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Fuel from plastic waste to power long-distance flight SYDNEY (Aug. 22, 11:45 a.m. ET) — A light aircraft powered by fuel made from waste plastic will attempt to enter the record books.Pilot Jeremy Rowsell will fly from Sydney to London in a single-engine plane, a Cessna 182; the first time such a journey has been completed by an aircraft of its type.He will also be the first pilot to fly an aircraft using a biofuel derived from plastic waste as a single source of power.The “On Wings of Waste” project will use fuel produced by Portlaoise, Ireland-based Cynar plc.“Flying is critical to the economy, vital for saving lives and is the best way to experience the planet we live on. We can’t stop flying but how can we do that and do it sustainably?” Rowsell said.“Our objective is to prove that this synthetic fuel made from plastic waste is viable for a number of practical solutions and by doing so replace the need to use fossil fuels from conventional sources.The Sydney-to-London flight will require 4,000 liters of diesel fuel. According to Cynar, that much fuel will be created from about 5 metric tons of plastic waste.

Hospitals can save by reducing waste, increasing recycling By: Jeremy Carroll CHICAGO (Dec. 12, 10:50 a.m. ET) — Recycling and reducing common wasteful practices can save hospitals money — lots of it, according to a recently released study.Susan Kaplan, research assistant professor at the University of Illinois-Chicago’s school of public health, was the lead author of the report, which says the industry as a whole could save $5.4 billion in five years and up to $15 billion in 10 years if it adopts sustainable practices.The study considered several hospitals that recently went through various sustainable measures and extrapolated their findings out to the general hospital and health care system.Among the areas for potential savings, according to the study: reduce medical waste through better segregation; reduce landfilled waste through recycling; more efficient purchase of operating room supplies; and the switch to reprocessed devices in the operating room over single-use devices.Among the simple waste reduction efforts, the hospitals studied showed a range of 50 cents per patient per day in savings to more than $2.50 per patient per day. Changes in the operating room were as high as $57 per operation.“We had seen some anecdotal evidence that was very suggestive and showed potentially some very significant [cost savings in a more sustainable model],” Kaplan said.Many of the changes, promoted by Practice Greenhealth, Health Care Without Harm and the Healthier Hospital Initiative are very inexpensive to implement, Kaplan said.“Many of them have virtually no upfront costs,” she said. “To us, that was one of the most interesting findings.”Often hospital employees throw regular waste together with the regulated medical waste, often referred to as red bag waste. The cost of disposal of medical waste is much higher than regular waste, so adding unnecessary waste can skyrocket costs.Simply educating employees on what is proper medical waste and what can be disposed in the solid waste stream could lead to big savings, Kaplan said.“My impression is that perhaps there’s a lack of awareness,” Kaplan said as to why that practice seems common. “It seemed like the major intervention here was staff intervention and education about segregating in the right waste streams.”Operating rooms are often a place where small sustainable practices can lead to big savings too, according to the study. Many operating rooms are fraught with one-time-use devices that are tossed after the surgery, but there are multi-use products available.Cardiac catheters, orthopedic surgical blades and ultrasound catheters are among the items that can be easily reprocessed.“They are minimum costs to the hospital with cost savings beginning immediately,” Kaplan said.Blair Sadler, senior fellow at the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, one of the authors of the study and former CEO of Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, Calif., said the idea of saving money though environmental sustainability efforts is no longer theoretical.“I was struck by the significant evidence and experience that is now out there,” he said. “You can really make a difference in sustainability that improves health care quality and improves the financial bottom line. It’s no longer a debate, it’s a matter of understanding it, accepting it and deciding which of the variety of strategies or tactics that you want to employ.”Kaplan said for a sustainability program to be successful, there has to be a buy-in from management all the way down to employees.“Any hospital can start implementing the program. The information on how to get started is out there,” she said. “But the culture of commitment can really make a difference.”

An IOM report urges action on health insurance coverage and costs. - PolicyArchive An IOM report urges action on health insurance coverage and costs. Publisher(s): Institute of Medicine; Robert Wood Johnson FoundationAuthor(s): Institute of Medicine Topic: Health (Health services for the uninsured) When policy-makers and researchers consider potential solutions to the crisis of uninsurance in the United States, the question of whether health insurance matters to health is often an issue. This question is far more than an academic concern. It is crucial that U.S. health care policy be informed with current and valid evidence on the consequences of uninsurance for health care and health outcomes, especially for the 45.7 million individuals without health insurance. From 2001 to 2004, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) issued six reports, which concluded that being uninsured was hazardous to people’s health and recommended that the nation move quickly to implement a strategy to achieve health insurance coverage for all.

Crude from the Midwest begins traversing Maine The state’s railroads upgrade service as companies move more crude by train, to the dismay of environmentalists. By Tux Turkel [email protected] Writer Crude oil from the Midwest has begun moving across Maine – not by pipeline, as some environmental activists fear it will someday – but by railroad. click image to enlarge A train carrying 104 tank cars of crude oil from North Dakota rolls through Massachusetts on Saturday before crossing Maine en route to the Irving Oil refinery in Saint John, New Brunswick. Rail officials say they expect a growing number of oil trains to cross Maine, part of a trend to move crude from major reserves in Alberta, Canada, and the upper Midwest. A train carrying 104 tank cars of crude from the Bakken oil fields in North Dakota came through Maine last weekend on a 2,435-mile journey to the Irving Oil refinery in Saint John, New Brunswick. It rolled through Portland, Waterville and Bangor on Pan Am Railways tracks, on its way to Canada’s largest oil refinery. This so-called unit train – made up only of oil tank cars – is an example of how Irving and other energy giants are reacting to a fast-changing North American petroleum market, and how Maine figures into the developments. “I think we’re going to be seeing more of this,” said Tom Hall, a former assistant general manager for Pan Am Railways in Maine. New technologies and high global oil prices have made it economical for energy companies to develop mammoth petroleum reserves in North Dakota, as well as the Canadian province of Alberta. The challenge is getting all the oil to refineries across North America. The easy-to-refine oil in North Dakota is locked up in shale formations and is released by injecting pressurized water and chemicals, a process called fracking. In Alberta, a similar process is used to free heavy, tar-like oil located in sand formations. Both methods are under fire, in part because they can pollute groundwater. Growing controversies and delays over building new pipelines, or reversing the flow of existing ones to move this oil, are threatening production goals and export plans. That has created an unexpected opportunity for railroads, which see a void. They’re building loading facilities and adding tank cars to compete with pipelines for a piece of the evolving business. Maine’s freight railroads stand to benefit, as well. They’re upgrading service to handle an expected increase in traffic to Saint John. The first big shipment was made over the weekend. Each of the 104 cars carried roughly 700 barrels of oil. The train traveled through Chicago to Rotterdam Junction, N.Y., where it moved over Pan Am Railways track through southern and eastern Maine and connected with the New Brunswick Southern Railway for the trip to Saint John. The train was photographed as it crossed the Merrimack River in Massachusetts by Kevin Burkholder, the editor of Eastern Railroad News. “Deemed a test train, this is the first of what could be a steady flow of the rolling crude-oil pipeline to feed the Irving refinery,” Burkholder wrote last weekend in his newsletter. Pan Am has been improving its tracks and adding locomotives and crews, making it a player in the growing crude-oil competition, according to Hall. Pan Am operates one of three possible rail routes that can get crude to Saint John. Canadian National Railroad has another, which skirts Aroostook County and stays north of Maine. A third goes through Jackman, Greenville and Brownville Junction to reach New Brunswick via the Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway. “Irving’s going to go with whoever does the best job at the best price,” Hall said. The prospect of steady oil shipments has led Montreal, Maine and Atlantic to announce that it will double the frequency of its service from three to six days a week between Montreal and Brownville Junction. The new schedule will begin after a strike at Canadian Pacific is resolved, said Ed Burkhardt, the company’s board chairman. Price is driving Irving’s thirst for Bakken oil, Burkhardt said. Irving’s refinery, which has a capacity of 250,000 barrels a day, primarily receives its supply via tankers from Venezuela, the Persian Gulf and the North Sea. But overseas oil now is roughly $20 a barrel more expensive, so it’s cost-effective to move some of the supply thousands of miles by rail. “Rail can land oil at Saint John at a better price than by sea,” Burkhardt said. The most immediate factor that could limit business is the availability of tank cars, which are in great demand nationally, Burkhardt and others say. It takes roughly six days to go from North Dakota to New Brunswick, plus offloading time. If rail delivery grows, it could help Maine’s struggling freight railroads and the shippers that depend on them, said Chop Hardenbergh, editor of Atlantic Northeast Rails & Ports. That could help improve service to Maine’s paper mills and attract new shippers, he said. “It certainly helps our railroads and our overall economy,” Hardenbergh said. Commerce aside, the trend has caught some of Maine’s environmental activists by surprise. They oppose the methods used to extract this petroleum – especially the so-called tar sands oil from Alberta – saying they are highly polluting. In Maine, activists suspect that the Portland Pipeline Corp. will want to reverse the flow of its system, which moves crude oil west from Portland Harbor to Montreal, in order to send tar-sands oil east. The company has said it has no current plans to do that. Environmental activists oppose tar-sands oil for two main reasons. They say the more-corrosive nature of the oil poses a greater risk of pipeline ruptures, and they point to a large spill in Michigan in 2010 as evidence. Spills appear to be less of an issue with rail transport, however. Tank cars are typically doubled lined and made of hardened steel to survive a derailment. But staff members at the Maine Chapter of the Sierra Club and the Natural Resources Council of Maine both say fracking and tar-sand extractions are unsustainable, dirty technologies, whether the product is moved by rail or pipeline. “We don’t want to see that supported in any way,” said Glen Brand, a spokesman for the Sierra Club. “We don’t want to see it moved to market.” But small quantities of tar-sands oil already have rolled across Maine. Bob Grindrod, president of Montreal, Maine & Atlantic Railway, said that his line handled a small, test delivery destined for the Irving refinery a few months ago. The potential to move more depends on the cost and how hard it is for Irving to refine the thick oil, he said. Irving Oil rarely discusses its business practices, and didn’t respond to email questions from the newspaper. But Grindrod said he’s aware that the refinery is ramping up its crude offloading capacity from two cars a day to 100 cars, whether it comes from the Canadian tar sands or the Bakken field.

DSM-5, the updated source for diagnosing mental problems, has many questioning its legitimacy. By LINDSEY TANNER The Associated Press CHICAGO - In the new psychiatric manual of mental disorders, grief soon after a loved one's death can be considered major depression. Extreme childhood temper tantrums get a fancy name. And certain "senior moments" are called "mild neurocognitive disorder." click image to enlarge A psychiatric patient stands next to a painting he did at a hospital in Elgin, Ill. Even the head of the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health has complained that the proposed new manual for diagnosing mental disorders lacks scientific validity. Those changes are just some of the reasons prominent critics say the American Psychiatric Association is out of control, turning common human problems into mental illnesses in a trend they say will just make the "pop-a-pill" culture worse. Says a former leader of the group: "Normal needs to be saved from powerful forces trying to convince us that we are all sick." At issue is the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, widely known as the DSM-5. The DSM has long been considered the authoritative source for diagnosing mental problems. The psychiatric association formally introduces the nearly 1,000-page revised version this weekend in San Francisco. It's the manual's first major update in nearly 20 years, and a backlash has taken shape in recent weeks: Two new books by mental health experts, "Saving Normal" and "The Book of Woe," say the world's most widely used psychiatric guide has lost credibility. A British psychologists' group is criticizing the DSM-5, calling for a "paradigm shift" away from viewing mental problems as a disease. An organization of German therapists also attacked the new guide. Even the head of the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health complained that the book lacks scientific validity. This week, the NIMH director, Dr. Thomas Insel, tried to patch things up as he and the psychiatrists group issued a joint statement saying they have similar goals for improving the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. The manual's release comes at a time of increased scrutiny of health care costs and concern about drug company influence over doctors. Critics point to a landscape in which TV ads describe symptoms for mental disorders and promote certain drugs to treat them. "Way too much treatment is given to the normal 'worried well' who are harmed by it; far too little help is available for those who are really ill and desperately need it," Dr. Allen Frances writes in "Saving Normal." He is a retired Duke University professor who headed the psychiatry group's task force that worked on the previous handbook. He says the new version adds new diagnoses "that would turn everyday anxiety, eccentricity, forgetting and bad eating habits into mental disorders." Previous revisions were also loudly criticized, but the latest one comes at a time of soaring diagnoses of illnesses listed in the manual -- including autism, attention deficit disorder and bipolar disorder -- and billions of dollars spent each year on psychiatric drugs. The group's 34,000 members are psychiatrists -- medical doctors who specialize in treating mental illness. Unlike psychologists and other therapists without medical degrees, they can prescribe medication. While there has long been rivalry between the two groups, the DSM-5 revisions have stoked the tensions. The most contentious changes include: Diagnosing as major depression the extreme sadness, weight loss, fatigue and trouble sleeping some people experience after a loved one's death. Major depression is typically treated with antidepressants. Calling frequent, extreme temper tantrums "disruptive mood dysregulation disorder," a new diagnosis. The psychiatric association says the label is meant to apply to youngsters who in the past might have been misdiagnosed as having bipolar disorder. Critics say it turns normal tantrums into mental illness. Diagnosing mental decline that goes a bit beyond normal aging as "mild neurocognitive disorder." Affected people may find it takes more effort to pay bills or manage their medications. Critics of the term say it will stigmatize "senior moments." (Continued on page 2)

Terry Mattingly is director of the Washington Journalism Center at the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities and leads the GetReligion.org project to study religion and the news. Dave Brubeck's long pilgrimage Dave Brubeck had a problem and, as a short concert intermission turned into a long and mysterious delay, the jazz master sheepishly came back on stage to make a confession. It seemed that his son Chris had locked his electric bass in a dressing room and the Baylor University stage crew couldn't find the right key. Without that bass, the Two Generations of Brubeck ensemble -- pianist Brubeck backed by sons Chris on bass, Dan on drums and Darius on electric keyboards -- was in trouble. "I really don't know what to do," said Brubeck, on that night in the mid-1970s. High in the Waco Hall balcony, a voice called out: "Play the piano!" Brubeck laughed and went to the keyboard. First he played some Bach, which evolved into gentle jazz improvisations that eventually turned into a stomping blues that roared on and on -- until Chris Brubeck finally had his bass. Afterwards, Brubeck explained that, for him, music was music and he never could separate the many forms of music that he loved. In later interviews -- four in all, over three decades -- it became clear to me that his religious beliefs followed a similar path down the years. Brubeck died of heart failure on Dec. 5, the day before he would have been 92. As a composer, Brubeck was haunted by themes of justice and faith and, even during the glory years of the Dave Brubeck Quartet, he expressed his yearnings in explicitly religious classical works, often with lyrics written with his wife Iola. These compositions continued for the rest of this life. "Really, I have trouble expressing myself about these things. I still do," he told me, during a 1984 interview that was published in the National Catholic Reporter. "Have you ever seen the notes in 'Light in the Wilderness'? ... I really said it all there. That still says what I believe -- although I guess no one's beliefs ever really stay the same.

A Cashless Society May Be Closer Than Most People Would Ever Dare To Imagine Most people think of a cashless society as something that is way off in the distant future. Unfortunately, that is simply not the case. The truth is that a cashless society is much closer than most people would ever dare to imagine. To a large degree, the transition to a cashless society is being done voluntarily. Today, only 7 percent of all transactions in the United States are done with cash, and most of those transactions involve very small amounts of money. Just think about it for a moment. Where do you still use cash these days? If you buy a burger or if you purchase something at a flea market you will still use cash, but for any mid-size or large transaction the vast majority of people out there will use another form of payment. Our financial system is dramatically changing, and cash is rapidly becoming a thing of the past. We live in a digital world, and national governments and big banks are both encouraging the move away from paper currency and coins. But what would a cashless society mean for our future? Are there any dangers to such a system? Those are very important questions, but most of the time both sides of the issue are not presented in a balanced way in the mainstream media. Instead, most mainstream news articles tend to trash cash and talk about how wonderful digital currency is. For example, a recent CBS News article declared that soon we may not need “that raggedy dollar bill” any longer and that the “greenback may soon be a goner”…. It’s what the wallet was invented for, to carry cash. After all, there was a time when we needed cash everywhere we went, from filling stations to pay phones. Even the tooth fairy dealt only in cash. But money isn’t just physical anymore. It’s not only the pennies in your piggy bank, or that raggedy dollar bill. Money is also digital – it’s zeros and ones stored in a computer, prompting some economists to predict the old-fashioned greenback may soon be a goner. “There will be a time – I don’t know when, I can’t give you a date – when physical money is just going to cease to exist,” said economist Robert Reich. So will we see a completely cashless society in the near future? Of course not. It would be wildly unpopular for the governments of the world to force such a system upon us all at once. Instead, the big banks and the governments of the industrialized world are doing all they can to get us to voluntarily transition to such a system. Once 98 or 99 percent of all transactions do not involve cash, eliminating the remaining 1 or 2 percent will only seem natural. The big banks want a cashless society because it is much more profitable for them. The big banks earn billions of dollars in fees from debit cards and they make absolutely enormous profits from credit cards. But when people use cash the big banks do not earn anything. So obviously the big banks and the big credit card companies are big cheerleaders for a cashless society. Most governments around the world are eager to transition to a cashless society as well for the following reasons…. -Cash is expensive to print, inspect, move, store and guard. -Counterfeiting is always going to be a problem as long as paper currency exists. -Cash if favored by criminals because it does not leave a paper trail. Eliminating cash would make it much more difficult for drug dealers, prostitutes and other criminals to do business. -Most of all, a cashless society would give governments more control. Governments would be able to track virtually all transactions and would also be able to monitor tax compliance much more closely. When you understand the factors listed above, it becomes easier to understand why the use of cash is increasingly becoming demonized. Governments around the world are increasingly viewing the use of cash in a negative light. In fact, according to the U.S. government paying with cash in some circumstances is now considered to be “suspicious activity” that needs to be reported to the authorities. This disdain of cash has also grown very strong in the financial community. The following is from a recent Slate article…. David Birch, a director at Consult Hyperion, a firm specializing in electronic payments, says a shift to digital currency would cut out these hidden costs. In Birch’s ideal world, paying with cash would be viewed like drunk driving—something we do with decreasing frequency as more and more people understand the negative social consequences. “We’re trying to use industrial age money to support commerce in a post-industrial age. It just doesn’t work,” he says. “Sooner or later, the tectonic plates shift and then, very quickly, you’ll find yourself in this new environment where if you ask somebody to pay you in cash, you’ll just assume that they’re a prostitute or a Somali pirate.” Do you see what is happening? Simply using cash is enough to get you branded as a potential criminal these days. Many people are going to be scared away from using cash simply because of the stigma that is becoming attached to it. This is a trend that is not just happening in the United States. In fact, many other countries are further down the road toward a cashless society than we are. Up in Canada, they are looking for ways to even eliminate coins so that people can use alternate forms of payment for all of their transactions…. The Royal Canadian Mint is also looking to the future with the MintChip, a new product that could become a digital replacement for coins. In Sweden, only about 3 percent of all transactions still involve cash. The following comes from a recent Washington Post article…. In most Swedish cities, public buses don’t accept cash; tickets are prepaid or purchased with a cell phone text message. A small but growing number of businesses only take cards, and some bank offices — which make money on electronic transactions — have stopped handling cash altogether. “There are towns where it isn’t at all possible anymore to enter a bank and use cash,” complains Curt Persson, chairman of Sweden’s National Pensioners’ Organization. In Italy, all very large cash transactions have been banned. Previously, the limit for using cash in a transaction had been reduced to the equivalent of just a few thousand dollars. But back in December, Prime Minister Mario Monti proposed a new limit of approximately $1,300 for cash transactions. And that is how many governments will transition to a cashless society. They will set a ceiling and then they will keep lowering it and lowering it. But is a cashless society really secure? Bank accounts can be hacked into. Credit cards and debit cards can be stolen. Identity theft all over the world is absolutely soaring. So companies all over the planet are working feverishly to make all of these cashless systems much more secure. In the future, it is inevitable that national governments and big financial institutions will want to have all of us transition over to using biometric identity systems in order to combat crime in the financial system. Many of these biometric identity systems are becoming quite advanced. For example, just check out what IBM has been developing. The following is from a recent IBM press release…. You will no longer need to create, track or remember multiple passwords for various log-ins. Imagine you will be able to walk up to an ATM machine to securely withdraw money by simply speaking your name or looking into a tiny sensor that can recognize the unique patterns in the retina of your eye. Or by doing the same, you can check your account balance on your mobile phone or tablet. Each person has a unique biological identity and behind all that is data. Biometric data – facial definitions, retinal scans and voice files – will be composited through software to build your DNA unique online password. Referred to as multi-factor biometrics, smarter systems will be able to use this information in real-time to make sure whenever someone is attempting to access your information, it matches your unique biometric profile and the attempt is authorized. Are you ready for that? It is coming. In the future, if you do not surrender your biometric identity information, you may be locked out of the entire financial system. Another method that can be used to make financial identification more secure is to use implantable RFID microchips. Yes, there is a lot of resistance to this idea, but the fact is that the use of RFID chips in animals and in humans is rapidly spreading. Some U.S. cities have already made it mandatory to implant microchips into all cats and all dogs so that they can be tracked. All over the United States, employees are being required to carry badges that contain RFID chips, and in some instances employers are actually requiring employees to have RFID chips injected into their bodies. Increasingly, RFID chips are being implanted in the upper arm of patients that have Alzheimer’s disease. The idea is that this helps health care providers track Alzheimer’s patients that get lost. In some countries, microchips are now actually being embedded into school uniforms to make sure that students don’t skip school. Can you see where all of this is headed? Some companies are even developing RFID technologies that do not require an injection. One company called Somark has developed chipless RFID ink that is applied directly to the skin of an animal or a human. These “RFID tattoos” are applied in about 10 seconds using micro-needles and a reusable applicator, and they can be read by an RFID reader from up to four feet away. Would you get an “RFID tattoo” if the government or your bank asked you to? Some people out there are actually quite excited about these new technologies. For example, a columnist named Don Tennant wrote an article entitled “Chip Me – Please!” in which he expressed his unbridled enthusiasm for an implantable microchip which would contain all of his medical information…. “All I can say is I’d be the first person in line for an implant.” But are there real dangers to going to a system that is entirely digital? For example, what if a devastating EMP attack wiped out our electrical grid and most of our computers from coast to coast? How would we continue to function? Sadly, most people don’t think about things like that. Our world is changing more rapidly than ever before, and we should be mindful of where these changes are taking us. Just because our technology is advancing does not mean that our world is becoming a better place. There are millions of Americans that want absolutely nothing to do with biometric identity systems or RFID implants. But the mainstream media continues to declare that nothing can stop the changes that are coming. A recent CBS News article made the following statement…. “Most agree a cashless society is not only inevitable, for most of us, it’s already here.” Yes, a cashless society is coming. Are you ready for it? NJ Transit Ushers in Cashless Society with Google Wallet App for Smartphone Payment Cashless Society: India Implements First Biometric ID Program for all of its 1.2 Billion Residents Cashless Society: Bank of America Refuses Cash for Mortgage Payment

By Rebecca Kemble on Nov 18, 2012 By: Rebecca KembleUnder Scott Walker’s reign in Wisconsin, multinational corporations are given undue influence over public policy. Nowhere is this more evident than in public education. Some of the largest corporations in the world – GE, Caterpillar, Koch Industries – have privileged seats at Walker’s policy table, but they don’t necessarily show up themselves. Instead, they activate a whole network of local actors to do their bidding. In his seminal work, Propaganda (1928), the “Father of Public Relations” Edward Louis Bernays wrote: The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country. We are governed, our minds are molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of. On Thursday morning, dozens of people you’ve probably never heard of gathered at Waukesha County Technical College to work on one piece of a dense, multi-layered strategy to manipulate the organized habits and opinions of Wisconsin school kids, parents and teachers. This “invisible government” of opinion leaders consists of a group of manufacturers, mainly from southeastern Wisconsin, led by Tim Sullivan, former CEO of mining equipment manufacturer Bucyrus International, and allies from the public relations, lobbying and philanthropic industries. Sullivan recently released a report entitled, “The Road Ahead: Restoring Wisconsin’s Workforce Development” in which he recommends major changes to state k-12 and higher education systems. A parallel effort has been led by Jim Wood of the PR firm Wood Communications, and Bill McCoshen, lobbyist and former Wisconsin Commerce Department secretary under Tommy Thompson with their pro-business group Competitive Wisconsin. Though Competitive Wisconsin describes itself as a nonpartisan policy group, the interests they serve are easily discovered by a perusal of their policy papers. In their document BE BOLD: The Role of Capital in the Building and Maintaining of Wisconsin’s Entrepreneurial Economy, they spelled it out: “The public and private sectors must also focus now on encouraging and enabling current employers who have expansion and growth potential to maximize that potential as quickly as possible. Strong exporting cluster industries, such as defense manufacturing, medical devices, and minerals, would fall into this category.” Lee Swindall, vice president of Business and Industry Development of WEDC, spoke plainly about the state’s promotion of manufacturing using the typically high-handed methods of the Walker regime. “WEDC does not want to see a retail-level redistribution of those funds to local, highly differentiated workforce development initiatives,” he said. “The funds need to align with key industry priorities in Wisconsin. Not every profession should be equally underwritten by those funds.” Reggie Newson, DWD Secretary said, “We agree with WEDC that there should be coordination between our agencies.” He added, “A lot of other states have done this – Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Oklahoma. They have pulled in k-12 and public college systems to collaborate. But we have to put job creators in the driver’s seat. Then other entities will be in place to assist the employers of Wisconsin.” The suggestion for Wisconsin to follow the educational and economic development models of those four states is alarming, to say the least. Going further by directly linking the needs of business with larger public education reform goals, Jim Wood said, “There is a tectonic shift going on in k-12 education. It is important that Wisconsin is part of the Common Core.” Referring obliquely to a new law passed earlier this year allowing local school boards to count industry-recognized certifications toward high school graduation requirements, Wood added, “It is important that this becomes project-based and achievement-based education. As part of that, kids will be experiencing the real world earlier and earlier.” Scott Jansen, former vice president for public policy strategy at AT&T, a member of the Wisconsin Technology Council, executive director of Talent Dividend, a project of the Greater Milwaukee Committee, and chairman of the Lynde and Harry Bradley Tech High School Commission said, “I want to talk about a bottom-up approach – reaching down into the k-12 education pipeline to offer employers skilled workers.” Jansen just received a $30,000 grant from DWD to promote his “My Life! My Plan!” project in Milwaukee schools. “We’re trying to track the freshman class into career pathways.” Discussing the difficulties in getting kids on board with the program Jensen said, “We have a long ways to go in terms of aligning parents, students, teachers, to what workforce needs are in the future.” The morning ended with an appearance by Lt. Governor Rebecca Kleefisch, who apparently understands her role as a public servant to develop and sell the people and resources of the state for the benefit of corporations and their investors. “We are raising up the children of today to be the workforce of tomorrow,” said the mother of two. “As I go out there and sell our economic development climate in Wisconsin, I want to say that we have the best workforce in the entire country.” She went on, “We need to reform government to have the stability, certainty and predictability so that employers will be willing to take money out of the bank and invest it in WI. I’m here to ask you 3 things: 1) We need to know what tools the private sector needs and what inhibits job growth. 2) We need to change the mindset of parents and students about what success looks like. 3) We need everyone’s buy-in. We hear from job creators that there are problems out there and they need to be solved. We need full engagement and to have job creators give us suggestions. It’s all hands on deck, all ideas counted. Consider the Lt. Governor’s office an open door for your ideas. We react with great customer service to job creators and those who train people who are employed in the state.” Her office reacts with a different kind of customer service to citizens who bring to their attention problems with plutocratic government that need to be solved. But that’s another story. Sullivan, Wood and McCoshen hope that their final recommendations will be ready for lawmakers to act upon when the Republican-dominated legislature returns to session sometime in January.

Nostalgia For The Past Boosts Optimism For The Future, Study Suggests The Huffington Post: Thinking fondly about the past can make you more excited about what’s to come, according to a new study. Nostalgia seems to spur optimism for the future because it “raises self-esteem which in turn heightens optimism,” study researcher Dr. Tim Wildschut, of the University of Southampton, said in a statement. “Memories of the past can help to maintain current feelings of self-worth and can contribute to a brighter outlook on the future,” he added. “Our findings do imply that nostalgia, by promoting optimism, could help individuals cope with psychological adversity.” A 2010 study in the journal Psychological Science, on the other hand, suggested that optimism could actually improve health by boosting the body’s immune response.

