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If you notice any symptoms specific to fungal infections, you can fight against it with the following remedy. This will avoid complications on long term. Fungal nail and toenail have to be treated as soon as we detect them. This article is the best way to treat nail fungus at home using ethyl alcohol and other accessible ingredients. The next natural remedy for nail fungus is a topical treatment. It has antiseptic and antifungal properties that can kill the microorganisms that cause the fungal infection. To overcome the fungus that damages your nails, you will need to combine all of the ingredients mentioned above. This will give you a simple treatment, which you can apply regularly until the infection disappears. First, pour the alcohol in a glass container and mix it with baking soda and white vinegar. Then cover the container and shake it to obtain a homogeneous solution. Store the remedy in a dark and cold place. Rinse well the infected nail with water. Dry it, and then apply the remedy prepared with a piece of cotton wool. If the nail is very thick and yellow, use a nail fail before applying the remedy. Use this remedy twice every day. You should know that the effects won’t appear immediately, and you must follow treatment for at least 2 months. If the infection persists, prolong treatment for another 8-12 months.

Figure 3: Ship running mowing the lawn pattern so the footprints overlap. From this data, the depth and contours of the ocean floor can be determined. I also asked P.S. Shyla Allen about the problems and sources of error associated with this data collection. She responded by detailing three main issues that must be corrected when cleaning the data, i.e. the data must undergo three main correction factors before accurate readings can be analyzed. These three factors include: a) tide changes, b) sound velocity, c) the motion of the ship and GPS positioning. To correct for tide changes, the researchers must have accurate readings of the tides. Tide gauges are installed along the coastline at various points, and all readings are reduced to Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW). This basically gives the average of the lowest possible depth at a given location. To correct for sound velocity changes, which is the most important correction factor dealt with, researchers take measurements of water temperature and salinity level at the given depth reading. For every change of 1 ppm in salinity, there is a change of 3 m/s in sound velocity. Therefore, salinity is perhaps one of the most important factors. Finally, the motion of the ship and GPS position need to be corrected for. This includes correcting for the pitch, roll, and gyration of the ship as well as error in the GPS system. Because the ship uses Differential GPS (DGPS), this error is already accounted for. However, for the pitch, roll, and gyration of the ship, two antennas are used to on the port and starboard sides. These antennas, often referred to as Motion Reference Units (MRU), are very stable feed into the same computers that process the data. Therefore, the computer takes into account the readings from these antennas and combines this information with the corrections made for the tidal changes, sound velocity factors, and positioning of the ship. After cleaning the static from the data, a nautical chart can be produced. This method of charting the ocean floor is definitely more efficient than when researchers used lead lines—long ropes with lead that would be dropped down and then measured to determine the depth! I woke up this morning after sleeping for about 12 hours—I think the seasickness medicine I took last night made me very sleepy. Luckily, however, all traces of seasickness are gone; I can even sit here at the computer and type without noticing the pitching of the ship very much at all. I think all of my muscles must be getting stronger as a result of reacting to the changing ground and all of the stairs I go up and down every day. I spent some time on the bridge this morning mostly asking questions about the tools used there and what various measurements mean. I find it very interesting that simply reading tiny numbers and using small switches and knobs will run this 231 foot ship. However, my experience aboard ships tells me that it is not even close to impossible. I know that even the slightest adjustment at the helm on a sailboat can change the course of the boat. I am reminded of sailing in the British Virgin Islands and the dispute over if it was more important to maintain the way point or try to make the boat go very fast. However, that is not an issue on this boat. We are supposed to reach the Shumagin Islands tonight, and tomorrow we will start the launches—I can’t wait! How many sets of data points must be filtered out before the data is considered clean? On what does this number depend? How does one determine if a data point is an outlier or and actual reading?

Most of us tend to lose our peace of mind due to a variety of reasons such as economic worries, relationship problems and health issues, to mention only a few. We live under the constant fear of an uncertain future and do not know how to cope with it. You may have set your heart on things that are out of your reach for whatever reason. Sometimes you can knock your head off trying to realize your heart’s desire, but you won’t be able to fulfil it. It is, therefore, no use holding on to an unrealistic goal you cannot achieve. You must understand that everything is not under your control. Just try to digest this reality sincerely without any ego and let me assure you would start feeling light and easy immediately. There are generally two reactions when you are watching a movie (of life, in this case). First, you get involved with the storyline and start hoping or wishing the way the things should turn up. Second, you remain detached or perhaps relaxed. You continue to eagerly watch wondering how the story is going to unfold. Which of these two situations is better? In the first situation you feel sad and of course, sometimes happy (temporarily) as well-at the turn of events in the story. But in the second situation of wonderment and pure curiosity, you just enjoy the story without being emotionally involved. You utter: How interesting! I wonder what would happen next! A state of curiosity is obviously much more enjoyable than a state of expectation and hope. Start affirming to yourself: I am going to stay calm whatever happens. Or, the awareness of the need to stay calm –a practical necessity in such cases–by itself can be very helpful in facing the situation that is going out of your control. Once you allow yourself to be overwhelmed by the events, you may become myopic, take wrong decisions and regret later on. If you stay calm you will be able to handle the situation in a much better way. Sometimes, your response to a bad situation—generally of fear, confusion and stress- can be worse than the consequences of the situation itself. The external world is, of course, out of your control, but you can control the world within you. Whenever you are torn by ifs and buts or any negativity in your thoughts, keep affirming: I will handle any situation that may emerge. Gradually you will develop faith on your strengths and a time will come when all doubts and uncertainties will disappear. Then you will have nothing to fear even in fearful situations. Don’t feel guilty. In fact you are only one of the countless thousands who are stumbling and falling on a daily basis. Life is like that. What is important is that you should retain the awareness that you are not going to be held down by your fall and that you need to get up and be on your feet again. Keep moving on even stumblingly. You will still be moving forward. Remember Stephan Hawking who contracted motor neurone disease when he was just 21 and was given only 2 years to live. He went to Cambridge and held the post of Lucasian Professor at Cambridge, the chair held by Isaac Newton in 1663. His A Brief History of Time became the best seller. Do you think your condition is even worse than that of Professor Hawking and countless others? Have you ever lost your way in the darkest night when the skies are overcast with thundering clouds made worse by frightening bursts of lightening? But then did you not feel relieved that the sizzling, quivering, serpentine maze of light lasting not even a second, so to say, brightened the landscape and also showed you the way to your home? What matters is that you should try to focus on what can be helpful in difficult situations and make the best of it.

The Occupational Therapy Assistant (OTA) Program at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education (ACOTE) of the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA), located at 4720 Montgomery Lane, Suite 200 Bethesda, MD 20814-3449. ACOTE’s telephone number c/o AOTA is (301) 652-AOTA and its Web address is www.acoteonline.org. Graduates of an ACOTE accredited OTA program are eligible to sit for the national certification examination for the occupational therapy assistant administered by the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy (NBCOT). After successful completion of this exam, the individual will be a Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant (COTA). In addition, most states including New Jersey require licensure in order to practice; however, state licenses are usually based on the results of the NBCOT Certification Examination. 1. Become a COTA (Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant) by successfully passing the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy Assistant (NBCOT) exam within six months of graduation. 2. Demonstrate the roles and responsibilities of the OTA as defined by the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA), consistent with the licensure regulations for an OTA in the State of New Jersey. 3. Communicate effectively in an understandable and professional manner with clients, families, colleagues, and the public. 4. Produce clear and understandable documentation according to the requirements of the facility, federal and state laws, regulatory and payer requirements, and AOTA. Practice in a safe, ethical, and collaborative manner under the supervision of an occupational therapist in accordance with the regulations of the healthcare, educational, or community settings. Provide occupational therapy services to persons, groups, and populations from diverse experiences and cultures in health care, educational and community settings. Contribute to the evaluation process of the person, group, or population, by gathering information, implementing assigned assessments, and reporting results to the OT and treatment team. Under the guidance of an OT, provide occupational therapy interventions in accordance with evidence-based OT practice models that support the philosophy and values of the profession. Encourage, advise and coach persons, caregivers, groups, and populations who experience physical, psychosocial, cognitive challenges and/or developmental disorders or delays, or are negatively impacted by the aging process, to choose and practice occupations and skills that support adaptation and resilience. Problem-solve to devise, in collaboration with the client, OT, and team, alternative contexts, environmental adaptations, and/or task modifications to support participation in valued occupations, routines, and roles. Teach individuals, groups, and populations about the health promoting associations between meaningful occupation and healthy development, positive health outcomes, and well-being; and advocate for the provision of occupational therapy services. Exhibit and commit to refining client centered practices including the therapeutic use of occupation, interpersonal, communication, and teaching-learning tactics that consider the interests, values, and needs of diverse individuals, caregivers, groups and populations. 6. Contribute to the delivery of high-quality, cost-effective and integrated care as a team member in health, education, and community settings. Maintain, organize, and prioritize workload to meet the requirements of the practice setting. Participate in ongoing quality improvement and implement changes as needed to ensure quality services are delivered and outcomes are measured. 7. Participate as an occupational therapy professional in local, state, and national organizations. Advocate for occupational therapy services and for the recipient of those services. Comply with requirements for continued competence through formal and/or continuing education, and by actively seeking and participating in regular supervision. 4. Applicant must write and submit an essay justifying OT as a career choice, reflecting on volunteer experience, prerequisite course work, and other community service. 5. Selected applicants must participate in an on-site meeting with the OTA Program Admission Committee. This includes an individual, and group interview, and the applicant must complete an on-site writing sample. 6. Applicants who did not attend secondary school in the US or have not completed a sufficient number of college level English courses are required to take the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). Acceptable scores for TOEFL areas follows: 550 and above for paper based test and 79 for Internet based test. All results must be forwarded directly to SHRP from the testing agency. Please note that a felony conviction may affect a graduate’s ability to sit for the NBCOT certification examination or attain state licensure. An individual who is considering entering an OT educational program or who has already entered an OT educational program can have his or her background reviewed by requesting an Early Determination Review. The fee for this review is $100.00 for information on candidate’s code of conduct, character, and early review contact. All pre-professional General Education credits Co-requisites or prerequisites: OCTH 1019, 1020, and 1031; PSRT 1102. This course teaches the history, philosophy, and values of the occupational therapy profession, and the domain of OT practice identified by the AOTA Practice Framework – III (2014). The concepts of occupation and activity are explored through the completion of an occupational profile and a comprehensive activity analysis. The roles and responsibilities of the OTA, the nature of the OTA/OT supervisory relationship, and regulatory requirements that impact OT practice are topics central to this course. All pre-professional General Education credits Co-requisites or prerequisites: OCTH 1010, 1020, and 1031; PSRT 1102. The first of three Level I Fieldwork courses in the OTA curriculum. Students are assigned to a healthcare, educational, or other community setting where they observe and interact with clients across the lifespan under the supervision of an occupational therapist or an occupational therapy assistant and his or her OT supervisor. This first fieldwork experience develops understanding of how various bio-psychosocial conditions can impact an individual’s occupational performance and participation. Students gather information about client’s occupational history, observe and describe factors that support or hinder occupational performance, and may assist the occupational therapy professional in providing occupation based interventions. Students have the opportunity to practice professional communication and interpersonal skills through interactions with clients, supervisors, and team members. A classroom based pre and post fieldwork seminar clarifies assignments, guides professional skill development, and is used to assess the competencies developed during the combined semester coursework. All pre-professional General Education credits Co-requisites or prerequisites: OCTH 1010, 1019, and 1031; PSRT 1102. Using the structure and terminology of the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework –III, this course focuses on the person factors that contribute to occupational performance, expanding upon foundational coursework in the structure and function of the human body, and human development across the lifespan. Students learn to recognize sensory-perceptual and motor skills used in daily activities, and to understand how underlying body functions and structures in part support abilities and skills. An emphasis is placed on the subjective sense of doing and the unity of mind and body when observing, discussing, analyzing, and participating in activities and occupations. Laboratory sessions concentrate on developing therapeutic touch and handling while gathering information on person factors including joint range of motion, gross muscle strength, postural control, sensation, and sensory processing. All pre-professional General Education credits Co-requisites or prerequisites: OCTH 1040, 1051, and 1052; PSRT 1103. The second of three Level I Fieldwork courses in the OTA curriculum. Students are assigned to a healthcare, educational, or other community setting where they observe and assist with the occupational therapy process for adult or older adult clients under the supervision of an occupational therapist, or an occupational therapy assistant and his or her OT supervisor.Level I FW – B will provide students the opportunity to assist in planning and providing occupational therapy services following the OT process as described in the OT Practice Framework III.The fieldwork experience provides the opportunity to practice skills developed during the combined semester coursework including documentation in accordance with the requirements of the practice setting. It is expected that students demonstrate professional skills and adhere to all safety procedures as appropriate to the setting. A pre and post fieldwork seminar clarifies assignments, guides professional development, and is used to assess the competencies developed during the combined semester coursework. All pre-professional General Education credits Co-requisites or prerequisites: OCTH 1010, 1019, and 1020; PSRT 1102. All pre-professional General Education credits Co-requisites or prerequisites: OCTH 1039, 1053, and 1071. This is the second in a series of two courses in which students study bio-psychosocial conditions and learn how to analyze the potential effect on body functions and structures, the development of skills, occupational performance and participation. Case examples guide an understanding of conditions common to children including heritable diseases, genetic conditions, disability, trauma, and injury. The course furthers mastery of medical terminology, and an understanding of the precautions, contraindications, medication side effects, and safety issues necessary for practice with infants, toddlers, children, and adolescents. Contextual factors that support health and wellness throughout child/adolescent development are discussed. All pre-professional General Education credits Co-requisites or prerequisites: OCTH 1032, 1053, and 1071. The third of three Level I Fieldwork courses in the OTA curriculum. Students are assigned to a healthcare, educational, or other community setting where they observe and assist with the occupational therapy process for children and youth under the supervision of an occupational therapist, or an occupational therapy assistant and his or her OT supervisor.Level I FW – C will provide students the opportunity to assist in planning and providing occupational therapy services following the OT process as described in the OT Practice Framework II (2008).The fieldwork experience provides the opportunity to practice skills developed during the combined semester coursework including documentation in accordance with the requirements of the practice setting. It is expected that students demonstrate professional skills and adhere to all safety procedures as appropriate to the setting. A pre and post fieldwork seminar clarifies assignments, guides professional development, and is used to assess the competencies developed during the combined semester coursework. All pre-professional General Education credits Co-requisites or prerequisites: OCTH 1029, 1051, and 1052; PSRT 1103. All pre-professional General Education credits Co-requisites or prerequisites: OCTH 1029, 1040, and 1051; PSRT 1103. This course focuses on the practice areas of Rehabilitation, Disability and Participation, and Productive Aging. Through class instruction, simulation, practice, and reflection on case scenarios, students learn the OT process (OT Practice Framework-III, AOTA 2014), as they assist in identifying the intervention approach and developing a plan that is guided by a practice model(s) and evidence. Students practice implementing interventions and completing documentation based on case study scenarios representative of adult practice settings. Psychosocial, cognitive, and contextual factors that affect participation for adults and older adults are emphasized throughout the course. All pre-professional General Education credits Co-requisites or prerequisites: OCTH 1032, 1039, and 1071. This course focuses on the Occupational Therapy practice area of Children and Youth. Through class instruction, simulation, practice, and reflection on case scenarios, students learn the OT process (OT Practice Framework-III), as they assist in identifying an intervention approach and developing an intervention plan that is guided by a practice model(s) and evidence. Students practice implementing interventions and completing documentation based on case scenarios from practice settings inclusive of children and youth. Psychosocial, cognitive, and contextual factors that affect participation for children and youth are emphasized throughout the course. All pre-professional General Education credits Co-requisites or prerequisites: OCTH 1032, 1039, and 1053. Professional Seminar I is the first of two that support the student’s transition to Level II Fieldwork and OT Practice. This seminar highlights the roles, professional conduct and responsibilities of the OTA including working within a team and supervisory relationship. The course focuses on the knowledge necessary to assist with the management of OT including understanding legislation, regulations and ethics, reimbursement systems and documentation requirements, quality improvement, program development, and marketing. Students complete the NBCOT OTA Knowledge Exam before the start of the fall semester as a first step in preparing for the NBCOT Certification Exam for the OTA. All pre-professional General Education credits Co-requisites or prerequisites: OCTH 2029, and 2072. An in-depth, 8-week fieldwork education experience with the adult or older adult population, requiring the student to gather information, assist in planning, and deliver occupational therapy services under the direct supervision of an occupational therapist or an occupational therapy assistant. The student must exhibit professionalism include safe and ethical practices and clinical reasoning appropriate to the occupational therapy assistant role. The student must demonstrate entry level competence for an OTA as measured by the American Occupational Therapy Association Fieldwork Performance Evaluation for the Occupational Therapy Assistant Student. All pre-professional General Education credits Co-requisites or prerequisites: OCTH 2019, and 2072. An in-depth, 8-week fieldwork education experience with children and youth requiring the student to gather information, assist in planning, and deliver occupational therapy services under the direct supervision of an occupational therapist or an occupational therapy assistant. The student must exhibit professionalism include safe and ethical practices and clinical reasoning appropriate to the occupational therapy assistant role. The student must demonstrate entry level competence for an OTA as measured by the American Occupational Therapy Association Fieldwork Performance Evaluation for the Occupational Therapy Assistant Student. All pre-professional General Education credits Co-requisites or prerequisites: OCTH 2019, and 2029. This seminar is concurrent with OTA Practice Level II Fieldwork A and B and is the second in a series of two courses that support the student’s transition to Level II fieldwork, practice and employment. Selected topics are considered each week including the contextual influences on the practice settings where students are completing fieldwork, professional development and continuing competence, supervision, becoming a fieldwork educator, and professional advocacy. Students create an electronic portfolio as they progress through fieldwork that can be used when seeking employment. Attendance at the New Jersey OT Association annual conference and participation in the Rutgers School of Biomedical and Health Science’s Inter-professional Education Day are seminar highlights. The processes for preparing for and taking the NBCOT Certification Exam and obtaining State Licensure are reviewed as part of this seminar.

Georgios “Jorgo” Chatzimarkakis was born in Duisburg, Germany, in 1966. He holds German and Greek nationality, a degree in agriculture and politics from the University of Bonn, and even back then, he had already showed a strong interest in economic history and international and European law, making his entry into politics an easier one. He went on to work for Germany’s Foreign Office, as a business consultant, as an associate professor in the field of European Politics and until 2014 for Germany’s Free Democrats – as member of the national party’s executive board from 1995 through 2011 and as secretary general of Saarland’s state party from 2002 through 2010. From 2004 to 2014, he was a member of the European Parliament and was appointed special envoy for the Greek government during the financial crisis. In 2016, he became head of the European industry association Hydrogen Europe. H2-international: Mr. Chatzimarkakis, is it true that it was the idea of storing solar energy in the form of hydrogen that prompted you to go into politics in the 1980s? In fact, I had already taken notice of hydrogen when I was still a student. I just couldn’t stop reading “In the beginning, there was hydrogen” by Hoimar von Ditfurth. The subsequent Chernobyl catastrophe in 1986 was the driving force behind getting involved in politics as a student. I followed the call of a new, small party that wanted to use Saharan solar energy to create hydrogen via electrolysis and transport It to Europe. Hydrogen was thought of as an alternative to nuclear power and the people putting forth the idea were members of the Ecological Democratic Party, founded by Herbert Gruhl, a former member of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany. It was indeed the fuel that had me going into politics. Years later, the youth organization of another political party “won me over,” which is how I ended up at the Free Democrats. H2-international: After joining a new party, you first concentrated on your political career before coming back to hydrogen. What were the reasons for your “return” to the energy sector? Not only on my political career, no. I had been given the opportunity to work for Klaus Kinkel, Germany’s then-foreign minister and vice chancellor, from 1996 through 1998. Shortly thereafter, I represented Infineon Technologies in Brussels for several years. It was a job that required me to “interpret” between the realm of technology and politics. Even now, I’m partly relying on the experience I gained during this crucial time in my life. One of my main tasks nowadays is again to explain complex technical issues in a way that is understandable to political decision makers. My expertise also impacted my time as a member of the European Parliament, where I was part of the industry, energy and research committee. One of my first activities as a committee member was to support the first FCH JU, which the parliament had to approve. I was very pleased that I could actively assist in the development of my “old passion” – hydrogen – in my new role as an MP in Brussels. H2-international: What exactly did you like so much about hydrogen that you switched jobs, from politician to political consultant? I think you can easily see based on my job history that I don’t care much for the widespread notion of a straight-line career path. I am suspicious of people who went from school through student parliaments right into politics and have made it their only job since then. That’s where I favor the American system – it pretty much drives you to switch continually between business, research and politics. It’s the only way I see to get to know how businesses work and how complicated political decision-making can be. What I find so interesting about hydrogen is that since encountering the vision of a hydrogen economy more than 30 years ago, we now do have a big opportunity to realize it. The “sector integration” people are talking about these days is basically an energy transformation process that has the use of hydrogen at its core. It’s really fascinating to think that using the technology could allow us to skip entire stages of development and utilize renewables for the decarbonization of many industries. Our objective is not just to offer political consulting in the sense of “advocacy,” but primarily to establish new partnerships to advance our goals. That’s where we see much progress being made in Brussels right now. H2-international: What exactly does your association stand for? In short: We intend to make the use of hydrogen and fuel cells a normal part of daily life. First and foremost, we need to close gaps in knowledge. One crucial message is that you get an alternative fuel that produces zero emissions while you don’t have to compromise on anything. The current aim in the wake of the European energy transformation and particularly considering the so-called “winter package” [Clean Energy for all Europeans] is to showcase the versatility of hydrogen as an energy carrier, fuel and raw material to advance decarbonization. What poses a crucial dilemma for EU stakeholders is the slow winter season and the fact that we need to store the excess energy from the summer months. When it comes to seasonal storage, we as Hydrogen Europe need to communicate a clear objective and are, of course, pleased that storage systems have finally been specified at EU level. H2-international: Hydrogen Europe succeeded the industry initiative New Energy World Industry Grouping (NEW-IG) in late 2015. Did only the name change or are we talking about a completely different organization? NEW-IG had been established based on a hydrogen and fuel cell platform, the first FCH JU. This new kind of collaboration between the public, research and industry had meant that the latter needed to undergo some changes. Many SME manufacturers joined forces with some well-known hydrogen and fuel cell businesses, a first essential step toward the creation of an “eco-system” of hydrogen use. The ties that were established over those many years will be crucial in the ramp-up of many market-ready products. But NEW-IG tended to focus on internals, meaning on strengthening the industry itself. When we made the transition to Hydrogen Europe, we also wanted to improve the public image of a now established sector.

DARPA has teamed up with UCLA and the University of Pennsylvania to work on the Pentagon’s Restoring Active Memory (RAM) program, which aims to develop and build a very small, implantable, wireless neural interface device. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has teamed up with UCLA and the University of Pennsylvania to work on the Pentagon’s Restoring Active Memory (RAM) program, which aims to develop and build a very small, implantable, wireless neural interface device. They also offered a $2.5 million contract to the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, which will also work on the project. With this development, the Pentagon takes a major step toward understanding and even recreating human memories. The device will be able to "bridge the gaps that interfere with a person's memory functions and effectively restore their abilities." The chip would, effectively, become a neural prosthesis. Justin Sanchez, DARPA program manager, issued this statement, "The start of the Restoring Active Memory program marks an exciting opportunity to reveal many new aspects of human memory and learn about the brain in ways that were never before possible. Anyone who has witnessed the effects of memory loss in another person knows its toll and how few options are available to treat it. We’re going to apply the knowledge and understanding gained in RAM to develop new options for treatment through technology." This program stems in large part from the number of U.S. military personnel who experience brain injuries. Since 2000, 270,000 military members have had traumatic brain injuries, and 1.7 million civilians had brain injuries. Overall, $40 million in funding has gone to this project, between the university research, Pentagon work, and laboratory development. Studies on how effective this will be for humans are expected to take four years, but a case study with lab rats showed positive results.

Are You An Expert Thermometer Or Helpful Thermostat? Do you ever find yourself pointing to problems more than solutions? At work, are your responding to what happens or are your regulating what takes place? On your team, do you measure the climate or do you find opportunities to adjust to a new level? These are questions to see if you are an expert thermometer or helpful thermostat. An expert thermometer is a passive attendee that measures and reflects the climate around itself. When the climate shifts, there will be a response in the thermometer but this response is a direct reflection of the surroundings. An expert thermometer can walk into a room and see genuine issues that need to be addressed but will often talk about these issues rather than fixing them. A helpful thermostat is an active participate that reacts to and regulates the climate around itself. When the climate shifts, the thermostat responds and then will adjust the surrounding to an appropriate level. A helpful thermostat can walk into a room and see genuine issues that need to be addressed and will work hard to make the needed changes to correct the issue. It is important to understand the culture you find yourself in but the most successful people challenge the culture to a higher standard. It’s not enough to just read the room, you must own the issue and act on what needs to be changed. Both the thermometer and thermostat start with the same perspective but the bottom line difference is where one simply reads the room the other does what’s necessary to make things right. So how do you compare? Have you found that people and situations determine your temperature? Do you focus on what’s wrong around you, or do you make changes and influence the climate? Will you be influenced or will you make the change? James 4:17 says, “Therefore, to one who knows the right thing to do and does not do it, to him it is sin.” Today, break through the monotony and take your first steps to becoming a helpful thermostat.

Q : We see that all over the Muslim world, two rival groups are always in conflict: One attracts highly educated people who believe in reason and logic, but care little for religion, while the other consists of largely uneducated people who hold fanatically to certain beliefs and try to impose them on others. How to remedy such a situation? A: There are definitely two groups with widely different attitudes to religion. These have been there since the very early days of human existence. The noble prophets and those who have followed them on the same route try to bring the message of faith home to people, hoping that they will respond positively to the call to believe in the Oneness of Allah. On the other hand, they are opposed by people who prefer to follow what they feel to be their interest, paying no regard to the divine guidance and caring little for the teachings of prophets. This has always been the case, and it will continue to be so, until the end of human life. I do not agree with you at all when you say that the camp opposed to faith attracts mostly the highly educated who rely on reason and logic. It is true that some of those highly educated may turn their back on religion, but that is only because they either prefer not to study religion with the sort of seriousness they attach to other matters; or because they prefer to satisfy immediate pleasures; or because they feel that their position will be threatened by religion. They simply do not respond to the challenge of the divine message to use their reason and logic in evaluating the truth advanced by the divine faith. There was a time when a higher proportion of educated people seemed to move away from religion, but if you look at the historical circumstances that led to this situation, you are bound to conclude that this was the result of the alien system of education that was devised by the colonial authorities in most Muslim countries. As you are aware, the colonial powers were able to impose their will over most of the Muslim world, after a long period of decline throughout the Muslim areas. But when that phase was over, and education moved towards being universal, more and more educated people found no difficulty in making a happy match between education and religion. Indeed, it is the divine faith that calls on people to use their reason and logic, because when they do that, they can easily recognize the truth of the Oneness of God and the validity of the divine message. In the history of Islam, there was no time when a conflict took place between enlightened education and scientific findings on the one hand, and Islam on the other. Indeed, the two stand always hand in hand. It is true that there are people who claim to be religious and try to impose their ideas on others. Such people have not learned Islam well. They do much damage to the cause of Islam. They are rarely aware of its fundamental principle to respect individual freedom. Islam advocates that freedom of thought, belief and expression as a basic right of all human beings. Fanaticism is alien to Islam and it will always remain so. Q: These days, Muslims look down upon each other. Each considers the other as inferior and many groups go to the extent of denouncing each other. Then what is all this talk of Brotherhood? Is it all only in books? Please explain. A: The Prophet (Pbuh) says : �Do not hate each other and do not envy one another, and do not turn your back on each other. Servants of Allah, be always brothers. It is not lawful for anyone to boycott his brother for over three nights. They may meet and each of them turns his face away. The one who is first to greet the other is the better one of the two of them. � This Hadith shows how much importance Islam attaches to the brotherhood of Muslims and how it discourages any action that tends to weaken the bond of brotherhood. That means that it is permissible, although by no means encouraged, for two Muslims not to be on speaking terms for a shorter period. This should be understood as a concession which is given in view of what quarrels may take place between people who are otherwise good Muslims. It is only natural for a human being to get angry at times and to allow his anger to get the better of him. This may lead to an estrangement or a boycott between them. Muslims who find themselves in such a situation are allowed three days to let their tempers cool down. Quarrels which result from long harbored hate or envy will take much longer to mend. However, we are commanded by the Prophet not to entertain such feelings for any length of time against fellow Muslims. Perhaps it should be added here that when a person fears that his continued relationship with a particular person is bound to cause him harm, whether in respect of his worldly interest or in respect of his fulfillment of his Islamic duties, he will be right not to maintain a very close relationship with that person. He need not boycott him altogether, but he may keep him at arm�s length. Sometimes when a quarrel takes place between two people, they regret it and both of them are eager to mend the relationship, but they cannot bring themselves to start the process of reconciliation. The Prophet encourages us not to allow such a consideration to stop us from doing what is right. It is not easy for people to overcome their ego and bring themselves to greet a person with whom they have quarreled, especially when they genuinely feel hurt that the other person was totally in the wrong. But it is this particular attitude which the Prophet wants to play down so that it does not prevent Muslims from making things up after they have quarrelled. So the overriding criterion for a Muslim is what to do in order to earn Allah�s pleasure and receive more reward from Him.

2.Corn grinding mill machine takes advanced flour milling technoloLD to grind well and is refined by purifier. That makes wheat bran, corn and residue separated thoroughly. It can be used for the flour co-production of same grade or tailored flour production. 2.corn sugar mills and other processing enterprises using corn as material.They are also ideal foodstuffs for urban residents to have better life. 3.Corn bran can be used for feeds(It can be directly packed without drying).

2018 9 22 · 1995, Paul T. Craddock, Early Metal Mining and Production, page 147: Thus the percentage recovery of metal from the ore was much higher than in the primitive process where the semi vitrified gangue and half smelted ore are typically rich in prills of copper and copper minerals. The ore often occurs in veins, which are ore filled fissures in the rock. The veins vary in thickness from only fractions of an inch to several hundred feet. Minerals withmercial value, called gangue minerals, are usually found mixed with the ore in the vein. 2018 10 26 · Ore, as mined, contains ore minerals, gangue minerals, and country rock. A mass of mineral matter is not considered ore unless one or more of its ore minerals can be recovered on a profitable basis. As originally used, ore minerals were metal bearing see Metallic Minerals . ore a mineral that contains metal that is valuable enough to be mined. mineral solid homogeneousanic substances occurring in nature having a definiteposition. concentrate, dressed ore the desired mineral that is left after impurities have been removed from mined ore. minerai gangue. 2017 1 12 · Tailings also known as slimes, gangue, tailings pile, tails, leach residue, or slickens are the materials left over after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the worthless fraction of an ore. 2018 9 29 · In mining, gangue / ɡ æ ŋ / ismercially worthless material that surrounds, or is closely mixed with, a wanted mineral in an ore deposit.It is thus distinct from overburden, which is the waste rock or materials overlying an ore or mineral body that are displaced during mining without being processed, and from tailings, which is rock already stripped of valuable minerals. Chrome Ore Beneficiation Plant,Chrome Ore Processing Plant Buy . depend on the relative physical and surface chemical properties of the mineral and the gangue. Concentration is defined as the. number of moles of a solute in a volume of the solution. The words gangue and veinstone are not properly used to designate the material with which the ore is associated when this consists chiefly of fragments of the country rock mingled with fiucan, etc. This is what the miners designate as the filling up. In mining, gangue ismercially worthless material that surrounds, or is closely mixed This, mixed with the 60 million tons of coal mud also produced, could be used for power generation and the Jump up ^ gangue definition of gangue in Oxford dictionary American English US. com. Preliminary petrographic, cathodoluminescence, and reflected light studies on carbonate cements and associated gangue and ore m inerals have reviledplex fluid chemistry associated with mineralization, characteristic of many Paleozoic Mississippi Valley type deposits. The major ore and gangue minerals are given in the table, but only those of interest to collectors are discussed in detail below. Uraninite occurs with cobalt, nickel, arsenic, and silver minerals in a carbonate gangue at the Solitaria mine, Jaguel district, Argentina. tailings Residual gamma radiation rich, sandy waste remaining after extraction of uranium from mined ore. 2017 4 19 · Yes I confirm what Keith said gangue here means somethingpletely covers the mirror it can be mud or dirt, but also rust, thick enough to protect the piece from outside alteration. Chrome Ore Beneficiation Plant,Chrome Ore Processing Plant ,plete Details about Chrome Ore . depend on the relative physical and surface chemical properties of the mineral and the gangue. Concentration is defined as the. gangue and ore mined with coal coal gangue definition in south africa « Crusher South Africa . : 4.5/5 · but the waste coal gangue mined with coal has been the biggest problem. Thermal Treatment of Coal Gangue. According to the definition of mineral texture given by Ramdohr 1980 in relation to mineral dressing, the main textural features that should be quantified are grain size and intergrowth relationships, including the number and nature of boundaries and the type of intergrowth between ore and gangue minerals. In mining, gangue ismercially worthless material that surrounds, or is closely mixed with, a wanted mineral in an ore deposit. The separation of mineral from gangue is known as mineral processing , mineral dressing or ore dressing and it is a necessary and often significant aspect of mining . In mining, gangue ismercially worthless material that surrounds, or is closely mixed with, a wanted mineral in an ore deposit. It is thus distinct from overburden, which is the waste rock or materials overlying an ore or mineral body that are displaced during mining without being processed. The turquoise gangue from Ziba Chap. XII. was pronounced, by the inexpert mineralogists at the Citadel, Cairo, who attempted criticism, to be carbonate of copper, because rich silicates of that metal were shown at the Exposition.

I love attending ballet rehearsals to draw the dancers in their various poses. I draw very quickly using a pen or pencil initially. I have no option as they move very fast! Practise makes perfect. Drawing the figure, whether you’re in rehearsal or just out sketching in the park takes practice and observation. Take time to look at people even before you put pen to paper. If you’re using a pen don’t worry about making mistakes that you can’t rub out, you just carry on. People like seeing the development of your drawing before their eyes. A few basics to remember when drawing people. If arms of the subject are straight and left to fall at the side, they drop at around in the middle of the thigh. Childs/baby head is a quarter of its height. Look at the overall shape. Think in terms of individual shapes and break a person down into squares, triangles and circles, it will be especially helpful foreshortening. For ease, use one body feature to place another. For example, the dancer in my images, her hand comes directly above her front leg. It’s key to not ignore the background and to use it as a measuring stick. The age old rule applies here, always look at the bigger picture. Also make use of negative spaces. That is the space around the person or object you’re drawing. There is a triangular shape behind my subjects bent front leg. If that’s space is drawn incorrectly, the leg will also be wrong and your whole composition will begin incorrect. Once I have the figure drawn, I add patches of colour to highlight the tutu and hair. When adding the colour with Inktense blocks (applied dry), you don’t have to remain in the line of your drawing. Be bold but keep it simple! I used three Inktense blocks, blue, purple and ochre. The purple and blue was used on the tutu and for shadow. You’ll notice the colours compliment and mix nicely. The Ochre was added to the hair for a little bit of colour. Using a Derwent Waterbrush, I then began to add water to where I had placed the colour. You can leave some white of the paper or spread out the colour as if using a wash. The Inktense colours are extremely vibrant especially when you add water to them. Due to their consistency, they dry permanently but further layers can be reapplied over if you so wish. I added more Inktense colour block, (a mix of blue and purple) closer to the feet as that is where the shadow would be denser while slowly fading away the further we move away from the . If you are using a mix of colours, don’t forget to clean the brush in between as it could muddy your colours. The Inktense range has a jewel like colour range and its vibrancy is part of its character you want to retain, be that dry or with a wash. I continued to add the shadows on the left and below to bring out the ballerina, almost making her pop in front of the bright colours,and by using more water was able to dilute the colour to a lovely pale wash that wouldn’t take away from the figure. To finish off the Ballerina, I added a little more purple to the edge of the shadow of the tutu and more blue and then wetted it again to allow the colours to blend. I then took a tissue and wiped it away in a diagonal angle so that the shadow blurred and faded away. Sketching is where the love of art began for me and the speed at which I sketch, means that I can capture the intensity and speed of their movement, rapidly. It’s really exciting and you can try it anywhere, be it in a theatre, on the bus or just on a park bench. The image above was a quick sketch of a beautiful pas de deux. A blank page can be very intimidating in its scope and possibilities, so I pre-prepared some sheets of my sketch pad with a coloured wash of two colours using Derwent Watercolour pencils. I used the side of the pencils diagonally and used a waterbrush to create a wash covering a broad area and waited for it to dry before going to the rehearsal. I quickly sketched the couple with ink and then added Derwent Golden Brown 59 Watercolour Pencil to the skin and red and purple Inktense blocks in dry format to the dress of the ballerina in sweeping strokes, creating movement and speed due to the downwards strokes. I made sure I used the sticks in the same direction as the dress to avoid a disjointed feel. I added some black Derwent Inktense to the man very lightly and when adding the water dragged some of the colour out to create washes. Finally, I used a Derwent Waterbrush to add intensity to the colour on the left hand side of the dress, leaving the colour untouched towards the right to retain the dry lighter texture. This way, the silky material of the dress began to look more delicate and created movement as the romantic pas de deux swept around the ballroom.

Present your child with developmentally appropriate art materials and activities that will help them to feel a sense of mastery while also stretching a bit to learn something new. Choose quality materials and present them to your child in the same spirit as setting an inviting dinner table for special guests. Allow your child the freedom to experiment with materials, to make a mess, to make mistakes, and to engage in open creative expression rather than trying to achieve a predetermined product. Art is a safe holding environment for shadow material, and provides an opportunity for sublimation of dark experiences. We parents often want to brighten or smooth over negative content in the name of “protecting” our children; however this can minimize the importance of their feelings. Approach each piece of art with humble curiosity, never assuming you know more than the artist about its meaning. Art gives concrete form to often unformulated feelings, and is a natural language for children. Your child’s art holds his or her stories, emotions, worldview, and self-concept, so treat each art experience as an opportunity to deepen your relationship and each image with the same respect and love as you would treat your child.

"ZYKOV, Nikolai - Russian actor, director, artist, master of puppetry", Encyclopedia "Puppets", Boris Goldovskiy, page 171. When Nikolai Zykov was five years old, his parents took him to the Puppet Theatre of Sergey Obraztsov, who is the great grand-uncle of Nikolai Zykov. After the show, Nikolai Zykov created his own theatre in his house and presented puppet performances for his parents and his younger sister. He usually did not make puppets by himself. Instead, he took details of toys and inter-connected them with wire. 1982-1988: National Research University MAI (design of electro-mechanic systems). Received his Master of Science degree. Nikolai Zykov began making puppets for his performances in 1977. In 1980, Nikolai Zykov has made his first puppet vignette. In 1985, he has created his first solo puppet performance and has founded his own professional puppet theatre - Nikolai Zykov Theatre. By the order №23 of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR dated 26/01/1987 and an extract from the protocol №9 of the meeting of the Tariffication Commission of the Rosconcert dated 19/08/1987 Nikolai Zykov was officially recognized as an actor of the original genre and puppeteer. Nikolai Zykov has created and has made more than 200 unique marionettes, hand, rod, radio-controlled and innovative puppets. new original design of chemoluminescent puppets - vignette "Microcosmos" (2002) and others. new original design of EL-wire puppets - vignette "Neon Butterfly" (2011) and others. new original design of LED drop puppets - vignette "New Year Tree" (2012) and others. Nikolai Zykov is an author of over 20 puppet performances. These performances include: "Dinosaur and his friends" (1985), "The Magic World of Marionettes" (1993), "Cabaret of Metamorphoses" (2000), "New Year Puppet Show" (2000), "Giant and others" (2003), "Exclusive Marionettes" (2006), "Russian Puppets" (2010), "Radio-controlled Puppet Show" (2011), "Light Puppet Show" (2012), "New Animation", (2012) "Treasures of the East" (2013), "Puppet Bach Concert" (2014), "Skeletosaur Show" (2015), "New Year Show of Light Puppets" (2016), "Moscow Marionettes" (2017), "Hanukkah Light Puppet Show" (2017). Nadezda Dubinina was born in 1976 in Moscow. Nadezda Dubinina is a member of creative team and assistant of puppeteer in Nikolai Zykov Theatre since 1990. Nadezda Dubinina took part in many foreign tours of Nikolai Zykov Theatre: Italy (1990, 1998, 2012, 2018), Taiwan (1991, 2013), South Korea (1991, 1993, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2018), France (1994, 1997, 2000, 2003), Pakistan (1994, 2006), Brazil (1995, 1996), Iceland (1996), Singapore (1996), Hungary (1996), Belgium (1996), Seychelles (1996), Mauritius (1996), Turkey (1997, 1998, 2000, 2009), Japan (1998), Venezuela (2000), Latvia (2005), Estonia (2005), Kazakhstan (2008), Cyprus (2008), India (2009), Poland (2009), Greece (2009), China (2010, 2014), Israel (2012), Romania (2016, 2017), Mexico (2016), Belarus (2017), Switzerland (2017). Nadezda Dubinina have received many international awards for innovative creativity and outstanding performing mastery as a member of Nikolai Zykov Theatre. Since 2016, Nadezda Dubinina is an adviser to the head of the Moscow City Department of Education. Sergey Isaev was born in 1980 in Moscow. In 2008, Sergey Isaev graduated from the Pushkin Leningrad State University, specializing in design. Sergey Isaev is a member of creative team and technical director in Nikolai Zykov Theatre since 2000. Sergey Isaev as a member of Nikolai Zykov Theatre took part in many foreign tours: Latvia (2005), Estonia (2005), Cyprus (2008), India (2009), Turkey (2009), Poland (2009), Greece (2009), China (2010, 2014), South Korea (2011, 2012, 2013, 2018), Italy (2012), Israel (2012), Taiwan (2013), Romania (2016, 2017), Belarus (2017), Switzerland (2017). Sergey Isaev have received many international awards for innovative creativity and outstanding performing mastery as a member of Nikolai Zykov Theatre. List of tours of Nikolai Zykov since1980 to present. List of the most famous theatres and concert halls hosted Nikolai Zykov Theatre. Newspapers, magazines and TV about Nikolai Zykov.

