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It is not known how often this outcome happens; reported rates in unselected samples have ranged from 3% to 25%.[SEP]Most autistic children acquire language by age five or younger, though a few have developed communication skills in later years.

Most autistic children acquire language by age five or younger, though a few have developed communication skills in later years.[SEP]Many autistic children lack social support, future employment opportunities or self-determination.

Many autistic children lack social support, future employment opportunities or self-determination.[SEP]Although core difficulties tend to persist, symptoms often become less severe with age.

Although core difficulties tend to persist, symptoms often become less severe with age.[SEP]Few high-quality studies address long-term prognosis.

Few high-quality studies address long-term prognosis.[SEP]Some adults show modest improvement in communication skills, but a few decline; no study has focused on autism after midlife.

Some adults show modest improvement in communication skills, but a few decline; no study has focused on autism after midlife.[SEP]Acquiring language before age six, having an IQ above 50, and having a marketable skill all predict better outcomes; independent living is unlikely with severe autism.

Acquiring language before age six, having an IQ above 50, and having a marketable skill all predict better outcomes; independent living is unlikely with severe autism.[SEP]Many autistic people face significant obstacles in transitioning to adulthood.

Many autistic people face significant obstacles in transitioning to adulthood.[SEP]Compared to the general population autistic people are more likely to be unemployed and to have never had a job.

Compared to the general population autistic people are more likely to be unemployed and to have never had a job.[SEP]About half of people in their 20s with autism are not employed.

About half of people in their 20s with autism are not employed.[SEP]Autistic people tend to face increased stress levels related to psychosocial factors, such as stigma, which may increase the rates of mental health issues in the autistic population.

Autistic people tend to face increased stress levels related to psychosocial factors, such as stigma, which may increase the rates of mental health issues in the autistic population.[SEP]As of 2007, reviews estimate a prevalence of 1–2 per 1,000 for autism and close to 6 per 1,000 for ASD.

As of 2007, reviews estimate a prevalence of 1–2 per 1,000 for autism and close to 6 per 1,000 for ASD.[SEP]A 2016 survey in the United States reported a rate of 25 per 1,000 children for ASD.

A 2016 survey in the United States reported a rate of 25 per 1,000 children for ASD.[SEP]Globally, autism affects an estimated 24.8 million people , while Asperger syndrome affects a further 37.2 million.

Globally, autism affects an estimated 24.8 million people , while Asperger syndrome affects a further 37.2 million.[SEP]In 2012, the NHS estimated that the overall prevalence of autism among adults aged 18 years and over in the UK was 1.1%.

In 2012, the NHS estimated that the overall prevalence of autism among adults aged 18 years and over in the UK was 1.1%.[SEP]Rates of PDD-NOS's has been estimated at 3.7 per 1,000, Asperger syndrome at roughly 0.6 per 1,000, and childhood disintegrative disorder at 0.02 per 1,000.

Rates of PDD-NOS's has been estimated at 3.7 per 1,000, Asperger syndrome at roughly 0.6 per 1,000, and childhood disintegrative disorder at 0.02 per 1,000.[SEP]CDC estimates about 1 out of 59 (1.7%) for 2014, an increase from 1 out of every 68 children (1.5%) for 2010.

CDC estimates about 1 out of 59 (1.7%) for 2014, an increase from 1 out of every 68 children (1.5%) for 2010.[SEP]In the UK, from 1998 to 2018, the autism diagnoses increased by 787%.

In the UK, from 1998 to 2018, the autism diagnoses increased by 787%.[SEP]This increase is largely attributable to changes in diagnostic practices, referral patterns, availability of services, age at diagnosis, and public awareness (particularly among women), though unidentified environmental risk factors cannot be ruled out.

This increase is largely attributable to changes in diagnostic practices, referral patterns, availability of services, age at diagnosis, and public awareness (particularly among women), though unidentified environmental risk factors cannot be ruled out.[SEP]The available evidence does not rule out the possibility that autism's true prevalence has increased; a real increase would suggest directing more attention and funding toward psychosocial factors and changing environmental factors instead of continuing to focus on genetics.