What is QuickiWiki? QuickiWiki takes the amazing Wikipedia content and presents it to users using the latest technologies. Wikipedia is based on community contributions and financial donations. The first part works amazing: people all over the world collaborating to create the world's largest encyclopedia. The second part – well, it seems that people are not as cooperative when it comes to their wallets: Wikipedia's budget is very limited, resulting in a website that looks more like a private blog than the world's 6th largest site (I mean, images that open in a new page? Really?) QuickiWiki allows people to access Wikipedia's content through a quicker and more modern interface, enhancing it with images, videos and more (How about being able to play the movie trailer from within the film's page?) Hey! Aren't you stealing Wikipedia's work? Quite the opposite. Wikimedia (the awesome people behind Wikipedia) have made all its content free and available to all humankind. Actually, by using QuickiWiki you are reducing load from Wikipedia's servers and saving them money! 5.2 Novelas Ejemplares (Exemplary Novels) 5.3 Los Trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda (The Labors of Persiles and Sigismunda) 5.4 Poetry 5.5 Viaje del Parnaso 5.6 Plays 5.7 La Numancia 7 Ethnic and religious heritage 8 Likeness Birth and early lifeIt is assumed that Cervantes was born in Alcalá de Henares, a Castilian city about 35 kilometres (22 mi) from Madrid, probably on 29 September (the feast day of Saint Michael the Archangel) 1547. The probable date of his birth was determined from records in the church register and given the tradition to name a child with the name of the feast day of his birth. He was baptized in Alcalá de Henares on 9 October 1547[8] at the parish church of Santa María la Mayor. The register of baptisms records the following: On Sunday, the ninth day of the month of October, the year of our Lord one thousand five hundred forty and seven, Miguel, son of Rodrigo Cervantes and his wife doña Leonor, was baptised; his godfathers were Juan Pardo; he was baptised by the Reverend Bachelor Bartolomé Serrano, Priest of Our Lady. Witnesses, Baltasar Vázquez, Sexton, and I, who baptised him and signed this in my name. Bachelor Serrano.[9] Miguel's father, Rodrigo, was a barber-surgeon of Galician descent, who set bones, performed bloodlettings, and attended "lesser medical needs";[10] at that time, it was common for barbers to do surgery, as well. His paternal grandfather, Juan de Cervantes, was an influential lawyer who held several administrative positions. His uncle was mayor of Cabra for many years.His mother, Leonor de Cortinas, was a native of Arganda del Rey and the third daughter of a nobleman, who lost his fortune and had to sell his daughter into matrimony in 1543. This led to a very awkward marriage and several affairs by Rodrigo.[11] Leonor died on 19 October 1593.Little is known of Cervantes' early years. It seems he spent much of his childhood moving from town to town with his family. During this time, he met a young barmaid named Josefina Catalina de Parez. The couple fell madly in love and plotted to run away together. Her father discovered their plans and forbade Josefina from ever seeing Cervantes again, perhaps because of the young man's poor prospects of ever rising from poverty—Miguel's own father was embargoed for debt. The court records of the proceedings show a very poor household. While some of his biographers argue that he studied at the University of Salamanca, there is no solid evidence for supposing that he did so.[c] There has been speculation also that Cervantes studied with the Jesuits in Córdoba or Seville.[12]His siblings were Andrés (1543), Andrea (1544), Luisa (1546), Rodrigo (1550), Magdalena (1554) and Juan—known solely because he is mentioned in his father's will.Military service and captivityThe Battle of Lepanto by Paolo Veronese (c. 1572, oil on canvas, 169 x 137 cm, Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice)The reasons that forced Cervantes to leave Castile remain uncertain. Whether he was a "student" of the same name, a "sword-wielding fugitive from justice", or fleeing from a royal warrant of arrest, for having wounded a certain Antonio de Sigura in a duel, is unclear.[13] Like many young Spanish men who wanted to further their careers, Cervantes left for Italy: in Rome he focussed his attention on Renaissance art, architecture, and poetry - knowledge of Italian literature is discernible in his work. He found "a powerful impetus to revive the contemporary world in light of its accomplishments".[14][15] Thus, Cervantes' stay in Italy, as revealed in his later works, might be in part a desire for a return to an earlier period of the Renaissance.[16]By 1570, Cervantes had enlisted as a soldier in a regiment of the Spanish Navy Marines, Infantería de Marina, stationed in Naples, then a possession of the Spanish crown. He was there for about a year before he saw active service. In September 1571 Cervantes sailed on board the Marquesa, part of the galley fleet of the Holy League (a coalition of Pope Pius V, Spain, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Savoy, the Knights Hospitaller based in Malta, and others, under the command of Philip II of Spain's illegitimate half brother, John of Austria) that defeated the Ottoman fleet on October 7 in the Battle of Lepanto, in the Gulf of Patras. Though taken down with fever, Cervantes refused to stay below, and asked to be allowed to take part in the battle, saying he would rather die for his God and his king than keep under cover. He fought on board a vessel, and received 3 gunshot wounds – 2 in the chest, and one which rendered his left arm useless. In Journey to Parnassus he was to say that he "had lost the movement of the left hand for the glory of the right" (he was thinking of the success of the first part of Don Quixote). Cervantes looked back on his conduct in the battle with pride: he believed he had taken part in an event that would shape the course of European history. "What I cannot help taking amiss is that he[d] charges me with being old and one-handed, as if it had been in my power to keep time from passing over me, or as if the loss of my hand had been brought about in some tavern, and not on the grandest occasion the past or present has seen, or the future can hope to see. If my wounds have no beauty to the beholder's eye, they are, at least, honourable in the estimation of those who know where they were received; for the soldier shows to greater advantage dead in battle than alive in flight." After the Battle of Lepanto Cervantes remained in hospital for around 6 months, before his wounds were sufficiently healed to allow his joining the colors again.[17] From 1572-75, based mainly in Naples, he continued his soldier's life: he participated in expeditions to Corfu and Navarino, and saw the fall of Tunis and La Goulette to the Turks in 1574.[18]:220On 6 or 7 September 1575 Cervantes set sail on the galley Sol from Naples to Barcelona, with letters of commendation to the king from the Duke of Sessa.[19] On the morning of September 26, as the Sol approached the Catalan coast, it was attacked by Algerian corsairs under the command of Arnaut Mami, an Albanian renegade and terror of the narrow seas.[20] After significant resistance, in which the captain and many crew members were killed, the surviving passengers were taken to Algiers as captives.[18]:236 After 5 years spent as a slave in Algiers, and 4 unsuccessful escape attempts, he was ransomed by his parents and the Trinitarians and returned to his family in Madrid. Not surprisingly, this period of Cervantes' life supplied subject matter for several of his literary works, notably the Captive's tale in Don Quixote and the two plays set in Algiers – El Trato de Argel (The Treaty of Algiers) and Los Baños de Argel (The Baths of Algiers) – as well as episodes in a number of other writings, although never in straight autobiographical form.[8]Literary pursuitsMain article: Don Quixote"The pen is the language of the soul; as the concepts that in it are generated, such will be its writings." – Miguel de Cervantes at the Biblioteca Nacional de España (National Library of Spain)In Esquivias, Toledo, on 12 December 1584, he married the much younger Catalina de Salazar y Palacios (born Esquivias – d. 31 October 1626), daughter of Fernando de Salazar y Vozmediano and Catalina de Palacios. Her uncle Alonso de Quesada y Salazar is said to have inspired the character of Don Quixote. Over the next 20 years, Cervantes led a nomadic existence, working as a purchasing agent for the Spanish Armada and as a tax collector. He suffered bankruptcy and was imprisoned at least twice (1597 and 1602) for irregularities in his accounts. Between 1596 and 1600, he lived primarily in Seville. In 1606, Cervantes settled in Madrid, where he remained for the rest of his life.In 1585, Cervantes published his first major work, La Galatea, a pastoral romance, at the same time that some of his plays, now lost – except for El Trato de Argel (where he dealt with the life of Christian slaves in Algiers) and El Cerco de Numancia – were playing on the stages of Madrid. La Galatea received little contemporary notice; and Cervantes never wrote the continuation for it, which he repeatedly promised to do. Cervantes next turned his attention to drama, hoping to derive an income from that source, but his plays failed to achieve their purpose. Aside from his plays, his most ambitious work in verse was Viaje del Parnaso (1614) – an allegory which consisted largely of a rather tedious though good-natured review of contemporary poets. Cervantes himself realized that he was deficient in poetic talent.If a remark which Cervantes himself makes in the prologue of Don Quixote is to be taken literally, the idea of the work (though hardly the writing of its First Part, as some have maintained) occurred to him in prison at Argamasilla de Alba in La Mancha. Cervantes' idea was to give a picture of real life and manners, and to express himself in clear language. The intrusion of everyday speech into a literary context was acclaimed by the reading public. The author stayed poor until 1605, when the first part of Don Quixote appeared. Although it did not make Cervantes rich, it brought him international appreciation as a man of letters.The statue of Miguel de Cervantes at the harbor of Naupactus (Lèpanto)The popularity of Don Quixote led to the publication of an unauthorized continuation of it by an unknown writer, who masqueraded under the name of Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda. Cervantes produced his own continuation, or Second Part, of Don Quixote, which made its appearance in 1615. He had promised the publication of a second part in 1613 in the foreword to the Novelas ejemplares (Exemplary Novels), a year before the publication of Avellanda's book. Don Quixote has been regarded chiefly as a novel of purpose. It is stated again and again that he wrote it in order to satirize the chivalric romance and to challenge the popularity of a form of literature that had been a favorite of the general public for more than a century.Don Quixote certainly reveals much narrative power, considerable humor, a mastery of dialogue, and a forceful style. Of the two parts written by Cervantes, perhaps the first is the more popular with the general public – containing the famous episodes of the tilting at windmills, the attack on the flock of sheep, the vigil in the courtyard of the inn, and the episode with the barber and the shaving basin. The second part shows more constructive insight, better delineation of character, improved style, and more realism and probability in its action.In 1613, he published a collection of tales, the Exemplary Novels, some of which had been written earlier. The picaroon strain, already made familiar in Spain through the Picaresque novels of Lazarillo de Tormes and his successors, appears in one or another of them, especially in the Rinconete y Cortadillo. In 1614, he published the Viaje del Parnaso and in 1615, the Eight Comedies and Eight New Interludes. At the same time, Cervantes continued working on Los Trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda, a novel of adventurous travel, completed just before his death, and appearing posthumously in January 1617.DeathWhile 23 April 1616 was recorded as his date of death in some references, and the date on which his death was widely celebrated, he in fact died in Madrid the previous day, 22 April.[21] He was buried on 23 April.[22]William Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616. To honor this, UNESCO established 23 April as the International Day of the Book.[23] However, these dates refer to different days: Spain had adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1582, but England was still using the Julian calendar. Shakespeare's death on 23 April 1616 (Julian) was equivalent to 3 May 1616 (Gregorian). This was 10 days after Cervantes was buried and 11 days after he died.In accordance with Cervantes' will, he was buried in the neighboring convent of Trinitarian nuns, in central Madrid.[24] According to the English newspaper The Guardian, his "bones went missing in 1673 when building work was done at the convent. They are known to have been taken to a different convent and were returned later." There is a project to rediscover his remains.[25]WorksCervantes' La Galatea (1585), original title page El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha (1605): First volume of Don Quixote. Novelas ejemplares (1613): a collection of 12 short stories of varied types about the social, political, and historical problems of Cervantes' Spain: "La Gitanilla" ("The Gypsy Girl") "El Amante Liberal" ("The Generous Lover") "Rinconete y Cortadillo" ("Rinconete & Cortadillo") "La Española Inglesa" ("The English Spanish Lady") "El Licenciado Vidriera" ("The Lawyer of Glass") "La Fuerza de la Sangre" ("The Power of Blood") "El Celoso Extremeño" ("The Jealous Man From Extremadura") "La Ilustre Fregona" ("The Illustrious Kitchen-Maid") "Novela de las Dos Doncellas" ("The Novel of the Two Damsels") "Novela de la Señora Cornelia" ("The Novel of Lady Cornelia") "Novela del Casamiento Engañoso" ("The Novel of the Deceitful Marriage") "El Coloquio de los Perros" ("The Dialogue of the Dogs") Segunda Parte del Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha (1615): Second volume of Don Quixote. Los Trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda (1617). Persiles, as it is commonly known, is the best evidence not only of the survival of Byzantine novel themes but also of the survival of forms and ideas of the Spanish novel of the second Renaissance. In this work, published after the author's death, Cervantes relates the ideal love and unbelievable vicissitudes of a couple, who, starting from the Arctic regions, arrive in Rome, where they find a happy ending to their complicated adventure. La Galatea, the pastoral romance, which Cervantes wrote in his youth, is an imitation of the Diana of Jorge de Montemor and bears an even closer resemblance to Gil Polo's continuation of that romance. Next to Don Quixote and the Novelas Ejemplares, it is particularly worthy of attention, as it manifests the poetic direction in which Cervantes moved at an early period of life. Don QuixoteMain article: Don QuixoteGustave Doré's first (of about 370) illustrations for Don QuixoteDon Quixote (spelled "Quijote" in modern Spanish) is two separate volumes, now nearly always published as one, that cover the adventures of Don Quixote, also known as the knight or man of La Mancha, a hero who carries his enthusiasm and self-deception to unintentional and comic ends. On one level, Don Quixote works as a satire of the romances of chivalry, which, though still popular in Cervantes' time, had become an object of ridicule among more demanding critics. The choice of a madman as hero also served a critical purpose, for it was "the impression of ill-being or 'in-sanity,' rather than a finding of dementia or psychosis in clinical terms, that defined the madman for Cervantes and his contemporaries." Indeed, the concept of madness was "associated with physical or moral displacement, as may be seen in the literal and figurative sense of the adjectives eccentric, extravagant, deviant, aberrant, etc."[26] The novel allows Cervantes to illuminate various aspects of human nature. Because the novel, particularly the first part, was written in individually published sections, the composition includes several incongruities. Cervantes pointed out some of these errors in the preface to the second part; but he disdained to correct them, because he conceived that they had been too severely condemned by his critics. Cervantes felt a passion for the vivid painting of character. Don Quixote is noble-minded, an enthusiastic admirer of everything good and great, yet having all these fine qualities accidentally blended with a relative kind of madness. He is paired with a character of opposite qualities, Sancho Panza, a man of low self-esteem, who is a compound of grossness and simplicity.Statuettes of Don Quixote (left) and Sancho Panza (right)Don Quixote is cited as the first classic model of the modern romance or novel, and it has served as the prototype of the comic novel. The humorous situations are mostly burlesque, and it includes satire. Don Quixote is one of the Encyclopædia Britannica's Great Books of the Western World, while the Russian author Fyodor Dostoyevsky called it "the ultimate and most sublime work of human thinking".[27] It is in Don Quixote that Cervantes coined the popular phrase "the proof of the pudding is in the eating" (por la muestra se conoce el paño), which still sees heavy use in the shortened form of "the proof is in the pudding", and "who walks much and reads much, knows much and sees much" (quien anda mucho y lee mucho, sabe mucho y ve mucho).Novelas Ejemplares (Exemplary Novels)Main article: Novelas ejemplaresCervantes intended they should be to Spanish nearly what the novellas of Boccaccio were to Italians.[28] Some are anecdotes, some are romances in miniature, some are serious, some comic; they are written in a light, smooth, conversational style.Four novelas are perhaps of less interest than the rest: El Amante Liberal, La Señora Cornelia, Las Dos Doncellas, and La Española Inglesa. The theme common to these is the traditional one of the Byzantine novel: pairs of lovers separated by lamentable and complicated happenings are finally reunited and find the happiness they have longed for. The heroines are all beautiful and of sublime morality; they and their lovers are capable of the highest sacrifices; and they exert their souls in the effort to elevate themselves to the ideal of moral and aristocratic distinction which illuminates their lives. In El Amante Liberal, the beautiful Leonisa and her lover Ricardo are carried off by Turkish pirates. Both fight against serious material and moral dangers. Ricardo conquers all obstacles, returns to his homeland with Leonisa, and is ready to renounce his passion and to hand her over to her former lover in an outburst of generosity; but Leonisa's preference naturally settles on Ricardo in the end.Another group of "exemplary" novels is formed by La Fuerza de la Sangre, La Ilustre Fregona, La Gitanilla, and El Celoso Extremeño. The first three offer examples of love and adventure happily resolved, while the last unravels itself tragically. Its plot deals with the old Felipe Carrizales, who, after traveling widely and becoming rich in America, decides to marry, taking all the precautions necessary to forestall being deceived. He weds a very young girl – and isolates her from the world, by having her live in a house with no windows facing the street. But in spite of his defensive measures, a bold youth succeeds in penetrating the fortress of conjugal honour; and one day Carrizales surprises his wife in the arms of her seducer. Surprisingly enough he pardons the adulterers, recognizing that he is more to blame than they, and dies of sorrow over the grievous error he has committed. Cervantes here deviated from literary tradition, which demanded the death of the adulterers; but he transformed the punishment inspired, or rather required, by the social ideal of honour into a criticism of the responsibility of the individual. Rinconete y Cortadillo, El Casamiento Engañoso, El Licenciado Vidriera, and El Coloquio de los Perros, four works of art which are concerned more with the personalities of the characters who figure in them than with the subject matter, form the final group of these stories. The protagonists are, respectively, 2 young vagabonds, Rincón and Cortado, Lieutenant Campuzano, a student – Tomás Rodaja (who goes mad and believes himself to have been changed into a witty man of glass, offering Cervantes the opportunity to make profound observations) and finally 2 dogs, Cipión and Berganza, whose wandering existence serves to mirror the most varied aspects of Spanish life. El colloquio de los perros features even more sardonic observations on the Spanish society of the time.Rinconete y Cortadillo is one of the most delightful of Cervantes' works. Its two young vagabonds come to Seville, attracted by the riches and disorder that the 16th-century commerce with the Americas had brought to that metropolis. There they come into contact with a brotherhood of thieves, the Thieves' Guild, led by Monipodio, whose house is the headquarters of the Sevillian underworld. The solemn ritual of this band of ruffians is all the more comic for being presented in Cervantes' drily humorous style.Los Trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda (The Labors of Persiles and Sigismunda)Title page of Persiles and SegismundaCervantes finished the romance of Persiles and Sigismunda, shortly before his death. The idea of this romance was not new and Cervantes appears to imitate Heliodorus.[29] The work is a romantic description of travels, both by sea and land. Real and fabulous geography and history are mixed together; and in the second half of the romance the scene is transferred to Spain and Italy.PoetrySome of his poems are found in La Galatea. He also wrote Dos Canciones à la Armada Invencible. His best work however is found in the sonnets, particularly Al Túmulo del Rey Felipe en Sevilla. Among his most important poems, Canto de Calíope, Epístola a Mateo Vázquez, and the Viaje del Parnaso (Journey to Parnassus – 1614) stand out. The latter is his most ambitious work in verse, an allegory which consists largely of reviews of contemporary poets. Compared to his ability as a novelist, Cervantes is often considered a mediocre poet.Viaje del ParnasoFrontispiece of the Viaje (1614)The prose of the Galatea, which is in other respects so beautiful, is occasionally overloaded with epithet. Cervantes displays a totally different kind of poetic talent in the Viaje del Parnaso, an extended commentary on the Spanish authors of his time.PlaysComparisons have diminished the reputation of his plays; but two of them (El Trato de Argel and La Numancia – 1582) made an impact. El Trato de Argel, is written in 5 acts; based on his experiences as a captive of the Moors, the play deals with the life of Christian slaves in Algiers. La Numancia, is a description of the siege of Numantia by the Romans. It details the horrors of the siege, and has been described as devoid of the requisites of dramatic art. Cervantes's later output consists of 16 dramatic works including 8 full-length plays: El Gallardo Español (1615), Los Baños de Argel (1615), La Gran Sultana, Doña Catalina de Oviedo (1615), La Casa de los Celos (1615), El Laberinto de Amor (1615), La Entretenida, a cloak and dagger play, (1615) El Rufián Dichoso (1615), Pedro de Urdemalas (1615), a sensitive play about a picaro, who joins a group of Gypsies for love of a girl. He also wrote 8 short farces (entremeses) (1615): El Juez de los Divorcios, El Rufián Viudo Llamado Trampagos, La Elección de los Alcaldes de Daganzo, La Guarda Cuidadosa (The Vigilant Sentinel), El Vizcaíno Fingido, El Retablo de las Maravillas, La Cueva de Salamanca, and El Viejo Celoso (The Jealous Old Man). These plays and entremeses made up Ocho Comedias y Ocho Entremeses Nuevos, Nunca Representados (Eight Comedies and Eight New Interludes, Never Before Acted) which appeared in 1615. The dates and order of composition of Cervantes' entremeses are unknown. Faithful to the spirit of Lope de Rueda, Cervantes endowed them with novelistic elements, such as simplified plot, the type of descriptions normally associated with a novel, and character development. Cervantes included some of his dramas among the works he was most satisfied with.La NumanciaMain article: The Siege of NumantiaMiguel de Cervantes in a late and idealized portrait of the 18th century (Retratos de Españoles Ilustres-Portraits of Illustrious Spanish, 1791)Cervantes: Image from a 19th-century German book on the history of literatureThis play is a dramatization of the long and brutal siege of the Celtiberian town Numantia, Hispania, by the Roman forces of Scipio Africanus. Cervantes invented, along with the subject of his piece, a peculiar style of tragic composition; and, in doing so, he did not pay much regard to the theory of Aristotle. His object was to produce a piece full of tragic situations, combined with the charm of the marvellous. In order to accomplish this goal, Cervantes relied heavily on allegory and on mythological elements. The tragedy is written in conformity with no rules, save those which the author prescribed for himself, for he felt no inclination to imitate the Greek forms. The play is divided into four acts, jornadas; and no chorus is introduced. The dialogue is sometimes in tercets, and sometimes in redondillas, and for the most part in octaves – without any regard to rule.LegacyCervantes' novel Don Quixote has had a tremendous influence on the development of prose fiction. It has been translated into all major languages and has appeared in 700 editions. The first translation was in English, made by Thomas Shelton in 1608, but not published until 1612. Whilst Shakespeare may have read Don Quixote, many think it is unlikely that Cervantes had ever heard of Shakespeare.Carlos Fuentes raised the possibility that Cervantes and Shakespeare were the same person, in the sense that Homer, Dante, Defoe, Dickens, Balzac, and Joyce are all the same writer whose spirit wanders through the centuries.[30] Francis Carr, who is a noted promoter of conspiracy theories such as the one that Mozart was poisoned by his wife Constanze and a lover of hers,[31] took Fuentes' statement literally and suggested that Francis Bacon wrote Shakespeare's plays and Don Quixote, both claims which are considered ridiculous by mainstream scholars and critics.[32] Shelton renders some Spanish idioms into English so literally that they sound nonsensical when translated — as an example he always translates the word dedos as fingers, not realizing that dedos can also mean inches. (In the original Spanish, for instance, a phrase such as una altura de quince dedos, which makes perfect sense in Spanish, would mean fifteen inches high in English, but a translator who renders it too literally would translate it as fifteen fingers high.)Don Quixote has been the subject of a variety of works in other fields of art, including operas by the Italian composer Giovanni Paisiello, the French Jules Massenet, and the Spanish Manuel de Falla, a Russian ballet by the Russian-German composer Ludwig Minkus, a tone poem by the German composer Richard Strauss, a German film (1933) directed by G. W. Pabst, a Soviet film (1957) directed by Grigori Kozintsev, a 1965 ballet (no relation to the one by Minkus) with choreography by George Balanchine, an American musical – Man of La Mancha (1965) – by Dale Wasserman, Mitch Leigh, and Joe Darion. which was made into a film in 1972, directed by Arthur Hiller, and a song by Brazilian tropicalia-pioneers Os Mutantes. Don Quixote's influence can be seen in the work of Smollett, Defoe, Fielding, and Sterne, as well as in the classic 19th-century novelists Scott, Dickens, Flaubert, Melville, Twain, and Dostoevsky, and in the 20th -century works of James Joyce, Giannina Braschi, and Jorge Luis Borges. The theme of the novel also inspired the 19th-century French artists Honoré Daumier and Gustave Doré.The Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, the largest digital archive of Spanish-language historical and literary works in the world, is named after the author.Ethnic and religious heritageThere is ongoing debate over Cervantes' family origins. While it was long assumed that Cervantes was an Old Christian, many modern scholars have suggested that he may have descended from a New Christian (or converso) background.[33]Advocates of the New Christian theory, first set forth by Américo Castro, often suggest Cervantes' mother was a converso. The theory is almost exclusively supported by circumstantial evidence, but would explain some mysteries of Cervantes' life.[34] It has been supported by authors such as Anthony Cascardi[35] and Canavaggio. Others, such as Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz (or Francisco Olmos Garcia, who considers it a "tired issue" and only supported by Américo Castro) reject the theory strongly.[36]LikenessAlthough the portrait of Cervantes attributed to Juan de Jáuregui is perhaps the one most associated with the author, the fact is that there is no known portrait that can be considered a true likeness.[37][38]The oil painting, Retrato de un caballero desconocido, painted by El Greco in Toledo between 1600 and 1605, and on display at the Museo del Prado, has also been cited as a possible portrait of Cervantes, based on the fact that he was living near Toledo in 1604 and that he knew people within El Greco's circle of friends.[39]The 1859 portrait by Luis de Madrazo, which the painter himself stated is based on his own imagination, is currently at the Biblioteca Nacional de España.[40]The Spanish euro coins of €0.10, €0.20, and €0.50 bear a bust of Cervantes.[41]Notes a. ^ The most reliable and accurate portrait of the writer to date is that provided by Cervantes himself in the Exemplary Novels (translated by Walter K. Kelly):[42] This person whom you see here, with an oval visage, chestnut hair, smooth open forehead, lively eyes, a hooked but well-proportioned nose, and silvery beard that twenty years ago was golden, large moustaches, a small mouth, teeth not much to speak of, for he has but six, in bad condition and worse placed, no two of them corresponding to each other, a figure midway between the two extremes, neither tall nor short, a vivid complexion, rather fair than dark, somewhat stooped in the shoulders, and not very lightfooted: this, I say, is the author of Galatea, Don Quixote de la Mancha, The Journey to Parnassus, which he wrote in imitation of Cesare Caporali Perusino, and other works which are current among the public, and perhaps without the author's name. He is commonly called MIGUEL DE CERVANTES SAAVEDRA. —Exemplary Novels (Author's Preface) b. ^ His signature spells Cerbantes with a b; but he is now known after the spelling Cervantes, used by the printers of his works. Saavedra was the surname of a distant relative. He adopted it as his second surname after his return from the Barbary Coast.[18]:191–192* C. Slade, Introduction, xxiv The earliest documents signed with Cervantes' two names, Cervantes Saavedra, appear several years after his repatriation. He began adding the second surname (Saavedra, a name that did not correspond to his immediate family) to his patronymic in 1586–1587 in official documents related to his marriage to Catalina de Salazar.[18]:191–192 c. ^ The only evidence is a statement by Professor Tomas González, that he once saw an old entry of the matriculation of a Miguel de Cervantes.[17][43] No subsequent scholar has been successful in verifying this statement. In any case, there were at least two other Miguels born about the middle of the century. ^ "World Book and Copyright Day". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Retrieved 2013-04-09. ^ "Miguel de Cervantes Biography - life, family, children, name, story, death, history, wife, son, book". Notablebiographies.com. Retrieved 2012-02-03. ^ Giles Tremlett in Madrid. "Madrid begins search for bones of Don Quixote author Miguel de Cervantes | Books". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-03-18. ^ David A. Boruchoff, "On the Place of Madness, Deviance, and Eccentricity in Don Quijote," Hispanic Review 70.1 (2002): 1-23; quotations on 2-3. ^ A Writer's Diary (1873–1876) ^ . The Spanish title of novelas is misleading. In modern Spanish it means novels, but Cervantes used it to mean the shorter Italian novella. See the Novel article for the terminological problem. ^ Sacchetti, Maria (2001). Cervantes' Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda: A Study of Genre. Tamesis Books. ISBN 978-1-85566-077-9. ^ Fuentes, 69-70. ^ "Mozart and Constanze (9780719540912): Francis Carr: Books". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2012-02-03. ^ Francis Carr, Who Wrote Don Quixote? (London: Xlibris Corporation, 2004). ^ See for example, Rosa Rossi. Tras las huellas de Cervantes. Perfil inédito del autor del Quijote. Trans. Juan Ramón Capella. Madrid: Trotta, 2002 and Howard Mancing, The Cervantes Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 2004 (2 vols). ^ Byron, William. Cervantes: A Biography, p. 32 ^ Cascardi, Anthony J. (2002) The Cambridge Companion to Cervantes, p. 4. Cambridge University Press. At Google Books. Retrieved 5 September 2013. ^ Cervantes and His Postmodern Constituencies by Anne J. Cruz, Carroll B. Johnson, p. 116 ^ Byron, William. Cervantes. A Biography, Cassell: London, 1978, p. 131. ^ (Spanish) Rojas Martínez, Ángel "Cervantes. Una identidad sin rostro." pp. 169-178 Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Retrieved 25 June 2013. ^ On-line gallery Museo del Prado. Retrieved 25 June 2013. ^ (Spanish) Programa Europa Retrieved 25 June 2013. ^ Euro notes and coins: national sides European Commission. Retrieved 25 June 2013. ^ Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de. "E-book of The Exemplary Novels of Cervantes (Translated by Walter K. Kelly)". The Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 2007-01-01. ^ Ormsby, John. "Don Quixote – Translator's Preface – About Cervantes And Don Quixote". The University of Adelaide Library. London: Smith, Elder. Retrieved 2007-01-02. Further reading Cervantes's Don Quixote (Modern Critical Interpretations), ed. Harold Bloom, 2001 Miguel de Cervantes (Modern Critical Views), ed. Harold Bloom, 2005 Cervantes' Don Quixote: a casebook, ed. Roberto González Echevarría, 2005 The Cambridge companion to Cervantes, ed. Anthony J Cascardi, 2002 Critical essays on Cervantes / ed. Ruth S. El Saffar, 1986 Cervantes; a collection of critical essays, ed. Lowry Nelson, 1969 Cinco personajes fugaces en el camino de Don Quijote, Giannina Braschi; Cuadernos hispanoamericanos, ISSN 0011-250X, Nº 328, 1977, pp. 101–115. "El celoso extremeño" "El coloquio de los perros" "El licenciado Vidriera" Viaje al Parnaso Los Trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes Clavileño Adventures of Don Quixote (1933) Don Quixote de la Mancha (1947) Don Quixote (1955–1969, unfinished) Don Quixote (1957) Man of La Mancha (1972) Don Quijote cabalga de nuevo (1973) Donkey Xote (2007) The Man Who Killed Don Quixote (unfinished) Don Quixote (opera) Don Quichotte (opera) Don Quixote (ballet) Man of La Mancha (musical) مازِرونی Min Nan Chinese Baso Minangkabau Mingrelian მარგალური Мигель Сервантес Nahuatl Languages Nāhuatl मिगुयल दे सर्बान्तेस Nepal Bhasa/Newari norsk (nynorsk)‎ Сервантес Ирон Pampanga میگل د سروانتس Piemontèis ਮਿਗੈਲ ਦੇ ਸਰਵਾਂਤੇਸ Migel Servantes qırımtatarca Russia Buriat буряад Міґель де Сервантес Rusyn русиньскый Migelės de Servantesos Savedra Samogitian sardu Miguel Cervantes тоҷикӣ மிகெல் தே செர்வாந்தேஸ் татарча/tatarça มีเกล เด เซร์บันเตส Miguel de Serwantes Türkmençe Мігель де Сервантес میگوئیل د سروانتس oʻzbekcha vèneto Servantes Migel' de Veps vepsän kel’ Cervantese Miguel Võro Winaray مائیگل ڈی سروانٹیز Western Punjabi پنجابی Westrn Mari кырык мары саха тыла מיגעל דע סערוואנטעס Yorùbá Vahcuengh