A Binding describes how to automatically set a property on a GraphObject to a value of a property of data in the model. The target property name and the data source property name are strings. All name matching is case-sensitive. Register bindings by calling GraphObject.bind with a new Binding. Existing bindings become read-only, and no new bindings may be added, when a template (a Part) is copied. Bindings will be shared by all copies of the template's GraphObjects. // . . . define the rest of the Node's visual tree . . . The data binding causes the TextBlock.text property of the TextBlock to be set to the value of the data's "say" property. If the value of the "say" property of a particular data object is undefined, the binding is not evaluated: the target property is not set. If there is an error with the binding, you may see a message in the console log. For this reason you may want to explicitly set the initial value for a property when defining the GraphObject, since that value will remain as the default value if the Binding is not evaluated. Bindings are not necessarily evaluated in any particular order. Binding sources should not be (or depend in a conversion function on) the category of the data if you might be modifying the category (e.g. by calling Model.setCategoryForNodeData), because then some bindings might be evaluated before or after the category has been changed. Sometimes the data value needs to be modified or converted in order to be used as the new value of a GraphObject property. The most common conversion functions are provided for you -- they convert a string to a geometric class: Point.parse, Size.parse, Rect.parse, Margin.parse, Spot.parse, and Geometry.parse. But you can easily define your own conversion function. Although simple conversions cover almost all binding cases, there are some infrequent uses that are covered by "Advanced Conversions", discussed below. Conversion functions must not have any side-effects. Conversion functions may be called frequently, so they should be fast and avoid allocating memory. The order in which conversion functions are called is not specified and may vary. By default bindings are Binding.OneWay. OneWay bindings are evaluated when the Panel.data property is set or when you call Panel.updateTargetBindings or Model.setDataProperty. OneWay bindings only transfer values from the source to the target. TwoWay bindings are evaluated in the source-to-target direction just as OneWay bindings are evaluated. However when the GraphObject target property is set, the TwoWay bindings are evaluated in the target-to-source direction. There is no point in having a TwoWay binding on a GraphObject property that cannot be set. For efficiency, avoid TwoWay bindings on GraphObject properties that do not change value in your app. You should not have a TwoWay binding with a source that is a node data object's key property, i.e. on the data property whose name is the same as the value of Model.nodeKeyProperty. Unintentionally changing the node key value to be the same as another node data's key value may cause indeterminate behavior. Furthermore, changing a node data key without changing any references to that node using the key value will result in "dangling" references and inconsistent relationships. You can make that change safely by calling Model.setKeyForNodeData, but not via a data binding. The target-to-source update can also go through a conversion function. The most common back-conversion functions are provided for you. They convert a geometric class to a string: Point.stringify, Size.stringify, Rect.stringify, Margin.stringify, Spot.stringify, and Geometry.stringify. It is common to want to update some data properties based on changes to the diagram. For example, as the user changes the Part.location by dragging a Node, you can automatically keep the node's model data in sync using a TwoWay binding. The call to Binding.makeTwoWay changes the Binding.mode to be Binding.TwoWay and specifies the Binding.backConverter function to be the Point.stringify static function. Because the Binding is on the whole node (template), the target object is the whole Node and the target property is "location". The value of data.loc will be a string representation of the Node.location value. As an example, you might want all Nodes to use the same color. It would be possible but not natural to bind to a property on the node data object, because that property would have to be duplicated on all of the node data objects in the model, and updating the property would mean calling Model.setDataProperty on each node data object with the same new value. Furthermore if there happened to be no nodes at all in the model, there would be no place to save the data. Hence using the shared Model.modelData object would be the sensible place for that shared information. That would cause all nodes with that model data binding to be re-evaluated. It is not commonplace to have a TwoWay Binding on "ofModel" Bindings, but that should work. Converters also work with "ofModel" Bindings. Note the call to Binding.ofObject, which tells the Binding that it should use as the source a GraphObject with a particular name. However that name argument is optional -- supplying no name (or supplying an empty string) will cause the binding to operate with the root GraphObject. In this case that would be the Node itself. Now with this binding whenever the value of Part.isSelected changes, this Shape's stroke changes color. The conversion function is what changes the boolean "isSelected" value to a brush color specifier. The binding functionality also has more advanced features for less common situations. The source property name may be an empty string, to convert the object as a whole. Conversion functions may take a second argument that takes the object that is bound. For source-to-target conversions, the second argument will be the GraphObject whose property is bound. For target-to-source (back-)conversions, the second argument will be the source data object and the third argument will be the Model. Here's an example of a two-way data-binding using two custom conversion functions working with two separate data properties. First we define the two conversion functions. An empty string argument for the sourceprop parameter indicates that the whole data object should be passed to the toLocation function, rather than the value of some property of that data. The return value is used as the new value for the Part.location property. In almost all cases the second argument is not used. Caution: for efficiency reasons you should try to avoid using an empty source property name. Such bindings will be evaluated much more frequently than ones whose source is a particular property name. The binding works normally for the source-to-target direction. But when the target property is modified it is the source property that is set with the back-converted property value from the target object. Because in this example the source property name is the empty string, and because one cannot replace the whole source data object, any return value from the conversion function is ignored. Instead the conversion function has to modify the data object directly, as this example fromLocation function does. Note that because the source property name is the empty string, the binding system will not know which properties are modified in the call to fromLocation. Hence to support undo and redo, in order to make the data changes we have to call Model.setDataProperty so that the UndoManager can record the change, including the previous value. The constructor creates a one-way binding. A string naming the target property on the target object. This should not be the empty string. A string naming the source property on the bound data object. If this is the empty string, the whole Panel.data object is used. If this argument is not supplied, the source property is assumed to be the same as the target property. A side-effect-free function converting the data property value to the value to set the target property. If the function is null or not supplied, no conversion takes place. Gets or sets a converter function to apply to the GraphObject property value in order to produce the value to set to a data property. This conversion function is only used in a TwoWay binding, when transferring a value from the target to the source. The default value is null -- no conversion takes place. Otherwise the value should be a function that takes one or two arguments and returns the desired value. However, the return value is ignored when the sourceProperty is the empty string. Conversion functions must not have any side-effects other than setting the source property. The function is passed the value from the target (the first argument), the source Panel.data object (the second argument), and the Model (the third argument). If the sourceProperty is a property name, that property is set to the function's return value. If the sourceProperty is the empty string, the function should modify the second argument, which will be the source data object. Gets or sets a converter function to apply to the data property value in order to produce the value to set to the target property. This conversion function is used in both OneWay and TwoWay bindings, when transferring a value from the source to the target. The default value is null -- no conversion takes place. Otherwise the value should be a function that takes one or two arguments and returns the desired value. However, the return value is ignored when the targetProperty is the empty string. Conversion functions must not have any side-effects other than setting the target property. In particular you should not try to modify the structure of the visual tree in the target GraphObject's Part's visual tree. The function is passed the value from the source (the first argument) and the target GraphObject (the second argument). If the targetProperty is a property name, that property is set to the function's return value. If the targetProperty is the empty string, the function should set a property on the second argument, which will be the target GraphObject. Gets or sets whether the source data is Model.modelData rather than a node data or link data object in the model. The default value is false -- the source data object will not be the shared Model.modelData object. Gets or sets the directions and frequency in which the binding may be evaluated. The default value is Binding.OneWay. Binding.TwoWay is the other choice. Use OneWay bindings to initialize GraphObject properties based on model data, or to modify GraphObject properties when the model data changes with a call to Model.setDataProperty. Use TwoWay bindings to keep model data in sync with changes to GraphObject properties. For efficiency, avoid TwoWay bindings on GraphObject properties that do not change value in your app. You should not have a TwoWay binding on a node data object's key property. Gets or sets the name of the GraphObject that should act as a source object whose property should be gotten by this data binding. The default value is null, which uses the bound Panel.data as the source. If the value is a string, it should be the name of a GraphObject in the visual tree of the Panel that is bound to the data. Use the empty string to refer to the root panel, which is typically the whole Node or Link, but will be a Panel if used in a Panel.itemTemplate. The name must not contain a period. Binding only works if the source property is settable, not on computed or read-only properties, and if it supports notification. The documentation for the GraphObject (or subclass of GraphObject) property will indicate if the property is settable and if it does not notify. Gets or sets the name of the property to get from the bound data object, the value of Panel.data. The default value is the empty string, which results in setting the target property to the whole data object, rather than to a property value of the data object. If sourceName is not null, then this property names the settable property on the GraphObject or RowColumnDefinition that acts as the source. Gets or sets the name of the property to be set on the target GraphObject. The default value is the empty string; you should set this to be the name of a property. Create a copy of this Binding, with the same property values. Modify this Binding to set its mode to be Binding.TwoWay, and provide an optional conversion function to convert GraphObject property values back to data values, as the value of backConverter. Use TwoWay bindings to keep model data in sync with changes to GraphObject properties. For efficiency, avoid TwoWay bindings on GraphObject properties that do not change value in your app. It is typical only to use TwoWay bindings on properties that are modified by tools or commands. Examples include Part.location by DraggingTool and TextBlock.text by TextEditingTool (only if TextBlock.editable is true). Modify this Binding so that the source is the Model.modelData object, not a regular node data object or another GraphObject in the Part. this Binding to the Model.modelData object. Modify this Binding to set its sourceName property so as to identify a GraphObject in the visual tree of the bound Panel as the data source, instead of the Panel.data as the data source. This permits data binding on GraphObject properties, such as Part.isSelected. Remember that you can reliably data bind only on settable properties, not on read-only or computed properties. the GraphObject.name of an element in the visual tree of the bound Panel; use an empty string to refer to the root panel of that visual tree, whose Panel.data is the bound data. this Binding to another GraphObject. This static function can be used to create a function that parses a string into an enumerated value, given the class that the enumeration values are defined on and a default value if the string cannot be parsed successfully. The normal usage is to pass the result of this function as the conversion function of a Binding. This binding will try to parse the string that is the value of the bound data's "dataPropName" property. If it is a legitimate enumerated value defined on the Link class, the conversion function will return that value. If the bound data's "dataPropName" property is not present or has an unrecognized value, the Link.routing property gets the default value, Link.Normal. the class constructor that defines the enumerated values that are being parsed. the default enumerated value to return if it fails to parse the given string. a function that takes a string and returns an enumerated value. This static function can be used to convert an object to a string, looking for commonly defined data properties, such as "text", "name", "key", or "id". If none are found, this just calls toString() on it. This value for Binding.mode uses data source values and sets GraphObject properties. Bindings are evaluated when Panel.updateTargetBindings is called. This value for Binding.mode uses data source values and GraphObject properties and keeps them in sync. When Panel.updateTargetBindings is called, the GraphObject properties are set. When GraphObject properties are modified, the Panel.data properties are set.

Discovering People through Census Records. Use the CD and discussion questions provided to explore general trends in Windsor census data (research questions provided). Note the more advanced Census Lesson in Module 4. The girls enjoyed the timeline with the velcro pieces and the topographic maps.... The kit fit in perfectly with what we were studying!

For our end of the year field trip this year, we took our kids to the zoo. Earlier in the week we asked each child which animal they wanted to see the most, and then made masks with paper plates, construction paper, and yarn of each child’s animal so that they could wear them at the zoo. Each child has a tree book pattern. Ask each child to write the number 5 on the cover, 4 on the next page, 3,2,1,0. (May take extra supervision to be sure the numbers are on the appropriate pages.) Children then make thumbprints on their tree to match the numbers on each page. (5 thumb prints for the 5 on the cover) After all of the thumbprints are made, the children should add arms, legs, tails, and heads. When finished children add each verse to the trunk of each corresponding page. Five little Monkeys Swinging in a Tree, Teasing Mr. Alligator, “Can’t catch me.” Along comes Mr. Alligator quiet as can be… SNAP! that monkey right out of that tree. Read book. As a math activity choose 5 children to be the monkeys. Ask the children to jump like they were on the bed – sing the rhyme that’s in the book – choose a child to fall down – everyone counts how many “monkeys” are left. each child decorates 3 white snakes to their liking. When finished, children fold green paper like a taco. Cut through crease in paper 3 or 4 times but not all the way through – (so that the children can weave the snakes in and out of the paper) Children weave the snakes in and out of the paper. Children trace and cut boa constrictor pattern on construction paper. Then they choose the wash that their boa ate – if the wash is labeled with letters the children put the letters in alphabetically order, or find the letters in their name. If the wash in labeled with numbers, the children put the wash in numerical order on the snake. On a large piece of yellow paper, draw the outline of a giraffe, add the eye, mouth, and tail also. Have the children tear shapes from brown construction paper. When they have all of the spots that they want, have them glue on their spots. If they want to cut their giraffe out let them, but you could also just leave it they way it is.

UNIDO has prepared and published over one hundred publications, papers, manuals and guidelines, primarily aimed at technical experts and policy makers in developing countries, though many are used by sector-related institutions and development organizations elsewhere. The website www.leatherpanel.org is intended to provide an easy access to information sources on the leather, footwear and leather products industry, as well as to UNIDO publications related to the leather sector in one place, including earlier publications that were previously only available in hard copy. Processing of one tonne of raw hides results in approximately 100 kg of wetblue shavings, the utilization and/or safe disposal of which is globally a serious challenge. Currently a part of the chrome shavings is used in the manufacture of leather board by combining with shavings of vegetable tanned leather. There have been also other methods tested and used to convert shavings into sellable product, e.g. application in paper, wood and other industries. The method described in this report is enzymatic digestion. Conversion of chrome shavings into usable products employing the technique of enzymatic digestion as developed in the United States of America and already implemented in a 3 tonnes/day commercial plant in the Czech Republic. Three products, namely, gelatable protein, protein hydrolyzate and filter cake are obtained from enzymatic digestion of chrome shavings. While the products obtained find use in construction and plywood industry and also as nitrogenous fertilizer, the chrome-containing filter cake can be used as a reducing agent in the preparation of basic chromium sulphate. The method was successfully demonstrated at pilot scale in India using wooden tanning drums. Generally 35-60% of the total solids in tannery sludge is organic matter. A number of solutions for utilization and/or safe disposal of tannery sludge have been proposed, practiced, tested and applied at pilot and industrial scale. Composting is one of these options and this report describes results of tests and application of sludge composting on low, non-mechanized scale together with its utilization as soil conditioner for nonedible plants. The globalization of the leather industry means that all tanners face the same problems of minimizing the environmental impact of processing and selling into the global market. Regulatory pressures oblige tanners to make continuous improvements in the processing operations. The authorities concerned and consumers look more closely whether hazardous substances such as certain preservatives, some azo dyes and Cr(VI) are present in leather and leather products. The presence of potentially harmful substances attract attention of public media with the risk of developing unfavorable perception about health safety of leather products. In that context materials imported from developing countries are especially critically judged in some reports. Closer monitoring of this aspect has revealed that leather and leather products sometimes contain some hazardous substances like Cr(VI) although only chromium compounds in the form of Cr(III) were used in the tanning process. It has been concluded that this might be result of some undesired reactions in leather itself but the cause was unclear. In this paper, in a very brief form, some results of the investigations about conditions conducive to or inhibiting generation of Cr(VI) in leather are summarized. Also, the results of a series of tests carried out on leathers received from several countries included in UNIDO Regional Programme of Pollution Control in the Tanning Industry in South-East Asia are presented. Utilization or safe disposal of sludge generated by tannery effluent treatment plants poses a challenge worldwide; landfill disposal should be considered only in case when no other viable option is possible. Unfortunately, in some areas and/or developing countries properly designed and constructed landfills are not available either. With the technical assistance of UNIDO, CETP-Ranitec in Ranipet, Tamil Nadu, India, established a low cost pilot scale demonstration landfill in October 1997, the first of its kind in the region. The report describes requirements for a safe landfill disposal and practical recommendations for replication. In a number of these countries, particularly the least developed countries amongst them, raw hides and skins are among a very few national resources they possess. However, tanning and leather products industries have not received the very high priority they deserve in the national economy. Almost all the national governments concerned have exerted great efforts and spent much capital to build up leather industries; in some cases successfully, but unfortunately often with very unsatisfactory results. Paper prepared for the 3rd UNIDO Leather Panel in 1979 highlights some of the problems. Typically only a small part of fleshings is used for manufacture of glue and animal protein while the major part is dumped as waste at landfill or disposed of along with other solid wastes. The unutilised fleshings, containing high concentration of lime and sulfide, putrefy and produce obnoxious odour. They also cause groundwater pollution, attract flies, rodents and stray dogs and thus represent a public nuisance. Due to high moisture content handling and transportation of fleshings is quite difficult. On the other hand, one tonne of wet fleshing with 85% moisture is estimated to generate 20-30 m3 of biogas. To solve the disposal problem of fleshings, one of the options considered and tested during UNIDO Regional Programme in South-East Asia was biomethanation. The results of testing at the pilot plant, the first of its kind in the region, are given in this report. With increasing pressure from the pollution control authorities, tanners in many countries of South East Asia region are faced with the urgent task of utilization or safe disposal of solid wastes from tanneries, particularly fleshings. Likewise, sludge generated by tannery effluent treatment plants has to be either put to use or safely disposed. These two issues were highlighted by the industry and government representatives of countries participating in the Regional programme for South-East Asia. Industrial sectors, especially the leather-based industry subsector in many developing countries and in former centrally planned economy countries (countries in transition), often suffer from unrecognized common interests among competing entrepreneurs. In these countries joining hands, lobbying together against governments tending to take too quick (legislative) action without foreseeing problems which might later arise in the industry, combining efforts in export promotion and retaining raw material (hides and skins) resources are of prime importance. Formulating and/or strengthening respective trade association is one of the most efficient (and fairly inexpensive) ways of tackling these problems. Recognizing the importance of professional associations and the lack of available information on this subject, UNIDO decided to conduct a survey revealing the main functions, modus operandi, managing and financing of trade associations in the leather, footwear and other products industries worldwide. The major objective of the study is not to present a model to be followed, but rather to show good practices which lead to more-or-less stable legal and economic conditions for leather-related manufacturing businesses. This paper presents problems of existing trade associations, lessons learned, possible ways of operation and relations with local and international authorities. Each chapter is followed with a list of best practices which can orient those involved in creating or operating national, regional or even international associations in the leather-based industries. The executive summary consists of a brief introduction which is followed by a full list of the best practices that have been identified. There are some recommendations offered for new and existing associations which may be considered when management decisions are made regarding future activities. This paper prepared in 2007 for the 16th session of UNIDO Leather Panel analyzes the prevailing situation of the African leather and leather products sector in the context of the global leather-based industry. It attempts to identify and highlight the key issues regarding raw material/hides and skins production, quality and trade. Important aspects of processing of hides and skins to semi-processed and finished leathers including marketing are considered.

Subject goal is to give overall picture over technologies used in Internet application development. Student will be able to apply web technology and demonstrate its operation on particular examples. Also, student can identify and name technology and processes implemented within general web applications. Nearly every new application is supposed to support communication through the medium of the Internet. The capability of communication puts some additional requirements on the design and implementation of the application. The goal of the course is to introduces basic principles of design and implementation of Internet applications. Presentations and other materials provided during this course by teacher. Current sources and information published on subject web pages. Internet sources: DUCKETT, Jon. HTML & CSS: design and build websites. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley, c2011. ISBN 1118008189. Realization of project based on the specification and test during semeter.

A Mosul resident looks at the ruins of a damaged historic house in his neighborhood in Mosul's Old City. The United Nations estimates 8,000 homes were damaged or destroyed in the fighting to take back this section of Iraq's second-biggest city. Ghanem Saleh, who leads a renovation crew repairing shops on a market street in Mosul's Old City, pulls out the windshield of his car. It was damaged when an airstrike hit the building behind him, where ISIS had parked a car bomb. Radhwan Shukri owns the first tea shop to reopen in Mosul's Old City. Shukri closed his shop after he was repeatedly arrested and whipped by ISIS for letting his customers smoke. He reopened the shop a few months after the city was taken back from ISIS last year. An alleyway in a street on Mosul's Old City. Some of the streets have been cleared of explosives and rubble from collapsed houses, which prevented people from reaching their homes. Other streets remain covered in debris. Before 2014, Sarjkhana Street, near the covered market in Mosul's historic old section, boasted hundreds of shops. The street was a legacy of Mosul's status as a thriving commercial hub dating back to medieval times. But the war that freed Mosul from ISIS rule last year left entire neighborhoods flattened. The shops on Sarjkhana Street were ruined. Explosives are still buried under the rubble and a lack of help from the cash-strapped Iraqi government and international organizations has left Old City residents to their own devices to try to rebuild — even as the eastern side of Mosul thrives across the Tigris River. The tiny, closet-sized shop being repaired is a women's clothing store. Owner Mohammad Mawafaq named the shop after his daughter Reemas and says he is spending $1,500 to rebuild it. He's one of the rare luckier residents to have both cash and stock from his shop, which he salvaged before it was damaged in the fighting. "Even if no one else came back," he says, "I would come back." That's how much he loves the neighborhood. The United Nations estimates 8,000 homes in the Old City were either damaged or destroyed in fighting. Although it has programs to rebuild homes in other parts of Mosul, they haven't reached the oldest and most heavily damaged parts of the city. But the much deeper loss is of people. As Mosul was liberated, almost everyone in the Old City lost a relative — many lost multiple family members. Estimates range from 6,000 civilians killed — many of them women and children — to tens of thousands. With some bodies still under the rubble, no one has an exact count. The carpenter across the street, who gives his name as Abu Ahmed, is at work just three days after burying the remains of his nephew, who died a year ago. His 20-year-old son and his brother were also killed during the fighting. "We only found a few pieces of flesh from my nephew after the airstrike," he says. "We buried that. Three days ago, we found the rest of his body." Nearby, Ghanem Saleh is cheerfully working on renovating a pharmacy in a building where you can still see tangled metal and a gaping hole in the roof from an airstrike. He carries his tools in a beat-up car with completely shattered windows. An ISIS car bomb was being assembled inside the building complex when an airstrike hit the building. "I can either feed my family or fix my car," Saleh says. Mosul Governor Nofal al-Akoub, visiting the first tea shop to reopen in the neighborhood, says private donations have provided enough money to repair about 250 homes in the Old City. The government is still working on restoring water and electricity. "We don't have any money," he says. "The government doesn't have the capability for reconstruction. We just ask people to come and help." Iraq is ranked among the most corrupt countries in the world and Akoub chuckles when asked why the government has not provided money. "You know your answer," he says. "I think you want to make a problem for me." Akoub talks to a few people sitting in the tea shop before his guards bundle him into a car. "Sir, my request. Please take it," says a young woman, trying to thrust a folder of documents at him as his guards surround him and move toward a waiting car. She's one of more than a dozen women left standing on the sidewalk after being prevented from approaching. Their troubles are emblematic of the Old City's woes, which the government hasn't even begun to address. Almost all of them hold the paper or plastic file folders that many Old City residents carry everywhere with them, containing evidence of destroyed houses and details of missing relatives. "Nobody listens to us, they won't even let us enter their offices," says Ennas Abdul Salam. Her husband was an employee in the municipal water department with a security clearance from Baghdad, she says. He was arrested recently and she doesn't know where he is or why he is being held. Yusra Hussein, a young woman in a black gown with a floral headscarf covering her hair, shows a photo of her muscled husband in a bodybuilding championship. She says he was arrested nine months ago because his name was similar to someone on a wanted list. Her house is destroyed. "You see how unjust it is — all these people? How can we live?" Hussein says. "Suffering — the Old City is suffering." On the edge of the crowd, Sabah Hazem, who had hoped to speak to the governor, quietly sobs. Hazem's son was arrested. She carries a faded photocopy of a photo showing her house lying in ruins. She has late-stage cancer but doesn't have enough money for the taxi fare to cross the river to a medical lab, let alone to cover the cost of the tests. Another woman looking for medical treatment carries a 1 1/2-year-old girl who can't sit up and doesn't try to talk. And another, Muna Ibrahim, says she is afraid that ISIS will come back to the vacant house she moved into after her own house collapsed. "I can't afford to rent a house," Ibrahim says. "I'm afraid at night and I'm afraid in the day that ISIS will come back while I'm there." When it's clear the governor isn't coming back, the women gradually disperse, leaving a group of men sitting on battered wooden benches in the cooler air of the makeshift tea shop visited by the governor. Not everyone can afford a glass of the sugar-laden tea or the tiny cups of thick, sweet coffee. Many of them have just dropped by to get out of the searing heat. Thanks to an electricity line borrowed from a nearby police station, the tea shop owner, Radhwan Shukri, has powered an air cooler that recirculates water through a layer of straw. Shukri says when he reopened his shop a few months after the city was liberated last year, there were so few people in the neighborhood that his friends told him he was crazy. "When I first opened, I would make tea and then throw it out at the end of the day — there was nobody to buy it," Shukri says. "But now, thank God, people are coming back." While Mosul was under ISIS control, Shukri closed the tea shop after he was repeatedly arrested and whipped with an electrical cable for letting people smoke — an activity ISIS forbade. "They said no one can smoke or sell cigarettes. But drinking tea without a cigarette doesn't work, does it?' Shukri says. "When I served tea, I didn't stop people from smoking." He says the first time he was caught, he was given 40 lashes, the second time, 50, and the third, 60. He was warned if they arrested him a fourth time, he would be executed. When Shukri came back to reopen the shop, he found the bodies of three ISIS fighters lying on the floor, and a truck full of weapons near the door. Shukri estimates about 600 families have moved back to the Old City — likely less than 10 percent of its pre-2014 population. But it's enough to make it feel as if the neighborhood is beginning to come back to life again, however painfully. "What we need is for the government to compensate people," he says. "You see all these people sitting here? They're all renting houses because their own houses have collapsed and they don't have the money to repair them. What we need is for the government to compensate people." Iraqi troops, supported by the U.S. and its allies, started their assault on the city's east side to retake Mosul after three years of ISIS occupation. But as forces pushed west and surrounded ISIS in the Old City, the fight became more and more brutal. By the time it was over in June 2017, airstrikes and artillery from Iraq and its U.S.-led partners had destroyed entire city blocks. According to the director of Mosul's central morgue, thousands of civilians were killed when their houses collapsed after being hit. Residents of the Old City resent being left under ISIS occupation for three years while other Iraqi cities were liberated. And they feel betrayed by having been left with no escape; they were told by Iraqi authorities to stay indoors while their homes became death traps. Around the corner from the tea shop, Faris Salih, an ex-army officer, is going through piles of concrete rubble, all that's left of his home, to see if there is anything he can salvage. "It's not repairable, I'm just taking the important things," he says, examining a washing machine whose motor had been looted. "I lost things that are much more valuable — my daughter and my brother." His eldest daughter Aisha was 13. She and her uncle were torn apart when the house collapsed in an airstrike. Before his house was hit, Salih could hear Iraqi military traffic on the radio talking about targeting three ISIS fighters in the neighborhood. He says he called contacts in the Iraqi army to warn them not to fire on the houses because civilians were everywhere. "But it was useless," he says, before turning back to his search. In the last few months, bridges have reopened across the river and Sarjkhana Street is full of taxis and trucks with people salvaging their furniture — there's even a line of cars in a wedding procession. In one of them — a spotless white sedan draped with a huge red ribbon and decorated with plastic flowers — a boy leans out the open window and gleefully sprays passersby with fake snow from a can as the driver honks the horn. "Take a picture," urges Saleh, grinning as he stands with his tools by his broken car.

Yat Siu is an only child, born in Vienna. And his journey from there to Hong Kong helps explain the success of his company, Outblaze. Siu's parents were both musicians living in Austria when he was born -- making them among the very few ethnic Chinese in the country at the time, as he explained in a February 9th interview. Siu’s parents urged him to become a musician. But despite earning a degree in music from Musik Konservatorium in Vienna, Siu was more interested in computers -- teaching himself to program on a Texas Instruments (TXN) 99/4A, a Commodore 64, and an Atari VCS, among others. In high school Siu wrote software for Atari ST computers -- this attracted the attention of Atari that hired Siu after he graduated high school and brought him to the U.S. to work on multi-media software. At the same time Siu attended Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) to study computer science, but after a visit to Boston he found the city more fun and more stimulating, and soon transferred to Boston University. When Atari retreated from the computer business in 1993, Siu saw an opportunity to continue serving the old Atari user base. With some of his Atari colleagues, Siu started ventures that offered multimedia software, customer support, and hardware upgrades. For example, he set up a profitable business to import PCs that could display a wide range of colors by re-engineering old Atari computers to use new PC color cards that boosted color count well beyond the standard maximum of 512 or 4,096. In the early 90s Siu served as a consultant for SGI -- in that role, he was shuttled around to Japan, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. This gave him his is first understanding of the region and how it did business. Siu moved to Hong Kong in the mid 1990s to launch Hong Kong Online (HKO), the city’s first business Internet service provider (ISP). But he ran into a brick wall. Despite his Chinese parents and Hong Kong heritage, he experienced "culture shock." As he described it, "the environment was predominantly nepotistic and hostile to a young entrepreneur in his early 20s – especially one who wore jeans and talked about intangible concepts like email and the Internet." Most businesses he tried to sell had no interest in the Internet or its potential, and Siu decided he had to educate the market. One customer win was a textile company that HKO saved a bundle -- instead of FedExing daily samples to customers in the West, HKO let the company email fabric images. Siu decided that HKO was too much of a slog so he started a free web page provider -- Hong Kong Cybercity (HKC). HKC offered email services and web hosting with Common Gateway Interface (CGI) that let users to run programs on their web sites. After attracting a respectable 300,000 users, Siu renamed it Freenation and sold to a U.S.-based company. That morphed into a company that I visited in January 2012 with 25 Babson College MBA students, called Outblaze, a holding company for various digital media subsidiaries and joint ventures. But Outblaze began life in 1998 as a so-called white label services provider: in exchange for a service fee or revenue sharing agreement, Outblaze clients would receive web-hosted services like webmail, message boards, chat, file sharing, and mailing lists. Siu was ahead of his time -- offering what's now known as cloud computing at a price point “20 times lower than the competition,” according to Siu. This venture was losing money and thanks to the asian economic crisis at the time, the economy was weak so cash flow was a problem. In his scramble for outside cash, Siu tried Hong Kong investors -- but they did not have a culture of technology venture capitalism, and Silicon Valley was not interested. Out of options, Siu turned to a local construction company. The deal was a first for the city: a bricks and mortar company (not a bank, or a VC fund) investing in a tech start-up. The media covered the news extensively, which sparked interest in Internet investment in Hong Kong. With the dotcom bust, Outblaze shifted focus to provide business-focused services such as domain name registrar services. Unfortunately for Siu, Outblaze's email business ran into a big competitive challenge -- Google (GOOG) Gmail that offered customers 1 GB worth of free email. And that was an offer that Outblaze could not afford to match. But thanks to its low cost structure, Outblaze was able to expand its white-label service and in April of 2009, Armonk, N.Y.-based International Business Machines (IBM) bought Outlblaze's low-cost email assets for an undisclosed price. In early 2011, Outblaze co-founded Animoca to create popular apps like Pretty Pet Salon that attracted the attention of Silicon Valley venture capitalists. Among others, Intel (INTC) Capital based in Santa Clara, Calif., invested in Animoca. Entrepreneurs must bootstrap to get their ideas off the ground and go to Silicon Valley for bigger investments required to expand. Siu's start-up success shows that a true entrepreneur can't be stopped by aggressive competitors, skeptical customers, an unsupportive culture, or difficulty raising capital. Those are just speed bumps on the road to victory.

Petroleum remains an Albertan mainstay, but as that industry is subject to major shifts, the Alberta government is looking to ensure a robust economy by branching out. For the past five years, renewable energy production has doubled annually. It’s still less than 10% of Alberta’s power, but the shift has been more dramatic on the jobs side of the register. Alberta has seen 40,000 jobs lost in petroleum since 2014. Solar energy employment increased by 25% over the same span. At a time when Alberta’s unemployment rate has soared above 8%, alternatives are welcomed. Especially if they can also have environmental impact. Alberta government spokesperson John Archer says “The Alberta government has committed to increasing the amount of green energy produced,” by offering incentives to both companies and individuals using green technology. The aim is to attract $10.5 billion of new renewable energy business over the coming decade, creating 7,200 jobs. That doesn’t match the downswing in petroleum employment, and critics are quick to point out that wages are not comparable. But neither is workplace volatility, or economic swings. The government has added programs to help identify transferable skills, for workers shifting from petroleum to renewable energy. They also offer training to enable a switch. The Alberta government has always been reticent to comment on environmental impact of the petroleum industry, but they are embracing alternatives, and acknowledging that in addition to jobs, there could be “environmental benefits”.

I've read many puzzling articles on the subject of "spot metering" and the "zone system metering", and then have followed up by reading just as many articles how that with modern cameras equipped with "matrix metering", this subject is passée, and doesn't matter any more. Well, I've finally seen the light - I think I now understand what spot metering is useful for, I've successfully experienced using it, and will now attempt to explain it to you. 1) how could that be useful? Typical camera manuals do very little to explain this. The Spotmatic manual, in fact does nothing - it just instructs you to adjust your shutter and aperture to make the meter read "0", with no explanation of the light actually being measured. More modern camera manuals, like those for later Canon SLR's and DSLR's explain a mode called "Partial Metering", which is almost the same thing, but in fact is a little different, which I'll explain later. Their explanation is that when a subject is back-lit, such as when a person is sitting with a window behind them, it's better to use "Partial Metering" and set your light-measuring point on the person herself. This makes sure that the reflected light from the subject is being measured, and the strong light from the window behind is being avoided, and therefore, the subject won't end up looking like a silhouette. This is the most basic answer possible of how spot metering is useful - when you encounter strongly contrasting lighting conditions, you need to know which "spot" on which to measure the light, AND CONFINE YOUR CAMERA'S METERING SYSTEM TO IT, to get the desired result. 2) is this the only example of when to use spot... or partial metering? No, but this is a very good example of a camera manual helping us to understand what it's all about, without getting into all the technicalities of the "zone system". Think of it this way - when you have a dark subject sitting in front of a very bright window, and you want to take that person's picture, you have two "zones" of light - a dark subject that you want to look normal, and a very bright back-light that you don't care about. It is important that you confine your camera's metering to a narrow "beam" as it were, to capture the detail of your subject, and not the light outdoors. So, although your camera manual doesn't say so, this is actually a beginning of an understanding of the zone system of light metering. a light meter that is capable of measuring from a very narrow angle (a "spot"); this light meter can be either off your camera or built into it. Sometimes, the "Zone System" is spoken of as having less than 11 zones, like 7, or 5. For the purpose of this discussion, five is enough, and in fact, digital camera sensors are built to respond to five zones anyway. Some cameras fake more extended zones, such as Canon's "Auto-Lighting Optimizer", but we won't get into that here. 3) why five or seven zones, but not 6? All I've done is translate the expression of the Zone System into the numbers of a typical battery powered camera light meter. However, THE ZONE SYSTEM HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH YOUR CAMERA'S LIGHT METER - this was simply how I came to understand it in my own mind, and how I'm sharing my understanding of it with you. This is the real thing folks - I was actually using Partial Metering and thinking Zone System when I took this picture. It actually has five zones or more, and it is a complex lighting situation - that is to say, if the trucks were sitting in fog instead of bright noon sunlight, it would not have been a complex lighting situation, and would not qualify as a shot where you'd need to use the Zone System. Keep this in mind - it's important to know when, and when not to use it. I underlined "Medium Grey" because using the Zone System, that's what you're supposed to meter on, unless you make a conscious decision to meter on something else. THAT IS THE ESSENCE OF THE ZONE SYSTEM! So, knowing these trucks weren't going anywhere, I knew I had time to figure this out. In this case, I wanted perfect exposure, although the Zone System allows you to consciously make a "deviant exposure" if you want to - I'll explain shortly. So, to get a perfect exposure with the Zone System, you need to "spot meter" on something that's medium grey. So I set my Elan-7 to "Partial Metering" (it doesn't have true spot-metering, but some more expensive and believe it or not, some cheaper Canon cameras do), and then looked for something in the picture that would be "medium grey" - I decided that would be the bumpers of the two trucks on the left, because they were not as bright and shiny as the trucks in the middle. So, the first step is to "meter the picture". Looking through the viewfinder and making sure the camera was set for Partial Metering, I aimed the centre of my lens at the medium grey bumpers, and pressed my Exposure Lock Button (on Canon SLR's, that's the "*" button on the back - upper right). When you do this, the "*" lights up in the Viewfinder, confirming your exposure is now locked for the shot you're about to take. The next step is to compose and focus the picture. To do this, I simply moved the camera to take in all the trucks, pressed my shutter release halfway to focus, and then all the way to snap the picture. Note that UNLESS YOUR MEDIUM GREY HAPPENS TO BE IN THE EXACT MIDDLE OF THE PICTURE, "spot, or partial metering" is always a two step process, requiring the action of locking your focus, using the "*" button before actually composing and taking the picture. First you meter, then you shoot. 5) what if you want a "deviant exposure"? What I'm calling a "deviant exposure" is one that deviates from the use of the Zone System standard of "18% Grey". Now, this was what was really throwing me off... this seems to be the part that is not well explained in any articles I read about the Zone System. As it turns out, I was over-complicating it. If you want to deviate from the standard "medium grey", all you do is simply aim your spot meter (the centre of the viewfinder) at some other value, and lock the exposure. THAT'S IT!!! You don't turn any dials to adjust your exposure compensation, - you don't re-adjust your aperture or shutter speed - all you do is aim your spot-meter at a lighter or darker value than medium grey and lock the exposure, and then take the picture! It's funny how I wasn't getting that! So, if I had pointed my lens at the white building on the left, the whole picture would've been much darker, or if I had metered on the shadows under the trucks, the whole picture would've been much lighter. If I had wanted more of the truck's interiors to be visible, I would've metered on the wind-shields instead of the bumpers! It would've made the whole picture brighter - the grilles and bumpers might've lost detail to "washout" (especially with a digital camera), but the seats and steering wheels would've been more visible. It really is that simple! 6) isn't the newer camera's "Matrix / Evaluative Metering" supposed to figure this all out? Theoretically, yes. "Matrix" is Nikon, "Evaluative" is Canon. These systems are supposed to use complex computer algorithms to calculate complex lighting situations so that you won't have to think about the Twilight Zone of the "zone system". Ken Rockwell even says so! But have you ever noticed on Flickr, and other AMATEUR photo sharing sites how so many pictures just look dull, compressed and lifeless? Or how some black and white shots don't really have any black or white - just a lot of different greys? Maybe what we're seeing here is "The Matrix (metering)" at work! A lot of photographers aren't really learning anything about exposure if all they do is "set and forget" their computerized metering system, and end up with pictures that are void of highlights, because Matrix Metering tends to compute toward the safe side of not "blowing out the highlights". 7) is it possible that Evaluative Metering could've done wrong on this particular shot? Probably not - it likely would've come out the same, especially considering my distance from the subject. It is possible that the nice "glint" around the chrome might have been supressed by Evaluative Metering. One way you can determine if Partial, or Spot Metering will make a difference or not is to switch it in and out, and observe what this does to your aperture and shutter speed settings. The way you do this will naturally vary from camera to camera... I just picked up a nice EOS 500n (Rebel G) for $20.00, which was kind of the VW Bug of Canon EOS film cameras - very cheap and basic, but one of it's great features is that pressing the "*" button AUTOMATICALLY switches the camera to Partial Metering, and locks exposure at the same time - how cool is that? Last evening, I went out with it and tried various scenes, to see if simply pushing this button made a difference in my aperture and shutter settings - I found that sometimes it did and sometimes not. I think as a rule, if the settings change, use Partial Metering, if they don't change, stay with the camera's conventional metering. 8) how can I do spot metering on an antique camera? Well, if that antique happens to be a Pentax Spotmatic, you're in! But in other cases, if a camera has a built-in meter, it's either "Incidental" or "Center-Weighted Average" in design. Older cameras never have Matrix (Evaluative) Metering. So, if you choose to use an external light meter, buy one that does spot metering, although that will probably cost you more than the camera. Here's a tip - the older Canon Powershot G-Series (the G2 through G5) are equipped with genuine spot metering! I just bought a G3 for $20.00 with a bad sensor - it will take a good picture in 1 out of every 4 tries, unless it's switched to "small-normal-jpeg" in which case every shot turns out, but it's only 640x480 pixels. However, the light meter still works, including the spot metering mode, so for $20 I got myself a spot meter, complete with batteries and charger, that'll also take a small B&W picture for verification. I'm now keeping this in the same bag with my Yashica Lynx and FED-5 Rangefinders, which have no built-in metering (well, OK, the Lynx does, but the battery chamber is corroded.) All you need to do is meter on the medium grey of your scene using the Powershot, observe the aperture and shutter speed readings on the little screen (make sure the ISO is set the same as the film in your antique film camera), and then set the same aperture and shutter values on your film camera. I hope this has helped to de-mystify the topic of spot-metering. It's almost as if there's still an old "Photography Guild" out there that still likes to preserve it's secrets, and when they write up an explanation for things like this, they make it sound so complicated, you don't even want to try it.

Developmental delay is a disorder in which a child goes through an abnormally slower process of development than expected. His mental and physical skills develop very slowly. This condition is also called cerebral palsy. The disease can be diagnosed by physical examination and strict monitoring of the symptoms. There is no specific treatment for cerebral palsy. Special education programs as well as constant parental care are required to help the child develop his psychomotor skills. Children with cerebral palsy have slower pacing in learning how to use their physical abilities, and milestone stages such as standing, sitting and walking take a long process. So goes with their ability to communicate verbally. Developmental delay is a result of brain injuries or trauma either during a mother's pregnancy or during the child's first months of life.

How will the City of Calgary address its budgetary issues in coming years? Will the City rely on property tax increases? Will it hope for and ask for higher levels of funding from the provincial government? Will it launch into an agenda of cuts to programs and services? Will it be lured toward privatization? Or will it explore new revenue options? Fortunately, it is clear what Calgarians want. In the last several years, Calgarians have been surveyed and have participated in comprehensive, long-term visioning and planning processes. The imagineCALGARY Plan, which received the input of over 18,000 Calgarians, sets goals and strategies to make Calgary a green, equitable, community-minded city. Calgarians’ vision requires excellent public services and facilities. Economic and population growth also require increased public spending. So how will the City finance Calgarians’ desires and support growth? Fortunately, Calgarians understand that excellent public services and facilities carry a price tag, and they are willing to pay. Public opinion surveys show that Calgarians are far more concerned with a wide range of social and environmental issues than they are about taxes. More Calgarians want taxes maintained or increased than want them cut. Indeed, in the imagineCALGARY process, Calgarians voiced their opinions that the municipal tax basket should be expanded, diversified, more progressive and employed to achieve environmental and social goals. Currently, the property tax is Calgary’s biggest revenue source, which is unfortunate as it is a regressive tax that does not grow automatically with economic growth—and Calgarians prefer other options. And while grants from senior levels of government are nice to get, they can’t be relied upon, particularly for operational spending. Grants are subject to the whim of senior governments, and can be cut when it is deemed expedient. Furthermore, they reduce transparency and accountability for tax dollars raised. Public-private partnerships (PPPs or P3s) and privatization are often presented as a panacea, a way in which corporations will help the public create facilities and deliver services. However, the “free lunch” these arrangements are often touted as providing simply doesn’t exist. Corporations aren’t about to hand over money or provide services or new facilities for free. Indeed, they tend to introduce new costs—ranging from CEO bonuses, to higher borrowing costs, to shareholder dividends, to lobbying and advertising costs. The vaunted “transfer of risk,” in which P3 private developers are said to absorb public risk, doesn’t come for free; it raises the price of the project. In the end, citizens pay for public services and facilities; it is not clear why they should be required to pay such additional costs. Another course worth exploring, as suggested by Calgarians, is the development of alternative local revenue streams. In addition to providing revenues for important public investments, these alternative revenue sources can encourage improved environmental and social sustainability. By including “externalities” (social and environmental costs) in market prices, taxes, charges and user fees can correct market failure. They can also reduce excessive consumption (e.g. of energy, water, road space, etc.) and by doing so, reduce the capital and operational costs faced by municipalities. While user fees got a bad name in the 1990s, when many regressive versions were created, the good news is that they don’t have to be regressive. They can be designed to be progressive in terms of consumption, income or wealth. And they can be designed to protect Calgarians with modest incomes. Implementing some of these revenue adjustments may require provincial legislative support in some instances. The City of Toronto Act provides an example of a city being entrusted with a suitable degree of autonomy; Calgary is being held back, and reform at the provincial level would be appropriate. Investing in public services and facilities has another substantial benefit. It creates jobs directly, by employing people to provide those services and facilities. It also creates jobs indirectly, in supplier industries. Finally, it creates induced employment in the industries that absorb spending from the above-noted workers. The number of jobs by investment created varies from industry to industry. Compared to the oil and gas industry, investing in municipal government services creates far more jobs per dollar invested, as well as more GDP growth per dollar. Likewise, when governments cut public spending, a lot of people are thrown out of work—both in the public sector and the private sector—and economic growth is diminished. Tax cuts can potentially create jobs, but not as many as public spending creates. In conclusion, it is clear that the City has realistic revenue options to support the priorities Calgarians have outlined, and to manage growth. Fortunately for City Council, Calgarians support the idea of exploring a new range of revenue sources. And fortunately for Calgarians, these sources can be designed wisely, so as to meet the revenue needs and also have positive effects on the environment and other areas. In a democracy, it is important to take citizen preferences seriously. The City has the capacity and the political room to address its financial needs honestly. Calgarians are ready for a mature conversation about public services, facilities and revenues. Is the City?

