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Free love had roots both in Europe and the United States; however, some anarchists struggled with the jealousy that arose from free love.[SEP]Anarchist feminists were advocates of free love, against marriage, and pro-choice (utilising a contemporary term), and had a similar agenda.

Anarchist feminists were advocates of free love, against marriage, and pro-choice (utilising a contemporary term), and had a similar agenda.[SEP]Anarchist and non-anarchist feminists differed on suffrage but were supportive of one another.

Anarchist and non-anarchist feminists differed on suffrage but were supportive of one another.[SEP]During the second half of the 20th century, anarchism intermingled with the second wave of feminism, radicalising some currents of the feminist movement and being influenced as well.

During the second half of the 20th century, anarchism intermingled with the second wave of feminism, radicalising some currents of the feminist movement and being influenced as well.[SEP]By the latest decades of the 20th century, anarchists and feminists were advocating for the rights and autonomy of women, gays, queers and other marginalised groups, with some feminist thinkers suggesting a fusion of the two currents.

By the latest decades of the 20th century, anarchists and feminists were advocating for the rights and autonomy of women, gays, queers and other marginalised groups, with some feminist thinkers suggesting a fusion of the two currents.[SEP]With the third wave of feminism, sexual identity and compulsory heterosexuality became a subject of study for anarchists, yielding a post-structuralist critique of sexual normality.

With the third wave of feminism, sexual identity and compulsory heterosexuality became a subject of study for anarchists, yielding a post-structuralist critique of sexual normality.[SEP]Some anarchists distanced themselves from this line of thinking, suggesting that it leaned towards an individualism that was dropping the cause of social liberation.

Some anarchists distanced themselves from this line of thinking, suggesting that it leaned towards an individualism that was dropping the cause of social liberation.[SEP]The interest of anarchists in education stretches back to the first emergence of classical anarchism.

The interest of anarchists in education stretches back to the first emergence of classical anarchism.[SEP]Anarchists consider proper education, one which sets the foundations of the future autonomy of the individual and the society, to be an act of mutual aid.

Anarchists consider proper education, one which sets the foundations of the future autonomy of the individual and the society, to be an act of mutual aid.[SEP]Anarchist writers such as William Godwin (Political Justice) and Max Stirner ("The False Principle of Our Education") attacked both state education and private education as another means by which the ruling class replicate their privileges.

Anarchist writers such as William Godwin (Political Justice) and Max Stirner ("The False Principle of Our Education") attacked both state education and private education as another means by which the ruling class replicate their privileges.[SEP]In 1901, Catalan anarchist and free thinker Francisco Ferrer established the Escuela Moderna in Barcelona as an opposition to the established education system which was dictated largely by the Catholic Church.

In 1901, Catalan anarchist and free thinker Francisco Ferrer established the Escuela Moderna in Barcelona as an opposition to the established education system which was dictated largely by the Catholic Church.[SEP]Ferrer's approach was secular, rejecting both state and church involvement in the educational process whilst giving pupils large amounts of autonomy in planning their work and attendance.

Ferrer's approach was secular, rejecting both state and church involvement in the educational process whilst giving pupils large amounts of autonomy in planning their work and attendance.[SEP]Ferrer aimed to educate the working class and explicitly sought to foster class consciousness among students.

Ferrer aimed to educate the working class and explicitly sought to foster class consciousness among students.[SEP]The school closed after constant harassment by the state and Ferrer was later arrested.

The school closed after constant harassment by the state and Ferrer was later arrested.[SEP]Nonetheless, his ideas formed the inspiration for a series of modern schools around the world.

Nonetheless, his ideas formed the inspiration for a series of modern schools around the world.[SEP]Christian anarchist Leo Tolstoy, who published the essay Education and Culture, also established a similar school with its founding principle being that "for education to be effective it had to be free." In a similar token, A. S. Neill founded what became the Summerhill School in 1921, also declaring being free from coercion.