The available evidence does not rule out the possibility that autism's true prevalence has increased; a real increase would suggest directing more attention and funding toward psychosocial factors and changing environmental factors instead of continuing to focus on genetics.[SEP]It has been established that vaccination is not a risk factor for autism and is not behind any increase in autism prevalence rates, if any change in the rate of autism exists at all.

It has been established that vaccination is not a risk factor for autism and is not behind any increase in autism prevalence rates, if any change in the rate of autism exists at all.[SEP]Males are at higher risk for ASD than females.

Males are at higher risk for ASD than females.[SEP]The sex ratio averages 4.3:1 and is greatly modified by cognitive impairment: it may be close to 2:1 with intellectual disability and more than 5.5:1 without.

The sex ratio averages 4.3:1 and is greatly modified by cognitive impairment: it may be close to 2:1 with intellectual disability and more than 5.5:1 without.[SEP]Several theories about the higher prevalence in males have been investigated, but the cause of the difference is unconfirmed; one theory is that females are underdiagnosed.

Several theories about the higher prevalence in males have been investigated, but the cause of the difference is unconfirmed; one theory is that females are underdiagnosed.[SEP]Although the evidence does not implicate any single pregnancy-related risk factor as a cause of autism, the risk of autism is associated with advanced age in either parent, and with diabetes, bleeding, and use of psychiatric drugs in the mother during pregnancy.

Although the evidence does not implicate any single pregnancy-related risk factor as a cause of autism, the risk of autism is associated with advanced age in either parent, and with diabetes, bleeding, and use of psychiatric drugs in the mother during pregnancy.[SEP]The risk is greater with older fathers than with older mothers; two potential explanations are the known increase in mutation burden in older sperm, and the hypothesis that men marry later if they carry genetic liability and show some signs of autism.

The risk is greater with older fathers than with older mothers; two potential explanations are the known increase in mutation burden in older sperm, and the hypothesis that men marry later if they carry genetic liability and show some signs of autism.[SEP]Most professionals believe that race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic background do not affect the occurrence of autism.

Most professionals believe that race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic background do not affect the occurrence of autism.[SEP]Several other conditions are common in children with autism.

Several other conditions are common in children with autism.[SEP]They include: Genetic disorders.

They include: Genetic disorders.[SEP]About 10–15% of autism cases have an identifiable Mendelian (single-gene) condition, chromosome abnormality, or other genetic syndrome, and ASD is associated with several genetic disorders.

About 10–15% of autism cases have an identifiable Mendelian (single-gene) condition, chromosome abnormality, or other genetic syndrome, and ASD is associated with several genetic disorders.[SEP]The percentage of autistic individuals who also meet criteria for intellectual disability has been reported as anywhere from 25% to 70%, a wide variation illustrating the difficulty of assessing intelligence of individuals on the autism spectrum.

The percentage of autistic individuals who also meet criteria for intellectual disability has been reported as anywhere from 25% to 70%, a wide variation illustrating the difficulty of assessing intelligence of individuals on the autism spectrum.[SEP]In comparison, for PDD-NOS the association with intellectual disability is much weaker, and by definition, the diagnosis of Asperger's excludes intellectual disability.

In comparison, for PDD-NOS the association with intellectual disability is much weaker, and by definition, the diagnosis of Asperger's excludes intellectual disability.[SEP]Anxiety disorders are common among children with ASD; there are no firm data, but studies have reported prevalences ranging from 11% to 84%.

Anxiety disorders are common among children with ASD; there are no firm data, but studies have reported prevalences ranging from 11% to 84%.[SEP]Many anxiety disorders have symptoms that are better explained by ASD itself, or are hard to distinguish from ASD's symptoms.

Many anxiety disorders have symptoms that are better explained by ASD itself, or are hard to distinguish from ASD's symptoms.[SEP]Epilepsy, with variations in risk of epilepsy due to age, cognitive level, and type of language disorder.

Epilepsy, with variations in risk of epilepsy due to age, cognitive level, and type of language disorder.[SEP]Several metabolic defects, such as phenylketonuria, are associated with autistic symptoms.

Several metabolic defects, such as phenylketonuria, are associated with autistic symptoms.[SEP]Minor physical anomalies are significantly increased in the autistic population.