Regime shifts are large, abrupt, and persistent critical transitions in the function and structure of ecosystems. Yet, it is unknown how these transitions will interact, whether the occurrence of one will increase the likelihood of another or simply correlate at distant places. We explored two types of cascading effects: Domino effects create one-way dependencies, whereas hidden feedbacks produce two-way interactions. We compare them with the control case of driver sharing, which can induce correlations. Using 30 regime shifts described as networks, we show that 45% of regime shift pairwise combinations present at least one plausible structural interdependence. The likelihood of cascading effects depends on cross-scale interactions but differs for each type. Management of regime shifts should account for potential connections. Ecosystems word wide can shift from one configuration to another, a transition often referred to as regime shifts. Regime shifts are critical to society because they can affect the benefits people get from nature. They are also relevant for scientist and managers because they are difficult to anticipate and reverse. Examples of regime shifts include forest to savannas, coral dominated to algae dominated reefs, or the collapse of the Greenland ice sheet. While scientists have largely focused their efforts to investigate individual regime shifts, a critical question that remains unanswered is how regime shifts could be interconnected? Whether the occurrence of one can increase the likelihood of another, or whether the occurrence of two different regime shifts is only the result of sharing the same causes. These questions were addressed by reducing regime shifts to a network representation that summarizes their main drivers and processes underlying regime shift dynamics. By combining networks of regime shift couples, two types of cascading effects were identified. One-way interactions occur when the occurrence of a regime shift can affect the drivers of another, like a domino effect. Two-way interactions occur when there is a circular pathway (a hidden feedback) that can couple both regime shifts affecting each other. Domino effects and hidden feedbacks are thought to cause structural dependence between regime shifts. They are compared with the case of driver sharing, which can produce correlations but are independent. Cascading effects can occur in as much as 45% of all pairwise combinations of regime shifts analyzed. The likelihood of cascading effects is affected by the scale at which regime shifts occur. Domino effects are found to be more common between regime shifts that occur at larger temporal dynamics towards regime shifts more localized in space and confined in time. Hidden feedbacks are more likely when regime shifts occur at the same scales in space and time. Hidden feedbacks are more common within terrestrial and Earth system tipping points, while driver sharing are more common within aquatic and coastal regime shifts. The plausible cascading effects identified suggest that more attention should be paid to the systemic risk of the Earth’s ecosystems. Future research needs to account for the conditions under which plausible can become probable. Consequently, data collection efforts and methods development should account for potential interdependence of regime shifts. Likewise, current management and governance practices underestimate the potential risk of cascading regime shifts, more attention should be paid on management strategies that acknowledge regime shift interdependence. Potential cascading effects of regime shifts. (A) An example of regime shift from forest to savanna: regime shifts are typically modeled as the interaction of fast and slow process that creates discontinuous transitions. (B) Driver sharing has the potential to sync two different regime shifts (blue) but not necessarily make them dependent, while domino effects or hidden feedbacks would couple their dynamics by creating structural dependencies (orange). Part of the failure was that the methods I needed were not available yet. The math and statistics for exponential random graph models of weighted networks were published in 2012, and the software development took a bit longer. Coding consistently different regime shifts as causal loop diagrams also took us a while, at least to the point that the dataset was usable. Defeated by my elusive question I graduated from my PhD in 2015, but I was not content with the result. I put together a research proposal that Formas (a Swedish research funding agency) was happy to support and then I was back in the game by 2016 starting my own project as a postdoc. In the meanwhile others acknowledged the importance of interconnections between tipping points and produced a number of essays on the matter. The journal Trends in Ecology and Evolution published an special issue in 2013 around the question: is there a global tipping point for planet Earth? Many experts wrote opinion pieces, some in favour and some against. But it was obvious that if there were global tipping points, they will rise from the interaction of local tipping points that would amplify each other. But the question of which tipping elements can interact and how remained unanswered. Another perspective essay published early this year pushed forwards the idea of the hot house Earth, a potential planetary state at which global warming reinforces on a trajectory of no return. This is, tipping points on the climate system (15 of them) that could be interconnected by one variable: temperature. These essays, opinion papers or perspectives are important because they help scientist agree on a broader research agenda and synthesise what we already know (the experts knowledge), but they do not produce new knowledge, they don’t answer the research question. At best, they help us understand the problem and devise testable hypotheses. Our paper goes beyond previous work by answering the question, at least partially. We devised a method based on networks that allows us to literally connect the dots between regime shifts. It allows us to see whether two regime shifts might reinforce each other, whether one causes another, or whether the occurrence of two regime shifts might be just result of coincidentally sharing the same causing forces, but not causal interactions. Our results show that regime shifts can be interconnected and while temperature plays an important role, it is not the only mechanism connecting ecosystems in far away places. And I said partially because it is still not a satisfactory answer. Our work allows us to see plausible connections, but it does not allows us to infer how probable they are. It was just a scratch on the surface of the problem, but we still need to crack it down. Marten Scheffer and Egbert van Nes –two scientific authorities on the study of regime shifts– wrote a perspective piece about our work. They rightly pointed out that our results while important are only qualitative. More efforts are needed to quantify the strength of cascading effects, to uncover under which circumstances they are more likely to occur. Our work gave us a static picture of which ecosystems can be connected, but it lacks the dynamics. More modelling work and empirical test of our ideas are needed to further understand cascading effects. Answering the “but how?” requires the quantitative understanding that Scheffer and van Nes are talking about. For example, understanding how the shift from forest to savanna in the Amazon can affect mountain ecosystems in the Andes requires knowledge about how much deforestation can the Amazon withstand, how much less moisture is produced by the forest as its landcover decreases, how much of that moisture travels through the atmosphere and falls in the Andes mountains as rain, and how much that hypothetical reduction of rain (driven by deforestation in the Amazon) could impact food production in Andean countries or the cloud forest? All these questions are quantitative in nature and we lack that knowledge. The example above is only one connection between rainforest in the Amazon and cloud forest or agro-ecosystems in the Andes. The same exercise could be done for every other ecosystem. The mechanism would change, the pieces of the dominoes would be different. But it reveals that much work is ahead to better understand cascading effects. Clark is pointing out a key frontier of research. I don’t have a definite answer yet, but I’m working on it.

The summer solstice is one of the most magical days of the year. The sun rises its earliest and sets at its latest, making the first day of summer the longest day of the year. The sun has circled the earth to its furthest point North and pauses before returning South. This may be the longest day of the year; yet, it is the beginning of a long, hot summer in Southern Arizona. Celebrate the summer solstice as an enchanted mystery by honoring the season of the sun. Summer sees the results of springtime planting. The seeds have rooted and presented delicate sprouts pushing through the earth’s topsoil. The warm sun encourages tender growth and preparation for the harvest season. As seeds germinate into plants, thoughts and goals generate results. Thoughts cultivate our reality. A heated conversation is the perfect time for a thought to aim hot words to inflict pain and melt intention. This is the season to assume responsibility for our thoughts. That means that the cool down time is not a time to distribute blame but rather contemplate our own actions. As the daylight of the summer months grows shorter, the sun’s intensity increases. Hot summer days are not a guarantee for cool summer nights. The best practice is to start the day early, rest in the afternoon, and be active in the evening. Besides weather is out of our control and part of the mystery of the universe. Words hold energy. Complaining is like the steps to boil water. Set a pot of water on the stove, then ignite the flame to bring it to its boiling point only to let it not simmer. There is the energy to get the water hot enough to boil and then there is the energy to keep it boiling. When maintaining an attitude of resistance to the weather, the sensation intensifies. The person holding those ignited words continue to prolong their situation. Try this instead. Be surprised at how humidity resting on the skin glistens. Be in awe of the color of the sun-drenched sky or the formation of clouds rolling in from the horizon. Feel the heat of the sun on your face, then feel the relief from the shade of a tree. Notice the lie of shadows on the ground. Face the wind’s effort to notice its effort to change the conditions. Let water flow over uncomfortable feelings until the mood shifts. Be aware of the words chosen in each moment. Take the time to pause to find other words that elicit gratitude for the amazing summertime.

Watching the state separate children from their parents and families, it was impossible to ignore her passing. In these days of watching the state separate children from their parents and families, it was impossible to ignore the passing of Daisy Kadibil this week. Kadibil was the youngest of the three children whose journey home from a detention center inspired the film “Rabbit Proof Fence.” The film is about three girls who were taken by the Australian government from their homes and “resettled” in a camp where they would be indoctrinated in White Australian culture. Really, these were imprisoned children, and more than 200 of them died at the Moore River Native Settlement where Daisy, her sister Molly and their cousin Grace were interned. Determined to get back home, the girls, then aged 8, 14, and 10, escaped and followed the fence that was built to keep rabbits out of farmland 1600 kilometers to go home to their community of Jigalong. The film is a testament to their courage and determination. It reminds me that people will do ANYTHING to get back to family and home, and that kids are capable of far more than we think. It is a great story of girlhood, agency, love and heroism. This history mirrors that of the United States, where Native children were routinely stolen from their parents, sent to “boarding schools” that were really juvenile detention centers and sent to be adopted by White couples so they would assimilate. This kind of thing is key to genocide, the idea being to wipe out a culture and a people by, if not killing them, breaking all their ties to their community. Hundreds of children lost their lives in brutal conditions at the Moore River Aboriginal camp. At the time, Western Australia had a policy of removing children from Aboriginal parents and taking them into state care for "integration" into western society. Tens of thousands of Aboriginal children were forcibly removed from their families until the 1960s, an era known as the Stolen Generations. Academic Paddy Gibson, a senior researcher at the Jumbunna Institute at the University of Technology, said in Western Australia the Department of the Chief Protector under the Commissioner of Native Welfare was given extreme powers. "This was an incredibly destructive policy which left in its wake a real trail of heartache and pain in Indigenous communities, which continues to be felt today," he said. "They didn't need particular excuses to remove Aboriginal children from families, they could basically shunt children all around the state. And they did."

Luxembourg wine is primarily produced in the southeastern part of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, with vineyards overlooking the Moselle River. Along this river, which for 42 km makes up part of the border between Luxembourg and Germany, wine is made in three countries. There is a continuous history of winemaking along Moselle and in Luxembourg going back to Ancient Roman times. Wine production in 2006/07 was 123,652 hectoliter from 1,237 hectares (3,060 acres) of vineyards. Out of total wine exports of 87,776 hectoliter in 2005/06, 71,726 hectoliter or 82% was exported to nearby Belgium. Exports to Germany was the second largest at 8,168 hectoliter, or 9%, and is to a large extent made up of base wine in bulk for the production of blended Sekt rather than being sold bottled with "Luxembourg" anywhere on the label. Therefore, very little Luxembourg wine is seen outside Luxembourg and Belgium. In terms of volume, the wine production in Luxembourg is dominated by a number of winemaking cooperatives. The cooperatives in Greiveldange, Grevenmacher, Remerschen, Stadtbredimus and Wellenstein source their wines from over 800 hectares of vineyards (almost two thirds of Luxembourg's vineyard surface) and sell their wines under the common name of "Vinsmoselle". In addition, they operate a sparkling wine plant in Wormeldange, which produces wines under the label Poll-Fabaire. Luxembourg mainly produces dry white wines and sparkling wine under the designation Crémant. There are also some rosé and red wines made, as well as some sweet wines. In contrast to the downstream German wine region Mosel, Luxembourg has very little tradition of producing semi-sweet or sweet wines, despite a significant similarity in terms of grape varieties. Rather, the wines of Luxembourg have been produced as a kind of cold climate version of traditional, dry Alsace wines. Grapes left hanging on the vine in Luxembourg to produce ice wine. After World War I and the end of the Zollverein, Luxembourgish viticulture faced a difficult situation. Under the Zollverein, Luxembourgish wine producers had been content to produce a maximum quantity of low-quality wine such as Elbling, to be exported to Germany where it would be blended with wines of the Rhine. The establishment of a customs barrier between the two banks of the Moselle disrupted this situation. With the loss of the German market, Luxembourgish viticulture had to adapt itself. The existing grape varieties had to be gotten rid of, to be replaced by varieties that would yield quality wines. Elbling made way for Riesling-Sylbaner, Riesling, Pinot, and Auxerrois. At the same time the vine-growing surface area was substantially reduced, getting rid of the low-quality sites. The surface area went from 1,645 ha in 1914 to 1,000 ha in 1939. Winemaking cooperatives were created to facilitate the sale of the grape harvest. An "Institut vini-viticole" was created in Remich in 1925, to conduct research and advise wine-makers. In 1935 the label "Marque Nationale" was introduced to guarantee a consistent quality. This process of adaptation can be considered completed by the mid-1930s. On average two-thirds of produce were now consumed domestically, while the rest was exported, mostly to Belgium. The Moselle area was the only region of the country which had opted for Belgium over France as an economic partner in the referendum of 1919. During 1983-1987, 57% of produce was exported, four-fifths of this to Belgium. The back label of a bottle of Auxerrois wine from Luxembourg. Note the Marque Nationale and the Grand Premier Cru designation. All official wine designations in Luxembourg are French language terms. One single appellation is used for all of Luxembourg: Moselle Luxembourgeoise. This designation, usually referred to as the Marque Nationale (national seal), indicates that the wine is made entirely from Luxembourgian grapes and fulfills certain requirements. The Marque Nationale was introduced in 1935. Wines allowed the national seal can also carry three additional quality designations: Vin classé, Premier Cru or Grand Premier Cru, which have been used since 1959. These designations are awarded the individual wine after tasting by an official committee, which rates the wines on a 20-point scale. Wines that score less than 12 points are denied an official classification, and may not display the Marque Nationale. Wines that score a minimum of 12.0 points may be sold as Marque Nationale - Appellation Contrôlée. At this level, the wine can be evaluated before it is bottled. Wines that score 14.0-15.9 points after being bottled (i.e., at a second evaluation) are allowed the designation Vin classé in addition to Marque Nationale - Appellation Contrôlée. Wines that score a minimum of 16.0 points after being bottled are allowed the designation Premier Cru. Wines that are allowed the Premier Cru designation may be submitted for a third tasting, and those wines which score a minimum of 18.0 points in this tasting are allowed the designation Grand Premier Cru. Since the terms Premier Cru and Grand Cru are used in France to classify vineyards or wine estates, it has been suggested that the different use of these terms in Luxembourg is somewhat confusing to the consumer. Vendanges tardives is a late harvest wine, either naturally sweet or affected by botrytis. Vin de glace is an ice wine, made from grapes harvested in the frozen state. Vin de paille is a straw wine, made from dried grapes. The exact requirements with regard to must weight is different for the three categories and depends on the grape variety, but falls in the range 95 to 130 degrees Oechsle. The Crémant de Luxembourg designation for sparkling wine is also awarded within the framework of the Marque Nationale, meaning e.g. that only domestic grapes are allowed in the production. Therefore, in difference to the classification used for French crémants, Crémant de Luxembourg is a special type of wine within the Moselle Luxembourgeoise appellation, rather than an appellation in its own right. Some sparkling wine produced in Luxembourg is just labelled Crémant and does not display the Marque Nationale. Such sparkling wines are produced partially or entirely from imported grapes, must or base wine. Sparkling wine is a wine with significant levels of carbon dioxide in it, making it fizzy. While the phrase commonly refers to champagne, EU countries legally reserve that term for products exclusively produced in the Champagne region of France. Sparkling wine is usually either white or rosé, but there are examples of red sparkling wines such as the Italian Brachetto, Bonarda and Lambrusco, Australian sparkling Shiraz, and Azerbaijani "Pearl of Azerbaijan" made from Madrasa grapes. The sweetness of sparkling wine can range from very dry brut styles to sweeter doux varieties. Alsace wine or Alsatian wine is produced in the Alsace region in France and is primarily white wine. Because of its Germanic influence, it is the only Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée region in France to produce mostly varietal wines, typically from similar grape varieties to those used in German wine. Along with Austria and Germany, it produces some of the most noted dry Rieslings in the world as well as highly aromatic Gewürztraminer wines. Wines are produced under three different AOCs: Alsace AOC for white, rosé and red wines, Alsace Grand Cru AOC for white wines from certain classified vineyards and Crémant d'Alsace AOC for sparkling wines. Both dry and sweet white wines are produced. Corton is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) and Grand Cru vineyard for red and white wine in Côte de Beaune subregion of Burgundy. It is located on a hill shared between the three villages of Aloxe-Corton, Pernand-Vergelesses and Ladoix in the Côte de Beaune, Burgundy. The appellation covers the lower parts of the Corton hill and includes several subordinate vineyard names, or climats, within the AOC. Because of the size of the AOC and the variability of these climats, it is the rule rather than the exception that the name of the climat is indicated together with that of the Corton AOC, leading to designations such as Corton Clos du Roi and Corton Les Bressandes. Corton is rare in this aspect, as the 'climat' is seldom used for other Grand Cru appellations in Côte d'Or. The AOC was created in 1937. Côte Chalonnaise is a subregion of the Burgundy wine region of France. Côte Chalonnaise lies to the south of the Côte d'Or continuing the same geology southward. It is still in the main area of Burgundy wine production but it includes no Grand cru vineyards. Like the Côte d'Or, it is at the western edge of the broad valley of the river Saône, on the rising ground overlooking the town of Chalon-sur-Saône which is about six kilometers out into the plain. To the north, across the River Dheune, lies the Côte de Beaune. To the south is the Mâconnais. The grapes of the region are predominantly Pinot noir and Chardonnay with some Aligoté and Gamay also grown in vineyards spread over a stretch of 25 kilometers long and 7 kilometers wide of undulating land in which vineyards are interspersed with orchards and other forms of farming. Mondeuse noire is a red French wine grape variety that is grown primarily in the Savoy region of eastern France. The grape can also be found in Argentina, Australia, California, Switzerland and Sicily. Plantings of Mondeuse noire was hit hard during the phylloxera epidemic of the mid to late 19th century which nearly wiped out the vine from eastern France. While the grape recovered slightly in the 20th century, French plantations of Mondeuse noire fell sharply in the 1970s, with just over 200 hectares left in France in 2000. In the early 21st century, it seems the variety has increased somewhat in popularity, as it can give good wines if the planting site is chosen carefully. Clos de Tart is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) and Grand Cru vineyard for red wine in the Côte de Nuits subregion of Burgundy, with Pinot noir as the main grape variety. It is situated in the commune of Morey-Saint-Denis in the Côte-d'Or département. Clos de Tart is located in the southern part of the commune, starts immediately west (uphill) of the village itself, and borders to the Grand Cru vineyard Bonnes Mares in the south and Clos des Lambrays in the north. The AOC was created in 1939, and the Clos part of its name refers to a wall-enclosed vineyard. Volnay wine is produced in the commune of Volnay in Côte de Beaune of Burgundy, and in some vineyards in the commune of Meursault. The Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) Volnay is only used for red wine with pinot noir as the main grape variety. There are no Grand Cru vineyards within Volnay, but several highly regarded Premier Cru vineyards. The AOC was created in 1937. The wine region of Alsace produces wines under three different Appellations d'Origine Contrôlées (AOCs): Alsace AOC for white, rosé and red wines, Alsace Grand Cru AOC for white wines from certain classified vineyards and Crémant d'Alsace AOC for sparkling wines. This region is the only French wine region allowed to label its wines based on variety. Meursault wine is produced in the commune of Meursault in Côte de Beaune of Burgundy. The Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) Meursault may be used for white wine and red with respectively Chardonnay and Pinot noir as the main grape varieties. The production of white Meursault dominates, with around 98 per cent. There are no Grand Cru vineyards within Meursault, but several highly regarded Premier Cru vineyards. Ladoix wine is produced in the commune of Ladoix-Serrigny in Côte de Beaune of Burgundy, France. The Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) Ladoix may be used for red and white wine with respectively Pinot noir and Chardonnay as the main grape variety. The production consists of around three-quarter red wine, and around one-quarter white wine. The northeastern part of the Corton hill is located in the commune of Ladoix-Serrigny, including vineyards of two of the three Grand Cru AOCs of the hill, Corton and Corton-Charlemagne. Some of the Premier Cru vineyards of Ladoix-Serrigny are part of the Aloxe-Corton AOC of the neighbouring village rather than of Ladoix AOC, and vinified and sold as Aloxe-Corton Premier Cru.

Freedom and Flourishing: Did J S Mill really claim that violations of free trade have nothing to do with liberty? Did J S Mill really claim that violations of free trade have nothing to do with liberty? This passage has puzzled me since I was a young man. It seems to me that individual liberty is obviously violated when governments intervene in trade. If a government imposes a tax on a good for the purposes of assisting the producers of a close substitute, this must be just as much an infringement of the liberty of consumers as when it imposes a sin tax on a good to discourage consumers from purchasing that good. However, it is now clearer to me what Mill was trying to say. The first key to the puzzle is that Mill refers to ‘the principle of individual liberty’ rather than just ‘individual liberty’. What Mill means by the principle of individual liberty is explained a couple of paragraphs earlier as the maxim ‘that the individual is not accountable to society for his actions, in so far as these concern the interests of no person but himself’. According to that view, the individual should be accountable to society for ‘actions that are prejudicial to the interests of others’. Friedrich Hayek and others have noted that the distinction that Mill sought to make between actions that affect the acting person and actions that affect others is not very useful because there is hardly any action that may not conceivably affect others in some way. According to Hayek the relevant issue is whether it is reasonable for the affected persons to expect legal protection from the action concerned (‘Constitution of Liberty’, 1960, p 145). Now, in the paragraph immediately prior to his discussion of international trade, Mill acknowledges that damage to the interests of others does not necessarily justify the interference of society. In this context he discussed the views of society toward various forms of contest in which people who succeed benefit ‘from the loss of others’. He notes: ‘society admits no right, either legal or moral, in the disappointed competitors to immunity from this kind of suffering’. The second key to the puzzle is that in the passage quoted above Mill suggests that all restraints are evil. If Mill is referring to coercion, as seems likely, then it seems to me that at this point he is close to recognizing the merits of the definition of liberty that Hayek later adopted. Hayek defined liberty as ‘a state in which coercion of some by others is reduced as much as possible in society’ (‘Constitution of Liberty’, p 11). This definition meets Mill’s desire to acknowledge that restraints are necessary to protect citizens from force and fraud, and may be appropriate under some other circumstances where individual conduct adversely affects the interests of others. In asserting that the ‘doctrine’ of free trade rests on equally solid ground to ‘the principle of liberty’ Mill is clearly implying that in our discussion of trade there should be a strong presumption that free trade enhances the general welfare of society. It follows that he must believe that government intervention in trade is generally an unwarranted form of coercion. That seems to me to be just another way of saying that such intervention is generally an unwarranted interference with individual liberty.

A set of intermediate algebra problems related to systems of equations, quadratic equations, ...with answers, are presented. The solutions are at the bottom of the page. How many real solutions does each quadratic equation shown below have? Does the data in the table below represents y as a function of x? Explain. Solve the following quadratic equation. In a cafeteria, 3 coffees and 4 donuts cost $10.05. In the same cafeteria, 5 coffees and 7 donuts cost $17.15. How much do you have to pay for 4 coffees and 6 donuts? Find the slope of the lines through the given points and state whether each line is vertical, horizontal or neither. Find four consecutive even integer numbers whose sum is 388. Going for a long trip, Thomas drove for 2 hours and had lunch. After lunch he drove for 3 more hours at a speed that is 20 km/hour more than before lunch. The total trip was 460 km. a) What was his speed after lunch? Evaluate and convert to scientific notation. We first multiply all terms of the first equation by the LCM of 2 and 3 which is 6. We then solve the following equivalent system of equations. Find the discriminant of each equation. a) (4/5) 2 - 4(1)(1/4) = 16/25 - 1 < 0 , no real solutions. b) (-7) 2 - 4(1)(10) = 49 - 40 = 9 > 0 , 2 real solutions. c) (-2/3) 2 - 4(1)(1/9) = 4/9 - 4/9 = 0 , 1 real solutions. No y is not a function of x. According to the table, for x = 30 or x = 40 there are two possible values for the output. Multiply all terms of the equation by 100 to obtain an equivalent equation with integer coefficients. Let x be the price of 1 coffee and y be the price of 1 donut. 4 coffees and 6 donuts cost $14.2. Slope of line L1 = (3 - 3)/(8 + 2) = 0 , horizontal line. Slope of line L2 = (-3 - 3)/(4 - 4) = -6/0 undefined, vertical line. Slope of line L3 = (-3 - 7) / (3 + 1) = -10/3, L3 is neither horizontal nor vertical. Let x, x + 2, x + 4 and x + 6 be the 4 consecutive integer. Solve the above equation to find x = 94. The four numbers are: 94, 96, 98 and 100. Add them to check that their sum is 388. Let x be the speed before lunch, hence the distance driven before lunch is equal to 2 x. After lunch his speed is 20 km/hr more than before lunch and is therefore x + 20. The distance after lunch is 3 (x + 20). The speed after lunch is 20 km/hr more than before lunch and is therefore equal to 80 km/hr + 20 km/hr = 100 km/hr. We first simplify each expression. The 3 expression simplify to the same value.

Choices is a great course! As it is based on 21st-century skills, your students not only learn English skills, but they also develop skills they will need later in their lives. Educational topics stretch students’ general knowledge while offering a manageable route to achieving set goals. Choices is a great choice! Choices is excellent preparation for using the language in a real life situation as well as for studying in an international environment. The course promotes critical thinking and collaboration, which are key 21st-century skills. Each lesson ends with ‘Your Choice’ or ‘Grammar Alive’ activities, guided language tasks that allow students to practise the vocabulary and grammar they’ve learned. In addition, the course offers two workshops, the Speaking Workshop and the Writing Workshop: guided tasks that focus on specific skills and ensure that your students are sufficiently challenged. The authentic video material is a great way to deliver input; clips from the BBC and Channel 4 motivate your students and create a fun learning environment. This material is used to ensure that your students learn about a wide range of topics. Choices isn’t a typical language course, as it covers educational topics from technology, science and more. This means that your students will reach a high level of English when using Choices. Choices is on the list of ‘manuels scolaires, logiciels scolaires et outils pédagogiques agrees – ressources agréées’. Click to find out more. Choices is a communicative course with interesting themes and educational texts. The course offers students a broad view of the world with a focus on culture and literature. With Choices, students learn more than the English language; they also develop 21st-century skills such as critical thinking and research skills. The student’s book includes assignments to encourage students to think about the topic, conduct research to obtain information from various sources and evaluate the information critically. They then organise all the information in a presentation. Each lesson ends with a language activating exercise, so students can immediately apply their knowledge. Choices gives students a firm grounding in communication and grammar skills, and is ideal for students who need an extra challenge. Choices facilitates independent learning and the specially chosen educational content encourages students to think critically. MyEnglishLab is an interactive online workbook containing automatically-graded exercises. Both the students and the teacher get insight into the results: the student receives feedback on any mistakes they may have made, whereas the teacher always has an overview of the progress of the class as a whole, as well as each individual student.As a classroom management tool, MyEnglishLab saves teachers time and effort and allows them to differentiate and teach effectively.

When the driver of a school bus drives in a way that is irresponsible or reckless, a serious accident can occur. Statistics show that being injured by a school bus in a major metropolis area like Ft. Lauderdale is very likely to be fatal. Other injuries suffered from school bus accidents include serious friction burns, broken bones, traumatic brain injury and the possibility of a coma. School buses are at higher risk for accidents because they are on the road every day of the school year and they are the biggest type of mass transit in the United States. Almost 24 million students are transported to and from school or school related activities by nearly half a million school buses. Since the year 1990, 407,000 fatal traffic accidents have occurred in the United States and one third of one percent of these accidents are school bus related. Almost half of all school bus accidents involve impacts to the front end of a school bus. Other types of school bus accidents include left side impacts, rear impacts, right side impacts and non-collisions. If your child has been seriously injured because of negligence on the part of a school bus driver, it is imperative that you contact a Fort Lauderdale personal injury attorney who can provide you with legal counsel on what to do. At Weinstein, Scharf & Dubinksy, P.A., we understand the traumatic and emotional time that surrounds a serious accident, and we are committed to help. By providing you with answers to your questions and compassionate legal support, we can make your recovery process less stressful. Our superior legal team will stop at nothing to help you recover the compensation you deserve for your child's injuries. We have a proven record of recovering high value settlements in serious injury cases and we never back down from a fight. Our lawyers will work tirelessly to investigate the cause of your child's accident and to examine all methods of recovering compensation.

In the Western world, medical knowledge and technological innovation are inseparable. Technological developments, such as new applications in genetic engineering or medical imaging processes, are changing not only medical knowledge and practice, but also how physicians view the human body. Medical views of the body, seen in terms of scientific and technological advancement, have been historically contingent. Currently, new research and innovative applications in bioengineering, nano-technology, and information and communication technologies are leading to substantial changes in medical practice which, in turn, have social, legal, ethical, and cultural implications. Systems medicine, individualized medicine, and the digitalization of medical knowledge are only some of the areas which are affected. Thus, recent innovations in medical technology, such as mobile health, have emerged, shifting doctor-patient relationships—due to greater access to medical knowledge—and profoundly affecting the lives of patients who use these innovations in everyday life or exchange information with others via the Internet. These developments create new types of social relationships, such as bio-social communities formed on the Internet, and result in the increased blurring of boundaries in biomedical practice, which no longer focuses exclusively on diseases. The societal consequences of these developments are the bio-medicalization of non-medical areas and a shift in perception as to what constitutes health or illness. However, technology not only comprises material items such as devices and apparatuses, but also various forms of technological knowledge and activities in the field of medicine. Medical knowledge is negotiated and stabilized in a network comprised of physicians, scientists, patients, the industry and politics, as well as via the use of technical apparatuses and instruments. These processes of negotiation and the discourse and practices they entail need to be examined and their social, cultural, legal, and ethical implications subject to questioning.

In today’s highly complex and fast-paced environment, leaders constantly navigate a wide margin of error. Given globalization, heightened competition, and ever-shrinking budgets and cycle times, the potential for leaders to make mistakes is great. These well-meaning leaders make a significant mistake and ultimately thwart staff development and sub-optimize their teams in the process. As counter-intuitive as it may seem, this happens not because they are doing too little but because they are doing too much. Not unlike helicopter parents who get in the way of their children growing, learning and becoming independent, these managers who err by whoa-mission cultivate in their employees’ low self-efficacy, lack of initiative, compromised capacity and a debilitating sense of dependence—all because they do too much. Since too much of a good thing is still too much, leaders need to check themselves and their behavior on a regular basis, determining whether they need to brake or pull back a bit. They need to honestly gauge if they might be guilty of being too helpful, too fair or too gentle. A leader who is too helpful can actually leave others helpless. Solving an employee’s problem. Detailing a development plan. Giving step-by-step instructions about how to proceed. These are proactive, caring and supportive efforts on the part of the leader. But they compromise the capacity of others to build problem-solving skills, own their development or learn how to navigate the ambiguity of work. Being a little less helpful lets employees figure things out for themselves, struggle, fail (and even discover that it’s not fatal), and come to depend upon themselves and their capacity. In addition to helpfulness, fairness—another admirable trait—is frequently misapplied or applied in excess by leaders. In an attempt to be equitable and just, many leaders work diligently to treat each employee in an identical fashion. They bend over backward to ensure that rewards are evenly distributed and recognition makes it around to everyone. But this “sameness” typically backfires, as different employees require different attention to support their efforts and optimal performance. Fairly rotating the “employee of the month” title only ensures that everyone receives fairly meaningless acknowledgement at some point. And one final common leadership mistake involving an overused and unproductive positive trait is being too gentle. Many leaders rightfully endeavor to build self-confidence and self-esteem in others. But frequently they do this by withholding candid feedback. Rather than offer honest information about performance, they hint, dance around, or adjust expectations to avoid confrontation. And in the process, employees fail to appreciate how they are letting the team down—or how they can elevate their contributions. Over time, this kind of excessive gentleness on the part of a leader can compromise the team and the organization—not to mention individual employee performance and even continued employment. Effective leaders understand that a strength that’s overused becomes a liability. They appreciate the value of partnering with and supporting employees, behaving equitably, and treating others with respect. But they also appreciate the risks of stepping over the line to become too helpful, too fair, or too gentle…. and rein in their efforts to avoid errors of whoa-mission.

When the Linlithgow Union Canal Society (LUCS) was founded in 1975 the canal basin’s buildings were derelict, the canal was blocked at Preston Road and there were no boats. Despite this, the society’s founder, the late Mel Gray MBE, knew there was interest in the canal and so collected the names of those who wished to restore the canal and invited them to a meeting in his house at which LUCS was formed. LUCS was active from the start. In its first year it purchased “U66”, a 40ft horse drawn scow, removed rubbish and cleared weed from the canal. LUCS entered a float in the Marches, and has done so every year since. It also entered a team in the Drambuie Canal Marathon between Glasgow and Edinburgh. Held between 1975 and 1990, this required two-man teams to carry their dinghies around canal blockages. Photographs of the marathon show the state of the canal at that time. From 1977 onwards LUCS took over the onerous task of organising the Marathon. The Society’s flagship, Victoria, was acquired in 1978 at a cost of £5,000 from Welford on the Grand Union Canal. Thereafter various small boats were acquired and hired out. In 1988 a larger boat, “Janet Telford”, was made available to LUCS. She had to be returned in 1995 when she was replaced by “Ohmega”, an electric powered boat on the Monmouthshire and Brecon Canal acquired for £40,000. On arrival in Linlithgow, Ohmega was renamed Saint Magdalene after suggestions by local schoolchildren. Over the winter of 1999/2000 she was converted to diesel power and a new galley provided. The LUCS day self-hire boat Leamington was acquired in 2003 and has proved to be very popular. She is operated as a joint initiative with Scottish Canals who own this boat and is an example of the close working relationship between LUCS and Scottish Canals, formerly British Waterways. The canal yard and centre premises have been subject to steady development as new facilities were opened. These were: Museum (1977); Wooden slipway (1977); Toilets (1988); 100 tons kerbstones laid (1988); Concrete slipway (1988); Workshop (1990); Tearoom (1991) and Mel Gray Education Centre (2008). In addition a Glasgow Subway Car was used a temporary accommodation in 1981. As the basin has been enhanced over the years, so has the canal. In 1992, opening of the new Preston Road canal bridge allowed trips from the canal basin to the Avon Aqueduct. With the Millennium Link came the removal of the blockage at the M8 (2000). By 2002 the Falkirk Wheel had opened and all blockages on the Union and Forth & Clyde canals had been removed, something that Drambuie marathon competitors could barely have imagined. The booklet “LUCS 1975-2000” has more information about the history of LUCS and is available from the Canal Museum.

This course, including 4 modules, will provide managerial skills related with health and health sector reform. After finishing, the course managers will empower to have effective managerial roles in health system. Meanwhile Managers will be able to place and follow health system reform policies and outcomes to link with health system objectives. Capacity building among health system managers to move towards performance improvement. The Effective Management course is an approach to management development, based on the assumption that certain managerial practices produce better results. It helps mangers to assess strengths and growth needs have related organization at all levels. It will enable managers to identify key areas where interventions can be more effective. Capacity building in health system managers to move towards performance improvement. Evidence-based management provides tools and techniques for making the evidence-based case and the operational awareness to manage implementation and incorporate implementation issues in the feasibility analysis. Review criteria in decisions regarding the evidence base for a variety of health promotion programs. The concept of health for all and primary health care still is considering the main approach for achieving the optimum level of health. It is proven that, Health cannot be achieved in isolation and one of the most important factors in health promotion is active partnerships between the communities and other stakeholders. In light of above situation, NPMC offers the following community-participation course. The course intends to provide comprehensive and informative training/skills materials on empowering community participation in health. * Developing community participation programmes in Member States, the trainers who are capable of orienting and training the authorities, technical teams, programme managers, communities and other stakeholders. * Updating the knowledge of field managers and teams regarding the various aspects of community participation in health. * Reinforcing leadership and management skills for effective and efficient implementation of community participation in health. Health managers and staff through leadership skills will implement and empower procedures for community participation in related health organizations for health promotion.

The bikeLAB was developed as one node within a new multi-modal transit initiative for the campus. With a budget of $130,000, the project makes use of a pair of obsolete shipping containers to create a workshop dedicated to all things cycling. Volunteers provide training on cycling basics, maintenance and safety. A repeatable model for which funds, materials and site can be readily available is critical to the expansion of light infrastructure. bikeLAB presents a first iteration of this model. Nearly all of the materials used were recycled and the energy required for operation is provided by solar collectors and surrounding buildings. “This low-cost project was recognized as an example of the power of small gestures. It makes a high impact on a minimal-footprint. As a prototype, it offers ecological support to an alternative mode of transportation. Not only is it replicable in Winnipeg, but in any number of cities wishing to promote bicycle use. Moreover, the actual design is one of the better examples of recycling a steel container — elegant while being highly functional in meeting its purpose."

Rose Kennedy, wife of newly-appointed American ambassador to Great Britain, Joseph Kennedy, is shown at center with two of her daughters, Kathleen "Kick" Kennedy (l) and Rosemary Kennedy, at their 1938 presentation at Buckingham Palace. Kathleen's lively personality made her a great hit among the British social set. In 1944, Kathleen made what many considered a brilliant marriage to William "Billy" Harrington, the Marquess of Hartington, the heir to the 10th Duke of Devonshire. Kathleen became the Marchioness of Harrington. Her mother, however, was incensed that Kathleen would marry an Anglican and refused to attend the wedding ceremony. Only Kathleen's eldest brother, Joe Kennedy, Jr., attended. Then, four months later, Billy was killed in the war and Kathleen became a widow. It wasn't long before Kathleen was back in the social whirl of London parties and country estate weekends, and with a new man - a married man. He was Peter Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 8th Earl Fitzwilliam. Kathleen fell madly for him and publicly became his mistress. Rose was furious - but not why you think. She was incensed because Peter - like Kathleen's first husband, Billy - was an Anglican and not a Catholic. Nevertheless, over her mother's objections, Kathleen planned to wed Peter after his divorce, Catholic or not. Their wedding never came about. In a 1948 trip to the south of France, both Peter and Kathleen died in an airplane crash. Still furious with Kathleen, Rose Kennedy did not attend her daughter's funeral and discouraged Kathleen's eight surviving siblings from attending. Only Kathleen's father, Joseph P. Kennedy, attended her funeral service. Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish was buried in the Cavendish family plot in Devonshire, England. There her body remains today. The lives of Kennedy family members, noted for their extraordinary accomplishments, have also been marked by tragedy, including the assassinations of President John Kennedy and of Senator Robert Kennedy. 1941: Rosemary Kennedy, (pictured here), the oldest daughter of Joseph and Rose Kennedy, who was mentally disabled, was institutionalized for the rest of her life after a lobotomy reduced her abilities. She died in 2005. 1944: Joseph Kennedy Jr., the oldest of the nine Kennedy children, died at age 29 in a plane crash over the English Channel during World War Two while flying a mission. 1948: Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish, the fourth of the Kennedy children, was killed in a plane crash in France at age 28. 1963: President John Kennedy was assassinated on November 22 while riding in a presidential motorcade with his wife in Dallas, Texas, at age 46. 1964: Senator Edward Kennedy, the youngest in the family, narrowly escaped death in a plane crash that killed an aide. 1968: Senator Robert Kennedy was assassinated on June 5 in Los Angeles at age 42, just after he won California’s Democratic presidential primary election. 1969: Edward Kennedy drove off a bridge on his way home from a party on Chappaquiddick Island in Massachusetts. An aide in the car with him, Mary Jo Kopechne, died in the accident. 1984: David Kennedy, a son of Robert, died of a drug overdose at age 28. 1997: Another of Robert Kennedy’s sons, Michael, died in a skiing accident in Aspen, Colorado, at age 39. 1999: John Kennedy Jr. along with his wife and sister-in-law were killed when the plane he was flying crashed in the waters off Martha’s Vineyard in Massachusetts. I’d fully intended to move away from the subject of insane asylums and talk about a cowgirl from Oklahoma by the name of Lucille Mulhall. But I cannot in good conscience leave the subject without telling what I’ve learned about the barbaric brain surgeon responsible for Rosemary Kennedy’s lobotomy, the operation that permanently incapacitated her at the young age of 23. Rosemary had been acting in an agitated behavior, according to her father, Joseph P. Kennedy, throwing fits and showing interest in boys, and he sought an operation to settle her down. Two doctors were in the operating room that day in 1941: Dr. Walter Freeman, the director of the laboratories at St. Elizabeth’s Hospital in Washington, D.C., together with his partner, James W. Watts, MD, from the University of Virginia. Dr. Freeman was obsessed with finding a cure for mental illness. In the day before psychiatric drugs, mentally ill patients were shuttered away in institutions like St. Elizabeth’s. Shock therapy, pioneered in the thirties, though not completely successful, had effectively reduced some psychiatric symptoms in agitated patients, rendering them calmer for a time following treatment. Psychiatrists like Dr. Freeman wanted to find the locus of mental illness of the brain. They understood that there were regions of the brain and were looking for surgical answers instead of just locking people up for life. Freeman, however, was not a surgeon but a neurologist. He was wildly ambitious and longed to achieve the lasting fame of his grandfather, a pioneer brain surgeon, once the president of the American Medical Association. Freeman was determined to find a procedure that would root out the defect in the brain that he believed responsible for mental illness. Along with Dr. Watts, Freeman began to perform lobotomies, or surgeries on the frontal lobes. After several operations, Dr. Freeman called his operation a success. According to Edward Shorter, Medical Historian, “Freeman’s definition of success is that the patients are no longer agitated. That doesn’t mean that you’re cured, that means they could be discharged from the asylum, but they were incapable of carrying on normal social life. They were usually demobilized and lacking in energy. And they were that on a permanent basis.” Many had to be retaught how to use the toilet. They were definitely not the same persons they were before the operation. He began to travel around the nation in his own personal van, which he called his “lobotomobile”, hawking this new procedure which he performed with a gold ice pick, and training other doctors in his methods. He even performed a few lobotomies in hotel rooms. Before he was stopped and the lobotomy discredited, Walter Freeman had performed over 3,500 lobotomies. His medical license was revoked when one of his patients died during a lobotomy. Nevertheless, he continued to tour the country in his lobotomobile, visiting his former patients, until his death from cancer in 1972. I’ve been thinking about the very different lives of reporter Nellie Bly and Rosemary Kennedy. Although over fifty years separated these women, both found themselves at the age of 23 at the mercy of mental health “professionals.” Nellie Bly placed herself in a dangerous lunatic asylum as an investigative journalist because she was desperate to land a job in a world that didn’t welcome female professionals. How else was an uneducated woman to earn a living in 1887? Bly was the thirteenth of her wealthy father’s fifteen children, her mother being her father’s second wife. When Bly was six, her father died, failing to make specific provisions for Nellie, her mother, and her two brothers. Like many other great women, Nellie Bly (like Annie Oakley) took it upon herself to find a way to take care of her family. She ran a boarding house with her mother and marveled that her uneducated brothers were able to find jobs as clerks and drummers yet, because she was an uneducated woman, she could only aspire to be a chambermaid or washer-woman. Thus it was Nellie’s poverty and the absence of a father that lead her to have herself committed, at the age of 23, to an insane asylum. But the converse was true of Rosemary Kennedy. Rosemary landed in a mental institution because she was rich and had a father. She had the misfortune to be born “mildly mentally retarded, into a family dominated by her driven and ruthlessly ambitious father,” Joseph P. Kennedy. Rosemary had been living in a convent to keep her out of the public eye, but, as she developed as a young woman, she had begun sneaking out to see boys, and Kennedy was worried that she might damage his famous family’s reputation. In an attempt to settle her down, her father, without telling his wife, used his money and powerful connections to arrange for his 23-year-old learning-disabled daughter Rosemary to undergo experimental brain surgery, one of the first prefrontal lobotomies ever performed. The operation took place in 1941, but, according to the historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, “something went terribly wrong.” Rosemary emerged from surgery not better, but far worse. She regressed to a state of helpless infancy and was confined to a mental asylum for the rest of her life until her death in 2005. Nellie Bly’s story, though, has a happy ending. She walked out of the asylum a free woman and an international celebrity. I was recalling something my grandmother told me about a “field trip” she and her sister Maurine took to Austin, Texas, back in the 1920’s. Both Grandmother and Aunt Maurine were young and single, living in Lufkin, Texas. They had heard all about the state lunatic asylum and wanted to see it for themselves. I think they were hoping to spot a flesh and blood lunatic. The trip was a real highlight. The two took the train all alone from East Texas to Austin to visit the asylum. “It’s lucky they weren’t captured,” says my sister Loise. I’ve seen the maps of Austin from those days. The important buildings are marked, including the University of Texas, the State Capital, and the State Lunatic Asylum. True, the Lunatic Asylum was a garden spot and people other than my relatives were drawn to it for good reasons. But I think novels like Jane Eyre give us an insight into attitudes toward the mentally ill. They were weird, scary, and dangerous. Evidently the Texas State Lunatic Asylum was ahead of its time in its compassionate approach toward the mentally ill. The asylum movement in America and Europe at that time “strived to provide a healthy diet, exercise, fresh air, adequate rest, a strict daily routine, social contact, and a kind but firm approach,” according to the website of the Texas Dept. of State Health Services (1). No longer flogging the patient or tossing cold water on him, the treatment for the mentally ill in the first half of the twentieth century was still far from humane. In 1941, Joseph Kennedy authorized a frontal lobotomy for his beautiful special needs daughter Rosemary, who was proving to be a bit of an embarrassment to him when she tripped curtseying to the Queen of England.