The latest spam attack trashed my post and somehow got rid of the link that allowed me to delete individual comments, so I had to turn comments off. Note to SOBs: If anyone puts spam on one of my recent posts, I will delete it, and if I can't, I will remove all comments. delicious|| digg How Then Shall We Live: Transportation in the Wake of Generation Greed Mon, 05/28/2012 - 4:21pm Decisions on housing and transportation are inter-related, because in some places one automobile per adult is required while in other places there are alternative ways of getting around. And one of the big changes over the past 50 years is a decrease in the share of Americans living in places where there are alternatives, and an increase in the number of households with more than one motor vehicle. According to the 2010 Consumer Expenditure Survey, in fact, the average American household had 2.5 people and 1.9 vehicles. The large-scale entry of women into the out-of-home workforce explains some of this, but the average American household only had 1.3 workers in 2010. Considering only those households with a respondent age 35 to 44, the averages were 3.3 people, 1.3 children under 18, 1.6 wage earners – and 2.0 vehicles. In much of the U.S., if you don’t have your own car you are home-bound, or at least think you are. You cannot even go for a walk without getting in a car. There are not many places in the United States where people can expect to live without any of their own motor vehicles for their entire lives. I don’t expect that to change. There is enormous demand, however, for places where young people and seniors can get around without having to drive, and where families with children can get by with just one vehicle. That demand far exceeds the supply. And that is something that will have to change, because younger generations will not be able to afford one car per adult. Not on their lower salaries. Not given their larger burdens. Not in a future when Americans are not the only people on the planet rich enough to compete for the world’s fossil fuels, with the most of cheaply accessed fossil fuels having already been used up. read more|| delicious|| digg How Then Shall We Live: Housing in the Wake of Generation Greed The bursting of the housing bubble seems to have awakened some people to some realities about housing. Housing isn’t a household’s largest investment, it is a household’s largest expense, and one of the expenses that is easiest to cut. A house or apartment is a place to live, and it doesn’t make sense to lock oneself in by buying one unless one’s personal and career circumstances are very settled and they are likely to stay in one place indefinitely. Moreover, young people are the buyers of houses, while older people (and today financial institutions collecting money for wealthy bondholders) are the sellers. Young people can take back many of the financial disadvantages that older generations have foisted on them, in lower wages, higher future taxes, and future reductions in public services and benefits, by paying those older generations and financial institutions rock bottom prices for housing (and stocks). Holding out until the cost of their housing is perhaps 10 or 15 percent of their income, rather than stretching until it absorbs half. And if older generations are unwilling to sell cheap, then more jobs will be created by the young moving to new housing units in new types of neighborhoods, rather than merely paying up for the existing oversized housing in auto-dependent neighborhoods that prior generations have chosen. And yet not everyone has absorbed those lessons, and there is no guarantee they will stick. There was a housing bubble in the late 1980s too, but only in the Northeast and in California, and many of my peers were financially crushed as it deflated, particularly those who had purchased apartments with the expectation of selling for more and buying their permanent residence later. At the time I thought a lesson had been learned and the bubble would not be repeated. Wrong. Moreover, the federal government has been going $hundreds of billions into hock, money younger generations will have to pay back, to keep the price of housing – and the value of paper wealth backed by houses -- from falling further. So what to do about it? < read more|| delicious|| digg How Then Should We Live? Thoughts on Possible Adaptations in Household Economics in the Wake of Generation Greed Looks like some of those damn capitalists are making uncomfortable comparisons between executive pay and shareholder (or in this case policyholder) dividends again. From the Boston Globe: “Phantom stock and phony options still add up to nearly $200 million in very real United States currency, all of which (the former CEO) took out of Liberty Mutual in his last four years as chief executive…The only phantom anything are the dividends that never got paid to the policyholders that actually own Liberty Mutual. What these owners got were rate hikes, while Boston and Massachusetts residents gave the company $46.5 million in tax breaks, all to help fund an utterly grotesque level of executive pay.” The board members and current executives defend that pay. “Friday’s performance revealed that these guys are so out of touch that they truly, honestly believe they’re worth that million a week, or $192,000 a day, or $24,000 an hour - and can’t for the life of them imagine that you don’t. They actually believe the system is fair, the one they stacked with interlocking boards of directors of like-minded people paid a couple of hundred thousand dollars a year to approve each other’s pay.” read more|| delicious|| digg Generation Greed Wants to Use Up the Future and Dictate it Too Sun, 04/22/2012 - 9:05am Last March featured one of the angriest opinion pieces I have ever read in Planning magazine. The subject was the Republican House Transportation bill, which seeks to eliminate dedicated funding for mass transit and other alternative modes while increasing funding for highways. This would restore the situation before the arrival of pro-choice Ronald Reagan, when the cities were taxed (in many cases into oblivion) to build infrastructure for growing suburbs, in a development pattern the free market would not have chosen. My interest in the article is not based on the specific issue – frankly given the damage it had done I wouldn’t mind if all federal infrastructure spending was eliminated, and everyone had to pay for their own. It is based on the “big picture” discussion at the end. “Budgets allocate resources, demonstrate priorities, and determine winners and losers in any society. So where does this leave those who are now choosing different options when they are provided by the market? The Gen Xers and the Millennials are making very different choices than their parents or grandparents. Their brand loyalty is up for grabs. And that frightens the dumb growth industries that now seek to tilt the playing field back in their favor.” Aha. And guess what, aside from the one percent and future retired public employees, Gen Xers are poorer than Boomers, and Millenials are poorer than Gen Xers. And they are being forced to pay more for less government to offset the greed of the generations who went before, and control the government. They can’t afford the lifestyle older generations had chosen any more than the older generations could, which is why older generations made younger generations pay for it. You’d think older generations would leave them alone to get by as best they can. But no. read more|| delicious|| digg Who Are Those Similar Natural Gas Customers? We try to be thrifty with our energy use around my house, so it’s natural for us to wonder how we are doing, compared with those in similar circumstances. To evaluate if there is something else we could be doing to use less. In the month to March 13, for example, we used 131 therms of natural gas according to our National Grid bill, for heating, hot water and cooking. Is that a lot or a little? It seems that either National Grid sort of wants us to know, or there is some regulation requiring them to tell us. More likely the latter, based on the quality of information provided. According to our bill, “similar customers’ average usage high/low range” was 37 therms to 297. So what does that tell me about our 131? Nothing. read more|| delicious|| digg Posters and Politics Sun, 04/01/2012 - 9:20pm I wrote the post "Hedge Funds Kiss Our Assets Goodbye" back in 2007. I was reacting in terror to the fact that then-NYC Comptroller William Thompson was shifting to "alternative" assets such as hedge funds and private equity. In an effort, I believe, to hide or deny the fact that the retroactive pension enhancements his union supporters got in deals up an Albany would wreck public services, by somehow getting the fantasy 8.0% rate of return. Well now the New York Times has found those pension funds that shifted to alternative investments ended up paying higher fees to Wall Street while getting lower returns. Which is just what anyone who wasn't being paid to say otherwise would have predicted. I'm hardly a financial whiz, but the ripoff was clear to me. The Times article talks about what happened to public employee pension funds in Georgia, Pennsylvania, Oklahoma, California and Austin Texas -- but not New York -- over the past five years. So can someone tell me...how screwed are we? The ongoing spiral of tax increases and service cuts to pay for those deals is bad enough as it is, without Wall Street ripping us off more. read more|| delicious|| digg Did Obama's Lawyers Bring Up (42 U.S.C. 604(c)) Saenz v. Roe? President Obama and the Democrats thought they could mute opposition to health care reform by adopting the Heritage Foundation Romney plan, and imposing a regressive mandate instead of a progressive or proportional tax. It seems that may not turn out to be the case. Romney now claims it is fine for states to provide/require universal health insurance, but not the federal government. But what about the Supreme Court case overturning a key part of the Welfare Reform Act of 1996? The Court ruled that states could not limit the benefits of those who move (or are sent) from less generous states to more generous states when they were in need, while benefitting from the lower taxes of the less generous states before and after. How does Massachusetts prevent South Carolina from sending its citizens north to that state when they fall ill? Why do they end up in New York, on our Medicaid plan, instead? New York had better find out, and take action. read more|| delicious|| digg New York’s Local Government Employment: Has A Trend Reversed? The annual rebenchmarking of Current Employment Survey data revealed a happy surprise for New York City; private sector employment has gone up more than previously thought. But it also revealed a surprise for the rest of New York State. Based on annual average data, local government employment fell for the second year in a row. The spreadsheet can be accessed here. From 1990 to 2009, at a time when New York City’s local government employment fell by 10,500 jobs (2.2%), local government employment in the rest of New York State increased by 127,400 jobs (23.3%). There was little population growth in the rest of the state during these years, and if once excludes the Health Care and Social Assistance sector, which is substantially government-financed, private sector employment in the rest of the state fell by 114,800 (3.5%). But from 2009 to 2011, while local government employment in New York City fell once again by 14,200 (3.1%), local government employment in the rest of New York State also fell, by 16,400 (2.4%). So has the “everyone on the payroll” policy finally ended in the rest of the state, are the rising number of ex-government workers being paid to be retired crimping the number being paid to work, or is this just a temporary result of the recession? read more|| delicious|| digg Esquire Magazine Outs the Generational War Mon, 03/26/2012 - 12:34pm For the past few years, as taxes have been increased and public services have been cut, New York’s public employee unions have protested. We’re on the side of those who rely on public services, they claimed. We are the 99 percent. And now that the retirement benefits of future public employees have also been cut, the unions are protesting again. We are on the side of future public employees, they claim. So where is the money going? Who is getting better off, as most people, and just about all future people, become worse off? Have New York’s state and local taxes been cut? Have public fees, such as transit fares, been cut? Who benefitted? You know the answer. read more|| delicious|| digg Paul Ryan's Medicare Plan Is Still A Fraud Ryan's plan still exempts those 55 and over, the generation that wanted tax cuts and got them, from any restraint on its future increases in taxpayer-funded spending. All the sacrifices are foisted onto the increasingly poorer generations who are age 54 and younger, because those older demanded what they were unwilling to pay for. It's just like all those retroactive pension enhancements followed by Tier V and Tier VI. Just like the falling private sector wages generation by generation for those at the same age. We have a budget crisis right now, not 20 years from now, because of the selfishness and entitlement of Generation Greed, not younger generations. And no, the problem isn't that younger generations deserve less. Every indicator shows they are in fact better behaved than those 30 years ago, and faced with higher expectations for what they will contribute and lower expectations about what they will receive. read more|| delicious|| digg Inequality and the Economy

Twenty years of successful water cooperation On 3-4 September 2012, the Finnish Ministries for Foreign Affairs, of Agriculture and Forestry, and of the Environment hosted an anniversary event to celebrate 20 years of the Helsinki Convention and debate its future. On this occasion, about seventy participants who have been involved in the development and running of the UNECE Water Convention gathered in Helsinki, two decades after its adoption in 1992, to contribute their inspiring thoughts to a symposium resolutely looking into the future.Helsinki seasideThe convention stresses that water is the critical resource of the 21st century. While demands for water continue to increase, availability is dwindling. Water resources are stressed by overuse and pollution, and floods and droughts are becoming more frequent and intense. Water resources that cross political boundaries cover nearly half of the Earth’s land surface and account for an estimated 60 percent of global freshwater flow. They support the income and livelihoods of millions of people and play a crucial role for countless ecosystems. Therefore cooperation on shared water resources is vital to secure peace and stability, economic development and growth, protection of natural resources and sustainable development.The Helsinki Convention (www.unece.org/env/water) provides a legal framework for cooperation, based on three pillars: 1) to prevent, control and reduce transboundary impacts on the environment, human health and safety and socio-economic conditions, 2) to ensure reasonable and equitable water use, and 3) to cooperate through agreements and joint bodies. Throughout its twenty years, the convention has been inspirational and more or less directly involved in a number of successful water cooperation projects and agreements that are summarized in this overview of past achievements [PDF]. The Water Convention also supports countries in adapting their water management to climate change through guidance, capacity-building, exchange of experience and projects on the ground. It is also a strategic partner to the European Union Water Initiative for national policy dialogues on integrated water resources management. Over the past ten years, the Ramsar Convention has worked with the Helsinki Water Convention on such issues as innovative approaches like the programme “nature for water” to protect ecosystems for sustainable development, the preparation of recommendations on payments for ecosystem services in integrated water resources management (adopted in 2006), and most recently, on the Second Assessment of transboundary rivers, lakes and groundwaters, including an assessment of 25 Ramsar Sites and other wetlands (published in 2011).The Ramsar Convention congratulates the Helsinki Convention upon its anniversary and is looking forward to a continued fruitful cooperation. Having recently celebrated our 40th anniversary, we undertook a similar exercise of analysing our past successes and preparing ourselves for the challenges of the future. Only a few months ago, Finland invited the Nordic and Baltic countries to an anniversary conference on “The future of wetlands”, also in Helsinki. It is reassuring to see that speakers at both events stressed the need for increased intersectoral cooperation, notably between the classical water supply managers, farmers, fishermen, foresters, energy producers, transport planners, and experts for ecosystem maintenance and restoration. Such an integrated approach increasingly focuses on the nexus (correlations) among the objectives for water, food and energy security in times of a changing climate (cf. or ). Ramsar believes that the “nexus” concept needs to fully recognize the values and services of wetland ecosystems as key natural infrastructure in the water cycle. It is through the water cycle that good quality water is delivered to us humans, supporting our livelihoods and societies.With the recognition that wetland ecosystems provide crucial hydrological services, the need for the Convention on Wetlands to become a more active player in global water management governance increases. This was recognized repeatedly during our 40 anniversary year. And the contributions and reflections at the Helsinki symposium also spoke to this end. Currently, there is no global treaty that coordinates international water resources management. The UN Assembly adopted in 1997 a Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses. However, to enter into force, it still needs more ratifications. And it provides only a framework for future cooperation, rather than operational procedures and tools. The UNECE Water Convention however can now look back on an impressive number of tools and procedures developed over the last twenty years. Having been set up by the UN Economic Commission for Europe, it focused mainly on Europe, Central Asia and the Caucasus. However, it has been opened for ratification by countries outside this region. Neighbouring countries such as Iran, Iraq, and Mongolia, have already shown interest in using these tools. And the time for its true globalization has now come.The speakers at the Helsinki symposium anticipated therefore that these two water conventions will cooperate in the future, look for synergies and see how best to complement each other. And this would provide an opportunity to formally include ecosystem management and restoration aspects - as developed and coordinated by the Ramsar Convention - into the “nexus”. To put it in another way: the time has come to invest in wetlands, i.e. using water-related ecosystems to advance the water, energy and food security we want for our future, as was outlined during the recent Rio+20 Earth Summit. A promising perspective and Ramsar stands ready to contribute.Report written by Tobias Salathé, Senior Regional Advisor for Europe

By LISA PROVENCE | [email protected] Published online 9:00am Thursday Nov 8th, 2007 and in print issue #0645 dated Thursday Nov 8th, 2007 Rich Collins, center, wants to stop the Meadowcreek Parkway and believes the city is skirting federal regulations to build it, while Charlottesville development services manager Angela Tucker's job is to get the parkway built. Bob Hodous, left, was at the Route 250 interchange November 1 public forum representing the Chamber of Commerce. He likes Alternative C1, which features a roundabout.PHOTO BY JAY KUHLMANN Charlottesville is full of historic jewels, but who ever imagined a golf course would be one of them? But that's the case– and admirers of the nine holes along the Rt. 250 bypass hope the designation has come just in time to stop federal funding of the Meadowcreek Parkway interchange at McIntire Road. The McIntire Park golf course has been judged eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places, according to Rich Collins, founder of the group Sensible Alternatives to the Meadowcreek Parkway (STAMP). That means that before the $27 million that Senator John Warner earmarked for the parkway's interchange can go forward, it has to be reviewed by state and federal historic resource agencies– and the state is now saying it wasn't properly advised of the scope of the project. "The golf course is considered an important example of a pastoral course found at the turn of the century," explains Collins, who alerted the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation– the federal agency charged with making sure historic resources aren't bulldozed by federally funded road projects– just days before the city's November 1 public forum on the two alternatives for the interchange. Collins' October 26 letter to the feds, co-signed by Preservation Piedmont and APVA/Preservation reps, elicited an October 30 response– from Virginia's Department of Historic Resources to the City of Charlottesville. "[The city] failed to tell us there was a 40-foot flyover," says Department of Historic Resources director Kathleen Kilpatrick. She says there's a "substantial difference" in noise and visibility between an at-grade interchange and an overpass. City Council has ruled the road will not be at-grade. The Department of Historic Resources is required to review the impact of projects like the interchange on "cultural resources." "I have no idea whether it was an omission," says Kilpatrick of the omitted detail that the interchange is an overpass. "We concurred based on information provided us." "I'm not sure where the 40 feet is coming from, because we haven't decided on a design," says Angela Tucker, development manager for Charlottesville. But she adds, "I respect their concerns," and she says the city is evaluating the letter. Meanwhile in his letter to the Advisory Council, Collins, a UVA professor of environmental negotiation, refers to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 that requires federally funded projects to consider the impact on significant resources. "Historic property is the lever that will open up and possibly stop the Meadowcreek Parkway, " says Collins– at least the interchange. Historic agency intervention "doesn't mean the project will be stopped," says Kilpatrick. But the agencies "have an interest in public projects and the integrity of public projects. In this, there's a question of whether matters have been handled properly." That includes public consideration of how, for instance, a historic golf course would be affected, and how adverse effects can be mitigated. STAMP also accuses the city of "segmentation" in funding the parkway to skirt federal regulations that protect parks and require investigation of alternatives. For funding purposes, the city considers the Meadowcreek Parkway as two separate projects, a common practice. Thus, the interchange is the "Route 250 Bypass Interchange at McIntire Road," and the proposed road cutting through the park is "McIntire Extended"– and the state pays for that.

Goat Milk Cheese A pure white cheese made entirely from goat's milk and commonly referred to as goat's cheese in the U.S. (chèvre is the word for "goat" in French). If the cheese is a combination of goat and another type of milk, it cannot be labeled as "pur chèvre." It is available as round loaves, drums, round patties, logs, and a variety of other shapes. The texture ranges from soft and creamy to dry and very firm. European varieties are most often soft. The younger cheese has a fruity taste that becomes more flavorful as it ages, providing a slightly sharp or tart and tangy quality as the cheese dries out. Common varieties include Banon, Bougon, Bucheron, Chabichou, Haloumi, Mendip, Montrachet, Mothais, Ribblesdale, Saint-Maure, Tymsboro, and Valenay. When preparing this cheese for use, it can be served as a dessert cheese, as an ingredient for hors d'oeuvres, and as a complement to salads. Store refrigerated for several weeks and when it begins to taste somewhat sour, it should be discarded.