Minor physical anomalies are significantly increased in the autistic population.[SEP]Although the DSM-IV rules out the concurrent diagnosis of many other conditions along with autism, the full criteria for Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Tourette syndrome, and other of these conditions are often present and these co-occurrent conditions are increasingly accepted.

Although the DSM-IV rules out the concurrent diagnosis of many other conditions along with autism, the full criteria for Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Tourette syndrome, and other of these conditions are often present and these co-occurrent conditions are increasingly accepted.[SEP]Sleep problems affect about two-thirds of individuals with ASD at some point in childhood.

Sleep problems affect about two-thirds of individuals with ASD at some point in childhood.[SEP]These most commonly include symptoms of insomnia such as difficulty in falling asleep, frequent nocturnal awakenings, and early morning awakenings.

These most commonly include symptoms of insomnia such as difficulty in falling asleep, frequent nocturnal awakenings, and early morning awakenings.[SEP]Sleep problems are associated with difficult behaviors and family stress, and are often a focus of clinical attention over and above the primary ASD diagnosis.

Sleep problems are associated with difficult behaviors and family stress, and are often a focus of clinical attention over and above the primary ASD diagnosis.[SEP]A few examples of autistic symptoms and treatments were described long before autism was named.

A few examples of autistic symptoms and treatments were described long before autism was named.[SEP]The Table Talk of Martin Luther, compiled by his notetaker, Mathesius, contains the story of a 12-year-old boy who may have been severely autistic.

The Table Talk of Martin Luther, compiled by his notetaker, Mathesius, contains the story of a 12-year-old boy who may have been severely autistic.[SEP]The earliest well-documented case of autism is that of Hugh Blair of Borgue, as detailed in a 1747 court case in which his brother successfully petitioned to annul Blair's marriage to gain Blair's inheritance.

The earliest well-documented case of autism is that of Hugh Blair of Borgue, as detailed in a 1747 court case in which his brother successfully petitioned to annul Blair's marriage to gain Blair's inheritance.[SEP]The Wild Boy of Aveyron, a feral child caught in 1798, showed several signs of autism; the medical student Jean Itard treated him with a behavioral program designed to help him form social attachments and to induce speech via imitation.

The Wild Boy of Aveyron, a feral child caught in 1798, showed several signs of autism; the medical student Jean Itard treated him with a behavioral program designed to help him form social attachments and to induce speech via imitation.[SEP]The New Latin word autismus (English translation autism) was coined by the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1910 as he was defining symptoms of schizophrenia.

The New Latin word autismus (English translation autism) was coined by the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1910 as he was defining symptoms of schizophrenia.[SEP]He derived it from the Greek word autós (αὐτός, meaning "self"), and used it to mean morbid self-admiration, referring to "autistic withdrawal of the patient to his fantasies, against which any influence from outside becomes an intolerable disturbance".

He derived it from the Greek word autós (αὐτός, meaning "self"), and used it to mean morbid self-admiration, referring to "autistic withdrawal of the patient to his fantasies, against which any influence from outside becomes an intolerable disturbance".[SEP]A Soviet child psychiatrist, Grunya Sukhareva, described a similar syndrome that was published in Russian in 1925, and in German in 1926.

A Soviet child psychiatrist, Grunya Sukhareva, described a similar syndrome that was published in Russian in 1925, and in German in 1926.[SEP]Clinical development and diagnoses

Clinical development and diagnoses[SEP]The word autism first took its modern sense in 1938 when Hans Asperger of the Vienna University Hospital adopted Bleuler's terminology autistic psychopaths in a lecture in German about child psychology.

The word autism first took its modern sense in 1938 when Hans Asperger of the Vienna University Hospital adopted Bleuler's terminology autistic psychopaths in a lecture in German about child psychology.[SEP]Asperger was investigating an ASD now known as Asperger syndrome, though for various reasons it was not widely recognized as a separate diagnosis until 1981.

Asperger was investigating an ASD now known as Asperger syndrome, though for various reasons it was not widely recognized as a separate diagnosis until 1981.[SEP]Leo Kanner of the Johns Hopkins Hospital first used autism in its modern sense in English when he introduced the label early infantile autism in a 1943 report of 11 children with striking behavioral similarities.