Has an unsafe medical device injured you or a loved one? Has an herbal supplement caused you or a loved one harm? Burg Simpson can help! Do not wait to call the dangerous drug and medical device attorneys at Burg Simpson to discuss your legal rights. When you take a prescription drug or herbal supplement or have a medical device implanted, you expect that these medical products are safe for you to use. Unfortunately, we frequently see in the news that such medical products are recalled or the subject of lawsuits due to contamination, defects, and other safety concerns. If you have been harmed by a dangerous drug or medical device, you know how devastating it can be when a medical product company fails to do its job to make sure it is safe to use their products. Burg Simpson can help you hold them accountable. The attorneys in Burg Simpson’s Cincinnati office are experienced in representing clients who have been harmed by dangerous drugs and medical products, both in individual and mass tort cases. With substantial leadership experience in this field, Burg Simpson’s mass tort lawyers have a proven history of results for thousands of clients nationwide. Let Burg Simpson’s attorneys fight for you. Call Burg Simpson’s Cincinnati office at 1-513-852-5600 or fill out our Free Case Evaluation form so we may discuss your case with you. WHAT ARE DANGEROUS MEDICAL PRODUCTS? Medical products are the drugs, medical devices, and supplements that are produced by the medical, pharmaceutical, and other related industries. Undoubtedly our society has benefited from the development of many medical products. However, like any consumer product, medical products carry risks. When a medical product is not manufactured correctly, the risks of that product are not fully disclosed, or the risks of the product outweigh the benefits, then the product is unreasonably dangerous and the medical product manufacturer may be liable to you for the harm that results from your use of the product. If you have been injured by a medical product, you may have a legal claim against the product’s manufacturer. There are time limits on when you may bring a legal claim, however, so it is important that you contact a medical device attorney at Burg Simpson today by calling 1-513-852-5600 or submit a Free Case Evaluation form. A tort is a civil wrong recognized by the courts, where one person (the plaintiff) seeks to recover for his or her harms that were caused by another (the defendant). A mass tort is a civil wrong recognized by the courts where many people have been harmed and seek recovery from the same person or persons. (Legally, companies are treated as persons.) Usually, a mass tort involves several people harmed by the same medical product. You may be wondering whether a mass tort is the same as a class action. Although both involve multiple plaintiffs and the same defendant(s), mass torts and class actions are not the same. A class action is typically one lawsuit in which many plaintiffs file claims together against the same defendant(s). A mass tort, however, is typically made up of many different individual lawsuits against the same defendant(s), which are filed before or transferred to the same court. WHAT KIND OF MEDICAL PRODUCT CLAIMS DOES BURG SIMPSON HANDLE? Biologics, or biological products, include a wide range of products such as blood, gene therapy, and vaccines. The difference between drugs and biologics is that a biologic is manufactured in a living system, such as a microorganism, whereas drugs are typically manufactured by combining specific chemical ingredients. As with any medical product, biologics pose risks. When the risks of a biological product are not fully disclosed, or if the risks of the product outweigh the benefits, then the product is dangerous because you may suffer harm that could have been avoided had you been properly informed of those risks. Additionally, unlike conventional drugs, biologics tend to be susceptible to microbial contamination, impurities introduced through the manufacturing process, and differing results due to variances in the manufacturing process. If you have been injured from a biological product due to undisclosed risks or contamination, you may have a legal claim against the product’s manufacturer. There are time limits on when you may bring a legal claim, however, so it is important that you contact a trial attorney at Burg Simpson today by calling 1-513-852-5600 today. As traditional health care costs continue to escalate, more Americans than ever have turned to herbal supplements (also called “dietary supplements”). Indeed, some studies have estimated that American consumers spend a little over $30 billion a year on supplements. Despite their popularity, herbal supplements can be dangerous. First, unlike prescription drugs, herbal supplements are not reviewed for safety and effectiveness by the Federal Drug Administration before they are placed on the market. Secondly, some supplements can contain ingredients that can affect the body in ways that can cause serious harm, especially if combined with other supplements, taken with medicines (prescription or over the counter), and/ or taken instead of medications. Lastly, not all supplements have been well-studied by scientists, so their effects may not be known. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration defines medical devices as “an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including a component part, or accessory which is … intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, … and which does not achieve any of its primary intended purposes through chemical action … and which is not dependent upon being metabolized for the achievement of any of its primary intended purposes." In other words, if it is used to treat or cure you, but it is not a drug, herbal supplement, or biological product, it is a probably medical device. When you head to your neighborhood pharmacy in search of some over-the-counter cold or pain medication, you do so expecting to find relief. Sometimes that medicine delivers harm instead. Over the counter medications, like all medications, carry some risks. If the company that manufactured the over-the-counter drug fails to warn of a risk, unsuspecting consumers like you may suffer. Likewise, if the manufacturer designs a defective drug or if the drug is manufactured in such a way that it renders the drug defective, unsuspecting customers like you could be seriously injured. If you have been harmed by an over the counter drug, you could have grounds for a claim. Contact the drug lawyers at Burg Simpson’s Cincinnati office by calling 1-513-852-5600. Valsartan – Three manufacturers of the popular high blood pressure medication Valsartan recently recalled all their Valsartan-containing products due to a manufacturing error that contaminated the products with the known cancer-causing agent N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). When ingested, NDMA causes cancer and other health problems throughout the body, but most often in the liver. The FDA reports that this contamination may have been going on for four years. If you or a loved one took Valsartan in the last four years and now have liver disease or liver cancer, contact one of the experienced product liability attorneys at Burg Simpson today to discuss your legal rights. Click here to learn more about this urgent recall. Hyoscyamine – On September 14, 2016, Virtus Pharmaceuticals recalled seven lots Hyoscyamine due to a manufacturing error that resulted in superpotent pills that can cause severe side effects such as seizures and stroke-like symptoms like confusion, dizziness, blurred vision, slurred speech, imbalance, and disorientation. If you or someone you love took Hyoscyamine that was manufactured by Virtus Pharmaceuticals and suffered any of these side effects, contact Burg Simpson today. Click here to learn more about this dangerous manufacturing defect. Burg Simpson has a national reputation for standing up for individuals in courtrooms across the country. With seven offices in six states and more than 60 attorneys, Burg Simpson has the experience and resources to fight for you.

"Novespace, the company that runs the flights, prepared the plane by removing half the seats, adding safety padding, and installing mechanical and electrical connections for the experiments," says ESA’s project coordinator Neil Melville, "It isn’t really any different from a normal airliner, apart from the special way it is flown, needing a well-trained safety crew and three pilots simultaneously to fly parabolas. We always bring an interesting diversity of science on board, and this campaign promises to be no different with experiments on how our spines cope and how we judge distances in weightlessness, as well as testing experiments that will also fly to the International Space Station." Stiff back? Astronauts in space know the feeling. They have reported increased spinal stiffness in space and on the Moon. It is possibly due to the back muscles contracting to keep the spine in place - the muscles kick-in to take over the job of gravity on Earth. On this campaign an experiment will measure the curvature of the spine in test subjects as they undergo the repeated parabolas inside the aircraft, enduring both weightlessness and hypergravity during the pull up phases. The research will help us understand back pain off Earth and at home. Shake a packet of cornflakes and the smaller flakes will fall to the bottom. But how do granular physics behave in weightlessness’ One experiment will vibrate granular media to see how they behave and create better computer models of the phenomena.

Innovation, economic growth and the firm is an edited book containing a selection of papers from a Schumpeter conference in 2006. How economic growth is created in a dynamic interplay between firm and industry is the subject matter. Knowledge, innovation and competition are the dynamic forces considered. The different essays in the book are both of theoretical and empirical econometric nature. The book can be said to belong to fields of industrial organization, theory of the firm, and entrepreneurship. The purpose of the book is to study the determinants of economic growth from a firm perspective. What are the opinions of small and medium-sized enterprises with experience of Swedish patent litigation? We offer description and analysis from a 2016 inter-view survey of nine small and medium-sized enterprises that had been involved in Swedish patent litigation on infringement and/or invalidity. Our results show that the companies are of the opinion that the proceedings were too slow and costly. They financed the litigation mainly with their own resources. Insur-ance played only a minor role. We also find that the proceedings seem to have affected their position in the market in terms of customers, suppliers and banks. Half the small and medium sized companies after the litigation had a reduced propensity to patent and almost all are less inclined to engage in future Swedish patent litigation. Family firms are entities contribute greatly to all economies worldwide. In the following study we investigate capital structures and ownership dispersion among Swedish family firms. In order to find concluding results, we proceed with a regression between leverage and family business, leverage and family firm age, and leverage and ownership dispersion. Our regression outcomes support a U-shaped relationship between family ownership dispersion and leverage, but do not confirm a relation between leverage and family business. Earlier studies made in the field have generated differing results; however, there are some studies that are actually in line with our findings. A unique database developed at Jönköping University is used that enables us to obtain access to firm-level data. Earlier studies in the same genre have only had access to industry-level data. Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School, JIBS, Economics. JIBS, Center for Family Enterprise and Ownership. In countries with more secure property rights, the cost of capital is lower, suggesting higher investment rates. Using data from 49 countries we extend the conventional capital-asset pricing model (CAPM) to include a property rights risk-factor. In the conventional CAPM model only a single risk factor—systemic risk—is considered. However, when using a world market portfolio to estimate systemic risk in national portfolios, little of the required rate of return is explained in less developed as compared to more developed countries. Adding a factor representing institutional risk increases predictive power substantially. Further, we find that property rights affect the transmission of information, which suggests that markets price information differently, and allocate resources less efficiently, in countries with less secure property rights. We find that the CAPM model performs better in countries with more secure property rights. Department of Economics, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden. Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate whether female leaders are more efficient in family firms than in non-family firms. Design/methodology/approach: This paper uses a unique database of ownership and leadership in private Swedish firms that makes it possible to analyze differences in firm performance due to female leadership in family and non-family firms. The analysis is based on survey data merged with micro-level data on Swedish firms. Only firms with five or more employees are included in the analysis. The sample contains more than 1,000 firms. Findings: The descriptive statistics show that there are many more male than female corporate leaders. However, the regression analysis indicates that female leadership has a much more positive impact on the performance of family firms than on that for non-family firms, where the effect is ambiguous. Originality/value: Comparative studies examining the impact of female leadership on firm-level performance in family and non-family firms are rare, and those that exist are most often either qualitative or focused on large, listed firms. By investigating the role of female directors in family and non-family firms, the study adds to the literature on management, corporate governance and family firms. This article investigates the effects of separation of ownership and control because of vote differentiation on listed family firms’ investment performance. The authors study the question of whether family-controlled firms have better investment performance than nonfamily firms and whether this investment performance is negatively affected by a separation of ownership and control because of vote differentiation. Marginal q is used as a performance measure. The empirical analysis shows that family control has a positive impact on investment performance when ownership and control are aligned, whereas separation of ownership and control in terms of vote-differentiated shares reduce investment performance.

The Book of Knowledge is the foundation of the forty books of the Revival of the Religious Sciences; Imam al-Ghazali's magnum opus. In the Book of Knowledge; he defines knowledge; its relation to faith; theology; and jurisprudence. The book deals with the virtue of knowledge from both rational and traditional points of view. It elucidates the types of knowledge and the nature of people's obligation to seek knowledge. Imam al-Ghazali defines jurisprudence and theology as branches of Islamic knowledge; then outlines those fields that people incorrectly consider to be Islamic disciplines; and distinguishes the praiseworthy from the blameworthy. He describes in detail the perils of disputation and the reasons people engage in debate and dialectics. He also considers the conduct incumbent on the teacher and student; and warns of the perils that can befall those pursuing knowledge. Finally; Imam al-Ghazali discusses the virtues and categories of the intellect and the prophetic traditions related to it.

Earlier this month, I had the honor of being interviewed by Ajay Ohri on his blog Decision Stats, which is an excellent source of insights on business intelligence and data mining as well as interviews with industry thought leaders and chief evangelists. It is perhaps one of life’s cruelest paradoxes that some lessons simply cannot be taught, but instead have to be learned through the pain of making mistakes. To err is human, but not all humans learn from their errors. In fact, some of us find it extremely difficult to even simply acknowledge when we have made a mistake. This was certainly true for me earlier in my career. One of my favorite books is The Wisdom of Crowds by James Surowiecki. Before reading it, I admit that I believed crowds were incapable of wisdom and that the best decisions are based on the expert advice of carefully selected individuals. However, Surowiecki wonderfully elucidates the folly of “chasing the expert” and explains the four conditions that characterize wise crowds: diversity of opinion, independent thinking, decentralization and aggregation. The book is also balanced by examining the conditions (e.g. confirmation bias and groupthink) that can commonly undermine the wisdom of crowds. All and all, it is a wonderful discourse on both collective intelligence and collective ignorance with practical advice on how to achieve the former and avoid the latter. Without question, a data quality expert can be an invaluable member of your team. Often an external consultant, a data quality expert can provide extensive experience and best practices from successful implementations. However, regardless of their experience, even with other companies in your industry, every organization and its data is unique. An expert's perspective definitely has merit, but their opinions and advice should not be allowed to dominate the decision making process. Although a common best practice is to perform a post-mortem in order to document the lessons learned, sometimes the stigma of failure persuades an organization to either skip the post-mortem or ignore its findings. A failed data quality initiative may have been closer to success than you realize. At the very least, there are important lessons to be learned from the mistakes that were made. The sooner you can recognize your mistakes, the sooner you can mitigate their effects and hopefully prevent them from happening again. Therefore, although it may be true that experience is the path that separates knowledge from wisdom, I have come to realize that the true wisdom of my experience is the wisdom of failure.

In Kigoma when you invest in agriculture, you invest in people. Our approach invests in people and creates a permanent pathway out of poverty. Helping people get out of poverty. That is what gets us up in the morning. There are many ways this could be achieved and poverty can certainly take many forms. But in a region where over 80% of people directly rely on agriculture for their income, improving agricultural production must be a priority. Kigoma is blessed with reliable rainfall and fertile soil. Palm oil trees are native to the region and prosper in western Tanzania. There are more than 30,000 oil palm farming families in the region with incomes hovering around $1 per day. With strong growth in demand for palm oil products all over the world, developing the smallholder palm oil industry in Kigoma is a clear path to prosperity. We have the opportunity to build an industry based on smallholder families, not large agricultural multinationals. An industry that integrates world-class environmental standards from the beginning, not tacked on as an afterthought or retrofitted to tick a box. We give smallholders the chance to drastically improve their income – by over 1,000% – while simultaneously learning how to protect their environment and develop sustainably. Our trees yield at this high level for 25+ years, allowing families to break the cycle of poverty they have been trapped in for generations. Widespread adoption of our high-yielding trees and trainings will shift the industry equilibrium from its current subsistence level to a virtuous cycle of re-investment and growth. Current farming returns are insufficient to meet anything more than the most basic needs – food, housing, clothing. The returns possible from our high-yielding trees allow farmers to invest in machinery, fertiliser, health, education – a better future. Our trees enable the industry to find a new, more prosperous equilibrium. Our trainings make sure this transition occurs sustainably. Read our Theory of Change to gain an in-depth understanding of our approach.

ABC Michigan – We Are LIT! Have fun helping your child learn the letters of the alphabet with this fun Michigan alphabet book. While traveling through Michigan, this book introduces young readers to the shapes and sounds of the letters of the alphabet in a fun jaunt through the mitten state. Children will build their vocabulary and learn about Michigan’s state bird, tree, flower, and landmarks. A friendly ducky guides children through the book, hiding somewhere on each page. With sturdy pages and rounded corners, this book is durable enough for lots of learning fun.

If you have a spare $1500 burning a hole in your pocket, perhaps you&apos;d like to spend it on an ultra-precise, ultra-small atomic clock, now available for purchase from Symmetricom Inc. Draper Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories. The Chip Scale Atomic Clock (CSAC), originally developed for DARPA, is 100 times smaller than its predecessors and uses 100 times less power as well. It requires only 100 milliwatts of power, measures about 1.5 inches per side and is less than half an inch deep. The clock measures the passage of time in millionths of a second by counting the frequency of electromagnetic waves. These waves are emitted by cesium atoms are stored in a tiny container, no bigger than a grain of rice, when they are shot by a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). Replacing the previously used rubidium-based atomic vapor lamp with the VCSEL is what reduced the clock&apos;s power consumption. A CSAC clock continues to function when GPS signals are blocked, making it incredibly useful deep underground or underwater. It could also prove handy when experts are blocking telephone signals from detonating explosive devices with electromagnetic interference, as the CSAC would continue to function. After 10 years of development, CSAC went on the market in January. DARPA projects rarely become commercialized, so this product page, available for anyone to peruse on the web (and purchase for their deep-sea explorations), is a pretty big deal.

I’ve noticed an increase in the number of people who call and ask, “Do I Need Individual Counseling AND Couples Counseling?” While there are times that this is needed, I’ll give the perspective that I have as a couples counselor on whether you should seek both individual counseling and couples counseling. One of the main reasons that people feel they may need individual counseling is that they think, or have been told by their partner, that they have “some issues” to work out. Sure, folks have issues. However, the majority of the time, unless we are talking about a serious mental health diagnosis or some other big stuff, it’s not a good idea to see your issues as something that you need to go off in private to work on. Why is your relationship struggling? Is it because you have these issues that you can’t handle, and your partner is an innocent bystander being caught in the crossfire of your stuff? Or are you like most couples, where you both do things that result in the other person feeling hurt, unheard, angry, etc? The fact is that relationships can be a huge contributor to things like depression and anxiety, as well as anger and bad moods. Fights and distance can make depression and anxiety worse. Looking at these things outside of the relationship is like going to the doctor for knee pain and not bringing your knee. A LOT of things can successfully be addressed in the light of improving your most important relationship. Plus, it makes it seem like you’re the reason your relationship is struggling. As a couples counselor, I know this is usually not true. And buying into blaming one person for what’s wrong in a relationship is, well, probably not helping the relationship. In the olden days, psychoanalysis was an individual pursuit. The field of relationship therapy came out of a response to seeing that our loved ones are the biggest source of both our pleasure and pain. Not including them really denies how powerful the bond with your loved ones is in helping you cope. There are things that we bring into a relationship that are bigger than the relationship itself. Things like depression, anxiety, past trauma, these are all things that can feel like a huge barrier to us being able to be really present and show up in our relationship in a way that creates closeness instead of distance or fights. Being able to explore some of how this impacts your relationship, with your partner in the room, can really help them understand what’s going on, and how they play a role (positive or not) in the interactions between you. There is some research being done that is pointing to the healing power of the relationship for things like addictions, depression, and trauma. There’s even evidence that we feel pain and fear more intensely when we don’t have the comfort of our partner (if the relationship is strong). Things that have traditionally warranted a solely individual approach can be folded in with the couples counseling in powerful ways. And working on improving the relationship has incredible benefits for your individual coping and resilience. Win-win. Many of these things do require individual counseling as well, but we prefer to suggest that you start with couples counseling before adding individual counseling. It gives the therapist a chance to assess the situation and help you decide if it’s indeed true that you need extra individual support from another therapist doing individual therapy. Your couples therapist can help you find ways in which the individual therapy and couples counseling are going to compliment each other. You can choose an individual therapist that works from a relationship point of view. Some types of therapy can accidentally undermine your couples work by giving you contradictory advice, such as to deal with your emotions by yourself instead of learning how to respond to becoming upset with your partner in the moment, with them there. We really like to set individual therapy clients up with another practitioner who also does couples therapy right here in our practice. This way, you know you will be complimenting both your individual and couples therapy by addressing things in both types of therapy in ways that make sense together. It prevents you from starting too much counseling at once. This can be counterproductive and confusing. Hopefully this has given you some glimpse into how we approach this, but this is a good question to ask any counselor that you are considering seeing. If someone absolutely says that you shouldn’t do couples therapy until all of your individual issues are resolved, you can run screaming for the hills. And if you ask a couples counselor this question, you can get a good glimpse into how they work and what their approach is. There are some instances where couples counseling is absolutely not a good idea – such as when there is physical abuse in the relationship, or when someone has active addiction that is so strong that they are not yet capable of interacting in a meaningful way in therapy. (However, both of these situations also need assessment because they aren’t black and white, so it’s still best to contact a qualified couples therapist to get assessed). Did you know that counseling for anxiety and relationship issues (as well as a host of other things) can re-wire your brain? Many people have heard of how the way that we think influences how we feel. And most of the time, the way we feel influences how we think. If we experience a worry, that can create a physical feeling of anxiety. This physical feeling and the fear that come with it cause us to do things that might not be helpful, such as worry more or avoid situations that cause us stress. Sometimes it’s the physical feeling that comes first. All of these things seem to be wrapped up together. The same is true for conflict in relationships. It’s easy to go on autopilot and have that same fight with your spouse over and over, without ever wondering if there’s something that your brain has been trained to do. You feel nervous and defensive in your body, and you know there’s going to be a disagreement. So you go ahead an strike first. All of this happens without even thinking most of the time. And the more your do and experience certain types of things, the more they are likely to happen. Your brain chemistry changes with your experiences. In science this is called brain plasticity, but what it means is very practical. It means that even adults have a tremendous capacity to change how their brains are wired, for the better. You can actually learn how to create an upward spiral for yourself that is even better than antidepressants or anxiety drugs. Sometimes these drugs can be a lifesaver, but pills alone never work at both the symptoms and their causes. When you learn how to re-wire your brain through powerful techniques learned in counseling for anxiety and relationship issues, you are not only learning how to address the causes of the problem with different behaviors, but you are actually changing your brain’s chemistry, much like an antidepressant. The details of how your brain changes are too detailed to get into here, but think of it this way: If you drive a Jeep down a muddy road, you leave tracks in the mud. The more you drive through that, the deeper the tracks get. When the mud dries and hardens, you are left with hard tracks that the wheels of your Jeep will naturally fall into the next time you go down that road. Our thoughts, feelings, actions, and brain chemistry create these tracks. These tracks represent how our brains are wired to have a certain chemical and neurological makeup. It is within your power to create new tracks, and actually have different chemistry and neurology. This means a new experience with a re-wired brain. You aren’t destined to drive down that same path with those old brain wires if you have some help in creating those new tracks. I have a really bad habit when I’m trying to stay motivated to change something about my life. It’s something that I recognize does me no good, but it creeps up on me like the dishes and the laundry. I don’t notice it at first, but then suddenly I’m knee-deep. Somehow my optimism about things has dissolved and I have a case of the screw-its. I’m talking about feeling discouraged at the amount of progress I’ve made in my endeavors. Trying to be a better parent and spouse. Trying to do the things that I know are important for my mental and physical well-being. Have you ever worked hard at something, but couldn’t stay motivated because you weren’t seeing any progress? Since I’m a human, I do things that work against my peace of mind. And, since I’m a therapist, I know I didn’t invent this little mind game. In my Lakewood counseling practice I see this all the time. Everyone has a certain length of string. This string represents how much good stuff we have that can combat a problem. Coping skills and tools to use in difficult situations. Knowledge that we need. Resources such as having enough support and encouragement. Usually we have a relatively short piece of string. We humans tend to recycle the same strategies to deal with issues over and over. We yell. We sulk. We turn to substances or other distractions. We get mad. We approach our issues the same way over and over. We add to our string every time that we work at improving ourselves, try to learn new ways to deal, etc. So you tried to be patient with your spouse and not start an argument when you would otherwise have gotten into a huge fight? String. You are trying to take better care of yourself by eating healthier? String. You tried out meditation that one time? String. We don’t add a whole lot of string at one time because we don’t magically erase all of our problems at once. We tend to add it inch by inch. If you had five feet of string, then, no, an inch wouldn’t even be noticeable. That is the lens that we are looking through – we think we have way more than we do, so small changes are too little, too late. But, adding an inch of string to 4 inches is a significant improvement. That’s something to protect and keep working at. It’s very, very easy to discount your efforts because you think that you should be better at this happiness thing. Then, it’s hard to stay motivated to keep trying. You didn’t yell at your children this morning, but by the end of the day you were barking orders from the couch again. You tried really hard not to argue with your spouse, but you still had an argument anyway. We think, “That’s nice, but it’s not enough. This isn’t fixed.” We focus on the fact that we didn’t add ten feet of string, and we cut off the bit that we do have by thinking it’s not enough. It may sound strange that overestimating how many coping skills we really have is not helpful. Isn’t self-esteem important? But, what does it do to your self-esteem to feel like no matter how hard you try, you stink and aren’t changing enough in your life? By remembering that naturally we humans only have a few ways that we know of to deal with issues, we can take a deep breath and realize that a teeny bit of string added (to our tiny bit of string) is a real change. Yelling bit less during the day, holding off before you jump into that argument, thinking about starting to eat better – inch by inch you are making real progress. Our psychological flexibility is like a butterfly. A butterfly has two wings (in this example) and a body in the middle. Each wing flutters in sync and they attach to the body, which is like the hub and hinge of it all. Without the body, the wings are useless. Without each wing, the creature falls to the ground and spins in circles. (Sad picture, but stay with me here). We all have painful and unhelpful thoughts, feelings, and habits that get in the way of just about everything. We have to be able to cope with these feelings and thoughts as they come. Many people can see clearly that this is necessary, and enter therapy searching for a way to do just this. Working with these thoughts and feelings is one wing of our butterfly. The second wing balances the other. It is the important stuff; our goals and meaningful things we do that make our lives vital. It’s going in the direction that is healthy and good for you. It’s knowing what direction that would be, and what we’d be doing more of to get there. Sometimes folks are aware that they need something like this, but may have no idea how to figure that out and create change. In the middle is our butterfly body. This anchors and powers our two wings of strength and meaning. The body is our ability to be present and have a helpful rather than a rigid story about ourselves and our struggles. Being able to notice when one of the wings is off and what needs to be done to fly well are the hinges that keep the butterfly going. That’s where you learn how to be your own therapist. Many people come to therapy craving some way to learn how to make themselves feel better. They want to see what the problem is and what to do about it. Two wings and a body, and you have a beautiful analogy of psychological flexibility. Any issue, from actual diagnosed mental illnesses to relationship struggles and stress, call for psychological flexibility. Wouldn’t you like to have a mind like a butterfly? Strength, meaning, and presence. To be able to float, change course, land quietly, and make fine tuned adjustments in your life. Flexible enough to dream of new possibilities and strong enough to deal with what gets in the way. If you are like many folks who feel more like that butterfly going in circles on the ground, I’d love to help you increase your psychological flexibility in your life and relationships. Coping with anxiety can be tough, especially if you aren’t quite sure what the anxiety is all about. Most people think that coping with anxiety is about making yourself feel more relaxed, or trying not to worry about certain things. But, anxiety can take many forms, a lot of which don’t seem like worry at all. In this article we’re going to approach coping with anxiety from a different perspective that helps you recognize it in many forms and address the root. You don’t want to feel anxious about being late, so you set your alarm for extra early. You start to feel anxious about missing your alarm, and to get rid of that feeling you check your alarm clock. That helps, a bit, but the anxiety hasn’t gone away, so you do more to try to avoid those feelings by also setting your phone. Then, you ask your partner to make sure you’re up at a certain time. You think you are avoiding being late, but your actions are really helping you feel less anxious about thing in the moment. You don’t want to get into a car accident because that scares you, so you are a very careful driver. Being careful hasn’t gotten rid of the fear that you are going to have an accident, so you up your game and stop driving on busy roads. This helps for a while, but then you figure you should stop driving on the highway. It’s the feeling that you are afraid of getting into an accident that you are trying to get rid of. You had a fight with your partner. You replay the fight in your head over and over again, and your brain tells you that you are processing it. But, really, what you are doing is called rumination. You are trying to analyze what you could have said differently, what you will say if that comes up again, what you wish your partner would have said or not said. You don’t like the way the fight went, and that causes you to worry that the relationship is in trouble. You don’t like feeling like your relationship is in trouble, and you don’t like feeling like you aren’t tackling the issue in the best way because you’re unprepared for the argument. To avoid that feeling, your brain replays this scene over and over, and it’s all in an effort to feel less anxious in the moment about the relationship. The feeling of anxiety is a natural byproduct of doing things. Of living. There isn’t a way to avoid it. Coping with anxiety literally means making room for a bit of anxiety to ride along with you while you do life. When we get caught up in the habitual way that we try to control everything around us so that we never feel anxious (or stressed, unprepared, regretful, shame, whatever), then we are actually feeding a loop where we never quite quench our thirst to be free from anxiety. Oftentimes, we avoid doing things that are important to us because of what is getting in the way. Do an experiment: Take a problem that you have, whatever it is. Now, think of what you’d like to be able to do about that in a perfect world. Now, ask yourself what stops you from doing that. If the answer is another problem, ask yourself the same questions. Eventually, you will get down to what thoughts, feelings, memories, sensations, (any private, internal experience) that you are avoiding having. In this example, the avoidance of feeling afraid that you’ll break up is the issue. It results in you not actually trying to fix anything in the relationship, which takes you further toward breaking up. If you were able to see that the fear of feeling this way blocks you, you could experience that fear and still do what’s important for the relationship to survive and thrive. (By the way, this fear is normal, and hey- there are ways to talk about that with your partner.) There are also ways to tell if the discomfort in your relationship is a symptom of being on a good path or not. And if you are avoiding relationship conflict, here’s a good article on the pitfalls of that approach. Avoiding things that require too much effort or that make you feel like a failure – like working out, hobbies, etc. Letting opportunities go to avoid fears of failure or change. Being self-destructive to avoid emotional pain (drinking to avoid feeling anger, smoking marijuana to avoid feeling bored). Notice anything interesting? The problem is not the uncomfortable internal experiences you have, it’s how you choose to approach them. Waiting to feel better in order to make your life better is like waiting for an illness to subside before you treat the illness. Coping with anxiety gets much easier if you can see that the problem is that you don’t want to feel anything uncomfortable, and you do a lot to avoid it. You tell yourself you are avoiding problems themselves, but really you just don’t want to feel the things that come along with life. Recognizing what you are avoiding helps coping with anxiety because it gives you strength to face your issues head on, rather than getting caught in a trap of avoiding negative feelings and creating more issues as a result. If you’d like to explore how therapy can help your coping with anxiety, we’d be happy to have a complimentary half hour consultation with you to explore whether seeing one of our individual therapists for depression or anxiety in Denver can help you. My favorite book on the topic of coping with anxiety is the Happiness Trap, and it goes into more detail on how experiential avoidance traps you into a negative cycle of creating more issues rather than actually conquering your anxiety or depression for good.

Physics, chemistry and engineering working together on materials at their nano scale–that’s nanotechnology. The word “nano” refers to a unit prefix of one billionth, and nanoscale is at 1-100 nanometers, used in science to define length and time. Nano particles are synthesized separately to the desired size and shape, giving them extraordinary ability and features. Nano level is molecular and atomic, where we see so much more of the behaviour of materials, thus leading to discoveries that in turn lead to developments and benefits superior to what can be achieved with conventional science. “Nanotechnology” was first coined by Professor Norio Taniguchi in 1974. Nanotechnology studies upticked after 2000, and so did funding. As a result, today nano products have found their way into our daily lives, and nanotechnology continues to amaze and is invaluable in many fields because of its powerful and cost-effective solutions. Researchers are developing drugs from nanoparticles for diseased cells. Electronic devices are getting smaller and durable with use of nanotechnology. From solar panels to batteries, nanotech structures are utilized to develop and increase energy-efficiency. Companies are developing nano-sized fertilizers for better and targeted performance. Nanocoatings ensure superior lifetime and specifications in the protective coating industry. Extra-light and durable materials are developed for use in space. Nano-sized filters give unique filtration to avoid air and water pollution. Water sources polluted for years are cleaned by nanotechnology.

Lizzie the Labrador is a lacrosse player playing in a big game today! But, in the last three minutes of the game, disaster strikes. Lizzie the Labrador falls and feels a sharp pain in her knee. At first, she thinks she’s fractured her patella. Lizzie the Labrador’s knee continues to hurt, and she is experiencing prepatellar bursitis, so her mom takes her to see an orthopaedic doctor (a doctor that specializes in bone and muscle injuries) named Dr. BearBones. At the doctor’s office, Dr. BearBones told Lizzie the Labrador the pain in her knee is called arthralgia. Before the doctor can diagnose her, Lizzie the Labrador needs to take an MRI of her knee. Dr. BearBones said Lizzie the Labrador would need a special type of surgery known as arthroscopy to repair her ACL. The doctor recommended to have the surgery in one week to prevent arthrofibrosis. After the MRI, Dr. Bear Bones informed Lizzie the Labrador that she tore her anterior cruciate ligament. Dr. BearBones said she was lucky the injury didn’t also harm her meniscus. Dr. BearBones explained the surgery, and said that Lizzie the Labrador would be put under anesthesia and wouldn’t feel pain. Then, the surgeon is going to insert an arthroscope into her knee and replace the torn ligament with an autograft instead of an allograft. The autograft comes from Lizzie the Labrador’s hamstring tendon. After the ligament is reconstructed, the incision is closed and bandaged, and the healing process begins. The surgery takes two to three hours and Lizzie wakes up feeling groggy and nauseous. On the day of Lizzie the Labrador’s surgery, she is nervous. She goes into the hospital, and the doctors come in to start her procedure. She falls asleep after the doctors put an intravenous (IV) central line in her forearm. Lizzie the Labrador’s surgery is very successful. She makes sure to take care of her incisions to prevent infection, and goes to a physiatrist for physical therapy twice a week. After about nine months, Lizzie the Labrador has made a full recovery and is back on the lacrosse field!

With the right policies and tools in place, it can be quite successful. The number of organizations that offer flexible or completely remote work options increased by 40 percent over the past five years. Companies transitioning to remote work stand to benefit greatly when it comes to hiring top talent and keeping their employees happy. However, taking away the office and sending off employees to work remotely is not an easy undertaking. It requires significant planning and preparation. Here’s what to keep in mind for a successful transition to remote work. According to Upwork, the majority of hiring managers said they have the resources to hire remote employees, but they don’t have the necessary procedures in place. Before transitioning a team to remote work, it’s important to outline expectations, share them with everyone on the team, and update them regularly. Availability -- Does the team need to be online during specific business hours or will they be able to set their own schedules? Tools -- Which tools will the team use to communicate and collaborate effectively? Data management -- Which tools will the team use to organize and share documents and information securely? Productivity -- How will the team track progress on projects and measure results? Going remote brings a whole new set of challenges to the hiring process as well. Whether a company is building a remote workforce from scratch or transitioning to hiring remote employees only, managers will need to revise any hiring strategies to reflect remote work expectations and responsibilities. For instance, it may be more important to focus on a candidate’s soft skills -- such as self-motivation and communication skills -- to ensure they’ll be an appropriate addition to the team. Have the right tools ready. Team collaboration and communication can become messy and disconnected quickly if managers aren’t careful. Therefore, it’s important to have all the tools in place to support remote workers before making the switch. When working remotely, teams will need a way to communicate with each other painlessly. Email is not always the best option, so remote teams should opt for communication tools such as Slack, HipChat or Skype to stay connected. All of these tools offer real-time messaging, video call options and the ability to organize conversations by channel, project or topic. Organization will be key for teams working remotely. It’s a good idea to set up a cloud-based project management tool so that everyone can access the files and information they need at any time. These tools also offer ways to organize projects between different departments and set deadline reminders. A few of the most popular project management tools for remote teams include Trello and Basecamp. For document and file sharing and management, Google Drive, DropBox and Box are popular options. How do remote managers know if their remote employees are really working? Nowadays, most remote teams assess their employees based on the number of tasks completed and whether or not they are meeting their goals, rather than the number of hours they clock in each day. However, it can still be challenging to keep everyone on task. If productivity begins to slip, time-tracking tools such as Toggl, Tick and Timesheets can be used to monitor projects or simply assess how long tasks are actually taking to complete to make improvements. Going remote means many team members will be tapping into WiFi networks at cafes, coworking spaces, libraries and other public spaces to do their work. Therefore, it’s important to have an information security policy in place before transitioning to remote work. Remote teams should create secure passwords with tools like LastPass and update them frequently. Sensitive information should be stored in a secure cloud storage platform like Box, and a virtual private network (VPN) like VyprVPN is recommended when connecting to public networks. A successful transition to remote work also depends heavily on well-prepared managers or team leaders. For many managers, the process can quickly become overwhelming, so it’s important to train and prepare them well. The first step is to make sure managers have the right tools (such as those mentioned above), so they can be available for their employees, answer any questions, offer feedback, and most importantly, keep projects on track. Going remote allows teams to eliminate the expenses that come with an office space, such as rent and utilities. However, it still may be necessary to have a physical place for the occasional team or client meeting. In most cities, there are temporary office spaces that teams can rent by the hour or day. These services can range from lavish meeting rooms that can impress clients to creative and comfortable spaces for in-person brainstorming or collaboration sessions. A positive company culture is fundamental for employee engagement. In fact, according to Gallup’s 2017 State of the American Workplace report, company culture was among the top five reasons why employees leave their jobs for positions with other companies. Many teams fear that by going remote, company culture will suffer. However, this couldn’t be further from the truth so long as team leaders make an effort to maintain it. With some creativity, teams can maintain a strong company culture. For example, with the money saved from eliminating an office space, teams can travel and meet each other quarterly or annually. In addition to a team retreat, there are lots of ways to maintain a company culture digitally. For instance, regular video conferencing, rewards for accomplishments (such as gift cards), and having a place for team members to chat casually (such as a Slack channel or Whatsapp group) can help bring employees together. About 35 percent of employees admitted they would leave their current job for one that offered remote work. Additionally, 90 percent of people who currently work remotely say they plan to continue doing so for the rest of their career. The demand for remote work isn’t going away, and team leaders that don’t trust their employees will find transitioning to remote work difficult. With the right planning and preparation, teams can transition to remote work successfully.

This radio programme looks at the history of the suffragette movement through the voices of the women involved. It uses audio recorded in the 1970s that has never been broadcast before. Women describe how they were beaten by police, force fed and drugged for demanding the right to vote. Suffragette historian Elizabeth Crawford is among those commenting on the archives, which are stored at London Metropolitan University’s Women’s Library.

Under the poison and therapeutic act, pharmaceutical services are specially designed to supply drugs. Pharmaceutical services have the responsibility to make rules of how drugs should be handled.Pharmaceuticals have the responsibility of making sure drugs and other related items are made available to the public. Checking whether the supply of drugs to different places observes the rules of legislation is also the responsibility of pharmaceuticals.In packing, storing and labeling of poison and therapeutic drugs, pharmaceutical services have been in the fore front. It is also the responsibility of pharmaceuticals to provide education to the public of how they should handle medical poisons and drugs. Above every other responsibility, they are supposed to facilitate the treatment of opiate dependent persons. To get the chance to treat an opiate person as a medical practitioner, you have to be approved by the pharmaceutical service. When pharmacists participate in the Buprenorphine /methadone program based in Australia, they are given incentives and payment by the pharmaceutical service. For doctors to get authorization to enable them to administer pain relieving narcotics, they have to be approved by the pharmaceutical service. To administer stimulant drugs as a practitioner, you require some experience.They are actively involved in the licensing of the drug manufacturers and the clinics a few to mention. Pharmaceutical service is entirely involved in the investigation of any malpractices in cases where such events are reported.Illegal drug supply and wrong administration of drugs are examples of case which can call for an investigation. The pharmaceutical service sits in the forefront of protection of drug brands in the sale industry. After the development of a new RFID technology, pharmaceutical service has had the capability to bring down the losses of inventories in the consumer market. The returns of the proper price seen in the therapeutic and poison drug market has taken effect after the technology was launched. In indication of expiry date, the technology has helped pharmaceutical services in delivering.