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January 29, 2009 by admin Filed under News Leave a Comment “First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.” “We are working towards complete freedom in a lawful, non-violent, non-aggressive way.” - Russell Means The Lakotah’s 158 Year Long Struggle for Justice In December of 2007, the Republic of Lakotah was formed by the formal withdrawal from its Treaties of 1851 and 1868. This was the latest step in the longest running legal battle in the history of the World. This was not a “cessation” from the United States, but a completely lawful “unilateral withdrawal” from the Treaties as permitted under the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, of which, the United States is a signatory. The purpose of the Republic of Lakotah is to follow the Instructions given by the Elders at the first International Indian Treaty Council in 1974. The Council held a “Western Hemisphere” Conference at Wakpala on the Standing Rock Sioux Indian Reservation. Over 5000 delegates of 97 Indigenous Peoples from the Americas gathered. The “manifesto” that was created on that occasion supports the rights of all Indigenous Peoples to live free and take whatever actions are necessary to uphold our sovereignty. This was the largest gathering of Indian People in the 20th Century where Indians paid their own way. It was here that the Declaration of Continuing Independence was created. The conference was attended by numerous elders, including Chief Frank Fools Crow, pictured left. These were not your ordinary elders; most of them were born in the 1800’s to parents who had been born free, they had never been to schools. The majority spoke no English, and the rest spoke broken English. Russell Means was made a permanent trustee of the International Indian Treaty Council by the elders and the conference. These Elders Gave the Conference and the Newly Formed International Treaty Council Two Mandates: 1. The first mandate was to become recognized by the International Communities. On September 2007, when the United Nations passed the Declaration of Indigenous Rights, that mandate was fulfilled. 2. We were to remember the words of Noble Red Man (Matthew King, pictured below), “We must always remember that we were once a free People, if we don’t, we shall cease to be Lakotah.” This second mandate is to return to our original status as free and Independent Nations. On December 17, 2007, the Lakotah Freedom Delegation presented to the Department of State of the United States of America, we are unilaterally withdrawing from all Treaties and Agreements entered into between the United States of America and Lakotah. Leading up to the 2007 Unilateral Treaty Withdrawal, Russell traveled all over the five state area meeting with key people over a seven month period. Now in his seventieth winter, he is working on achieving better conditions for the Indian people for over forty years. Russell was appointed by the conference and the elders as a permanent trustee of the Indian Treaty Council. The 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty was considered by some commentators to have been a complete victory for Red Cloud and the Sioux. In 1904 it was described as “the only instance in the history of the United States where the government has gone to war and afterwards negotiated a peace conceding everything demanded by the enemy and exacting nothing in return.” As a result of the long running litigation between the Lakotah and the United States, the U.S. has made some telling statements: “A more ripe and rank case of dishonorable dealings will never, in all probability, be found in our history,…” U.S. Court of Claims, 1975 “ It is clear that, based on the representations of the United States negotiators, the Indians cannot have regarded the 1868 Treaty as a treaty of cession. Nowhere in the history leading up to the treaty negotiations themselves is there any indication that the United States was seeking a land cession or that the Sioux were unwilling to consent to one. On the contrary, the evidence is overwhelming that the Sioux would never have signed the treaty had they thought they were ceding any land to the United States.” Sioux Tribe v. United States, 42 Indian Claims Commission, 1978 “Here, there is no doubt that the Black Hills were “taken” from the Sioux in a way that wholly deprived them of their property rights to that land. The question presented is whether Congress was acting under circumstances in which that “taking” implied an obligation to pay just compensation, or whether it was acting pursuant to its unique powers to manage and control tribal property as the guardian of Indian welfare, in which event the Just Compensation Clause would not apply.” U.S. Supreme Court, UNITED STATES v. SIOUX NATION OF INDIANS, 1980 The court also remarked upon President Grant’s duplicity in breaching the Government’s treaty obligation to keep trespassers out of the Black Hills, and the pattern of duress practiced by the Government on the starving Sioux to get them to agree to the sale of the Black Hills. “That there was tragedy, deception, barbarity, and virtually every other vice known to man in the 300-year history of the expansion of the original 13 Colonies into a Nation which now embraces more than three million square miles and 50 States cannot be denied. But in a court opinion, as a historical and not a legal matter, both settler and Indian are entitled to the benefit of the Biblical adjuration: ‘Judge not, that ye be not judged.’” Hearing before the committee on Indian affairs, united states senate session on Tribal Sovereign Immunity 9-24, 1996 The Historical Facts that Form the Basis of the Lakotah’s Claim to Sovereignty 1824 – Indian Service Department (BIA) created in the War Department. 1849 - Indian Service Department (BIA) transferred to the Department of the Interior. 1851 – Treaty of Fort Laramie marks turning point in U.S.-Indian relations on the northern plains creating the Great Lakotah (Sioux) Nation 1853-56 – The United States acquires 174 million acres of Indian lands in a series of 52 treaties, all of which are subsequently broken by the U.S. Government 1854 - U.S. Indian Affairs commissioner calls for end of Indian removal policy – IGNORED 1862-63 – Santee Sioux uprising in Minnesota under Chief Little Crow ends with the hanging of 38 Santees on Dec. 26, 1863, the largest mass execution in U.S. history was ordered by President Lincoln without a hearing just two days after he signed the Emancipation Proclamation. 1864 - Nov. 29, Army Colonel (and United Methodist Reverend) John M. Chivington’s hastily assembled volunteers massacre more than 300 Cheyenne men, women and children peacefully camped at Sand Creek. 1866 – U.S. Congress appropriates Indian lands (without consultation or consent as required by the Treaty of 1851) as right-of-way for construction of transcontinental railroad 1866-68 – U.S. TREATY VIOLATION: In direct violation of the Treaty of 1851, the U.S. government allowed the Bozeman trail to go through the Heart of the Lakotah Nation as a short-cut to the gold fields in Montana. Soon, the Army began, in another gross violation of the 1851 Treaty, to construct and man a string of forts along the Bozeman Trail. Cheyenne, Lakotah and Arapaho forces led by Chief Red Cloud soundly defeat the U.S. Army on the field of battle. The war ended when the U.S. sued for peace and made the promises documented in the Treaty of 1868. This will remain the only full-scale “Indian War” won by the Indians, a victory formalized in the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty 1868 - The United States pledged that the Great Sioux Reservation, including the Black Hills, would be “set apart for the absolute and undisturbed use and occupation of the Indians herein named.” The Fort Laramie Treaty included several agreements central to the issues presented in this case. First, it established the Great Sioux Reservation. The United States “solemnly agree[d]” that no unauthorized persons “shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in [this] territory.” Second, the United States permitted members of the Sioux tribes to select lands within the reservation for cultivation. Id., at 637. In order to assist the Sioux in becoming civilized farmers, the Government promised to provide them with the necessary services and materials, and with subsistence rations for four years. Third, the U.S. Government fraudulently claims, that in exchange for the benefits conferred by the treaty, the Sioux agreed to relinquish their rights under the Treaty of September 17, 1851, to occupy territories outside the reservation, while reserving their “right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase.” The Indians also, allegedly, expressly agreed to withdraw all opposition to the building of railroads that did not pass over their reservation lands, not to engage in attacks on settlers, and to withdraw their opposition to the military posts and roads that had been established south of the North Platte River. Fourth, Art. XII of the treaty provided: “No treaty for the cession of any portion or part of the reservation herein described which may be held in common shall be of any validity or force as against the said Indians, unless executed and signed by at least three fourths of all the adult male Indians, occupying or interested in the same.” 1868 - The U.S.A. Treaty Commission, upon returning to Washington, D.C., stopped in Chicago and altered the text of the Treaty to eliminate all land now used by the State of Nebraska. 1869 - Transcontinental railroad completed. Among other uses, this transported large numbers of hunters to kill off the Buffalo herds. 1871 – Congress ratifies last of 372 treaties made with Indian tribes since 1778; later accords will not have treaty status, which recognizes tribes as sovereign nations – General Sheridan issues orders forbidding western Indians to leave reservations without permission – White hunters in Unites States begin wholesale killing of buffalo 1874 – U.S. TREATY VIOLATION: Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer led the expedition of close to 1,000 soldiers and teamsters, and a substantial number of military and civilian aides. By the end of JULY, they had reached the Black Hills, and by mid-August had confirmed the presence of gold fields in that region. The discovery of gold was widely reported in newspapers across the country. Custer’s florid descriptions of the mineral and timber resources of the Black Hills, and the land’s suitability for grazing and cultivation, also received wide circulation, and had the effect of creating an intense popular demand for the “opening” of the Hills for settlement. The only obstacle to “progress” was the Fort Laramie Treaty that reserved occupancy of the Hills to the Sioux. In an interview with a correspondent from the Bismarck Tribune, published September 2, 1874, Custer recognized the military’s obligation to keep all trespassers off the reservation lands, but stated that he would recommend to Congress “the extinguishment of the Indian title at the earliest moment practicable for military reasons.” Quoting the 1874 annual report of Lieutenant General Philip H. Sheridan, as Commander of the Military Division of the Missouri, to the Secretary of War: “Having promised the Sioux that the Black Hills were reserved to them, the United States Army was placed in the position of having to threaten military force, and occasionally to use it, to prevent prospectors and settlers from trespassing on lands reserved to the Indians.” For example, in September 1874, General Sheridan sent instructions to Brigadier General Alfred H. Terry, Commander of the Department of Dakota, at Saint Paul, directing him to use force to prevent companies of prospectors from trespassing on the Sioux Reservation. At the same time, Sheridan let it be known that he would “give a cordial support to the settlement of the Black Hills,” should Congress decide to “open up the country for settlement, by extinguishing the treaty rights of the Indians.” Sheridan’s instructions were published in local newspapers. Eventually, however, the Executive Branch of the Government decided to abandon the Nation’s treaty obligation to preserve the integrity of the Sioux territory. In a letter dated November 9, 1875, to Terry, Sheridan reported that he had met with President Grant, the Secretary of the Interior, and the Secretary of War, and that the President had decided that the military should make no further resistance to the occupation of the Black Hills by miners, “it being his belief that such resistance only increased their desire and complicated the troubles.” These orders were to be enforced “quietly,” , and the President’s decision was to remain “confidential.” (letter from Sheridan to Sherman). With the Army’s withdrawal from its role as enforcer of the Fort Laramie Treaty, the influx of settlers into the Black Hills increased. The Government concluded that the only practical course was to secure to the citizens of the United States the right to mine the Black Hills for gold. Toward that end, the Secretary of the Interior, in the spring of 1875, appointed a commission to negotiate with the Sioux. The commission was headed by William B. Allison. The tribal leaders of the Sioux were aware of the mineral value of the Black Hills and refused to sell the land for a price less than $70 million. The commission offered the Indians an annual rental of $400,000, or payment of $6 million for absolute relinquishment of the Black Hills. The negotiations broke down. Winter of 1875-1876 – Many of the Sioux were hunting in the unceded territory north of the North Platte River, reserved to them for that purpose in the Fort Laramie Treaty. On December 6, 1875, with blatantly hostile intentions, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs sent instructions to the Indian agents on the reservation to notify those hunters that if they did not return to the reservation agencies by January 31, 1876, they would be treated as “hostiles.” Given the severity of the winter, compliance with these instructions was impossible. On February 1, the Secretary of the Interior nonetheless relinquished jurisdiction over all hostile Sioux, including those Indians exercising their treaty-protected hunting rights, to the War Department. 1876 – Sioux War for the Black Hills waged by Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho forces under Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. On June 25, 1876, Custer’s 7th Cavalry is crushed at Battle of the Little Bighorn while on the way to ambush a Lakotah village. That victory, of course, was short-lived, and those Indians who surrendered to the Army were returned to the reservation, and deprived of their weapons and horses, leaving them completely dependent for survival on rations provided them by the Government. Sitting Bull and followers seek refuge in Canada. 1876 – U.S. TREATY VIOLATION: “GIVE UP THE LAND OR STARVE CAMPAIGN”: August, Congress enacted an appropriations bill providing that “hereafter there shall be no appropriation made for the subsistence” of the Sioux, unless they first relinquished their rights to the hunting grounds outside the reservation, ceded the Black Hills to the United States. A commission, headed by George Manypenny, arrived in the Sioux country in early September and commenced meetings with the head men of the various tribes. The members of the commission impressed upon the Indians that the United States no longer had any obligation to provide them with subsistence rations. The commissioners brought with them the text of a treaty that had been prepared in advance. The principal provisions of this treaty were that the Sioux would relinquish their rights to the Black Hills and other lands west of the one hundred and third meridian, and their rights to hunt in the unceded territories to the north, in exchange for subsistence rations for as long as they would be needed to ensure the Sioux’ survival. Hagan, The Reservation Policy: Too Little and Too Late, in Indian-White Relations: A Persistent Paradox 157-169 (J. Smith & R. Kvasnicka, eds., 1976). In words applicable to conditions on the Sioux Reservation during the years in question, Professor Hagan stated: “The idea had been to supplement the food the Indians obtained by hunting until they could subsist completely by farming. Clauses in the treaties permitted hunting outside the strict boundaries of the reservations, but the inevitable clashes between off-reservation hunting parties and whites led this privilege to be first restricted and then eliminated. The Indians became dependent upon government rations more quickly than had been anticipated, while their conversion to agriculture lagged behind schedule. The quantity of food supplied by the government was never sufficient for a full ration, and the quality was frequently poor. But in view of the fact that most treaties carried no provision for rations at all, and for others they were limited to four years, the members of Congress tended to look upon rations as a gratuity that should be terminated as quickly as possible. The Indian Service and military personnel generally agreed that it was better to feed than to fight, but to the typical late nineteenth-century member of Congress, not yet exposed to doctrines of social welfare, there was something obscene about grown men and women drawing free rations. Appropriations for subsistence consequently fell below the levels requested by the secretary of the interior….That starvation and near-starvation conditions were present on some of the sixty-odd reservations every year for the quarter century after the Civil War is manifest.” The Government’s “sell or starve policy” was not effective. According to the terms of the one-sided Manypenny arrangement, the Sioux were to surrender claims to the Black Hills region, which stretched across five states and covered 47 million acres of land stuffed with gold and other resources that would enrich American industrialists and financiers while impoverish the indigenous people who lived there. In setting out to obtain the tribes’ agreement to this treaty, the commission ignored the stipulation of the Fort Laramie Treaty that any cession of the lands contained within the Great Sioux Reservation would have to be joined in by three-fourths of the adult males. Instead, the treaty was presented just to Sioux chiefs and their leading men. It was signed by only 10% of the adult male Sioux population. The provision of rations was to be conditioned, however, on the attendance at school by Indian children, and on the labor of those who resided on lands suitable for farming. The Government also promised to assist the Sioux in finding markets for their crops and in obtaining employment in the performance of Government work on the reservation. Three years after the agreement that bore his name was ratified, George Manypenny wrote a book entitled Our Indian Wards. There he wrote that: It can not be denied, that from the period when the first infant settlements were made upon the Atlantic sea-board by European colonies, until the present time, there have been constant, persistent, and unceasing efforts on the part of the white man to drive the Indian from his hunting ground and his home. 1877 – Feb. 28, – Congress “resolves” the “3/4 of adult males” problem by enacting the 1876 “agreement” into law as the Act of(1877 Act), 19 Stat. 254. The Act had the effect of abrogating the earlier Fort Laramie Treaty, and of implementing the terms of the Manypenny Commission’s “agreement” with the Sioux leaders. The passage of the 1877 Act legitimized the settlers’ invasion of the Black Hills, but throughout the years it has been regarded by the Sioux as a breach of this Nation’s solemn obligation to reserve the Hills in perpetuity for occupation by the Indians secured by the Sacred document of the white man and the Constitution of the United Sates of America! 1877 – Crazy Horse is killed while in custody after he surrenders. 1881 – Sitting Bull and 187 followers surrender to U.S. officials at Fort Buford, North Dakota 1885 – The last great herd of buffalo in the United States (at one time 60,000,000) is exterminated. In this chapter of history eliminated from the history books, the government took sixty years to accomplish this most damning genocidal policy! 1887 - Congress passes the General Allotment Act (the Dawes Act), which ends communal ownership of reservation lands, distributing 160-acre “allotments” to individual Indians and disposing of the surplus. Tribes lose millions of acres. (Much of this land is now in the hands of white ranchers.) 1888 – Congress begins the outlawing of the entire Indian Way of Life and our Spiritual and Prayer Ceremonies. 1890-1910 – U.S. Indian population reaches low point: less than 250,000. The population of the Indigenous People prior to the invasion in 1492, has been estimated at 14,000,000 in the contiguous 48 states! 1890 – On Dec. 15, 1890, Sitting Bull is killed at the Standing Rock Reservation, South Dakota, increasing tensions there. 1890 - Dec. 28, U.S. troops massacre more than 300 Sioux prisoners of war at what is now known as Wounded Knee who were traveling to to visit Red Cloud. After disarming the Indians, the U.S. Army used for small arms and four of their newest weapons, the Hotchkiss revolving canon which fired 1.25 inch exploding shells. This “battle” as it’s recorded in the U.S. history books resulted in the awarding of twenty Congressional Medals of Honor for Valor which were bestowed on the 7th Calvary. To this day, this day, this is the most Medals of Honor EVER awarded for a battle. More than any of the atrocious battles in the Pacific during World War II. 1891 – Indian Education. A Congressional Act authorized the Commissioner of Indian Affairs “to make and enforce by proper means” rules and regulations to ensure that Indian children attended schools designed and administered by non-Indians. Children were literally ripped from their parents’ arms and sent to federal and missionary boarding schools all over the West. This genocidal campaign continues to this day as children are unlawfully and manipulatively taken from their parents all over the U.S. under the 1978 “Indian Child Welfare Act.” 1891 – Amendment to the Dawes Act. This amendment modified the amount of land to be allotted and set conditions for leasing allotments. 1891 – Congress authorizes the leasing by whites of allotted Indian lands 1893 - Indian Education. This Congressional Act made school attendance for Indian children compulsory and authorized the BIA to withhold rations and government annuities to parents who did not send their children to school. 1898 – Curtis Act. This Congressional Act ended tribal governments practice of refusing allotments and mandated the allotment of tribal lands in Indian Territory – including the lands of the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole nations. 1898 – TREATY VIOLATION: Curtis Act seeks to extend allotment policy to “Five Civilized Tribes” by dissolving tribal governments, requiring abolished Indian nations to submit to allotment, and instituting civil government in Indian Territory 1903 - Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 187 U.S. 553, 23 S.Ct. 216, 47 L.Ed. 299 (1903) Supreme Court decision. The Kiowas and Comanches sued the Secretary of the Interior to stop the transfer of their lands without consent of tribal members which violated the promises made in the 1867 Treaty of Medicine Lodge. The Court ruled that the trust relationship served as a source of power for Congress to take action on tribal land held under the terms of a treaty. Thus, Congress could, by statute, abrogate the provisions of an Indian treaty. Further, Congress had a plenary – or absolute – power over tribal relations. 1906 - Antiquities Act. This Congressional Act declared that Indian bones and objects found on federal land were the property of the United States. This unleashed a flood of of anthropologists and archaeologists as well as ghoulish profiteers to rob our graves with impunity. 1906 – Burke Act. This act amended the Dawes Act to give the secretary of War the power to remove allotments from trust before the time set by the Dawes Act, by declaring that the holders had “adopted the habits of civilized life.” This act also changed the point at which the government would award citizenship from the granting of the allotment to the granting of the title. 1908 – TREATY VIOLATION: Supreme Court defines rights of the federal government to reserve water for the use of Indian tribes 1910 – TREATY VIOLATION: Federal government forbids the Sun Dance among the Plains Indians, giving the use of self-torture as the reason. 1923 - The Lakotah, after years of lobbying, succeeded in obtaining from Congress the passage of a special jurisdictional Act which provided them a forum for adjudication of all claims against the United States “under any treaties, agreements, or laws of Congress, or for the misappropriation of any of the funds or lands of said tribe or band or bands thereof.” Pursuant to this statute, the Sioux, in 1923, filed a petition with the Court of Claims alleging that the Government had taken the Black Hills without just compensation, in violation of the Fifth Amendment. This claim was dismissed by that court in 1942. The case was re-filed after the establishment of the Indian Court of Claims in 1946. Subsequently, the case went to the Supreme Court three times, before finally being ruled on in 1980, thus making the “Black Hills Claim” the longest running litigation in U.S. history, 58 years. As the money awarded has still not been accepted by the Lakotah, one could say that the claim is yet unresolved. The Lakotah asked for the return of all lands according to the treaties and the Constitution. However, once the lawyers go to Washington, D.C., they violated the Lakotah’s instructions and and sought not the return of the land, but “just compensation.” 1924 – The Indian Citizenship Act, also known as the Snyder Act, was proposed by Representative Homer P. Snyder of New York and granted full U.S. citizenship to America’s indigenous peoples, called “Indians” in this Act. (The Fourteenth Amendment guarantees citizenship to persons born in the U.S., but only if “subject to the jurisdiction thereof”; this latter clause excludes certain indigenous.) The act was signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge on June 2. However, to this day, Indians are not granted the protections granted all other citizens under the Bill of Rights. This was done without the consent of Indians! 1927 – Grand Council of American Indians: The white people, who are trying to make us over into their image, they want us to be what they call “assimilated,” bringing the Indians into the mainstream and destroying our own way of life and our own cultural patterns. They believe we should be contented like those whose concept of happiness is materialistic and greedy, which is very different from our way. We want freedom from the white man rather than to be integrated. We don’t want any part of the establishment, we want to be free to raise our children in our religion, in our ways, to be able to hunt and fish and live in peace. We don’t want power, we don’t want to be congressmen, or bankers….we want to be ourselves. We want to have our heritage, because we are the owners of this land and because we belong here. The white man says, there is freedom and justice for all. We have had ‘freedom and justice,’ and that is why we have been almost exterminated. We shall not forget this. 1930’s – Adolph Hitler patterns his genocidal techniques after the American Indian Policy of the U.S. Government. “Adolf Hitler”, John Toland, Publisher: Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York 1976. “Hitler’s concept of concentration camps as well as the practicality of genocide owed much, so he claimed, to his studies of English and United States history. He admired the camps for Boer prisoners in South Africa and for the Indians in the wild West; and often praised to his inner circle the efficiency of America’s extermination-by starvation and uneven combat-of the red savages who could not be tamed by captivity.” Pg 702 1934 – TREATY VIOLATION: U.S. Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) reverses U.S. policy of allotment, providing for tribal self-government and landholding and launching an Indian credit program. 1943 - The U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear the Court of Claims dismissal of the Black Hills claim under the 1920 jurisdictional statute by denying the Sioux bands’ petition for a writ of certiorari (Sioux Tribe v. United States, 318 U.S. 789 [1943]). 1946 - Indian Court of Claims established by the US. creating a new forum to hear and determine all tribal grievances that had arisen previously. 1950 – Counsel for the Sioux resubmit the Black Hills claim to the Indian Claims Commission. The Commission initially ruled that the Sioux had failed to prove their case. The Sioux filed a motion with the Court of Claims to vacate its judgment of affirmance alleging that the Commission’s decision had been based on a record that was inadequate, due to the failings of the Sioux’ former counsel. This motion was granted and the Court of Claims directed the Commission to consider whether the case should be reopened for the presentation of additional evidence. 1954 – Indian Claims Commission dismissed Docket 74, a part of the Black Hills claim. 1958 – Indian Claims Commission entered an order reopening the case and announcing that it would reconsider its prior judgment on the merits of the Sioux claim. Following the Sioux’ filing of an amended petition, claiming again that the 1877 Act constituted a taking of the Black Hills for which just compensation had not been paid, there ensued a lengthy period of procedural sparring between the Indians and the Government. 1960 – Indian Claims Commission agreed to allow the Sioux tribes to amend their original Docket 74 petition by substituting two separate petitions to be designated as Docket 74-A and 74-B. Docket 74-A involved claims for Sioux property outside of western South Dakota that was, according to the United States, voluntarily “ceded” by the Sioux bands under article 2 of the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty! Docket 74-A consisted of the following claims: 1. A recognized title claim for 34 million acres of Sioux lands located west of the Missouri River (outside of western South Dakota) in the states of Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, and Nebraska; and 2. An aboriginal title claim for 14 million acres of Sioux lands located east of the Missouri River (in the states of North Dakota and South Dakota). Docket 74-B involved claims for Sioux property confiscated by Congress under the 1877 act in violation of the Just Compensation Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Docket 74-B consisted of the following claims: 1. A claim for 7.3 million acres of the Great Sioux Reservation (the Black Hills) confiscated under article 1 of the 1877 act; 2. A claim for article 11 hunting rights confiscated under article 1 of the 1877 act; 3. A claim for placer (surface) gold removed by trespassing gold miners with U.S. government connivance prior to 1877; and 4. A claim for three rights-of-way confiscated under article 2 of the 1877 act. 1962 – After the Sioux tribes succeeded in reopening Docket 74 in 1960, they attempted three times to amend their petition to allege a wrongful taking under the 1868 treaty. All three amendments were denied by the ICC on May 11,1960, February 28, 1962, and October 29,1968. 1964 – South Africa copies the U.S. Reservation Scheme: The Bantu Laws Amendment Act of 1964 gave the government complete authority to banish blacks from any urban area and from white agricultural areas. During the 1970′s, the government stripped thousands of blacks of their South African citizenship when it granted nominal independence to their homelands. Most of the homelands had few natural resources, were not economically viable, and being both small and fragmented, lacked the autonomy of independent states. 1965 – The Indian Claims Commission ruled that the 1851 treaty recognized title in the “Sioux or Dahcotah Nation” to approximately 60 million acres of territory situated east of the Missouri River in what is now the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana. 1969 – Indian Claims Commission allows the Docket 74 Sioux Tribes to intervene in the suit with the Yankton Sioux (Docket 332-C) and include their claims for aboriginal title lands located east of the Missouri River. It also allowed the Yankton Sioux, for the first time, to assert a recognized title claim west and north of the Missouri River on the basis that it was a party to the 1851 Fort Laramie Treaty. 1969 – American Indian activists occupy Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay to call attention to the plight of contemporary Indians. The occupation lasts until 1971. 1969 – Vienna Convention on Treaties: Scope of the present Convention: The present Convention applies to treaties between States. Article 49- Fraud If a State has been induced to conclude a treaty by the fraudulent conduct govern questions not regulated by the provisions of the present Convention, Have agreed as follows: Use of terms 1. For the purposes of the present Convention: (a) ‘treaty’ means an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation; (b) ‘ratification’, ‘acceptance’, ‘approval’ and ‘accession’ mean in each case the international act so named whereby a State establishes on the international plane its consent to be bound by a treaty; (c) ‘full powers’ means a document emanating from the competent authority of a State designating a person or persons to represent the State for negotiating, adopting or authenticating the text of a treaty, for expressing the consent of the State to be bound by a treaty, or for accomplishing any other act with respect to a treaty; (d) ‘reservation’ means a unilateral statement, however phrased or named, made by a State, when signing, ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to a treaty, whereby it purports to exclude or to modify the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in their application to that State; (e) ‘negotiating State’ means a State which took part in the drawing up and adoption of the text of the treaty; (f) ‘contracting State’ means a State which has consented to be bound by the treaty, whether or not the treaty has entered into force; (g) ‘party’ means a State which has consented to be bound by the treaty and for which the treaty is in force; (h) ‘third State’ means a State not a party to the treaty; (i) ‘international organization’ means an intergovernmental organization. Termination or suspension of the operation of a treaty as a consequence of its breach: 1. A material breach of a bilateral treaty by one of the parties entitles the other to invoke the breach as aground for terminating the treaty or suspending its operation in whole or in part. 2. A material breach of a multilateral treaty by one of the parties entitles: (a) the other parties by unanimous agreement to suspend the operation of the treaty in whole or in part or to terminate it either: (i) in the relations between themselves and the defaulting State, or (ii) as between all the parties; (b) a party specially affected by the breach to invoke it as a ground for suspending the operation of the treaty in whole or in part in the relations between itself and the defaulting State; (c) any party other than the defaulting State to invoke the breach as a ground for suspending the operation of the treaty in whole or in part with respect to itself if the treaty is of such a character that a material breach of its provisions by one party radically changes the position of every party with respect to the further performance of its obligations under the treaty. 3. A material breach of a treaty, for the purposes of this article, consists in: (a) a repudiation of the treaty not sanctioned by the present Convention; or (b) the violation of a provision essential to the accomplishment of the object or purpose of the treaty. 4. The foregoing paragraphs are without prejudice to any provision in the treaty applicable in the event of a breach. 5. Paragraphs 1 to 3 do not apply to provisions relating to the protection of the human person contained in treaties of a humanitarian character, in particular to provisions prohibiting any form of reprisals against persons protected by such treaties. 1970 – Nixon’s “Special Message on Indian Affairs.” President Nixon delivered a speech to Congress which denounced past federal policies, formally ended the termination policy, and called for a new era of self-determination for Indian peoples. 1972 – Trail of Broken Treaties. Over 500 Indian activists traveled across the United States to Washington, DC where they planned to meet with BIA officials and to deliver a 20-point proposal for revamping the BIA and establishing a government commission to review treaty violations. When guards at the BIA informed the tribal members that Bureau officials would not meet with them and threatened forcible removal from the premises, the activists began a week-long siege of the BIA building. The BIA finally agreed to review the 20 demands and to provide funds to transport the activists back to their home. Shortly thereafter, the FBI classified AIM as “an extremist organization” and added the names of its leaders to the list of “key extremists” in the US. 1972 – White vigilantes beat Raymond Yellow Thunder to death in Gorden, Neb. A ruling of death by suicide causes protests by more than 1,000 Sioux from Pine Ridge Reservation. Officials, forced to perform an autopsy, change their finding to manslaughter; two of the killers are subsequently tried and convicted 1973 – Members of AIM and about 200 armed Oglala Sioux occupy site of the Wounded Knee Massacre on Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota for 71 days. 1974 – In Minnesota, the first trial stemming from the occupation of Wounded Knew takes place. In 1975 AIM leaders Dennis Banks and Russell Means are convicted on assault and riot charges. In 1978 Gov. Jerry Brown gives Banks sanctuary in California 1974 - By a 4-to-1 vote, the Commission reached a preliminary decision on the 1968 questions it posed. The Commission first held that the 1942 Court of Claims decision did not bar the Sioux’ Fifth Amendment taking claim through application of the doctrine of res judicata. The Commission concluded that the Court of Claims had dismissed the earlier suit for lack of jurisdiction, and that it had not determined the merits of the Black Hills claim. The Commission then went on to find that Congress, in 1877, had made no effort to give the Sioux full value for the ceded reservation lands. The only new obligation assumed by the Government in exchange for the Black Hills was its promise to provide the Sioux with subsistence rations, an obligation that was subject to several limiting conditions. Under these circumstances, the Commission concluded that the consideration given the Indians in the 1877 Act had no relationship to the value of the property acquired. Moreover, there was no indication in the record that Congress ever attempted to relate the value of the rations to the value of the Black Hills. The Commission concluded that Congress had acted pursuant to its power of eminent domain when it passed the 1877 Act, rather than as a trustee for the Sioux, and that the Government must pay the Indians just compensation for the taking of the Black Hills. 1974 – Indian Claims Commission ruled that the 1877 act constituted an unconstitutional taking of the Black Hills and three rights of way under the Just Compensation Clause of the Fifth Amendment; that the Congress acted pursuant to its power of eminent domain and was required to pay Just Compensation to the Docket 74 Sioux. The ICC then awarded the Docket 74 Sioux $17.1 million for the 7.3 million acres of Black Hills land that the United States confiscated, plus 5 percent simple interest from the time of the taking. The ICC also awarded the Docket 74 Sioux compensation for placer (surface) gold removed by trespassing miners prior to 1877, and for the three rights of way across the reduced Great Sioux Reservation (Sioux Nation v. United States, 33 Ind. Cl. Comm. 151 [1974]). The total award in Docket 74-B was $105 million. 1975 – Shoot-out on Pine Ridge Reservation between AIM members and FBI agents results in the death of two agents. Leonard Peltier is later convicted, a verdict that remains controversial. 1975 – On appeal, the Court of Claims, without deciding the merits, dismissed the Indian Claims Commission’s 1974 final judgment on the basis that the appeal was barred by res judicata since the Black Hills Claim had been previously decided against the Sioux in 1942. The Docket 74 Sioux argued that the earlier dismissal was for lack of jurisdiction, not a dismissal on the merits of their claims. 1975 - The court’s majority recognized that the practical impact of the question presented was limited to a determination of whether or not an award of interest would be available to the Indians. This followed from the Government’s failure to appeal the Commission’s holding that it had acquired the Black Hills through a course of unfair and dishonorable dealing for which the Sioux were entitled to damages, without interest, under §2 of the Indian Claims Commission Act, 60 Stat. 1050, 25 U.S.C. §70a(5). Only if the acquisition of the Black Hills amounted to an unconstitutional taking would the Sioux be entitled to interest. 207 Ct.Cl., at 237, 518 F.2d, at 1299. The court affirmed the Commission’s holding that a want of fair and honorable dealings in this case was evidenced, and held that the Sioux thus would be entitled to an award of at least $17.5 million for the lands surrendered and for the gold taken by trespassing prospectors prior to passage of the 1877 Act. The court also remarked upon President Grant’s duplicity in breaching the Government’s treaty obligation to keep trespassers out of the Black Hills, and the pattern of duress practiced by the Government on the starving Sioux to get them to agree to the sale of the Black Hills. The court concluded: “A more ripe and rank case of dishonorable dealings will never, in all probability, be found in our history, which is not, taken as a whole, the disgrace it now pleases some persons to believe.” 1976 – The Indian Claims Commission determined that, as of February 24, 1869, the fair market value of both the recognized title claim (34 million acres) and the aboriginal title claim (14 million acres) in Docket 74-A was $45,685,000.00. This valuation was broken down as follows: * East of Missouri West of Missouri * Agricultural $11,135,000 $ 3,790,000 * Grazing $ 9,760,000 $21,000,000 * Total $20,896,000 $24,790,000 See Sioux Tribe v. United States, 38 Ind. Cl. Comm. 485 (1976). 1977 - Senate Committee on Indian Affairs (SCIA). This Senate resolution re-established the SCIA. The Committee was originally created in the early nineteenth century, but disbanded in 1946 when Indian affairs legislative and oversight jurisdiction was vested in subcommittees of the Interior and Insular Affairs Commission of the House and Senate. The Committee became permanent in 1984. Its jurisdiction includes studying the unique issues related to Indian and Hawaiian peoples and proposing legislation to deal with such issues – issues which include but are not limited to Indian education, economic development, trust responsibilities, land management, health care, and claims against the US. government. 1977 – Report of the American Indian Policy Review Commission. The Commission, established in 1975, issued its report in which it called for a firm rejection of assimilationist policies, increased financial assistance to the tribes, and a reaffirmation of the tribes’ status as permanent, self-governing institutions. 1978 – Indian Claims Commission rendered its final decision on the merits, land valuation, and offsets. The matter came before the ICC on a motion filed by the Sioux Tribes for “an order that no offsets, either payments on the claim or gratuities, be deducted” from the award in Docket 74-A (Sioux Nation v. United States, 42 Ind. Cl. Comm. 214 [1978]). After examining the history behind the Sioux Claim, the ICC found that: The Indian Peace Commission presented the proposed treaty to the Sioux Bands in a series of councils held in the spring of 1868…..At these councils, after hearing an explanation of the terms of the treaties, the Sioux generally voiced these sentiments;… 2–they were unwilling to cede any of their lands [emphasis added]…. [I]t is clear that, based on the representations of the United States negotiators, the Indians cannot have regarded the 1868 Treaty as a treaty of cession. Nowhere in the history leading up to the treaty negotiations themselves is there any indication that the United States was seeking a land cession or that the Sioux were unwilling to consent to one. On the contrary, the evidence is overwhelming that the Sioux would never have signed the treaty had they thought they were ceding any land to the United States. (Sioux Tribe v. United States, 42 Ind. Cl. Comm. 214 [1978]) 1978 – Indian Child Welfare Act. This Congressional Act addressed the widespread practice of transferring the care and custody of Indian children to non-Indians. It recognized the authority of tribal courts to hear the adoption and guardianship cases of Indian children and established a strict set of statutory guidelines for those cases heard in state court. (As of 2009, coerced and forced adoptions of Indian children are rampent) 1978 – American Indian Religious Freedom Act. This Congressional Act promised to “protect and preserve for American Indians their inherent right of freedom to believe, express, and exercise” traditional religions, “including but not limited to access to sites, use and possession of sacred objects, and the freedom to worship through ceremonial and traditional rites.” Although the enactment seemed to recognize the importance of traditional Indian religious practices, it contained no enforcement provisions. 1978 - US v. Wheeler, Supreme Court decision. The Court considered the question of whether the power to punish tribal offenders is “part of inherent tribal sovereignty, or an aspect of the sovereignty of the Federal Government which has been delegated to the tribes by Congress.” He concluded: “The sovereignty that the Indian tribes retain is of a unique and limited character. It exists only at the sufferance of Congress and is subject to complete defeasance. But until Congress acts, the tribes retain their existing sovereign powers. In sum, Indian tribes still possess those aspects of sovereignty not withdrawn by treaty or statute, or by implication as a necessary result of their dependent status.” In short, Indian nations were sovereign, but such sovereignty was limited and subject to Congressional whim. 1978 – Congress passesa special jurisdictional statute allowing the Court of Claims to review the Indian Claims Commission’s 1974 judgment de novo (Act of March 13, 1978 [92 Stat. 153]). The Black Hills Claim (Docket 74-B) was refiled in the Court of Claims under the 1978 jurisdictional statute as 148-78. The parties to Docket 148-78 thereafter stipulated that the Indian Claims Commission’s record in Docket 74-B could be used by the Court of Claims to decide the merits of the Black Hills Claim. 1979 - Court of Claims hearsthe merits of the Black Hills Claim de novo, and affirmed the Indian Claims Commission’s 1974 judgment (United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 220 Ct. Cl. 442, 601 F2d 1157)- 1980 – Court of Claims remanded Docket 74-A to its trial division (United States Claims Court), since the life of the Indian Claims Commission terminated in 1978 and all pending cases in the ICC were transferred to the Court of Claims. The Claims Court determined on remand that the only issue remaining in the case concerned the amount of offsets to be allowed against the $43,949,700 land valuation award. The United States made an offer to the tribal claims attorneys (Lazarus/Sonosky/Payne) in 1978 to settle the offset issue in docket 74-A for $4,200,000. The attorneys accepted the offer with conditions. The conditions were rejected by the United States, but the original offer was left open. The claims attorneys subsequently recommended acceptance of the offer to the Sioux tribes. See Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe v. United States, 806 F.2d 1046 (Fed. Cir. 1986). The Sioux tribes rejected the offer and demanded (among other things) the return of all federal lands to the 48 million acre area. 1980 – Supreme Court affirms the 1979 judgment of the Court of Claims (United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 488 US 371 [1980]). The Docket 74 Sioux were awarded $102 million for Black Hills land ($17.1 million in principle and $85 million in simple interest from 1877 to 1980), and $3 million for the placer gold and three rights of ways. (Note: The Court of Claims subsequently awarded the claims attorneys [Lazarus/Sonosky/Payne] 10 percent of the final $105 million judgment as attorney’s fees.) The Supreme Court of the United States agreed that the “sale” of the Black Hills had not been conducted legally. It refused, however, to return the land to the Lakota people and ordered them to accept belated financial compensation instead. The Committee observed: “The facts are, as the Commission found, that the United States disarmed the Sioux and denied them their traditional hunting areas in an effort to force the sale of the Black Hills. Having violated the 1868 Treaty and having reduced the Indians to starvation, the United States should not now be in the position of saying that the rations it furnished constituted payment for the land which it took. In short, the Government committed two wrongs: first, it deprived the Sioux of their livelihood; secondly, it deprived the Sioux of their land. What the United States gave back in rations should not be stretched to cover both wrongs.” The dissenting opinion suggests, post, at 2750-2751, that the factual findings of the Indian Claims Commission, the Court of Claims, and now this Court, are based upon a “revisionist” view of history. The dissent fails to identify which materials quoted herein or relied upon by the Commission and the Court of Claims fit that description. The dissent’s allusion to historians “writing for the purpose of having their conclusions or observations inserted in the reports of congressional committees,” post, at 2750, is also puzzling because, with respect to this case, we are unaware that any such historian exists. A further word seems to be in order. The dissenting opinion does not identify a single author, nonrevisionist, neorevisionist, or otherwise, who takes the view of the history of the cession of the Black Hills that the dissent prefers to adopt, largely, one assumes, as an article of faith. Rather, the dissent relies on the historical findings contained in the decision rendered by the Court of Claims in 1942. That decision, and those findings, are not before this Court today. Moreover, the holding of the Court of Claims in 1942, to the extent the decision can be read as reaching the merits of the Sioux’ taking claim, was based largely on the conclusive presumption of good faith toward the Indians which that court afforded to Congress’ actions of 1877. 1980 – Bradley Bill (Senator Bill Bradley, D-NJ). The prime mover behind the Bill was a young Lakota man named Gerald Clifford. Unfortunately, a non-Indian named Phil Stevens (a retired millionaire) claiming to be Sioux from California attempted to introduce a Bill of his own and muddied the waters enough that Bradley withdrew his sponsorship and the Bradley Bill died a quiet death. Under the Bradley Bill the tribes of the Great Sioux Nation would get 1.3 million acres of the 7.5 million acres returned to them. The 1.3 million acres would be strictly U. S. National Forest Service land. No municipalities, no state owned land, no private land or no federal monument lands would have been threatened. Of course, the local media played it to the hilt. “Sioux seek return of the Black Hills” was a common headline. This frightened a lot of non-Indians even though the headline was clearly wrong. Sentiment did turn against the Indians. In the meantime, South Dakota’s elected officials and the federal government itself believes that all claims to the land were extinguished when the money was awarded. In a way its like telling the Indians, “Here is money for your house and whether you want to sell it or not, here is the money and the house is now ours.” 1982 – Congress abolishes the Indian Court of Claims. 1983 – Dennis Banks, the AIM leader, still under indictment in South Dakota for 1973 Wounded Knee occupation, takes refuge on the Onondaga Reservation in New York State. In 1984 Banks surrenders to officials in South Dakota; he is sentenced to three years in prison 1985 – On February 22, 1985, the Claims Court, without considering the remaining three motions for summary judgment, entered an order implementing the government’s settlement offer of $39,749,000 as its final judgment and terminated Docket 74-A (Sioux Tribe of Indians v. United States, 8 Cl. Ct. 80 [1985]). The court concluded that Docket 74-A had become “an uncontrolled quagmire” and that “[t]he simple fact that four of the reservation tribes are refusing to accept any settlement or award of this court, which does not include the return of their land, is indicative of the plaintiffs [sic] refusal to comprehend, after 35 years of litigation, that this Court can only award money judgments.” 1987 – Senator Bradley reintroduced the “Bradley Bill” as S. 705 in the One Hundredth Congress. A Companion bill H.R. 1506, was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives by Congressman James Howard of New Jersey. No hearings were held on S. 705 or HR 1506. 1990 - Congressman Matthew Martinez of California introduced the Black Hills Bill (HR 5680) developed by the Grey Eagle Society in the One Hundred and First Congress. The bill was an amended version of the Bradley Bill, S. 705. The bill was referred to the committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. No hearing was held on the bill. Congressman Martinez was also one of the cosponsors of the House version of the Bradley Bill (HR 1506) in 1987. 1994 – President Clinton invites leaders of all 547 federally recognized American Indian and Alaska native tribes to the White House, the first-ever meeting of its kind. Tribal leaders and U.S. officials identify issues for follow-up conferences. 1996 – Congressman Bill Barrett of Nebraska introduced HR 3595 in the US House of Representatives. The bill proposed to pay out the Santee Sioux Tribe of Nebraska’s “proportionate share” of Docket 74-A. A Hearing was held on HR 3595 on August 1, 1996, before the Resources Subcommittee on Native American and Insular Affairs. Congressman Barrett and Santee Sioux Tribal Chairman Arthur “Butch” Denny submitted written testimony in support of the bill. Deborah J. Maddox, director of the Office of Tribal Services, US Department of the Interior, submitted written testimony indicating that the Interior Department had no position on the bill “because it affected eight other tribes.” Johnson Holy Rock of the Oglala Sioux Tribe submitted written testimony on behalf of the Oglala Sioux Tribe opposing the bill, and testified against the bill at the hearing. Others testifying at the hearing against the bill were John Yellowbird Steele, President of the Oglala Sioux Tribe, Greg Bourland, Chairman of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe; and William Kindle, President of the Rosebud Sioux Tribe. The bill died in Committee. 1998 – Docket 74-A: The larger Sioux tribes continue to reject the cram down of the final $40,245,807.02 judgment in Docket 74-A, demanding instead that the United States return all federal lands to the Sioux tribes in the 48 million acre area. Docket 74-B: The Anti Indian forces in South Dakota (such as the Open hills Association organized by Senator Tom Daschle) still continue to oppose land restoration proposals to settle Docket 74-B. As of April 8, 1998, the total award for both the 1868 Treaty claim (Docket 74-A) and the Black Hills Claim (Docket 74-B, aka Docket 148-78), according to the US Department of Interior’s Division of Trust Fund Services, is as follows: 1. Docket 74-A……………. $67,073,267.88 2. Docket 148-78……….. $473,161,163.29 Total…………………………. $540,234,431.17 U.S. Code Cong. & Admin. News 1974, p. 6115. See also R. Billington, Introduction, in National Park Service, Soldier and Brave xiv (1963): The Indians suffered the humiliating defeats that forced them to walk the white man’s road toward civilization. Few conquered people in the history of mankind have paid so dearly for their defense of a way of life that the march of progress had outmoded . . . In three tragic decades, between 1860 and 1890, the Indians suffered the humiliating defeats that forced them to walk the white man’s road toward civilization. Few conquered people in the history of mankind have paid so dearly for their defense of a way of life that the march of progress had outmoded. This epic struggle left its landmarks behind, as monuments to the brave men, Indian and white, who fought and died that their manner of living might endure. “Immediately upon its establishment in 1824, the Office of Indian Affairs was an instrument by which the United States enforced its ambition against the Indian nations. As the nation expanded West, the agency participated in the ethnic cleansing that befell the western tribes. War begets tragedy, but the deliberate spread of disease, the decimation of the bison herds, the use of alcohol to destroy mind and body, and the cowardly killing of women and children made for tragedy on a scale so ghastly that it cannot be dismissed as merely the inevitable consequence of the clash of competing ways of life. After the devastation of tribal economies, the BIA set out to destroy all things Indian by forbidding the speaking of Indian languages, prohibiting traditional religious activities, outlawing traditional government, and making Indians ashamed of who they were. Worst of all, the BIA committed these acts against the children entrusted to its boarding schools. The trauma of shame, fear, and anger has passed from one generation to the next, and manifests itself in the rampant alcoholism, drug abuse, and domestic violence that plague Indian country. The BIA expresses its profound sorrow for these wrongs, extends this formal apology to Indian people for its historical conduct, and makes promises for its future conduct. (TD) 2007 – Unilateral withdrawal of the Lakotah from the Treaties of 1851 and 1868 as permitted under the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, of which, the United States is a signatory. Tags: ", "1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties", "burke act", "Chief Frank Fools Crow" Chief, "John M. Chivington" John, "US v. Wheeler, 187 U.S. 553, 1969 Vienna Convention, 1974, 23 S.Ct. 216, 332-C, 47 L.Ed. 299 (1903), 74, 74-A, 74-B, 7th, abduction, Act, adolph, Affairs, africa, AIM, Alcatraz, alloted, allotment, american, Antiquities, aparthied, Arapaho, Armstrong, army, authority, authorized, banks, bantu, battle, BIA, big, big-horn, bilateral, Bill, black, blacks, boarding, bozeman, Bradley, breach, buffalo, bull, burke, calvary, census, ceremonies, ceremony, cessation, Cheyenne, chief, children, Chivington, claims, clinton, Cloud, Colonel, comanches, Commission, commissioner, compulsory, Congress, congressional, Convention, Council, court, crazy, crow, curtis, Custer, D-NJ, dakota, dawes, default, defaulting, dennis, Department, Docket, education, Emancipation, federal, final, food, fools, forced, Fort, frank, fraud, freedom, ft., Gandhi, general, genocide, George, gold, gorden, Gover, great, Hills, hitchcock, hitler, honor, horn, horse, house, human, humanitarian, in, indian, Inipi, International, International Indian Treaty Council in 1974, judge, judgement, judgment, jurisdiction, justice, kevin, kiowas, Knee, lakota, Lakotah, Land, Larmaie, law, leaders, leonard, Lieutenant, little, lodge, lone, Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, lonewolf, M., Manypenny, massacre, material, means, medal, minnesota, missionary, missouri, Mohandas, montana, movement, nation, nations, nebraska, nichol, nichole, nixon, north, of, of interior, oglala, on, Onondaga, out, peltier, pipe, platte, population, prayer, president, Proclamation, provision, ratification, rations, raymond, red, relations, religion, religous, Reorganization, Repbulic, reprisals, repudiation, reservation, rights, rites, river, Rock, russell, Sacred, sanctioned, Santee, school, schools, secretary, senate, senator, Service, shoot, shoot-out, signatory, sioux, sitting, slaughter, south, sovereingty, soveriegn, Standing, starvation, supreme, sweat, T.R.E.A.T.Y., the, thunder, traditional, trail, treaties, trial, tribal, tribe, u.s., UN, unilateral, United, v, valor, Vienna, violation, vs, Wakpala, war, welfare, Wheeler, white, william, withdrawal, wolf, worship, Wounded, wyoming, yellow