Leo Kanner of the Johns Hopkins Hospital first used autism in its modern sense in English when he introduced the label early infantile autism in a 1943 report of 11 children with striking behavioral similarities.[SEP]Almost all the characteristics described in Kanner's first paper on the subject, notably "autistic aloneness" and "insistence on sameness", are still regarded as typical of the autistic spectrum of disorders.

Almost all the characteristics described in Kanner's first paper on the subject, notably "autistic aloneness" and "insistence on sameness", are still regarded as typical of the autistic spectrum of disorders.[SEP]It is not known whether Kanner derived the term independently of Asperger.

It is not known whether Kanner derived the term independently of Asperger.[SEP]Kanner's reuse of autism led to decades of confused terminology like infantile schizophrenia, and child psychiatry's focus on maternal deprivation led to misconceptions of autism as an infant's response to "refrigerator mothers".

Kanner's reuse of autism led to decades of confused terminology like infantile schizophrenia, and child psychiatry's focus on maternal deprivation led to misconceptions of autism as an infant's response to "refrigerator mothers".[SEP]Starting in the late 1960s autism was established as a separate syndrome.

Starting in the late 1960s autism was established as a separate syndrome.[SEP]Terminology and distinction from schizophrenia As late as the mid-1970s there was little evidence of a genetic role in autism, while in 2007 it was believed to be one of the most heritable psychiatric conditions.

Terminology and distinction from schizophrenia As late as the mid-1970s there was little evidence of a genetic role in autism, while in 2007 it was believed to be one of the most heritable psychiatric conditions.[SEP]Although the rise of parent organizations and the destigmatization of childhood ASD have affected how ASD is viewed, parents continue to feel social stigma in situations where their child's autistic behavior is perceived negatively, and many primary care physicians and medical specialists express some beliefs consistent with outdated autism research.

Although the rise of parent organizations and the destigmatization of childhood ASD have affected how ASD is viewed, parents continue to feel social stigma in situations where their child's autistic behavior is perceived negatively, and many primary care physicians and medical specialists express some beliefs consistent with outdated autism research.[SEP]It took until 1980 for the DSM-III to differentiate autism from childhood schizophrenia.

It took until 1980 for the DSM-III to differentiate autism from childhood schizophrenia.[SEP]In 1987, the DSM-III-R provided a checklist for diagnosing autism.

In 1987, the DSM-III-R provided a checklist for diagnosing autism.[SEP]In May 2013, the DSM-5 was released, updating the classification for pervasive developmental disorders.

In May 2013, the DSM-5 was released, updating the classification for pervasive developmental disorders.[SEP]The grouping of disorders, including PDD-NOS, autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, and CDD, has been removed and replaced with the general term of Autism Spectrum Disorders.

The grouping of disorders, including PDD-NOS, autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, and CDD, has been removed and replaced with the general term of Autism Spectrum Disorders.[SEP]The two categories that exist are impaired social communication and/or interaction, and restricted and/or repetitive behaviors.

The two categories that exist are impaired social communication and/or interaction, and restricted and/or repetitive behaviors.[SEP]The Internet has helped autistic individuals bypass nonverbal cues and emotional sharing that they find difficult to deal with, and has given them a way to form online communities and work remotely.

The Internet has helped autistic individuals bypass nonverbal cues and emotional sharing that they find difficult to deal with, and has given them a way to form online communities and work remotely.[SEP]Societal and cultural aspects of autism have developed: some in the community seek a cure, while others believe that autism is simply another way of being.

Societal and cultural aspects of autism have developed: some in the community seek a cure, while others believe that autism is simply another way of being.[SEP]An autistic culture has emerged, accompanied by the autistic rights and neurodiversity movements.

An autistic culture has emerged, accompanied by the autistic rights and neurodiversity movements.[SEP]Events include World Autism Awareness Day, Autism Sunday, Autistic Pride Day, Autreat, and others.

Events include World Autism Awareness Day, Autism Sunday, Autistic Pride Day, Autreat, and others.[SEP]Social-science scholars study those with autism in hopes to learn more about "autism as a culture, transcultural comparisons ... and research on social movements." Many autistic individuals have been successful in their fields.