Sir William Lyons sadly passed away 8February 1985 at his home in Wappenbury Hall, Leamington Spa. Born September 4, 1901 in Blackpool After attending Arnold School, he obtained an engineering apprenticeship at Crossley Motors in Manchester, where he also studied at the technical school. He left Crossley in 1919 to work as a salesman at the Sunbeam dealers Brown and Mallalieu in Blackpool.In 1921 he met William Walmsley who was converting army-surplus motorcycles for civilian use and making sidecars. Lyons admired the sidecars and bought one. Lyons and Walmsley obtained a substantial £500 bank guarantee to go into business. So they founded the Swallow Sidecar Company in 1922, which became Jaguar Cars Limited after the Second World War.Their plans were delayed as Lyons was under the legal age, but on his 21st birthday he formed a partnership with Walmsley. It was called Swallow Sidecars and had a staff of “three men and a boy”.The company manufactured stylish sidecars, but after 1927 made increasing numbers of low cost coach-built cars, especially the Austin Seven Swallow which the Blackpool factory produced at the rate of 12 per week. Following several moves to larger premises in Blackpool, in 1928 Lyons moved the company (and his family) to Coventry. His family home was Woodside, Gibbet Hill, on the fringe of the city. Production increased to 50 cars each week. In 1931 they began selling the SS1, and in 1933 the company name was changed to SS Cars Ltd. The following year, William Walmsley left the company. The first “Jaguar” model was offered in 1935, and after WW2 and Lyons also changed the company name to Jaguar.During the War vehicle production was switched to aircraft manufacture and repair, but engineering development did continue. Some secretive military projects were undertaken but most importantly for the future of the company, Lyons and his engineering team worked on a new engine which was topower his vision of a mass produced sporting saloon car. The XK engine was completed in 1948 and launched in a (supposedly) one-off concept sports car to help draw attention to it. This succeeded far better than was envisaged and both became an overnight sensation, globally. The XK engine went on to power all Jaguars until its last appearance in 1983. The sports car, XK120, went into full production too and led to a string of attention-grabbing (and profitable) sports cars which led to international sporting success (most notably at Le Mans) and helped put the name of Jaguar Cars and Coventry on the world map. But Lyons main focus was on the saloon car which became his last and proudest achievement, the XJ6 of 1968.He was responsible for the styling of every new model introduced (although the C-type, D-type, E-type and XJ-S were designed by Malcolm Sayer). This was remarkable, as Sir William was not a trained draughtsman, and designed primarily using full scale 3-D mockups, which were continually adjusted by craftsmen working under his instructions. Undoubtedly one of his other great skills was to pick the highly accomplished team that was to remain loyal to him for so long. In 1956 Lyons was knighted for his services to British industry and for the fine export performance of the company. In 1966, faced with a strengthening global industry, he merged Jaguar with the British Motor Corporation (BMC) to form British Motor Holdings, which was later absorbed into British Leyland. Unfortunately the final years of Lyons tenure before he retired as managing director near the end of 1967, while remaining on as chairman, were a constant struggle against impossible odds to retain the identity and independence of his company, not least its engineering department. He retired completely in 1972, His health declined fairly rapidly in retirement but happily he did live long enough to witness a remergence of sorts of his company under John Egan. Sir William’s daughter Patricia also married Leeds Jaguar-distributor and rally driver Ian Appleyard, and was his co-driver in many international rallies from 1951 to 53, mostly in an XK120 registered NUB 120, including the Alpine Rally, which they won three times. In preparation for the games, organizers focused on modernizing thetelecommunications, electric power, and transportation infrastructures of the region. While originally budgeted at US$12 billion, various factors caused the budget to expand to over US$51 billion, surpassing the estimated $44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing as the most expensive Olympics in history. the lead-up to the 2014 Winter Olympics was marked by several major controversies, including allegations of corruption leading to the aforementioned cost overruns, concerns for the safety and human rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender(LGBT) athletes and supporters during the Games due to the country’s recent ban on the promotion of LGBT relationships to minors, which led to ongoing protests, and various security concerns over threats by jihadist groups tied to the insurgency in the North Caucasus. The ex-bass player and founding member of rock band Status quo Alan Lancaster was born 7 February 1949 in Peckham, London,England. As well as contributing to songwriting, he was also one of the lead vocalists on albums and live concerts taking the lead on tracks such as “Backwater”, “Bye Bye Johnny”, “High Flyer” and “Roadhouse Blues”, etc. Alan Lancaster formed the group in 1962 with his then schoolmate Francis Rossi. His final performance as a full-time member of Status Quo was at Wembley Stadium on 13 July 1985 for the opening of Live Aid. In March 2013 he collaborated with his old bandmates for a series of “Frantic Four” concerts in the UK. They all sold out except for the last date at Wembley Arena. Following “Live Aid”, Lancaster’s relationship with Francis Rossi became increasingly strained, when Francis Rossi and Rick Parfitt covertly began recording a new album under the name of “Status Quo”. Unbeknown to Lancaster – by now living inAustralia – and the group’s then recording company, Rossi had utilised the assistance of the group’s then manager, to drawdown on the group’s contracted recording advances, provided by Phonogram Limited. Lancaster was substituted with session musician John ‘Rhino’ Edwards, who had been recording on a solo project of Rick’s – “Recorded Delivery” – which was eventually scrapped. Edwards remains Quo’s bassist to this day.When Lancaster discovered what was going on, he applied for an injunction to protect his interests in the Status Quo name. When this came to the attention of Phonogram Records Limited, it applied to become a joint defendant, in order to protect its own interests in releasing recordings under the name, and for the advances provided. Lancaster continues to live in Sydney, Australia. He joined a new line up of Australian band The Party Boys in 1987 and then co produced a hit album, achieving platinum sales. Also achieving ‘gold’ and reaching the number one spot with hit single “He’s Gonna Step On You Again”. In 1988, he formed the Bombers, which signed to A & M Records in the USA. It was paid the largest advance ever paid to an Australian based band, but unfortunately after the band had completed a five-star reviewed album, A & M was sold to Phonogram; leaving the band high and dry. The Bombers’ original drummer was Lancaster’s ex-Status Quo band mate John Coghlan. Ironically, Lancaster had been complicit in Coghlan’s departure from Status Quo in 1981. The Bombers supported Cheap Trick (1988),Alice Cooper (1990) and Skid Row (1990) on their tours of Australia. When the Bombers disbanded, Lancaster continued with his then partner John Brewster (“The Angels”) with “The Lancaster Brewster Band”, in which Angry Anderson performed as a guest artist for some time. Lancaster then formed his own band: Alan Lancaster’s Bombers which released an E.P. and toured Scandinavia before disbanding in 1995. As well as writing the theme song for the film “Indecent Obsession”, he also produced an album for classical pianist Roger Woodward, which achieved platinum sales in Australia. In March 2010 Lancaster and Rossi met in Sydney leading to speculation of the original line-up reuniting.This was later denied by current bassist, Rhino, who, speaking of him with the greatest respect, explained in an interview that Lancaster was in poor health and unable to participate in any such reunion.However his health improved and it was announced that the classic “Frantic Four” line-up of Francis Rossi, Rick Parfitt, Alan Lancaster and John Coghlan would perform a series of concerts together in March 2013. The concerts sold out instantly, and it is rumoured that there will be a new album from this line-up in the coming months. He is also included in a brief cameo role as a ‘Hotel Porter’ in the Quo’s comedy caper ‘Bula Quo!’. as well as appearing in the documentary on Status Quo, titled Hello Quo. Directed by Ralph Fiennes and with a script by Abi Morgan,I would like to see, The Invisible Woman, which also stars Fiennes as Charles Dickens and looks a Dickens affair during his later years, with a young aspiring actress named Nelly Ternan (Played by Felicity Jones). The film straddles two timelines to illuminate a deliberately obscured life, opening the book at both ends on this other woman and her divided state of being. It begins on Margate beach in Nelly’s adulthood as she is on her way to rehearse a school production of Dickens and Wilkie Collins’s play The Frozen Deep, which sends her private, distractible thoughts racing back to the time when it premiered, and she was in it. Guided in this stage apprenticeship, along with two sisters, by her protective, slightly apprehensive mother (Kristin Scott Thomas), Nelly is fast installed as a favourite of Dickens, and a relationship develops, His wife Catherine (Joanna Scanlan) has become part of the furniture after bearing him 10 children, and looks too worn down to protest.Dickens’s relationship to the theatre world, rarely explored on screen, is a major asset, giving Oscar-winning costume designer Michael O’Connor (The Duchess), plenty of scope. The film plays to Fiennes’s strengths, too and is splendid on both the chunky, hurried artifice of period staging and the evanescent magic that’s still capable of bursting through. There’s dry comedy in these scenes, thanks to a reliably mischievous Tom Hollander cameo as the floppy-haired Collins, but it’s also, exactly as any portrait of the performing arts should be, a world of tactful phoniness and smiling lies, where, after an evening of fluffed lines-and intermittent heckling, nelly considers that she may not be the best actress, despite the fact that she is game and competent she isn’t very gifted, which further pressurises her fledgling affair. Should scandal erupt, what else does she have to fall back on? Scott Thomas lends a generous helping hand in support: during a hushed late-night chat between the smitten Dickens and her daughter. Long-delayed though it is, the fall-out of Charles and Nelly’s romance within Dickens’s family is finally inevitable – he divorced Catherine in 1858. A wonderful Scanlan, who gives arguably the standout performance as she laments the sadness of even a sexless marriage being progressively bulldozed by infidelity, in two, emotionally crushing scenes late on. The film is tough enough to ponder the irony of a famously compassionate novelist turning a blind eye to the upsets his own life caused – on top of its overall class, this gives it a needed edge of controversy, too. One bold, expressionistic sequence brings Fiennes’s Dickens face to face with London’s wretched homeless down an alley at night. Propositioned by a painted lady, he tries to send her home to her mother, and yet to avoid disgrace,he was capable, of abandoning Nelly bleeding and hurt when their train derails, snatching up a page from his Great Expectations manuscript, and hurrying on his way. Fiennes’s Dickens is far too carefully-drawn to be dismissed as some unfeeling monster, but you might have had grave long-term doubts about trusting any of your daughters with him. Generally considered the greatest of the Victorian novelists,Charles Dickens was born 7 February 1812 in Landport, Portsea. Shortly after the family moved to Norfolk Street, Bloomsbury then to Chatham, Kent. His early years seem to have been idyllic,spending much time outdoors and reading voraciously. His father’s brief period as a clerk in the Navy Pay Office afforded him a few years of private education at William Giles’s School, in Chatham. In 1822 the Dickens family moved from Kent to Camden Town, in London. Unfortunately his His Father John Dickens continually lived beyond his means and the Dickens family, apart from Charles, were eventually imprisoned in the Marshalsea debtor’s prison in Southwark, London in 1824.Charles himself was boarded with family friend Elizabeth Roylance in Camden Town. whom Dickens later immortalised, “with a few alterations and embellishments”, as “Mrs. Pipchin”, in Dombey and Son. Later, he also lived in the house of an insolvent-court agent who was a good-natured, kind old gentleman, with a quiet old wife”; and he had a very innocent grown-up son; these three were the inspiration for the Garland family in The Old Curiosity Shop. To pay for his board and to help his family, Dickens left school and began working ten-hour days at Warren’s Blacking Warehouse, on Hungerford Stairs, near Charing Cross railway station, pasting labels on blacking.The terrible working conditions made a deep impression on Dicken which later influenced his fiction and essays, & formed the foundation of his interest in the reform of socio-economic and labour conditions, the rigors of which he believed were unfairly borne by the poor. After only a few months in Marshalsea, John Dickens’s paternal grandmother, Elizabeth Dickens, died and bequeathed him the sum of £450. On the expectation of this legacy, Dickens was granted release from prison. Under the Insolvent Debtors Act, Dickens arranged for payment of his creditors, and he and his family left Marshalsea for the home of Mrs. Roylance.Although Charles attended the Wellington House Academy in North London, his mother did not immediately remove him from the boot-blacking factory. This incident may have been a factor in his dissatisfied attitude towards women.Righteous anger stemming from his own situation and the conditions under which working-class people lived became major themes of his works, and it was this unhappy period in his youth to which he alluded in his favourite, and most autobiographical, novel, David Copperfield.From May 1827 until November 1828 Dickens worked at the law office of Ellis and Blackmore, attorneys, of Holborn Court, Gray’s Inn, as a junior clerk. He then became a freelance reporter. reporting legal proceedings for nearly four years. This experience informed works such as Nicholas Nickleby, Dombey and Son, and especially Bleak House whose vivid portrayal of the machinations and bureaucracy of the legal system did much to enlighten the general public. In 1833 Dickens’s first story, A Dinner at Poplar Walk was published in the London periodical, Monthly Magazine. The following year he becoming a political journalist, reporting on parliamentary debate and travelling across Britain to cover election campaigns for the Morning Chronicle. His journalism, in the form of sketches in periodicals, formed his first collection of pieces Sketches by Boz, published in 1836. This led to the serialisation of his first novel, The Pickwick Papers, in March 1836. He continued to contribute to and edit journals throughout his literary career. In 1836 Dickens accepted the job of editor of Bentley’s Miscellany, At the same time, his success as a novelist continued, producing Oliver Twist (1837–39), Nicholas Nickleby, The Old Curiosity Shop and, finally, Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of ‘Eighty as part of the Master Humphrey’s Clock series. On 2 April 1836, he married Catherine Thomson Hogarth the daughter of George Hogarth, editor of the Evening Chronicle. Dickens and his family lived in London for two years. Dickens’s younger brother Frederick and Catherine’s 17-year-old sister Mary also moved in with them. Sadly Mary died in 1837 & became a character in many of his books, and her death is fictionalised as the death of Nell in The Old Curiosity Shop. In 1842, Dickens and his wife travelled to the United States and Canada, where he supported the abolition of slavery. Which was the basis of some of the episodes in Martin Chuzzlewit. Dickens includes in Notes a powerful condemnation of slavery, with “ample proof” of the “atrocities” he found. He also called upon President John Tyler at the White House to abolish it. In 1851 Dickens moved into Tavistock House where he wrote write Bleak House, Hard Times and Little Dorrit. In 1856 he moved to Gad’s Hill Place in Higham, Kent, The area was also the scene of some of the events of Shakespeare’s Henry IV, Part 1 and this literary connection pleased him. In 1857, Dickens hired professional actresses for the play The Frozen Deep, which he and his protégé Wilkie Collins had written.Dickens separated from his wife, Catherine, in 1858. whilst pondering about giving public readings for his own profit, Dickens was approached by Great Ormond Street Hospital to help it survive its first major financial crisis through a charitable appeal. Dickens, whose philanthropy was well-known, was asked to preside by his friend, the hospital’s founder Charles West. In 1858, Dickens spoke at the hospital’s first annual festival dinner at Freemasons’ Hall and later gave a public reading of A Christmas Carol at St. Martin-in-the-Fields church hall. The events raised enough money to enable the hospital to purchase the neighbouring house, No. 48 Great Ormond Street, increasing the bed capacity from 20 to 75. in the summer of 1858 Dickens undertook his first series of public readings in London, and then began an ambitious tour through the English Provinces , Scotland and Ireland, he read eighty-seven times, on some days giving both a matinée and an evening performance. Major works, A Tale of Two Cities and Great Expectations soon followed and both proved resounding successes. During this time he was also the publisher editor & major contributor to, the journals Household Words and All the Year Round. Dickens also furthered his interest in the paranormal becoming one of the early members of The Ghost Club. Arctic Exploration was also a A recurring theme in Dickens’s writing The heroic friendship between explorers John Franklin and John Richardson gave Dickens the idea for A Tale of Two Cities, The Wreck of the Golden Mary and the play The Frozen Deep. After Franklin died in unexplained circumstances on an expedition to find the Northwest Passage, Dickens wrote a piece defending him in Household Words. IN 1865, Dickens was involved in the Staplehurst rail crash. The first seven carriages of the train plunged off a cast iron bridge under repair. The only first-class carriage to remain on the track was the one in which Dickens was travelling. Dickens tried to help the wounded and the dying before rescuers arrived. Dickens later used this experience as material for his short ghost story The Signal-Man in which the central character has a premonition of his own death in a rail crash AND IS based around several previous rail accidents, such as the Clayton Tunnel rail crash of 1861. Dickens never really recovered from the trauma of the Staplehurst crash, and his normally prolific writing shrank to completing Our Mutual Friend and starting the unfinished The Mystery of Edwin Drood. Much of his time was taken up with public readings from his best-loved novels. Dickens was fascinated by the theatre as an escape from the world. In 1867 Dickens sailed from Liverpool for his second American reading tour and met such notables as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and his American publisher James Thomas Fields. He maintained a hectic schedule giving readings in both Boston and New York, which took it’s toll on his health. His final appearance was at a banquet the American Press held in his honour at Delmonico’s on 18 April and boarded his ship to return to Britain shortly after. Between 1868 and 1869, Dickens gave a series of “farewell readings” in England, Scotland, and Ireland, until he collapsed on 22 April 1869, at Preston in Lancashire showing symptoms of a mild stroke. further provincial readings were cancelled, he began work on his final novel, The Mystery of Edwin Drood. In an opium den in Shadwell, he witnessed an elderly pusher known as “Opium Sal”,who subsequently featured in his mystery novel. Dickens arranged, for a final series of twelve performances between January and March 1870. Although in grave health by this time, he read A Christmas Carol and The Trial from Pickwick. On 2 May, he made his last public appearance at a Royal Academy Banquet in the presence of the Prince and Princess of Wales, paying a special tribute to his friend, illustrator Daniel Maclise. On 8 June 1870, Dickens suffered another stroke at his home, after a full day’s work on Edwin Drood. The next day, on 9 June, and five years to the day after the Staplehurst rail crash 9 June 1865, he died at Gad’s Hill Place, never having regained consciousness. Contrary to his wish to be buried at Rochester Cathedral “in an inexpensive, unostentatious, and strictly private manner,” he was laid to rest in the Poets’ Corner of Westminster Abbey. A printed epitaph circulated at the time of the funeral reads: “To the Memory of Charles Dickens (England’s most popular author) who died at his residence, Higham, near Rochester, Kent, 9 June 1870, aged 58 years. He was a sympathiser with the poor, the suffering, and the oppressed; and by his death, one of England’s greatest writers is lost to the world. five days after Dickens’s interment in the Abbey, Dean Arthur Penrhyn Stanley delivered a memorial eulegy, lauding “the genial and loving humorist whom we now mourn”, for showing by his own example “that even in dealing with the darkest scenes and the most degraded characters, genius could still be clean, and mirth could be innocent.” Dickens’s will stipulated that no memorial be erected to honour him. The only life-size bronze statue of Dickens, cast in 1891 by Francis Edwin Elwell, is located in Clark Park in the Spruce Hill neighbourhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States. The couch on which he died is preserved at the Dickens Birthplace Museum in Portsmouth. During his lifetime Dickens became well known and his novels proved immensely popular. His first Full novel, The Pickwick Papers (1837), brought him immediate fame, and this success continued throughout his career. Among his best known novels are Martin Chuzzlewit, Bleak House. Many of his works were adapted for the stage during his own lifetime including The Pickwick Papers. his works have never gone out of print either and At least 180 motion pictures and TV adaptations based on Dickens’s works including A Christmas Carol which is his best-known story, with new adaptations almost every year and is also the most-filmed of Dickens’s stories. This simple morality tale with both pathos and its theme of redemption, sums up (for many) the true meaning of Christmas. A prominent phrase from the tale, ‘Merry Christmas’, was popularised following the appearance of the story. The term Scrooge became a synonym for miser, with ‘Bah! Humbug!’ dismissive of the festive spirit.Novelist William Makepeace Thackeray called the book “a national benefit, and to every man and woman who reads it a personal kindness”. The book significantly redefined the “spirit” and importance of Christmas, and initiated a rebirth of seasonal merriment after Puritan authorities in 17th century England and America suppressed pagan rituals associated with the holiday, the current state of the observance of Christmas is largely the result of a mid-Victorian revival of the holiday spearheaded by A Christmas Carol. Dickens sought to construct Christmas as a family-centred festival of generosity, in contrast to the community-based and church-centred observations which had dwindled during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. A Tale of Two Cities is also among Dickens most famous and best selling novels, which highlighted the life of the forgotten poor and disadvantaged within society. Dickens also campaigned on specific issues—such as sanitation and the horrific conditions of the workhouse but his fiction probably demonstrated its greatest prowess in changing public opinion in regard to class inequalities and condemned the public officials and institutions that allowed such abuses to exist, His most strident indictment of this condition is in Hard Time. His writings inspired others, in particular journalists and political figures, to address such problems of class oppression and the exceptional popularity of his novels, even those with socially oppositional themes (Bleak House, ; Little Dorrit, ; Our Mutual Friend, and highlighted the plight of the industrial working class and his compelling storylines together with unforgettable characters helped ensure that the Victorian public confronted issues of social injustice that had commonly been ignored. Dickens also clearly influenced later Victorian novelists such as Thomas Hardy and George Gissing; their works display a greater willingness to confront and challenge the Victorian institution of religion. They also portray characters caught up by social forces (primarily via lower-class conditions), but usually steered them to tragic ends beyond their control. Many Novelists continue to be influenced by his books. Matthew Pearl’s novel The Last Dickens is a thriller about how Charles Dickens would have ended The Mystery of Edwin Drood. In the UK survey entitled The Big Read carried out by the BBC in 2003, five of Dickens’s books were named in the Top 100. David Bryan, the keyboard player with rock band Bon Jovi was born 7th February 1962 Originally from Sayreville, New Jersey, Bon Jovi Formed in 1983 and consist of lead singer and namesake Jon Bon Jovi (John Francis Bongiovi, Jr.), guitarist Richie Sambora, keyboardist David Bryan and drummer Tico Torres. The band’s lineup has remained mostly static during their history, the only exception being the departure of bass player Alec John Such in 1994, who was unofficially replaced by Hugh McDonald. The band achieved widespread recognition with their third album, Slippery When Wet, released in 1986. Their fourth album New Jersey, which was released in 1988, became just as successful as its predecessor. Bon Jovi went onto achieve thirteen U.S. Top 40 hits between 1986-1995, including four number-ones including You Give love a Bad Name“”, “Livin on a Prayer“, “Bad Medicine“, and “I’ll Be There for You”. Other hits include Keep the Faith ”Wanted Dead or Alive” ”Bed of Roses” Have a Nice Day and “Always”. Their 2000 single “, It’s My Life“, successfully introduced the band to a younger audience. Bon Jovi has been known to use different styles in their music, which has included country for their 2007 album Lost Highway which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. Their latest album, The Circle was released in 2009, reaching number one as well. Throughout their career, the band have released eleven studio albums, three compilation albums and one live album, and have sold 130 million records worldwide. They have performed more than 2,700 concerts in over 50 countries for more than 35 million fans. Bon Jovi was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2006. The band was also honored with the Award of Merit at the American Music Awards in 2004, and as songwriters and collaborators, Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora inducted into Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2009. Mark St. John, the former musician with rock band Kiss was born 7th February 1956. Kiss were Formed in New York City in January 1973 and rose to prominence in the mid to late 1970s on the basis of the members’ white and black face paint and flamboyant stage outfits and elaborate live performances, which featured fire breathing, blood spitting, smoking guitars, shooting rockets, The 1973–’80 original lineup of Paul Stanley (vocals and rhythm guitar), Gene Simmons (vocals and bass guitar), Ace Frehley (lead guitar) and Peter Criss (drums) is the most successful. With their makeup and costumes, they took on the personas of comic book-style characters: Starchild (Stanley), The Demon (Simmons), Spaceman or Space Ace (Frehley) and Catman (Criss) and the performances included levitating drum kits and pyrotechnics. However Buoyed by a wave of Kiss nostalgia in the 1990s, the band announced a reunion of the original lineup in 1996. The resulting Kiss Alive/Worldwide/Reunion Tour was the top-grossing act of 1996 and 1997. Criss and Frehley have since left Kiss again, but the band continues with Eric Singer and Tommy Thayer. Sadly though St.John passed away in 2007, leaving Stanley and Simmons as the only two constant members remaining. Kiss have also been named in many “Top” lists. They include Number 10 on VH1′s ’100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock’,9th on ‘The Greatest Metal Bands’ list by MTV, number one on Hit Paraders’s “Top 100 Live Bands”, 56th on VH1′s “100 Greatest Artists Of All Time”, and 26th on Gibson’s “50 Greatest American Rock Bands” and Counting the 1978 solo albums, Kiss has been awarded 28 gold albums to date, and have sold more than 40 million albums in the United States, of which 20 million have been certified by the RIAA and their worldwide sales exceeds 100 million albums.

The situational judgment test (SJT) is a commonly used psychometric test that measures candidates’ suitability based on their responses to work-related scenarios. Situational judgment tests are tailored to each function (such as sales, customer service and IT) and job level (e.g. professional, manager or team leader). A typical situational judgment test would have around 16 to 20 short work-related scenarios. Each work scenario would have 4 to 8 possible responses or actions. You are asked to rate each response or action based on its effectiveness on a scale from strongly undesirable to strongly desirable. What do employers seek to learn from your situational judgment test score? effectively respond to work-related situations.

Over 10,000 Schwarzer instruments, with the majority being zithers, were made in Washington, Missouri by Austrian immigrant Franz Schwarzer, beginning in l866. Schwarzer’s zithers competed favorably with those of European makers and were sold all over the world. In this article, George Bocklage, Washington Historical Society secretary, details the life of this innovator, musician and businessman and the exhibit which endeavors to preserve his life and legacy. Franz Schwarzer was born in the town of Olmutz, Austria in 1828. The son of a building contractor, he also learned the building trades. Franz Schwarzer attended the Polytechnic Institute of Vienna, where he studied architecture and wood working. After college, he studied zither under the highly regarded composer, Ludwig Ritter Von Ditrich. In the spring of l866 Schwarzer and his wife, Josephine, came to America. Before their marriage, Josephine had a short career as a stage actress. Sadly, they had lost an infant son before they immigrated. They probably had come to America in search of economic success in the face of a prolonged economic slump in the Austrian handicraft system. In New York, they bought property in Missouri from a land agent which was not the idyllic estate they had expected. The dwelling there was a two room log cabin with a dirt floor. Many of their neighbors were German peasant farmers who were thriving in the New World. The Schwarzers, however, found pioneer life on the land too difficult and soon moved, in l867, to nearby Washington, a prospering town on the Missouri River where Franz found a ready market for his hand-crafted furniture. In Washington they lived in modest circumstances while Franz occasionally fabricated a zither for one of his friends. Before the Civil War Washington had become a bi-lingual, bi-cultural town, as were most of the counties in the lower Missouri valley, following heavy German migration which had begun in the l830s. Franz became active in the Washington “Turn Verein” and the “Liederkranz” and was elected the first Fire Chief of the town. His reputation as a zither maker spread and in a few years he was able to work full time making various models of the concert zither, importing stylish components like German silver frets, mother-of-pearl inlay, ivory and rare woods from abroad. In l873, Schwarzer entered three of his zithers in the Vienna Exposition and was awarded the “Gold Medal of Progress”, the highest award of the fair, for his entry. That distinction, and his skillful use of the publicity, increased his business and allowed him to enlarge his operation, ultimately to 25 workmen. He was also able to experiment with other instruments, especially mandolins and guitars. A plain zither sold for about $19. Larger zithers with more strings and decorated with fine inlay could fetch from $600 to $1000. Eventually the Schwarzers owned the entire city block on which their brick residence and factory buildings were located. The landscaped grounds were the scene of many festive gatherings with their friends and customers. Prospective buyers were encouraged to come to the factory and personally choose the inlay designs which they preferred. Banana trees, monkeys and a pet alligator were attractions which, along with their native Austrian “Gemutlichkeit”, made visiting with the Schwarzers a special event. Schwarzer died in 1904. His widow carried on the business for eight years and at her death a nephew, Herman Grohe, took charge. Interest in the German zither had declined in the early 20th century and the business had suffered accordingly. The First World War also had its negative effect on German culture in America. Grohe died of tuberculosis in 1924 and after that, one veteran workman, Albert Hesse, continued to sell off inventory, make repairs and fabricate special zither strings for clients around the world. Hesse was one of the last zither players in Washington. He lived long enough to experience the exciting zither music of Anton Karas which was featured in the film "The Third Man”. The Washington Historical Society maintains an exhibit of a dozen Schwarzer zithers and other instruments from his factory at its museum at Fourth and Market Sts. in Washington, Missouri. The Schwarzer zither exhibit originated in the mid-1960s. After the old factory was demolished in the 50s, Thomas M. Davis and Franz Beinke collaborated with the Missouri State Museum to gather locally owned zithers and other artifacts for a zither exhibit at the state capitol in Jefferson City. About the same time, the state historical society published their scholarly account of the development and demise of Schwarzer’s enterprise (“Franz Schwarzer – Missouri Zither Maker,” Missouri Historical Review, Vol. LX, October 19, l965, Number 1, Page 1). When it opened in 1984 the Washington museum had a small zither exhibit. The museum moved to larger quarters in 1995 and Schwarzer zithers and family memorabilia donated to the society now comprise the exhibit.

Each JWST instrument observes an area on the sky bounded by the coordinates given in the telescope's (V2, V3) coordinate system. Figure 1 shows NIRSpec, NIRCam, MIRI, NIRISS, and FGS fields of view in the JWST focal plane. Table 1 provides the vertices of each region in the observatory's coordinate system (V2, V3). This is a small excerpt of data from the JWST Science Instrument Aperture File (SIAF). SIAF is a reference file used in operations that contains the official information on all apertures (e.g., NIRCam Apertures) and internal instrument coordinates. Each JWST instrument observes an area on the sky shown here in (V2, V3) coordinates. Colors indicate observing modes: imaging, coronagraphy, grism spectroscopy, slit spectroscopy, NIRISS AMI, NIRSpec MSA, NIRSpec IFU, MIRI MRS (IFUs), and guidance with FGS. (V2_Ref, V3_Ref) is the reference position in (V2, V3) coordinates (arcsec); some of these entries are used to define telescope pointings. V3_IdlYAngle is the rotation (in degrees, counterclockwise) of the aperture's ideal Coordinate System Y-axis relative to V3. (V2_1, V2_2, V2_3, V2_4), (V3_1, V3_2, V3_3, V3_4) are the vertices in the (V2, V3) coordinates (arcsec) of the quadrilateral defined by each aperture. For a few of the instruments, larger bounding box apertures are excluded from the plot above but included in the table below (marked with *). The coordinates given below are approximate and subject to frequent minor revisions. More significant revisions are expected after launch based on flight data. Scroll right and down to view the full table.

196.25 kilograms to pounds. What is 196 and a quarter kg in lbs? How many pounds are in 196.25 kilograms? Convert 196 and a 1/4 kilogram to lbs. Use this calculator to find out how much is 196 and a quarter kg in lbs. To calculate, take the number of kilograms and multiply by 2.20462262185, or just 2.2. How much does 196.25 kilograms weigh in pounds? How heavy? How light?

Should the purchase of an investment property be accounted for as a business combination or as an asset purchase? Our ‘IFRS Viewpoint’ series provides insights from our global IFRS team on applying IFRSs in challenging situations. Each edition will focus on an area where the Standards have proved difficult to apply or lack guidance. When should a purchase of investment property (or properties) be accounted for as a business combination, and when as a simple asset purchase? This is an important issue because the IFRS accounting requirements for a business combination are very different from asset purchases. Distinguishing business combinations and asset purchases can also be challenging for many other types of transaction and judgement is often required. This is particularly the case when investing in assets that generate cash flows on a standalone basis such as retail outlets and hotels. We focus here on investment property but the underlying arguments apply more broadly. The purchase of investment property (or properties) is a business combination if the acquired set of assets and activities meets IFRS 3’s definition of a business (IFRS 3 Appendix A and supporting guidance). That guidance explains that a business consists of ‘inputs’ and ‘processes’ applied to those inputs that together have the ability to create ‘outputs’ (IFRS 3.B7). Determining whether a purchase of investment property is a business combination therefore requires a careful evaluation of the transaction and of what has been acquired (the ‘acquired set’). This often requires judgement. When purchasing an investment property the ‘input’ part of the definition is always met because the property itself is an input. If the property has in-place tenants and leases, the ‘outputs’ part is also met because rental is an output. Even with no in-place leases at the purchase date, a property that is substantially complete and available for letting may have the ability to earn rentals and therefore be capable of creating outputs. In these situations, deciding whether the acquired set is a business depends on whether any ‘processes’ are transferred and, if so, their nature and significance. When an investment property has tenants, various services must also be provided, some of which may be specified in the leases. These and other services (or contracts for services outsourced to third parties) may be transferred to the buyer on purchase, in which case they are part of the acquired set. In our view, however, many basic services commonly associated with investment property are administrative functions that do not meet the definition of processes (IFRS 3.B7). Examples include: rent collection, basic tenant administration, basic maintenance, security and cleaning. By contrast services that go beyond administrative matters are likely to be ‘processes’. Processes typically involve specific knowledge or skills and can be significant to the decision to purchase the property(ies) and/or its value. The presence of processes in the acquired set is indicative of a business. However, the presence of a relatively unimportant process may not be enough – for example if other, more important processes are excluded. the purchase of a property or properties with tenants and more sophisticated services/activities should generally be accounted for as a business combination (in accordance with IFRS 3). However, we also acknowledge that some commentators interpret IFRS 3’s definition of a business in such a way that each of these scenarios could be a business combination. This is explained further in the full report available to the right hand side of this page.

“What the world needs now is love, sweet love” (song by Burt Bacharach). In the English language we use one word for “love.” We say, “I love my cat, I love my house, I love my car, I love my wife, I love God,” many different kinds of love with just the one word. The Greek language is so rich it has four words for love. We will examine these four words briefly. The ancient Greek language took three forms. There was the classical Greek such as was used by Plato and the intellectuals of the day. Classical Greek ruled until 300 BC, after which it was displaced by Hellenistic Greek (this dominated culture as a result of the conquest of the world by Alexander The Great). Then there was Koin&#275; Greek such as was used by the common people. The New Testament was written in Koin&#275; Greek. I. The Greeks, signifying depth and shades, had at least four words for love. A. Philia, from which we get the word philosophy (the love of wisdom). It is the classical Greek word which expresses intimate love relationships—intimate relationships of the body, mind and soul. Philia may even express kissing or caressing. B. There is the word storg&#275;, referring to the love for family. C. Er&#333;s is the classical Greek word referring to sexual love. D. Then there is agap&#275;. Agap&#275; is the Koin&#275; New Testament word for God-created love. Hardly does the word exist in secular or classical Greek. It is born through revelation. III. The rich word for love in the Old Testament is hesed. Christians, let God’s agap&#275; love guide your life by the Holy Spirit. Reach out in true fellowship (agap&#275;) to your neighbors. Lost person, accept God’s unmerited love and allow that love to invade your life! Love is patient; love is kind. Love bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all thing. Love never fails. When I was a young impressionable child, I remember going to a cousin’s 10 year wedding anniversary celebration and thinking, “Wow, 10 years. That’s a long time.” Since then I have had the honor of attending my parents’ 25th celebration, my parents’-in-law 40th celebration, numerous 50th celebrations for aunts and uncles, and even two 60th wedding anniversaries-both of which are now headed to 65 years of marriage. Now, I’ve been married ten years, and the mystery is ironing itself out. an astounding 139 years of marriage. In case you’re not good at math, that’s a total of 212 years of continuous marriage in our family. Now, there’s a solid foundation for the grandkids to build on. Wouldn’t you agree? person enough to behave so that they don’t abuse the trust of their spouse. think about it, the truer those words become for me. around, the couples I have watched, the couples who have taught me how to be in a relationship and how to make not just a marriage work but how to make a relationship work. These are not people hanging on for the children’s sake. They are people who truly love each other as much or more now than they did when they got married. because in truth this is the kind of relationship that I know. more than 60 years. Every day of that 60 years they had a choice, and every day they chose to cleave together, to trust God, and to find a way to make it work. That’s a choice every single person now in a marriage has-if they have the courage to choose that option.

Writer and journalist Noni Jabavu was a pioneer in many fields. She was the first black South African woman to publish autobiographies. In a remarkable career, she studied music, was a prolific writer, had a stint as a radio personality for the BBC and worked as a film technician and semi-skilled engineer and oxyacetylene welder, working on bomber engine parts during the Second World War. Helen Nontando Jabavu was born on 20 August 1919 into a family of literary figures, and highly regarded intellectuals. Her grandfather John Tengo Jabavu (1859 –1921) first carved his name as editor of South Africa’s first newspaper to be written in Xhosa Isigidimi samaXhosa as far back as 1876. Her father Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu (1885 -1959), a politician turned journalist, founded and became the editor of the first Black-owned newspaper in 1884, Imvo Zabantsundu (Black Opinion). And so the apple did not fall far from the tree. She would popularly be known as Noni Jabavu in later years of her life. She was born in Middledrift, Eastern Cape to Thandiswa Florence Makiwane, a hard working woman and founder of Zenzele Woman’s Self-Improvement Association and her activist and author father Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu. When she was 13, she was sent to England to receive an education at The Mount School in York under the guardianship of Margaret and Arthur Bevington Gillett, a London banker and co-partner at Gillet and Co. She also received valuable guidance and support from politician Mohan Kumaramangalam who was born in London but was a member of the Communist Party of India, and his sister Parvati Krishnan. Jabavu lived there for many years while carving a career for herself as a multi-media practitioner. She would later become known as a writer, author, journalist and editor. In later years she would go on to study at London’s Royal Academy of Music, but just before the Second World War she had become disinterested in the academy and concentrated mostly on left-wing student politics, that would shape her world outlook as a writer. She would progressively give up studies, at the outbreak of the war as a film technician and trained to become a semi-skilled engineer and oxyacetylene welder, working on bomber engine parts. After the war she remained in London, becoming a feature writer and television personality, working for the BBC as a presenter and producer. Noni met and married English film director Michael Cabury Crosfield in 1951. That would drastically cut her periodical pilgrimages to South Africa as at that time he could not accompany her because of the apartheid Immorality Act which did not allow mixed racial marriages. She would move to Mozambique, Uganda and Zimbabwe. In 1955 Jabavu returned to South Africa for a three-month stay. Her first book was born at the time, entitled Drawn in Colour: African Contrasts, it was only published in 1960 – a memoir from that trip. In 1961 she and her husband moved to Jamaica, where he worked as films adviser to the government there, and during that time she worked as the first African woman to ever become editor of a British literary magazine starting in 1961 – The New Strand, a revived version of The Strand Magazine, which had closed in 1950. Returning to London in 1963 prompted her to author her second book, The Ochre People: Scenes from a South African Life, yet another memoir, of which she said: “It is a personal account of an individual African’s experiences and impressions of the differences between East and South Africans in their contact with Westernisation.” It too received acclaim, hailed by critics as “brilliant” and “fascinating”. During time spent in South Africa in 1976–77, researching a book about her father, Jabavu published a weekly column in the Eastern London newspaper Daily Dispatch under the editorship of the famed Donald Woods. She was also awarded a lifetime achievement award by former Arts and Culture Minister Mr Pallo Jordan, as well as a best literature award in the Eastern Cape by the then sports, art and culture minister Nosimo Balindlela when the ANC took the helm of governing the country. Noni Jabavu died in June 2008 at the age of 88 and was buried in East London.

I noticed that in the program RFEM the transverse elongation numbers of glued laminated timber are incorrectly stored in isotropic linear elastic calculation. Values in the range 7 to 9 are stored there without manual change. The transverse strain number does not matter for a rod calculation in the program, since this only has an influence for surfaces and solids. In the case of an isotropic material model, the transverse strain index is fixedly coupled to the shear modulus and the modulus of elasticity. If the transverse strain index becomes too large and leaves the boundaries, it is no longer an isotropic material behavior. To avoid this problem, it is advisable to create an orthotropic material for surfaces and solids. For bars, an isotropic material model must still be selected. The hint message can be ignored in this case.

This site is designed for teachers and students with interests in exploring and learning about folklife and community-based educational activities. Teachers and students with interests in exploring and learning about folklife and community-based educational activities will find a wide range of publications, links to online resources, and other materials to suit their project needs here. Here you will find a wide range of materials to suit your project needs. You will find publications, links to online resources, and other documents. You will also gain access to a vast array of primary source materials and collections housed in the American Folklife Center and other Library divisions. These materials come from across the United States and around the world. They include audio recordings, moving images, photographs, transcriptions of songs, and other historical and current documents. Along with these resources, you will find practical examples of community-based education projects undertaken by our partner organizations in other parts of the country, information on internships, professional development opportunities, and training programs offered by the Center and the Library. Please contact us if you need more specific information than is provided through this site.

"Blest is the eye, Twixt Severn and Wye" The Forest of Dean is one of the most fascinating regions of Britain nestling between the wye valley, and the severn river. The 20 million trees that cover the Royal Forest of Dean include oak, beech, ash, birch and holly trees. People who live in and around the Forest are known as Foresters. The areas name is derived from one of the primeval forests of England.In 1939 the woodland area became the first park in England to be designated as a national forest.One of the remaining Royal Forests in England. Camping in the Forest of Dean. Other campsites are available in the Forest and surrounding areas, contact Tourist Information for details. The second largest crown forest in the UK behind the New Forest, the Forest of Dean is well worth a visit. With so much history packed into one area you will be left wondering why you haven’t visited before. The ancient Forest of Dean is an enchanting place to walk, cycle or swim, with some of the country’s most dramatic landscapes and a scattering of picturesque towns and villages. The Forest of Dean is England’s oldest oak forest, located in Gloucestershire. This former royal hunting ground consists of more than 40 miles of unspoilt woodland. A number of attractive towns and villages, such as Newent, Coleford and Soudley, are excellent bases from which to explore the area. One of the Forest of Dean’s most popular places to visit is Symond’s Yat, perched on the edge of the River Wye. The village’s shops, pubs and cafes are a pleasure to explore, but its main attraction is Symond’s Yat Rock, a 500ft limestone outcrop from which you can enjoy spectacular views of the Wye valley. The rock is also home to one of the UK’s most impressive birds, the peregrine falcon, which can occasionally be seen nesting here during the summer months. Also well worth a visit are the famous Clearwell Caves, this spectacular network of caves is more than 4,500 years old and is open for visitors to explore. The Forest of Dean is full of enchanting landscapes and one of the most intriguing is undoubtedly Puzzlewood , a 14-acre expanse of ancient woodland which is said to have inspired Tolkien’s Middle Earth,and where numerous films and TV shows, including Doctor Who and Star Wars have been filmed. Its meandering pathways and dramatic rock formations are unforgettable. In the towns and villages in the Forest of Dean, you’ll discover some great places to eat and drink, from cosy tearooms to ancient country pubs. There are few better places to enjoy a pint of local ale than The Saracen’s Head Inn in Symonds Yat, a delightful old pub which serves locally sourced dishes, such as smoked salmon from the Wye Valley, and has a nice outside seating area with views across the river. The Forest of Dean’s market towns, Cinderford, Coleford, Lydney, are all pleasant places to visit. Coleford is one of the oldest towns in the region, with a thriving market and good selection of independent shops to explore, while Lydney sits on the banks of the River Severn and has a remarkable maritine heritage.

