as Cap Caval, is, along the Bay of Audierne, the most south-western area of Bro Kernev in Brittany, south-west of Quimper, defined since 1790 in the French department of Finistère. The designation was an informal label taken from the name of the distinctive headdress traditionally worn by the local women. By the end of the 19th century, the name then slipped to designate the women of the area, then to describe all its inhabitants. It has since been formalised within the administration and promotion of the region.
Geography
This traditional area constitutes since French revolution a grouping of three cantons: Guilvinec, Pont-l'Abbé and Plogastel-Saint-Germain. Its capital is Pont-l'Abbé. The Bigouden is currently divided into two communities of communes: Communauté de communes du Pays Bigouden Sud and Communauté de communes du Haut Pays Bigouden. Some recent debates put forward the question of joining these two entities.
Cultural distinctiveness
The distinctive customs and costumes of the area have attracted artists and ethnologists since the late eighteenth century, leading to some idiosyncratic theories such as the claim that the locals descended from pre-Celtic aboriginal inhabitants of Brittany or that "physiognomic similarities" to Mongolians indicate descent from an ancient Asian race.
During the nineteenth century local costumes became increasingly elaborate and colourful. Especially famous was the tall lace bonnet worn by the women, which covered only the top of the skull and extended to a triangle of fabric mounted on a base. These were embroidered with patterns of flowers. Mrs Bury Pallister, writing in 1869, described it as follows,
By around 1900 this had evolved into a tall sugarloaf shape. In the early twentieth century the cap became even taller, reaching fifteen to twenty centimeters in the late 1920s and even taller just after the Second World War. Until 2000, the cap has hovered between 30 and 35 centimeters in height by 12-14 centimeters wide at the base. René Quillivic's statue La Bigoudène at Pors-Poulhan depicts a woman wearing the headdress. It marks the border between Pays Bigouden and Cap Sizun. Pêr-Jakez Helias, a major Breton writer of the 20th century, was from the Bigouden.
Flag
A flag of the Bigouden was created in 1992 as part of the local promotion of the area. It was designed by Bernard Le Brun at the request of the Association de Promotion du Pays bigouden. It comprises three parts. The left includes heraldic ermines, representing the twenty Bigoudène communes (formerly 22). The golden colour represents the art of gold embroidery, which once dominated the region. The three orange stripes on the right recall the three cantons of the area.
Notes
Geography of Brittany
Geography of Finistère |
52312451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwesta%20Ewa | Schwesta Ewa | (formerly Ewa Müller; born 16 July 1984), known under her stage name Schwesta Ewa, is a Polish rapper in the German music scene.
Ewa's family was stranded in Germany while en route to the United States when she was a child. She rose to fame in Frankfurt, where she originally moved in order to work as a prostitute. While working, she met the rapper Xatar, who signed her to his record label, and her first album, , reached number 11 on the German album chart.
On 16 November 2016, Ewa was arrested and charged with the sex trafficking and forced prostitution of five of her fans, some of whom were underage.
Early life
was born 16 July 1984 in Koszalin, Poland to a Polish-Jewish and Moslem family. Her father was arrested and imprisoned on the charge of murder while Ewa's mother was pregnant, and so spent the first three years of her life in hiding – her mother feared that the family of the victim would attack her in revenge.
When was 3 years old, her mother left Poland and headed for West Berlin, with the aim of seeking asylum in the United States. Her mother was approved for a Green Card but was then convicted of theft. The Green Card was withdrawn, leaving the family stranded in Germany. grew up in a refugee home, and later a women's shelter, in Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, at the time in West Germany. Her mother married a German man, and took her stepfather's surname, Müller. has two brothers born in Germany, who know that she worked as a prostitute. 's mother does not know about her career, and she is no longer in contact with her father.
At the age of 16, Ewa began working as a bartender at a bar in Kiel's red light district, while studying at a (the middle rank of high school in the German school system) to become an occupational therapist, but failed her final exam, which subsequently attributed to smoking cannabis.
began sex work at the brothel in the back of the bar. She then moved to Bonn, and then on to Frankfurt's red light district. Her alias there was "", for which she adopted a false Polish accent. There, she was able to earn €20,000–30,000 a month as a prostitute, but also became addicted to crack cocaine. Suffering under its effects, her looks deteriorated and her earnings began to decrease, until she was forced to give up cold turkey.
Music career
Her breakthrough came at a party in Bonn, where she met the rapper and record label boss Xatar. Xatar was impressed by her voice and became her friend. He later signed her and became her mentor, sending her to London to practice her rapping.
In December 2009, Xatar and seven accomplices robbed €1.7 million of gold from a transporter lorry. Xatar fled to Iraq, where he was caught and arrested in February 2010. Xatar's flight and subsequent arrest impacted 's career – she found herself "twiddling her thumbs", unable to share her tracks with him. However, she also decided that she would not go back to prostitution – her promotion as a rapper meant that she was now famous, and she was worried about returning to drugs. She has described rap as a form of music therapy, helping her work through her past.
With Xatar running his record label from prison, eventually managed to appear on the song "Beifall" from Xatar's album 415 and on "Frauen" on Hinterhofjargon by . Her first mixtape, ("Reality") was released on 5 October 2012. No tracks from Realität charted, but her first music video, ("Small Talker") received over six million views on YouTube. After the release of the video in 2011, Ewa gave up prostitution to become a full-time artist.
Her debut album, (from the Polish , both a slang term for "whore" and a general-purpose expletive; formerly ("Dr. Deflowering", with "Dr" also standing for )) was released in January 2015 and reached number 11 in the German album charts.
Lyrical content
Many of 's songs cover scenes from her life as a prostitute, and she describes herself as a storytelling rapper; topics include being attacked by johns, and being forced to watch the rape of a friend.
has described herself as uncomfortable on stage and sometimes suffers stage fright. She therefore prefers to rap straight through, without banter or comic routines. However, she is accompanied on tour by strip dancers who perform as she sings.
Bar and arrest
Alongside her rap career, opened a bar in Central Frankfurt, . The bar was raided by police on suspicion that it was an illegal brothel, prompting an angry response from Ewa who wrote on Facebook "This is a bar, not a brothel! [...] I will open a legal brothel in two months. It will pay taxes etc. Don't worry!"
At 8:30 AM on 16 November 2016, Ewa was arrested by a SEK police tactical unit in , a district of Arnsberg, North Rhine-Westphalia where she was recording her new album. She was detained at on charges of human trafficking for sexual exploitation, pimping, bodily harm, and offenses against the German tax code. had been under investigation by the organised crime department of Frankfurt Police for several months, and was alleged to have brought young female fans, between the ages of 17 and 19, to a hotel room and offered to lend them money for costs such as rent, clothing, cosmetics and petrol, then forced them into prostitution to repay this debt. Following the arrest, Ewa's record label released a statement that her surname had been changed to Malanda. On 20 June 2017, Malanda was found guilty of 35 counts of bodily harm, tax violations and the abuse of minors, and was sentenced to 2 years and 6 months. She was cleared of pimping and human trafficking, on the grounds that the girls had become prostitutes of their own free will. Malanda's appeals to the Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof) were rejected.
In February 2021, Malanda announced via Instagram that she had been released from prison early for good behavior, having served two-thirds of her sentence. She said that her three-year-old daughter, Aaliyah Jeyla Malanda, had suffered trauma due to being away from her mother.
Discography
Albums
Mixtapes
2012: (Alles oder Nix Records)
References
External links
Official Website
1984 births
Musicians from Kiel
People from Koszalin
Musicians from Frankfurt
Polish rappers
Polish emigrants to Germany
Living people
Polish sex workers |
2226259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo%20Tamburini | Massimo Tamburini | Massimo Tamburini (November 28, 1943 – April 6, 2014) was an Italian motorcycle designer for Cagiva, Ducati, and MV Agusta, and one of the founders of Bimota. Tamburini's designs are iconic in their field, with one critic calling him the "Michelangelo of motorbike design". His Ducati 916 and MV Agusta F4 were included in the Guggenheim Museum's The Art of the Motorcycle exhibit of 1998–1999.
He lived and worked in San Marino at the Cagiva Research Center (, CRC), a subsidiary of Cagiva now MV Agusta, from which he retired on December 31, 2008.
Early life
Tamburini was born on November 28, 1943, in Rimini, where his family were farmers. Although he aspired to attend university, for financial reasons he instead attended the Istituto Tecnico Industriale di Rimini, a technical school in Rimini. According to his biography published by the City of Rimini, he did not finish his technical education for health reasons, and began working at age 18 on heating ductwork.
Career
Tamburini said, "I have always had a huge passion for motorcycles—my mother used to complain about it when I was a little boy, calling it my obsession! I have never had any desire to design anything else." His exposure to the motorcycle industry began when he attended the world championship race at Monza in 1961. Captivated by the sound of the MV Agusta's four stroke engine ridden by Provini, and entirely self-taught in design, Tamburini eventually devoted his life to the making of motorcycles.
While Tamburini owned a heating business in his home town of Rimini, he was becoming known for his race tuning, improving motorcycles' power and handling, as well as making them lighter. Rimini was a motorcycling enthusiast's town, being near a Benelli motorcycle factory, and the site of many road races following World War II. The MV Agusta 600 four was Tamburini's particular specialty, for which he was known "throughout Italy", according to Mick Walker, who said, "the transformation of what had been an ugly and slow touring bike into a sleek and fast sportster was truly sensational."
Tamburini created his first motorcycle design in 1971, customizing an MV Agusta 750 Sport by welding the frame himself.
In 1973, Tamburini, Valerio Bianchi, and Giuseppe Morri founded Bimota. Previously the three had been designing and fabricating air conditioning ducts. The company name was a portmanteau of the first letters of their last names, Bi, Mo, Ta. Speaking of motorcycles of the future, Tamburini summed up his design philosophy by saying, "The ideal one would be a 750 with the power of a 1000 and the weight of a 500. You don't need a huge amount of power on a road bike, but it's important to have light weight as well." Tamburini criticized the Ducati ST2, saying, "I think the ST2 is an attempt to follow a Japanese concept, and this shouldn't be done by Italians."
After 11 years at Bimota, Tamburini left and for a short time joined Roberto Gallina's 500 cc Grand Prix world championship team. Then, in February 1985, he joined Claudio Castiglioni's Cagiva Group. Cagiva had acquired Ducati that year, and Tamburini worked designing both Ducati and Cagiva brand motorcycles.
In 1985, Bimota was under "controlled administration", or fallimento, similar to US Chapter 11 reorganization and Tamburini had officially left the company, Giuseppe Morri having purchased Tamburini's Bimota stock. Tamburini's successor as chief designer at Bimota was Federico Martini. Even though Tamburini was in his new position as head of Cagiva's design studio, he continued work back at Bimota, in spite of the falling out with his partners that led to his departure, working on the Bimota DB1 prototype, a bike that used the engine of the Ducati Pantah 750, which was to be presented at EICMA, the Milan motorcycle show. Martini was responsible for the engineering of the DB1, Tamburini, as a consultant to Cagiva, handled the styling.
The first Ducati he designed was the Paso 750, a bike that helped move fully enclosing bodywork into the mainstream.
Ducati 916
Tamburini later designed the now classic Ducati 916. South African motorcycle designer Pierre Terblanche and Tamburini were working side by side at the Cagiva Research Center (CRC) on new designs, Tamburini on the 916 and Terblanche on the Ducati Supermono. Terblanche's Supermono, which shared several visual cues with the Tamburini's 916, was shown to the public before the 916, leaving the impression that Tamburini was influenced by Terblanche. In fact, the influence was the other way around, with Terblanche incorporating ideas that Tamburini shared with him in the design studio from his 916 design. Journalist Kevin Ash said that the roots of the 916's styling were found elsewhere, outside Ducati and CRC. Ash said that the timing of the public debut of Honda's advanced oval-piston, 32-valve V4 engine Grand Prix racing bike, the NR750, in August 1991, indicates that NR750 influenced the final shape of the 916, though Tamburini, Terblanche and others at Ducati would not confirm this, Tamburini only saying that he was influenced by "existing designs." Ash said that Tamburini showed a better understanding of visual weight than the NR750's designers, and the 916 design, "moved it forward, personalized, and Ducati-fied it, in particular the blend of sharp edges and sweeping curves, which, like most innovation, broke existing rules."
After Ducati
When the Castiglioni brothers sold Ducati in 1996, Tamburini stayed with Cagiva, where he designed the MV Agusta F4 to great acclaim. While designing the F4 c. 1996, he was diagnosed with prostate cancer; his son Andrea said he wanted to survive the illness long enough to finish the F4 and save MV Agusta. s Brian Catterson spotted Tamburini riding his creation, the F4, in the hills of Tuscany during the 2001 Motorgiro d'Italia. Tamburini retired from Cagiva in December, 2008.
Illness and death
Tamburini was diagnosed with lung cancer in November 2013 and underwent chemotherapy near his residence in San Marino. His health continued to decline, and he died on April 6, 2014 at age 70. Around 500 people attended his funeral in Rimini on April 9, including the mayor in his official capacity.
Motorcycle designs
Bimota Tesi 1D
Bimota KB2
Ducati Paso
Ducati 916
Ducati 748
Ducati 996
Ducati 998
Cagiva Aletta Oro
Cagiva Freccia
Cagiva Mito
Moto Morini Dart
F4 750 Serie Oro
F4 750 S
F4 750 Senna
F4 750
F4 750
F4 750 750 SPR and SR
F4 1000
F4 AGO
F4 Tamburini
F4 Senna
F4 Veltro
F4 750 R 312
F4 750 CC
MV Agusta Brutale
Tamburini Corse T12 Massimo (Released posthumously) project realized by his son Andrea Tamburini
Awards
Tamburini was awarded the Sigismondo d'Oro'' in 2012, the highest award of the city of Rimini.
References
Sources
External links
The Man behind the MV Agusta F4 ... and the Ducati 916
Italian motorcycle designers
Ducati designers
1943 births
2014 deaths
Bimota
People from Rimini
MV Agusta |
22068654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Ryan%20%28surgeon%29 | Frank Ryan (surgeon) | Francis Harry "Frank" Ryan (May 21, 1960 – August 16, 2010) was an American plastic surgeon. He was known for performing multiple plastic surgery procedures on celebrities, including Heidi Montag, Gene Simmons, Shannon Tweed, Shauna Sand, Vince Neil, Adrianne Curry, Janice Dickinson and many others. He was also the founder of the non-profit foundation, The Bony Pony Ranch.
Background
Ryan was born in Toledo, Ohio, the son of Mary Kate Ryan (née Manion), a registered nurse, and Frank Harry Ryan, a bookkeeper, who died when his son was three years old. Ryan attended St. Francis de Sales High School, graduating in 1978.
From 1978 to 1982 he attended the University of Michigan. From 1982 to 1986 he attended Ohio State University's College of Medicine. He was board certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery. He went on to complete eight years of post-graduate surgical training at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, the University of Missouri and UCLA Medical Center. Ryan also participated in numerous fellowships, the first of which was a burn reconstruction fellowship at Shriners Hospital for Children.
In 1986, Ryan moved to Los Angeles. In 1990, he completed a UCLA Division of Plastic Surgery Research Fellowship that focused exclusively on breast augmentation. While at the UCLA Medical Center, Ryan was chosen for and completed the UCLA Division of Plastic Surgery’s Aesthetic Fellowship.
In 1994, Ryan entered private practice in Beverly Hills. The following year, he performed one of the first plastic surgery "makeovers" on television, on TLC's The Operation. He founded The Bony Pony Ranch, a site in Malibu which catered to inner city children and provided them an outdoor experience.
Death
On August 16, 2010, at about 4:30 p.m., Ryan drove his 1995 Jeep Wrangler off a cliff on Pacific Coast Highway in Malibu, California. The Jeep landed on rocks below and lifeguards initially tried to help him. Ryan was trapped in the vehicle and had major head injuries. His dog Jill was thrown out of the vehicle, but survived with some minor injuries, including damaged paws. The Ventura County Fire Department tried hoisting Ryan using a helicopter, but the attempt was called off when he was pronounced dead at the scene. Ryan had just posted a picture of his dog, and tweeted, "Border collie Jill surveying the view from atop the sand dune".
On October 21, 2010 the California Highway Patrol determined that an unsafe turn was the official cause of the car crash that killed Ryan.
References
External links
IMDb profile
final tweet, on twitpic
Dog-Tweeting Not to Blame in Celeb Plastic Surgeon's Deadly Car Crash
1960 births
2010 deaths
American plastic surgeons
People from Toledo, Ohio
University of Michigan alumni
Ohio State University College of Medicine alumni |
56419777 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strotarchus%20piscatorius | Strotarchus piscatorius | Strotarchus piscatorius is a species of true spiders in the family Cheiracanthiidae. It is found in the USA and Mexico.
References
Bradley, Richard A. (2012). Common Spiders of North America. University of California Press.
Ubick, Darrell (2005). Spiders of North America: An Identification Manual. American Arachnological Society.
External links
NCBI Taxonomy Browser, Strotarchus piscatorius
Cheiracanthiidae
Spiders described in 1847 |
55126168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%20%C3%87abej | Nelson Çabej | Nelson R. Çabej (born November 17, 1939, in Gjirokastër, Albania) is a biologist and author.
Education
He obtained his B.A. in veterinary science in 1961, followed by B.A. in chemistry in 1976, and finally completed his doctorate degree (PhD) in biology in 1986.
Career
He worked as a veterinarian (1961–66 and 1975–1980), as immunologist (1970–1975), book editor (1980–1990) and biology lecturer (1985–1995). He lives in New Jersey with his family.