Social-science scholars study those with autism in hopes to learn more about "autism as a culture, transcultural comparisons ... and research on social movements." Many autistic individuals have been successful in their fields.[SEP]Autism rights movement The autism rights movement is a social movement within the context of disability rights that emphasizes the concept of neurodiversity, viewing the autism spectrum as a result of natural variations in the human brain rather than a disorder to be cured.

Autism rights movement The autism rights movement is a social movement within the context of disability rights that emphasizes the concept of neurodiversity, viewing the autism spectrum as a result of natural variations in the human brain rather than a disorder to be cured.[SEP]The autism rights movement advocates for including greater acceptance of autistic behaviors; therapies that focus on coping skills rather than on imitating the behaviors of those without autism, and the recognition of the autistic community as a minority group.

The autism rights movement advocates for including greater acceptance of autistic behaviors; therapies that focus on coping skills rather than on imitating the behaviors of those without autism, and the recognition of the autistic community as a minority group.[SEP]Autism rights or neurodiversity advocates believe that the autism spectrum is genetic and should be accepted as a natural expression of the human genome.

Autism rights or neurodiversity advocates believe that the autism spectrum is genetic and should be accepted as a natural expression of the human genome.[SEP]This perspective is distinct from fringe theories that autism is caused by environmental factors such as vaccines.

This perspective is distinct from fringe theories that autism is caused by environmental factors such as vaccines.[SEP]A common criticism against autistic activists is that the majority of them are "high-functioning" or have Asperger syndrome and do not represent the views of "low-functioning" autistic people.

A common criticism against autistic activists is that the majority of them are "high-functioning" or have Asperger syndrome and do not represent the views of "low-functioning" autistic people.[SEP]Employment About half of autistic people are unemployed, and one third of those with graduate degrees may be unemployed.

Employment About half of autistic people are unemployed, and one third of those with graduate degrees may be unemployed.[SEP]Among those who find work, most are employed in sheltered settings working for wages below the national minimum.

Among those who find work, most are employed in sheltered settings working for wages below the national minimum.[SEP]While employers state hiring concerns about productivity and supervision, experienced employers of autistic people give positive reports of above average memory and detail orientation as well as a high regard for rules and procedure in autistic employees.

While employers state hiring concerns about productivity and supervision, experienced employers of autistic people give positive reports of above average memory and detail orientation as well as a high regard for rules and procedure in autistic employees.[SEP]A majority of the economic burden of autism is caused by decreased earnings in the job market.

A majority of the economic burden of autism is caused by decreased earnings in the job market.[SEP]Some studies also find decreased earning among parents who care for autistic children.

Some studies also find decreased earning among parents who care for autistic children.[SEP]1910s neologisms Articles containing video clips Communication disorders Neurological disorders in children Pervasive developmental disorders Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate

Albedo (; ) is the measure of the diffuse reflection of solar radiation out of the total solar radiation and measured on a scale from 0, corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation, to 1, corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation.[SEP]Surface albedo is defined as the ratio of radiosity Je to the irradiance Ee (flux per unit area) received by a surface.

Surface albedo is defined as the ratio of radiosity Je to the irradiance Ee (flux per unit area) received by a surface.[SEP]The proportion reflected is not only determined by properties of the surface itself, but also by the spectral and angular distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface.

The proportion reflected is not only determined by properties of the surface itself, but also by the spectral and angular distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface.[SEP]These factors vary with atmospheric composition, geographic location, and time (see position of the Sun).

These factors vary with atmospheric composition, geographic location, and time (see position of the Sun).[SEP]While bi-hemispherical reflectance is calculated for a single angle of incidence (i.e., for a given position of the Sun), albedo is the directional integration of reflectance over all solar angles in a given period.

While bi-hemispherical reflectance is calculated for a single angle of incidence (i.e., for a given position of the Sun), albedo is the directional integration of reflectance over all solar angles in a given period.[SEP]The temporal resolution may range from seconds (as obtained from flux measurements) to daily, monthly, or annual averages.