by Madeline Ostrander, originally published by Yes! Magazine In most legal systems, you have a right to freedom of speech or religion, but you don’t have a right to breathe clean air or drink safe water. Maude Barlow—author, activist, and former senior advisor on water to the United Nations—believes that those rights should be recognized. This past summer, she helped engineer a landmark victory: The U.N. formally adopted a resolution recognizing the human right to water (though the United States abstained). Now, Barlow is part of an international movement—of governments, scientists, and activists—working to bring a focus on environmental rights to the ongoing United Nations climate negotiations. This week, she is attending the United Nations climate meeting in Cancún, Mexico. The negotiations are thus far getting scant press attention, but thousands of people from all over the world are turning out in Cancún to voice their political views and hold alternative meetings and demonstrations outside the U.N. conference. Early this week, the international grassroots organization La Via Campesina led Barlow and hundreds of other grassroots leaders on a tour across the Mexican countryside to witness how climate change is already affecting rural communities. The tours converged in Mexico City where a few thousand people held a march to the Zócalo, the city’s central plaza. Activists in Cancún and Mexico City are rallying behind the idea of environmental rights. Many support a document called the “People’s Agreement on Climate Change,” which includes a “Universal Declaration of the Rights of Mother Earth.” It’s an idealistic name for a proposal that would sound either visionary or improbable, or both—if not for the fact that the declaration represents the work of representatives from 56 countries and of tens of thousands of people who attended a climate conference in Cochabamba, Bolivia, last April. The document declares that everybody has rights to basics like clean water and clean air, but it also says something even more extraordinary: that the planet’s ecosystems themselves have rights. It’s unlikely that the Cochabamba proposals will end up in any formal agreements to emerge from Cancún. But the idea of environmental rights is taking hold. In September 2008, Ecuador formally recognized the rights of nature in its new constitution. In the United States, a handful of local governments have passed resolutions recognizing that nature has rights, including, recently, the city of Pittsburgh. Maude Barlow spoke with me on the phone from Cancún about how the concept of environmental rights might influence climate negotiations. Madeline Ostrander: You worked hard on promoting the notion that we have a basic human right to water. What happens when we start talking about other environmental issues in terms of human rights? Maude Barlow: There's no such thing as human rights if we don't protect the Earth that gives us life and if we don't start having respect for other species and for air and water and soil. Take water, for example, because it's dear to my heart. We've seen water as a resource for our convenience, pleasure, and profit. So, we do whatever we want with it, thinking it's in unlimited supply. We dump poisons into it. We move it from where it is needed for the functioning of healthy hydrologic cycles to where we want it. We dump it into the ocean as waste. We have this worldview that water, air, and ecosystems are merely here to serve us. That has simply got to end—that notion that that's why the Earth has been put here. There's a new, deep humility that's required of humanity if we’re going to change the tide. Ostrander: How has the U.N. resolution that recognizes the right to water helped the environmental movement internationally? Barlow: The point to the right to water declaration was to link human rights to the Earth. People keep saying, “Well, did anything change the next day for people without water?” And I say, “Yeah, actually.” I don't mean literally that someone who didn’t have water one day got it the next, but now we have a tool. We now have a binding resolution from the U.N. General Assembly that says that drinking water and sanitation are a fundamental human right. It's a clear, clean statement. It says to governments that you cannot use the water primarily as an economic resource. You now have to see it as a fundamental human right, and your priorities must be to serve the most vulnerable people. We're going to use it as a tool in Canada because our First Nations communities still don't have decent drinking water. Our federal government has abdicated its responsibility to those communities. Ostrander: Why are the statements about the rights of Earth that emerged from the Cochabamba Agreement so important? Barlow: The Cochabamba People’s Agreement is rooted in the notion of social and climate justice, and it questions the whole concept of growth, unregulated trade, and market capitalism. It says, yes, of course, there’s a place for the economy and trade, but they must serve humanity and communities. It rejects climate offsets very clearly. It talks about the injustice of the Global North to the Global South—that the countries that are feeling the worst impact are the ones that have done the least [to contribute to climate change]. It's based on the notion of human rights and justice and the rights of nature. I don't think it's radical at all in terms of what the world needs, but it's radical compared to the Copenhagen Accord. I think the most important thing about the Agreement is that, at its core, it says we can't continue with the current policies that dominate, for instance, the G20. On one hand, our governments are saying that they care about the climate and the environment, and then on the other hand, they are promoting international trade and policy agendas that are just devastating to the world. The Cochabamba Agreement says that it's not possible to either cut greenhouse gas emissions or deal with any other crises that are facing humanity and the Earth without challenging the system. That's the motto of our movement: Change the system, not the climate. Madeline Ostrander: Do you still hope that the Cochabamba statement on the rights of Earth will have an influence on climate negotiations? Maude Barlow: I think it will, but probably not here. The powerful governments, the Western governments, have decided to put a damper on expectations for this round of negotiations in Cancún. And most of them don't have any intention of honoring very deep commitments. I certainly know Canada doesn't, I don't think the U.S. or Japan does. That doesn't mean the Cochabamba Accord doesn't matter. The difference between this year and last is that our movement is getting stronger. They expected something like 7,000 to 8,000 people to attend the conference in Bolivia, and 30,000 of us descended on Cochabamba. It was really a wonderful and important gathering. While it may not produce results at the Cancún summit, I think the Cochabamba Accord is the guiding principle for our movement. Ostrander: What is it your best hope for the Cancún negotiations? Barlow: My best hope is not that they come out with a deal; it's that they don't come out with a bad deal. The whole issue of forest restoration—that is a wonderful concept in theory, but the way it's being actualized is really dangerous. It's being used as an offset. You can legally offset your pollution by planting a monoculture forest somewhere that's going to be cut down in 10 years. That offset will allow you to continue bad practices. I'm worried that they are going to make progress on things that do not fundamentally change or challenge the current system. And then they'll say, "Look how far we've come." When, in fact, it will be steps in the wrong direction. That is my biggest fear. My biggest hope is that this movement of ours is getting stronger and stronger and that we're being listened to. We have had a number of wins in a number of countries recently and there’s a movement, for instance, from some of the Latin American countries that have endorsed this notion of the rights of nature. That's not a case of giving up on the U.N. process. I want to be really clear that I think it's the only legitimate process we have. It takes forever. Democracy is slow and plodding and can drive you crazy. But it's the only international process that isn't, yet, driven by corporations. We're really worried that the big countries will say, “We're going to turn [the negotiations] over to the G20.” I think that would be a disaster. It would leave the countries that are suffering the most without restitution. Ostrander: You've just spent the last few days traveling with activists across the Mexican countryside. How do you think the Mexican perspective might influence the climate movement or the negotiations? Barlow: Well, I have long wanted the water movement and the climate movement to get together because I think they should be the same movement. The tours [led by La Via Campesina] brought members of the international community and Mexicans into local villages and towns throughout Mexico to learn about what's happening on the ground. The idea was, you're really not going to know this in your head; you're going to know it in your heart. We came into communities, and we saw the actual reality of people's lives. Everybody kept hearing about water. The first face of climate change is the water crisis. People are feeling the water crisis desperately now, in community after community. Maybe a Canadian gold mine has dumped cyanide into the water, and it's poisoned. Maybe a big hydroelectric dam paid for by the World Bank has cut off an entire river. People start to put it together—their own crisis, the fact that they can't grow food any more in their local community, the fact that somehow they have to find the money for bottled water because their kids should not be drinking the local water, the fact that they've lost their local water rights and the best water is being guaranteed to corporations or tourism. This isn't a kind of esoteric thing anymore. This is suddenly real, this understanding of how climate connects to the water crisis and to corporate control. Ostrander: And the tours ended in a demonstration in Mexico City? Barlow: The demonstration was wonderful, it was peaceful, it was joyous. It ended with a declaration of solidarity with all of the international and domestic people there. Very exciting, very moving, and I think you are going to see a most exciting set of meetings here, and protests, and life coming off the ground here in Cancún. Madeline Ostrander interviewed Maude Barlow for YES! Magazine, a national, nonprofit media organization that fuses powerful ideas with practical actions. Madeline is YES! Magazine's senior editor. Editorial Notes: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License Photo by S. Raj About Madeline Ostrander: Related Articles

It's hard to think of another artist who cares so little for or about pop music yet who has changed it, and influenced its practitioners, so profoundly as Leonard Cohen. One of the most original, compelling, and covered songwriters of the rock era, Leonard Cohen has slowly transitioned from a singer of elegantly spare folk dirges to a whisky-voiced smooth talker on elegantly spare electro-acoustic percolations. From the beginning, the smartly tailored Montreal native has seemed like an outsider and an elder statesman in the music world. A teenage flirtation with the beatnik jazz/folk scene led Cohen to a highly successful (but oddly forgotten) career as a countercultural poet and fiction writer. At the same time, singers started taking notice of Cohen's bohemian (but decidedly non-youth revolution) tunes and his most heralded composition, "Suzanne" was widely known before he even had a recording contract. In 1968, his striking debut album Songs of Leonard Cohen showcased "Suzanne" and nine other of his world-weary and bleak, yet highly romantic songs. The album wasn't a huge success but -- as with the Velvet Underground's debut record or Van Morrison's Astral Weeks -- a new cadre of rain-coated skeptics kept purchasing the album every year until it finally reached gold sales status. Each of the excellent collections leading up to 1975's Best of Leonard Cohen are filled with the tunesmith's circular guitar patterns and nicotine-stained tales of small hopes and shell-shocked heartbreaks. Songs such as "Bird On A Wire," "Famous Blue Raincoat" and "Chelsea Hotel" would've made his reputation for the rest of his life but Cohen was slowly moving away from his stark, "just the facts, Ma'am" studio sound. In 1977, he teamed up with the wild-eyed production guru Phil Spector for Death

Local History Home Ridgewood was a wilderness of trees and streams in 1698 when Johannes Van Emburgh and David Provoast purchased 250 acres of land here. The area was called Hochaos (now Ho-Ho-Kus) after the Native American name of the brook that runs through the Village. By 1725 the area was known as Paramus and there were enough families in the area to establish a congregation of the Reformed Church. The first church was a strategic military point during the American Revolution; troops encamped here throughout the war. George Washington visited and wrote letters here and the Patriots and the British skirmished in the churchyard. The area around the church and across the Saddle River (at the intersection of today's East Saddle River Road and East Glen Avenue) was the center of activity in the area for 150 years. Old Paramus Reformed Church (built in 1800) and four other historic buildings still stand there today. Ridgewood was settled primarily by Jersey Dutch people who traced their ancestors to the Netherlands as well as immigrants from other European countries who assimilated into the Dutch American culture. Their way of life was agricultural, growing crops and raising livestock to support their families and to trade in markets as far away as New York. Ridgewood had a blacksmith and there were small grist and saw mills along the streams. The first harbinger of change was the 1848 opening of the Paterson and Ramapo railroad through Ridgewood. It provided easy access to New York City and this area was now attractive to wealthy businessmen and their families. In 1853 the Van Emburgh estate (greatly enlarged from that first purchase of 250 acres) came on the market and Samuel Dayton of New York City bought a large plot of land. He built a farming estate for himself and sold land to his sons-in-law, Benjamin Franklin Robinson and Samuel Graydon. They too built large estates. Others followed quickly, taking advantage of the clean air, the healthy environment, and the beautiful surroundings. At first the closest station was at Ho-Ho-Kus. With the coming of commuters and the desire of the owners of the Wortendyke Mill for a nearby depot, a stop was established at Ridgewood Avenue and named Godwinville Station in 1853. At the urging of Cornelia Dayton, daughter-in-law of Samuel Dayton, residents lobbied to change the name to Ridgewood. Their first success was with the Post Office Department, which established the Ridgewood Post Office in 1865. The Erie finally followed suit, changing the name of the Godwinville Station to Ridgewood in 1866. Ridgewood was well on its way to becoming the suburb it is today. With the coming of the railroad the center of town moved from the Paramus Church area to the intersection of Ridgewood Avenue and the railroad tracks. Commercial development clustered east of the station. Ridgewood grew steadily, slowly supplanting farms with houses and stores. As Ridgewood grew, so did the amenities of the Village. In 1899 the first bank was established. Live entertainment and movies were popular at three venues-the Opera House, the Playhouse, and the Warner Theater (still in use today). Graydon Park, home of Graydon pool, was established in 1910 and still is a popular summer destination. The first lending library was established in 1898 by a group of volunteers and has steadily grown over the years to a collection of 130,000 volumes today. The Village government has been housed in many locations over the years, but today makes its home in the former Elks building (under renovation in 2003). Ridgewood is known for its excellent school system and is still using the Beech Street School (built in 1894 and on the National Register of Historic Places) as its administrative headquarters. Ridgewood's houses of worship have grown from one (in 1735) to 25 congregations meeting there today. The downtown historic district, built in the early twentieth century, is centered on the 1916 Mission Style Railroad station buildings. At the time the station was built traffic was diverted from the dangerous grade crossings to an underpass on Franklin Avenue. This has served to keep the heart of the commercial district spacious and beautiful. Anchoring the western end of the district is the George L. Pease Memorial Library built in the Italian renaissance style. Shaping the plaza on the eastern side of the tracks are the Moore and Wilsey buildings, each with a distinctive tower. Farther east on Ridgewood Avenue is the Archibald-Vroom house--a rare survival in a downtown area of an eighteenth century sandstone house. Ridgewood's residential areas were fully developed by 1970 and all vestiges of its agricultural past were gone, replaced by housing for commuters. Many styles of residential architecture are evident. Striking individual examples include the 18th century Dutch sandstone houses, a home designed by Henry Hudson Holly (a noted architect), and the James Rose house (built by an influential landscape architect). Streetscapes of similar or harmonious houses exist all over the Village, encompassing styles as diverse as late nineteenth century Tudor revivals and post-war cape cods. Ridgewood's history reflects in many ways the history of our country and the history of railroad suburbs in New Jersey. For more information about Ridgewood today see our links to Ridgewood's organizations:MORE RIDGEWOOD

Ringling College of Art and Design recognizes that artists and designers play a significant role in society. The College's primary mission is to provide programs leading to degrees that prepare students to be discerning visual thinkers and ethical practitioners in their chosen area of art and design.Visual arts professionals must understand diverse aspects of past and present cultures, and develop their capacity for creative expression and effective communication. Ringling's curriculum, therefore, balances the teaching of technical knowledge and skills with the development of critical, conceptual and creative abilities and supports courses that provide historical, multicultural, global and future perspectives. Ringling faculty consists of professionally active and teaching-oriented artists, designers and scholars.Ringling College of Art and Design strives to enroll both full- and part-time students from diverse backgrounds who intend to become professionals in the visual arts. Through its policies and practices, the College supports excellence in teaching and fosters the aesthetic, intellectual, professional, personal, and social development of its students. Academic programs and advising, career services, and an extensive co-curricular student life program prepare students for an art or design profession, or when appropriate, for continued studies on the graduate level.In addition to its degree program, Ringling College offers courses, lectures, exhibitions and other art-related services to the local and regional community through its gallery, library, continuing education and community service programs.Through the efforts of its Board of Trustees, administrators, faculty, support staff, alumni, and friends, Ringling endeavors to provide the necessary resources, services and environment to fulfill its institutional mission.Founded in 1931, Ringling College of Art and Design is a private, independent, nonprofit, four-year college. ------------Adopted by the Board of Trustees, April 11, 1991Revision adopted by the Board of Trustees, October 24, 2002Revision adopted by the Board of Trustees, April 12, 2007Core ValuesIn Support of the Institutional Mission We Value:The arts as essential in the cultural and intellectual life of a society.Rich and varied arts education that engages innovation and tradition.Educational experiences in and out of the classroom that nurture lives of learning and creativity.Development and support of the whole student.Academic freedom, inquiry and freedom of expression.Integrity and social responsibility in an interdependent world.Diverse community that serves as a source of empowerment.Indicators of the Mission and Values in ActionPreparing students as future artists and designers by providing a curriculum that explores ideas, technical and conceptual skills, and aesthetic choices. In addition to appropriate support for the major disciplines, this includes support for the liberal arts as an essential component, an adequate number of qualified faculty, high standards in teaching with attention to appropriate class size and provision of adequate academic support through facilities and services.Attending to the whole student by providing qualified staff and appropriate services, adequate and safe facilities for on-campus life. This strengthens the classroom and educational experiences and helps to lay the foundation for a life of continued growth.Recognizing the importance of an engaged faculty of working artists, designers, writers and researchers as absolutely essential to the educational process. This takes place through an environment that nurtures creativity, provides ongoing professional and artistic development opportunities and supports interdisciplinary collaboration.Upholding academic freedom and a safe environment for members of the campus community to responsibly question, examine and explore all intellectual ground. This creates an environment of intellectual enrichment open to all and one that supports creative risk-taking and experimentation as well as the ongoing exploration of the history and traditions of the visual arts.Exploring ways to play a greater leadership role in the advocacy, understanding and protection of the visual arts at the community, state, national and international level. This includes recognizing and providing opportunities that assist the entire campus in the understanding of the social role, value and ethical implications of the artist/designer in society.Engaging actively in the exploration of historical, multicultural, global and future oriented perspectives, and striving for a diverse educational environment of inclusiveness, acceptance and equal opportunity.Promoting greater awareness and a more active commitment to environmental issues in a future-oriented perspective that acknowledges our individual and institutional relationship with the earth and our obligations to conserve natural resources.Building a community of mutual respect for differences, that values relationship and works to break down barriers that divide. On campus, this means continuing to provide opportunities for personal connection and building bridges across departments and disciplines. It is a campus community of shared responsibility working together toward common values and goals that will enable each person to continue a life of learning and growth.Adopted by the Board of Trustees, February 13, 2003Student Learning OutcomesConcept:The Student Competencies outlined below are intended outcomes for all students by the time of graduation. Both academic and academic support areas advance student achievement within the BFA degree program. Students have multiple opportunities to demonstrate specific abilities as creators, communicators and collaborators. School-wide competencies are developed at three levels:1. Awareness 2. Understanding3. ApplicationCompetency Threads Woven Throughout all Areas:Communication SkillsDemonstrate effective skills in visual communication, speaking, writing, listening, reading, and computer literacy. Thinking SkillsDemonstrate abilities in conceptual, logical, and intuitive thinking within a variety of contexts. Global PerspectivesDemonstrate an understanding of differences in cultures and societies.Artistic DiscernmentShow an ability to discern artistic merit of diverse forms of art/design in their contexts. Be able to defend critical interpretations concerning the significance of artistic expression.Self-Directed LearningDemonstrate responsibility for independent learning and perseverance towards goal attainment.CollaborationUnderstand and practice collaboration in appropriate situations.Social ResponsibilityRecognize the social and ethical responsibility of creating art and design.Discipline-Based Competencies:Demonstrate the ability to create and present quality works in their chosen field(s) of study. Demonstrate the ability to analyze, interpret, and evaluate works of art/design. Demonstrate the ability to integrate theory, creativity, and technical skills as applied to their profession.-----------------As recommended by the Ringling College Academic Affairs Committee [AAC] and the Departmental Affairs Committee. November 5, 2002.