His multifaceted scientific research includes widely different research areas, extending from applied biology (epizootology), experimental molecular biology and immunology, genetics, evolution theory, development and epigenetics to the history, history of science, linguistics, philosophy, journalism, and translation.
Over the years, Çabej has penned over 100 articles and published 20 books in Albanian and English. Primarily, investigative contributions are in the evolutionary biology with emphasis in the role of epigenetics through the nervous system in the evolution of the animal. The theory, which is positively valued in peer reviewed journals, is presented in four publications, “The Epigenetic Principles of Evolution” (2012) and “Building the most Complex Structure on Earth” (2013).
Selected articles
- in the controversial and non-peer reviewed Medical Hypotheses}}
Selected books
(coauthored with B. Shehu)
Selected science translations
Darwin, C. (1859) The Origin of Species. Translated from the English original (1859) publication into Albanian.
Mendel, G. (1865). Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden. Translated from the German original, with an introduction for the Albanian readership
Autochthonie der Albaner in der deurschen Forschung. A compilation of selected pieces from 12 German historians and linguists of the last three centuries about the autochthony and the Illyrian origins of Albanians. Translated from German. With an introduction for the Albanian readership.
References
Albanian veterinarians
Albanian male writers
1939 births
Living people
Albanian science writers
20th-century Albanian writers
21st-century Albanian writers
20th-century male writers |
17040789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst%20%28disambiguation%29 | Karst (disambiguation) | Karst usually refers to Karst topography, a landscape shaped by the dissolution of layers of soluble bedrock.
Karst may also refer to the following:
Karst (surname)
Karst Plateau (), a limestone plateau region in Italy and Slovenia
22868 Karst, an asteroid
KARST (Kilometer-square Area Radio Synthesis Telescope), Chinese telescope
Karst, a character in Nintendo's Golden Sun video game series
Karst Trail, a footpath in Germany
See also
Slovak Karst, a mountain range in Slovakia
Kaarst, Germany |
6878953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Airlines%20Flight%20967 | National Airlines Flight 967 | National Airlines Flight 967, registration was a Douglas DC-7B aircraft that disappeared over the Gulf of Mexico en route from Tampa, Florida to New Orleans, Louisiana on November 16, 1959. All 42 on board were presumed killed in the incident.
Details of accident
The flight originated in Miami at 10:22 PM the previous evening, landed at Tampa at 11:00 PM, and departed for New Orleans at 11:22 PM. The last radio contact with the flight was at 12:44 AM, when the flight contacted company radio in New Orleans. Radar operators at a military station at Houma, Louisiana, picked up the flight at 12:46 AM. Flight 967 was an interchange flight between three carriers; through plane service from Miami to Los Angeles. National Airlines operated the first two legs between Miami and Tampa, and Tampa and New Orleans. Delta Air Lines was scheduled to operate the flight between New Orleans, and its next stop, Dallas, TX, where American Airlines was to take over and operate the same aircraft from Dallas nonstop to Los Angeles. Interchange flights like this were fairly common before the CAB awarded more direct routes beginning with the Southeast to West Coast case in 1961. The aircraft being used this particular day was a Delta Air Lines DC-7B.
Capt. Frank E. Todd of Miami, the pilot, radioed his last message at 12:44 a.m. He reported a "smooth flight" and unlimited visibility, but said he could see a solid overcast of fog ahead. He was cleared by the New Orleans Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC - ZNO) located in the terminal building at New Orleans Lakefront Airport to descend to and maintain 5,000 feet and to report leaving 8,000 feet. This air traffic control instruction/clearance was issued through National Airlines' radio station/office at Pensacola, Florida, a normal procedure before making the approach to Moisant International Airport (KMSY) in New Orleans. At that time the control tower at Moisant reported a ceiling of 1,200 feet with three-fourths of a mile visibility, light fog and rain.
It continued on a track of 296 degrees magnetic for a few minutes, then turned right to a heading of approximately 010 degrees and disappeared from the scope at 12:51 AM. At 1:16 AM, company radio attempted to contact Flight 967 to no avail; attempts by FAA en route facilities, New Orleans Approach Control, and air traffic control were unable to raise the flight. Search and rescue aircraft spotted scattered debris and a number of bodies in the vicinity of the last radar return, about 35 miles east of Pilottown, Louisiana; the remains of 10 individuals were eventually located. The main section of the wreckage has never been found despite the efforts of Navy and Coast Guard divers.
According to the Nov. 17, 1959, edition of the New York Times, I. W. Dymond, vice president of operations for the airline, said the weather "was anticipated, but it was not a factor" in the crash. He added that New Orleans had instrument meteorological conditions, and indicated that the crew had planned to use this method on the approach until the plane was below the low ceiling. Lieut. James L. Sigman, executive officer of the Coast Guard station at New Orleans, said the plane might have exploded when it struck the water. The bodies were stripped of clothing and revealed severe burns, he said. He added that the passengers apparently had no warning to don lifebelts, as only one life preserver was found among the debris.
However, the Clearfield, Pennsylvania, Progress speculated in its Nov. 17, 1959, edition that the aircraft may have been brought down by a bomb: "Was there an explosion aboard the National Airlines DC-7B liner that crashed in the Gulf of Mexico Monday with 42 persons aboard? If there was, did it come before or after the crash? Members of the party hunting in the shark-infested waters for bodies believe there was an explosion. But they don't agree on when it occurred. Lt. James L. Sigman, executive officer of the Coast Guard air detachment at New Orleans, said the wreckage was spread over a comparatively small area of two to three miles. This indicated to him that the explosion took place after the plane hit the water. But two Air Force fliers who spent four hours over the scene said because the wreckage was so scattered it seemed to them the plane exploded in the air."
One passenger, William Taylor, had boarded the flight using a ticket issued to Robert Vernon Spears, a convicted criminal working at the time as a naturopath. A hypothesis arose that Spears, who had befriended Taylor in prison, tricked Taylor into boarding the flight with a piece of luggage containing a bomb. When the aircraft was destroyed, authorities would assume that Spears had himself been a victim and his wife would be able to collect on his life insurance. However, Taylor purchased life insurance in his own name at the airport before departure; when his ex-wife applied to collect, the substitution was discovered. Spears disappeared after the accident but was arrested in Phoenix, Arizona with Taylor's car in January, 1960. He was charged with unlawful possession of an automobile but due to lack of evidence was never charged in the alleged bombing of Flight 967. Spears died in Baylor Medical Center, Dallas on May 2, 1969 of coronary thrombosis. There was no evidence of any connection between Spears and the accident.
The Civil Aeronautics Board (predecessor of the NTSB) did not find a probable cause for the accident due to the lack of evidence.
See also
Aviation safety
List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
References
External links
Civil Aeronautics Board Aircraft Accident Report on Flight 967 from the Department of Transport's Special Collections
Accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-7
Airliner accidents and incidents in the United States
Airliner bombings in the United States
Aviation accidents and incidents in the Atlantic Ocean
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1959
Mass murder in 1959
967
Unsolved airliner bombings
Unsolved mass murders in the United States
November 1959 events |
66744235 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Thurman | John Thurman | John Thurman may refer to:
John Thurman (Scouter) (1911–1985), British Scouter
John Thurman (American football) (1900–1976), American football player
John E. Thurman (1919–1983), member of the California State Assembly
John R. Thurman (1814–1854), U.S. Representative from New York |
41279566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20Hamburg | Timeline of Hamburg | The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Hamburg, Germany.
Prior to 16th century
831 – Bishopric established.
845 – Town sacked by Norsemen.
1189
Adolf III of Holstein gets charter from Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I that gives Hamburg a court, jurisdiction, and fishing rights.
St. Peter's Church built (approximate date).
1190 – Alster dam installed.
1201 – Hamburg occupied by forces of Valdemar II of Denmark.
1223 – Archbishopric relocated from Hamburg to Bremen.
1241 – Lübeck-Hamburg alliance established.
1248 – Fire.
1256 – St. Catherine's Church active (approximate date).
1284 – 5 August: Fire.
1286 – 24 April: acquires rights to maintain permanent fire on Neuwerk.
1299 – 1 November: allowed to build a fortified tower, the new work (Neuwerk).
1310 – completion of the Great Tower Neuwerk.
1329 – St. Mary's Cathedral consecrated.
1350 – Black Death.
1356 – (feast) begins.
1375 – Grocers' Guild formed.
1390 – Public clock installed (approximate date).
1410 – Constitution of Hamburg established.
1412 – .
1418 – St. Peter's Church rebuilt (approximate date).
1479 – (public library) established in the Town Hall.
1491 – Printing press in operation.
1500 – City expands its borders.
16th–18th centuries
1510 – Hamburg becomes an imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire.
1529
Protestant Reformation.
Council of citizens established.
Johanneum (college) founded.
1536 – Hamburg joins Schmalkaldic League.
1558 – Hamburg Stock Exchange established.
1567 – Trade with the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London established.
1590 – Berenberg Bank founded.
1615 – City walls extended around Hamburg-Neustadt.
1619 – founded.
1630 – Bremen–Lübeck–Hamburg defensive alliance formed.
1654 – in use.
1663 – Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen magazine begins publication.
1665 – Hamburg Chamber of Commerce founded.
1669
St. Michael's Church built.
(ship) launched.
1678 – Oper am Gänsemarkt (opera house) opens; premiere of Theile's opera Adam und Eva.
1679 – Coffee house in business.
1705 – Premiere of Handel's opera Almira.
1710 – established.
1712 – Plague.
1735 – (business library) founded.
1762
City occupied by Danish forces.
St. Michael's Church built.
1765
(arts society) and Patriotic Club founded.
Komödienhaus (theatre) built.
1767 – Hamburgische Entreprise (theatre) established.
1778 – Hamburger Ersparungskasse (bank) established.
1787 – City directory published.
1789 – Clubbs der Freundschaft founded.
1790 – United States consulate established.
1792 – formed.
1799 – H. J. Merck & Co. in business.
19th century
1800s–1840s
1805 – (education society) founded.
1806 – 19 November: French occupation of city begins.
1810 – Hoffmann und Campe publisher in business.
1811 – City becomes capital of the French Bouches-de-l'Elbe department.
1813
Siege of Hamburg.
Hamburg Women's Association established.
1814 – Hamburg Citizen Militia and Hamburg Police formed.
1815 – 8 June: City becomes a member state of the German Confederation.
1821 – Lehmann's botanical garden established.
1823
Hospital built in St. George.
Altona Observatory founded by Heinrich Christian Schumacher.
1825 – February flood of 1825.
1827 – City Theatre opens.
1828 – Hamburg Philharmonic Society formed.
1833 – Rauhes Haus founded.
1834 – Johanneum building constructed.
1835 – Coat of arms of Hamburg redesigned.
1838 – English Church built.
1839 – Verein für Hamburgische Geschichte (local history society) founded.
1840
Gymnasium founded.
Population: 136,956.
1841 – Circus Gymnasticus opens.
1842
Exchange built.
5–8 May: Great Fire of Hamburg.
1843
Thalía Theatre built.
established.
1845 – shopping arcade built.
1846 – Berliner Railway Station established.
1847
Hamburg America Line in business.
Patriotic Club building constructed.
1848 – in business.
1849
newspaper begins publication.
St. Peter's Church rebuilt again.
1850s–1890s
1850 – Kunsthalle (art gallery) opens.
1855 – January: Flood.
1856 – North German Bank and Union Bank established.
1859
built.
Hamburg Frauenchor (women's choir) founded.
1861
Museum Godeffroy opens.
Population: 178,841.
1863
newspaper in publication.
Zoological Garden of Hamburg opens.
Rebuilt St. Nicholas' Church dedicated.
1865
Lübeck–Hamburg railway begins operating; Lübecker Railway Station established.
(bridge) built.
1866
Horsecar tram begins operating.
(railway station) established.
21 August: City becomes part of the North German Confederation.
1867 – Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld (horse racetrack) built.
1868 – St. Georg becomes part of city.
1869 – Horner Rennbahn (horse racetrack) and Kunsthalle built.
1871
City becomes part of the German Empire.
Population: 240,251.
(education society) branch established.
1872 – Venloer Railway Station established.
1873
Photographic Society founded.
Frei Hafen bridge constructed.
1874 – Hagenbeck's zoo opens.
1877
Ohlsdorf Cemetery established near city.
Blohm + Voss shipbuilders in business near city.
1878 – Museum for Art and Industry founded.
1879
headquartered in Hamburg.
Holsten Brewery in business.
1880 – Steinway & Sons piano factory in operation.
1883 – Speicherstadt (warehouse district) construction begins in the Port of Hamburg.
1887
newspaper begins publication.
Sport-Club Germania Hamburg founded.
Central post office built.
1888
Hamburg joins German Customs Union.
Harbourworks and iron bridge constructed.
Free Port opens.
1889 – 15 May: Exhibition of Trade and Industry opens.
1890
German East Africa Line (shipping company) in business.
May: Gas-worker strike.
Population: 323,923.
1891 – Natural History Museum built.
1892
.
German Open Tennis Championships begin.
Hamburger Dom (funfair) relocated to Heiligengeistfeld fair ground.
1894 – St. Pauli becomes part of city.
1896
November: Dockworker strike.
(fish market) rebuilt.
1897 – Hamburg Rathaus (city hall) built.
1898 – Hamburg-Altona railway station opens.
1899 – (library) founded.
1900
Institute for Maritime and Tropical Diseases opens.
Shipbuilding school founded.
20th century
1900–1945
1901 – Civil law courts built.
1904 – American Businessmen's Club of Hamburg founded.
1905 – Population: 802,793.
1906
Hamburg Hauptbahnhof (railway station) opens.
Altona-Hamburg railway begins operating.
1907
Tierpark Hagenbeck (zoo) established.
Stadion Hoheluft (stadium) opens.
1908
established.
Music Hall inaugurated.
Simplo Fullfeder pen company relocates to Hamburg.
1909 – Hotel Atlantic in business.
1910 – Sportplatz at Rothenbaum opens.
1911 – Hamburg Airport and Elbe Tunnel open.
1912
Hamburg U-Bahn begins operating.
Hamburg-Bergedorf Observatory dedicated.
Hamburg-Mannheimer Insurance Corporation in business.
1913
3 April: Vaterland passenger ship launched.
Gewerkschaftlich-Genossenschaftliche Versicherungsaktiengesellschaft (insurance firm) in business.
1914 – Hamburg Stadtpark (park) opens.
1918
Hamburg Kammerspiele (theatre) founded.
Hamburger Volkszeitung newspaper begins publication.
1919 – University of Hamburg and Hamburger Sport-Verein established.
1922 – Museum of Hamburg History opens.
1923 – Labour and Socialist International founded in Hamburg.
1924
Nordische Rundfunk radio begins broadcasting.
Chilehaus built.
1925
Helms-Museum and Hamburg School of Astrology established.
Population: 1,079,126.
1926 – Botanischer Sondergarten Wandsbek (garden) established.
1930
Planten un Blomen (park) created.
Population: 1,145,124.
1933
Carl Vincent Krogmann becomes mayor.
Hamburger Flugzeugbau (aircraft company) in business.
1934
Gau Hamburg established.
Transmitter Hamburg-Billstedt begins operating.
1938
Neuengamme concentration camp established by SS.
major expansion of the land of Hamburg per the Greater Hamburg Act:
the cities Altona, Wandsbek, and Harburg-Wilhelmsburg join
and the cities Geesthacht and Cuxhaven (including Neuwerk) leave the territory of the Land Hamburg.
1939 – Bombing of Hamburg in World War II begins.
1945
Bombing of Hamburg in World War II ends.
Eppendorf (company) founded.
Population: 1,350,278.
1946–1990s
1946
5 December: Hamburg Ravensbrück trials for war crimes begin at the .
Max Brauer becomes mayor.
1948
Hamburger Abendblatt newspaper and Stern news magazine begin publication.
Population: 1,518,900.
1949 – Hamburger Morgenpost newspaper begins publication.
1950 – Public University of Music established.
1951 – Institut français Hamburg founded.
1952
Der Spiegel news magazine headquartered in city.
Bild newspaper begins publication.
Constitution of Hamburg ratified.
UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning headquartered in city.
1953
Volksparkstadion (stadium) opens.
International garden show held.
1955 – Hamburg State Opera building opens.
1957
Fazle Omar Mosque built.
Streit's Haus Filmtheater opens.
British Army School and Hamburg Symphony Orchestra established.
1958 – Hamburg Atlantic Line in business.
1959 – Kaiserkeller night club opens.
1960 – August: English rock band The Beatles begin performing in Hamburg.
1961 – Population: 1,840,543.
1962
Spiegel scandal.
North Sea flood of 1962.
1963
Millerntor-Stadion (stadium) opens.
St. James' Church restored.
Alter Botanischer Garten Hamburg greenhouses built.
1964 - Deutsches Übersee-Institut headquartered in Hamburg.
1965
Gruner + Jahr publisher in business.
Hamburg Transport Association established.
Imam Ali Mosque built.
NDR Fernsehen (television) headquartered in city.
1967 – Eros Center brothel in business on the Reeperbahn.
1968
Cherry Blossom Festival begins.
Alsterdorfer Sporthalle and Gruenspan music club open.
1969 – waived older rights on harbour estate in Cuxhaven in favour of Neuwerk and Scharhörn to build an offshore harbour.
1970
Hamburg University of Applied Sciences founded.
Population: 1,793,640.
1971 – and Fabrik cultural centre founded.
1973
Congress Center Hamburg opens.