The Tanjong Rhu area once had four roads of interesting names – Twakow Place, Tongkang Place, Sampan Place and Mangchoon Place. They were named after the local cargo boats that plied the rivers of Singapore for decades. The boats, also known as bumboats, lighters or flat-bottomed barges, were mainly used for transportation of traded goods. Operated largely by the local Chinese and Indians, the designs of the twakows and tongkangs were typically in bright colours with the striking painting of an “eye” at the front of the boats. They also came with rubber tyres installed around their wooden bodies acting as protective fenders. The sampans, on the other hand, were simple skiff-like wooden boats used by Malay fishermen or for short-distance transportation of passengers. Named after a Chinese boat, Mangchoon Place, was well-known for its small-boat building industry between the mid-sixties and mid-eighties. The boat building businesses originated from Beach Road, where they owned by several generations of skillful tradesmen from Kinmen (or Quemoy), Taiwan. The industry continued to flourish after their relocation to Mangchoon Place in the sixties – at its peak, there were more than 20 boat builders at Mangchoon Place. By the late eighties, however, there was only a handful left. The four parallel roads of Twakow Place, Tongkang Place, Sampan Place and Mangchoon Place were bounded by the main Kampong Kayu Road and Kampong Arang Road, whose names mean wood and charcoal in Malay. The wood here refers to firewood, which, like charcoal, was widely used by Singapore households for cooking before the seventies. These two items were the main shipments from Malaysia and Indonesia. Charcoal, in particular, was delivered from the main supply centre at Selatpandjang of East Sumatra. There was also a short Jalan Batu – batu means stone in Malay – that lies between Kampong Kayu and Kampong Arang Roads. Before the fifties, most of the charcoal and firewood imports went through the jetties at Beach Road. After the reclamation of Beach Road, the goods were delivered straight to Sungei Geylang, where the twakows and tongkangs berthed along the river banks for the unloading. During its heydays, there were more than 20 charcoal importers at Tanjong Rhu, where they imported hundreds of tons of charcoal each month. The charcoal were then sold in bulk to wholesalers who in turn supplied to a large retail network in Singapore. The booming charcoal business in the vicinity led to Tanjong Rhu nicknamed “dan zhui ho” (charcoal river) by the local Hokkiens and Teochews, due to the polluted Sungei Geylang blackened by the charcoal ashes. Custom-made in Singapore, the tongkangs was 300-strong in the fifties, actively plying between Singapore and the neighbouring countries. In the sixties, the number dropped to 200, affected by the Konfrontasi (1963-1966) and halt in the trade with Indonesia. Although some tongkangs were diverted for Thailand trades, many others fell into disrepair and were abandoned. The import trade of charcoal and firewood continued to decline and never recovered to its previous levels, even after the end of Konfrontasi hostilities. This was largely due to the steady urbanisation and public housing development of the country, resulting in more households switched to electricity and gas for their cooking. By the mid-seventies, the number of tongkangs at the Singapore rivers numbered less than 60. In the seventies, a team of tongkang crew members would be paid $250 to $300 each for a round trip to Indonesia. A longer voyage to Thailand would cost more; about $300 to $400 per crew member. The shore labourers were paid much lesser, about 60 cents per katis of charcoal they unloaded. The work was tedious and physically demanding, as each unloading work started at 6 in the morning, and lasted until 5pm. During the unloading, the labourers had to use changkuls to heap the charcoal into wicker baskets. The loaded baskets were then carried ashore by other labourers via a wooden plank. The charcoal were distributed into gunny sacks and loaded onto the lorries. It was a collective team effort, and the hard-earned money was shared among each group of labourers. On average, each of them earned about $11 a day. Besides than charcoal, firewood and piling logs importers, Tanjong Rhu also had other factories and godowns of different trades. One of which was Kim Teck Leong, a factory that supplied cables, ropes and marine hardware. At Tongkang Place, a Ng Guan Seng manufacturing house specialised in wooden and cardboard boxes. Until the late seventies, the manufacture and repair of sampans and other lighter vessels remained a niche industry along the Geylang River. Several specialised workshops, together with their neighbouring paint and lubricant suppliers, held on to their businesses until the vicinity was eventually redeveloped in the mid-eighties due to the urban renewal projects. Tanjong Rhu’s network of boat- and fuel-named roads reflected the unique blend of cultures and languages in Singapore. The names of Sampan (舢板), Tongkang (舯舡), Twakow (大䑩) and Mangchoon (万春) originated from the Chinese language and dialects, while arang and kayu were Malay words. Sampan, derived from the Chinese’s “three wooden boards”, first appeared as an English word in the 17th century. It then made its way, together with tongkang, into the Malay language, referring to boat and barge respectively. At the vicinity also existed a boys’ school named Tanjong Rhu School, which was founded in 1950 and stood between Kampong Arang Road and Tanjong Rhu Road. The same year also saw Tanjong Rhu Girls’ School established at Meyer Road. In the sixties, Tanjong Rhu Girls’ School moved in to share the premises with Tanjong Rhu (Boys’) School. In 1984, both Tanjong Rhu Boys’ and Tanjong Rhu Girls’ Schools were merged to form Tanjong Rhu Primary School. The primary school ceased its operations in 1989, and had its former site taken over by Dunman High School in 1995. The small Tanjong Rhu housing estate, along Mountbatten Road, was developed in the sixties by the Housing and Development Board (HDB). By 1969, the new blocks of emergency flats were ready for residents to move in. In the mid-eighties, several blocks (Blk 10 to 14) in the housing estate were converted from one-room emergency units to three- or four-room flats in a major HDB upgrading project. Twakow Place, Tongkang Place and Mangchoon Place were eventually expunged in the early nineties, leaving Sampan Place as the sole survivor today to tell the story of Tanjong Rhu’s forgotten charcoal and firewood trade.

Question: What is a reverse shoulder replacement? Answer: A reverse shoulder replacement involves the insertion of a special joint implant that substitutes for a diseased or torn rotator cuff and relieves the discomfort of shoulder arthritis. It was originally popularized by Dr. Paul Grammont, a French surgeon who designed the first successful reverse shoulder replacement in the 1980s. This revolutionized shoulder replacements in the elderly, who often have a diseased rotator cuff and suffer from limited range of motion and pain. Prior to 2004, these devices were implanted by select surgeons in the U.S., pending FDA approval. While at Duke University Medical Center, I helped implant reverse shoulder replacements as part of an investigational process. Due to the overwhelming success of these procedures, they have become common and are safely performed by shoulder specialists every day. A reverse shoulder places a metal ball on the patient’s bone socket and a plastic cup in place of the native humeral head, essentially reversing the patient’s shoulder normal anatomy. This changes the biomechanics of the shoulder, allowing their deltoid (large muscle on the outside of the arm) to function in place of the rotator cuff. This procedure is very predictable at improving range of motion and eliminating pain. It is a technological breakthrough as far as shoulder surgery goes.

The Purl stitch will also be in any knitting instructions. Start with the knitting needle with the cast on stitches in your left hand. Your knitting yarn will be hanging in front. Push point of right knitting needle into the front of the first stitch from right to left. Wrap the knitting yarn around the tip of the right knitting needle, crossing over the two needles and hanging once again in front. Slide the right knitting needle down and back taking the new loop of knitting yarn from front to back, through the old stitch. Slip the old stitch off the left knitting needle. If you have followed the knitting instructions you now have a stitch in purl on the right knitting needle and the yarn is hanging, once again, in the front. Repeat this process until all stitches are on the right knitting needle. Now count the stitches to make sure you haven't dropped any and turn the work around putting the knitting needle with the stitches on in your left hand to start the next row. I hope you could follow my basic knitting instructions. I have a lot more information about knitting on my Knitting Instructions blog so please join me there to learn more.

Objective: Social inclusion is a right as well as a goal for community-based services and supports. Yet, there is a lack of consensus as to what constitutes social inclusion, which means that there is no real way to determine and measure services effectiveness. This paper identified current key components, definitions, and conceptual approaches to social inclusion, and determined gaps in the scope and clarity of existing conceptualizations. Method: We conducted a synthesis review on the social inclusion of persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities. We extracted data relevant to the definition of social inclusion, its key principles and elements, as well as its main challenges. We adopted a narrative approach to synthesize the findings. Results: The main challenges in understanding social inclusion are: social inclusion is at risk of being an ideology and may lead to ineffective and potentially harmful strategies; social inclusion is still mainly defined as the acceptance and achievement of the dominant societal values and lifestyle, which may lead to moralistic judgements; social inclusion is often narrowly defined and measured as productivity and independent living, which is inappropriate for people with more severe disabilities; and social inclusion is often limited to the measure of one’s participation in community-based activities. Conclusion and Implications: Shifting our understanding of social inclusion is essential. It means: adopting a proactive perspective that moves beyond theoretical discourse and leads to the identification of tools to improve social inclusion; abandoning the moralistic perspective that tends to impose the view of the dominant group and leaning toward an approach respectful of individuals’ expectations, choices and needs; defining social inclusion from a developmental perspective where one’s social inclusion improves with increased opportunities to interact with others and participate in activities; and including sense of belonging and well-being in our definition and measure of social inclusion.

This article looks at an important issue facing new Canadians – the recognition of their foreign credentials. I have always said that whether you were born here, flew here or sailed here, Canada opens her arms to those who work hard and play by the rules. It is vitally important for our newcomers to integrate – but integration is a two way street. The ones who are here before must open their hearts to welcome newcomers as full partners in our society by addressing the issues like foreign qualifications recognition and tearing down barriers to success. And at the same time it also the newcomers’ obligation to strive to be a part of society – whether it comes to wholeheartedly accepting Canadian values or getting involved in community work. Canada is a large, diverse nation with regions that possess a variety of ethnic and cultural identities. The presence of this peaceful mosaic is one of the cornerstones that makes Canada unique. This article looks at the particular challenge of representing diverse cultural communities.

Greed and Fear - How do the daily signals add up? First it should be noted that performance is measured in index points, not in Euro's or USD. In the end, the financial result depends on the trading instrument being used (ETF, futures, options etc). Measuring index points also makes it easier to compare performance with the benchmark (S&P 500 index) because both are unleveraged and thus carry the same risk (or volatility) which makes a comparison fair. Performance is measured per calendar year. At the beginning of every year the result is of course still zero. Both the S&P 500 and the performance of the indicator start at the same level (which is the closing price of the S&P 500 on December 31st of the previous year). It will be the job of the indicator to reach higher levels during the year than the S&P 500, in which case the indicator has outperformed its benchmark. If it falls below, then obviously this is an underperformance. Signal is Greed and the market goes up x points (long in up move): the amount of x points is added to the result. Signal is Fear and the market goes down x points (short in down move): the amount of x points is added to the result. Signal is Greed and the market goes down x points (long in down move): the amount of x points is subtracted from the result. Signal is Fear and the market goes up x points (short in up move): the amount of x points is subtracted from the result. Signal is Neutral/Unknown (no position): the result will stay the same, no matter what the market does. In scenario 1 and 2, the signal made a correct market call, adding x points to the result. In scenario 3 and 4, the call was wrong causing a loss in performance. What this also shows is that, by definition, a strong bull market (many trading days where the market goes up) is almost impossible to outperform. If the indicator does a really good job, we will mostly see scenario 1, but when it occasionally goes wrong in scenario 4, the indicator may start to lag the strong bull move. Obviously, the strongest outperformance will be achieved in scenario 2. Date - Date of the specific trading day. S&P 500 - The close of the S&P 500 index on the given date. This value is shown in the chart. S&P 500 daily change - The gain or loss made by the S&P 500 index on the given date. S&P 500 daily cumulative - This value on the given date is the sum of all previous daily changes, or put differently: the total change since the start. G&F indicator - The anticipated market sentiment on the given date. F=Fear, G=Greed, ?=unknown/neutral. G&F daily result - The G&F result on the given date, which equals 'absolute value of S&P 500 daily change' if the indicator was right. It equals 'negative absolute value of S&P 500 daily change' when the indicator was wrong and zero in all other cases. G&F daily result cumulative - This value on the given date is the sum of all previous G&F daily results, or put differently: the total result since the start. G&F cumulative - This value on the given date is the daily cumulative result added to the initial value on the start (which is the value of the S&P 500 index at the start). In other words, it shows the performance compared to the S&P 500 index. This value is shown in the chart.

Slow steaming is no longer a new concept to shipping. The practice of deliberately slowing down the speed of a ship is in fact a common operating feature of today’s shipping market as a way to lower costs by reducing fuel consumption. And with shipping lines trying to stay profitable in the present weak freight market, slow steaming has proven a good way to trim operating expenditures so as to boost the bottomline. But as the shipping market is cyclical, people are starting to question whether slow steaming, which makes economic sense in a bearish market, is here to stay for good, or will ships return to normal speed or even sail faster when the boom years eventually come. Slow steaming started around 2007 to 2008, the period when the market started to experience an oversupply of shipping tonnage, declining freight rates, and increasing bunker prices. This operation has grown in popularity ever since, as shipping lines cited a variety of benefits that slow steaming could offer. While one of the most cited reasons of slow steaming is to reduce air emissions and bring about a more environmentally-friendly operation, more underlying causes are to absorb excess tonnage and to cut down on fuel consumption and bunker bills. Indeed, slow steaming offers cost savings and reduced emissions and it seems that even most shippers have more or less accepted the practice. There are already talks in the market that slow steaming would be a normal way of ship operation for the future. Soren Retz Johansson, port captain at Denmark’s Norden Shipping with businesses in the dry cargo and tanker segments, made it clear: “We are doing everything we can to slow steam.” In the container segment, Johansson highlighted that the new generation, mega-sized 18,000 teu containerships are designed specifically to slow steam, pointing to a long term resolve by lines to employ this modus operandi. There are others who disagree and consider it as merely a temporary fix for shipping companies during a time when their bottomlines are hit. As a matter of fact, slow steaming is quite a complex issue, affected by more factors and its impacts are also broader than most people generally realise, according to Ma Shuo, a professor of maritime economics and policy at World Maritime University (WMU) in Sweden. “Shipping lines purposely reduce the speed of ships for a variety of reasons, but particularly due to economics,” said Ma, who is also Vice President (International) of WMU since 2001. He was speaking at a public lecture held at Singapore’s Nanyang Technological University on Tuesday. Based on a recent market survey of over 200 liner and tramp companies, 75% apply slow steaming to various extents, according to Ma. A ship is slow steaming when it runs at 21 knots, down from a full speed of 24 knots. The ship will be in extra slow steaming mode at 18 knots and super slow steaming at 15 knots. “I consider slow steaming to be affected by an interplay of six forces or factors. But basically the most important and dominating factor is freight rate,” Ma told the audience at the lecture. “This means that when freight rates are high, speed has to be high.” Apart from freight rate, the other five factors are bunker cost, ship cost, cargo cost, interest rate and environmental cost. Ma’s research mentioned that each key player in the shipping trade has their own objectives for the ships to hit an optimal speed in order to gain the highest economic benefit, or highest gross profit per day per vessel. The objective of optimal speed for carriers is “maximisation of surplus”, while the objective for shippers is “minimisation of cost” and for the society is “maximisation of social surplus”, especially in a competitive market. “Ships had been sailing fast before the current downturn, therefore the optimal speed changes with the changing market conditions. The key is knowing that there are six factors that will influence the optimal speed,” Ma explained. To calculate the optimal speed, Ma applied the six factors into a feasible model of a 8,000-teu containership sailing between Shanghai and Rotterdam with a distance of 12,000 miles and 100% load factor. The bunker price is assumed at $650 per metric tonne (pmt), plus a ship cost of $100m, containers worth $20m, operating cost (crew, insurance, maintenance) per day of $8,500, value of cargo at $60,000 per teu, annual interest rate at 3%, emission cost of $30 per tonne of fuel consumed, and a freight rate of $800 per teu. The calculations showed that with freight at a lower $600 per teu, the optimal speed would be 17 knots, rising to 19 knots for freight of $800 per teu, 24 knots for $1,200 per teu and 27 knots for $1,400 per teu, meaning that the optimal speed becomes higher in a firmer freight market. “During the previous shipping boom, had anyone heard of slow steaming? Shipping companies would be foolish to slow steam back then when freight rates are high and it made sense to sail at the fastest speed in order to achieve higher turnarounds for each vessel,” Ma said. The cost of bunkers is considered the second most important factor affecting the speed of the ships. Slower vessel speed equates to lower fuel consumption and this applies to all ship types and sizes, according to Ma. With bunker prices at expensive levels today, slow steaming will only make more sense. Ma’s research showed that the optimal speed for a vessel would be 25 knots if bunker prices are at $400 pmt, 21 knots for $600 pmt, 18 knots for $800 pmt and 16 knots for $1,000 pmt. “In the near term bunker costs are unlikely to weaken. Moreover, new ships introduced into the market are mostly made to slow steam, hence slow steaming will continue at least in the short to medium term,” Ma noted. “In the end, the optimal speed will be determined by the six factors. As to the question of when will be the end of slow steaming, no one knows,” he said.

Nonprofit organization that provides independent living services to people who experience a disability. National nonprofit organization promoting higher function and fitness for children and adults with disabilities. Event calendars and educational opportunities for parents, educators, and community organizations that provide assistance to families of children with special needs in specific geographic regions of Alaska. Home of AK Connect, Alaska’s statewide disability newsletter. Advocates for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Nonprofit organization specializing in assessments, assistive technology, and technology training services. Streaming cable station whose mission is to help parents, caregivers, people on the spectrum, and other members of the autism community to find what works for them. Listen to Chris Neary's interview with Autism Channel hosts from "On the Media," January 25, 2013. Grassroots organization dedicated to improving the lives of all affected by autism. Organization dedicated to funding research into the causes, prevention, treatments and a cure for autism; increasing awareness of autism spectrum disorders; and advocating for the needs of individuals with autism and their families. Founded by Bob and Suzanne Wright, grandparents of a child with autism. Documentary directed by James Redford, with personal accounts of the dyslexic experience from children, experts, and iconic leaders. Information and products for the community of Parent Training Information (PTI) Centers and the Community Parent Resource Centers (CPRCs) serving families of children with disabilities. Challenge Alaska strives to improve the lives of people with disabilities and the whole community through adaptive sports, therapeutic recreation, and education. Webpage from Center for Parent Information and Resources. Independent nonprofit law firm providing legal advocacy for people with disabilities anywhere in Alaska. Source for developmental disability news, with daily coverage of autism, intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, and more. National nonprofit organization established in 1967 by disabled Vietnam veterans to serve the war injured. DS/USA now offers nationwide sports rehabilitation programs to anyone with a permanent disability. Mission is to ensure children have the chance to achieve their full potential for healthy and productive lives. Established by Catholic Social Services to provide services for both children and adults with developmental disabilities, as well as offer a support system for their families. Alaska-based agency that provides support to people with disabilities and their families. Consumer-friendly information about the effects of genetic variation on human health. Community support for families and individuals throughout Alaska who experience disabilities. Skills and support girls need to live well with a disability or chronic illness. Teen-health page from Australian organization Women's and Children's Health Network. Essay by Anne Ruggles Gere and Cynthia Margaret Gere, Michigan Quarterly Review, vol. XXXVII, no. 3, Summer 1998. Resource page from National Library of Medicine. Goal is for all students with learning disabilities to graduate from high school with a standard diploma—prepared for college and the workplace. Feature issue of Impact, newsletter of the Institute on Community Integration, University of Minnesota. SESA provides assistance to Alaskan school districts and early intervention programs serving students with low-incidence disabilities. Anchorage School District disability information and resource center for students, educators, and parents. Mission is to sustain the health and wellbeing of Alaskan children with special needs and their families. Listen to a podcast about Stone Soup Group from KSKA's Line One: Your Health Connection, June 17, 2011. Website designed for healthcare professionals but with helpful information for families. Goal is to help parents whose children, ages 3-20, are struggling with learning and attention issues. Nonprofit organization whose mission is to provide the opportunity for everyone with autism spectrum disorders to achieve their fullest potential. Web community designed for individuals (and parents/professionals of those) with autism, Asperger's ayndrome, ADHD, PDDs, and other neurological differences. Report by Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence (GAGE), July 2018. Resource list from National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health at Georgetown University. Teaching resources form the Arc. Information from Center for Parent Information and Resources.

Globally insufficient physical activity has been identified to be the fourth leading risk factor for mortality, causing an estimated 3.2 million deaths worldwide . In high income countries (HICs) especially, high or increasing gross national product is often linked to low or decreasing physical activity levels Physical inactivity is a key risk factor for non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes . Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure . WHO recommends adults to do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity throughout the week . Compared to those who meet those criteria, people who are insufficiently physically active have a 20% to 30% increased risk of all-cause mortality . Speaking of HICs refers to the World Bank Country Groups. For the current 2017 fiscal year, high-income economies are those with a Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of $12,476 and more. Upper middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita between $ 4,036 and $ 12,475, middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita between $ 1,026 and $ 4,035 and low-income economies are defined as those with a GNI of $ 1,025 or less in 2015. . The Global Health Observatory is called the “WHO’s gateway to health-related statistics” . Its aim is to provide easy access to country data and statistics as well as WHO analyses to monitor global, regional and country situation plus trends. Global health priorities such as the health-related Millennium Development Goals are covered. . Worldwide in 2010, 23% of adults aged 18 years and older were insufficiently active (men 20% and women 27%). The highest prevalence of insufficient physical activity had the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (31%) and the Region of the Americas (32%). On the contrary, the prevalence was lowest in the South-East Asia (15%) and African (21%) regions. Across all regions, men were more active than women, with differences in prevalence between men and women of 10% and greater in the Region of the Americas and the Eastern Mediterranean Region. According to the level of income, the prevalence of insufficient physical activity rose so high income countries had more than double the prevalence compared to low-income countries for both men and women. In high-income countries, 41% of men and 48% of women were insufficiently physically active as compared to 18% of men and 21% of women in low-income countries. Among low-and middle-income countries, raised Human Development Index values were linked with decreased levels of physical inactivity The increased automatism of work and life in higher-income countries creates fewer opportunities for sufficient physical activity, whereas in low-and middle-income countries there is more work and transport related physical activity necessary for both men and women. For children and adolescents it is recommended to do at least 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous intensity physical activity daily. Nevertheless, globally 81% of school going adolescents aged 11-17 years did not reach these WHO recommendations in 2010. School going adolescent girls were more passive than boys, with 84% of girls versus 78% of boys not meeting WHO goals. By far the lowest prevalence of insufficient physical activity (74%) showed adolescents from the WHO South-East Asia Region. Opposite in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, the African Region and the Western Pacific Region (88%, 85% and 85%, respectively) levels of insufficient physical activity were highest. In all WHO regions adolescent girls were less active than adolescent boys. Across income groups, there was no clear pattern of insufficient physical activity among school-going adolescents. Thus the prevalence of insufficient physical activity was highest in upper-middle-income and lowest in lower-middle-income countries. Strong evidence shows physical inactivity increasing the risk of several major non-communicable diseases. It is estimated that worldwide physical inactivity causes 6% of the burden of disease from coronary heart disease, 7% of type 2 diabetes, 10% of breast cancer and 10% of colon cancer respectively. In total, inactivity would cause 9% of premature mortality globally. . Insufficient physical activity is partly due to sedentary behaviour on the job and at home as well as inaction during leisure time. Similarly, an increase in the use of "passive" modes of transportation also contributes to the drop in physical activity.. Regarding environmental factors, urbanisation and the following factors can discourage people from becoming more active . To increase physical activity levels globally population-based, multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary, and culturally relevant policies need to be implemented. The WHO Member States have agreed on a voluntary global target for a reduction of 10% in physical inactivity by 2025. . It is one of nine targets in the global action plan to reduce non-communicable diseases and improve mental health.. With the programme “Good, Better, Best” Copenhagen is working to further improve its world leading cycling system as the City aimed to reach the goal to become the world’s best bicycle city before the end of 2015 . The bicycle is the most used form of transport with an average share of 36% for trips to work or educational institutions. Yearly health benefits of cycling in Copenhagen are 228 000 000€. Due to the fact that the citizens of the region are such diligent cyclists, the City of Copenhagen estimates that it has one million fewer sick days. Particularly among Arabic adults living in Middle Eastern countries low levels of physical activity were found (WHO, 2014). For instance, in Qatar the prevalence of physical activity among adult men is 63% while it is only 43% among women. When developing strategies to promote healthy lifestyle individual resources and barriers have to be considered for a successful programme implementation . Factors that impede physical activity in Arabian countries occur at different levels: not only on the individual level (e.g. health status, lack of time) but also on the cultural/social/policy level (e.g. especially for women and their traditional roles, lack of social support or use of housemaids) and the environmental level (e.g. lack of exercise facilities, hot temperatures). Factors that promote physical activity were: muslim religion, wish to have well-trained bodies, and having a good social network. Since 2012, the second Tuesday of February of each year, a national Sports Day takes place, when every citizen of Qatar is encouraged to participate in sporting activities with family and colleagues. It aims to promote sports and to educate how to increase physical activity to reduce health risks.Hundreds of activities and sport day events are organized by many government ministries and private sector companies such as Qatar Olympic Committee. Countless free sporting sessions and competitions are available for all, which is why the day is also viewed as an opportunity to bring communities closer together. As a reminder of Qatar’s ancient sporting heritage and culture, National Sport Day also focuses traditional Al Shawahef rowing championships. By declaring this national holiday living an active lifestyle has been clearly communicated and supported by the Qatarian government .

"A guide to air quality and your health" Local air quality affects how we live and breathe. Like the weather, it can change from day to day or even hour to hour. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and others are working to make information about outdoor air quality as available to the public as information about the weather. A key tool in this effort is the Air Quality Index or AQI. USEPA and the WVDEP-Division of Air Quality use this standardized system to provide the public with timely and easy-to-understand information on local air quality and whether air pollution levels pose a health concern. Please note: Data in the table is collected from WVDAQ air monitoring sites. This information has not been verified by the WVDAQ and may change. While this is the most current data, it is not official until it has been certified by the appropriate technical staff. **** = data not available. WV Ozone season = March 1 to October 31. The AQI is reported on this website by the West Virginia DEP - Division of Air Quality. The table above lists the AQI for West Virginia cities where daily monitoring data is recorded. The current AQI rating, the critical pollutant, and the current peak concentration for the pollutant as based on the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are listed. The reported AQI is the calculated value for the past 24 hours in that area and, dependent upon each monitoring site, measures concentrations of five criteria pollutants: carbon monoxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide, PM2.5 and PM10. USEPA uses the AQI for five major pollutants regulated by the Clean Air Act – ground-level ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. For each of these pollutants, USEPA has established a scale based on the NAAQS to protect against harmful health effects. effects. The general public is not likely to be affected. population is more likely to be affected. "GOOD" The AQI value for your community is between 0 and 50. Air quality is considered satisfactory and air pollution poses little or no risk. No cautionary actions are needed. "MODERATE" The AQI for your community is between 51 and 100. Air quality is acceptable, however, unusually sensitive people should consider limiting prolonged outdoor exertion. "UNHEALTHY FOR SENSITIVE GROUPS" Certain groups of people are particularly sensitive to the harmful effects of certain air pollutants. This means they are likely to be affected at lower levels than the general public. For example, children and adults who are active outdoors and people with respiratory disease are at greater risk from exposure to ozone, while people with heart disease are at greater risk from carbon monoxide. Some people may be sensitive to more than one pollutant. When AQI values are between 101 and 150, members of sensitive groups may experience health effects. The general public is not likely to be affected when the AQI is in this range. "UNHEALTHY" AQI values are between 151 and 200. Everyone may begin to experience health effects. Active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should avoid prolonged outdoor exertion; everyone else, especially children, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion. "VERY UNHEALTHY" AQI values between 201 and 300 trigger a health alert, meaning everyone may experience more serious health effects. Active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should avoid all outdoor exertion; everyone else, especially children, should limit outdoor exertion. "HAZARDOUS" AQI values over 300 trigger health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected. Everyone should avoid all outdoor exertion. Air quality standards – known as National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) – were established for acceptable concentrations of specific pollutants in the ambient (outdoor) air. These standards were set by the USEPA for pollutants which have adverse effects on human health and welfare. Two standards were established for each pollutant. Primary standards were set according to criteria designed to protect public health, including an adequate margin of safety to protect sensitive populations such as children and the elderly. The second standards were set according to criteria designed to protect public welfare (decreased visibility, damage to crops, vegetation, buildings, etc.). Five principal pollutants currently have NAAQS: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ground-level ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). These are commonly called the "criteria pollutants." Health effects of air pollution vary greatly, depending on the exposure level, duration and pollutant. The air quality standard is expressed as an average concentration over a specific time period (an hour, a day, or a year, for example) to account for the fact that the concentration of a pollutant in air varies over time. The concentration is expressed in parts per million (ppm) or micrograms of pollutant per cubic meter of air (µg/m3). The standard also specifies whether the limit applies to an annual average concentration, a particular percentile or a number of times the level can be exceeded during the calendar year. These standards are described in the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 58, Appendix G.

List of Spanish suffixes and prefixes Learning suffixes and prefixes is key to form new words in any language. That is especially true when learning Spanish, since there are several suffixes and prefixes that we use quite a lot.... A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word. Adding it to the beginning of one word changes it into another word. Here is Most Common Prefixes, Meaning and Examples; Adding it to the beginning of one word changes it into another word. What are prefixes, suffixes, and affixes? First off, an affix is any word such as a prefix or suffix that attaches to another word. By definition: ” One or more sounds or letters occurring as a bound form attached to the beginning or end of a word, base, or phrase or inserted within a word or base and serving to produce a derivative word or an inflectional form ”. Learn list of frequently used prefixes in English with their meaning and examples. Learn list of common suffixes in English. List of Commonly Used Greek Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes Greek is one of the languages that has influenced English. Getting familiar with the common roots and affixes will be a big plus for your vocabulary, aiding you to guess unknown words! Prefixes and Suffixes are letters or groups of letters which are added to either the beginning of a word (prefix) or the end of a word (suffix) to change its meaning and/or function. Many prefixes and suffixes have Latin roots. An understanding of the various meanings of prefixes and suffixes can help us determine the meaning of new words that we encounter.

A pre-colonial astrological observatory in the Brazilian rainforest was built to be aligned to the sunrise on the December solstice - which fell on 22 December in 2015. The so-called Amazonian Stonehenge, in Brazil's northern-most state Amapa, is believed to have been constructed over 1,000 years ago. But the site was only discovered in 2006, and plans are now are afoot to make it a national archaeological heritage park.

A new interactive tool allows Victorian and New South Wales residents to compare crime rates in their neighbourhood to those of other areas in the state. The Crime Dashboard, which was launched yesterday, uses crime data from the past decade to enable interested parties to discover the safety of their suburb. The tool reveals such factors as crimes on the rise, most common crimes and areas with the highest and lowest crime rates. Users can access the dashboard free of charge to find out about particular crimes in their area. It includes detailed information about more than 100 types of crime happening (or not) in every suburb. Users can find out if burglaries are on the rise, or whether their car is safe parked in the street. Potential home buyers can see which suburbs or towns are safe for their children or their property. It will tell you where burglaries occur most, where sexual assault is rife, where drunk and disorderly types roam the streets and where home invasions or homicide are most likely to occur. To find out more about this tool, as well as interesting state crime statistics, Victorians can head to The Age website, and New South Wales residents can visit The Sydney Morning Herald website. So, how safe is your suburb? Would you like to see this tool in your state?

The world of museum education is as varied as the imagination. From school field trips to online blogs, from 2-year-olds to senior citizens, and from formal programs to volunteering, it is all part of the educational delivery system of a museum. In Education in Museums, survey the education programs offered at your site. Determine what exhibits and collections need better representation through education. Develop a long term plan of education program development for your site that you can use to improve services to your community.

What Does Rolling Stock Mean? What does Rolling Stock mean? Read on to discover the definition & meaning of the term Rolling Stock - to help you better understand the language used in insurance policies. All the vehicles, whether self-propelled or not, that operate on a railroad line. The term includes both locomotives and cars designed to carry persons or freight tank cars, boxcars, flatcars, passenger cars. Physical damage coverage on rolling stock is a standard feature of railroad protective liability insurance. We hope the you have a better understanding of the meaning of Rolling Stock.

The use of a Captcha — which stands for Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart — is a very common element in web forms used across several industries. It's used to hopefully to restrict form submissions to human beings and not machines, as its name suggests; this is intended to keep spam bots and malware at bay. Unfortunately research has proven that this may not be as effective as we think. Computer scientists seem to have developed ways to reliably render the original use of Captcha useless. Captchas come in various forms. Firstly the most common is to use the image based Captcha which displays a combination of proper words or gibberish, using alphanumeric characters. These characters can be distorted and rendered using one or more fonts then placed on a background with added noise so as to make it more difficult for automated bots to read the text off the image. The second type of Captcha is audio based which is supposedly ideal for those human beings that may have issues reading the mangled text of the Captcha image. The third type of Captcha is the text-based Captcha. This Captcha requires the human user to solve an equation and provide an answer. Traditionally it was assumed that using Captchas was a foolproof method for keeping out spam bots and other malware from having a field day on web based forms. This assumption may have been the Achilles heel in the adoption of this technology. At the time, the idea of using a Captcha to secure web forms came into play — the technology to beat it was not yet there. Probably the only problem was the usability of the Captcha; was the human user actually able to read the mangled contents of the Captcha? If not then it beat the purpose of the web form. Over the years, as the potentially destructive technology and the algorithms driving them improved, they found a need to make the Captcha text more complex for machines to read, but fairly easy for humans to read. The problem with this is that there are always limits to how far you can mangle the image context without making it impossible for humans to read. Unfortunately Captchas do a great job of keeping out a large number of humans out as well as spambots. With more and more services such as online banking being made available online, security had to take a paramount place in requirements and design planning. In this current era, Captchas are still widely being used to protect web forms, but their levels of security make the situation appear less than favorable. With advanced technologies in various research centers in selected universities across the world, that are being used to break these Captcha methods, there is a clear defense that the current crop of Captchas are not as secure as we would hope. With several passes, the technology in the form of software applications is able to effectively determine which characters are used in images based on the shapes after analyzing the images. Of the several Captcha codes tested, it was only the Google Captcha and reCaptcha (also owned by Google) that held up against all the scrutiny. Mny recorded a 100 percent vulnerability rate. In the midst of this gloomy situation there is a silver lining. A relatively new entrant into the Captcha technology business is NuCaptcha. NuCaptcha has employed a different technique which makes it easier for humans to read, while at the same time making it more complicated for machines to read. NuCaptcha uses an animation showing a moving image-based background with moving text over it. Apparently this motion makes it easier for humans to recognize the patterns, but makes it a nightmare for machines. In addition to this, NuCaptcha can also detect bot-like activity; such as forms being filled out at unusual speeds. With this in mind, the text in Captcha images can have less characters (down to even three characters), and still be very effective. The future of effective and secure Captchas depends on the continuous innovation behind the creation of the image codes. Even though reCaptcha and NuCaptcha have somewhat proven to hold-up against attacks, it is just a matter of time until the world is widely exposed to better pattern recognizing technology. Until some other technology comes along that renders Captcha obsolete, then constant usability tests and improvements are the key to the continued success of Captcha Security models. Is it Safe to Continue Using Captcha? Depending on which Captcha you use, for now we can say that you are relatively safe; some of the technology used to break Captcha is not in the public domain after all. Despite the flaws in the current Captcha codes, they are still effective at keeping almost all the bots at bay. So it is safe to say that the use of Captcha is still intact for now and it is still currently better to use Captcha that to expose a form without it.

The purpose of this study is to distinguish between two different reasons that poverty could persist on an individual level. This study takes advantage of the similarity within pairs of identical twins to separate family‐specific heterogeneity from true state dependence, where the experience of poverty leads to a higher risk of future poverty. The results, based on a four‐variate probit model, show the importance of true state dependence in poverty. When using a poverty measure based on disposable income, family‐specific heterogeneity explains between 21 and 25 percent of poverty persistence in the Swedish sample of twins.

The 1973 military coup in Chile deposed the democratically elected Salvador Allende and installed a dictatorship that terrorized the country for almost twenty years. Subsequent efforts to come to terms with the national trauma have resulted in an outpouring of fiction, art, film, and drama. In this ethnography, Macarena Gómez-Barris examines cultural sites and representations in postdictatorship Chile—what she calls “memory symbolics”—to uncover the impact of state-sponsored violence. She surveys the concentration camp turned memorial park, Villa Grimaldi, documentary films, the torture paintings of Guillermo Núñez, and art by Chilean exiles, arguing that two contradictory forces are at work: a desire to forget the experiences and the victims, and a powerful need to remember and memorialize them. By linking culture, nation, and identity, Gómez-Barris shows how those most affected by the legacies of the dictatorship continue to live with the presence of violence in their bodies, in their daily lives, and in the identities they pass down to younger generations.

When Byzantine Emperor appealed to him, Pope Urban V sent out a call to the crowned heads of Europe. A Crusade against Turks was assembled with King Asmodeus of Savoy as leader who came with a fleet and an army. When routed by the Turks, the Balkan powers joined together and under the command of the King of Serbia attacked Turkish positions. A battle was fought in 1371, in which the Serbs and their allies were defeated and Murad annexed Macedonia. Murad now sent raiding parties even to Albania and Greece and became so powerful in the Balkans that John Palaeologus, the Byzantine Emperor at last became a vassal of the Turkish Sultan. The Bulgarian Czar, Shishan II, even though he had allied himself with Murad by giving his sister in marriage, was forced by the remaining Balkan states, the Serbians and Bosnians, to make one more effort to stop the advance of the Turks. He raised a large army and the Christians allies won a battle at Vedin but were made to retreat soon afterwards. Now came another alliance and all the Balkan states under the command of King Lazar of Serbia made a combined attack. A great battle was fought at Kossovo on 20 June, 1389. The Turks broke the ranks of allies and inflicted a crushing defeat on them. Prince Bayazid succeeded Murad and following up the victory of Kossovo, he compelled the King of the Serbs to ask for peace. He entered Wallachia, now Rumania, and made its Prince to pay him tribute. The whole of Bulgaria now came within the growing Turkish Empire.

A chart that uses bubble-like symbols often used to depict data flow diagrams. Furthermore, in order to make an easy relative comparison of the number of posts and comments published by each member of the group simultaneously, we selected a bubble chart sorting the users according to the number of comments in the yy' axis (height of the bubble center) and using diameter for the bubble proportional to the number of posts. This bubble chart represents contributions made by Steve Hotze and his political action committee, Conservative Republicans of Texas. Other options include bar chart, histogram, bubble chart, scatterplot, pie chart, matrix chart, tree maps, standard maps, and tools for tracking changes over time. To see the parts of a whole, select a pie chart or treemap, comparative or conventional; to compare a set of values, select bar or bubble chart or block histogram; to see relationships among data points, there's a matrix chart, network diagram, or scatter-plot; there are world and country maps; and to track differences over time, there are line and stack graphs and a stack graph for categories. At one point, to illustrate the complex process of thought, he drewan imaginary bubble chart in the air in what would have become a gimmick for lesser talents. The Future Outlook provides a visual representation of the resulting vendor analysis in a single bubble chart. In addition to the Pipeliners trademark, highly graphical, linear Pipeline View, its 3D Bubble Chart View, and the recently added Compact View, the newly added List View allows users to display their pipeline opportunities in a grid format. This interactive bubble chart visualizes those spending categories by candidate, political party and election type in the second half of 2010. A bubble chart allows a multiple dimensional view on a two-axis plane by varying the size and shape of individual bubbles. 31, 2010, into an interactive bubble chart so readers can explore the aggregated spending totals by category, candidate or political party. TriGeo is the first SIEM provider to deliver an array of interactive data visualization tools including a word cloud, tree map, bubble chart, histogram and more. Bubble Chart - The volume of phrases or words in select documents, and their relation to each other, are displayed in a group of circles of various sizes and proximity.

Struggling to break down critical thinking skills to help your speech and language students succeed? Are you trying to find a better way to work on higher level thinking skills with your speech students? Are you trying to bring in more academic vocabulary and skills into your therapy rooms? Are you struggling to see carryover? Are your students not seeing the relevance of what you are working on in speech? By working on critical thinking skills, you WILL be targeting what they are working on in the classrooms. You WILL help them see they can be successful. You WILL see motivation and you WILL see carryover. What can qualify as critical thinking skills? Anything that involving thinking deeper about the material. It doesn’t necessarily have to be about a reading comprehension passage. You can start with pictures! You can work on inferencing, predicting, cause/effect, compare/contrast, and drawing conclusions. But if teachers are working on it, why should we? We can work on the LANGUAGE of higher level thinking. The vocabulary of the questions/responses, the language of thinking about your thinking, and even the sentence structure of how to respond. Our students need to understand syntax to understand if the question is asking about the past, present, or future. If our students don’t understand multiple meaning words, they can be totally tripped up when one is used in these types of activities. Starting to see the relevance? Our students benefit from a multi sensory approach. They need to see, feel, and touch the information. They need repetition. The more they are exposed and in a variety of ways, the more they will understand and use independently. I like to break it down so they can see the various ways questions can be asked and various ways answers can be given. They can’t be so scripted that they only are familiar with one type of question/answer vocabulary.