Vietnamese-born health professionals: negotiating work and life in rural Australia ABSTRACTIntroduction:��Australia is a culturally diverse nation due to migrants from a wide variety of countries creating a multicultural society. The health professions are highly valued by the younger generation of overseas-born migrants who have acculturated into Australian society; many have chosen health care as their profession in Australia. However, most migrants settle in metropolitan areas and young health professionals may find working in rural or remote Australia culturally and professionally highly challenging. The present study of migrant health professionals examined the life experiences and acculturation strategies of Vietnamese-born health professionals working and living in rural Australia. Objectives: The two main study objectives were to: (1)�examine aspects of the acculturation of overseas-born and Australian-trained health professionals in the Australian health discourse; and (2)�identify key coping strategies used by them when in working in the rural context. Methods:��Six overseas-born, Australian-trained health professionals were invited to participate in this qualitative study using a snowball sampling technique. The participants were all born in Vietnam and had experienced working in rural Australia. They included three medical doctors, a dentist, a physiotherapist and a nurse. The interviews were recorded and four participants also provided additional written responses to some of the open-ended interview questions. The interview data were transcribed and later coded for thematic analysis. Topics and themes that emerged focused on the issues and strategies of acculturation to the rural health context. Results:��The study showed that the acculturation process was affected by the participants� views about and attitudes towards working in an Australian rural context. The study identified these essential strategies used by the participants in adapting to a new workplace: collaborating, distancing, adjusting, repairing, and accommodating. Conclusion:�� The study provides insights into the lives of these health professionals in a rural context, and particularly their experience of cultural shock and the coping strategies they may use. A need is identified for a larger study to inform recruitment and retention of these health professionals to rural Australia, and to assist universities to prepare such students and their clinical supervisors for rural placements. What difficulties do these health professionals face in their acculturation to a rural environment (such as cultural shock, difficult working conditions, family issues)? What factors help them adapt to the new working and living rural environment (such as social and cultural capital, local community awareness, health resources)? What strategies do the participants use to deal with work and life in a new rural environment? Health care has been an important Australian political issue during recent elections because it affects everyone in the community. Different governments have attempted to sell their healthcare policies on the basis of equality, efficiency and economy4. Because Australia is a multicultural nation, health care must accommodate a diversity of social and cultural backgrounds, and this is reflected in the terms commonly used in public communication, such as intercultural health, migrant health and Indigenous health. Skills shortages, particularly in health care, is another current issue in Australia as the ageing �baby boomer� generation demands increased health services and more health professionals5. An unmet demand for rural and remote health professionals, particularly medical doctors and dentists, is due to difficulties in recruitment. Reluctance to work in rural Australia may be due to a number of factors, such as unfamiliarity with rural life; a perceived lack of facilities and resources; cultural and distance isolation; family commitments; the lack of spouse employment opportunities; an unfamiliar lifestyle; and fear of an unknown environment6. Social and cultural capital can play an important role in supporting health professionals in their transition from an urban to a rural context. Hanifan7, in a discussion of rural school community centres, was among the first to introduce the notion of social capital. His definition of social capital as the cultivation of goodwill, fellowship, sympathy and social intercourse among those who make up a social unit was later extensively discussed by Bourdieu8 and Putnam9. One of the practical solutions to rural health professional shortages has been to employ overseas-trained health professionals to work in remote and rural areas. However, while their contribution is greatly valued by governments and the community, the overseas-trained doctors (OTDs) solution has its own problems3,10. Another phenomenon in Australian health care is an increasing number of overseas-born and Australian-trained health professionals (OBATs). Those in this category of migrant health professionals tend to be bicultural, or familiar with two cultures, and their unique contribution to health care is acknowledge in bicultural health research11,12. In addition, being Australian raised, they may not encounter the problems of OTDs. However, there are still issues and problems concerning their acculturation to rural health that need to be understood by health professionals, policy-makers and universities. Because there is little or no research about OBATs working and living in rural Australia, this study offers some insights into their professional and social experiences in the transition to rural living and working, with a focus on those with a Vietnamese background. Method The six participants in this qualitative study were recruited using a snowball sampling technique. Because the term �overseas born� encompasses a wide cultural diversity, participants were recruited from the same cultural background (Vietnamese). This avoided a cultural gap among participants too big to capture in this small study. The participants, who were born in Vietnam and trained in Australia, all had some working experience in rural Australia, and included 3 medical doctors (2�females), one male dentist, one female physiotherapist and one female nurse. An ethics application was submitted to the Tasmanian Social Sciences Human Research Ethics Committee prior to the interviews and approved. A semi-structured telephone interview was conducted with each participant. The interviews were recorded with the participants� approval. A list of broad questions had been sent in advance of the interview with advice that the flexible questions could accommodate personal preferences in communicating their views and experiences. The participants were also encouraged to provide written responses and comments before or after the interview, and four participants did so after their interview. The recorded interviews were supplemented by notes. It is acknowledged that the small sample size, the exploratory, qualitative method, and the sampling of just one migrant group all limit the generalisability of the study. Discussion and data analysis The interviews were transcribed as raw data and later coded for thematic analysis. Topics and themes previously identified from the literature were included and were reflected in construction of the interview questions. There was a focus on the issues and strategies of acculturation to the rural health context. Using NVivo software (QSR International; Melbourne, VIC, Australia) the data were coded using free nodes and hierarchical nodes. By integrating issues identified from the interviews and coded to the nodes and the previously identified issues represented by the interview questions, several themes common to all or most of the interviews were identified. Perhaps because the sample size was small there was not sufficient evidence of contrasting sub-themes. The identified themes were: cultural shock, social and emotional support, advantages and disadvantages of rural practice and rural life, and adaptation/coping strategies. Cultural shock in rural acculturation The concept �acculturation� describes the process by which an individual or group of people adapt as the result of contact with a new culture, which may result in some changes of behaviour, perceptions and attitudes. Cultural shocks occur when the two cultures are vastly different and there is little contact between them, for example Senegal and Australia. The acculturation becomes more difficult when the cultures have different languages. The participants observed a number of these differences between the rural communities where they were practising and their own family life in both Australia and Vietnam, and one stated: For me, the obvious cultural shock that I experienced in the first few weeks in this rural town was what to do in the evening and particularly on the weekend. I used to hang out with friends in the city, spending a lot of time shopping, visiting friends, and our house was always filled with visitors on the weekend. We cooked together Asian foods and chatted about things. In a small rural town, there was not much for me to do after work. I felt rather lonely. Thus I spent a lot of time talking to my friends on the phone. When migrants are from a very different culture their views on and attitudes toward health issues and health care can cause problems in the acculturation process. For instance, participants shared stories of accompanying family members who went to doctors or a health clinic only when they were very ill, not just for a regular check up or preventive health practices. There are health issues and problems that are handled differently in Australia, such as patients� rights to health information, health privacy, use of prescription drugs, eating habits (such as sharing foods with others at a meal), overuse of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in cooking, and males smoking in the house. Many new Asian migrants hold fatalistic beliefs (a high belief in chance) and this can result in poor initiative and inappropriate behaviours in health matters. One participant stated: When my mother had a nasty cold or flu, she asked my father to use a coin to scratch her back to take away the bad wind from her body. After about 40 minutes of �wind scratching�, my mother�s back looked horrible. It was like being tortured in a prison. When an Australian friend saw it, she�s so shocked and told my mum to rush to the hospital. She�s more shocked when my mother and father laughed happily about her suggestion. The concept of acculturation normally applies when people move from one culture to another. However, it can be extended to include the process of adapting to a new discourse within a culture. Thus, for those who are brought up in a city, moving from a large city to live in a small rural town may require large changes in their views, attitudes and lifestyle. The cultural shock experienced when the participants in this study moved from a crowded Asian city to a small Australian city was difficult, and then the cultural shock experienced when living in a rural town presented quite a challenge. This represented two-layered cultural shock in their acculturation process, as one stated: I couldn�t believe it when someone in the town told me that they needed to go to a quiet place on the weekend, away from the town. To me, it�s already too quiet and I wanted to spend weekends in a city, but these people want to live with nature and to run away from the town�s crowded population! How ironical! Rurality can be defined in different ways, depending on the perspective adopted. From the participants� cultural perspective, their definition of rurality was quite different from that of other Australians. At village level, people live in very close proximity and collective work and social activities are predominant. This can be experienced as a vast extended family whose members share similar values and a collective spirit. In addition, health care is a collective matter with little assistance from government. In Australia, the unit �village� does not exist. Farmers live far from one another and there is little daily interaction among them. At a town level, there are some similarities between Australia and the participants� home country. There is more social interaction and commercial activity and government services are present in the community. However, the participants were bewildered by the lack of interaction among the town�s people across gender and age groupings. For instance, teenagers and older people did not often share social activities, and this is very different to Vietnamese social interaction. Participants noted this difference and realised it could have implications for health communication and health care. A participant whose internship was in a rural hospital was surprised to see patients with no or few visitors. She felt disheartened to see older patients neglected or abandoned by their families and friends. One thing that my parents were very scared when they visited a nursing home. They saw old people on wheel chairs and no one to talk to. For them, these old people were abandoned and left there to die. They wanted to go back home to live when they were at that age. Social and emotional support in a rural context Social capital suggests an individual or group in a structure of relationships which provides a source of support, taking place at family, community and institutional levels. The emotional support of families when they accompanied participants to a rural area was an important factor, as one stated: I felt very lucky that my parents moved along with us to the town when I got the job. Actually we were much closer when we moved there. We spent a lot of time together. As our house was a short walk from where I worked, I occasionally came home to have a quick chat with my parents. It�s a big advantage. I couldn�t do it if I lived in a big city like Melbourne or Sydney. At community level in a rural town, important sources of support included the neighbourhood, social clubs, and close combined networks of colleagues and friends: I�m not sure neighbourhood truly exists in a big city. There, everyone lives their own life. Most people do not know who their neighbours are, except saying hello and goodbye. It�s wonderful in a town as most of our neighbours were our friends. We saw them when we looked through the windows, we met them at the local stores, and then at the sport oval. At institutional level, working in a rural health centre can have enormous benefits not found in big cities. The concept �collegiate� in a rural context has profound meaning, professionally and emotionally. Health professionals work closely together and the professional boundaries among differing health disciplines are not rigid. One participant explained: There was no need for us to introduce ourselves there. We knew who we were, and knew well our personal strengths and weaknesses. In this way I felt very at home with my colleagues. I didn�t have to prove how good I was! Advantages and disadvantages working in a rural town There were positive and negative aspects in the participants� transition from Asia to Australia, and from an urban to a rural area. Miscommunication occurred when people of different cultural and linguistic backgrounds used words with embedded cultural meanings, as was indicated by this participant�s reflection: I was rather uncomfortable when a person at work addressed me as �love�, as in 'Yes, love, a new chair will be here shortly'. First I felt very annoyed but later I understood the casual way in their communication at work. Communication was sometimes a problem despite the participants being fluent in English. Most town people tended to speak �Aussie English� with a broad accent, particularly the males. For example, it can be difficult to distinguish words such as nice/noise, sure/shore, day/die. The use of local Aussie slang by some local town speakers presented a large obstacle to comprehension. Participants often had to ask them to repeat the saying many times, and this could undermine their confidence in their own English and even their professional competence. However, positive professional aspects were strong enough to maintain participants� interest in remaining in rural practice. First, they were own bosses. Colleagues were close and worked collaboratively. There was a strong bond between staff, patients and the community. Interpersonal relationships were built on trust, support, respect and care, which are not as easy to develop in a large, crowded city. These professional aspects became valued social capital while they worked and lived in a small town. Strategies for acculturation in rural health context Strategy is the term to designate the carefully considered tactic to achieve one�s goal. Health professionals need effective strategies to deal with challenges in their working environments. Some strategies are used as �coping strategies� which help survival in a very challenging context. Problem-solving strategies (efforts to do something active to alleviate stressful circumstances) and emotion-focused coping strategies (efforts to regulate the emotional consequences of their circumstances) were evident13. Moving to a new social and cultural environment is not a simple and easy transition, particularly for migrant health professionals whose cultural background is so different from that of the local community. For some it can be an exciting and enjoyable experience, while for others it may be a tough battle which can result in disillusionment, despair or bitterness. However, the data from the study reveal a mixture of positive and negative aspects. For the participants, an active, problem-solving strategy means not just dwelling on cultural differences: I think we have to learn how to confront the situation and make it work for us. I learned from my parents that life is boring if everything in life is so smooth. Thus, there are good things and bad things, wherever you go and whatever you do. We need to develop ways to deal with adverse situations as well as ways to enhance our living conditions. I mean we need to use some strategies to deal with new situations. Strategies are necessary for effective problem-solving. Some strategies are commonsense and do not require much effort to develop, whereas there are strategies that depend heavily on the psychological and social abilities and skills of people in dealing with challenging living and working environments. The following strategies were identified by this study: collaborating, accommodating, distancing, repairing. Collaborating:��Collaboration is important when working with others or in a team, particularly when one is a new member and unfamiliar with the discourse and conditions, such as procedures, workplace communication and interpersonal relationships. For health professionals, particularly those with little rural life and work experience, collaborating is among the first problem-solving survival strategies. In addition to collaborating at work, several of the participants extended this strategy to their social lives, for example: When I arrived at this health clinic in this rural town, I felt so hopeless. What I learned at the university didn�t prepare me for this. There were only two choices: to quit and to stay. No way, quitting is not my way of dealing with life, but if I stay, I must find a way to deal with my new situation. The best way for me was to make friends with people at work and in the community. They all had something for me to learn. I spent a lot of time socializing and working with other health workers. Gradually, I felt at home with the new place. Accommodating:��The term �accommodate� is used to indicate a person�s willingness to accept a different way of life in a new social situation in order to avoid possible conflict. It is an emotion-focused coping strategy. When the Vietnamese health professionals who were trained in an urban institution moved to work in the rural context, they needed to accommodate new ways of living and working. Cultural background can have an impact on the accommodation strategies used, and this is shown by the response of a Vietnamese-background participant: In Vietnamese, we have a popular saying: �The journey is difficult not because of huge mountains and wild rivers blocking the journey, but because of the fears of mountains and rivers�. Thus I had to accept the new working and living conditions and learn how to accommodate them. Otherwise I just gave up. Distancing:��The term �distancing� is used to show a person�s lack of active engagement with other members of a group. It is a subtle rejection of the ideas or actions of other group members, a step back to ensure one does not join the social discourse. This is another emotion-focused coping strategy. For example, when a group of colleagues sat together and criticised other colleagues, participants sometimes found the best strategy was to distance themselves. This allowed the new health professional time to gradually enter the social network without making mistakes due to a lack of awareness. As one participant stated: When I started working there, I was invited by many local people to participate in various social activities in the town. It was good that I was received warmly by the local community. I also made sure that I wasn�t fully committed as I needed my own space. I declined several invitations to participate in local events. It had to be done suitably. An interesting example of using the distancing strategy is to put on the �foreign attitude� so that one can be excused for being a �foreign� newcomer. Repairing:��Repairing is a problem-solving strategy that was used when there was something wrong which needed �correction�. Problems facing migrant health professionals in a rural context vary due to their professional experience and familiarity with rural life. Mistakes can occur at any stage of their career. Participants found it was important to recognise potential problems in a new working environment and to develop repairing strategies to deal with them as they arose instead of abandoning their commitment to rural health. For example: When a problem occurred at work, naturally I felt bad but I had to be honest with myself, reminding me that I had a lot to learn and avoiding the blame game. I wanted to sit down with my colleagues to talk openly about the problem, and how to improve. According to one participant, a repairing strategy works better in rural health services than in hospitals in big cities. In a small rural community, staff members work and live as a metaphorical family. Thus, it is easy to share problems and seek help when this is needed. In summary, although the participants were Australian-trained health professionals, their cultural background played an important role in their acculturation to the rural environment. The insights from the study indicate that Vietnamese-background health workers can experience complex cultural adaptation issues in their transition from Vietnamese into mainstream Australian culture, and from the Australian urban to rural contexts. Implications Vietnamese-background health professionals can find living and working rural areas both inspiring and challenging. There are particular professional advantages to working in small teams and small institutions. Although the focus of this study was Vietnamese-background health professionals, useful insights were obtained on theoretical concepts (eg�social-cultural capital, cultural shock, acculturation strategy) and the issues of intercultural interaction (eg miscommunication, intercultural identity) that may be generalisable. And from the practical viewpoint, this study identified several conditions that may attract health professionals to move to and remain in a rural area. Family is very important to Vietnamese health professionals, and this is likely to be so for other cultural groups6. There should be sufficient flexibility to allow such health professionals to care for their families, and rural communities should consider strategies that will make families also feel at home. Social and intercultural activities and resources will encourage Vietnamese health professionals and their families to stay and accept the town as their home. Professional development is a priority, not just for these professionals but also for their colleagues and health services. There should also be strategies in place to encourage close interaction between rural health professionals and their colleagues in other rural towns and large cities. It is important for health services to be aware of the different strategies used by Vietnamese health professionals in their acculturation to a rural working environment. Such awareness can create sympathy and support for them in coping with the challenges of a new environment. Conclusion Health care has been a dominant issue in Australia. As McGrath3 points out, �Australia has an enviable international reputation for the quality of its medical services. However, there are still many challenges as far as health is concerned�. One problem that is approaching crisis proportions is the shortage of health professionals in rural and remote Australia. Various solutions have included increasing intakes into health courses, providing financial incentives for rural work, and the recruitment of overseas-trained professionals. Another way of addressing this issue is the recruitment of overseas-born, Australia-trained health professionals. The study reported in this article provides some insights into the lives of such health professionals in a rural context, and particularly their experience of cultural shock and the coping strategies they may use. This can be useful information for health authorities and policy-makers concerned with maintaining these health professionals in the rural workforce. A larger study is required to inform the recruitment practices of rural health providers and to assist universities in preparing such students for rural practice. The study highlights the importance of cross-cultural understanding at the level of health services and local communities as a way to facilitate the integration process of heath professionals from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds.

Nationality: German Categories: Industrial Designer 1928 - Born August 2, in Berlin. A Swiss-German industrial designer who claims that his designs were superior to traditional designs. 1946 - He studied sculpture at the Akademie der Künste Berlin. 1948 - Studied aerodynamics at Université de Paris-Sorbonne in Paris. 1954 - Received the Golden Rose International prize in Geneva for his creation and design. 1959 - 1960 - He created the world's first monocoque sports car and kit car. 1982 - He went to Japan and worked for Sony, Yamaha, Seiko, Hitachi, Nissan and Canon 1984 - He became the No. 1 industrial Designer in Japan. 2006 - He is currently a professor at Tong-Ji University, in Shanghai. Page last updated: 2:32am, 19th Nov '06