University of the German Federal Armed Forces and Neumeier's Hamburg Ballet established.
(bridge) built.
1974
Köhlbrand Bridge built.
Hans-Ulrich Klose becomes mayor.
1975 – New Elbe Tunnel opens.
1976 – Die Motte youth centre founded in Ottensen.
1978 – Technical University of Hamburg founded.
1979
Botanischer Garten Hamburg (garden) opens.
Werkstatt 3 co-operative founded in Ottensen.
1980 – Stadtteilarchiv Ottensen (archive) founded.
1981
Protest against proposed Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant.
Klaus von Dohnányi becomes mayor.
Squat on Hafenstraße begins.
1982 – Kampnagel (cultural space) established.
1984
Chaos Communication Congress begins.
Hamburg Institute for Social Research founded.
1985
Birdland jazz club opens.
Museum der Arbeit established.
1986
Chaos Computer Club headquartered in city.
Radio Hamburg begins broadcasting.
Hamburg Marathon begins.
Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant commissioned near city.
1988
Center for Science and International Security at the University of Hamburg founded.
Henning Voscherau becomes mayor.
Population: 1,603,070.
1989
Deichtorhallen art centre opens.
founded.
1990 – headquartered in city.
1992 – Filmfest Hamburg begins.
1994 – Film and Television Museum Hamburg and Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg established.
1996 – City website online (approximate date).
1997 – Ortwin Runde becomes mayor.
1998
Afghan Museum established.
Am Rothenbaum (sport venue) built.
2000
Bucerius Law School established.
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea headquartered in city.
21st century
2001
Long Night of Museums begins.
Container Terminal Altenwerder opens.
Ole von Beust becomes mayor.
2002
4 November: Bambule eviction.
O2 World arena opens.
Bucerius Kunst Forum (art gallery) founded.
2003 – Hamburg Pride founded.
2004
Hamburg Summit: China meets Europe begins.
Major Records in business.
2005 – eVendi Arena (for American Football) built.
2006 – German Institute of Global and Area Studies established.
2007
World Future Council and headquartered in city.
29 May: Anti-globalization protest.
Dockville music festival.
Elbphilharmonie construction begins.
2008
HafenCity district and established.
(industrial public relations event) begins.
Museum für Kunst und Kultur an der Elbe opens in Jenisch House.
2009
International Chamber Music Competition Hamburg begins.
Student protest for education reform.
2010 – Christoph Ahlhaus becomes mayor.
2011
Olaf Scholz becomes mayor.
European Union, Latin America and the Caribbean Foundation headquartered in city.
2012 – Population: 1,813,587.
2013 – December: 2013–14 Hamburg demonstrations begin.
2016 – 31 October: Elbphilharmonie concert hall is officially completed.
2017 – 7 July: G20 summit meeting held.
See also
History of Hamburg
List of mayors of Hamburg
List of museums and cultural institutions in Hamburg
References
This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia.
Bibliography
in English
published in 17th–18th centuries
published in 19th century
published in 20th century
published in 21st century
in German
v.2
External links
Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg. Maps of Hamburg
Europeana. Items related to Hamburg, various dates.
Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Hamburg, various dates
New York Public Library. Items related to Hamburg
Years in Germany
Hamburg
Hamburg-related lists |
50521020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnas%20Veli%C4%8Dka | Arnas Velička | Arnas Velička (born 10 December 1999) is a Lithuanian professional basketball player for Napoli Basket of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA).
Professional career
In 2015, after solid performance in FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship he signed with Žalgiris-2 Kaunas. In his first season with the team, Velička reached the finals were they lost to Sūduva Marijampolė and won silver medals. Velička averaged 4.7 points and 1.7 assists in 14.3 minutes per game.
In January 2016, Velička played for Žalgiris Kaunas youth in Adidas Next Generation Tournament which was held in Kaunas. Velička and Isaiah Hartenstein helped the team to win and qualify for the final stage of the tournament where his team finished third in Group A and didn't qualify for the final game. He was selected to an All-Tournament Team, averaging 14.7 points, 8.0 assists and 4.4 rebounds in 30 minutes in 7 games of both tournaments.
On 3 July 2016, Velička signed with FC Barcelona B of LEB Oro. From 7 to 10 September he participated in the Basketball Without Borders camp in Lohja, Finland and was named as the Overall Camp Most Valuable Player. On 3 February 2017, Velička was loaned to Lietkabelis Panevėžys of the Lithuanian Basketball League until the end of the 2017–18 season. After the 2017–18 season, Velička returned to Žalgiris Kaunas and was loaned to University of Tartu of the Estonian Basketball League for the 2018–19 season.
On 23 June 2020, Velička signed with Champagne Châlons-Reims of the LNB Pro A. He left the club after reaching a mutual agreement to terminate the contract on 8 February 2021, and then signed with Löwen Braunschweig of the Basketball Bundesliga (BBL) for the remainder of the 2020–21 season.
On August 20, 2021, Velička signed in Italy with Napoli Basket, just promoted to the Serie A.
National team career
Velička debuted for the junior national team of Lithuania in the 2015 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship. He averaged 10.8 points, 4.4 assists per 22.7 minutes of action. His team won silver medals. He was selected to the All-Tournament Team. After leading his Lithuanian Under-17 team to bronze medals in 2016 FIBA Under-17 World Championship, he was named to the All-Tournament Team, averaging 12.1 points, 4.1 rebounds and a tournament high 4.7 assists per game. Same year Velička was also invited to compete in the 2016 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship. He not only was one of the silver medals winning national team leaders with 11 points, 3 rebounds and 5.7 assists, but also was the tournament leader in assists. His game-winning three-point shot at the buzzer in the quarter-final against the Russian U18 National Team was named as the top play of the tournament.
References
1999 births
Living people
Basketball players from Kaunas
BC Lietkabelis players
BC Žalgiris players
BC Žalgiris-2 players
FC Barcelona Bàsquet B players
Lithuanian expatriate basketball people in Estonia
Lithuanian expatriate basketball people in Spain
Lithuanian men's basketball players
Point guards
Shooting guards
Tartu Ülikool/Rock players |
21416606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural%20analytics | Cultural analytics | Cultural analytics refers to the use of computational, visualization, and big data methods for the exploration of contemporary and historical cultures. While digital humanities research has focused on text data, cultural analytics has a particular focus on massive cultural data sets of visual material – both digitized visual artifacts and contemporary visual and interactive media. Taking on the challenge of how to best explore large collections of rich cultural content, cultural analytics researchers developed new methods and intuitive visual techniques that rely on high-resolution visualization and digital image processing. These methods are used to address both the existing research questions in humanities, to explore new questions, and to develop new theoretical concepts that fit the mega-scale of digital culture in the early 21st century.
History
The term "cultural analytics" was coined by Lev Manovich in 2007. After 2016, this term started to be increasingly used by other researchers, and many University programs in cultural analytics were gradually established. Journal of Cultural Analytics started to be published in 2016. Manovich's own monograph Cultural Analytics is being published by The MIT Press in the Fall of 2020.
Cultural analytics shares many ideas and approaches with visual analytics ("the science of analytical reasoning facilitated by visual interactive interfaces") and visual data analysis:
Visual data analysis blends highly advanced computational methods with sophisticated graphics engines to tap the extraordinary ability of humans to see patterns and structure in even the most complex visual presentations. Currently applied to massive, heterogeneous, and dynamic datasets, such as those generated in studies of astrophysical, fluidic, biological, and other complex processes, the techniques have become sophisticated enough to allow the interactive manipulation of variables in real time. Ultra high-resolution displays allow teams of researchers to zoom in to examine specific aspects of the renderings, or to navigate along interesting visual pathways, following their intuitions and even hunches to see where they may lead. New research is now beginning to apply these sorts of tools to the social sciences and humanities as well, and the techniques offer considerable promise in helping us understand complex social processes like learning, political and organizational change, and the diffusion of knowledge.
While increased computing power and technical developments allowing for interactive visualization have made the exploration of large data sets using visual presentations possible, the intellectual drive to understand cultural and social processes and production pre-dates many of these computational advances. Charles Joseph Minard's famous dense graphic showing Napoleon's March on Moscow (1869) offers a 19th-century example. Published in 1979, Pierre Bourdieu's historical survey of the cultural consumption practices of mid-century Parisians, documented in La Distinction, foregrounds the study of culture and aesthetics through the lens of large data sets. Most recently, Franco Moretti's Graphs, maps, trees: abstract models for a literary history (published in 2005) along with many projects in the Digital Humanities reveal the benefit of large scale analysis of cultural material.
Current research
To date, cultural analytics techniques have been applied to user-generated content, films, animations, video games, comics, magazines, books, artworks, photographs, and a variety of other media content. The technologies used for analyzing and exploring large visual collections range from open-source programs that run on any personal computer to supercomputer processing and large-scale displays such as the HIPerSpace (42,000 x 8000 pixels).
Methodologies
The methodologies used in cultural analytics includes the data mining of large sets of culturally-relevant data (such as studies of library catalogs, image collections, and social networking databases), statistics, exploratory data analysis, and machine learning. Image processing of still and moving video, with feature recognition as well as image data extraction is used to support research into cultural and historical change. Cultural analytical methodologies are deployed to study and interpret video games and other software forms, both at the phenomenological level (human–computer interface, feature extraction) or at the object level (the analysis of source code.)
Cultural analytics relies heavily on software-based tools, and the field is related to the nascent discipline of software studies. While the objects of a cultural analytical approach are often digitized representations of the work, rather than the work in its original material form, the objects of study need not be digital works in themselves.
Related methodologies
Related methodologies include:
Culturomics
Information visualization
Visual analytics
Data visualization
Data mining
New media art
Software studies
Digital humanities
Data science
References
External links
Cultural Analytics research at Cultural Analytics Lab.
Lev Manovich. Cultural Analytics. The MIT Press, 2020.
Journal of Cultural Analytics.
James Willford. Graphing Culture. Humanities (a publication of National Endowment of Humanities.) March/April 22, number 2, 2011.
Social science methodology
Digital humanities
Cultural studies
Analytics |
67408913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929%20in%20the%20Belgian%20Congo | 1929 in the Belgian Congo | The following lists events that happened during 1929 in the Belgian Congo.
Incumbents
Governor General – Auguste Tilkens
Events
See also
Belgian Congo
History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
References
Sources
Belgian Congo
Belgian Congo |
23554558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado%20outbreak%20sequence%20of%20May%202003 | Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2003 | The tornado outbreak sequence of May 2003 was a prolonged and destructive series of tornado outbreaks that affected much of the Great Plains and Eastern United States in early May 2003. Most of the severe activity was concentrated between May 4 and May 10, which saw more tornadoes than any other week-long span in recorded history; 338 tornadoes occurred during this period, concentrated in the Ozarks and central Mississippi River Valley. Additional tornadoes were produced by the same storm systems from May 3 to May 11, producing 401 tornadoes overall, of which 65 were significant. Six of the tornadoes were rated F4, and of these four occurred on May 4, the most prolific day of the tornado outbreak sequence; these were the outbreak's strongest tornadoes. Damage caused by the severe weather and associated flooding amounted to US$4.1 billion (US$5.8 billion in 2016), making it the costliest U.S. tornado outbreak of the 2000s. A total of 50 deaths and 713 injuries were caused by the severe weather, with a majority caused by tornadoes; the deadliest tornado was an F4 that struck Madison and Henderson counties in Tennessee, killing 11.
Overview
During the first half of May 2003, atmospheric conditions across the Central and Southeastern United States proved exceptionally favorable for widespread severe weather. Idealized patterns for large tornado outbreaks occurred each day from May 3 to 11, resulting in a prolonged and extensive series of outbreaks. Warm, moist air flowed northward from the Gulf of Mexico across the Central United States and reached as far north as Missouri. This created an anomalously large warm sector–the airmass behind a warm front and ahead of a dry line–for thunderstorms to develop within. The unusually far-reaching nature of this airmass resulted in the greatest tornadic activity occurring outside the climatological maximum area for tornadoes in May. Atop the northward surface winds, the upper-level jet stream blew almost perpendicular, creating strong wind shear across Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Tennessee. Multiple shortwave troughs initiated tornadic events throughout the outbreak. As severe weather shifted east across the country, another trough would cross from the Pacific to the Central United States and reignite activity. The cause of these successive troughs is unknown, but they proved a key factor in the prolonged nature of the outbreak. Throughout this period, no cold fronts propagated south from Canada; the lack of these allowed the atmosphere to continually destabilize and fuel further thunderstorms. The pattern finally ceased on May 11–12 with the active pattern shifting to New England the formation of a ridge over the Rocky Mountains.
Throughout the nine-day outbreak, 361 tornadoes touched down across the United States. Of these, 65 reached at least F2-intensity, while 7 reached F4. The most prolific and violent day of the outbreak was May 4; 81 tornadoes touched down, of which 5 reached F4-intensity. Between May 4 and May 10, 334 tornadoes developed across 26 states, setting a record for the most tornadoes ever documented over the course of a week. At least one significant tornado was reported daily across nine consecutive days, with at least a dozen tornadoes total occurring daily over the same timeframe. Due to the temporal expanse of the event, it was classified as a tornado outbreak sequence—a "continuous or near-continuous sequence of tornado outbreak days"—with only three historical events of comparable longevity and severity according to data compiled by Thomas P. Grazulis. May 2003 ultimately became the most active month for tornadoes in recorded history until it was later surpassed by April 2011. In total, the widespread severe weather event caused an estimated $4.1 billion (2003; $5.8 billion 2019 CPI-adjusted) in damage and 41 deaths alongside 642 injuries.
Meteorological synopsis
On April 30, meteorologists at the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) noted the likelihood of a major tornado outbreak across a large area of the Central and Eastern United States for the period of May 2–6. Ahead of the most active day, the SPC issued a rare high-risk outlook for severe weather across eastern Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, western Missouri, and northwestern Arkansas. A total of 127 severe weather watches and 4,050 warnings (2,960 severe thunderstorm and 1,090 tornado) were issued from May 4. Of the watches, 25 were classified as Particularly Dangerous Situations, a type of watch reserved for the most life-threatening events. The issuance of such watches resulted in an average lead-time of 2 hours and 3 minutes for fatal tornadoes. Seven of the eight fatal tornadoes occurred within a high-risk outlook area, with the eighth just outside in a moderate-risk area. An average of 12 watches were issued each day; May 6, 8, and 10 saw more than 20 each. Watches were continuously in effect from 16:40 UTC on May 4 through 12:00 UTC on May 9. May 6 saw the greatest number of advisories with a record 921 warnings. The SPC and the National Weather Services offices in Kansas City, Springfield, Memphis, Paducah, and Oklahoma City received a letter of praise signed by 11 members of the United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology commending their high-quality service during the event. Furthermore, the SPC webpage received an average of 5.6 million views per day during the outbreak.
April 30
May 1
May 2
May 3
May 4
May 5
May 6
May 7
May 8
May 9
May 10
May 11
Confirmed tornadoes
Kansas City metropolitan area
Northern parts of the Kansas City metropolitan area suffered heavy damage from tornadoes on May 4 in what was considered the most significant outbreak for the region since 1977. Five tornadoes occurred in the northland suburbs of Kansas City, of which four were caused by a single supercell; the strongest of these was classified as an F4. All flights via Kansas City International Airport were halted and passengers in the terminals were evacuated underground into tunnels for a half-hour. At the height of the storms, the Kansas City Power and Light Company reported that 33,000 of its electricity customers were without power, including Providence Medical Center where 22 persons were treated for injuries. Despite the severity of the tornadoes and the populations affected, Lynn Maximuk of the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Pleasant Hill, Missouri credited the partnerships between the National Weather Service and local emergency and media crews with the relatively low number of casualties.
The first tornado in the Kansas City area touched down in Leavenworth County, Kansas and was first noted by Fort Leavenworth officials at around 3:45 p.m. CDT. Initially, the tornado remained over country but began damaging structures after crossing the Missouri River into Platte County, Missouri near the intersection of Missouri Route 92 and North Farley Road. There, sixteen homes experienced minor damage, with the tornado producing a maximum of F1 damage over its -long and -wide track. North of Route 92, major damage to two barns and nearby damage to trees and fences was assessed by survey crews to have been caused by downburst winds from the parent thunderstorm.
A succession of four tornadoes from the same thunderstorm in Kansas City area began with the touchdown of an F2 tornado in southern Leavenworth County at approximately 3:54 pm. CDT. The -long damage path extended from northwest of Linwood, Kansas to the south of Basehor, Kansas, with the worst damage occurring to homes near the intersection of 166th Street and Kansas Road. Two people were injured by the tornado. The second tornado—the strongest of the Kansas City tornadoes—began north-northwest of the Kansas Speedway at 3:54 pm. CDT in Wyandotte County, Kansas, initially producing F0–F1 damage. However, the tornado quickly grew in size and intensity, causing F3 damage to two homes south of Parallel Parkway near Interstate 435 and expanding to a width of over . Low-end F4 damage was observed near the intersection of 91st Street and Leavenworth Road; one fatality occurred nearby within a region of F2–F3 damage. The tornado continued into the northeastern portions of Wyandotte County where the twister produced a second region of low-end F4 damage near 79th Street and Cernech Road. Four -tall metal power poles built to withstand winds in excess of were damaged there. The tornado remained damaging but weakened over the remainder of its path, causing F1–F2 damage along the Missouri River across both Wyandotte County and Platte County in Missouri. The tornado crossed into Platte County near Riverside and Parkville, Missouri at around 4:30 p.m. where it caused damage over a narrower expanse to commercial areas. F1-rated damage was observed after the tornado crossed Interstate 635 before lifting east of the highway at 4:42 pm. CDT in Clay County, Missouri. Overall, the F4 tornado killed two people and injured another thirty; one woman succumbed to her injuries seven months later. Communities in its path incurred a $47.5 million damage toll to property, of which $32 million occurred in Wyandotte County and $15.5 million occurred in Platte County. A total of 83 buildings were destroyed and another 582 sustained at least some degree of damage.