How do you protect your 2013+ turbocharged gas engine from “super-knock”, or Low Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) damage, which is caused by normal driving? Vehicle manufacturers know LSPI damage in new T-GDI (turbocharged gas direct injection) engines is a serious risk and have temporarily programmed vehicle software to “detune” the engine below the intended level of engine horsepower and fuel economy, in order to avoid LSPI-inducing conditions. Doing so, however, limits fuel efficiency. The SAE, API, ASTM and OEM’s will soon issue a new oil grade with new tests to prove oils prevent LSPI (as it turns out, it’s one of the most difficult tasks that engine oils have ever been called upon to do). Soon afterward, to extract maximum efficiency from their advanced power plants, OEMs will implement software updates (expected in 2019) to unleash more power and improved fuel economy, along with much higher susceptibility to LSPI. New cars sold after this will have the updates, and vehicles serviced by dealers will get the updates. But I don’t know that we can control this as consumers, or even that we will always know. It’s possible that some of these updates may happen wirelessly overnight, as your vehicle sits in your garage or driveway. We are pleased with how AMSOIL has worked hard to fully prepare for these future OEM updates, protecting their customers’ cars, trucks and fleets by reformulating their engine oils long before new testing standards are finalized. Proving it can fully protect turbocharged direct-injected engines, AMSOIL entire new line of synthetic engine oils have all achieved 100 percent protection against LSPI in the engine test required by the GM dexos1®Gen 2 specification. Please know that hundreds of oils have passed the older dexos1®Gen 1, often just shown as dexos1® on labels. Beware, because dexos1® oils don’t come anywhere near passing dexos1®Gen 2. If it does not say “Gen 2”, it must NOT be used in a T-GDI engine. Oils can have a specified number of LSPI events and STILL pass GM dexos1®Gen 2. Other than test data provided by AMSOIL, consumers will NOT be told how well an oil perform: concealing lubrication performance in the industry’s standardized testing is how petroleum companies keep consumers from understanding the need and value of true constructed-molecular-design synthetic lubricants. Because the piston-stresses of LSPI events can be severely high, there is potential for occasional LSPI events to create cumulative microstructure damage in the pistons as mileage gets higher, leading to sudden fatigue-fracture piston failure. Still another growing T-GDI issue is rapid timing chain wear on some of these engines. In fact, a Ford technical service bulletin (#14-0194) acknowledges timing chain wear as a problem in certain vehicles equipped with its popular 3.5L EcoBoost® engine. (However, the bulletin does not reveal that switching to AMSOIL Signature Series synthetic engine oils will eliminate this wear problem.) The wear due to occurring due to oil soot generation levels which can run on the level of older diesel engines, soot content which most oil formulations besides AMSOIL have not protected for because these engines aren’t diesels, and because even the latest oil specs have not addressed it. What this also means is that the size of diamond-hard agglomerated soot particles in many oils will eventually be recognized to be causing more T-GDI accelerated wear areas than just timing chains! For all these reasons, for best protection against soot wear and accumulated LSPI fatigue failures, we recommend using only AMSOIL engine oils, and to NEVER add any oil additive to ANY engine oil in TGDI turbo’d engines, and to regularly use a high-performance fuel additive like AMSOIL P.I. That’s the short summary. But we need to dig into the crucial details, and sobering facts, before you really wish you had known more. Why is LSPI such a big deal, when engine knock has been around since at least the 1960’s, mainly in hot-rod tuning which included advancing the ignition timing? Because it’s different and worse, and it may already be sitting in your driveway. LSPI is somewhat like a rattlesnake with a missing rattle. It’s as if you can go through your normal day unsuspecting of any risk, and suddenly with no warning like a rattlesnake bite, find yourself in a bad situation: you don’t know how much venom was injected, but the painful news seems to grow worse by the hour. But, a better analogy is a hand grenade. Would you throw a grenade in your engine air intake and then start the engine? Of course not! And that’s why you don’t want LSPI – because it is an uncontrolled explosion, whose power to shred your engine comes from the worst possible combination of circumstances. It’s agreed that under normal conditions expected by OEM engineers, LSPI should rarely, if ever, occur with adequate power to cause damage. That’s the plan. However, those “normal expected conditions” rely on a lot of sophisticated interactive engineering to create two new, novel achievements: that the combustion area will stay clean and free of deposits, and that both the fuel quality and the engine oil formulation will do their part to prevent deposits and small residue areas of unburned fuel. And according to Lubes and Greases in early 2018, the industry still doesn’t understand LSPI yet: although they know some things that help, and other things that make it worse, they don’t understand why. See any risk there? To understand the importance of these questions and the magnitude of potential problems, consider that T-GDI engines are now dominant throughout nearly every OEM lineup as either the primary or an optional engine. (Think Ford, GM, Chrysler, Toyota, Nissan… just name every OEM.) Here’s one typical example that will help you understand LSPI severity: Green Car Congress reports that BorgWarner’s regulated two-stage (R2S) turbocharging technology is now improving the performance and fuel economy of Ford’s new 2.0-liter TDCi diesel engine, the first Ford engine for passenger cars equipped with a two-stage turbocharging system. The sequential bi-turbo setup boosts the lightweight 2.0 L engine to an amazing 207 hp output that 15 years ago took a 3.0 L engine that weighed over twice as much. Yet in the 2.0L marketplace, 207 hp is a tame power level. The 180 hp 1.8 L in the 2002 Audi TT also had a factory-tuned version that put out 225 hp. As the accelerator pedal is pushed, Direct Injection controls enable dynamically advancing the ignition spark timing and modifying the timing, volume and rate of gas injected, and a turbocharger boosts the pressure of fuel & air going into the cylinder, but pre-ignition explodes the fuel before spark-plug activation while the piston is still rising in compression, and Low Speed rpm puts the highest pre-ignition cylinder pressure near top-dead-center (TDC) where the piston can’t move quickly enough to lower the pressure spike. The pressure spike is higher because more fuel was injected, and the ignition front is larger and much faster. There are still more compounding factors, such as thinner, lighter pistons. So LSPI is a combined worst-case situation which is the “perfect storm” recipe for engine damage, not only because the force applied to the piston and piston rings can be several times higher than they are designed to handle, but because broken piston piston pieces can bounce around the combustion chamber and out the exhaust port – into the turbocharger where the impact with multiple turbo-blades spinning at 10,000 to 250,000 rpm can send high-velocity turbo blades through the engine compartment and even completely through the car hood. Of course that “cannot happen” because there are sensors and control logic to minimize the severity of what could happen, and turbochargers almost never explode outside of dyno/track race-tuning. All true. But this is the point: the power is there, the mechanisms are there, and engineers, sensors, and control logic cannot always predict and compensate for every situation without error. However much uncertainty and risk lives in the combined synergic details of a particular turbo GDI engine model year and software revision is unknown. Let’s all hope the bigger problems are not under YOUR hood. “Super-knock” has serious damage potential even when systems minimize or silence the catastrophic drama. In less than two seconds, LSPI could scrap an engine block, heads, pistons, and one or two turbochargers. Seconds later in a worst-case scenario that every OEM hopes cannot happen, the aftermath could even force you to flee your burning car. No, this is definitely NOT a situation that OEM engine chiefs want to be in. But this is the corner where the mandated federal fuel-economy regulations have pushed OEM’s. The required engineering intensity is on a level that used to exist only on the race track, the runway, or the launch pad. But the engine oil, the fuel, and the vehicle maintenance are all important interactive factors which can only be tightly controlled by a professional racing team. After OEM installation of new software, engines running with a motor oil that is not formulated to combat LSPI will be at great risk of damage, and it can be severe. The OEM’s and industry drivetrain engineers all agree on that fact. But they also agree that engine oils which are developed to prevent LSPI will enable controlling and minimizing LSPI occurrence. HOWEVER, one important risk factor which is getting little attention is aftermarket engine-oil additives. At DMT Technical, we expect that many oil additives will imbalance the finely-tuned oil formulations, enabling LSPI either immediately or gradually as the engine oil ages before the next oil change, and creating a wave of super-knock engine rebuilds which WILL NOT be covered under warranty. Vehicle owners who learn this the hard way will be shocked at the cost of engine repair or replacement. Use AMSOIL engine oils because as mentioned above, they have been rigorously developed to prevent LSPI. In the best currently available industry testing (GM dexos1®Gen 2 engine test), all AMSOIL engine oils for recent gasoline engines didn’t simply “pass”, but had ZERO occurrences of LSPI and protected turbocharger performance at the highest levels. And – shocking fact – AMSOIL is the only oil company who warranties their oil performance against damage. Here’s where to get the best oil recommendations for your specific vehicle. Turbocharged GDI engines have been coming into the market fast beginning about 2013, spanning 1.0 L, 1.4 L, 1.6 L, 1.8 L, 2.0 L, 2.4 L, 2.5 L, 2.7 L, 2.8 L, 3.0 L, and 3.2 L – to name a few. These are in most cases completely new engine designs, fielded not only by Hyundai, Kia, Honda, Toyota, Nissan and Mitsubishi, but also by GM, Ford, Chrysler, Fiat, Porsche, Mercedes Benz, Audi, etc. In some of the latest models they are coupled with 11-speed automatic transmissions (I wish they were kidding). Increasingly, the newest models use two turbos to maximize performance and fuel economy. WHY? Our studied analysis is that OEM’s have been given no choice. They are all in the same global-market “boat”, hijacked in the same central-planning totalitarian coercion that has often destroyed nations and threatened the globe more than once. No OEM wants to protest about durability concerns when their honesty could backfire and torpedo their sales in the face of their traditional competitors or the fast-rising electric vehicle (EV) market. When taking this situation as a whole, analytical, technically-savvy consumers and engineers are bound to grow concerned about the medium and long-term cost-of-ownership viability and warranty viability of these engines. Is this just alarmist “sky is falling” worry? Maybe, but don’t bet on it. The dark reality is that the totalitarian fuel economy mandates are forcing new vehicles to have intensively complex engineering requirements with loads of new technologies, rushed to market without adequate time to fully develop or understand the interactions of multiple radical changes in multiple system designs and technologies which are all being combined together for the first time. To be clear: those CAFE mpg mandates carry crippling financial penalties which force the situation to get worse with every new model year. To illustrate, one of the most effective design development tools in automotive engineering was displayed in the 2000’s era by Ford’s “D-FMEA with Robust Linkages” (Design Failure Mode Effects Analysis). Ford found that by evaluating the interaction of every engineered sub-system with the content and design of every connected or adjacent system, they could make vast improvements in 1st-model-year vehicle quality and durability. But in the mandated new climate, successfully retaining Robust Linkage analysis is unlikely. It will tend to become an OEM culture-casualty in the engineering wars that will ultimately prove very costly to both consumers and OEM’s. Take this 2015 F150 truck with 2.7 L EcoBoost video story for example, that was purchased because it was cheaper than the 5.0 L engine (at the dealer) and got better fuel economy, has a graphite engine block, a plastic composite oil pan (adds strength and cuts weight) & lots of other new cool tech. The owner reports that at 4,000 miles it had an oil leak, from the oil pan bolts, which the dealer replaced. A thousand miles later, the same problem, the same fix again. (The forums know about the problems, but not the dealer?) It towed great in the mountains, but then needed a fourth oil pan. Then while towing again, something happened, the oil pressure dropped to zero. Added oil, drove it back to the Ford dealership, they wanted to run an oil consumption test. Limp mode engaged, and it turned out that a chunk of exhaust valve had broken off. [“Danger, danger Will Robinson!”] Naturally, it scored the cylinder wall (and did other damage). So they replaced the engine. And it ran flawlessly for the next 10k miles, with some towing in Colorado. But the owner is concerned about keeping the truck past the 60k mile warranty. This House Committee Report detailed the ugly saga of OEM’s new CAFE minefield, which taxpayers fund out-of-pocket at dealerships and repair shops. It sounds as if the dealer made no mention of LSPI, and did not detail the full extent of the damage such as to the piston(s) and turbocharger. But it’s likely that LSPI caused the damage, and essentially totaled the engine. I’m not picking on Ford but using them as an example, because these issues will not be unique to Ford – they are unique to turbocharged gas direct-injection engines. Do I think the OEM’s will “iron out” the T-GDI wrinkles? Yes, but no, because almost every year OEM’s and their supply-chain are forced into another bunch of not-quite-fully-proven tech change combinations, all to drive average CAFE mpg upward fast enough to stay out of bankruptcy. I see nothing that suggests it will get better, and the only glimmer of hope is that President Trump’s administration might decide to tackle this crippling situation, and might be successful. Until the auto industry is rescued from this corruption which appears deliberately conceived and targeted to destroy the automotive industry, I expect the reality of the cool new technologies rolling off dealer lots will only get worse for everyone.

Prime minister argues his nation has the right to keep territory it seized in a defensive war; the U.S. agrees. JERUSALEM – For decades, international law has held that territory seized in war must be returned. But Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu asserted Tuesday that this was no longer a given. He made the argument after President Donald Trump recognized Israel’s sovereignty over the Golan Heights, but his remarks, two weeks before a tight Israeli election, were taken to refer to the West Bank as well. The prime minister’s remarks were certain to cheer right-wing voters who believe that international acceptance of Israeli control of the Golan, a strategic plateau captured in the Arab-Israeli War of 1967, could pave the way for annexation of at least part of the occupied West Bank. But legal experts and leaders of many foreign countries said that interpretation did not comport with international law, which does not recognize sovereignty over territory taken from another country by force. Still, Netanyahu’s argument reflected how much the diplomatic context for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has shifted. With the Trump administration unilaterally acting in defiance of long-standing international consensus on the status of Jerusalem, Palestinian refugees and now the Golan Heights, it has become possible to speak openly of annexing the West Bank in a way that was not considered acceptable a few years ago. A Haaretz poll published Monday found that 42 percent of Israeli voters support annexation of some portion of the West Bank, including some who favor a two-state solution in which the West Bank and Gaza Strip would become a Palestinian state. But Israeli sovereignty of the Golan remains a minority view. The United Nations secretary-general and many countries in the region, from allies like Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, to adversaries, like Iran and Syria, which claims the Golan, have condemned the U.S. move. At the U.N. Security Council on Tuesday, allies and adversaries rebuked Trump’s declaration, calling it a violation of international law that would only heighten tensions. Those sentiments were echoed by Britain, Russia and China. Jonathan Cohen, the U.S. representative, said Trump’s decision was “of critical strategic and security importance” to Israel. “To allow the Golan Heights to be controlled by the likes of the Syrian and Iranian regimes would turn a blind eye to the atrocities of the Assad regime and the malign and destabilizing presence of Iran in the regions,” he said. Ever since Trump’s tweeted recognition of the Israeli claim of sovereignty over the Golan, Pompeo has been peppered with questions about how the situation there differs from the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014 — an act that resulted in U.S.-led international sanctions that remain today. Pompeo has insisted that the situations are different, and his argument that Israel was acting defensively is the first time he has tried to explain a rationale for what distinguishes Netanyahu’s assertion of sovereignty from Vladimir Putin’s. Putin has long argued that he, too, was acting in the defense of the Russian-speaking majority in Crimea, which was given to Ukraine in 1954.

NOTE: Where dimensions and limits for fit of parts are given in these specifications they apply to new parts only. Where limits are given, ”T” means tight and “L” means loose. The 1951 Buick Synchromesh transmission is standard equipment and Dynaflow Drive is available as optional equipment on Series 40-50. On Series 70, Dynaflow Drive is standard equipment and the 1951 Buick Synchromesh transmission is not available. The 1951 Buick Synchromesh transmission is solidly bolted to the rear face of flywheel upper housing, with a heavy paper gasket between, to form a unit assembly with the engine. The transmission main drive gear extends through the clutch driven plate into a single-row-ball pilot bearing seated in the rear end of engine crankshaft. The outer race of main drive gear bearing projects from transmission case to seat in a counterbore in flywheel housing, thus serving as a pilot to center the transmission with engine crankshaft. The transmission, as well as rear end of engine, is carried on a channel-shaped support or cross member which is bolted to the frame “X” member. The transmission is cushioned on a rubber mounting pad which is bolted to the rear bearing retainer and to the top of transmission support. Driving thrust is taken by a rubber thrust pad located between the rear flange of transmission support and a thrust plate attached to rear bearing retainer by the torque ball retainer bolts. Shims, as required, are placed between the transmission support and the thrust pad to fill any fore and aft space existing at this point when engine and transmission mounting pads are in normal position. See figure 4 -28. The transmission main drive gear is supported by a ball bearing seated in front wall of transmission case. The ball bearing, which is shielded on rearward side, is pressed against a shoulder on main drive gear and held in place by an oil slinger, washer, and retainer (snap ring). The outer race of bearing is grooved for a snap ring which fits between transmission case and flywheel housing to hold bearing and main drive gear in place. See figure 4-13. The front end of transmission main shaft is piloted in the bored rear end of main drive gear by a bearing consisting of 14 small steel rollers, which are retained in drive gear by a washer and snap ring. The main shaft is also supported by the transmission rear bearing which seats in transmission rear bearing retainer. The outer race of rear bearing is held in position by a shoulder in bearing retainer and a lock (snap ring) which engages a groove in retainer. The inner race of bearing is clamped against the main shaft thrust washer by a short spacer, speedometer worm gear, long spacer and universal joint. See figure 4-13. The transmission counter gear is supported by two roller bearings on a shaft which is held stationary in transmission case by a steel ball seated in recesses in case and rear end of shaft. A tubular spacer and two thrust washers are located between the roller bearings, and a retaining washer is located at outer end of each bearing to hold the rollers in position. End thrust is taken by a bronze thrust washer at each end of counter gear. A hole in hub of counter gear permits lubricant to reach bearings and thrust washers. See figure 4-13. The reverse idler gear is provided with two bronze bushings and is supported on a shaft which is held stationary by a grooved pin lock driven into holes in transmission case and rear end of shaft. End thrust is taken by a bronze thrust washer at each end of idler gear. Lubricant is fed to thrust washers and bushings through passages in transmission case and a groove cut through the bore of idler gear. The second speed gear is mounted on the main shaft between two thrust washers and a snap ring, which hold it in position to mesh with the counter gear. It is free to rotate on the main shaft except when engaged by the second and third speed sliding sleeve during second speed operation. The sliding sleeve is splined to the main shaft to transmit drive when sleeve is engaged with either the main drive gear (third speed) or the second speed gear. The sliding sleeve carries the first and reverse sliding gear on splines so that it also transmits drive to the main shaft in first speed and reverse. See figure 4-13. The first and reverse sliding gear is moved forward or rearward from the neutral position by a shifter yoke mounted on a shaft supported in left side of transmission case. The second and third speed sliding sleeve is similarly actuated by a yoke and shaft on right side of case. Each shifter yoke shaft is notched for engagement by one of two shifter levers mounted on a selector shaft which is supported in transmission case at right angle to yoke shaft. The levers are located on selector shaft so that only one lever at a time can engage its yoke shaft. See figure 4-14. Engagement of a shifter lever with its yoke shaft, to select a gear shift, is obtained by moving selector shaft to right or left as required. This transverse movement of selector shaft is made by a selector lever and shaft which engages a groove in selector shaft. The selector lever shaft extends through transmission case and has a lever on its outer end which is actuated by a selector rod connected to the selector control mechanism in steering column. See figure 4-14. Forward or rearward movement of the selected shifter yoke shaft, to complete the gear shift, is obtained by rotating the selector shaft. This movement is made by a shift lever mounted on outer left end of shaft and actuated by a shift rod connected to the gear shift control mechanism in steering column. A toggle spring and extension attached to shift lever aids in moving the sliding parts. See figure 4-14. A spring loaded poppet ball, housed in a recess in transmission case under each yoke shaft, engages one of three recesses in shaft to hold the shaft in desired position. An interlock arrangement permits movement of one shifter yoke and shaft only when the opposite yoke shaft is locked in neutral position. The full diameter of selector shaft engages a notch in one yoke shaft to lock it while the opposite yoke shaft is free to move through a groove in the selector shaft. See figure 4-15. A seal pressed into a recess in transmission case prevents leakage of oil around the extended left end of selector shaft. A welsh plug closes the opening in case at right end of shaft. A cork seal, spring washer, and plain washer prevents leakage of oil around the selector lever shaft. See figure 4-17. Transmission gears are synchronized only when shifting into second and third speeds. When the transmission is shifted into second or third speed, the sliding sleeve and the gear it engages are synchronized in speed through the action of a synchronizing drum. Each drum is a steel stamping having a bronze insert machined to match a conical surface on the gear, to which drum is loosely attached by a wire retainer. Synchronization is obtained when the beveled cam surfaces of the two slots in sliding sleeve come in contact with the beveled cam surfaces on the two fingers of synchronizing drum. See figure 4-16. This contact of cam surfaces presses the drum against the gear so that gear is brought to the same speed as the sliding sleeve, and the slight angular motion imparted permits the teeth of sliding sleeve and gear to mesh quietly and easily. The universal joint is splined to the rear end of transmission main shaft and retained by a heavy steel washer and bolt. It is entirely enclosed by the transmission rear bearing retainer and by the torque ball and retainers which are attached to rear end of the bearing retainer. The universal joint yokes are provided with hardened and ground steel bushings, held by retainer rings, which provide bearings for the hardened and ground pins of the universal joint cross. The rear yoke is splined internally to engage the propeller shaft, and is ground externally to provide a bearing in a bronze bushing in the torque ball. See figure 4-13. The torque ball is supported between an inner and outer retainer which are centrally located and bolted to the transmission rear bearing retainer. The retainers are copper plated and the bearing surfaces of the torque ball are also plated to prevent scoring during break-in. The universal joint, torque ball, and speedometer drive gears are automatically lubricated from the transmission. Oil enters the rear bearing retainer through a hole at the top and returns to transmission through a hole at bottom of retainer. A synthetic rubber boot extends from the outer retainer to the flange of torque ball to provide an external oil seal and an oil seal installed in torque ball at rear end of bronze bushing prevents leakage of oil between transmission and torque tube. A breather or air vent is installed in upper side of the rear bearing retainer to prevent a build up of pressure, due to heat, that would force transmission lubricant out past gaskets and oil seals. See figure 4-13. The speedometer worm gear (driving gear) is mounted on transmission main shaft and held in place by the universal joint and spacers. The same worm gear is used in all series for all rear axle gear ratios. In changing axle ratios it is only necessary to change the driven gear. The speedometer driven gear is furnished only as an assembly consisting of sleeve, shaft, retaining washer and gear. See figure 4-17. The number of teeth and a part number are stamped on the side of gear; however, the part number is that of the gear only and is not the number of the driven gear assembly as listed in the Master Parts List. To insure proper mating of drive and driven gears as well as correct speedometer readings when making a replacement, it is very necessary to install the driven gear assembly specified in the Master Parts List for the particular car model and rear axle ratio. The axle ratio is indicated by numbers stamped on the underside of axle housing. The driven gear sleeve is threaded into the transmission rear bearing retainer and the speedometer cable is attached to the sleeve by a threaded sleeve on cable casing. The speedometer gears and driven gear shaft are lubricated from the transmission. The gear shift control lever on steering gear column and the linkage which connects it to the selector shaft in transmission controls the selection of either first and reverse or second and third speed gear shifts. Upward movement of control lever causes selector shaft to move to the left and engage the first and reverse shifter lever with the first and reverse shifter yoke shaft, ready for a shift into first or reverse. Downward movement of control lever similarly causes engagement of the opposite (second and third) shifter lever with the second and third shifter yoke shaft, ready for a shift into second or third speed. See figure 4-18. The gear shift control lever pivots on a ball joint formed in outer end of the control lever housing. A spherical shoulder on the lever seats in a similarly shaped fabricated rubber bearing which is supported between the housing nut and a stamped steel bearing seat. The ball shaped inner end of control lever seats in a socket formed in the upper end of the selector control rod, which is located inside the steering gear column jacket. The end of control lever is firmly held in the rod socket by a spring loaded plunger. See figure 4-18. The upper end of selector control rod is supported in a bearing machined in the control lever housing. The lower end of control rod is connected by a pin to the selector control which is supported on a bracket welded to lower end of the column jacket. The selector control lever is connected to the outer selector lever on transmission by the lower selector rod, which has a trunnion at the forward end for adjustment. The trunnion pin seats in a rubber insulator in the selector control lever to prevent noise at this connection. See figure 4-18. A return spring connected between the column jacket and upper end of selector control lever operates to pull the gear shift control lever downward. An anti-rattle spring connected between the dash and a clip on lower selector rod also assists in pulling the control lever downward. In the neutral position, therefore, the control is always in position for a shift into second or third speed and must be raised for a shift into first or reverse. Shifting into gear after selection has taken place, or shifting out of gear is controlled by the shift control lever on steering gear column, the control shaft inside the column, and the linkage which connects the control shaft to the shaft lever on selector shaft in transmission. Forward movement of control lever causes rotation of the selector shaft to produce a shift into reverse or second speed, depending on the selection. Rearward movement of control lever similarly produces a shift into first or third speed. See figure 4-18. The housing in which the shift control lever is mounted is a slip fit over the upper end of the tubular control shaft, which encircles the steering shaft. The control shaft is slotted in two places to key to the lever housing, which is held tight on shaft by a clamp screw. The upper end of housing and shaft assembly is supported in a metal and fabric bearing seated in the signal switch housing. Upward thrust of the assembly is taken by a fabric thrust washer, plain washer, and spring washer placed between the lever housing and switch housing. Downward thrust is taken by a fabric thrust washer and a plain washer placed between lever housing and a plate welded into the column jacket. See figure 4-18. The lower end of control shaft is reduced in diameter and is supported by a metal and fabric bearing seated in the steering gear housing. An oil shedder is pressed into steering gear housing over the bearing and the shedder is covered by a cup welded to the control shaft, to form a seal against entrance of dirt and water. A lever welded to control shaft is connected by a short upper shift rod to the idler lever mounted on a bracket attached to steering gear housing. The idler lever is bushed and carried on a shouldered pin attached to bracket by a nut and washer. The pin is drilled and fitted with a grease fitting for lubrication. A long lower shift rod, provided with an adjustable clevis, connects the idler lever to the shift lever on selector shaft in transmission. Rubber insulators seated in the levers prevent noise at the connection with both ends of both shift rods. See figure 4-18. Hard shifting may be caused either by conditions in shift control mechanism in steering column or by conditions in transmission assembly. Disconnect lower shift rod at idler lever to determine which unit is at fault. Conditions in shift control mechanism which may cause hard shifting are: (1) Control shaft upper or lower bearing scored or distorted. (2) Control lever housing upper thrust washer broken or improperly installed in signal switch housing. (3) Selector control rod bent or rubber sleeves binding against jacket. Conditions in transmission assembly which may cause hard shifting are. (1) If there is excessive resistance at start of shift, shifter yoke shaft poppet spring probably too stiff. (2) Shifter yoke shaft may be bent. (3) Selector shaft bent, or binding in oil seal may cause hard shifting or hard selection. Block-out of second or third gear may be caused by scored synchronizing drums or the cones on gears. Rough cam surfaces on ends of sliding sleeve or on synchronizing drum will also cause block-out. Transmission gears can be made to clash by shifting into low or reverse gear too quickly after clutch pedal is depressed, even though clutch is in perfect working order. This is because inertia of clutch driven plate causes the plate to spin until it is stopped by friction of transmission and transmission lubricant. With warm transmission lubricant and low friction transmission bearings, a reasonable amount of spin is to be expected. The spin does not occur when shifting quickly into second or high gear because the synchronizing unit stops the driven plate. To eliminate gear clash, sufficient time MUST be allowed before shifting into low after pedal is depressed or else starts must be made in second gear. There is no objection to making starts in second gear on level ground since the clutch slippage under ordinary driving conditions is not sufficient to produce enough heat to damage driven plate facings. If gear clash continues after allowing proper time for clutch driven plate to stop, check clutch pedal lash and adjust to specified limits. See paragraph 4-4. In exceptional cases of driven plate spinning, clutch pedal lash should be maintained at ’12”. Make sure that idle speed of engine when hot is 450 RPM. A faster idle aggravates driven plate spinning. Conditions within the transmission which may cause gear clash are: (1) Faulty synchronizing drums or cone surfaces; (2) Excessive main shaft end play. Gear clash also may be caused by a dragging clutch plate. 8ee paragraph 4-3 (d). With car standing, engine running, and transmission in neutral, the transmission parts in operation are: main drive gear and bearing, counter gear and bearings, reverse idler gear, second speed gear, main shaft pilot bearing. Disengaging clutch will stop movement of all these parts. By disengaging and engaging clutch it can be determined whether noise originates in these transmission parts and whether the noise is normal. Noise in neutral in the form of a constant regular click is usually caused by a nicked gear or bearing. Some gear noise is to be expected in all except third speed. Comparison with another car is the only means of determining whether or not gear noise is excessive. Before removing transmission for correction of gear noise determine by test which gears are noisy under load, so that these can be thoroughly inspected when removed. Improperly calibrated clutch driven plate, faulty crankshaft balancer, or scored rear axle gears may cause rattle in transmission in third speed, on acceleration. Rattles occurring on wide open throttle between 40 and 60 MPH are usually caused by improper clutch driven plate dampening; a new driven plate should be installed if rattles are objectionable. Shifting out of first or reverse very slowly will usually result in some noise just as the gears disengage. This is normal because of the gear pointing necessary for easy engagement. Abnormal noise during normally fast shift may be caused by improper clutch release. Check clutch pedal lash and adjust. See paragraph 4-4. Abnormal noise during normally fast shift, when clutch release is satisfactory, may be caused by damage to pointing on engaging side of teeth on counter gear, reverse idler gear or first and reverse sliding gear. Noise when disengaging both first and reverse, indicates that fault is with sliding gear only. Noise when disengaging reverse only indicates reverse idler gear at fault. Noise when disengaging first speed only indicates counter gear at fault. Tests must be made by disengaging gears while car is still in motion. In any case of gear jump-out, first check the adjustment of gear shift control mechanism as described in paragraph 4-11. Make certain that poppet balls have full engagement in notches in shifter yoke shaft in all speed positions and neutral. Also make certain that toggle spring extension is not distorted so that it contacts the selector shaft. If these items do not correct gear jump-out, remove transmission for examination of parts. Gear jumping out of third speed may be caused by misalignment between the flywheel housing and crankshaft. See paragraph 2-33 for alignment correction procedure. Gear jumping out of third speed also may be caused by excessive run-out of front face of transmission case. See paragraph 4-14 (subpar. b) for checking procedure. Gear jump-out in any transmission speed position may be caused by loose fit of bearings or bushings involved, weak poppet springs, loose fit of sliding sleeve on main shaft, loose fit of sliding gear on sliding sleeve, worn teeth on mating gears. All items should be carefully inspected. Scored universal joint or bushing. Clearance of more than .006″ between universal joint and bushing in torque ball. Worn oil seal in torque ball. Excessive run-out of front end of propeller shaft. Gear teeth will be seriously damaged and possibly broken, by failure of car operator to fully engage g ears on every shift before engaging clutch and applying engine power. The type of damage resulting from failure to obtain full engagement is shown in figure 4-19. The conditions illustrated were produced on new gears intentionally shifted improperly a few times to determine what damage would result. Considerable damage to gears and bearings will result from running at abnormal speeds in reverse, first, and second speed gears. This practice is also detrimental to the engine. The following steps are required to insure that the shifter levers in transmission make full engagement with the shifter yoke shafts as selected. See figure 4-18. Shift transmission to neutral and disconnect selector rod from selector control lever. Inspect rubber insulator in selector control lever and replace insulator if worn. Make sure that lever return spring is strong enough to pull selector control lever up so that the gear shift control lever is held all the way down. Move selector rod back and forth to make sure that selector shaft in transmission moves freely. A bind at this point will prevent return spring from automatically dropping shift control lever to second speed side on shift from first to second speed. Hold selector rod to the rear as far as possible and adjust trunnion until trunnion pin is centered in hole in selector control lever insulator. Connect trunnion to selector control lever with a fiber washer on each side of insulator and lock with cotter pin. The following steps are required to insure that gears are fully engaged on all shifts. See figure 4-18. Shift transmission into second speed and disconnect lower shift rod from the shift idler lever. Inspect for wear and lost motion in rubber insulators located in control shaft lever, idler lever, and shift lever on selector shaft; replace any worn insulators. If idler lever has excessive play on idler lever pin, replace worn parts. While pulling forward on lower shift rod to insure full engagement in second speed, adjust clevis on shift rod so that when clevis is connected to idler lever a clearance of 1/8″ exists between the shift control lever housing and the edge of opening in steering gear column jacket. With lower shift rod connected to idler lever and lock nut tightened against clevis, shift into third speed. A clearance of approximately 1/8″ should exist between control lever housing and column jacket. Make certain that specified clearance exists between control lever housing and column jacket in all speed positions. The gear shift control lever, bearing, and bearing seat may be removed by unscrewing the control lever housing nut. Unscrew knob from lever to remove housing nut. A rubber ant rattle grommet fits into a groove in the inner end of control lever. When installing a new bearing on control lever, the large diameter of bearing must be toward the lever knob. Before installing control lever, coat inner end and socket in selector red with Lubriplate. During installation of lever be careful to draw housing nut tight so that shoulder in nut will seat against flange of bearing seat and lock the seat in place. The control shaft upper bearing and control lever housing upper thrust washer may be replaced by removing the signal switch housing. The procedure for replacement of these parts is given in paragraph 7-7. Replacement of selector rod, control shaft, and lower bearing requires removal of steering column jacket. The steering gear should be removed, or at least moved down from instrument panel to provide proper working space and avoid damaging interior of body. Replacement of these parts is covered in paragraph 7-9 covering disassembly and assembly of steering gear. Correct adjustment of the torque ball is very important. If torque ball is loose and has end play it will be noisy and will act as a pump to cause leakage of transmission lubricant. If torque ball is too tight, it will cause transmission misalignment, scoring of ball and retainers, and may cause breakage of bolts which attached torque ball to torque tube. Disconnect rear axle assembly and move it back out of the way (par. 5-7). Disconnect thrust plate from the rubber thrust pad on transmission support, then remove torque ball boot, thrust plate, gasket, torque ball retainers, and shims from rear bearing retainer. NOTE: Mark top edge of outer retainer before removal so that retainer can be reinstalled in original position. Clean and inspect spherical surfaces of torque ball and both retainers. Inspect bushing and universal joint oil seal in torque ball. Inspect torque ball boot. Replace parts which are excessively worn, damaged or scored. When installing a new universal joint oil seal in torque ball, place seal in position with the feather edge pointing into torque ball, then press seal squarely into place, using a flat piece of metal to avoid distorting seal. Press new seal flush with boss on flange of torque ball. NOTE: Oil seal should be stored in neatsfoot oil to keep leather soft and pliable. Do not use seal having a, hard, dry leather. Prepare two 3/8″ headless guide pins 1 3/8″ long, having 3/8″-16 threads 1/2″ long and screwdriver slots cut in opposite end. Install guide pins in upper bolt holes in rear bearing retainer flange. See figure 4-22. Place one gasket or shim (having 3 notches in outer edge) and the inner retainer on guide pins, with oil drain hole and notch in edge of retainer straight down. Lubricate leather oil seal and bearing surfaces of torque ball and retainers with transmission lubricant. Place torque ball in outer retainer so that “TOP” mark on ball and the marked edge of retainer are together. Assemble sleeve and plug of Installing Tool J 2597 together (fig. 4-20), then push tool through rear side of oil seal until the leather edge is on the plug, at which time the sleeve will drop off the plug. See figure 4-21. Install torque ball and outer retainer with “TOP” sides up, using shims of sufficient thickness to fill the space between flanges of inner and outer retainers. Hold plug of installing tool firmly against end of universal joint until oil seal has moved forward upon the universal joint, then remove the plug. See figure 4-22. Install thrust plate and all retainer attaching bolts, removing guide pins and placing the short bolts in these holes; do not tighten bolts. Thrust plate must be installed to prevent creeping or distortion of outer retainer. Prepare a hardwood club for adjusting torque ball as shown in figure 4-23. Insert the hardwood club in universal joint and while moving torque ball up, down, and sideways tighten retainer bolts evenly. CAUTION: It is absolutely necessary to continually move torque ball while tightening bolts in order to properly center the ball and retainers. If torque ball binds as bolts are tightened, tap outer retainer lightly at several points, using rawhide or other soft mallet. This will usually relieve the binding condition. Attach spring scale to club at groove located 5 5/8″ from end of universal joint and test pull required to move torque ball when all bolts are tight. See figure 4-24. A drag of 10 to 35 pounds should be obtained. If torque ball is too tight or too loose, loosen bolts and repeat the centering and tightening operation, then recheck drag with club and spring scale. Always use Installing Tool J 2597 (fig. 4-20) when installing torque ball to avoid damage to oil seal. After changing shims always install ball and retainer with top sides up and use the centering, tightening, and checking procedures specified in steps 12 and 13 above. Final adjustment must provide a drag of 10 to 35 pounds on club with a 5 5/8″ leverage. See figure 4-24. Install torque ball boot. Turn the large end back over small end, engage rib in small end in groove on flange of torque ball, then turn large end forward to engage rear end of outer retainer. Install shims between thrust plate and thrust pad (fig. 4-28) and tighten thrust pad stud nuts. Connect rear axle assembly (par. 5-7). CAUTION: The rear end of engine must be firmly supported during removal and installation of the transmission. The use of a jack or blocks is dangerous because of the possibility of slipping and letting the engine fall. A safe and convenient engine support bar with two hooks can be made locally from the details given in figure 4-25. Drain transmission lubricant. Fill with clean gasoline or kerosene and run transmission in neutral for about 15 seconds. Drain cleaner. Disconnect speedometer cable, lower shift rod, and lower selector rod. Remove toggle spring and extension, remove shift lever and lock washer from selector shaft and remove outer selector lever, to provide clearance for removing transmission to flywheel housing bolts. Hold shift lever in neutral while removing attaching bolt, to avoid damaging shifter lever on shaft inside transmission. Support rear end of engine by installing support bar (fig. 4-25) under rear end of lower crankcase. Place left side hook over frame between brake master cylinder and clutch release equalizer. Tighten nuts on both hooks evenly. See figure 4-26. Disconnect rubber thrust pad from transmission support by removing three nuts and plate, then lift out shims located between support and transmission thrust pad. Remove two bolts and plate which attach transmission mounting pad to the support then raise engine to relieve load on transmission support by tightening nuts on engine support bar hooks. Remove support from frame X member and remove thrust pad from thrust plate. Remove the two top transmission to fly­wheel housing bolts and install Guide Pins J851 to support transmission. See figure 4-27. Remove lower bolts, then move transmission straight back and lower to floor. CAUTION: If guide pins are not used and weight of transmission is allowed to rest on main d rive g ear in clutch d riven plat e hub, the driven plate will be damaged. Lightly coat the splines on end of main drive gear with Lubriplate for a distance of not more than 1″. Do not apply an excess that will push off at driven plate hub and get on driven plate facings. Make certain that front face of transmission case and face of flywheel housing are absolutely clean. Install Guide Pins J 851 in upper bolt holes in housing (fig. 4-27) and install a new transmission gasket. Make certain that spring washer is in place behind clutch release bearing support in housing. Lift transmission into place and fully support it until the main drive gear bearing enters flywheel housing. Clutch driven plate will be damaged if guide pins are not used and weight of transmission is allowed to rest on main drive gear in driven plate hub. Install lower transmission attaching bolts, then the upper bolts, and tighten all bolts evenly and securely. CAUTION: If a gap exists between transmission case and flywheel housing do not tighten bolts as case may be broken. Remove transmission and check position of main drive gear bearing snap ring, which may have slipped out of place during installation. Install rubber thrust pad on thrust plate attached to torque ball. Install transmission support and attach transmission mounting pad to the support with bolt plate and self-locking nuts. Remove support bar from under the engine so that full weight rests on transmission mounting pad. With engine and transmission resting freely and normally on mountings, install sufficient shims between the thrust pad and transmission support to fill the existing space. Insert shims from above with tabs on right side, then install the bolt plate and three nuts which attach thrust pad to support. See figure 4-28. Connect speedometer cable. Install outer selector lever, shift lever, toggle spring and extension. Hold shift lever in neutral while installing and tightening attaching bolt and lock washer to avoid damaging shifter levers on selector shaft. Install toggle spring and extension so that extension passes underneath selector shaft. Connect .lower shift rod and selector rod to their levers and check adjustment as described in paragraph 4-11. Place 7/8 pint of transmission lubricant in transmission. In addition, inject % pint of transmission lubricant through universal joint yoke. See paragraph 1-1 for specified lubricant. Install rear axle assembly as described in paragraph 5-7. Proper shifting into all speeds. Correct synchronization when shifting into second and third speed. First and second speed slip-out, on drive and coast. Gear, bearing, or shifter yoke noises in all speeds and neutral. Rattles in shaft control mechanism. Some form of fixture for securely holding the transmission during disassembly and assembly is essential. The transmission stand shown in figure 4-29 may be made locally from details given in BPS 2.222, or figure 4-36 in the 1948-49 Buick Shop Manual. If a stand is not desired, the upper section may be mounted on a work bench. Do not clamp the transmission case in a vise. Thoroughly clean all dirt from exterior of transmission to avoid getting dirt into bearings when transmission is opened. Remove transmission cover and gasket. Lock transmission in third speed to prevent sliding sleeve and sliding gear from dropping, then remove transmission rear bearing retainer, universal joint, torque ball, and main shaft as an assembly. Remove the four set screws from shifter levers and shifter yokes, using Remover J 2895. Drive selector shaft out through right side of transmission case, using babbit hammer. Welsh plug in right side of case will .be driven out by shaft. Do not let shifter levers drop into case. Remove shifter yokes and shafts by pushing shafts out through front of transmission case, using care to prevent poppet balls from jumping out. The welsh plug in front end of case will be driven out by the second and third shifter yoke shaft. Remove poppet ball and springs. NOTE: If poppet balls and springs are not to be replaced the shafts may be pushed to rear of case far enough to release the yokes while holding poppet balls in place. Remove sliding gear and the sliding sleeve, then remove the selector lever and shaft with spring washer, flat washer, and oil seal from transmission case. Remove the counter gear shaft and lock ball by driving shaft out through rear end of transmission case, using Bearing Loader J 1334 and a babbit hammer. Make sure that bearing loader follows the shaft closely so that counter gear bearings and thrust washers will be held in place. Allow counter gear to rest on bottom of case. Remove the snap ring from main drive gear bearing and tap drive gear and bearing assembly toward rear of transmission case to remove it. Carefully raise counter gear out of case so that bearing loader and counter gear bearings will not fall out. Remove all thrust washers. Drive reverse idler gear shaft lock into the shaft, then remove shaft, idler gear, and thrust washer. Disassemble main drive gear if any parts are to be replaced. Remove synchronizing drum by prying retainer over shoulder on gear, leaving retainer in drum. Remove oil seal, retainer (snap ring), washer, and oil slinger from drive gear, then remove bearing by jarring shaft on block of wood or lead. See figure 4-31. Remove main shaft pilot roller bearing by removing retainer (snap ring) and retainer washer. NOTE: If work to be done requires disassembly of rear bearing retainer, proceed with the following steps. Mount rear bearing retainer securely in a vise. Remove second speed synchronizing drum by prying retainer over shoulder on second speed gear, leaving retainer in drum. Remove snap ring from main shaft then remove thrust washer and second speed gear from main shaft. Mark the top edge of outer retainer so that it can be reinstalled in original position. Remove thrust plate and gasket, retainers, shims and torque ball from rear bearing retainer. Remove retaining bolt and washer then pull universal joint from main shaft, using Puller J682-A. To use the puller, install the pressure plug in transmission main shaft, insert puller body in universal joint rear yoke and install “C” washer in groove in puller body on front side of yoke, then turn screw handle clockwise. See figure 4-32. Remove universal joint spacer from main shaft. Remove transmission rear bearing lock (snap ring), then remove main shaft and bearing from retainer by tapping rear end of shaft with babbitt hammer or hardwood block. Remove speedometer worm gear, spacer, bearing and thrust washer from main shaft, using Puller J1134-H to remove worm gear and bearing. See figure 4-33. Gears and Shafts. Carefully inspect teeth and other ground surfaces of all gears for wear, scoring, pitting, chips, nicks, and burrs. Do not confuse manufacturing cutter marks with scores or pits. Conical surfaces of gears where contacted by synchronizing drums must be smooth and free of burrs. Slight scores or burrs may be honed off with a fine stone, however, if any gear is chipped or excessively worn it should be replaced. Inspect all shafts for wear roughness on bearing surfaces. Check fit of gears on shafts upon which they are mounted. The sliding sleeve must slide freely on splined section of main shaft, but without appreciable backlash. Synchronizing Drums. The cam surfaces of synchronizing drums must be smooth. The conical surfaces of synchronizing drums must be free of burrs or scores, and oil grooves must be clean. Never polish this surface or change the angle. Selector Shaft, Shifter Yokes and Shafts, Toggle Spring Extension. Check selector shaft and shifter yoke shafts on a flat surface to see whether they are bent. A bent shaft will cause hard shifting, and should be replaced. If a shifter yoke is bent or has rough contact surfaces it will cause hard shifting and noise, therefore, it should be replaced. Replace poppet springs if distorted or of doubtful strength. Check toggle spring extension to make sure it is not distorted. An improperly shaped extension will bear against the selector shaft and actually tend to pull transmission out of second speed. Figure 4-34 shows the correct shape for extension. A bent extension should be reshaped to dimension shown, or replaced. Universal Joint. Inspect universal joint for wear in bearings and for fit on main shaft and propeller shaft, and in torque ball bushing. Allowable play of spider pins in bushings is .002″ to .004″. Allowable backlash of rear yoke on propeller shaft splines is .0005″ to .0045″. The front yoke must be a tight fit, rotatively, on main shaft to prevent “snap” when alternating car movement between forward and reverse. The rear yoke of universal joint and bushing in torque ball must be free of scores and not worn excessively; clearance between these parts should be .004″ to .006″. Torque Ball. If torque ball and retainers are scored or pitted on bearing surfaces they should be replaced. Replace torque ball boot if worn or damaged. Replace oil seal in torque ball if it is worn. When installing a new seal, place it in position with the feather edge pointing into torque ball, then press seal squarely into place, using a flat piece of metal to avoid distorting seal. Press new seal flush with boss on flange of torque ball. NOTE: Oil seal should be stored in neatsfoot oil to keep leather soft and pliable. Do not use seal having a hard, dry leather. Transmission Mounting and Thrust Pad. Inspect mounting and thrust pads. Replace either part if rubber is broken or deteriorated. (7) Transmission Case. Inspect selector shaft oil seal in case. If worn, or there was evidence of oil leakage past the seal, remove it and install a new one. Coat outer surface of seal with white lead or other sealing compound and install seal with feather edge pointing inward. If the transmission had been jumping out of third speed, the alignment of flywheel housing with engine crankshaft should be checked as described in paragraph 2-33 and front face of transmission case should be checked for runout using Checking Fixture J 2240, which may be borrowed from a Buick Zone Office or may be made locally from dimensions given in BPS 2.200, figure 7. Install the adapter and mandrel in case, then mount dial indicator on mandrel so that indicator stem bears against front face of transmission case 3″ from center of mandrel. See figure 4-35. Rotate mandrel while pressing it against case and note dial indicator reading. Total indicator reading should not exceed .003″. If runout exceeds .003″, replace transmission case with one that checks within the allowable limit on run-out. Assemble the transmission by reversing t e sequence of steps given for disassembly. In addition, observe the following instructions that apply to assembly. Condition of Parts. Make certain that all parts are absolutely clean and that gears and synchronizing drums are free of nicks or burrs. Use all new gaskets and oil seals or packings to insure against leakage of lubricants. Use all new snap rings, and retainers of snap ring type. Snap rings are frequently distorted during removal and are difficult to true up satisfactorily for further service. Observe instructions given under Bearing Service (1-9) on proper installation of ball bearings. Coat bearings with clean transmission lubricant at time of installation, to insure initial lubrication. Universal Joint. Use Replacer J 865 to install universal joint on main shaft. See figure 4-36. Torque Ball. Follow instructions given in paragraph 4-12 for installation and adjustment of torque ball. Main Drive Gear Bearing. Install main drive gear bearing with the shielded side toward gear teeth. Reverse Idler Gear Shaft Lock. Always use a new lock and coat with white lead or other sealing compound before installation, to prevent oil leaks. Drive lock into hole in shaft until outer end of lock is 25/32″ below surface of boss on case. Counter Gear Bearings, Thrust Washer and Shaft. Use Bearing Loader J-1334 when installing spacer, washer, and bearings in counter gear. See figure 4-37. Pack bearing rollers in white vaseline to hold them in place and make certain that all rollers are installed (25 in each bearing). Leave loader in gear until it is pushed out by the counter gear shaft during installation. Install locking ball in counter gear shaft then install shaft through rear end of case, driving rear end of shaft slightly below face of case so that rear bearing retainer may be tightened against its gasket. Main Shaft Snap Ring. Use Snap Ring Replacer J 1267 to install the snap ring and avoid distorting ring. See figure 4-38. Selector Lever and Shaft, Washers and Oil Seal. Place spring washer, flat washer, and oil seal on shaft in the order named, with crowned side of spring washer against the flat washer. Apply Lubriplate to shaft before installation of assembled parts in transmission case. Selector Shaft and Shifter Levers. Coat oil seal with Lubriplate and install selector shaft through left side of transmission case to avoid damaging the oil seal. The long shifter lever goes on left side of case, and short shifter lever goes on right side. Install a new welsh plug in right side of case, sealing it with white lead or other compound. A welsh plug must also be installed in front side of case to seal opening for second and third shifter yoke shaft. Make certain that selector shaft slides freely after installation, otherwise hard selection of proper gear will result at control lever. Shift Lever, Toggle Spring and Extension. Hold shift lever in neutral position while installing and tightening attaching bolt and lock washer, to avoid damaging shifter levers on selector shaft. Install toggle spring and extension so that the extension passes underneath the selector shaft. Make sure that extension is not distorted so that it bears against the selector shaft.