Christian anarchist Leo Tolstoy, who published the essay Education and Culture, also established a similar school with its founding principle being that "for education to be effective it had to be free." In a similar token, A. S. Neill founded what became the Summerhill School in 1921, also declaring being free from coercion.[SEP]Anarchist education is based largely on the idea that a child's right to develop freely and without manipulation ought to be respected and that rationality would lead children to morally good conclusions; however, there has been little consensus among anarchist figures as to what constitutes manipulation.

Anarchist education is based largely on the idea that a child's right to develop freely and without manipulation ought to be respected and that rationality would lead children to morally good conclusions; however, there has been little consensus among anarchist figures as to what constitutes manipulation.[SEP]Ferrer believed that moral indoctrination was necessary and explicitly taught pupils that equality, liberty and social justice were not possible under capitalism, along with other critiques of government and nationalism.

Ferrer believed that moral indoctrination was necessary and explicitly taught pupils that equality, liberty and social justice were not possible under capitalism, along with other critiques of government and nationalism.[SEP]Late 20th century and contemporary anarchist writers (Paul Goodman, Herbert Read, and Colin Ward) intensified and expanded the anarchist critique of state education, largely focusing on the need for a system that focuses on children's creativity rather than on their ability to attain a career or participate in consumerism as part of a consumer society.

Late 20th century and contemporary anarchist writers (Paul Goodman, Herbert Read, and Colin Ward) intensified and expanded the anarchist critique of state education, largely focusing on the need for a system that focuses on children's creativity rather than on their ability to attain a career or participate in consumerism as part of a consumer society.[SEP]Contemporary anarchists such as Ward claim that state education serves to perpetuate socioeconomic inequality.

Contemporary anarchists such as Ward claim that state education serves to perpetuate socioeconomic inequality.[SEP]While few anarchist education institutions have survived to the modern-day, major tenets of anarchist schools, among them respect for child autonomy and relying on reasoning rather than indoctrination as a teaching method, have spread among mainstream educational institutions.

While few anarchist education institutions have survived to the modern-day, major tenets of anarchist schools, among them respect for child autonomy and relying on reasoning rather than indoctrination as a teaching method, have spread among mainstream educational institutions.[SEP]Judith Suissa names three schools as explicitly anarchists schools, namely the Free Skool Santa Cruz in the United States which is part of a wider American-Canadian network of schools, the Self-Managed Learning College in Brighton, England, and the Paideia School in Spain.

Judith Suissa names three schools as explicitly anarchists schools, namely the Free Skool Santa Cruz in the United States which is part of a wider American-Canadian network of schools, the Self-Managed Learning College in Brighton, England, and the Paideia School in Spain.[SEP]Anarchism and the state

Anarchism and the state[SEP]Objection to the state and its institutions is a sine qua non of anarchism.

Objection to the state and its institutions is a sine qua non of anarchism.[SEP]Anarchists consider the state as a tool of domination and believe it to be illegitimate regardless of its political tendencies.

Anarchists consider the state as a tool of domination and believe it to be illegitimate regardless of its political tendencies.[SEP]Instead of people being able to control the aspects of their life, major decisions are taken by a small elite.

Instead of people being able to control the aspects of their life, major decisions are taken by a small elite.[SEP]Authority ultimately rests solely on power, regardless of whether that power is open or transparent, as it still has the ability to coerce people.

Authority ultimately rests solely on power, regardless of whether that power is open or transparent, as it still has the ability to coerce people.[SEP]Another anarchist argument against states is that the people constituting a government, even the most altruistic among officials, will unavoidably seek to gain more power, leading to corruption.

Another anarchist argument against states is that the people constituting a government, even the most altruistic among officials, will unavoidably seek to gain more power, leading to corruption.[SEP]Anarchists consider the idea that the state is the collective will of the people to be an unachievable fiction due to the fact that the ruling class is distinct from the rest of society.

Anarchists consider the idea that the state is the collective will of the people to be an unachievable fiction due to the fact that the ruling class is distinct from the rest of society.[SEP]Specific anarchist attitudes towards the state vary.