A new circulation developed northeast of the first F4 tornado and developed into another F4 tornado that impacted the Gladstone, Missouri area between 4:45–5:00 pm. CDT. Initial damage was wrought to tree and roofs near Shady Lane and Antioch Road, with the severity rated F1. Intensification was quick thereafter, with marginal F4 damage noted in the Carriage Hills subdivision. Roofs and windows were damaged and business signage were destroyed. The tornado continued towards the northeast, causing F1–F3-rated damage before dissipating near Interstate 435; the total damage toll amounted to $31 million and 13 people were injured. The final tornado in the Kansas City region on May 4 impacted the Liberty, Missouri area and was the costliest of those in the metropolitan area. Rated F2, the tornado caused substantial damage at William Jewell College and at locales near downtown Liberty before lifting around 5:15 pm. CDT over rural areas of Clay County. The most severe damage covered a swath that included eastern parts of the college campus and areas along Excelsior Springs Road, with the overall damage cost totaling $60 million.
Pierce City–Battlefield, Missouri
In Pierce City, Missouri, two people were killed following the collapse of a National Guard Armory. One person was killed and widespread damage occurred near the Clever and Billings communities of Christian County, Missouri. Significant damage occurred to infrastructure in Battlefield, Missouri, including damage to 400–500 homes. The city's fire station collapsed due to the tornado. Downed power lines forced the closure of roads leading to Republic, Missouri.
Stockton, Missouri
At 5:31 pm. CDT (22:31 UTC), a tornado began near Liberal, Missouri. As it moved northeast across Barton County, it uprooted numerous trees and produced F1 damage to outbuildings. The tornado entered Cedar County and progressed north of Jericho Springs where it destroyed a mobile home consistent with F2 intensity. The tornado remained over generally rural areas and caused solely tree and power line damage prior to reaching the intersection of Highway Z and County Road 825. There, a well-built frame home and two nearby outbuildings were completely destroyed, with their debris scattered across the adjacent roadway. Damage at this location warranted an F3 rating. Continuing northeast, the storm grew to between wide and entered downtown Stockton. In the city, 350 structures were demolished while an additional 650 received major damage. Numerous vehicles were flipped and tossed, including two cars from a local dealership which were blown approximately one block to the northeast of their original location. Damage was consistent with an upper-end F3 here. Three people died in Stockton: one man died after being struck by flying debris after his frame house was destroyed, one man died after being struck by flying debris after leaving his home during the tornado's approach, and one man died after refusing to seek shelter in his basement. Thirty-seven others were injured.
Franklin, Kansas
A large tornado touched down in Neosho County, Kansas at 4:32 pm on May 4. The tornado was initially about wide and produced F2 damage as it crossed into Crawford County. Aerial damage surveys indicate an increase in width and intensification as the tornado approached the community of Ringo ( east of Girard), in Crawford County. Dramatic scouring of the ground was observed, homes were swept from their foundations, and heavy objects such as vehicles were tossed long distances (over ). The NWS described the damage in this portion of the track as "high-end F4", though it is speculated that they tornado could have reached F5 intensity in this area. As it passed Ringo and entered the unincorporated town of Franklin ( north of Frontenac), the path reached over wide at points. Major devastation occurred in Franklin, as numerous buildings and homes were demolished, with some swept away. and Three people were killed in town, and 20 others were injured. The tornado continued producing "high end F4" damage to homes as it passed the town of Mulberry, where a train was derailed from the winds of the storm, and crossed into Barton County, Missouri. In Missouri, the twister demolished several farm houses, killing an 88-year-old man. Some of the homes were swept completely away. Its path began to narrow several miles into Missouri; video and eyewitness accounts suggest that the tornado was "roping out" at this point. It finally lifted to the north of Liberal, Missouri after having traveled for approximately . Almost immediately after the Franklin tornado lifted, a second large tornado was reported to have touched down on the east side of Liberal. The Franklin tornado was covered on an episode of The Weather Channel's Storm Stories, and was described by meteorologist Jim Cantore as "one of the most violent tornadoes ever caught on film- a twister that would shred southeast Kansas".
Jackson, Tennessee
Fourteen people were killed as a result of either tornadoes or strong thunderstorm winds in Madison County, Tennessee, mostly in the rural community of Denmark in the southwestern part of the county. A destructive tornado struck downtown Jackson, severely damaging downtown landmarks. Twenty-seven thousand energy customers under the Jackson Energy Authority were without power due to the storms.
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Four years after an F5 tornado caused incredible damage across much of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area during the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak, another strong tornado affected the area. The storm responsible for the tornado developed across Grady County during the mid-afternoon hours and produced a weak tornado near Newcastle and west of Moore. Just after 5:00 pm, a new tornado touched down on the west side of Moore west of Interstate 35 and moved east northeast across the city; the tornado proceeded to cause damage across southeastern sections of Oklahoma City, including Tinker Air Force Base near Interstate 40, and also near Midwest City and Choctaw. Despite extensive damage along the path, no fatalities were caused by the tornado, although dozens of injuries were reported across Cleveland and Oklahoma Counties.
Within Moore city-limits, the peak damage caused near the center of the tornado was mostly rated as F2, although a few isolated locations received F3-rated damage; F3 damage in Moore was observed near 12th Street where several businesses, two hotels, an office building, a church, several restaurants, a child center and a Headstart Program building were either severely damaged or destroyed. The tornado also damaged numerous homes in the Highland Park subdivision which was mostly destroyed by the F5 tornado which passed just a few blocks north of the May 8, 2003, tornado. Other homes on the north side of the city also sustained significant damage before the tornado crossed the Cleveland-Oklahoma county line.
In the Oklahoma City area, the General Motors Oklahoma City Assembly sustained major damage as did as a manufacturing plant near Interstate 240 where F4 damage was observed. Several other businesses were either damaged or destroyed. At Tinker Air Force Base, a storage bunker and several fences were damaged. Several subdivisions in eastern Oklahoma City, Choctaw and Midwest City were also affected by the tornado with several homes sustaining significant damage.
Other regions
Several cities in the Ozarks region were impacted by tornadoes on the evening of May 4. More than 100 buildings in Crawford County, Missouri were damaged.
Non-tornadic impacts
Southeastern United States
Accompanying the record period of tornadic activity was a significant flood event that impacted parts of the Southeastern United States. A stagnation of the typical eastward movement of storm systems across the United States resulted in the stalling of a warm front over Tennessee, keeping the region in a moist air mass with dew point temperatures above —characteristic of highly moisture-laden air. The floods lasted for eight days, affecting a area and displacing 2,000 people.
Rains in southeastern Tennessee beginning on April 30 saturated surfaces and elevated river levels, amplifying a period of heavy precipitation beginning on May 5 that featured repeated passages of thunderstorms over the same areas. The positioning of a high pressure area over the western Atlantic maintained a southerly wind throughout the region, producing a prolonged flow of moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. During the following five days, over of rain would fall across the watersheds of the Little Tennessee and Hiwassee rivers, including more than of rainfall reported over a 35-hour span in McMinn County. The nearby South Chickamauga Creek in Chattanooga reached a record crest of on May 8. The resulting damage in the Chattanooga area from the swollen tributaries was evaluated at $20 million. The Tennessee River at Chattanooga reached a stage of , within a foot of the record high set in February 1973; riverside flooding prompted the evacuation or rescue of hundreds of individuals from adjacent counties and along its tributaries. Similar impacts were felt in West and Middle Tennessee, necessitating a 20-county presidential disaster declaration due the floods, tornadoes, and associated severe weather. Flooding along Saunders Fork Creek in Cannon County resulted in the deaths of three people in two vehicles. Another fatality occurred after a driver and their vehicle went airborne in crossing a washed out section of road in Wayne County; a total of 18 roads and bridges were washed out by the flooding in the county. The floods in Wayne County also inundated 100 homes, resulting in the rescue of 50 people.
Flood impacts extended southward from Tennessee. Drawing moisture from the moist tropical air mass, thunderstorms associated with the severe weather outbreak on May 7 produced torrential precipitation over Alabama. Northern and northeastern areas of the Greater Birmingham area of Alabama experienced up to of rainfall from several storms over the course of a few hours on May 7, resulting in historic flooding. Radar estimates suggested that as much as fell in some locations in one hour. Throughout Jefferson County—which includes Birmingham—at least 120 thoroughfares were blocked by floodwaters. All roadways in Leeds and Brookside were flooded. Many schools and homes were also inundated, resulting in several rescues and evacuations. Total property damage in the county alone reached $1 billion. Rivers swelled downstream from the accumulated rainfall, impacting areas not directly affected by the storms. An elevated Tallapoosa River nearly isolated Wadley, Alabama, with Alabama State Route 22 connecting Wadley to points east becoming fully submerged. Across Central Alabama, the Red Cross reported damage to more than 700 homes. Due in part to the heavy rains between May 4–8, May 2003 was the wettest month for Huntsville since 1983.
The same storms produced heavy rainfall across the northern and central portions of Georgia. With soils saturated from prior rains, the prolonged precipitation period produced seasonally anomalous runoff that flowed into creeks and rivers, resulting in rapid rises of streams and associated rivers, including Chickamauga Creek, Conasauga River, Chattahoochee River, Flint River, and Sweetwater Creek. Near West Point, the Chattahoochee River rose to , reaching its highest levels since 1961. The flooding washed out roads, damaged at least 200 residential buildings, and inundated numerous businesses. Two people were killed in the state as a result of the floods overtaking their vehicles. Much of Georgia was also impacted earlier by widespread severe weather on May 2, with large hail or wind damage reported in most counties beginning in the afternoon hours. The primary impacts transitioned from hail to strong downbursts after sunset as what ultimately became a singular line of storms tracked southward. The largest hail of the day—approximately the size of baseballs—occurred near Trion in Chattooga County.
Severe weather swept across South Carolina on May 6, concentrated in two waves of thunderstorms organized in a mesoscale convective system. The complex originated over northern Georgia and persisted within an unstable airmass. Storm activity resulted in golf-ball-sized hail in four counties while strong winds caused some scattered tree and building damage. A macroburst in McCormick County destroyed a mobile home and damaged several others due to falling trees, resulting in $80,000 in damage. On May 9, storms in North Carolina near the state border with Virginia produced large hail and strong winds, cutting power to 1,900 customers of Progress Energy Inc. Hail as large as in diameter was documented in Northampton County, damaging vehicles and homes.
A pair of damaging hailstorms impacted the Paducah, Kentucky area on May 4. The first took a path from near Cairo, Illinois to Lake Barkley in Kentucky and dropped hail as large as in diameter near Calvert City, Kentucky, breaking windshields and denting vehicles. Minor damage was inflicted to the roofs of hundreds of homes. One person was injured in Paducah by the hailstorm; this was the first reported hail-related injury in the warning area of National Weather Service Paducah, Kentucky since 1994. Causing tens of millions of dollars in damage, the hailstorm was one of the most destructive in far western Kentucky's history; the damage toll included $10 million in damage for Marshall County, Kentucky and $20 million in damage in nearby Massac County, Illinois. The second storm produced hail from Pope County, Illinois to McLean County, Kentucky. The storms were complemented by other hailstorms, albeit less significant, across the region. Thunderstorms in the Louisville area cut power to 24,000 homes and businesses. On May 5, heavy rains impacted areas of northeastern Kentucky, resulting in flooding along the banks of Tygarts Creek and the Little Sandy River; the floods caused $1.3 million in damage.
In addition to an F0 tornado-producing storm in the Northern Virginia, a second severe thunderstorm producing strong winds caused damage in the Virginian suburbs of Washington, D.C. on May 7, downing power lines and trees in Fairfax County and near Falls Church. A microburst with winds of up to downed trees in eastern Warrenton. The same storms persisted into southern Maryland, downing trees in the La Plata area and St. Mary's County. On May 8, a fast-moving thunderstorm caused a power outage affecting 4,100 people in Gloucester County, Virginia, felling trees and downing power lines. Several damaging severe thunderstorms tracked across Virginia on the following day, producing winds as high as as measured in Centenary. In addition to damage to infrastructure, one person was killed by a fallen tree in Arvonia. In West Virginia, storms along and south of a warm front produced severe weather and flooding rains, particularly in the Little Kanawha River watershed. Overflowed banks resulted in inundation in some areas of Webster, Braxton, and Randolph counties, resulting in over $1 million in damage. Strong thunderstorm winds in Greenbrier County felled trees and power lines, resulting in one injury.
Midwestern United States
Large hail and strong winds were reported across south-central Nebraska on May 4, including gusts as strong as north of Pauline. Hailstorms in the state that day collectively caused about $1.3 million in damage, including the loss of inventory at two car dealerships in the Holdrege area. Softball-sized hail damaged cars and homes near Offutt Air Force Base. Kansas was also impacted by hail and strong winds, resulting in downed power lines. Four days later, 38 freight cars on a BNSF Railway in Chase County, Kansas were derailed by thunderstorm winds, including one car filled with sulfur dioxide. The chemical release prompted the evacuation of about 250 residents and six firemen and law enforcement personnel were treated for respiratory ailments caused by the compound.
Exacerbating the significant tornado outbreak, storms along the dry line in Missouri also produced widespread hail on May 4, peaking at near Gladstone. Another bout of storms two days later caused flooding in northern Jefferson County, submerging roads and resulting in one death. De Soto was particularly hard hit, with a school severely damaged by straight-line winds alongside downed trees and power lines. Wind gusts in the De Soto storm were estimated to have been near , destroying 6 single-family homes and inflicting major damage to 27. Flooding was also reported in Phelps County and washed out roads in Laclede County, in addition to producing small hail and minor damage to infrastructure. More severe storms struck the state two days later; in Bates County, hail as large as damaged 1,100 homes and 750 cars, resulting in a $6.75 million damage toll. A wind gust of was measured at Whiteman Air Force Base, though the site did not sustain any damage. Wind gusts estimated at around produced a swath of damage in the Hallsville and Centralia areas, damaging four mobile homes and injuring one person. One person was killed on May 9 after attempting to traverse a low-water crossing in Monroe County. The following day, severe storms in the St. Louis area disrupted power to 10,000 electricity customers and caused flashed flooding in the region.
The repeated storm activity brought frequent thunderstorms over Iowa, causing intermittent periods of heavy rainfall and flooding. The heaviest rainfall occurred on May 4, when Des Moines set a rainfall record for the day with being reported. Some roads were flooded in the city's metropolitan area with flash flooding occurring in some counties, though the precipitation was overall beneficial for the state's agricultural interests and water supplies. The storms on May 4 also produced scattered hail with sizes generally between across the state. Behind one line of storms, the development of a low-pressure area in their wake produced a swath of winds across eastern Iowa and northern Illinois, doing at least $2 million in damage. A significant hail event took place in eastern Iowa on May 8, additionally affecting northern Missouri and northern Illinois. A car dealership in Fort Madison, Iowa reported damage to 400 cars in the city's largest hail event since 1993. Three schools and a golf course were heavily damaged on the south side of Burlington, Iowa; classes were cancelled at those schools following rainwater intrusion via holes created by hail. The hail caused $38 million in damage across eastern Iowa and $12 million in damage across northwestern Illinois. Flash flooding that same day in Jersey County, Illinois resulted in one fatality. Late on May 9, a cluster of thunderstorms produced a gravity wave that resulted in a damaging and narrow band of strong winds that downed trees and power lines, causing a power outage that affected 2,000 people primarily in Freeport, Illinois. Additional storms produced similar impacts in northeastern Illinois on May 11, leaving 30,000 people without power.
On May 11, the passage of a strong cold front caused widespread wind damage across northern Ohio. Several weather stations recorded gusts in excess of , resulting in scattered power outages and downed trees and utility poles throughout the region. Similar effects were felt in Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin as a result of the frontal passage; in Indiana, 12,000 households were without power during the strongest winds. Several roads were closed due to vehicle accidents or obstructing debris. Some overpasses in Allen Park, Michigan were flooded after a fallen light pole cut power to a storm pump station. Strong winds also indirectly caused the leakage of hydrochloric acid from a plant in Ypsilanti, Michigan after roofing knocked loosed by the wind broke a distribution pipe.
South-Central Plains
Throughout the severe weather outbreak, the National Climatic Data Center documented 249 hail events and 42 thunderstorm winds in the state of Oklahoma. Eastern Oklahoma was impacted by tornadoes and strong thunderstorms on May 4. Strong winds reportedly tumbled four to six rail cars near Alderson and destroyed two mobile homes north of Fairland. Blown-down trees were documented across several counties as a result of the strong winds. Choteau, Jay, and Grove sustained the brunt of power outages that affected 1,500 energy customers. At Grand Lake, several boat docks were damaged and between 150–200 trees were blown down by winds estimated at around , resulting in $100,000 in damage. The storms in central Oklahoma on May 8 cut power to 37,000 homes and businesses according to Oklahoma Gas & Electric, including half of Pawhuska, Oklahoma.