•In-Depth Reports HomeIn This Report•Highlights•Introduction•Causes•Risk Factors•Complications•Lifestyle Changes and Psych...•Dietary Management•Medications•Surgery•Resources•ReferencesRelated Reports•Coronary artery disease•Heart attack and acute coro...•Heart failure•High blood pressure•Cholesterol•Exercise•Stress•Smoking•Heart-healthy diet•StrokeEncyclopedia•Overweight•Metabolic syndrome•ObesityMore Features•Printer-friendly versionWeight control and dietHighlightsOverviewA stable weight depends on a balance between the energy you get from food and the energy you use. When a person consumes more calories than the energy they use, the body stores the extra calories in fat cells (lipocytes). When a person burns up more calories than they consume, they will lose weight. Fat cells grow or shrink depending on how people use energy. If people do not balance energy input and output by eating right and exercising, fat can build up. This leads to weight gain.Overweight Epidemic in ChildrenTeaching parents healthy life style skills can lead to a sustained weight reduction in moderately-obese children, even in ethnically diverse populations. According to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 17% of children and adolescents (aged 2 - 19) are obese. The prevalence of obesity in America has risen dramatically over the past two decades and continues to increase.Overweight in AdultsAccording to the latest figures available, 35.7% of American adults (aged 20 and older) are obese (BMI 30 and above) -- up from about 23% in the early 1990s. MedicationA recent study of topiramate in combination with phentermine showed not only sustained weight loss but also metabolic improvements, reducing the risk of diabetes in obese patients. The weight loss drug sibutramine (Meridia) has been removed from the market because of a high risk for heart attack and strokes.SurgeryThe International Diabetes Federation released a position statement in March 2011, recommending bariatric surgery be considered for patients with Type 2 diabetes and BMI of 30 or greater, if their diabetes does not respond to conventional treatment. Most standard criteria have not recommended weight-loss surgery for diabetics whose BMI is less than 35.IntroductionA stable weight depends on a balance between the energy you get from food and the energy you use. You use energy during the day in three ways: Energy expended during rest (basal metabolism) Energy used to break down food (thermogenesis) Energy used during physical activityBasal metabolism accounts for about two-thirds of spent energy. Your body generally uses this energy to keep your temperature steady and the muscles of your heart and intestine working. Thermogenesis accounts for about 10% of spent energy. When a person consumes more calories than the energy they use, the body stores the extra calories in fat cells (lipocytes). Fat cells function as energy reservoirs. They grow or shrink depending on how people use energy. If people do not balance energy input and output by eating right and exercising, fat can build up. This leads to weight gain. When energy input is equal to energy output, there is no expansion of fat cells (lipocytes) to accommodate excess. When you take in more calories than you use, the extra fat is stored in your lipocytes and you begin to accumulate fat. Measurement of Obesity in AdultsObesity is determined by measuring body fat, not just body weight. People might be over the weight limit for normal standards, but if they are very muscular with low body fat, they are not obese. Others might be at normal weight or even underweight but still have excessive body fat. The following measurements and factors are used to determine whether or not a person is overweight to a degree that threatens their health: Body mass index (BMI) -- a measure of body fat Waist circumference (size around the waist) Waist-hip ratio Skin fold measurement (anthropometry)A person's disease risk factors and their BMI are important components in determining health risks with weight. The Body Mass Index (BMI). The current standard measurement for obesity is the body mass index (BMI). In general, a BMI of 25 - 29.9 means you are overweight. Obesity is a BMI of 30 and above. A BMI of 40 or more usually means men are at least 100 pounds over their ideal weight and women are at least 80 pounds over their ideal weight. Obesity is then classified into three categories: Class 1: BMI of 30 - 34.9 (low-risk obesity) Class II: BMI 35 - 39.9 (moderate-risk obesity) Class III: BMI of 40 and greater (high-risk obesity)These criteria may be used to estimate the risk for complications of obesity, such as diabetes, heart disease, or certain cancers. They are also used to help decide when surgery may be most appropriate. Calculating Body Mass Index. A person's body mass index is calculated as follows: Multiply one's weight (in pounds) by 703. Divide that answer by height in inches. Divide that answer again by height in inches.For example, a woman who weighs 150 pounds and is 5 feet 8 inches (or 68 inches) tall has a BMI of 22.8. You can check your BMI at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention BMI calculator. Waist Circumference Waist measurement is another way to estimate how much body fat a person has. Extra weight around the mid-section or stomach area increases the risk for type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. Some studies suggest that: Women whose waistlines are over 31.5 inches and men whose waists measure over 37 inches should watch their weight. A waist size greater than 35 inches in women and 40 inches in men is associated with a higher risk for heart disease, diabetes, and impaired health.Excess body fat around the abdomen (the "apple-shape") is a more consistent predictor of heart problems and health risks than BMI. Waist-Hip Ratio. The distribution of fat can be evaluated by dividing waist size by hip size. For example, a woman with a 30-inch waist and 40-inch hip circumference would have a ratio of 0.75; one with a 41-inch waist and 39-inch hips would have a ratio of 1.05. The lower the ratio the better. The risk of heart disease rises sharply for women with ratios above 0.8 and for men with ratios above 1.0. Click the icon to see an image of waist-to-hip ratio. Anthropometry. Anthropometry is the measurement of skin fold thickness in different areas, particularly around the triceps, shoulder blades, and hips. This measurement is useful in determining how much weight is due to muscle or fat. Measurement of Obesity in Children Measuring body fat and diagnosing obesity is different in children and adults. In children: The amount of body fat changes with age. Because of this, a BMI is harder to interpret during puberty and periods of rapid growth. Girls and boys normally have different amounts of body fat.A BMI level that says a child is obese at one age may be normal for a child at a different age. To determine if a child is overweight or obese, experts compare BMI levels of children at the same age to each other. They use a special chart to decide whether a child's weight is healthy or not. If a child's BMI is higher than 85% of other children their age and sex, they are considered at risk for being overweight. If a child's BMI is higher than 95% of other children their age and sex, they are considered overweight or obese.CausesMany people with obesity who lose large amounts of weight and gain it back often think it is their fault. They may blame themselves for not having the will power to keep the weight off, and many regain more than they lost. Today, we know that biology is the reason some people cannot keep this weight off. Even among people who live in the same environment and eat the same foods, some become obese and others do not. Our bodies have a complex system to help keep weight at a healthy level. In some people, this system may not be working correctly. Think about the gas gauge in your car. If the gas tank is full but the car's gas gauge is broken, it may read empty. You would want to put in more gas, even when the tank is already full. Some people may struggle to maintain a healthy weight because one or more of the signals that tells the brain when they have eaten enough does not work correctly. In other words, the gas tank (stomach) may be full, but the brain (gas gauge) does not realize that. The Biological Pathway to AppetiteAppetite is determined by processes that occur both in the brain and gastrointestinal tract. Eating patterns are controlled by areas in the hypothalamus and pituitary glands (in the brain). The body produces a number of molecules that increases or decreases appetite, including leptin. Leptin is a hormone that fat cells release. Leptin blood levels rise as the cells store more fat. This increase in leptin levels decreases appetite. Falling levels of leptin make you feel hungry. Still, leptin's role in obesity is unclear. Specific Genetic FactorsOur bodies are set to maintain weight within a certain range. That weight range is at least partly determined by our genetic makeup. Genetic makeup refers to certain traits that we inherit from our parents. If a person has the genetic makeup for obesity and they eat a lot of high-calorie foods and do not exercise, it is almost certain they will become obese. It will likely be harder for such a person to stay at a healthy weight than someone who does not have the genes for obesity. Obesity is not caused by just one gene. There are hundreds of genes that influence body weight. Some people have more genetic risk factors for obesity than others. However, scientists have not yet discovered the exact genes that contribute to obesity. Genetics also determines the number of fat cells a person has. Some people are simply born with more. Learned Behaviors and HabitsThe way we eat when we are children may strongly affect our eating behaviors as adults. When we repeat these behaviors over many years, they become habits. They affect what we eat, when we eat, and how much we eat. Children are very good at listening to their body's signals of hunger and fullness. They will stop eating as soon as their body tells them they have had enough. However, at some point a well-meaning parent may tell them they have to finish everything on their plate. This forces them to ignore their fullness and to eat everything that is served to them. As adults, these same people may say that they feel guilty if they do not eat everything on their plate. And today, portion sizes are so large that eating everything on your plate may mean you are eating too many calories. Other learned behaviors include using food to: Reward good behaviors Seek comfort when feeling sad or stressed Express loveThese learned habits lead to eating no matter if someone is hungry or full. Many people have a very hard time breaking these habits. The foods we eat when we are children may influence our food likes and dislikes for life. Being raised on processed foods that are high in fat, salt, and sugar may make it difficult to start eating natural foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, when we become adults. Not knowing how to prepare these foods can also keep people from eating them. Television and Sedentary HabitsWe are surrounded by many things that make it easy to overeat and hard to stay active. Many people don't have enough time to plan and prepare healthy meals. Some reasons are: Having all the adults in a household employed outside the home Working longer hours and working evening or night shifts Having longer commutesLess free time also means less time to exercise. Also, more people today work desk jobs compared to jobs in the past that had activity built into them. Devices such as remote controls, mobile telephones, escalators, elevators, and computers all make life easier for us. But fewer trips up and down stairs and fewer walks down the hall at work to talk with a co-worker mean that we are storing more calories instead of burning them off. Researchers have found that labor-saving devices had reduced a person's energy use by over 100 calories a day. The average American now eats 100 - 200 more calories a day more than they did 10 years ago. Less activity and more calories can lead to a weight gain of 12 - 25 pounds every year. Long hours in front of a TV or computer may be the most hazardous pattern of behavior. In one study, TV watching produced a lower metabolic rate than sewing, playing board games, reading, writing, and driving a car. Just the act of watching TV encourages unhealthy snacking and eating patterns. Children see up to 10,000 food commercials every year. Most of these are for candy, fast food, soft drinks, and sugared cereals. More foods today are processed and high in fat. Vending machines and convenience stores make it easy to get a quick snack, but they rarely sell healthy foods. More people eat out, most often at food courts, fast-food restaurants, and all-you-can-eat buffets.People are not only eating more food than they did 20 years ago but also replacing home cooking with packaged foods, fast food, and dining out. Fast foods may be more harmful than restaurant cooking. These foods tend to be served in larger portions. They generally contain more calories and unhealthy fats, and fewer nutritious ingredients, than homemade or restaurant meals. Snack foods and sweet beverages, including juice and soft drinks, are specific problems that add to the increasing rates of obesity. Medical or Physical Causes of ObesitySeveral medical conditions may contribute to being overweight, but rarely are they a primary cause of obesity. Hypothyroidism is sometimes associated with weight gain. But, patients with an underactive thyroid generally show only a moderate weight increase of 5 - 10 pounds. Very rare genetic disorders, including Froehlich syndrome in boys, Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome, and Prader-Willi syndrome, cause obesity. Abnormalities or injury to the hypothalamus gland can cause obesity. Cushing's disease is a rare condition caused by high levels of steroid hormones. It results in obesity, a moon-shaped face, and muscle wasting. Obesity is also linked to polycystic ovarian syndrome, a hormonal disorder in women. Click the icon to see an image of Stein-Leventhal syndrome. Effects of Certain MedicationsSome prescription medications contribute to weight gain, usually by increasing appetite. Such drugs include: Female hormone treatments, including some oral birth control pills (effect is usually temporary), and certain progestins (such as Megestrol) used to treat cancer Antidepressants and anti-psychotic drugs, including lithium and valproate Insulin and insulin-stimulating drugs used to treat diabetes, a particularly unfortunate conflict of interest for obese individuals with type 2 diabetesDo NOT stop taking any medications without talking to your health care provider first. According to the latest figures available more than a third of American adults (ages 20 and older) are obese (BMI over 30) -- up significantly from the early 1990s. The number of Americans aged 20 - 74 who were overweight or obese also increased from below 50% in 1960 to 68.0% in 2008. Fat tends to settle in certain regions, depending on gender. Women gain fat predominantly in the stomach, hips, and thighs, while men tend to gain fat in the belly and waist. Risk by Age. People of any age are at risk for obesity. More children and adolescents are overweight in America than ever before. Gaining some weight is common with age, and adding about 10 pounds to a normal base weight over time is not harmful. The typical weight gain in American adults over 50, however, is worrisome. By age 55, the average American has added nearly 40 pounds of fat during the course of adulthood. This condition is made worse by the fact that muscle and bone mass decrease with age. Risk by Gender. In men, BMI tends to increase until age 50 and then it levels off. In women, weight tends to increase until age 70 before it plateaus. There are three high-risk periods for weight gain in women: The first is at the onset of menstruation, particularly if it is early. The second is after pregnancy, if weight that has been gained is not lost. Finally, many women gain 12 - 15 pounds after menopause.Risk by Economic Group. Obesity is more prevalent in lower economic groups. Low income women and their families tend to have fewer fruits and vegetables and are actually taking in more calories a day than higher-income women. However, obesity is increasing in young adults with college education as well as in other groups. Ethnic Groups. Among ethnic groups in general, African-American women are more overweight than Caucasian women are, but African-American men are less obese than Caucasian men are. Hispanic men and women tend to weigh more than Caucasians. US Regions. Regionally, the prevalence of obesity is lowest in the Western states and highest in the South. Dietary Habits that Increase RiskIn many cases, lifestyle habits and patterns are so well-established and automatic that people are not even aware that they are bad for health. A number of dietary habits put people at risk for becoming overweight: Night-eating syndrome is defined as having no appetite in the morning, having insomnia, and consuming more than half of the daily food intake after 6 p.m. It is associated with obesity and is difficult to treat. About 30% of people who are obese are binge eaters who typically consume 5,000 - 15,000 calories in one sitting Bulimia is binge eating followed by purging in order to lose weight. Specific Groups at RiskAnyone with Sedentary Lifestyles. Office workers, drivers, and people who sit for long periods are at higher risk for obesity. Ex-Smokers. Nicotine increases the metabolic rate, and quitting, even without eating more, can cause weight gain. Most people who quit smoking gain 4 - 10 pounds in the first 6 months after quitting. Some gain as much as 25 - 30 pounds. It is important to note that weight control is not a valid reason to smoke. People with Disabilities. Obesity rates are higher than average in people with physical or mental disabilities. Those with disabilities in the lower part of the body, such as the legs, are at highest risk. People with Chronic Mental illnesses. People who have a chronic mental illness are at high risk for obesity and diabetes, most likely due to their lifestyle. In addition, many of the medications used to treat chronic mental illnesses can cause weight gain and increase the risk of diabetes. Overweight Children: Special ConsiderationsObesity has become a serious health problem in children and teenagers. A child who is overweight or obese is more likely to be overweight or obese as an adult. Obese children are now developing health problems that used to be seen only in adults. When these problems begin in childhood, they often become more severe when the child becomes an adult. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey shows that 17% of children and adolescents (aged 2 - 19) are obese. The number of obese children and adolescents has more than tripled since the 1980s. No single factor or behavior causes obesity. Obesity is caused by the many factors described above, including a person's habits, lifestyle, and environment. Genetics and some medical conditions also increase a person's chances of becoming obese. Children are surrounded by many things that make it easy to overeat and harder to be active: Parents have less time to plan and prepare healthy meals. As a result, children are eating more processed and fast foods that are usually less healthy than home-cooked meals. Achieving a healthy weight becomes more difficult as children get older. The odds of obesity persisting into adulthood range from 20% in 4 year olds to 80% in teenagers. One reason for the persistence is biological. The fat cells change in number or mass depending on a person's age: Fat cells themselves multiply during two growth periods: early childhood and adolescence. Overeating during those times increases the number of fat cells. Some people are also just born with more fat cells. After adolescence, fat cells tend to increase in mass rather than quantity, so that adults who overeat and gain weight tend to have larger fat cells, not more of them. This growth in mass may be responsible for the greater risk of persistent obesity among teenagers compared to small children who are overweight. Losing weight after adolescence reduces the size of the fat cells but not their number, so weight loss becomes much more difficult.ComplicationsObesity is a medical condition in which a high amount of body fat makes it hard for a person's internal organs to work well. This can cause poor health. People with obesity are at risk for developing a number of health problems. Three things can be used to determine if a person's body fat puts them at risk for developing obesity-related diseases: Other risk factors or chronic diseases the person hasThe higher the BMI, the greater the risk for certain diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea (pauses in breathing during sleep), and arthritis. The risk of heart disease rises sharply for women with waist-hip ratios above 0.8 and for men with ratios above 1.0. Weight gain in the area around the waist (apple type) is more dangerous than weight gained around the hips and flank area (pear type). Fat cells in the upper body have different qualities than those found in hips and thighs. General Adverse Effects of Being Overweight (Not Obese). It is still not clear if being overweight (a BMI of 25 - 29.9) harms healthy people with no risk factors for serious illnesses. The risk for developing diabetes, gallstones, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, and various cancers rises according to how much an individual is overweight. In any case, adults who are overweight in middle age face a poor quality of life as they age, with the quality declining the more they weigh. Some argue, in fact, that unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle cause the harm -- not the extra weight itself -- in people who are not severely obese. Heart Disease and StrokePeople who are obese have almost three times the risk for heart disease as people with normal weights. Being physically unfit adds to the risk. As mentioned above, weight concentrated around the abdomen and in the upper part of the body (apple shape) is more commonly associated with insulin resistance and diabetes, high blood pressure, and unhealthy cholesterol and lipid levels. As a result, obesity poses many dangers to the heart and circulatory system: Coronary artery disease and heart attacks Heart Failure StrokeFat that settles in a pear shape around the hips and lower body appears to have a lower association with these conditions: Unhealthy cholesterol and lipid levels Click the icon to see an image of a coronary artery blockage. Insulin Resistance, Type 2 Diabetes, and Metabolic SyndromeType 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance. Most people with type 2 diabetes are overweight or obese, and weight loss may be the key to controlling the current epidemic of type 2 diabetes. The common factor appears to be insulin resistance -- that is, the body can no longer respond properly to insulin. This has the effect of increasing sugar levels in the blood, the hallmark of diabetes. Insulin resistance is also associated with high blood pressure and abnormalities in blood clotting. Some research indicates that obesity, in fact, is the one common element linking insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and high blood pressure. Metabolic Syndrome. Metabolic syndrome (also called syndrome X) is a pre-diabetic condition that is significantly associated with heart disease and higher mortality rates from all causes. The syndrome consists of obesity marked by abdominal fat, unhealthy cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, and insulin resistance. CancerThe American Cancer Society's (ACS) cancer prevention guidelines stress the importance of keeping a healthy weight throughout life. The ACS indicates that healthy weight is even more important than eating specific healthy foods, when it comes to cancer prevention. Obesity has been associated with a higher risk for cancer in general and specific cancers in particular. Studies have also suggested that restricting calories reduces the risk for cancer. One way in which obesity may increase the risk for cancer is its association with high levels of hormones called growth factors, which can trigger rapid cell production, leading to cancer. Associations between obesity and the following cancers have been made: Prostate cancer Click the icon to see an image of prostate cancer. Click the icon to see a series on mastectomy. Cancer of the esophagus Pancreatic cancer Click the icon to see a series on colon cancer. JointsMore weight puts pressure on the bones and joints. This can lead to osteoarthritis, a disease that causes joint pain and stiffness. People who are obese are also at higher risk for carpal tunnel syndrome and other problems involving nerves in their wrists and hands. Reproductive and Hormonal ProblemsInfertility. Abnormal amounts of body fat, either 10 - 15% too high or too low, can contribute to infertility in women. Obesity is especially related to certain infertility problems, such as uterine fibroids and menstrual irregularities. In men, obesity can contribute to reduced testosterone levels and erectile dysfunction. Effect on Pregnancy. Obesity has many dangerous effects on pregnancy. These include high blood pressure, gestational diabetes (diabetes, usually temporary, that occurs during pregnancy), urinary tract infections, blood clots, prolonged labor, and higher fetal death rate in late stages of pregnancy. Obesity is also associated with increased rates of cesarean delivery. Infants of women who are obese are also at higher risk for neural tube birth defects, which affect the brain or spine, as well as other birth defects. Folic acid supplements, ordinarily effective in preventing these conditions, may not be as protective in overweight women. Some evidence also suggests an association between obesity and stillbirths. Effects on the LungsObesity, especially moderate or severe obesity, also puts people at risk for hypoxia, a condition in which there is not enough oxygen to meet the body's needs. Obese people need to work harder to breathe. They tend to have breathing muscles and lungs that do not work as well as those in thinner people. The Pickwickian syndrome, named for an overweight character in a Dickens novel, occurs in severe obesity when lack of oxygen produces intense and chronic sleepiness and, eventually, heart failure. Effect on the LiverNonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. People with obesity, particularly if they also have type 2 diabetes, are at higher risk for a condition called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, also called nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This condition can cause liver damage that is similar to liver injury seen in alcoholism. NASH occurs in about half of people with diabetes, and 20 - 50% of obese people, depending on how severe their obesity is. NASH can also occur in overweight children. Gallstones. The incidence of gallstones is significantly higher in obese women and men. The risk for stone formation is also high if a person loses weight too quickly. In people on ultra-low calorie diets, taking ursodeoxycholic acid (Actigall) may prevent gallstones. Click the icon to see an image of gallstones. Sleep DisordersPeople who are obese and nap tend to fall asleep faster and sleep longer during the day. At night, however, it takes them longer to fall asleep, and they sleep less than people with normal weights. In an apparent vicious circle, studies have suggested that obesity not only interferes with sleep but that sleep problems may actually contribute to obesity. Sleep Apnea. Obesity, particularly the apple shape, is strongly associated with sleep apnea, which occurs when the upper throat relaxes and closes from time to time during sleep. This closure temporarily blocks the passage of air. Sleep apnea is increasingly being viewed as a potentially serious health problem, which may lead to complications, such as heart disease and stroke. Obstructive sleep apnea may also increase obesity, creating a viscous cycle. Some studies indicate that treating sleep apnea may help people lose abdominal fat. Emotional and Social ProblemsDepression. Several studies have reported an association between depression and obesity, particularly in obese women. There may be a number of factors to explain the link. In some cases of atypical depression, people overeat and may gain weight. Overweight people may also become depressed because of social problems and a poor self-image. In these cases, depression usually disappears when people lose weight. There does not appear to be any association between depression and obesity in men. Social Problems. One long-term study reported that overweight young women completed fewer years of school, were 20% less likely to be married, and had 10% higher rates of household poverty than their thinner peers. Obese young men were also less likely to be married, and their incomes were lower than their thinner peers. Nevertheless, studies consistently show that overweight males (both boys and men) are not as severely emotionally affected as females of any age. Women and girls tend to blame themselves for being heavy, while males tend to blame being overweight on outside factors. Health Consequences of Childhood OverweightChildren and adolescents who are overweight have poorer health than other children. Studies are reporting unhealthy cholesterol levels and high blood pressure in overweight children and adolescents. Of great concern is the dramatic increase in type 2 diabetes in young people, which is largely due to the increase in overweight children. Weight gain in children is also linked to asthma, gallbladder problems, sleep apnea, and liver abnormalities. Overweight girls are more likely to enter puberty early, according to a new study, and subsequently be at higher risk for breast cancer. It is not clear yet how many of these childhood problems persist in people who achieve normal weight as adults. Staying overweight into adulthood certainly carries health risks. Lifestyle Changes and Psychosocial TreatmentsFor most people, changing behavior takes time. All the stages of change are important. A person can learn from each stage. One can go from "not thinking about it" to "thinking about the pros and cons" to "making small changes and figuring out how to deal with the hard parts" to "doing it" to "making it part of your life." Many people fall off track and go through the stages of change several times before change really lasts. Lifestyle changes usually involve slip-ups. People should not give up because they slip from time to time. Instead, they should forgive mistakes and get back to work toward the goal of lifelong health. Keeping a Food JournalA food journal is a good way to become aware of eating habits. Keep a food journal for 1 week. Write down what you eat, how much you eat, and what time of day you've eaten. Also write down what else you were doing and how you were feeling, such as being hungry, stressed, tired, or bored. For example, maybe you were at work and were bored, and so you got a snack from a vending machine down the hall from your desk. At the end of the week, review your journal and look at your eating habits. Try to decide which habits you want to change. Remember: small steps can lead to long-term success. Try not to overwhelm yourself with too many goals. Also, congratulate yourself for the healthy habits you do have. Many people focus on their poor habits and then become distressed and overwhelmed. Don't judge your behaviors. Setting goals to correct flaws is the best way to make new healthful habits permanent.Think about what triggers, or prompts, may be responsible for some of your eating habits. Is there something in your environment, such as a vending machine down the hall, which makes you eat when you are not hungry or choose an unhealthy snack? Does the way you feel make you want to eat? Look at your journal and circle the common triggers. Some of them might be: Seeing your favorite snack in the pantry or vending machine Feeling stressed by something at work or by another situation Having no plan for dinner after a long day Going to a staff meeting to which someone brought cupcakes Stopping at a fast-food restaurant for breakfast and choosing high fat, high calorie foods Needing a pick-me-up toward the end of your workdayAvoiding Triggers to OvereatingStart by focusing on the one or two triggers that occurred the most often during your week. Is there something you could do to avoid these triggers? Some ways to avoid triggers are: Avoid walking past the vending machine to get to your desk, if possible. Decide what you will have for dinner early in the day so that you have a plan after work. Keep unhealthy snacks out of your house or negotiate with the person in your home who is buying these to keep them out of sight. Suggest having fruit and vegetables in place of cupcakes at staff meetings, or bring these things yourself.Replacing old Habits with New, Healthy OnesSome other ideas for replacing unhealthy habits with healthy ones are: Eat slowly. Eating too quickly leads to overeating. Eat only when you are hungry. Eating when you are feeling worried, tense, or bored also leads to overeating. Plan your meals. This reduces the chance you will buy foods you did not plan to buy (impulse buying) or eat at fast-food restaurants. Control your portion sizes. Get rid of unhealthy foods. Replace the candy dish with a fruit or nut bowl. If you must have tempting, unhealthy foods in your house for other family members, put them out of sight on a high shelf or at the back of the cupboard. Avoid skipping meals. Eat breakfast like a king or queen, lunch like a prince or princess, and dinner like a pauper.It may take a while before people can turn their unhealthy habits into new, healthy ones. Since it took a while to form the old habits, it may take just as long to change them. People should not give up. Managing Overweight ChildrenChildhood obesity is best treated by a non-drug, multidisciplinary approach, including diet, behavior modification, and exercise. Children should be screened for obesity at age 6, and referred to weight management programs if needed at that time. Moderate-to-intense programs have the highest rate of success with children and adolescents. These programs include counseling and behavior modifications. Most children spend about 3 hours a day watching TV. When you add in other screen time activities, it is closer to 5 - 7 hours a day. Current screen time guidelines recommend that children under age 2 should have no screen time; above age 2, children should limit screen time to 1 - 2 hours a day. Children should have many chances to, run, bike, and play sports during the day. Experts recommend they get 60 minutes of moderate activity every day. Moderate activity means faster breathing and faster heart beat than normal. Some examples are walking briskly, playing chase or tag, playing basketball, or playing most organized sports (such as soccer, swimming, and dancing). Younger children have shorter attention spans than older children. They may be active for only 10 - 15 minutes at a time. The goal is still a total of 60 minutes of activity every day. These ideas may help non-athletic children become active: Let them know it will give them more energy, make their bodies stronger, and make them feel good about themselves. Encourage them to be active, so they know they can do it. They need to believe they can. Be their role model. If you are not active yourself, start getting more active. Make walking a part of your family's daily routine. All you need are good walking shoes and rain jackets for the wet days. Don't let rain stop you. Go for walks together after dinner, before turning on the TV or playing computer games. Take your family to community centers or parks where there are playgrounds, ball fields, basketball courts, and walking paths. It's easier to be active when people around you are active.Choosing healthy snacks and drinks for your children can be a challenge. There are many to choose from. Put snacks in small plastic bags so they are easy to carry in a pocket or backpack. Putting snacks in small bags also helps you give your child the right size portion. Avoid junk-food snacks like chips, candy, cake, cookies, and ice cream. The best way to keep kids from eating junk food or other unhealthy snacks is to not have these foods in your house. Teach them how to avoid unhealthy foods at school. It's OK to let your child have an unhealthy snack once in a while. Never allowing any unhealthy snacks or sweets may result in your child sneaking these foods. The key is balance. Praise and reward children when they make good food choices and do healthy activities. This will encourage them to keep at it. Do not use food as a reward or punishment. For instance, do not offer food if your children clean their rooms, and do not withhold food if your children do not do their homework. Do not punish, tease, or put down children who are not motivated in their weight-loss plan. This will not motivate them. Do not force children to eat all the food on their plate. Infants, children, and teens need to learn to stop eating when they are full.The best thing parents can do to motivate their kids to lose weight is to lose weight themselves, if they need to. Parents should lead the way and follow the advice they give their children. Eating as a family is important -- having meals where everyone sits down and talks about their day. These meals should have some set rules, such as no lectures or teasing allowed. Family meals should be a positive experience. Meals should be cooked at home, and children should be involved in the meal planning. If they are old enough, they can help prepare meals. A study in Australia, published in February 2011, found that teaching parents healthy life style skills can lead to a sustained weight reduction in moderately-obese children aged 6 - 12 years. A study published by researchers at Yale University supported this find, showing that a family lifestyle intervention produces sustained weight loss. Support Groups and Behavioral ApproachesCommercial and Nonprofit Support Programs for Weight Loss. There are many different types of weight-loss programs. (This report cannot address all of the many commercial and nonprofit weight-loss programs currently available, nor can it assess their claims.) Taking off Pounds Sensibly (TOPS), a nonprofit support organization with many local chapters, is one of the least expensive programs, costing about $30 a year. Most of the commercial programs, such as Weight Watchers, Jenny Craig, and NutriSystem, offer individual or group support, lifestyle changes, and packaged meals. These programs tend to be expensive. There are few well-conducted studies on these programs. Approach short-term specific goals regarding exercise and eating as something to learn rather than perform. Also, plan ahead when eating out or going to another home for food. Cognitive Behavioral Approaches. Most support programs use some form of cognitive-behavioral methods to change the daily patterns associated with eating. They are very useful for preventing relapse after initial weight loss. The patient reviews a personal diary with a therapist or group to set realistic goals and identify patterns that the patient can change. For instance, if the patient normally eats food while watching television, the patient may need to eat in another room instead. Stress-Reduction Techniques.Stress reduction and relaxation techniques may be helpful for some people with obesity, such as those whose weight is related to night-eating syndrome. Changing Sedentary Habits and ExerciseThe weight-loss formula: calories used in exercise > calories eaten = weight loss. This means that to lose weight, the number of calories people burn by exercising needs to be greater than the number of calories they get from what they eat and drink. Even if people work out a lot, they will gain weight if they take in more calories than they burn up. Another way to look at this is that a 30- to 50-year-old woman who does not exercise needs about 1,800 calories a day to maintain her normal weight. A 30- to 50-year-old man who does not exercise needs about 2,200 calories to maintain his normal weight. For every hour of exercise they do, they would burn: 240 - 300 calories doing light activity, such as cleaning house or playing baseball or golf 370 - 460 calories doing moderate activity, such as a brisk walk (3.5 mph), gardening, biking (5.5 mph), or dancing. 580 - 730 calories doing strenuous activity, such jogging at a pace of 9 minutes per mile, playing football, or swimming laps. 740 - 920 calories doing very strenuous activity, such as running at a pace of 7 minutes per mile, playing racquetball, and skiing.Even without dieting, people will lose weight if they add any of the activities above to their lifestyle. Many people sit all day at their jobs. They can add activity to their schedule before work, during work, at lunch, and after work. People who drive can park around the corner or a few blocks from their work place so you get a 5- to 10-minute walk before getting to work. People who take the bus can get off 1 stop before their usual stop to get in a few extra minutes of walking. Walking or biking to work are excellent forms of exercise that will save money on parking, gas, and bus fare. People with sedentary jobs should set a timer to remind them to do a 1-minute stretching or strengthening exercises every half hour. These 1-minute workouts help people stay focused, and they add 16 minutes of exercise to an 8-hour workday. It is better to take the stairs instead of the elevator to add some exercise to the workday. It is also better to walk down the hall to talk with a coworker instead of sending an e-mail. People who get an hour lunch break can eat for 30 minutes, then take a 30-minute walk. Those who get a 30-minute lunch can try to fit in a 10-minute power walk.People who exercise are more apt to stay on a diet plan. Exercise improves psychological well-being and replaces sedentary habits that usually lead to snacking. Exercise may even act as a mild appetite suppressant. Moreover, exercise improves overall health even with modest weight loss. Be aware, however, that the pounds won't melt off magically. In addition, if a person exercises but doesn't diet, any actual pounds lost may be minimal. Nonetheless, regardless of weight loss, a fit body will look more toned and be healthier. In addition, exercise benefits the heart even with modest weight loss. The following are some suggestions and observations on exercise and weight loss: With intense exercise, the metabolism continues to burn calories before returning to its resting level. This state of elevated metabolism can last for as little as a few minutes after light exercise to as long as several hours after prolonged or heavy exercise. Of the standard aerobic machines, the treadmill burns the most calories. It may be particularly effective when used in short multiple bouts during the day. In fact, frequent exercise sessions as short as 10 minutes in duration (about four times a day) may be the most successful exercise program for obese people. Resistance or strength training is excellent for replacing fat with muscles. It should be performed two or three times a week. As people slim down, their initial level of physical activity becomes easier and they burn fewer calories for the same amount of work. The rate of weight loss slows down, sometimes discouragingly so, after an initial dramatic head start using diet and exercise combinations. People should be aware of this phenomenon and keep adding to their daily exercise program. Changes in fat and muscle distribution may differ between men and women as they exercise. Men tend to lose abdominal fat (which lowers their risk for heart disease faster than reducing general body fat). Exercise, however, does not appear to have the same effect on weight distribution in women. In one interesting study, women in aerobic and strength training programs lost fat in their arms and trunk, but did not gain muscle tissue in these regions.Warning Note. Because obesity is one of the risk factors for heart disease and diabetes, anyone who is overweight must discuss their exercise program with a doctor before starting. Sudden demanding exercise, in such cases, can be very dangerous. Dietary ManagementAbout 50 - 70 million Americans go on diets each year. No one diet is right for everyone. What works for one person may not work for another. Before beginning a diet, look at your own eating and activity patterns. Then set goals for changing some of these patterns, or behaviors. Set goals that are realistic for you, goals that you can reach and maintain. A good diet is one you can follow for years. It should keep your weight at a good level for you and keep you in good health. Some key features of any good weight-loss program or diet are: The diet should be balanced. That means eating a variety of foods, including fruits and vegetables, healthy carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The diet should not be boring or keep you on the same food for long periods of time. While a weight-loss diet may take away foods you enjoy eating, you should still enjoy eating. Weight loss should be gradual. Claims of quick and easy sustained weight loss are rarely true. The truth is it takes time, effort, and motivation to lose weight and keep it off. The exact composition of a diet is generally less important than the calorie reduction it supplies.Be cautious about any diet that makes unrealistic claims about how much weight you can expect to lose, tells you not to eat food from one of the major food groups, or is based on eating just one food or one type of food. Keeping Track of CaloriesCalorie restriction has been the cornerstone of obesity treatment. The standard dietary recommendations for losing weight are: As a rough rule of thumb, one pound of body fat is the result of eating about 3,500 calories. A person could lose a pound a week by reducing daily caloric intake by about 500 calories a day. To determine your daily calories requirements, multiply the number of pounds of ideal weight by 12 - 15 calories. The number of calories per pound depends on gender, age, and activity levels. For instance, a 50-year old woman who wants to maintain a weight of 135 pounds and is mildly active might require only 12 calories per pound (1,620 calories a day). A 25-year old female athlete who wants to maintain the same weight might need 25 calories per pound 2,025 (calories a day).Fat intake should be no more than 30% of total calories. Most fats should be in the form of monounsaturated fats (such as olive oil). Saturated fats (found in animal products) should be avoided. Warning on Extreme DietsExtreme diets of fewer than 1,100 calories per day carry health risks and are not recommended. Most of the initial weight loss is in fluids. Later, fat is lost, but so is muscle, which can account for more than 30% of the weight loss. No one should be on very strict diets for longer than 16 weeks, or fast for weight loss. There are a number of problems associated with extreme diets: They are often followed by bingeing or overeating, and a return to obesity. Such diets often do not supply enough vitamins and minerals, which must then be taken as supplements. Severe dieting has unpleasant side effects, including fatigue, dizziness, confusion, intolerance to cold, hair loss, gallstone formation, and menstrual irregularities. There have been rare reports of death from heart arrhythmias when liquid formulas did not have sufficient nutrients.Pregnant women who excessively diet during the first trimester put their unborn children at risk for birth defects. Eat A Healthy Diet to Lose WeightEating a balanced diet means you consume the right types and amounts of foods and drinks to keep your body healthy. For protein in the diet, choose: Poultry with the skin removed Lean cuts of beef or pork, such as round, top sirloin, tenderloin (trim away any visible fat) Fish or shellfish. Although red meat does not have a specific influence on body weight, evidence suggests that a high consumption of red and processed meats is linked cancer and other serious health problems. Pinto beans, black beans, kidney beans, lentils, split peas, or garbanzo beans Nuts and seeds, including almonds, hazelnuts, mixed nuts, peanuts, peanut butter, sunflower seeds, and walnuts. But watch how much you eat. Tofu, tempeh, and other soy-protein productsConsume 3 cups per day of fat-free or low-fat milk or milk products. Items such as cream cheese, cream, or butter do not count as healthy dairy products. Grain products include any food made from wheat, rice, oats, cornmeal, barley, or another cereal grain. Products made with grains include pasta, oatmeal, breads, breakfast cereals, tortillas, and grits. Grains are divided into either whole grains or refined grains. The key to eating healthy is to choose mostly whole-grain products. Examples of whole grains are whole-wheat flour, bulgur (cracked wheat), oatmeal, whole cornmeal, and brown rice. To make sure you are buying or eating whole-grain products look for words such as whole grain or whole wheat. Refined grains have been treated to extend their shelf life and give them a finer texture. However, this process takes out fiber, iron, and many B vitamins. Limit foods that are often made with refined grains such as crackers, corn tortillas, most ready to eat cereals, white rice, and othersOils are fats that are liquid at room temperature. Most of these oils are high in monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats. This is the best type of oil to use in cooking or preparing foods. Solid fats are solid at room temperature. All of these contain what are called saturated fats. Saturated fats are much less healthy for your heart, blood vessels, and other parts of your body. Saturated fats often also contain cholesterol. Eat 2 cups (4 servings) of fruit and 2 1/2 cups of vegetables (5 servings) per day for an average 2,000-calorie per day diet. Fruits and vegetables are low in calories. They are also packed with fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Eating a diet that is rich in fruits and vegetables can help you control your weight. It may also reduce your risk of cancer and other diseases. Because fruits and vegetables are high in fiber and water, they fill you up. Replace high-calorie foods with fruits and vegetables to reduce the amount of calories and fat in your diet without making you feel hungry.Low-Carbohydrate DietsLow carbohydrate diets generally restrict the amount of carbohydrates but do not restrict protein sources. The Atkins diet restricts complex carbohydrates in vegetables and, particularly, fruits that are known to protect against heart disease. The Atkins diet can also cause excessive calcium excretion in the urine, which increases the risk for kidney stones and osteoporosis. "Low-Carb" diets, such as South Beach, The Zone, and Sugar Busters, rely on a concept called the "glycemic index," or GI, which ranks foods by how fast and how high they cause blood sugar levels to rise. Foods on the lowest end of the index take longer to digest. Slow digestion wards off hunger pains. It also helps stabilize insulin levels. Foods high on the glycemic index include bread, white potatoes, and pasta, while low-glycemic foods include whole grains, fruit, lentils, and soybeans. There has been debate about whether Atkins and other low-carbohydrate diets can increase the risk for heart disease, as people who follow these diets tend to eat more animal-saturated fat and protein and less fruits and vegetables. In general, these diets appear to lower triglyceride levels and raise HDL ("good") cholesterol levels. Total cholesterol and LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels tend to remain stable or possibly increase somewhat. However, large studies have not found an increased risk for heart disease, at least in the short term. In fact, some studies indicate that these diets may help lower blood pressure. Low-carbohydrate diets help with weight loss in the short term, possibly better than diets that allow normal amounts of carbohydrates and restrict fats. However, overall, there is not good evidence showing long-term efficacy for these diets. Likewise, long-term safety and other possible health effects are still a concern, especially since these diets restrict healthy foods, such as fruit, vegetables, and grains while not restricting saturated fats. Fat and Sugar SubstitutesReplacing fats and sugars with substitutes may help many people who have trouble maintaining weight. Fat Substitutes. Fat substitutes added to commercial foods or used in baking deliver some of the desirable qualities of fat, but they do not add as many calories. They cannot be eaten in unlimited amounts, however, and are considered most useful for helping keep down total calorie count. Olestra (Olean) passes through the body without leaving behind any calories from fat. Studies suggest that it helps improve cholesterol levels and may help overweight people lose weight. Early reports of cramps and diarrhea after eating food containing olestra have not proven to be significant. Of greater concern is the fact that even small amounts of olestra deplete the body of certain vitamins and nutrients that may help protect against serious diseases, including cancer. The FDA requires that the missing vitamins, but not other nutrients, be added back to olestra products. Beta-glucan is a soluble fiber found in oats and barley. Products using this substance (Nu-Trim) may reduce cholesterol and have additional health benefits. A number of other fat-replacers are also available. Although studies to date have not shown any significant adverse health effects, their effect on weight control is uncertain, since many of the products containing them may be high in sugar. People who learn to cook using foods naturally lacking or low in fat eventually lose their taste for high-fat diets, something that may not be true for those using fat substitutes. Artificial Sweeteners. Many artificial or low-calories sweeteners are available. It should be noted that using these artificial sweeteners should not give dieters a license to increase their fat intake. There is some public concern about chemicals used to produce many of these sweeteners, and the side effects seen in studies using rats. Natural low-calories sweeteners are available that may be more acceptable to many people. Saccharin (Sugar Twin, Sweet'N Low, Sucaryl, and Featherweight). Saccharin has been used for years. Aspartame (Nutra-Sweet, Equal, and NutraTase). Aspartame has come under scrutiny because of rare reports of nervous system disorders, including headaches or dizziness, associated with its use. People with phenylketonuria (PKU), a genetic condition, should not use it. Studies have not reported any serious health dangers in otherwise healthy individuals, but some people may be sensitive to aspartame. Sucralose (Splenda). Sucralose has no bitter aftertaste and works well in baking, unlike other artificial sweeteners. It is made from real sugar by replacing part of the sugar with chlorine. Some people are concerned because chlorinated molecules used in major industrial chemicals have been associated with cancer and birth defects. Over 100 studies have been conducted on sucralose over a 20-year period, with no reports of such risks. Acesulfame-potassium (Sweet One, SwissSweet, and Sunette). It has been used in the U.S. since 1988 with no reported side effects. Neotame (Neotame). Neotame is a synthetic variation of aspartame, developed to avoid its side effects. The association with aspartame has raised some concerns. Studies to date have reported no effects that would cause alarm, and it appears to be safe for general consumption. D-tagatose (Tagatose). This reduced-calorie sweetener is made from lactose, which is the sugar found in dairy products and other foods. It may be especially beneficial for people with type 2 diabetes. It may also have additional benefits that help the intestinal tract. Alitame (Aclame) is formed from amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. It has the potential to be used in all products that contain sugar, including baked goods. Stevioside (Stevia). This is a natural sweetener derived from a South American plant. It is available in health food stores. People with diabetes should avoid alcohol-based forms. It has not been carefully tested.Other sugar substitutes being investigated include glycyrrhizin (derived from licorice) and dihycrochalcone (derived from citrus fruits). Liquid Meal ReplacementsSome studies have reported good success with meal replacement beverages (such as Slim-Fast and Sweet Success). They contain major nutrients needed for daily requirements. Each serving typically contains 200 - 250 calories and replaces one meal. (Note: Using them for all meals reduces calories to a severe extent and can be harmful.) These weight loss programs can cost about $2,000. People who complete these programs may lose close to 10% of their weight. For example, someone who started 200 pounds loses 20 pounds, on average. But many people regain over half of the lost weight over time. MedicationsThere are several different drugs used for weight loss. Unless specifically instructed by a doctor, people should use non-drug methods for losing weight. Except under rare circumstances, pregnant or nursing women should never take diet medications of any sort, including herbal and over-the-counter remedies. While weight loss drugs in general have shown some benefit, the overall weight loss achieved is generally limited. In addition, people will usually regain the weight when they discontinue the medication. Over-the-Counter Weight Loss Products and Herbal RemediesAbout 7% of American adults use nonprescription weight-loss products. People must be cautious when using any weight-loss medications, including over-the counter diet pills and herbal remedies. Buying unverified products over the Internet can be particularly dangerous. Green Tea. Some studies have suggested that regular tea drinking is associated with lower weight, particularly in people who drink it for years. However, better evidence is needed to confirm the results on this supplement. Thermogenic Approach to Weight Loss. An approach to weight loss called thermogenic (or hepatothermic) therapy is based on the claim that certain natural compounds have properties that enable the liver to increase energy in cells and stimulate metabolism. Theoretically, the result would be fat loss. Among the substances used in such products are EPA-rich fish oil, sesamin, hydroxycitrate, pantethine, L-carnitine, pyruvate, aloe vera, aspartate, chromium, coenzyme Q10, green tea polyphenols, aloe vera, DHEA derivatives, cilostazol, diazoxide, and fibrate drugs. Nearly all the current over-the-counter dietary aids contain some combination of these ingredients. There is no evidence that any of these ingredients can produce weight loss, and some may even have harmful effects. Chromium is a common ingredient in many diet supplements (such as Xenadrine, Dexatrim, Acutrim Natural, and Twinlab Diet Fuel). It is claimed to specifically promote fat loss, rather than lean muscle loss. There is no proof that chromium helps with weight loss. Warnings on Some Ingredients in Over-the-Counter Diet ProductsEphedra, Ephedrine, and Ma Huang. The FDA does not allow the sale of drugs that contain ephedrine. In May 2004, the FDA banned the sale of dietary supplements that contain ephedra (also called Ma Huang). Ephedra can cause serious side effects, including strokes and heart attacks. Brazilian Diet Pill. The FDA has warned consumers not to buy a product known as the "Brazilian diet pill." This product is labeled as a dietary supplement, but contains several chemicals found in powerful prescription drugs. Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA). Conjugated linoleic acid is found in many dietary products. There is no evidence that it produces weight loss. Furthermore, there is some concern that CLA might increase insulin resistance and a dangerous inflammatory response in people with obesity. Tiratricol. Over-the-counter products containing tiratricol, a thyroid hormone, have been sold for weight loss. Such products may increase the risk for thyroid disorders, heart attack, and stroke. Tiratricol is also known as triiodothyroacetic acid or TRIAC. Laxative Actions in Natural Substances. Many dietary herbal teas contain laxatives, which can cause gastrointestinal distress, and, if overused, may lead to chronic pain, constipation, and dependency. Rarely, dehydration and death have occurred. Some laxative substances found in teas include senna, aloe, buckthorn, rhubarb root, cascara, and castor oil. Guar Gum. Some fiber supplements containing guar gum have also caused obstruction of the esophagus and gastrointestinal (digestive) tract. Chitosan. Chitosan, a dietary fiber from shellfish, prevents a small amount of fat from being absorbed in the intestine. Well-conducted studies, however, have not found it to be effective. People who are allergic to shellfish should not take these supplements. Plantain. Dietary remedies that list the ingredient plantain may contain digitalis, a powerful chemical that affects the heart. NOTE: This substance should not be confused with the harmless banana-like plant also called plantain. Orlistat (Xenical)Orlistat (Xenical) can help about one-third of obese patients with modest weight loss and can help in long-term maintenance of weight loss. It works by slowing the absorption of fat in the intestine (by about 30%). The average weight-loss attained is around 6 lbs. with use of this drug. However, many people regain a significant portion of this weight within 2 years. While it does not work for all patients, orlistat can improve cholesterol levels, regardless of weight loss. Orlistat can cause gastrointestinal problems and may interfere with absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and E and other important nutrients. The FDA recommends taking a daily multivitamin supplement when using this drug. The most unpleasant side effect is leakage of oily feces from the anus. Restricting fats can reduce this effect. People with bowel disease should probably avoid it. In spite of these side effects, most patients are able to tolerate this medicine. There is an approved over-the-counter version of orlistat. Sold under the name alli, it is available at half the prescription strength of Xenical. Those eager to use it should consider its cost (around $100 per month) and modest benefits compared with its side effects. Sibutramine (Meridia)The weight loss drug sibutramine (Meridia) has been removed from the market because of a high risk for heart attack and strokes. PsychostimulantsPhentermine and Other Sympathomimetics. Sympathomimetics are drugs that act like the stress hormone (and chemical messenger) norepinephrine. These medications act as stimulants in the brain. Some are approved for treating obesity, but only for short-term use of 12 weeks or less. Average weight-loss has been in the range of 7 lbs. over the short-term. These medicines include: Phentermine (Ionamin, Adipex-P, Fastin) Benzphetamine (Didrex) Phendimetrazine (such as Adipost, Bontril, Melfiat, Plegine, Prelu-2, and Statobex)Phentermine is the most commonly prescribed appetite suppressant, and is less expensive than orlistat or sibutramine. Its effects are not long lasting, however. It can also raise blood pressure. In addition, phentermine is associated with depression, which is already a problem in many cases of obesity. Note: Neither phentermine nor such combinations are associated with the heart problems linked to the previous phentermine combination known as Fen-Phen (phentermine and fenfluramine). Investigative DrugsTopiramate. Topiramate (Topamax) is an anti-seizure medication being investigated for weight reduction. Several clinical trials have reported that obese patients with type 2 diabetes given topiramate lost more weight than those receiving placebo. Weight loss was sustained for up to 1 year. The drug is also being studied for binge-eating disorders associated with obesity. However, psychiatric and neurological side effects may prevent topiramate from being used regularly. Two weight loss drugs -- lorcaserin and Qnexa, received favorable reviews this year from FDA advisory panels. (Qnexa is a combination of topiramate and phentermine.) While the FDA is not bound by the advisory panels' decisions, it often follows them. If approved, these 2 drugs will be the first prescription weight loss drugs to go on the market since 1999, when orlistat was approved. Both lorcaserin and Qnexa were rejected in 2010 for safety concerns, but the applications were reopened following further studies and new data brought forth by the manufacturers. SurgeryBariatric surgeries produce weight loss through two approaches: Creating a smaller stomach. As a result a person will feel full or satisfied with less food and is not able to eat as much food as before. Rerouting the food around a portion of the small intestine that normally helps break down the food. As a result, your body will not absorb all the calories in the food you eat.Gastric bypass (also called Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass) creates a smaller stomach but also reroutes or bypasses a portion of the small intestine. As a result, greater weight-loss is achieved then seen with procedures that only create a smaller stomach. These 3 surgeries above are almost always done through 5 - 6 small cuts in your belly. A camera is placed in your belly to allow the surgeon to see. This type of surgery is called laparoscopy. Biliopancreatic diversion with a duodenal switch. BPD surgery is more complex than other weight-loss surgeries and is done much less often -- usually only for severe, morbid obesity. The surgeon removes a large portion of your stomach and re-routes where the food you eat goes, so it does not pass through most of your small intestine, where food is normally absorbed. The care of patients undergoing bariatric surgery, before and after surgery, requires specialized expertise and facilities. Studies have shown that the likelihood of complications is significantly associated with the experience of the surgeon and staff. Benefits of Bariatric SurgeryPatients must still develop a healthy lifestyle and be calorie conscious after weight-loss surgery. Follow-up must be lifelong. Those who are able to change their lifestyle often can expect to lose 30 to 50% of their excess weight, depending on the procedure. Bariatric surgery can reduce the risk of disease in people who have severe obesity. These risks include diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, obstructive sleep apnea, arthritis, and some cancers. Successful weight loss after surgery can also lead to improvement in those who already have these conditions. Weighing less should also make it much easier for you to move around and do your everyday activities. Weight-loss surgery alone is not a solution to losing weight. It can train you to eat less, but you still have to do much of the work. To lose weight and avoid complications from the procedure, you will need to follow the exercise and eating guidelines that your doctor and dietitian gave you. Candidates for Bariatric SurgerySurgery may be used for individuals who have severe obesity for 5 years or more and have not responded to other weight-loss therapies, such as diet, exercise, or medications. Body mass index (BMI) is the most common measure of obesity. BMI measures your weight in relation to your height. Doctors often use the following BMI measures to identify patients who may be most likely to benefit from weight-loss surgery: A BMI of 40 or greater. This usually means men are 100 pounds and women are 80 pounds over their ideal weight. A BMI of 35 or greater along with a serious medical condition related to obesity. These are called comorbidities, and include such conditions as: Diabetes (high blood sugar) Osteoarthritis (severe) Sleep apnea (symptoms such as sleepiness during the day and loud snoring, gasping, and interrupted breathing during sleep) Heart disease (personal or family history)Some experts are now even encouraging weight-loss surgery for most patients with a BMI of 30 or greater and diabetes. Your doctor must also consider medical problems that could make surgery more risky for you. These include: Liver or kidney disease Diseases of the stomach or small intestine Alcohol or substance abuse Current smoking Poorly controlled psychiatric or emotional problemsPatients with binge eating disorder should be identified before surgery and treated. A full evaluation, including a psychological evaluation, should be performed on all candidates for surgery. Depending on insurance coverage and which procedure is performed, the cost of bariatric surgery may be up to $35,000. More and more insurance companies are willing to pay for the surgeries for patients who meet the above criteria. Patient considering bariatric surgery should be well-informed regarding the procedure, its efficacy, side effects, and complications. They should also understand the following: Lifestyle and behavioral changes will still be needed after surgery, including: The continued need to focus on weight The need to chew food well The need for dietary restrictions The need for vitamin and mineral supplementation Patients will be unable to eat large meals. Surgery may not be successful in achieving significant weight loss.Is weight-loss surgery safe for teens? Studies about adolescents who have had bariatric surgery suggest that these operations are at least as safe for adolescents as they are for adults. But not enough teenagers have been followed after their weight-loss surgery to know if there are any long-term effects on their future growth or development. Teenagers' bodies are still changing and developing. Because of the quick weight loss after surgery, they will need to be careful to get all of the nutrients and vitamins their bodies require. Because gastric bypass surgery changes the way some nutrients are absorbed, teens who have weight-loss surgery will need to take certain vitamins and minerals for the rest of their life.Laparoscopic gastric bandingIn laparoscopic gastric banding, the surgeon places a band around the upper part of the stomach to create a small pouch to hold food. After surgery, the doctor can adjust the band to make food pass more slowly or quickly through your digestive system. The band around your stomach is filled with saline (saltwater). It is connected to a container (access port) that is placed under your skin in your upper belly. Your surgeon can make the band tighter or looser by increasing or decreasing the amount of saline in the band. To do this, your surgeon will insert a needle through your skin into the access port. Most people go home the same day of surgery. Some will stay one night in the hospital. Most people take 1 week off of work. The average weight loss is about one-third to one-half of the extra weight you are carrying. This may be enough for many patients. The weight will usually come off more slowly than with gastric bypass. You should keep losing weight for up to 3 years. The band is removable, if necessary. Studies to date indicate that the intestinal tract returns to normal afterward. Studies, including those done in the elderly, have reported significant weight loss and improved quality of life with the procedure. Gastric BypassIn gastric bypass, the stomach is divided with staples into two parts. The first part is very small, about the size of a golf ball. This small stomach is called the pouch. The second part of the stomach is much bigger, but food cannot go into it. The small intestine is connected to the small pouch, which re-routes food around the big part of the stomach. The pouch can only hold a small amount of food, so if you eat too much or too fast you will throw up. Also, your body will not absorb all the calories in the food you eat. Most people stay in the hospital for 2 days after open surgery. Patients may have a drain (tube) coming out of the stomach, which will drain fluids that build up after surgery. The drain tube is usually taken out about 7 - 10 days after surgery. People may need to take time off from work for 3 - 4 weeks. However, if the work does not involve too much physical activity, they may be able to return to work sooner. Total weight loss after bypass surgery is usually greater than after gastric banding. Click the icon to see an image of gastric bypass surgery. Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy (Gastric Sleeve)This surgery has most often been done on patients who are too heavy to safely have other types of weight-loss surgery. Some patients who have this surgery may need a second weight-loss surgery at some time in the future. In the gastric sleeve surgery, a large portion of the stomach is removed. The new, smaller stomach is about the size of a banana. It limits the amount of food a person can eat by making them feel full after eating only small amounts. Most people can go home 2 days after the surgery. Patients should be able to drink clear liquids on the day after surgery, and eat a puréed diet by the time they go home. The final weight loss may not be as large as with gastric bypass. However, it may be enough for many patients. Because vertical sleeve gastrectomy is a newer procedure, there is less data about the long-term benefits and risks. Patients should consult with their doctor about which procedure is best for them. Weight will usually come off more slowly after gastric sleeve surgery than after gastric bypass. Patients should keep losing weight for up to 2 - 3 years. Side Effects and ComplicationsRisks common to all weight-loss surgeries are: Gallstones and gallbladder attacks -- these occur more often from rapid weight loss. Gastritis (inflamed stomach lining), heartburn, or stomach ulcers. Injury to your stomach, intestines, or other organs during surgery. Poor nutrition -- patients will eat less food after surgery, and their body will not absorb all the calories, protein, vitamins, and minerals from the food they eat. Scarring inside your belly -- this could lead to a bowel obstruction (blockage) in the future. Vomiting -- from eating more than the stomach pouch can hold.These problems with a gastric band or access port may occur: The gastric band may slip partly out of place. The gastric band may erode into the wall of the stomach. The band may cause heartburn or reflux symptoms. The port or tubing may break or leak. Fixing this problem would require a minor operation.These problems may occur after gastric bypass: A leak can occur from any of the staple lines or from where the intestine is re-connected. If a leak occurs you most likely need surgery to repair the leak. The risk of a leak is about 1%. The opening between the stomach pouch and your small intestine may get narrower. This is called a stricture. This can be treated by placing a scope down the patient's throat and using a balloon to stretch the opening bigger. Surgery is rarely needed to fix this problem. Open surgery may lead to an incisional hernia. An incisional hernia is a bulging of tissue through the incision. Anemia -- from low iron or vitamin B12 levels. Dumping syndrome -- this is when the contents in the stomach move through the small intestine quickly. It causes discomfort. Thinning of the bones (osteoporosis) -- due to the body absorbing less vitamin D and calcium. Patients who do not take enough protein after surgery can become malnourished.After vertical sleeve gastrectomy, stomach contents may leak from where the remaining parts of the stomach are stapled together. Patients may need another operation to repair this problem if it occurs. Care after Bariatric ProceduresMost people stay in the hospital for a few days after gastric bypass surgery. Patients are discharged when they can: Eat liquid or pureed food without vomiting. Move without too much discomfort. No longer need pain medication given by injection.Patients continue to eat a liquid or soft diet for several weeks after the surgery. In patients receiving a pouch procedure, the pouch eventually expands to about one cup of chewed food (a normal stomach can hold up to one quart). Follow-up appointments are essential to determine if nutritional supplements, such as iron, calcium, vitamin B12, or other nutrients, are needed. Supplements, such as a multivitamin with minerals, may be prescribed. Patients should eat small meals (usually six) throughout the day, rather than large meals that the stomach can no longer handle. The new stomach probably won't be able to handle both solid food and fluids at the same time. Patients should separate fluid and food intake by at least 30 minutes and only sip what they are drinking. After surgery, tolerance of fat, alcohol, or sugar decreases. Patients should reduce their fat intake, especially: Deep-fried foods Fast-food meals High-sugar foods, such as cakes, cookies, and candyExercise and the support of others (for example, joining a support group with people who have undergone weight-loss surgery) are extremely important in achieving and maintaining weight loss after bariatric surgery. Exercising can usually resume 6 weeks after the operation. Even sooner than that, most patients will be able to take short walks at a comfortable pace, after consulting with their doctor. Blackburn GL, Hutter MM, Harvey AM, et al. Expert panel on weight loss surgery: executive report update. Obesity(Silver Spring). 2009;17(5):842-862. Barnett SJ. Contemporary surgical management of the obese adolescent. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2011;23(3):351-5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tips for parents -- Ideas to help children maintain a healthy weight. Updated May 19, 2009. Available online. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010 Overweight and Obesity -- Defining Overweight and Obesity. Available online. Chu SY, Kim, Lau J, et al. Maternal obesity and risk of stillbirth: a meta analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197(3):223-8. DeMaria EJ. Bariatric surgery for morbid obesity. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(21): 2176-2183. Dixon JB, O'Brien PE, Playfair J, et al. Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299(3):316-323. Egberts K, Brown WA, O'Brien PE. Systematic review of erosion after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg. 2011;21(8):1272-9. Flegal KM, Caroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2008. JAMA. 2010;303(3):235-241 Gadde KM, Allison DB, Ryan DH, et al. Effects of low-dose, controlled-release, phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. The Lancet. 2011;377(9774):1341-1352. Garb J, Welch G, Zagarins S, Kuhn J, Romanelli J. Bariatric surgery for the treatment of morbid obesity: a meta-analysis of weight loss outcomes for laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding and laparoscopic gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2009;19(10):1447-1455. Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, et al. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2007;297(9): 969-977. Garvey WT, Ryan DH, Look M, Gadde KM, Allison DB, Peterson CA, et al. Two-year sustained weight loss and metabolic benefits with controlled-release phentermine/topiramate in obese and overweight adults (SEQUEL): a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 extension study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(2):297-308. Hsing AW, Sakoda LC, Chua S Jr. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and prostate cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86(3):s843-857. Hughes AR, Stewart L, Chapple J, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of a best-practice individualized behavioral program for treatment of childhood overweight: Scottish Childhood Overweight Treatment Trial (SCOTT). Pediatrics. 2008;121(3):e539-546. Jolly K, Lewis A, Beach J, Denley J, Adab P, Deeks JJ, et al. Comparison of range of commercial or primary care led weight reduction programmes with minimal intervention control for weight loss in obesity: lighten Up randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2011;343:d6500Meijer RI, van Wagensveld BA, Siegert CE, Eringa EC, Serné EH, Smulders YM. Bariatric surgery as a noveltreatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Arch Surg. 2011;146(6):744-50. Magarey AM, Perry RA, Baur, LA, et al. A Parent-Led Family-Focused Treatment Program for Overweight Children Aged 5 to 9 Years: The PEACH RCT. Pediatrics. 2011;127(2):214-222. Mustelin L, Silventoinen K, Pietiläinen K, Rissanen A, Kaprio J. Physical activity reduces the influence of genetic effects on BMI and waist circumference: a study in young adult twins. Int J Obes (Lond). 2009;33(1):29-36. O'Brien PE, Sawyer SM, Laurie C, et al. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in severely obese adolescents: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2010;303(6):519-526. Erratum in: JAMA. 2010;303(23):2357. Rosenstock J, Hollander P, Gadde KM, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study to assess the efficacy and safety of topiramate controlled release in the treatment of obese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(6):1480-1486. Stothard KJ, Tennant PW, Bell R, Rankin J. Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009;301(6):636-650. Svetke, LP, Stevens VJ, Brantley PJ, et al. Comparison of strategies for sustaining weight loss: the weight loss maintenance randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299(10):1139-48. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. Available online. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Obesity in Children and Adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Pediatrics. 2010;125;361-367; originally published online Jan 18, 2010. Wahi G, Parkin PC, Beyene J, Uleryk EM, Birken CS. Effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing screen time in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165(11):979-86. Wardle J, Carnell S, Haworth CM, et al. Evidence for a strong genetic influence on childhood adiposity despite the force of the obesogenic environment. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(2):398-404. Woo JG, Dolan LM, Morrow AL, et al. Breastfeeding helps explain racial and socioeconomic status disparities in adolescent adiposity. Pediatrics. 2008;121(3):e458-65.