Specific anarchist attitudes towards the state vary.[SEP]Robert Paul Wolff believed that the tension between authority and autonomy would mean the state could never be legitimate.

Robert Paul Wolff believed that the tension between authority and autonomy would mean the state could never be legitimate.[SEP]Bakunin saw the state as meaning "coercion, domination by means of coercion, camouflaged if possible but unceremonious and overt if need be." A. John Simmons and Leslie Green, who leaned toward philosophical anarchism, believed that the state could be legitimate if it is governed by consensus, although they saw this as highly unlikely.

Bakunin saw the state as meaning "coercion, domination by means of coercion, camouflaged if possible but unceremonious and overt if need be." A. John Simmons and Leslie Green, who leaned toward philosophical anarchism, believed that the state could be legitimate if it is governed by consensus, although they saw this as highly unlikely.[SEP]Beliefs on how to abolish the state also differ.

Beliefs on how to abolish the state also differ.[SEP]Anarchism and the arts

Anarchism and the arts[SEP]The connection between anarchism and art was quite profound during the classical era of anarchism, especially among artistic currents that were developing during that era such as futurists, surrealists and others.

The connection between anarchism and art was quite profound during the classical era of anarchism, especially among artistic currents that were developing during that era such as futurists, surrealists and others.[SEP]In literature, anarchism was mostly associated with the New Apocalyptics and the neo-romanticism movement.

In literature, anarchism was mostly associated with the New Apocalyptics and the neo-romanticism movement.[SEP]In music, anarchism has been associated with music scenes such as punk.

In music, anarchism has been associated with music scenes such as punk.[SEP]Anarchists such as Leo Tolstoy and Herbert Read stated that the border between the artist and the non-artist, what separates art from a daily act, is a construct produced by the alienation caused by capitalism and it prevents humans from living a joyful life.

Anarchists such as Leo Tolstoy and Herbert Read stated that the border between the artist and the non-artist, what separates art from a daily act, is a construct produced by the alienation caused by capitalism and it prevents humans from living a joyful life.[SEP]Other anarchists advocated for or used art as a means to achieve anarchist ends.

Other anarchists advocated for or used art as a means to achieve anarchist ends.[SEP]In his book Breaking the Spell: A History of Anarchist Filmmakers, Videotape Guerrillas, and Digital Ninjas, Chris Robé claims that "anarchist-inflected practices have increasingly structured movement-based video activism." Throughout the 20th century, many prominent anarchists (Peter Kropotkin, Emma Goldman, Gustav Landauer and Camillo Berneri) and publications such as Anarchy wrote about matters pertaining to the arts.

In his book Breaking the Spell: A History of Anarchist Filmmakers, Videotape Guerrillas, and Digital Ninjas, Chris Robé claims that "anarchist-inflected practices have increasingly structured movement-based video activism." Throughout the 20th century, many prominent anarchists (Peter Kropotkin, Emma Goldman, Gustav Landauer and Camillo Berneri) and publications such as Anarchy wrote about matters pertaining to the arts.[SEP]Three overlapping properties made art useful to anarchists.

Three overlapping properties made art useful to anarchists.[SEP]It could depict a critique of existing society and hierarchies, serve as a prefigurative tool to reflect the anarchist ideal society and even turn into a means of direct action such as in protests.

It could depict a critique of existing society and hierarchies, serve as a prefigurative tool to reflect the anarchist ideal society and even turn into a means of direct action such as in protests.[SEP]As it appeals to both emotion and reason, art could appeal to the whole human and have a powerful effect.

As it appeals to both emotion and reason, art could appeal to the whole human and have a powerful effect.[SEP]The 19th-century neo-impressionist movement had an ecological aesthetic and offered an example of an anarchist perception of the road towards socialism.

The 19th-century neo-impressionist movement had an ecological aesthetic and offered an example of an anarchist perception of the road towards socialism.[SEP]In Les chataigniers a Osny by anarchist painter Camille Pissarro, the blending of aesthetic and social harmony is prefiguring an ideal anarchistic agrarian community.