The temporal resolution may range from seconds (as obtained from flux measurements) to daily, monthly, or annual averages.[SEP]Unless given for a specific wavelength (spectral albedo), albedo refers to the entire spectrum of solar radiation.

Unless given for a specific wavelength (spectral albedo), albedo refers to the entire spectrum of solar radiation.[SEP]Due to measurement constraints, it is often given for the spectrum in which most solar energy reaches the surface (between 0.3 and 3 μm).

Due to measurement constraints, it is often given for the spectrum in which most solar energy reaches the surface (between 0.3 and 3 μm).[SEP]This spectrum includes visible light (0.4–0.7 μm), which explains why surfaces with a low albedo appear dark (e.g., trees absorb most radiation), whereas surfaces with a high albedo appear bright (e.g., snow reflects most radiation).

This spectrum includes visible light (0.4–0.7 μm), which explains why surfaces with a low albedo appear dark (e.g., trees absorb most radiation), whereas surfaces with a high albedo appear bright (e.g., snow reflects most radiation).[SEP]Albedo is an important concept in climatology, astronomy, and environmental management (e.g., as part of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program for sustainable rating of buildings).

Albedo is an important concept in climatology, astronomy, and environmental management (e.g., as part of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program for sustainable rating of buildings).[SEP]The average albedo of the Earth from the upper atmosphere, its planetary albedo, is 30–35% because of cloud cover, but widely varies locally across the surface because of different geological and environmental features.

The average albedo of the Earth from the upper atmosphere, its planetary albedo, is 30–35% because of cloud cover, but widely varies locally across the surface because of different geological and environmental features.[SEP]The term albedo was introduced into optics by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1760 work Photometria.

The term albedo was introduced into optics by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1760 work Photometria.[SEP]Any albedo in visible light falls within a range of about 0.9 for fresh snow to about 0.04 for charcoal, one of the darkest substances.

Any albedo in visible light falls within a range of about 0.9 for fresh snow to about 0.04 for charcoal, one of the darkest substances.[SEP]Deeply shadowed cavities can achieve an effective albedo approaching the zero of a black body.

Deeply shadowed cavities can achieve an effective albedo approaching the zero of a black body.[SEP]When seen from a distance, the ocean surface has a low albedo, as do most forests, whereas desert areas have some of the highest albedos among landforms.

When seen from a distance, the ocean surface has a low albedo, as do most forests, whereas desert areas have some of the highest albedos among landforms.[SEP]Most land areas are in an albedo range of 0.1 to 0.4.

Most land areas are in an albedo range of 0.1 to 0.4.[SEP]The average albedo of Earth is about 0.3.

The average albedo of Earth is about 0.3.[SEP]This is far higher than for the ocean primarily because of the contribution of clouds.

This is far higher than for the ocean primarily because of the contribution of clouds.[SEP]Earth's surface albedo is regularly estimated via Earth observation satellite sensors such as NASA's MODIS instruments on board the Terra and Aqua satellites, and the CERES instrument on the Suomi NPP and JPSS.

Earth's surface albedo is regularly estimated via Earth observation satellite sensors such as NASA's MODIS instruments on board the Terra and Aqua satellites, and the CERES instrument on the Suomi NPP and JPSS.[SEP]As the amount of reflected radiation is only measured for a single direction by satellite, not all directions, a mathematical model is used to translate a sample set of satellite reflectance measurements into estimates of directional-hemispherical reflectance and bi-hemispherical reflectance (e.g.,).

As the amount of reflected radiation is only measured for a single direction by satellite, not all directions, a mathematical model is used to translate a sample set of satellite reflectance measurements into estimates of directional-hemispherical reflectance and bi-hemispherical reflectance (e.g.,).[SEP]These calculations are based on the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), which describes how the reflectance of a given surface depends on the view angle of the observer and the solar angle.

These calculations are based on the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), which describes how the reflectance of a given surface depends on the view angle of the observer and the solar angle.[SEP]BDRF can facilitate translations of observations of reflectance into albedo.

BDRF can facilitate translations of observations of reflectance into albedo.[SEP]Earth's average surface temperature due to its albedo and the greenhouse effect is currently about .