Aftermath
In the aftermath of the May 4 tornadoes, Missouri governor Bob Holden petitioned the federal government to declare a federal disaster for 39 counties while Kansas governor Kathleen Sebelius issued disaster or emergency declarations for several counties—Cherokee, Crawford, Labette, Leavenworth, Neosho, and Wyandotte; U.S. President George W. Bush later issued federal disaster declarations for these states, authorizing the allocation of federal disaster funds through the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). FEMA director Michael D. Brown designated Michael J. Hall as the coordinator for federal relief efforts in response to the tornadoes.
Visiting the Northmoor, Missouri, Holden remarked that the damage was "the worst I've seen from a tornado in several years," later noting in during his visit of Pierce City that the May 4 storms were "the most devastating series of tornadoes we've ever had in the state of Missouri." Emergency shelters were opened in Madison County, Tennessee as the county largely lost access to electricity and water following a May 4 tornado. The American Red Cross of Central Oklahoma sent relief crews and emergency response trucks to Springfield, Missouri to deliver food and supplies. The Oklahoma City chapter of Feed the Children also dispatched supplies to Kansas City, Missouri. The 203rd Engineer Battalion of the Missouri Army National Guard bound for deployment in the Iraq War aided relief efforts in Pierce City, Missouri.
In 2004, The Storm Prediction Center and five National Weather Service Weather Forecast Offices were awarded the Department of Commerce Gold Medal—the highest award issued by the department—for "providing life-saving services during a record outbreak of tornadoes during the period of May 4–6, 2003."
See also
May 1995 tornado outbreak sequence
Tornado outbreak of May 2019
List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes
Tornadoes of 2003
Notes
References
External links
Overall
May 2003 Tornado Statistics (SPC, NOAA)
NWS Service Assessment
NCDC Billion Dollar U.S. Weather Disasters Summary
Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003) (Russell S. Schneider, Harold E. Brooks, and Joseph T. Schaefer, American Meteorological Society)
May 2003 Events (NWS Little Rock, Arkansas)
Memphis National Weather Service Perspective of the Severe Weather Outbreak of May 2003 – Focus on the F4 Madison County, Tennessee Tornado (NWS Memphis, Tennessee)
OK-FIRST Case Study: The Tornado Outbreaks of May 2003
Worst Week Ever For Twisters (CBS News)
NOAA: Cold Front Spawns Super-Cell Storms, Deadly Tornadoes in Central Plains States
(2004). Studies of the May 2003 tornado outbreaks, Session 12, 22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms, American Meteorological Society.
April 30 – May 3
National Weather Service storm survey results for April 30, 2003 (NWS Quad Cities, Iowa/IL)
Severe Weather May 1–3, 2003 (NWS Little Rock, Arkansas)
May 4–5
Severe Weather Event – May 4, 2003 (NWS Kansas City, Missouri)
Tornadoes Rip Across Southeast Kansas and the Missouri Ozarks May 4th 2003 (NWS Springfield, Missouri)
Severe Weather May 4–5, 2003 (Little Rock, Arkansas)
Summary of the May 4–5, 2003 Middle Tennessee Tornadoes (NWS Nashville, Tennessee)
Cold Front Spawns Supercell Storms, Deadly Tornadoes in Central Plains States (NOAA News)
May 4, 2003 Severe Weather Outbreak (Midwestern Regional Climate Center)
Pierce City Rebuilds (USA Today)
Kansas City, KS May 4, 2003 "The 5-4-3 Tornado Outbreak" – Images and videos of the Kansas City Tornadoes
5-04-03 Kansas City, Missouri Chase – Twister Sister images of the Kansas City Tornadoes
May 6–7
May 6, 2003 Tornado Outbreak (NWS Paducah, Kentucky)
May 6–8, 2003 (NWS Little Rock, Arkansas)
Severe Weather & Flooding of May 7, 2003 (NWS Birmingham, Alabama)
May 8
May 8, 2003: Central Oklahoma Tornadoes (NWS Norman, Oklahoma)
May 9
May 9, 2003: Central Oklahoma Tornadoes (NWS Norman, Oklahoma)
May 10
Storm Survey Results for the May 10, 2003 Event (NWS Quad Cities, Iowa/IL)
The Tornadoes of May 10, 2003 (NWS St. Louis)
May 11
Summary of the May 11, 2003 Middle Tennessee Tornadoes (NWS Nashville, Tennessee)
F4 tornadoes by date
,2003-05-03
Tornadoes of 2003
Tornadoes in Alabama
Tornadoes in Arkansas
Tornadoes in Colorado
Tornadoes in Georgia (U.S. state)
Tornadoes in Illinois
Tornadoes in Kansas
Tornadoes in Kentucky
Tornadoes in Maryland
Tornadoes in Mississippi
Tornadoes in Missouri
Tornadoes in Oklahoma
Tornadoes in Tennessee
Tornadoes in Wisconsin
2003 natural disasters in the United States
May 2003 events in the United States
2003 natural disasters
May 2003 events in Canada |
39183749 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet%20Y%C4%B1lmaz%20%C3%87al%C4%B1k | Ahmet Yılmaz Çalık | Ahmet Yılmaz Çalık (26 February 1994 – 11 January 2022) was a Turkish professional footballer who played as a centre-back for Gençlerbirliği, Galatasaray, Konyaspor, and the Turkey national team.
International career
Çalık represented Turkey at the 2013 UEFA U-19 Championship and 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
On 6 November 2015, Çalık was selected for the Turkey national team to play friendlies against Qatar and Greece respectively. He made his debut in a 0–0 draw with Greece. He was part of the Turkish squad for the Euro 2016, but ended up not playing in the tournament.
He scored his first senior international goal in a friendly March 2017 victory over Moldova. This was also his last international game.
Career statistics
Scores and results list Turkey's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Çalık goal.
Style of play
Çalık was a central centre-back and man-marker, he was athletic and relied mostly on his pace and timing.
Death
Çalık died in a traffic accident in Ankara on 11 January 2022 at the age of 27.
Honours
Galatasaray
Süper Lig: 2017–18, 2018–19
Turkish Cup: 2018–19
Turkish Super Cup: 2019
References
External links
1994 births
2022 deaths
People from Yenimahalle
Association football central defenders
Turkish footballers
Turkey international footballers
Turkey youth international footballers
Turkey under-21 international footballers
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Süper Lig players
Gençlerbirliği S.K. footballers
Galatasaray S.K. footballers
Konyaspor footballers
Road incident deaths in Turkey |
68007744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Klyachin | Alexander Klyachin | Alexander Klyachin (Russian: Alexander Ilyich Klyachin) is a Russian entrepreneur and investor. According to Forbes, as of April 2021, his fortune is estimated at $1,600 million in 2020, making him the 60th richest businessperson in Russia. He is the Head of the investment company Gleden Invest. Also, he is the founder of the international hotel chain Azimut Hotels and the owner of the fashionable Metropol Hotel near the Moscow Kremlin. Alexander is a large commercial real estate developer, and the owner of KR Properties and the Karat cheese factory in Moscow.
Biography
Alexander Klyachin was born in Moscow on May 18, 1967. In 1984, he finished Moscow School 57, well-known for a large number of outstanding graduates. In 1991, he graduated from the Geography Department of Moscow State University. Alexander also graduated from Oregon State University in the USA in 1993, majoring in geography as well.
In 1993, he worked in the finance field. In the early 2000s, he began working in the real estate industry, acquiring land plots in Moscow and the Moscow region. His company KR Properties redeveloped former industrial zones into modern business districts.
In 2006, he founded Azimut Hotels. It began with the reconstruction of old hotels and buildings of the Soviet era in Russian cities. In 2008, Azimut Hotels became the first Russian hotel chain to enter the European market (Austria and Germany). The company currently manages more than 50 hotels in Russia, Europe, and Israel.
In 2012, Alexander Klyachin became the owner of the historic Metropol hotel near the Moscow Kremlin.
In 2021, Klyachin's company Gleden Invest signed a memorandum with the state corporation VEB on cooperation within a wide pool of tourism cluster development projects in Siberia, the Far East and the North Caucasus. Currently, Klyachin is signing agreements with several heads of Russian regions (Yaroslavl, Kemerovo, Samara regions, etc.) on the construction and development of industrial and tourist facilities. Among the largest projects is the development of the Sheregesh ski resort in Gornaya Shoria (Siberia).
Alexander has also invested in the oil industry, high technology field, and in restaurant business.
Klyachin is the founder of the Khamovniki charity foundation for the support of social research.
In 2012, Alexander Klyachin joined the Bolshoi Theater Board of Trustees.
In 2021, Klyachin has been appointed board chairman of Moscow’s Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center.
References
External links
Klyachin's English profile at Forbes
Russian businesspeople
1967 births
Living people
Russian Jews |
41747957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger%20men%27s%20national%20basketball%20team | Niger men's national basketball team | The Niger national basketball team represents Niger in international competitions. It is administrated by the Fédération Nigérienne de Basket-Ball (FENIBASKET).
Niger had its best performance at the 1968 African Basketball Championship, when Niger finished 8th after beating Côte d'Ivoire 73–62.
Competitive record
Summer Olympics
yet to qualify
World championships
yet to qualify
FIBA Africa Championship
African Games
yet to qualify
Notable players
Current notable players from Niger:
|}
Legend
Club – describes current club
Age – describes age on 15 May 2017
|}
See also
Niger women's national basketball team
Niger national under-19 basketball team
Niger national under-17 basketball team
Niger national 3x3 team
External links
Niger Basketball Records at FIBA Archive
Official Website
References
Men's national basketball teams
Basketball
Basketball in Niger
1963 establishments in Niger |
41705747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansuriyeh%2C%20Fars | Mansuriyeh, Fars | Mansuriyeh (, also Romanized as Manşūrīyeh; also known as Manşūrī) is a village in Paskhan Rural District, in the Central District of Darab County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 554, in 122 families.
References
Populated places in Darab County |
59265592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bait%20Al%20Naboodah | Bait Al Naboodah | Bait Al Naboodah, Al Naboodah House, is a pearl merchant's house and museum located in the Heart of Sharjah, the restored old town and heritage area of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE).
House
The house, a traditional Arabian family home based around a courtyard with almond and palm trees, was built in approximately 1845. It is an outstanding example of its style and features fine carved teak reflective of the wealth and status of its owner, the pearl merchant Obaid Bin Isa Bin Ali Al Shamsi, who was known as Al Naboodah. His family were members of the influential Al Bu Shamis tribe (Al Shamsi is the singular of Al Bu Shamis). Obaid Al Naboodah had three wives. He gave his name to one of the UAE's great trading families, today employing some 16,000 staff and active across aviation, construction, agriculture and logistics.
Constructed from coral, gypsum and adobe, the house consists of a number of rooms around a central courtyard, with family quarters accessible separately from outside supporting extended family members as the house was expanded to accommodate his children and their respective families. The house is a double story building, relatively unusual for its time and a symbol of great wealth. As well as the traditional barjeel wind towers for cooling, the house features malaqaf, wind catchers, built into the walls.
Trading
Al Naboodah's majlis was located opposite the family home. He traded his pearls with markets in the UK and France but also, crucially, with India and it was the legendary wealth of the Maharajahs which was to form the mainstay of his business. This Indian trade also allowed Al Naboodah to buy great columns and doors of teak from India and ship them back to Sharjah to his ever-growing house, which was eventually to reach 10,000 metres in area.
Al Naboodah was an unusually cosmopolitan figure in contemporary Sharjah, maintaining houses in Paris and Mumbai as well as his family home in what was then a relatively small, if affluent, town. Like many merchants of his class, he was hit hard by the combination of the Great Depression and the growing taste for Japanese cultured pearls and watched demand for his trade dry up almost overnight. With pearling boats laid up and the entire system of trade which subsisted around pearling collapsing, the populace of Sharjah (and the other coastal emirates of the Trucial States) was faced with financial ruin, poverty and, ultimately, starvation. Although Al Naboodah was known for his generosity, times were harsh. Efforts by the British Board of Trade to find alternative markets for the Gulf's pearls failed and diversification was the only route open to many traders who would have been saddled with considerable debts throughout the slow collapse of the trade.
Restoration
Members of the family continued to live in the house through its long decline until the 1970s, when it was left to Sharjah Heritage. Suffering extensive water and termite damage, the house was originally restored in the 1990s and then re-opened in April 2018 following major restoration work.
References
History of the United Arab Emirates
Sharjah articles
Museums in Sharjah (city)
Local museums |
26721526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20dogs%20of%20war%20%28phrase%29 | The dogs of war (phrase) | The dogs of war is a phrase spoken by Mark Antony in Act 3, Scene 1, line 273 of English playwright William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar: "Cry 'Havoc!', and let slip the dogs of war."
Synopsis
In the scene, Mark Antony is alone with Julius Caesar's body, shortly after Caesar's assassination. In a soliloquy, he reveals his intention to incite the crowd at Caesar's funeral to rise up against the assassins. Foreseeing violence throughout Rome, Antony even imagines Caesar's spirit joining in the exhortations: "ranging for revenge, with Ate by his side come hot from hell, shall in these confines with a Monarch's voice cry 'Havoc!' and let slip the dogs of war."
In a literal reading, "dogs" are the familiar animals, trained for warfare; "havoc" is a military order permitting the seizure of spoil after a victory and "let slip" is to release from the leash. Shakespeare's source for Julius Caesar was The Life of Marcus Brutus from Plutarch's Lives, and the concept of the war dog appears in that work, in the section devoted to the Greek warrior Aratus.
Apart from the literal meaning, a parallel can be drawn with the prologue to Henry V, where the warlike king is described as having at his heels, awaiting employment, the hounds "famine, sword and fire".
Along those lines, an alternative proposed meaning is that "the dogs of war" refers figuratively to the wild pack of soldiers "let slip" by war's breakdown of civilized behavior and/or their commanders' orders to wreak "havoc", i.e., rape, pillage, and plunder.
Based on the original meaning of "dog" in its mechanical sense ("any of various usually simple mechanical devices for holding, gripping, or fastening that consist of a spike, bar, or hook"), the "dogs" are "let slip" as an act of releasing. Thus, the "dogs of war" are the political and societal restraints against war that operate during times of peace.
In popular culture
The phrase has entered so far into general usage that it is now regarded as a cliché.
Many books, films, video games, songs, and television episodes are titled using variations of the phrase “Dogs of War.”
Victor Hugo used "dogs of war" as a metaphor for cannon fire in chapter XIV of Les Misérables:
The phrase was used by Christopher Plummer's character General Chang in the film Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, in a scene which featured Chang's Klingon Bird of Prey attacking the USS Enterprise.
Jeremy Clarkson used the phrase during a Top Gear special, before attempting a speed run at the Bonneville Salt Flats in a Chevrolet Corvette C6 ZR1, adding "They probably think that's a Bon Jovi lyric here."
Sterling Archer misquotes the phrase before embarking on a rampage to find the chemotherapy drugs for his aforementioned breast cancer.
Kevin Spacey on his role as Frank Underwood in the Series "House of Cards - Season 2 - Episode 12" used the phrase as he began a political attack to undermine the power of the President of the United States and move forward on his silent plan to take control of the White House and the executive power.
In 2017, it was used on a tifo at the King Power Stadium during the Champions League last 16 match featuring Leicester City and Sevilla FC. The tifo displayed a person holding onto dogs via a chain, with the phrase "Let Slip the Dogs of War" underneath.
See also
List of titles of works based on Shakespearean phrases
References
Bibliography
Note: The "Notes" for "Julius Cæsar" chapter in the Cornwall edition close with the signature "SINGER.", apparently referring to contributions based on the work of Samuel Weller Singer.
External links
Julius Caesar (play)
Metaphors referring to dogs
Shakespearean phrases
16th-century neologisms |
36026402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangmu%20Volleyball%20Team | Sangmu Volleyball Team | Sangmu Shinhyup () is a South Korean volleyball team founded in 1951. They played in V-League (2005–2012) and their home stadium was Seongnam Gymnasium in Seongnam.
Club honours
Club World Championship
5th place (1): 1992
Asian Club Championship
6th place (1): 2015
Notable players
Shin Young-chul
Shin Yung-suk
See also
Korea Armed Forces Athletic Corps
External links
Official Website
Volleyball clubs established in 1951
1951 establishments in South Korea
Sport in Gyeonggi Province
South Korean volleyball clubs
Volleyball |
219210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy%20protection | Copy protection | Copy protection, also known as content protection, copy prevention and copy restriction, describes measures to enforce copyright by preventing the reproduction of software, films, music, and other media.
Copy protection is most commonly found on videotapes, DVDs, Blu-ray discs, HD-DVDs, computer software discs, video game discs and cartridges, audio CDs and some VCDs.
Some methods of copy protection have also led to criticisms because it caused inconvenience for paying consumers, or it secretly installed additional or unwanted software to detect copying activities on the consumer's computer. Making copy protection effective while protecting consumer rights remains a problem with media publication.
Terminology
Media corporations have always used the term copy protection, but critics argue that the term tends to sway the public into identifying with the publishers, who favor restriction technologies, rather than with the users. Copy prevention and copy control may be more neutral terms. "Copy protection" is a misnomer for some systems, because any number of copies can be made from an original and all of these copies will work, but only in one computer, or only with one dongle, or only with another device that cannot be easily copied.
The term is also often related to, and confused with, the concept of digital rights management. Digital rights management is a more general term because it includes all sorts of management of works, including copy restrictions. Copy protection may include measures that are not digital. A more appropriate term may be "technological protection measures" (TPMs), which is often defined as the use of technological tools in order to restrict the use or access to a work.
Business rationale
Unauthorized copying and distribution accounted for $2.4 billion in lost revenue in the United States alone in the 1990s, and is assumed to be causing impact on revenues in the music and the video game industry, leading to proposal of stricter copyright laws such as PIPA.