In Les chataigniers a Osny by anarchist painter Camille Pissarro, the blending of aesthetic and social harmony is prefiguring an ideal anarchistic agrarian community.[SEP]Analysis The most common critique of anarchism is that humans cannot self-govern and so a state is necessary for human survival.

Analysis The most common critique of anarchism is that humans cannot self-govern and so a state is necessary for human survival.[SEP]Philosophy lecturer Andrew G. Fiala composed a list of common arguments against anarchism which includes critiques such as that anarchism is innately related to violence and destruction, not only in the pragmatic world, such as at protests, but in the world of ethics as well.

Philosophy lecturer Andrew G. Fiala composed a list of common arguments against anarchism which includes critiques such as that anarchism is innately related to violence and destruction, not only in the pragmatic world, such as at protests, but in the world of ethics as well.[SEP]Secondly, anarchism is evaluated as unfeasible or utopian since the state cannot be defeated practically.

Secondly, anarchism is evaluated as unfeasible or utopian since the state cannot be defeated practically.[SEP]This line of arguments most often calls for political action within the system to reform it.

This line of arguments most often calls for political action within the system to reform it.[SEP]The third argument is that anarchism is self-contradictory.

The third argument is that anarchism is self-contradictory.[SEP]While it advocates for no-one to archiei, if accepted by the many, then anarchism would turn into the ruling political theory.

While it advocates for no-one to archiei, if accepted by the many, then anarchism would turn into the ruling political theory.[SEP]In this line of criticism also comes the self-contradiction that anarchism calls for collective action whilst endorsing the autonomy of the individual, hence no collective action can be taken.

In this line of criticism also comes the self-contradiction that anarchism calls for collective action whilst endorsing the autonomy of the individual, hence no collective action can be taken.[SEP]Lastly, Fiala mentions a critique towards philosophical anarchism of being ineffective (all talk and thoughts) and in the meantime capitalism and bourgeois class remains strong.

Lastly, Fiala mentions a critique towards philosophical anarchism of being ineffective (all talk and thoughts) and in the meantime capitalism and bourgeois class remains strong.[SEP]Philosophical anarchism has met the criticism of members of academia following the release of pro-anarchist books such as A. John Simmons' Moral Principles and Political Obligations.

Philosophical anarchism has met the criticism of members of academia following the release of pro-anarchist books such as A. John Simmons' Moral Principles and Political Obligations.[SEP]Law professor William A. Edmundson authored an essay to argue against three major philosophical anarchist principles which he finds fallacious.

Law professor William A. Edmundson authored an essay to argue against three major philosophical anarchist principles which he finds fallacious.[SEP]Edmundson says that while the individual does not owe the state a duty of obedience, this does not imply that anarchism is the inevitable conclusion and the state is still morally legitimate.

Edmundson says that while the individual does not owe the state a duty of obedience, this does not imply that anarchism is the inevitable conclusion and the state is still morally legitimate.[SEP]In The Problem of Political Authority, Michael Huemer defends philosophical anarchism, claiming that "political authority is a moral illusion."

In The Problem of Political Authority, Michael Huemer defends philosophical anarchism, claiming that "political authority is a moral illusion."[SEP]One of the earliest criticisms is that anarchism defies and fails to understand the biological inclination to authority.

One of the earliest criticisms is that anarchism defies and fails to understand the biological inclination to authority.[SEP]Joseph Raz states that the acceptance of authority implies the belief that following their instructions will afford more success.

Joseph Raz states that the acceptance of authority implies the belief that following their instructions will afford more success.[SEP]Raz believes that this argument is true in following both authorities' successful and mistaken instruction.

Raz believes that this argument is true in following both authorities' successful and mistaken instruction.[SEP]Anarchists reject this criticism because challenging or disobeying authority does not entail the disappearance of its advantages by acknowledging authority such as doctors or lawyers as reliable, nor does it involve a complete surrender of independent judgment.