In the work of clinical traumatology, my colleagues and I spend countless hours listening to the pain, suffering and wounds of the traumatized. In most cases, the traumatized individuals tend to ask one specific question in one form or another: when will the trauma be over? It is apparent that such individuals are seeking a time frame for relief from the trauma associated with the incident or experience that led them to psychological treatment. No matter how the response is delivered, the reality is that traumatic experiences are permanent etchings on the psychological self. It never, ever goes away. Many of my fellow clinicians lean heavily on theoretical frameworks that are typically Eurocentric focused in the field of clinical traumatology. It is not unusual to see this norm used in the treatment of individuals who have had a single traumatic experience or who have had repeated episodes of the same traumatic abuse, such as sexual abuse. However, in many African-American communities across the country, individuals may experience a variety of traumas that are cumulative in nature and occur repetitively through a lifetime, and they often happen concurrently with traumas that are addressed by Eurocentric norms of treatment, exacerbating the impact on the patient. Specifically, there are 13 distinctive traumas that an African-American person can experience daily. As a result, the norm for many people may be to regress to a “survival mentality” and the use of destructive behaviors as a coping mechanism to either minimize or deflect the impact of the trauma. Below is the story of a mother who fears for the safety of her teenage sons. In seeking to protect her sons, they become her “Achilles Heel,” and intensify her trauma experience. I am a concerned single parent of two black teenagers residing here in Pierce County, WA. Earlier last week, a Pierce County deputy was shot and killed while stopping a burglary. There was a state-wide intense search for the person who killed him. Initially, the news media reported the person has been a dark-skinned black man, and then later, the news media stated the police were searching for a light-skinned black man. As the night went on, it was announced that the person the police sought had been already been arrested and jailed for outstanding warrants on other matters. It turns out that the man they arrested for killing the deputy was white! I was relieved and in tears when I learned the man arrested was white. I had been overwhelmed, worrying about my sons, fearful that they were going to be targeted by the police because of their race. I made the decision to keep my sons home from school during the time they were conducting the search. My sons attend a local high school. Although they get excellent grades and have never been in any trouble, they have been constantly stopped and questioned by police. I feel, as they do, that there is no apparent reason for stopping them. It amounts to nothing other than racial profiling. My decision to keep my sons home created tension between myself and them. For several days, we had heated arguments. They feel that either I am treating them like babies or that I have trust issues. Damn right, I have trust issues! They are and will ALWAYS BE my babies. The lack of trust I have is not about them, but about what could happen if they interact with police. It only takes one nervous or trigger-happy cop and one or both of my sons are dead! Look at what happened recently in Wichita, Kansas! I repeatedly saw that picture of that mother crying after the police accidentally shot and killed her son. He was white. If they could do that to one of their own, what hope do I have regarding my children? I was born and raised in the Deep South. In my life, I have encountered racism and mistreatment from white police officers. I WILL NOT BE ON THE FRONT PAGE GRIEVING THE DEATH OF MY CHILDREN. I intend to and will protect my children. They are all I have. My eldest son suggested that I write to you. Both of my sons feel that my rules on curfew are too restrictive, but they are just kids– they do not understand the danger they are in. I am a Christian woman with strong faith in God, and I believe in the power of prayer. However, even as I write this letter, my mind is made up. I will not be burying my sons. No! No! No! I ask that you take a moment and simply breathe. Just take a moment. It is apparent that the unfortunate shooting death of the police officer within your community has understandably shaken you to your core. In addition, you are being triggered by the death of an innocent person. It is possible that you have unresolved historical or inter-generational trauma relating to memories of the mistreatment and racism encountered during your childhood in the South during those tumultuous years of open, state-sanctioned racial terror and oppression. I can also see from your writing that two specific traumas: micro-aggression (indirect or covert) i.e., racial profiling of your sons and, macro-aggression (direct or overt) i.e., immediate fear of death by the police has impacted you. Furthermore, you are also facing invisibility syndrome trauma, which refers to the realization that despite the excellent grades and good behavior, your sons’ achievements mean nothing in the face of assumptions about them based on their skin color, and therefore, they are placed at greater risk of either physical violence or psychological harm. We live in difficult times. The world and its technology are ever so changing. We seek to raise our children under difficult circumstances. As a parent of any race, socioeconomic group, gender or sexual orientation, there are many reasons to be afraid when it comes to the safety of what we hold so dear and precious and yet represents our most glaring vulnerability: our children. Rather than live in fear of the unknown, we can take deliberate actions by empowering our children and ourselves and in doing so, learn to live with our fear instead of in our fear. Instead of restricting your adolescent sons as a means of protecting them, you can engage with them in frank meaningful discussions. It would be best that they know and are prepared for the reality that, due to no fault of their own, are vulnerable to being viewed as a threat simply due to the color of their skin, and as a result, being targeted as such, and ensure that they are empowered to deal with that reality in the way they design for themselves. We cannot shelter or protect our children from ALL traumatic incidents. However, we can guide and teach them how to respond to potentially traumatic incidents and by doing so, reduce the impact. Regarding your fear of police interactions, who other than yourself is best suited to guide them and help them transform the way they interact with the police? Whereas the police have power and authority, you can teach your sons that they are not helpless; that they can reduce their stress and future psychological trauma by implementing empowerment strategies. One such strategy I recommend is the therapeutic model of Advocacy, Balance & Calmness. Advocacy: Know when to speak and what to say. Balance: Remember that power lies within you and cannot be taken without your consent. Balance your anger with your wisdom. Calmness: Use your balance and inner empowerment to project calmness in your external environment. Use this to defuse intense or hostile situations. Know that the police officer will ask for identification, and it is legal for the police officer to do so. Know that one’s identity will be verified in a criminal database that is available to check for warrants and other information. Understand that the police officer will be looking for suspicious behavior from them or from anyone they are accompanied with. Be prepared for a possible stop and search of their personal space and belongings. Keep your hands open and exposed. Immediately tell the police officer: I AM UNARMED. I AM NOT A THREAT TO YOU. Always comply and follow the police officer’s instructions. Treat all instructions as directions and commands. If under the age of 18, inform the police officer of your age and immediately request that your parent, legal guardian, or legal representative be present. Use your powers of observation. Document the incident and any concerns regarding any behavior during the encounter. Remember to get the date, time, location, the license plate and vehicle number of the police officer and the name of the department the police officer works for. If you deem it necessary, file a complaint with the local sheriff or police chief’s office. Remember that the police officer is entitled to use deadly force if they feel physically threatened. NEVER EVER RUN FROM THE POLICE. Will my anxiety and fear have a boomerang affect and negatively my children? What skills, training and resources do I have available to prepare my children to respond to racial hostility? The concern I have is that this parent and other parents likewise may be so focused on “not burying her sons” that she ironically buries their confidence in navigating the realities of their lives in this society. In that case, the parenting strategy becomes centered on the parent’s prevention of anticipated suffering rather than preparing the child for adulthood in a hostile world. Sad and yet true…. to many whites, African-Americans are invisible. When it comes to law enforcement, African-Americans have the opposite stressor. We are very much visible, recognizable and observed by the police. Our encounters start at an early age, and are often traumatic, never forgotten and held permanently within the psychological self. Even police officers would agree that we live in difficult times. African-Americans and the police share many common themes. The police officer in any community is a minority in the community they seek to serve. Whereas people of color are often judged or stereotyped due to their skin, police officers are routinely judged not by their character as individuals, but by the legacy of institutionalized racism that comes along with the badge, weapon and uniform. The loss of one police officer is a traumatizing impact on the law enforcement community. It is truly traumatic that black skin is perceived so negatively to such an extreme that it would be normal to assume that black people want to kill police, which is an erroneous assumption usually attributed to peaceful civil rights activist groups like Black Lives Matter, and in this case, the attribution of the murder to a “light-skinned black man” could have led to more shedding of innocent blood. It is also traumatizing to consider and reflect on the unknown numbers of black men who were stopped, questioned, perhaps with weapons drawn by police officers upset at the loss of one of their own. I wonder how many black lives have been forever impacted during the search for the suspected shooter. How many will endure sleepless and sweat full nights? Or dramatic recalls in nonstop memories? It appears that the police are learning skills, tactics and strategies in dealing with us. Perhaps it is time that we focus on learning and teaching each other skills, tactics and strategies in dealing with the police.

The American Water Works Association pledged last week to work with Secretary of State Madeline Albright to implement better\r\nwater use and water management practices around the world. The American Water Works Association (AWWA) pledged last week to work with Secretary of State Madeline Albright to implement better water use and water management practices around the world. In recognition of Earth Day, Albright recently proposed forming a global water alliance to combat the world''s safe drinking water shortage, responsible for the deaths of 14,000 people every day. "For years, AWWA has invested time, energy and money in efforts to improve the world''s access to safe drinking water," said Jack Hoffbuhr, AWWA executive. "AWWA looks forward to sharing its experiences and counsel with the State Department and the United Nations as the Secretary''s proposal is developed." To help combat the water shortages billion of people face around the world, AWWA founded Water for People in 1991. Water for People works with local partners in more than 37 countries to provide funding and technical assistance to support safe drinking water projects, sanitation facilities and health and hygiene education in communities lacking these services. Currently, Water for People has over 350 projects ongoing around the world, including nations in Africa where only half of the people have access to clean, safe drinking water. AWWA is now beginning to parlay its experiences with Water for People into the work of the newly formed Water Associations Worldwide, an international collaboration of 10 associations and institutions dedicated to promoting clean water and sanitation. Water Associations Worldwide represents more than 320,000 water professionals across five continents and could provide the framework for the global alliance Albright has endorsed.

Explore the diverse and complex roles that religions play in both promoting and mitigating violence through Harvard University’s Online Course on “Religion, Conflict and Peace”. For as long as history has been recorded, there has not been a society, a culture without some type of religion. Many people mistaken Religion with a Culture and Vice Versa. It’s easy to blame Religion for war, famine and conflict. But I think it’s crucial that we take the time to learn the difference. Some would argue that a World without religion would result in a more peaceful world. While others argue that religion is crucial as a standard for Human Morales, a code of conducts. My interest starting at an early age has been in learning about various Cultures around the World. Hence, my obsession and addiction to Travel. Throughout my childhood, I was most fascinated with the National Geographic Channel and Charity Commercials showing kids from different countries. I was always curious about the stories of those children. What did they eat? What music did they listen to? Who was their version of God? How was their childhood compared to mine despite looking so different than me? What were they up to that day in that part of the world? This curiousity lead me to taking a Cultural Anthropology course to fulfill a Humanities credit in my very first quarter at UC Riverside. At the time I didn’t know what I would major in, but once participating in this course, I was instantly hooked. I began spending many hours a week in the quaint Anthropology department at UCR meeting with every Professor, Assistant and Adjunct Professor that was willing to meet with me. I ended up earning a Bachelors of Arts in Anthropology with a focus in Cultural Anthropology and a minor in Philosophy. Many of the subjects I was interested in was and still is on the subject of Religion. Some of the courses I took was Philosophy of Religion and Major World Religions. I currently own the Quran, Torah, Bible, Bhagavad Gita, iChing, Dalai Lama and several books on Buddhism. While I do not consider myself Religious, but rather ‘spiritual’ or ‘agnostic’, I am always striving to learn about various religions in the world. Because culture and religion intertwines with one another. As we look in history, there hasn’t been one that existed without the other in ancient civilizations until now. Oftentimes, people mistaken religion with culture, especially today in the case of Islam. Many people will look at Saudi Arabia’s treatment of women and humans and say it is all in the name of the Islam Religion. Yet, they fail to see how Islam is practiced in Senegal, Philippines or even in the neighboring country of Jordan. Being “Jewish” is also another subject. While many identify as Jewish culturally, they may not believe in a God or practice the religion. Religion has become an identity for many people or by way of characterizing a group. Our knowledge on Religion & Culture will be limited. Visiting Jerash, the Ancient Roman Ruins, in Jordan in 2016 and meeting new Friends. This course follows the popular World Religions Through Their Scriptures XSeries. Which explores the foundations of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism.

COLUMBUS, Ohio – New research is detailing how environmental stressors, including heavy metals, brought on by human activity are harming coastal green sea turtle populations – work that researchers hope will inform conservation efforts going forward. Large populations live, feed and nest on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, favoring the bays and protected shores near the coast and around islands. The Rivers to Reef to Turtles project, which ran from 2014 to 2017, examined health of green turtles at two northern Queensland bays – Cleveland and Upstart – known to be impacted by urban and agricultural human activities and at a third remote “pristine” area, the Howick Group of islands. Following up on a high number of turtle deaths in 2012 and 2013 that conservationists were attributing to a “whole kit and caboodle of reasons” including runoff from agriculture, industrial toxins and climate change, the team conducted physical exams and tested the turtles’ blood over time, looking for signs of contaminants and illness, Flint said. They also counted barnacles on the turtles. Flint’s previous work has shown that high barnacle counts on turtles’ undersides correspond to poor health. The theory behind that? When healthy and feeding normally, a turtle’s trips to the sea floor for seagrass meals effectively scrape away barnacles. When the green turtles aren’t eating well, the barnacles build up. One in five of the juveniles examined at Cleveland Bay had high barnacle levels (16 or more) and one in 10 of the young turtles at Upstart Bay had excessive barnacle growth. This level of barnacle growth was not seen in any of the turtles at the “pristine” control site. By the end of the study, the researchers saw some evidence that the population in Cleveland Bay was returning to normal, but the problem still remains for turtles in Upstart Bay. This multidisciplinary approach is the first effort to look with this depth at this population of turtles and the potential links between environmental toxins and their well-being, Flint said. The researchers suspect that the unhealthy measures seen in the turtles that live in areas affected by urbanization, farming and industry are connected to contaminants in their ecosystem. In particular, the study team found evidence of heavy metals, primarily cobalt, in the turtles’ blood. Green turtles migrate long distances between feeding grounds and from the beaches on which they hatched. The reptiles are threatened by overharvesting of their eggs, hunting of adults, being caught in fishing gear and loss of nesting beach sites, according to the WWF. The green turtle is the only “vegetarian” sea turtle, eating mostly seagrass and algae, which relates to its ecological importance. When green turtles graze on seagrass beds, that vegetation remains productive – something the WWF compares to mowing the lawn. The turtles also recycle nutrients they digest, making them available to other animals and plants, which ultimately is important for the survival of invertebrates and fish, some of which people eat. The monitoring of sea turtle health also is important because with their long lifespans and tendency to stay in one place, they can potentially serve as proxies for the broader environment, Flint said. The trouble is, their physical responses to environmental assaults and disease are slow-moving, complicating conservationists’ ability to draw connections between the environment and sickness and death. This research gives conservationists and marine biologists a baseline understanding of sea turtle health and response to environmental stressors, he said, which will better enable them to assess turtle health after an insult and over time. It will also provide tools to help decision makers develop environmental mitigation strategies, Flint said.

Dr. O'Connor, a Toronto psychologist, offers Psychological Assessments for children, adolescents and young adults. Psychological assessments increase understanding of child and adolescent concerns and how to help. A child or adolescent assessment can enhance understanding of the child problems that worry you. Get "beneath the surface" and learn more about what is contributing to and maintaining child and adolescent concerns. What are his strengths and particular talents? What are his needs and what interventions are most likely to help? Learn more about the challenges that a child, adolescent or young adult is showing and how to help. Does she have a Learning Disability? Is she anxious, upset or feeling depressed and unsure of herself? Does she exhibit attention or behavior problems? Is he or she showing trauma symptoms, or symptoms of a brain injury? How serious are these concerns? Do they require the support of a professional, and if so what kind of support would help? Find out how the young person is coping with specific challenges and stressors such as divorce or parental addiction? Is the he/she feeling stressed? Does he/she lack self-esteem or confidence? These are some of the questions a psychological assessment can answer. Psychological Assessments also lead to recommendations including parenting, teaching and treatment interventions to help promote positive outcomes in the young people you care about and work with. The psychologist who conducts an assessment with a child relies on information from a variety of sources. This includes background information gathered from the child's parents, teachers or other significant adults, as well as information contained in school reports, and other records or obtained during previous assessments. Psychologists may also use questionnaires, behavior rating scales and other informal measures to learn more about the child or adolescent, including his social, emotional and behavioral functioning, as well as his neuropsychological processing skills. The psychologist also relies on standardized assessment measures and compares your child to children of the same age across a range of behaviors and skills. Standardized measures include intelligence and cognitive/learning measures, academic tests and tests to measure the child's neurocognitive processing ability, across a range of domains. These include memory functioning, attention, executive skills and auditory/verbal and visual spatial processing skills. The assessment takes several hours to complete and usually involves more than one session. Dr. O'Connor tailors the assessment to the child's specific needs and uses assessment tools and approaches that address the concerns that are at issue for that child or young person. How Can A Psychological Assessment Help? An adolescent or child assessment sharpens the focus or "opens a window" on a child's strengths and specific needs. You will have a clearer picture of how a child or young person is doing across various developmental and/or neurocognitive domains. You will also have a clearer understanding of the factors that are involved in the child or adolescent problems that worry you and what kind of interventions can help. In addition, the adolescent or child assessment provides recommendations and interventions to help you, help the children you care about and work with. Recommendations address areas of specific need such as attention and learning problems, or emotional concerns, including depressive symptoms, and anxiety or behavior and social problems, as well as aggressive, acting out behaviors. The focus of both the assessment and the recommendations that follow from it, may also include trauma related concerns, both acute or ongoing complex trauma or neurological concerns, such as learning disabilities, or acquired brain injuries such as a concussion or mild TBI. You will learn how a child compares to children of the same age in specific areas of child development. Following the assessment, the psychologist may refer you to resources in the community or relevant books and other resources to address the child's needs. If applicable, the psychologist will provide recommendations to help the child cope with specific problems and concerns like divorce, parental addiction, trauma, the loss of a parent or stress, and/or behavior and school problems. Find out what is contributing to and maintaining the adolescent and child problems that worry you. Find out how a young person is doing in specific areas of child development - the social, emotional, behavioral and cognitive/academic. Find out about a young person's needs and how to help. Discover a child's strengths and build on where "things are working" and going well. Learn how a child is coping with specific challenges or concerns (e.g. divorce, parental addiction, social concerns, trauma related issues,) and what you can do to help. Find out where you need to intervene to reduce stress in a child, build positive coping strategies and enhance the young person's competence, psychological well being and resilience.

Membrane bioreactors (MBR) are systems that are highly effective in removal of organic, inorganic and biological contaminants from a wastewater stream. The system combines membrane filtration with a bioreactor as the title suggests. The system utilizes membranes submerged in the bioreactor with coarse bubble aeration to produce the mixing and reduce fouling. The process differs from a traditional wastewater treatment plant in that separation is not done by sedimentation in a secondary clarification tank but instead by membrane filtration. MBR systems require a smaller footprint as compared to similar technologies and are a natural fit for industrial wastewater treatment. Membrane filtration is an enhanced form of filtration that can separate dissolved solids in wastewater. Pressure driven membrane processes from Micro-Filtration (MF) to Reverse Osmosis (RO) are specified with the respective pore size. Micro-Filtration (MF) can handle removal of particulate or suspended solids ranging in size from 0.1 to 10 microns (μm). Ultra-Filtration (UF) is able to recover macro-molecules in the 0.01 to 0.1 μm range. Nano-Filtration (NF) can achieve removal of particulate 0.001 to 0.01 μm. Reverse Osmosis (RO) membranes are capable of separating materials less than 0.001 μm. MF and UF membranes require pressure generally in the 0.1 – 10 bar range. RO operation requires very high pressure up to 150 bar. The MF or UF membrane is a device that allows the passage of certain components, but rejects others above a particular size or weight. The separation process generates two streams, the permeate (liquid) stream which has passed through the membrane or the clean stream. The other is the concentrate or polluted stream. The permeate can be discharged usually after biological treatment. Cleaning of the membrane is accomplished by frequent permeate back pulsing and occasional chemical backwashing. A diffuser is usually placed directly beneath the membrane module to facilitate scouring of the filtration surface. Anoxic or anaerobic compartments can be incorporated to enable simultaneous biological nutrient removal. Industrial wastewater streams typically contain high organic loadings in addition to specific, usually difficult to treat, compounds. The table below shows results achievable on a variety of industries.

In my private practice as a psychotherapist specializing in eating and body-image problems, I have seen teens and young adult women with eating and body-image problems that stem from growing up in homes where certain foods were off-limits. Many of their negative associations come from painful memories that go back as early as grade school. My knowledge of this awards me the opportunity to address this issue with parents of children in this age group early on, in an effort to prevent eating disorders later. From the first time a mother feeds her newborn baby, her attitude toward food and eating can leave an impression. A mother who is anxious while feeding her newborn and doesn&apos;t pay attention to hunger cues can set the stage for problems with food later in childhood. By the time preschool comes around, the attitudes and approach mothers have toward food sets the stage for how kids may feel later about food and eating. If a child witnesses her mother expressing disgust at her image in the mirror, the child may begin to mimic that behavior. According to the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA), 40 to 60 percent of elementary school girls (ages 6 to 12) are concerned about becoming too fat or gaining wait. It&apos;s troubling when girls as young as 6 are worrying about the fat content in their lunch boxes. So where are these children picking up their ideas about food, fat, and body image? Their home environment, other kids at school, and commercials and magazines all influence them. Kids start to perceive what fat means just by hearing about it from other peers and adults or by watching TV. They learn that fat is "bad for you" and will make you gain weight. As a result, they don&apos;t want to eat. A majority of my patients have also said that their mothers were very tough on them about how their bodies looked or that their mothers had personal body issues. Generally, later on in life, these young women become binge eaters to rebel against the ideas that were set forth by restrictive mothers. Mothers, then, are the first and most significant female models in their developing daughters&apos; lives. They are faced with the difficult challenge of modeling positive feelings toward food, eating, and body image. Here are steps that mothers can take to help their school-age girls and to prevent early eating and image problems. Model a Positive Body Image. Women may have internalized cultural values, such as the importance of thinness, and have difficulty trusting their own needs, desires, and wants. It is key that mothers be aware when they feel bad about their own bodies and when they are modeling a negative body image. Be careful not to use words such as "fat" and "diet" around the home. Young kids, especially girls, are impressionable and susceptible, so teach them to be comfortable with their developing bodies. Convey this with phrases such as, "Honey, that dress really flatters your body" and "You are my beautiful child, inside and out." Although mothers who struggle with their own negative body image may find this difficult, it&apos;s key to remain cognizant of the language and phrases said in front of daughters. It&apos;s essential that every mother find the strength within to avoid making bad comments about her own body. Discuss "Sometimes" vs. "Always" Foods. When it comes to discussing food choices, avoid categorizing foods as "good" vs. "bad" (which can make kids feel as though they've been good or bad) or "healthy" vs. "unhealthy." Instead, talk about "sometimes" foods and "always" foods; this can help your kids understand that some foods are better eaten in smaller quantities and less often. Vegetables, fruits, whole grains, proteins, and dairy products can all be explained as "always" foods that are useful and necessary for growth and development. Sweets and fried foods can be seen as "sometimes" foods that taste good but are not healthy or necessary to help us grow. When kids do desire "sometimes" foods, they should eat just a small portion and stop when satisfied. Because feeling full and satisfied may have a different meaning for every child, be attuned to your child's unique nature of fullness. Let your child be the one to say when she is finished eating; don't make the decision for her. Practice "Self-Attuned Eating." The "self-attuned eating" model, a process of learning to pay attention to and trust feelings of hunger and fullness, can help with making certain food choices. In my own practice, I rely on this model; while it may not work for everyone, I believe it is the best way to prevent eating disorders if it's taught and practiced with children early on in their lives. This model teaches that feeling satisfied is important, so no food is off-limits and it's okay to eat all types, whether carrots or candy. This helps them feel safe, comfortable, and open around all foods and promotes a healthy, normalizing attitude toward eating. Talk About Empty vs. Full Stomachs. Discuss how food affects the digestive system and the body by sharing how to eat only when hungry and how to stop when full. Talk to your kids about how their bodies feel at the present moment. Try asking if their stomach feels empty and "growly" or if their stomach feels full and "heavy." Re-enforce this on a regular basis to help kids feel connected to their bodies. In Preventing Childhood Eating Problems, psychotherapists Jane Hirschmann and Lela Zaphiropoulos stress that allowing children to decide when, what, and how much to eat helps strengthen their self-confidence, self-esteem, and sense of dignity. This also helps kids avoid the kinds of eating difficulties that have plagued many adults for life. Involve Children in the Lunch-Making Process. Get creative by having your kids prepare their own lunches. Allow them to choose what they like and also teach the basic food groups. Offer enough options so that kids can choose chocolate milk one day and regular milk another day. Include them when grocery shopping so they are further involved in picking the foods they would like to have in the house. Talk about how their bodies need certain nutrients and vitamins to grow strong; this makes them feel that they have some control over what is eaten. As they consume a variety of foods, explain the purpose each one serves and the positive effects. For example, "We eat carrots because they have vitamins and help with our eyesight." Although getting vital nutrients is crucial to development, enjoying the eating experience can have a long-lasting effect on the mind and body.

Obesity is considered to be the fastest growing health risk in the world. It is therefore all the more important to determine the exact nutritional condition of a patient with the Body Mass Index (BMI) – one of the few internationally acknowledged values when it is a question of obtaining a meaningful weight height ratio. With our battery and solar-operated BMI calculator seca 491, every doctor, nurse and caregiver can determine the BMI simply and quickly in a few steps.

This past weekend, the New York Times ran a story that contains a harbinger of things to come. The story, titled Google Cars Drive Themselves, In Traffic, describes how a team of 15 Google engineers are actively pursuing technologies that will allow cars to drive themselves. And this isn’t just fanciful fiction. The team has already been hugely successful. Without human aid, seven test cars have already driven 1,000 miles within mixed traffic and another 140,000 miles with only limited human intervention. The benefits are obvious: Less traffic, higher speeds, fewer accidents, reduced costs. This would be actual Personal Rapid Transit, not the fictitious one dreamed of by the PRT community. Eight years is not, however, a lot of time. Eight years – give or take – is the time it takes a city to build one LRT line. Even double or triple that number and you’re still talking about a span of time less than a generation long. The idea of a driverless car has been around for decades, but was always just that; an idea. For most of the idea’s life, the technology simply didn’t exist to transform it from dream to reality. Furthermore, driverless car technology isn’t one technology, it’s a package of technologies. For driverless cars to work you need cloud computing; fast, wireless and cheap mobile communication; minute-by-minute traffic data; geographic information systems; low cost optical sensors; and a whole host of other things that are far more complicated for you or I to ever understand. So if there’s one company equipped to undertake this Herculean challenge, it’s Google. Remember: Google isn’t just in the search business. Google has Google Maps, Google Earth, Google Traffic, Google Streetview and the Android mobile operating system. And Google’s only 12 years old. Just barely into its second decade of life, Google has utterly transformed how we live. True, most of those changes have occurred in virtual realms, but the company’s influence on the actual world is becoming more and more apparent. As the world’s most efficient (and profitable) collector of data, it would be smart money to believe Google’s the one to make the driverless car a reality. So what then does this mean for public transit? Likely it means the end – at least as we currently know and understand it. Taxi companies would be the first to adopt the technology. They’d have the fleet of vehicles, dispatch facilities and communications technology to roll-out the technology quicker than anyone else. They’d also have the motivation. Drivers are costly. Taxi drivers wouldn’t disappear over night. Legal requirements would need vehicles to be supervised by humans, but as the technology advanced and scaled, those legal requirements would quickly vanish. The taxi driver would go the way of the travel agent; it would simply cease to exist. At that point, all bets would be off. Public Transit would still be caught in its current bureaucratic nightmare. Fares would continue to increase; infrastructure costs would continue to skyrocket; and unionized drivers would continue to maintain a stranglehold on any ability to control expenses. Politics would continue to prioritize routes with little actual value except for political gamesmanship and it would still take a decade or more to build even the most modest fixed link transit line. Without the expense of drivers, the private taxi industry would be in a position to slash fares in an attempt to capture the lucrative public transit market. Tax payers, meanwhile, would find themselves questioning why they are subsidizing the Public Transit industry when the private taxi market serves them so much better. And that would be the end of it. Public Transit ridership would plummet and subsidies cut. Public Transit would become nothing more than a 100 year old blip in the history of humanity. Will this ever happen? Who knows, I certainly don’t. But it’s worth considering how poor a competitor Public Transit is. Public Transit, it seems, refuses to acknowledge the need to compete. It’s amazing that an industry so subsidized by government and so in a position of monopoly cannot currently provide better service. That’s not a condemnation of Public Transit, but it is a criticism. Public Transit has to understand that while they’ve been arguing about bus versus train for the last 20 years, the world has changed to a point where it’s now possible for a car to drive itself! Meanwhile, the Personal Rapid Transit industry still can’t get 20 automated cars at Heathrow to work. The future of Public Transit isn’t lost. The industry will still have the developing world to ply their trade in and there’s likely always to be a place for high-capacity, high speed transit systems in urban areas. That place, however, will become severely limited and specialized. Public Transit is in desperate need of a reinvention. If the industry doesn’t respond to the clear challenge before them, you might one day open your inbox to find an invitation to join something called Google Transit – Beta. That's right. Not all stations are perfect right now. The one in Marina is really good and another one connected to the Mall of the Emirates too. They even got cooled-pedestrian bridges. My point: if dwelling is directly connected to those stations it absolutely makes sense and is working fine. My guesses are later on the small buildings around those stations will be replaced by good working and connected high rise building-communities - so in the end an agglomeration of buildings (like satellites) will make this city working. But let's focus on the actual idea behind this concept and not the more than questionable idea of living in a desert. I think it would be interesting to know how far/long people would accept to walk to get to a well connected point for further transportation. Point being: when do you really need a PRT? I can see advantages in driverless cars, but it's just another way of driving a car. Even if it all will be managed by one unfailing controller for the infrastructure system - I see people losing flexibility (a good example is the transportation vision in the movie 'I Robot') and am not sure if we all like that. On the other side: if this system is really working, there would be no traffic jams, no accidents and very calculable times - which of course would be really good. i've always imagined cars that can drive them selves as needing less road infrastructure, specifically stop lights... similar to how people move through crowds, the cars would be able to communicate and "look at" each other in a way that means everyone can go through an intersection at the same time. an easy comparison would be to equate this to the "scramble" intersections in toronto (). while this could make driving much quicker, but i see it posing a problem for pedestrians. maybe it would mean people could cross anywhere and anytime, or maybe it would mean pedestrians would also have to be "linked in" to this car communication system. If Google (with the help of Stanford and CMU researchers) can devise technology package to operate a motor vehicle in mixed traffic, with signs and signals, pedestrians, cyclists, at varying speeds and conditions; I imagine a future where public transit (taxis, vans, shuttles, buses, LRT, metros and commuter and intercity rail) are all guided by similar systems adapted for their particular conditions. In fact, I can easily see the rails being the first beneficiary of this technology. Its inevitable. Now all we need is to have the Japanese perfect their humid robotics project and we can say so long to any human intervention in our transit experience. I'm also in the camp who thinks this technology could be good for public transit, at least broadly conceived. Other people above have touched on various relevant issues, but I would particularly emphasize the potentially disruptive nature of any technology which frees households from the need to own and store their own cars in order to have car-like functionality. Owning and storing your own car has large fixed costs in relation to the marginal costs of use (although of course that ratio depends on things like fuel prices and such). Accordingly, if you have to own and store your own car for some purposes, you will tend to then end up using that car for a lot of other purposes as well--indeed, you might well implicitly organize your entire current and future-planned lifestyle around the assumption that you will always own and store your own cars. But if you can have car-like functionality without owning and storing your own car, and if the entity providing this service can spread its own fixed costs through to the marginal units of service, then suddenly all this may change, and your best strategy may end up being to plan to use this car-like service if, but only if, it is the most efficient mode for a particular purpose from a systemic perspective. And you might well be willing to organize your entire planned lifestyle around the assumption you WON'T be owning and storing your own cars, although you will be planning to use this car-like service when it is the most efficient mode. And in such a world, there may be many more opportunities for public transit (even defining this car-like service out of the realm of public transit) to provide valuable services. In fact, this car-like service may be less of a competitor for public transit, and more of a complement to public transit, such that we may well expect increased market penetration of this car-like service to correlate with increased, not decreased, demand for public transit services. Of course if you assume that public transit authorities will be completely incapable of responding appropriately to such opportunities in a timely fashion--well, then you are basically assuming the conclusion (that this sort of technological disruption will destroy public transit). Personally, I think it is possible, maybe even likely, that a confluence of factors will cause a radical reorganization of how we fund and operate public transit, such that public transit authorities will in fact ultimately become more nimble in terms of seizing this sort of opportunity to prove a complementary service. By the way, some of this same logic applies to current wireless-enabled carsharing services like Zipcar (basically, the vision here is of something like a carsharing system where you don't need to be particularly near a storage location in order to use the service, since the closest available car can drive to you from wherever it is being stored). And I believe Zipcar has in fact found their service to be complementary with public transit. It's interesting how much reaction this post has received. I think everything that everyone is saying here is quite thoughtful. I think the strange thing is how unadvanced our public transit technologies actually are. Sure there's signal priority schemes (and their dubious track record) and automated ticketing, but the technologies and vehicles themselves have evolved very little. Meanwhile, every other non public transit technology seems to be advancing at an astronomical rate. Private taxi service merging with public transit... quite a likely possibility. "Private taxi service merging with public transit… quite a likely possibility." Seems like I've heard about cases in Germany where this already happens. Such as taxis running bus routes late at night when it would be unprofitable to run a bus and accepting the normal bus fare or something like that. Just an addendum, but I've noticed a bunch of other commentators in various places making the connection between driverless cars and carsharing. Steven Public Transit evolved a lot. While there are some prototypes of automatic cars, fully automated metros carry hundreds of thousands passengers every day. Major airports rely on fully automated transit systems. The power electronics, the motors everything evolved. Low floor buses and trams are standard now. Modern transit vehicles and station are fully accessible for handicapped people. Information systems are much better than there where a decade ago. etc. And since over hundred years urban rails transit is electrified with the possibility of running with environmental friendly energy. And if you want you can have very fancy technologies like maglev. You just need to order and build them. I also think a autopilot for cars would be very nice but i don't think any authority will approve them. And if approved they need the same or more redundant electronic like automated metros or aeroplanes, which means nobody could afford this kind of car. I still don't think it's a sure bet this technology will even get off the ground. Does it work? Certainly; that's been proven. But will people accept it? A much better question. Ultimately it's very simple, would you cross the street in front of a driverless car? Come on really picture it in your mind. Better yet let's make it a twenty year old driverless chevy rust box with a huge dent in the fender and an ominous rattling coming from the engine. There's no one in the drivers seat. In fact there's no one in it at all. Feeling confident? And just so we're all clear, these things are going to kill people. It's inevitable. No technology is perfect, and these will be handed to people who won't take care of them properly. They'll still be on the road twenty years and five irresponsible owners later. Once in a while a driverless car will go wrong and kill someone. Of course drivers do that too. They do it a lot and logically driverless cars will be far safer even if they sometimes drive through somebody's house. Still, would people accept that a five year old girl was just run over by a computer? That's a tough one.

The American Dental Association (ADA) sponsors National Children's Dental Health Month to raise awareness about the importance of oral health. Tooth decay is the number one chronic infectious disease among children in the U.S. It is five times more common than asthma. Yet decay is nearly 100% preventable. Today’s Family asked Dr. Trista Onesti, a pediatric dentist in Lyndhurst, to provide us with some of the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry for cavity prevention. Developing good habits at an early age and scheduling regular dental visits helps children to get a good start on a lifetime of healthy teeth and gums. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry recommends a first dentist visit by age one. Routine dental visits should be every six months with a comprehensive exam, cleaning, fluoride application, and x-rays when determined to be necessary by the dentist. Two is the magic number for keeping your child’s teeth in tip-top shape. Time your child’s brushing by playing a song that is two minutes long: 60 seconds for the top teeth and 60 seconds for the bottom teeth. Just remember, until your child develops adequate hand control for good penmanship (usually age 7–8), they do not have the manual dexterity to brush correctly. An adult must also brush for the child until this hand control develops. Make sure you help to put the right amount of fluoridated toothpaste. A child under 3 gets a barely visible smear, while a child over 3 gets a small pea size amount. Flossing is an essential part of the oral health care routine to clean spots where the toothbrush cannot reach. As soon as two teeth are touching it is recommended that an adult floss the teeth. For some children, the first time teeth contact is as early as age 2 or 3, but for most children it is at age 4 or 5. Children should floss their own teeth after age 9. It is very common to see cavities between the teeth in children who do not floss. A proper amount of fluoride in drinking water from infancy through old age helps prevent tooth decay. If you choose to have your child drink bottled water instead of tap water, they may not be receiving a sufficient amount of fluoride. Some bottled waters contain fluoride, and some do not. If the label does not state that fluoride is added, you must call the manufacturer to determine the fluoride content. Drinking too much juice promotes the development of cavities. It is recommended that children drink from a cup by their first birthday. A sippy cup is only meant to serve as a transitional tool for kids to adjust from the bottle to cup. Only water should be put into sippy cups, except during mealtime. By filling a sippy cup with juice, or even milk, and allowing a child to drink from it throughout the day, the child’s teeth are bathed in cavity causing sugars.

This BritLit Primary Kit has been designed for use with any version of the tale. The kit integrates a range of mixed-ability cross-curricular materials within the context of the tale in order to actively engage children and develop their cognitive, linguistic and social skills. The kit includes storytelling tips, interactive language activities, games, puzzles, chants, project work, play, links to online animated tales and a book list of Jack and the Beanstalk stories. You can also find online and printable materials for students on the British Council's LearnEnglish Kids website. This is part of a short series of kits for primary school learners of English. It was produced to respond to the initiative of governments, including the Portuguese government, to lower the age at which English is taught in state schools. Written by Carolyne Ardron and Michelle Maia, illustrations by Paul Millard. Well hello to all of you at teachingenglish.org.uk! I've written an all-rhymed version of Jack and the Beanstalk. You're welcome to read, comment, and use it in your classrooms. Introducing Jack and the Beanstalk (Scene 1) for your free perusal.

A digitized collection of ancient Egyptian magical texts of the Middle and New Kingdoms and their philological analysis as a preliminary to a Corpus Corpus grammar and style. The project is directed by Prof. Dr. Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert. Amy Calvert’s site dedicated to “Blending Art History, Ancient Egypt, and Statistics.” Visit here to learn about the data-driven research and Egyptology. Late Bronze Age clay cobra figurines have been found in settlement and military sites in Egypt, Israel and Lebanon. They were used as conduits of prayer to the fiery cobra goddesses, and as apotropaic devices to protect against demons. They are part of the Demonology 2K project directed by Kasia Szpakowska. Sites that feature demons, daemons, liminal entities and supernatural creatures in some way (not necessarily Ancient Egyptian). Images from her unpublished manuscripts and archives, many of which feature demonic entities or paraphernalia. For a bit of fun and Egyptian inspired artwork, including clothing and gifts featuring the Ancient Egyptian Demonology Project logo. “Your Guide To The Gods: Discover almost 4,000 gods, goddesses and spirits from around the world” A site that is light-hearted but more useful than you might initially expect. Beings that inhabit watery areas, ponds, and puddles do appear in the Ancient Egyptian Oracular Amuletic Decrees (dating to the Late New Kingdom, around 1000 BC). Amongst other things that the gods promise to protect the person who wears the amulet from (usually they are worn by children) from are beings called “werets” (great ones), who can be found in canals, wells, rivers, and pools left by the inundation. The main source for these is Edwards, I. E. S. Oracular Amuletic Decrees. Hieratic Papyri in the British Museum. Vol. 4th Series, II volumes, London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1960.

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