Copy protection is most commonly found on videotapes, DVDs, computer software discs, video game discs and cartridges, audio CDs and some VCDs.
Many media formats are easy to copy using a machine, allowing consumers to distribute copies to their friends, a practice known as "casual copying".
Companies publish works under copyright protection because they believe that the cost of implementing the copy protection will be less than the revenue produced by consumers who buy the product instead of acquiring it through casually copied media.
Opponents of copy protection argue that people who obtain free copies only use what they can get for free and would not purchase their own copy if they were unable to obtain a free copy. Some even argue that free copies increase profit; people who receive a free copy of a music CD may then go and buy more of that band's music, which they would not have done otherwise.
Some publishers have avoided copy-protecting their products on the theory that the resulting inconvenience to their users outweighs any benefit of frustrating "casual copying".
From the perspective of the end user, copy protection is always a cost. DRM and license managers sometimes fail, are inconvenient to use, and may not afford the user all of the legal use of the product they have purchased.
The term copy protection refers to the technology used to attempt to frustrate copying, and not to the legal remedies available to publishers or authors whose copyrights are violated. Software usage models range from node locking to floating licenses (where a fixed number licenses can be concurrently used across an enterprise), grid computing (where multiple computers function as one unit and so use a common license) and electronic licensing (where features can be purchased and activated online). The term license management refers to broad platforms which enable the specification, enforcement and tracking of software licenses. To safeguard copy protection and license management technologies themselves against tampering and hacking, software anti-tamper methods are used.
Floating licenses are also being referred to as Indirect Licenses, and are licenses that at the time they are issued, there is no actually user who will use them. That has some technical influence over some of their characteristics. Direct Licenses are issued after a certain user requires it. As an example, an activated Microsoft product, contains a Direct License which is locked to the PC where the product is installed.
From business standpoint, on the other hand, some services now try to monetize on additional services other than the media content so users can have better experience than simply obtaining the copied product.
Technical challenges
From a technical standpoint, it seems impossible to completely prevent users from making copies of the media they purchase, as long as a "writer" is available that can write to blank media. All types of media require a "player"—a CD player, DVD player, videotape player, computer or video game console—which must be able to read the media in order to display it to a human. Logically, a player could be built that reads the media and then writes an exact copy of what was read to the same type of media.
At a minimum, digital copy protection of non-interactive works is subject to the analog hole: regardless of any digital restrictions, if music can be heard by the human ear, it can also be recorded (at the very least, with a microphone and tape recorder); if a film can be viewed by the human eye, it can also be recorded (at the very least, with a video camera and recorder). In practice, almost-perfect copies can typically be made by tapping into the analog output of a player (e.g. the speaker output or headphone jacks) and, once redigitized into an unprotected form, duplicated indefinitely. Copying text-based content in this way is more tedious, but the same principle applies: if it can be printed or displayed, it can also be scanned and OCRed. With basic software and some patience, these techniques can be applied by a typical computer-literate user.
Since these basic technical facts exist, it follows that a determined individual will definitely succeed in copying any media, given enough time and resources. Media publishers understand this; copy protection is not intended to stop professional operations involved in the unauthorized mass duplication of media, but rather to stop "casual copying".
Copying of information goods which are downloaded (rather than being mass-duplicated as with physical media) can be inexpensively customized for each download, and thus restricted more effectively, in a process known as "traitor tracing". They can be encrypted in a fashion which is unique for each user's computer, and the decryption system can be made tamper-resistant.
Methods
For information on individual protection schemes and technologies, see List of copy protection schemes or relevant category page.
Computer software
Copy protection for computer software, especially for games, has been a long cat-and-mouse struggle between publishers and crackers. These were (and are) programmers who defeated copy protection on software as a hobby, add their alias to the title screen, and then distribute the "cracked" product to the network of warez BBSes or Internet sites that specialized in distributing unauthorized copies of software.
Early ages
When computer software was still distributed in audio cassettes, audio copying was unreliable, while digital copying was time consuming. Software prices were comparable with audio cassette prices. To make digital copying more difficult, many programs used non-standard loading methods (loaders incompatible with standard BASIC loaders, or loaders that used different transfer speed).
Unauthorized software copying began to be a problem when floppy disks became the common storage media. The ease of copying depended on the system; Jerry Pournelle wrote in BYTE in 1983 that "CP/M doesn't lend itself to copy protection" so its users "haven't been too worried" about it, while "Apple users, though, have always had the problem. So have those who used TRS-DOS, and I understand that MS-DOS has copy protection features".
1980s Locksmith
Pournelle disliked copy protection and, except for games, refused to review software that used it. He did not believe that it was useful, writing in 1983 that "For every copy protection scheme there's a hacker ready to defeat it. Most involve so-called nibble/nybble copiers, which try to analyze the original disk and then make a copy". IBM's Don Estridge agreed: "I guarantee that whatever scheme you come up with will take less time to break than to think of it." While calling piracy "a threat to software development. It's going to dry up the software", he said "It's wrong to copy-protect programs ... There ought to be some way to stop [piracy] without creating products that are unusable."
Copy protection sometimes caused software to not run on clones, such as the Apple II-compatible Laser 128. The back and forth struggle between copy protection engineers and nibble copiers continued until the Apple II became obsolete and was replaced by the IBM PC and its clones.
In 1989 Gilman Louie, head of Spectrum Holobyte, stated that copy protection added about $0.50 per copy to the cost of production of a game. Other software relied on complexity; Antic in 1988 observed that WordPerfect for the Atari ST "is almost unusable without its manual of over 600 pages!". (The magazine was mistaken; the ST version was so widely pirated that the company threatened to discontinue it.)
To limit reusing activation keys to install the software on multiple machines, it has been attempted to tie the installed software to a specific machine by involving some unique feature of the machine. Serial number in ROM could not be used because some machines do not have them. Some popular surrogate for a machine serial number were date and time (to the second) of initialization of the hard disk or MAC address of Ethernet cards (although this is programmable on modern cards). With the rise of virtualization, however, the practice of locking has to add to these simple hardware parameters to still prevent copying.
Early video games
During the 1980s and 1990s, video games sold on audio cassette and floppy disks were sometimes protected with an external user-interactive method that demanded the user to have the original package or a part of it, usually the manual. Copy protection was activated not only at installation, but every time the game was executed.
Several imaginative and creative methods have been employed, in order to be both fun and hard to copy. These include:
The most common method was requiring the player to enter a specific word (often chosen at random) from the manual. A variant of this technique involved matching a picture provided by the game to one in the manual and providing an answer pertaining to the picture (Ski or Die, 4D Boxing and James Bond 007; the Stealth Affair used this technique). Buzz Aldrin's Race Into Space (in the floppy version but not the CD version) required the user to input an astronaut's total duration in space (available in the manual) before the launch of certain missions. If the answer were incorrect, the mission would suffer a catastrophic failure.
Manuals containing information and hints vital to the completion of the game, like answers to riddles (Conquests of Camelot, King's Quest 6), recipes of spells (King's Quest 3), keys to deciphering non-Latin writing systems (Ultima series, see also Ultima writing systems), maze guides (Manhunter), dialogue spoken by other characters in the game (Wasteland, Dragon Wars), excerpts of the storyline (most Advanced Dungeons and Dragons games and Wing Commander I), or a radio frequency to use to communicate with a character to further a game (Metal Gear Solid).
Some sort of code with symbols, not existing on the keyboard or the ASCII code. This code was arranged in a grid, and had to be entered via a virtual keyboard at the request "What is the code at line 3 row 2?". These tables were printed on dark paper (Maniac Mansion, Uplink), or were visible only through a red transparent layer (Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade), making the paper very difficult to photocopy. Another variant of this method—most famously used on the ZX Spectrum version of Jet Set Willy—was a card with color sequences at each grid reference that had to be entered before starting the game. This also prevented monochrome photocopying. It had been thought that the codes in the tables were based on a mathematical formula which could be calculated by using the row, line and page number if the formula was known, a function of the disk space requirement of the data. Later research proved that this wasn't the case.
The Secret of Monkey Island offered a rotating wheel with halves of pirate's faces. The game showed a face composed of two different parts and asked when this pirate was hanged on a certain island. The player then had to match the faces on the wheel, and enter the year that appeared on the island-respective hole. Its sequel had the same concept, but with magic potion ingredients. Other games that employed the code wheel system include Star Control.
Zork games such as Beyond Zork and Zork Zero came with "feelies" which contained information vital to the completion of the game. For example, the parchment found from Zork Zero contained clues vital to solving the final puzzle. However, whenever the player attempts to read the parchment, they are referred to the game package.
The Lenslok system used a plastic prismatic device, shipped with the game, which was used to descramble a code displayed on screen.
Early copies of The Playroom from Broderbund Software included a game called "What is Missing?" in which every fifth time the program was booted up, the player would see a pattern and have to refer to the back of the manual to find which of 12 objects from the spinner counting game would match the pattern seen on the back of the manual in order to open the game.
All of these methods proved to be troublesome and tiring for the players, and as such greatly declined in usage by the mid-1990s, at which point the emergence of CDs as the primary video game medium made copy protection largely redundant, since CD copying technology was not widely available at the time.
Some game developers, such as Markus Persson, have encouraged consumers and other developers to embrace the reality of unlicensed copying and utilize it positively to generate increased sales and marketing interest.
Videotape
Starting in 1985 with the video release of The Cotton Club (Beta and VHS versions only), Macrovision licensed to publishers a technology that exploits the automatic gain control feature of VCRs by adding pulses to the vertical blanking sync signal. These pulses do not affect the image a consumer sees on their TV, but do confuse the recording-level circuitry of consumer VCRs. This technology, which is aided by U.S. legislation mandating the presence of automatic gain-control circuitry in VCRs, is said to "plug the analog hole" and make VCR-to-VCR copies impossible, although an inexpensive circuit is widely available that will defeat the protection by removing the pulses. Macrovision had patented methods of defeating copy prevention, giving it a more straightforward basis to shut down manufacture of any device that descrambles it than often exists in the DRM world. While used for pre-recorded tapes, the system was not adopted for television broadcasts; Michael J. Fuchs of HBO said in 1985 that Macrovision was "not good technology" because it reduced picture quality and consumers could easily bypass it, while Peter Chernin of Showtime said "we want to accommodate our subscribers and we know they like to tape our movies".
Notable payloads
Over time, software publishers (especially in the case of video games) became creative about crippling the software in case it was duplicated. These games would initially show that the copy was successful, but eventually render themselves unplayable via subtle methods.
Many games use the "code checksumming" technique to prevent alteration of code to bypass other copy protection. Important constants for the game - such as the accuracy of the player's firing, the speed of their movement, etc. - are not included in the game but calculated from the numbers making up the machine code of other parts of the game. If the code is changed, the calculation yields a result which no longer matches the original design of the game and the game plays improperly.
Superior Soccer had no outward signs of copy protection, but if it decided it was not a legitimate copy, it made the soccer ball in the game invisible, making it impossible to play the game.
In Sid Meier's Pirates, if the player entered in the wrong information, they could still play the game, but with substantially increased difficulty.
As a more satirical nod to the issue, if the thriller-action game Alan Wake detects that the game is cracked or a pirated copy, it will replace tips in loading screens with messages telling the player to buy the game. If a new game is created on the copied game, an additional effect will take place. As a more humorous nod to "piracy", Alan Wake will gain a black Eyepatch over his right eye, complete with a miniature Jolly Roger.
While the copy protection in Zak McKracken and the Alien Mindbenders was not hidden as such, the repercussions of missing the codes was unusual: the player ended up in jail (permanently), and the police officer gave a lengthy and condescending speech about software copying.
In case of copied versions of The Settlers III, the iron smelters only produced pigs (a play on pig iron); weaponsmiths require iron to produce weapons, so players couldn't amass arms.
Bohemia Interactive Studio developed a unique and very subtle protection system for its game Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis. Dubbed FADE, if it detects an unauthorized copy, it does not inform the player immediately but instead progressively corrupts aspects of the game (such as reducing the weapon accuracy to zero) to the point that it eventually becomes unplayable. The message "Original discs don't FADE" will eventually appear if the game is detected as being an unauthorized copy.
FADE is also used in ArmA II, and will similarly diminish the accuracy of the player’s weapons, as well as induce a “drunken vision” effect, where the screen becomes wavy, should the player be playing on an unauthorized copy.
This system was also used in Take On Helicopters, where the screen blurred and distorted when playing a counterfeit copy, making it hard to safely pilot a helicopter.
The IndyCar Series (2003 video game) also utilizes FADE technology to safeguard against piracy by making races very difficult to win on a pirated version. The penultimate section of the game’s manual states:
Copying commercial games, such as this one, is a criminal offense and copyright infringement.
Copying and re-supplying games such as this one can lead to a term of imprisonment.
Think of a pirated game as stolen property.
This game is protected by the FADE system. You can play with a pirated game- but not for long. The quality of a pirated game will degrade over time.
Purchase only genuine software at legitimate stores.
Batman: Arkham Asylum contained code that disabled Batman's glider cape, making some areas of the game very difficult to complete and a certain achievement/trophy impossible to unlock (gliding continuously for over 100m).
The PC version of Grand Theft Auto IV has a copy protection that swings the camera as though the player was drunk. If the player enters a vehicle it will automatically throttle, making it difficult to steer. It also damages the vehicle, making it vulnerable to collisions and bullets. An update to the game prevented unauthorised copies from accessing the in-game web browser, making it impossible to finish the game as some missions involve browsing the web for objectives.
EarthBound is well-documented for its extensive use of checksums to ensure that the game is being played on legitimate hardware. If the game detects that it is being played on a European SNES, it refuses to boot, as the first of several checksums has failed. A second checksum will weed out most unauthorized copies of the game, but hacking the data to get past this checksum will trigger a third checksum that makes enemy encounters appear much more often than in an authorized copy, and if the player progresses through the game without giving up (or cracks this protection), a final checksum code will activate before the final boss battle, freezing the game and deleting all the save files. A similar copy protection system was used in Spyro: Year of the Dragon, although it only uses one copy protection check at the beginning of the game (see below).
In an unauthorized version of the PC edition of Mass Effect, the game save mechanism did not work and the in-game galactic map caused the game to crash. As the galactic map is needed to travel to different sections of the game, the player became stuck in the first section of the game.
If an unauthorized version of The Sims 2 was used, the Build Mode would not work properly. Walls could not be built on the player's property, which prevented the player from building any custom houses. Some furniture and clothing selections would not be available either.
A March 2009 update to the BeeJive IM iPhone app included special functionality for users of the unauthorized version: the screen would read "PC LOAD LETTER" whenever the user tried to establish a connection to any IM service, then quickly switch to a YouTube clip from the movie Office Space.
Red Alert 2 and The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-Earth have a copy protection system that completely wipes out the player's forces briefly after a battle begins on an unlicensed copy. However, some who purchased the latter have encountered a bug that caused this copy protection scheme to trigger when it was not supposed to.
If a player pirated the Nintendo DS version of Michael Jackson: The Experience, vuvuzela noises will play over the notes during a song, which then become invisible. The game will also freeze if the player tries to pause it.
Older versions of Autodesk 3ds Max use a dongle for copy protection; if it is missing, the program will randomly corrupt the points of the user's model during usage, destroying their work.
Older versions of CDRWIN used a serial number for initial copy protection. However, if this check was bypassed, a second hidden check would activate causing a random factor to be introduced into the CD burning process, producing corrupted "coaster" disks.
Terminate, a BBS terminal package, would appear to operate normally if cracked but would insert a warning that a pirated copy was in use into the IEMSI login packet it transmitted, where the sysop of any BBS the user called could clearly read it.
Ubik's Musik, a music creation tool for the Commodore 64, would transform into a Space Invaders game if it detected that a cartridge-based copying device had attempted to interrupt it. This copy protection system also doubles as an easter egg, as the message that appears when it occurs is not hostile ("Plug joystick in port 1, press fire, and no more resetting/experting!").
The Amiga version of Bomberman featured a multitap peripheral that also acted as a dongle. Data from the multitap was used to calculate the time limit of each level. If the multitap was missing, the time limit would be calculated as 0, causing the level to end immediately.
Nevermind, a puzzle game for the Amiga, contained code that caused an unlicensed version of the game to behave as a demo. The game would play three levels sampled from throughout the game, and then give the message "You have completed three levels; however there are 100 levels to complete on the original disc."
In Spyro: Year of the Dragon a character named Zoe will tell the player outside the room containing the balloon to Midday Garden Home and several other areas that the player is using an unlicensed copy. This conversation purposely corrupts data. When corrupted, the game would not only remove stray gems and the ability to progress in certain areas but also make the final boss unbeatable, returning the player to the beginning of the game (and removing the save file at the same time) after about 8 seconds into the battle.
The Atari Jaguar console would freeze at startup and play the sound of an enraged jaguar snarling if the inserted cartridge failed the initial security check.
The Lenslok copy protection system gave an obvious message if the lens-coded letters were entered incorrectly, but if the user soft-reset the machine, the areas of memory occupied by the game would be flooded with the message "THANK YOU FOR YOUR INTEREST IN OUR PRODUCT. NICE TRY. LOVE BJ/NJ" to prevent the user examining leftover code to crack the protection.
An update to the sandbox game Garry's Mod enabled a copy protection mechanism that outputs the error "Unable to shade polygon normals" if the game detects that it has been copied. The error also includes the user's Steam ID as an error ID, meaning that users can be identified by their Steam account when asking for help about the error over the Internet.