Anarchists reject this criticism because challenging or disobeying authority does not entail the disappearance of its advantages by acknowledging authority such as doctors or lawyers as reliable, nor does it involve a complete surrender of independent judgment.[SEP]Anarchist perception of human nature, rejection of the state, and commitment to social revolution has been criticised by academics as naive, overly simplistic, and unrealistic, respectively.

Anarchist perception of human nature, rejection of the state, and commitment to social revolution has been criticised by academics as naive, overly simplistic, and unrealistic, respectively.[SEP]Classical anarchism has been criticised for relying too heavily on the belief that the abolition of the state will lead to human cooperation prospering.

Classical anarchism has been criticised for relying too heavily on the belief that the abolition of the state will lead to human cooperation prospering.[SEP]Friedrich Engels, considered to be one of the principal founders of Marxism, criticised anarchism's anti-authoritarianism as inherently counter-revolutionary because in his view a revolution is by itself authoritarian.

Friedrich Engels, considered to be one of the principal founders of Marxism, criticised anarchism's anti-authoritarianism as inherently counter-revolutionary because in his view a revolution is by itself authoritarian.[SEP]Academic John Molyneux writes in his book Anarchism: A Marxist Criticism that "anarchism cannot win", believing that it lacks the ability to properly implement its ideas.

Academic John Molyneux writes in his book Anarchism: A Marxist Criticism that "anarchism cannot win", believing that it lacks the ability to properly implement its ideas.[SEP]The Marxist criticism of anarchism is that it has a utopian character because all individuals should have anarchist views and values.

The Marxist criticism of anarchism is that it has a utopian character because all individuals should have anarchist views and values.[SEP]According to the Marxist view, that a social idea would follow directly from this human ideal and out of the free will of every individual formed its essence.

According to the Marxist view, that a social idea would follow directly from this human ideal and out of the free will of every individual formed its essence.[SEP]Marxists state that this contradiction was responsible for their inability to act.

Marxists state that this contradiction was responsible for their inability to act.[SEP]In the anarchist vision, the conflict between liberty and equality was resolved through coexistence and intertwining.

In the anarchist vision, the conflict between liberty and equality was resolved through coexistence and intertwining.[SEP]Anarchism by country Governance without government List of anarchist political ideologies List of books about anarchism

Anarchism by country Governance without government List of anarchist political ideologies List of books about anarchism[SEP]Further reading Criticism of philosophical anarchism.

Further reading Criticism of philosophical anarchism.[SEP]A defence of philosophical anarchism, stating that "both kinds of 'anarchism' [i.e. philosophical and political anarchism] are philosophical and political claims." (p.

A defence of philosophical anarchism, stating that "both kinds of 'anarchism' [i.e. philosophical and political anarchism] are philosophical and political claims." (p.[SEP]137) Anarchistic popular fiction novel.

137) Anarchistic popular fiction novel.[SEP]An argument for philosophical anarchism.

An argument for philosophical anarchism.[SEP]External links Anarchy Archives.

External links Anarchy Archives.[SEP]Anarchy Archives is an online research center on the history and theory of anarchism.

Anarchy Archives is an online research center on the history and theory of anarchism.[SEP]Anti-capitalism Anti-fascism Economic ideologies Left-wing politics Libertarian socialism Libertarianism Political culture Political movements Political ideologies Social theories Socialism Far-left politics

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior.[SEP]Parents often notice signs during the first three years of their child's life.

Parents often notice signs during the first three years of their child's life.[SEP]These signs often develop gradually, though some autistic children experience regression in their communication and social skills after reaching developmental milestones at a normal pace.

These signs often develop gradually, though some autistic children experience regression in their communication and social skills after reaching developmental milestones at a normal pace.[SEP]Autism is associated with a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Autism is associated with a combination of genetic and environmental factors.[SEP]Risk factors during pregnancy include certain infections, such as rubella, toxins including valproic acid, alcohol, cocaine, pesticides, lead, and air pollution, fetal growth restriction, and autoimmune diseases.