The Atari version of Alternate Reality: The Dungeon would have the player's character attacked by two unbeatable "FBI Agents" if it detected a cracked version. The FBI agents would also appear when restoring a save which was created by such a version, even if the version restoring the save was legal.
VGA Planets, a play-by-BBS strategy game, contained code in its server which would check all clients' submitted turns for suspect registration codes. Any player deemed to be using a cracked copy, or cheating in the game, would have random forces destroyed throughout the game by an unbeatable enemy called "The Tim Continuum" (after the game's author, Tim Wissemann). A similar commercial game, Stars!, would issue empty turn updates for players with invalid registration codes, meaning that none of their orders would ever be carried out.
On a copied version of the original PC version of Postal, as soon as the game was started, the player character would immediately shoot himself in the head.
In Serious Sam 3: BFE, if the game code detects what it believes to be an unauthorized copy, an invincible scorpion-like monster is spawned in the beginning of the game with high speeds, melee attacks, and attacks from a range with twin chainguns making the game extremely difficult and preventing the player from progressing further. Also in the level "Under the Iron Cloud", the player's character will spin out-of-control looking up in the air.
An unauthorized copy of Pokémon Black and White and their sequels will run as if it were normal, but the Pokémon will not gain any experience points after a battle. This has since been solved by patching the game's files.
If Ace Attorney Investigations 2 detects an illegitimate or downloaded copy of the game, it will convert the entire game's text into the game's symbol based foreign language, Borginian, which cannot be translated in any way.
The unlicensed version of indie game Game Dev Tycoon, in which the player runs a game development company, will dramatically increase the piracy rate of the games the player releases to the point where no money can be made at all, and disable the player's ability to take any action against it
In the stand-alone expansion to Crytek's Crysis, Crysis Warhead, players who pirated the game will have their ammunition replaced with chickens that inflict no damage and have very little knockback, rendering ranged combat impossible.
In Crytek's Crysis 3, if a player used an unlicensed copy of the game, he is not able to defeat the last boss (The Alpha Ceph), thus making it impossible to beat the game.
In Mirror's Edge, copy protection will prevent its player character, Faith, from sprinting, making it impossible for players to jump over long gaps and progress further on a pirated copy.
The usage of copy protection payloads which lower playability of a game without making it clear that this is a result of copy protection is now generally considered unwise, due to the potential for it to result in unaware players with unlicensed copies spreading word-of-mouth that a game is of low quality. The authors of FADE explicitly acknowledged this as a reason for including the explicit warning message.
Anti-piracy
Anti-piracy measures are efforts to fight against copyright infringement, counterfeiting, and other violations of intellectual property laws.
It includes, but is by no means limited to, the combined efforts of corporate associations (such as the RIAA and MPAA), law enforcement agencies (such as the FBI and Interpol), and various international governments to combat copyright infringement relating to various types of creative works, such as software, music and films. These measures often come in the form of copy protection measures such as DRM, or measures implemented through a content protection network, such as Distil Networks or Incapsula. Richard Stallman and the GNU Project have criticized the use of the word "piracy" in these situations, saying that publishers use the word to refer to "copying they don't approve of" and that "they [publishers] imply that it is ethically equivalent to attacking ships on the high seas, kidnapping and murdering the people on them".
Certain forms of Anti-Piracy (such as DRM), are considered by consumers to control the use of the products content after sale.
In the case MPAA v. Hotfile, Judge Kathleen M. Williams granted a motion to deny the prosecution the usage of words she views as "pejorative". This list included the word "piracy", the use of which, the motion by the defense stated, would serve no purpose but to misguide and inflame the jury. The plaintiff argued the common use of the terms when referring to copyright infringement should invalidate the motion, but the Judge did not concur.
Anti-piracy in file sharing
Today copyright infringement is often facilitated by the use of file sharing. In fact, infringement accounts for 23.8% of all internet traffic in 2013. In an effort to cut down on this, both large and small films and music corporations have issued DMCA takedown notices, filed lawsuits, and pressed criminal prosecution of those who host these file sharing services.
See also
Core dump
Digital rights management
Digital watermarking
Floating licensing
Cheat cartridge
License manager
List of copy protection schemes
Software anti-tamper
Sony BMG CD copy protection scandal
Tamper resistance
Trade group efforts against file sharing
References
External links
V-Max Copy Protection on the C64
Copy Protection in depth
Evaluating New Copy-Prevention Techniques for Audio CDs
Disk Preservation Project Discusses and analyzes protections used on old floppy-based systems.
Comprehensive article on video game piracy and its prevention.
Several algorithms used to generate serial keys
Copy Protection Analysis on the C64
Details on the RapidLok tracks copy protection system used on many releases
Digital rights management
Software licenses
Warez
Compact Disc and DVD copy protection
Computer access control |
41713527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsela%20Peak | Arsela Peak | Arsela Peak (, ) is the peak rising to 1517 m near the south end of Owen Ridge, the southernmost portion of the main ridge of Sentinel Range in Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica. It has precipitous and partly ice-free north and southwest slopes, and surmounts lower Nimitz Glacier to the southwest and the end of Wessbecher Glacier to the northeast.
The peak is named after the Thracian settlement of Arsela in Southern Bulgaria.
Location
Arsela Peak is located at , which is 11 km southeast of Lishness Peak, 14.9 km west-southwest of Mountainview Ridge in Petvar Heights, 4 km north-northwest of Bowers Corner, and 12.1 km northeast of O'Neal Nunataks in Bastien Range. US mapping in 1961 and 1988.
See also
Mountains in Antarctica
Maps
Vinson Massif. Scale 1:250 000 topographic map. Reston, Virginia: US Geological Survey, 1988.
Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly updated.
Notes
References
Arsela Peak. SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica.
Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)
External links
Arsela Peak. Copernix satellite image
Ellsworth Mountains
Bulgaria and the Antarctic
Mountains of Ellsworth Land |
58269992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%20Historic%20District | Pan Historic District | The Pan Historic District encompasses a historic rural landscape in eastern Bolton, Massachusetts. Named for its relatively flat terrain, the Pan was settled in the 18th century, with a largely agrarian settlement pattern augmented by small industries such as sawmills and a tannery. Architecturally the district has a well-preserved collection of Federal period residential architecture. Its main public feature is the Pan Burying Ground, an early cemetery located near the junction of Massachusetts Routes 117 and 85. It extends south from there along Route 85 and Long Hill Road, and north along Burnham Road.
The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Worcester County, Massachusetts
References
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Bolton, Massachusetts
Historic districts in Worcester County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Worcester County, Massachusetts |
5935969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathfinder%20Scouts%20Association | Pathfinder Scouts Association | The Pathfinder & Rover Explorer Scouts' Association (P-RESA) is an independent Traditional Scouting Association in the United Kingdom, with International branches. The Association's training programme runs along the lines of Baden-Powell's original Scouting for Boys, upholding the traditions and practices set out by B-P, using the 1938 Boy Scouts' Association Policy Organisation & Rules (POR) as its basis.
Organisation
Sections
Beavers
Beavers are the youngest and newest section in Scouting, although some Groups do not operate Beaver colonies as they were not part of Baden-Powell's original concept. Beavers was one of the initial names Baden-Powell considered for the Wolf Cub section. The programme serves six to eight year olds, and is based on the Canadian Beaver Scout handbook Friends of the Forest.
Beaver Law and Oath
The Beaver Oath is:
I promise to do my best,
to obey my Leaders and my parents
to love God and to be a good Otter.
The Beaver Law is:
A Beaver is always busy and bright
is a friend to all and helps other people
by doing a good turn every day.
Motto: "Beavers" - Always Busy and Bright
Beaver Uniform
Cap: Grey, with pale blue piping, with Beaver's head badge in front.
Scarf: Of the Group colour, worn with a Group ring (of one pattern, other than the 'Gilwell) or a loose knot at the throat.
Jersey: Grey, sleeves down or rolled up at the discretion of the B.S.M.
Shorts: Dark grey.
Stockings: Dark blue; worn turned down below the knees, with green tabbed garter showing outside.
Boots or shoes: Brown or black.
Shoulder patch: Small triangular path of cloth (the colour of the Lodge), sewn at the top of left sleeve, immediately below the shoulder, with point upwards.
Shoulder badge: Indicating the Group, worn on right shoulder or on both, according to the custom of the Group.
County emblem: Worn on the right breast.
District emblem: Worn on the right sleeve below the shoulder badge.
Beaver Proficiency Badges
The general scheme of Beaver proficiency badges is as follows:-
Four special proficiency badges;
Brown Paw Print Badge
Blue Paw Print Badge
Green Paw Print Badge
Red Paw Print Badge
Two additional proficiency badges;
Beaver Safety
Swimming Beaver
Wolf Cubs
In 1916, Lord Baden-Powell set up Wolf Cubs for the younger brothers of the Scouts who were desperate to join in the fun. Wolf Cubs are based around Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book. Where a young boy brought up by a Wolf pack has to learn to develop to be a self sufficient man. Leaders take their names from the Jungle Book story.
Wolf Cub Law and Oath
The Wolf Cub Oath is:
I promise to do my best,
To do my duty to God and the Queen,
To keep the Law of the Wolf Pack, and do a good turn to somebody every day.
The Law of the Wolf Cub Pack is:
The Cub gives in to the Old Wolf;
The Cub does not give in to himself.
Motto: "Wolf Cubs" - Do my Best
Wolf Cub Uniform
Cap: Green, with yellow piping, with Wolf's head badge in front.
Scarf: Of the Group colour, worn with a Group ring (of one pattern, other than the 'Gilwell) or a loose knot at the throat. Ends to be tied with a 'Reef' Knot.
Jersey: Green, sleeves down or rolled up at the discretion of the C.M.
Shorts: Dark grey.
Stockings: Dark blue; worn turned down below the knees, with green tabbed garter showing outside.
Boots or shoes: Brown or black.
Shoulder patch: Small triangular path of cloth (the colour of the Six), sewn at the top of left sleeve, immediately below the shoulder, with point upwards.
Shoulder badge: Indicating the Group, worn on right shoulder or on both, according to the custom of the Group.
County emblem: Worn on the right breast.
District emblem: Worn on the right sleeve below the shoulder badge.
Wolf Cub Proficiency Badges
The general scheme of Cub proficiency badges is as follows:-
Two general proficiency badges;
One Star Cub
Two Star Cub
12 special proficiency badges for different subjects divided into four groups as follows:-
(1) Character (colour of badge - blue);
Collector
Observer
Gardener
(2) Handcraft (colour of badge - yellow);
Artist
Homecraft
Toymaker
(3) Service (colour of badge - red)
First Aider
Guide
House Orderly
(4) Physical Health (colour of badge - green)
Athlete
Swimmer
Team Player
One additional proficiency badge, based on the holding of certain special proficiency badges
Leaping Wolf
Pathfinder Scouts
In 1906 and 1907 Robert Baden-Powell, a lieutenant general in the British Army, wrote a book for boys about reconnaissance and scouting. Baden-Powell wrote Scouting for Boys (London, 1908), based on his earlier books about military scouting, with influence and support of Frederick Russell Burnham (Chief of Scouts in British Africa), Ernest Thompson Seton of the Woodcraft Indians, William Alexander Smith of the Boys' Brigade, and his publisher Pearson. In the summer of 1907 Baden-Powell held a camp on Brownsea Island in England to test ideas for his book. This camp and the publication of Scouting for Boys are generally regarded as the start of the Scout movement.
The movement employs the Scout method, a program of informal education with an emphasis on practical outdoor activities, including camping, woodcraft, aquatics, hiking, backpacking, and sports.
Pathfinder Scout Law and Oath
The Pathfinder Scout Law and Oath are derived from the original Scout Law and Scout Oath:
The Scout Law
A Scouts' honour is to be trusted.
A Scout is loyal to The Queen, His Country, His Scouters, His Parents, His Employers and to those under Him.
A Scouts' duty is to be useful and help others.
A Scout is a friend to all, and a brother to every other Scout, no matter to what Country, Class or Creed the other may belong.
A Scout is courteous.
A Scout is kind to animals.
A Scout obeys the orders of his parents, Patrol Leader, or Scout Master without question.
A Scout smiles and whistles in all difficulties.
A Scout is thrifty
A Scout is clean in thought, word and deed.
It is perhaps rather difficult to remember the different heads of the law. The following is easily learned and is a good way of memorising the headings:
Trusty, loyal and helpful,
Brotherly, courteous, kind,
Obedient, smiling and thrifty,
Pure as the rustling wind.
The Pathfinder Scout Oath
On my honour I promise that I will do my best
To do my duty to God and the Queen,
To help other people at all times,
To obey the Scout Law.
Motto:"Pathfinder Scouts" - Be Prepared.
Pathfinder Scout Uniform
The uniform worn by members of the P-RESA reflects that worn by all Scouts prior to the publication of the Chief Scouts' Advance Party Report by The Scout Association in 1967.
Hat: Khaki (four dents) flat brim,leather band round crown, and lace worn at the back of head and tied on the brim of the hat.
Scarf: Of the Group colour, worn with a Group ring (of one pattern, other than the 'Gilwell) or a loose knot at the throat.
Shirt: Khaki, with two patch pockets (buttoned), and shoulder straps.
Shorts: Dark Blue.
Belt: Brown leather or web
Stockings: Dark Blue, worn turned down below the knee with green tabbed garter showing on the outside.
Boots or shoes: Brown or black.
Shoulder knot: Llama braid six inches long, half an inch wide, of Patrol colours, on left shoulder.
Shoulder badge: Indicating the Group, worn on right shoulder or on both, according to the custom of the Group.
County emblem: Worn on the right breast.
District emblem: Worn on the right sleeve below the shoulder badge.
Staff: Every Pathfinder, including a Sea Pathfinder, should be equipped with a natural wood staff, marked in feet and inches, to be carried on all appropriate occasions.
Pathfinder Scout Proficiency Badges
The general scheme for Pathfinder proficiency badges is as follows:-
Two general proficiency badges
Second Class
First Class
44 special proficiency badges for different subjects as follows
The badges, the tests for which are marked with an asterisk must be repassed annually. Those marked with † denote public service badges:-
Airman
Ambulance*†
Artist
Athlete
Backwoodsman
Boatman
Canoeist
Camper
Civil Defence†
Climber
Coast Watchman†
Cook
Cyclist†
Electrician
Entertainer
Explorer†
Fireman†
Fisherman
Forester
Handyman†
Healthyman†
Interpreter*†
Marksman
Master-at-Arms
Missioner†
Musician (includes Bugler and Piper)
Naturalist
Oarsman
Pathfinder*
Pilot†
Pioneer
Public Health Man†
Quartermaster
Rescuer*
Rigger
Signaller*†
Stalker
Starman
Surveyor
Swimmer
Tracker
Weatherman
Wirelessman
World Friendship
Three additional proficiency badges, based on the holding of certain special proficiency badges
Scout Crown Award
All Round Cords
Bushman's Thong
Sea Pathfinder Scouts
In addition to the Pathfinder Scout Law, Oath and Motto, Sea Pathfinder Scouts have a motto, promise, special proficiency badges and additional proficiency badge of their own of their own:
Sea Pathfinder Scouts Promise
As a Sea Pathfinder Scout I promise to do my best --
To guard against water accidents
To know the location and proper use of the life saving equipment on every vessel I board
To be prepared to help those in peril on the sea
To seek to preserve the Motto of the Sea, "Women and Children First."
Sea Pathfinder Scouts Uniform
Cap: Bluejacket's cap (with white cover from 1 May to 30 September) with ribbon inscribed "Sea Pathfinder Scouts" or, if desired, in the case of Groups operating on inland waters, the words "Pathfinder Scouts".
Shirt or jersey: Dark blue. Jerseys with the words "Sea Pathfinder Scouts" in white letters across the chest; or shirts or jerseys with an anchor badge on the right breast. Groups wearing the words "Pathfinder Scouts" on cap ribbons will wear a blue jersey or shirt with an anchor badge in either case.
Shorts: Dark blue.
Belt: To be worn either underneath or outside the jersey, whichever is the practice of the Group.
Stockings: Dark blue.
Boots or shoes: Brown or black.
Motto: "Sea Pathfinder Scouts" - Our Best Today For a Better Tomorrow
Sea Pathfinder Scout Proficiency Badges
Three special proficiency badges
Gold Anchor
White Anchor
Red Anchor
One additional proficiency badge, based on the holding of certain special proficiency badges
Sea Scout Crown Award (Seaman's badge)
Rover Explorer Scouts
Rover Scouts, Rovers, Rover Scouting or Rovering is a service program associated with Scouting for men and women, with no upper age limit. A group of Rovers is called a 'Rover Crew'.
The Rover program was originated by The Boy Scouts' Association in the United Kingdom in 1918 to provide a program for young men who had grown up beyond the age range of the Boy Scouts.
Rover Explorer Scouts' Law and Oath
Rover Explorer Scouts use the same Law and Oath as Pathfinder Scouts.
Motto: "Rover Explorer Scouts " - Service.
Rover Explorer Scouts Uniform
A Rover Explorer Scout wears uniform as for a Pathfinder Scout, but with the following differences:-
Shoulder knot: Red, yellow and green.
Garter tabs: Red.
Thumbstick: In place of staff.
Shoulder straps: Green, with Pathfinder badge, with the word "Rovers" below.
Rover Explorer Sea Scouts Uniform
A Rover Explorer Sea Scout wears uniform as for a Sea Pathfinder Scout, but with the following difference:-
Cap: With ribbon inscribed "Rover Sea Explorer Scouts" or, if desired, in the case of Groups operating on inland waters, the words "Rover Explorer Scouts."