Risk factors during pregnancy include certain infections, such as rubella, toxins including valproic acid, alcohol, cocaine, pesticides, lead, and air pollution, fetal growth restriction, and autoimmune diseases.[SEP]Controversies surround other proposed environmental causes; for example, the vaccine hypothesis, which has been disproven.

Controversies surround other proposed environmental causes; for example, the vaccine hypothesis, which has been disproven.[SEP]Autism affects information processing in the brain and how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize; how this occurs is not well understood.

Autism affects information processing in the brain and how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize; how this occurs is not well understood.[SEP]The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) combines forms of the condition, including Asperger syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) into the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) combines forms of the condition, including Asperger syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) into the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).[SEP]Several interventions have been shown to reduce symptoms and improve the ability of autistic people to function and participate independently in the community.

Several interventions have been shown to reduce symptoms and improve the ability of autistic people to function and participate independently in the community.[SEP]Behavioral, psychological, education, and/or skill-building interventions may be used to assist autistic people to learn life skills necessary for living independently, as well as other social, communication, and language skills.

Behavioral, psychological, education, and/or skill-building interventions may be used to assist autistic people to learn life skills necessary for living independently, as well as other social, communication, and language skills.[SEP]Therapy also aims to reduce challenging behaviors and build upon strengths.

Therapy also aims to reduce challenging behaviors and build upon strengths.[SEP]Some autistic adults are unable to live independently.

Some autistic adults are unable to live independently.[SEP]An autistic culture has developed, with some individuals seeking a cure and others believing autism should be accepted as a difference to be accommodated instead of cured.

An autistic culture has developed, with some individuals seeking a cure and others believing autism should be accepted as a difference to be accommodated instead of cured.[SEP]Globally, autism is estimated to affect 24.8 million people .

Globally, autism is estimated to affect 24.8 million people .[SEP]In the 2000s, the number of autistic people worldwide was estimated at 1–2 per 1,000 people.

In the 2000s, the number of autistic people worldwide was estimated at 1–2 per 1,000 people.[SEP]In the developed countries, about 1.5% of children are diagnosed with ASD , up from 0.7% in 2000 in the United States.

In the developed countries, about 1.5% of children are diagnosed with ASD , up from 0.7% in 2000 in the United States.[SEP]It is diagnosed four to five times more often in males than females.

It is diagnosed four to five times more often in males than females.[SEP]The number of people diagnosed has increased considerably since the 1990s, which may be partly due to increased recognition of the condition.

The number of people diagnosed has increased considerably since the 1990s, which may be partly due to increased recognition of the condition.[SEP]Characteristics Autism is a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder whose symptoms first appear during infancy or childhood, and generally follows a steady course without remission.

Characteristics Autism is a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder whose symptoms first appear during infancy or childhood, and generally follows a steady course without remission.[SEP]Autistic people may be severely impaired in some respects but average, or even superior, in others.

Autistic people may be severely impaired in some respects but average, or even superior, in others.[SEP]Overt symptoms gradually begin after the age of six months, become established by age two or three years and tend to continue through adulthood, although often in more muted form.

Overt symptoms gradually begin after the age of six months, become established by age two or three years and tend to continue through adulthood, although often in more muted form.[SEP]It is distinguished by a characteristic triad of symptoms: impairments in social interaction, impairments in communication, and repetitive behavior.

It is distinguished by a characteristic triad of symptoms: impairments in social interaction, impairments in communication, and repetitive behavior.[SEP]Other aspects, such as atypical eating, are also common but are not essential for diagnosis.

Other aspects, such as atypical eating, are also common but are not essential for diagnosis.[SEP]Individual symptoms of autism occur in the general population and appear not to associate highly, without a sharp line separating pathologically severe from common traits.

Individual symptoms of autism occur in the general population and appear not to associate highly, without a sharp line separating pathologically severe from common traits.[SEP]Social development Social deficits distinguish autism and the related autism spectrum disorders (ASD; see Classification) from other developmental disorders.