Shoulder knot: Red, yellow and green.
Garter tabs: Red.
Thumbstick: In place of staff.
Shoulder straps: Green, with Pathfinder badge, with the word "Rovers" below.
Rover Explorer Scouts Proficiency Badges
Why do Rovers have badges? The P-RESA Rover Scout training programme was designed to run in conjunction with the Traditional Woodbadge (Leader) Training Scheme and Charge Certificate Scheme (Activity Permits).
Just like young people, adults like to earn awards to display their achievements too! The scheme enables individuals who have never been in Scouting/Guiding the opportunity to learn and experience Scouting first hand, as well as preparing individuals for leadership roles.
The general scheme for Rover Explorer Scouts proficiency badges is as follows (badges followed by * denote public service badges):-
Five general proficiency badges
Progress Badge
Rambler's Badge
Rover Instructor Badge
Scoutcraft Star
Service Training Star
13 special proficiency badges for different subjects as follows;
Community Service
Master Backwoodsman
Master Camp Crewman
Master Canoeist
Master Cartographer
Master Cook
Master Explorer*
Master First Aider*
Master Pioneer
Master Quartermaster
Master Rescuer*
Master Signaller*
Master Swimmer
Four additional proficiency badges, based on the holding of certain special proficiency badges
A1 Rover Scout Cord
B-P Award
Roland Philipps Challenge Award
Rover Scout Crown Award
Outlanders Oath
Overseas members residing in the UK or non-Christians may take the Outlanders Oath:
On my honour I promise that I will do my best
To do my duty to the Country in which I live,
To help other people at all times.
To obey the Scout Law.
Members who have taken the Outlanders Oath, wear the Outlanders Badge.
History
1982 - 2003
The 'Explorer Scouts' and 'Pathfinder Scouts Association' had been a combined independent Scout organisation from 1982 and registered as a youth organisation in Fulham, London. under the educational Charity Status of 'Walham Green Youth Council'. In the 1980s the members of The 'Explorer Scouts' and 'Pathfinder Scouts Association' joined the Baden Powell Scouts Association. In early 1992, some of the PSA leaders who had been members of Baden-Powell Scouts' Association (B-PSA) joined the British Boy Scouts (BBS). After failing to gain agreement on many issues to do with traditional scouting, these members left the BBS group and set up 'The British Pathfinder Scouts Association (BPSA), which incorporated an adult section dealing with the training and building up of good leadership through the 'Rover Explorer Scout Association'. The new Association was registered as a Charity at Law in September 1993, leaving behind the older name 'Explorer Scouts'.
In 1995 the founding and Chief Commissioners of the BPSA were Ray O'Donnell-Hampton and Steven Dudley-Coventry. After much disagreement about the quality of Scouting tradition, Ray O'Donnell-Hampton handed in his warrant and left the BPSA. The number of groups fell after the death of Dudley-Coventry and the BPSA's 'Scoutmasters Court of Honour' dissolved its charitable status without consultation with commissioners past or present. The BPSA was then officially wound up in April 1998, with the remaining badges being passed on, again without any consultation, to the British Boy Scouts.
In 1999 Ray O'Donnell-Hampton and some of the older members of the previous association met and re-established the Pathfinder Scouts Association which was registered as a Charity in October 2003 under the umbrella of the 'Rover Explorer Scouts Association' (RESA).
The Association quickly began to regain membership and had connections with new members and groups including many lone Scouts' from around the world. There are membership, affiliations and branches in USA, Canada, South America, Australia, West Indies, Philippines, RESA Delta - Malaysia, China, Singapore, Thailand, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Sri Lanka & Indonesia, Holland, Germany, the United Kingdom and Ireland.
2003 - Present
The Pathfinder Scouts' Association (PSA) and The Rover Explorer Scouts' Association (RESA), had for a while divided into separate associations, so that each was able to build its own area of expertise.
In October 2003 the Bedfordshire Pathfinder Scouts (affiliated members) of the Pathfinder Scouts' Association were registered with the Charity Commission, having the stated aims "to promote the physical, intellectual, social and spiritual well being of children and young people aged between 5 - 18 years in Bedfordshire and other areas through the provision of Pathfinder Traditional Scouting activities. These include adventure based on Baden Powell's Scouting for Boys, sport and other recreational activities." The Bedfordshire Pathfinder Scouts were affiliated to the Rover Explorer Scouts' Association, until they folded in 2007
On 29 July 2011, Ray O'Donnell-Hampton retired as Chief Commissioner, investing Adrian McDowell as the New Chief Commissioner of P-RESA, seeing both associations merging together and becoming more active around the world.
The ceremony took place at the Associations' International Headquarters (IHQ) 'The Den', East Anglia, England. Adrian was awarded the 3-bead Wood Badge and Ray was bestowed with the title of Chief Commissioner Emeritus.
In June 2018 at 'Brownsea Island' The Baden Powell Pathfinder Movement {BPPM} IHQ Scoutmasters Court of Honour awarded Ray O'Donnell-Hampton the Bronze Wolf and invested him with the title of 'Deputy Chief Scout'.
International Branches
The Baden Powell Pathfinder Movement {BPPM} has Members in 15 countries.
The IHQ UK {Scoutmaster Court of Honour}
Covers 5 Regions Worldwide:-
Africa
Gambia - Nigeria
Asia
China - Hong Kong - Malaysia - Nepal - Philippines - Thailand - Vietnam
Europe
Switzerland
Oceania
Australia - New Zealand
The Americas
Argentina - Canada - United States of America
References
Non-aligned Scouting organizations
Organizations established in 1982
1982 establishments in the United Kingdom |
5134358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Canary%20Prince | The Canary Prince | The Canary Prince is an Italian fairy tale, the 18th tale in Italian Folktales by Italo Calvino. He took the tale from Turin, making various stylistic changes; he noted it developed a medieval motif, but such tales as Marie de France's Yonec produced a rather different effect, being tales of adultery. A variant on Rapunzel, Aarne–Thompson type 310, The Maiden in the Tower, it includes many motifs that differentiate it from that tale. Other fairy tales of this type include Anthousa, Xanthousa, Chrisomalousa, Petrosinella, Prunella, and Rapunzel.
Synopsis
A jealous stepmother persuades her husband, the king, to lock his daughter in a castle in the forest. One day, a king's son goes by, hunting, and is astounded to see the abandoned castle in use. He sees the daughter, but they are unable to communicate except by gesture. A witch, to help them, tricks the ladies-in-waiting into giving the princess a book. When she ruffles the pages forward, her lover turns into a canary; when she ruffles them back, he is restored to his human form.
After some time, the queen arrives and sees a young man by the window, and puts pins on the window sill so that if the daughter leaned on it to flirt, she would be stabbed. These pins stab the prince in his canary form, and even when the princess restores him, the prince lies on the ground, bleeding, and his companions must bear him back to his father. The princess escapes by cutting up her sheets for a rope, and overhears witches talking of things; one describes how to heal the prince. She does so, and asks for his coat-of-arms, his standard, and his vest as her reward.
He goes hunting, and she turns him into a canary. When he flies to her room and she turns him back, he reproaches her for his injury. She produces her reward to prove that she saved him, and tells him that it was her stepmother's doing. They marry, and the daughter reveals to her father how wicked her imprisonment had been.
See also
The Blue Bird
The Enchanted Snake
The Feather of Finist the Falcon
The Frog Prince
The Green Knight
The Three Sisters
The Enchanted Canary
References
Canary Prince
Canary Prince
Canary Prince
Canary Prince
Canary Prince
Stories within Italian Folktales |
52218336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mousa%20Esmaeilpour | Mousa Esmaeilpour | Mousa Esmaeilpour Karimi () (born September 21, 1981) is an Iranian professional bodybuilder and coach. He participated in different IFBB Competitions and he won different medals. He is the coach of Iranian persian rap singer Amir Tataloo.
Life Story
Mousa Esmaeilpour was born on September 21, 1981, in Babol, Iran. Mousa turned into wrestling sport due to personal and family interesting in 1996 and he also participated in national competitions and he has won numerous awards. But he left wrestling sport due to injuries after four years.
He started bodybuilding as a professional athlete after one year of his injuries in 2001 where there was no longer able to continue wrestling. Mousa began his exercises and work hard at the gym. After a while he won the first place at the national bodybuilding competition in 2003. Then he moved to Dubai in 2004 where he continued his fitness training.
Mousa didn't participate any competition a few years, but he participated at the Asian competitions in 2010 and then he won the Asian championship and he got the most beautiful good shaped body certificate, IFBB certificate and also honorary Jay Cutler's certificate. After that he came back to Iran and started again his activities.
Mousa Esmaeilpour went away from his fitness exercises again, but he prepared himself for International Indian bodybuilding competition in 2014. But this time he prepared himself for the Physique fitness competition with hard working and heavy exercises. Mousa has won the 2nd place in Indian competition for the first time as an Iranian athlete. He got WBPF coach certificate. He worked out with heavy exercises again and he participated at IFBB Dubai Muscle Show 2016 and he awarded Gold Medal and took the first place in Physique sports championship.
Now he's currently teaching and transfer his experiences to his students as a professional coach and also he's active in photo modeling.
Titles and honors
References
External links
Mousa Esmaeilpour's Official Website
Mousa Esmaeilpour on Instagram
1981 births
Living people
Iranian bodybuilders
Professional bodybuilders |
41732999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maks%20van%20Dyk | Maks van Dyk | Nicolaas Johannes John "Maks" van Dyk (born 21 January 1992) is a South African professional rugby union player for Exeter Chiefs. His regular position is prop.
Career
Youth
As a scholar at Paarl Boys' High School, he represented at the Under-18 Academy Week and Craven Week competitions in 2010. He then moved to Durban to join the academy. He played for the side during the 2011 Under-19 Provincial Championship competition and for the in 2012 – scoring three tries in the competition – and 2013.
2012 IRB Junior World Championship
In 2012, Van Dyk was part of the South Africa Under-20 side that won the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship held in South Africa. He made substitute appearances in the matches against Ireland and England and started the semi-final against Argentina and the final against New Zealand.
Sharks
Van Dyk made his first two first class appearances for the during the 2012 Vodacom Cup, coming on as a substitute against the in Bloemfontein and against the in Durban.
Van Dyk became a regular in the team during the 2013 Vodacom Cup, starting six of their eight matches (his first senior start coming against in Cape Town) and coming on as a substitute in the other two.
Griquas
Van Dyk joined Kimberley-based side prior to the 2014 season and was also included in the training squad for the Griquas' Super Rugby side, the . He made his Super Rugby debut for the Cheetahs in a 21–20 defeat to the in Bloemfontein.
Leinster
Van Dyk joined Irish Pro12 side Leinster on a two-month loan deal in November 2014 during the South African rugby off-season. He made his debut in Leinster's 21–11 victory over Irish rivals Connacht in Round 10 of the 2014–15 Pro12, his only appearance for the Dublin-based side.
Cheetahs
Van Dyk joined Port Elizabeth-based side for the 2015 and 2016 seasons, even though he was still available for the during the 2015 Super Rugby season. He joined in pre-season training with the Kings prior to the 2015 Currie Cup Premier Division, but negotiated an early release from his contract and a return to the without playing a match for the Kings.
Toulouse
Van Dyk moved to France to join prior to the 2016–17 Top 14 season.
Harlequins
In August 2020, it was confirmed that van Dyk had signed a short-term with Harlequins for the remainder of the 2019–20 season.
Exeter Chiefs
In November 2020 it was announced that van Dyk would join Exeter Chiefs ahead of the 2020–21 season on an initial one-year deal.
References
South African rugby union players
Living people
1992 births
Rugby union players from Johannesburg
Cheetahs (rugby union) players
Sharks (Currie Cup) players
Griquas (rugby union) players
Rugby union props
Alumni of Paarl Boys' High School
South Africa Under-20 international rugby union players |
19964438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Pierre%20de%20Bavier | Antoine-Pierre de Bavier | Antoine-Pierre de Bavier, also known as Antoine de Bavier and Anton von Bavier was a twentieth-century Swiss clarinettist and orchestral conductor.
De Bavier was a pupil of the clarinetist Luigi Amodio and of Wilhelm Furtwängler. His earlier career was dedicated more particularly to his instrumental work as a clarinettist. He collaborated with the Végh Quartet in their early recording of the Brahms clarinet quintet, and was among the very few soloists to have worked and recorded with the Quartetto Italiano, with whom in 1952 he recorded the Mozart clarinet quintet. In 1956 he made a landmark recording of the Brahms clarinet sonatas.
A live recording exists of his performance of the Mozart quintet with the Barylli Quartet at the Salzburg Festival in 1956. In that year he was also conducting in Mexico City, for instance, in a performance of the Mozart flute and harp concerto with Gildardo Mojica (flute) and Judith Flores Alatorre (harp). He was for a time conductor of the Bilbao Symphony Orchestra.
During the fifties, due to health problems, he was forced to leave his brilliant soloist career. He was persuaded by Wilhelm Furtwängler to start a
new musical life as a conductor. As a matter of fact, he conducted important orchestras and worked with great soloists, among which the famous Italian
pianist Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli (four concerts in Germany and Italy, from 1956 to 1961).
De Bavier taught chamber music at the Salzburg Mozarteum and at the Accademia Musicale Chigiana in Siena (Italy), and was on the international jury for German radio competitions. He gave concerts in the most famous European and American cities.
Later in his career de Bavier became particularly associated as conductor with the Suk Chamber Orchestra of Prague. At the Settimane Internazionale di Musica da Camera at Kastelruth (Bolzano) in 1997 and 1999 (the XII and XIV Settimane) he was the guest conductor, on the former occasion dedicating the festival to the work of J.S. Bach. Similarly he took the Prague Chamber Orchestra, with Mirjam Tschopp as solo violinist, to the Teatro Filarmonico at Brescia (a Mozart concert), and conducted Mirjam and Sibylle Tschopp with the Filarmonica at Verona in 2002.
De Bavier conducted a performance of Mozart's serenade the 'Gran Partita' (K 361) at Villa Arvedi in Cuzzaro, Grezzana, with a company of distinguished international instrumentalists, issued in 1999.
References
Swiss conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Swiss clarinetists
Swiss male musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century conductors (music)
21st-century clarinetists
21st-century male musicians |
30520055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welikanda%20Divisional%20Secretariat | Welikanda Divisional Secretariat | Welikanda Divisional Secretariat is a Divisional Secretariat of Polonnaruwa District, of North Central Province, Sri Lanka.
References
Divisional Secretariats Portal
Divisional Secretariats of Polonnaruwa District |
67498042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Flanagan | Marc Flanagan | Marc Francis Flanagan (born June 13, 1948) is an American television producer and writer. He is one of the co-creators of the American television sitcom Phenom, which he created with Sam Simon and Dick Blasucci.
Career
Flanagan started his career, as moving to New York. He wrote an sketch for Meryl Streep and Kevin Kline. He also had James L. Brooks see the sketch, when Flanagan was writing. In 1986, Flanagan moved to Los Angeles, California, to produce and write on the new FOX television variety show The Tracey Ullman Show. He was hired when James L. Brooks was impressed of Flanagan's sketch and tracked him gratefully.
In 1987, Flanagan was nominated for an Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program.
In 1997, Flanagan was hired to produce and write for the television series Murphy Brown, he joined the series in season ten, when Rob Bragin and Bill Diamond left the series.
References
External links
Rotten Tomatoes profile
1948 births
People from Hartford, Connecticut
American male television writers
American television writers
American male screenwriters
Living people
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Television producers from Connecticut |
34674811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chulan%20Deym | Chulan Deym | Chulan Deym (, also Romanized as Chūlān Deym) is a village in Honam Rural District, in the Central District of Selseleh County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 92, in 24 families.
References
Towns and villages in Selseleh County |
50424855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue%20of%20Hans%20Karl%20von%20Winterfeldt | Statue of Hans Karl von Winterfeldt | The statue of Hans Karl von Winterfeldt is a bronze sculpture installed at Zietenplatz in Berlin, Germany.
References
External links
Bronze sculptures in Germany
Mitte
Statues in Berlin
Outdoor sculptures in Berlin
Sculptures of men in Germany
Statues in Germany |
15613728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaignes | Chaignes | Chaignes () is a commune in the Eure department in northern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Eure department
References
Communes of Eure |
27336701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308%20Butler%20Bulldogs%20men%27s%20basketball%20team | 2007–08 Butler Bulldogs men's basketball team | The 2007–08 Butler Bulldogs men's basketball team represented Butler University in the 2007–08 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Their head coach was Brad Stevens, serving his 1st year. The Bulldogs played their home games at the Hinkle Fieldhouse, which has a capacity of approximately 10,000.
The Bulldogs won the 2008 Horizon League Men's Basketball Regular Season Championship and the 2008 Horizon League Men's Basketball Tournament Championship, earning the Horizon League's automatic bid to the 2008 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, earning a 7 seed in the East Region. They beat 10 seed South Alabama 81–61 before falling to 2 seed Tennessee 71–76 in overtime in the Round of 32.
Roster
Schedule
|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#13294B; color:#FFFFFF;"| Exhibition
|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#13294B; color:#FFFFFF;"|Non-Conference Regular Season
|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#13294B; color:#FFFFFF;"|Horizon League Play
|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#13294B; color:#FFFFFF;"| Horizon League Tournament
|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#13294B; color:#FFFFFF;"| NCAA Tournament
Rankings
References
Butler Bulldogs Men's
Butler Bulldogs men's basketball seasons
Butler
Butl
Butl |