You are here: Home / Everything Else / Switzerland and the squeaky wheelSwitzerland and the squeaky wheel February 21, 2013 By Don Taylor Aaron Carroll was pushing back on Avik Roy and Doug Holtz-Eakin invoking Switzerland as a model to reform the ACA by noting (correctly in my Professor who teaches comparative health systems at Duke view) that Switzerland is more regulated and controlled than is the ACA in many ways. Austin Frakt was noting that most posts noting the Roy and Holtz-Eakin post didn’t link to Aaron’s post, which is true of the brief post I did. I think this is mostly because the news in Holtz-Eakin and Roy’s piece was and is primarily political, and doesn’t really have much to do with any facts or policy. They both (and many others) have overstated the case against the ACA for quite a while in my mind; that doesn’t mean I don’t read their stuff. And Holtz-Eakin was Senator McCain’s chief health policy advisor and Avik was an advisor to Gov. Romney. Given all this, the main content of the piece was reform of Obamacare v. strident ideological language arguing against something without offering an alternative that has been the norm for most opponents of the law for the past 34 months. So, even though my first thought was “Switzerland! I thought you guys hated mandates” I am personally glad to welcome them down from the ledge. For most on my research career, health policy was not really front page news except for short periods (think 1997-2007). Then it became a huge political horse race story, and professors and researchers had to figure out where the line was between advocacy, research, policy analysis, often with great frustration at our being crowded out by other voices. But, it is complicated! is a frustrating answer for a reporter….The incentives in terms of getting broad,popular attention are definitely to overstate and to be as bombastic as possible, but in the end, as an academic all you have to offer is your credibility. I understand Austin’s frustration, but I am not sure what the answer is to fix it. I think TIE has done it very well all considered, and has lots of credibility in ‘bringing evidence to the debate.’ I am not teaching Comparative Health Care Systems this semester, but I went and looked at my overview notes for Switzerland, and well, sign me up: Individual mandate that achieves ~ universal coverage Cantons (like States) regulate medical provision and have lots of discretion in doing so System community rated (I think this was Aaron’s main point; it is less underwriting than allowed in the 3:1 by age with tobacco in the ACA); end community rating and you don’t have Switzerland Employers can pay premium, but it is not tax preferenced; income based premium subsidies for lower income Prices for medical care are set, but not the provision (but there is increasing ‘managed care’ esp on the profiling of doctor behavior by private insurance companies) It is basically the second most expensive health system in the world on a per-capita basis; premiums are similar to employer based in U.S., but docs make less Higher out of pocket share than in the U.S. As an aside, I think the Netherlands might be a better model for the U.S. down the individual mandate/use of private insurance that is regulated roughly like a public electric utility branch of reform options because of their data driven post hoc risk adjustment in which they don’t worry so much up front above adverse selection, but instead ‘rebalance’ after the fact based on risk pool. For this, I favor the German model, which caps copay/co-insurance at a small percentage of income (2% for most people). You can tune the numbers, but such an income-based approach creates an incentive to not consume healthcare services unnecessarily while still not discouraging anybody who does need treatment from seeking it. paul says February 22, 2013 at 6:28 am Oh, my. I know we’re not directly comparable because there’s not a tax to pay for this in the US, but I would claw my way over a field of broken glass while people hurled rocks at me for an annual deductible of $350 and an out-of-pocket limit on co-pays of $800. Both of those are a comfortable order of magnitude less than our current plan (purchased in the individual market). Which costs just short of $20K a year. NCG says February 22, 2013 at 11:14 am Paul, I hear you on the “individual market.” Don’t even get me started. NCG says February 21, 2013 at 1:30 pm Yes, that’s with the subsidy included. Check out this page, it’s cool: http://www.coveredca.com/resources/calculating-the-cost/ Look, health insurance is great, but am I alone in thinking $85 a month is a lot for someone taking home $20K? Davis X. Machina says February 21, 2013 at 3:43 pm That’s roughly 5% of gross. At $20,000 you’re not paying a lot of income tax, if any. Payroll tax, yes. The federal cap on premiums at 400% of FPL — roughly twice our $20,000 example — is 9.5%, for comparison. Here’s Vermont’s 2012 cap and subsidy numbers. Anonymous says February 21, 2013 at 4:35 pm Thanks, that’s very interesting. I see that in Vermont, someone with about 1600 take home per month would pay somewhere between $56 and $100-something. The 56 sounds more like it. 5% doesn’t sound like much, unless one is actually trying to live on 20K. My prediction: anyone healthy and poor is going to avoid this system. I wasn’t wild about ACA to begin with, and now, I am even less impressed. We simply shouldn’t be bleeping poor people. Sure, if you have cancer, it’s a *great* deal. Whoo hoo. For anyone else, I don’t see it. And I don’t know that that penalty’s ever going to be applied. So, it looks a bit foggy to me. With so much waste in our system, this is what we came up with. It’s so sad, especially because I know the state health people have been working so hard. paul says February 22, 2013 at 6:31 am How many people are there who are healthy and poor? Many/most of the poorish people I know have pretty much constant low-to-midlevel medical issues, from RSI to workplace injuries to accidents to the usual respiratory stuff. I think young, healthy and middle-class (without kids) is another matter. NCG says February 22, 2013 at 11:10 am You may be right, technically. But anyone who isn’t actually bleeding may very well not bother. Which is what we have now. Katja says February 21, 2013 at 10:54 pm $20,000 before taxes was about what I made as a grad student [1], and I think $85/month should be quite manageable. What would be a problem would be the $2,250 out of pocket expenses if it ever came to that (we’re talking about nearly two monthly incomes after taxes). For purposes of comparison, under current exchange rates, a UK resident with £13,000 (approximately $20,000) in annual income will also pay around £54 (approximately £83) in National Insurance tax (employee contribution), if my numbers are right. And while National Insurance does also contribute to the national pension scheme, it does not fully finance the NHS (for which additional money out of other tax revenue needs to be appropriated). So, $85 does not sound too outlandish to me. Thing is, this $85 is getting sucked out of some poor slob even though we already pay more per capita for healthcare in government funds, for every person in the country, even though there is not universal care, than most any other “developed” country. And now, “we” are going to pay even more. If someone described the ACA as a stealth way to expand Medicaid, well, that might make some sense. This doesn’t, to me at least. And I still think $85 a month is a lot to ask from someone who is barely making it. I think not many people here fit in that category. Also, contra your point above (in Geneva, at least), employers *cannot* pay premiums. Insurance must legally be in the name of the individual (or family), and paid by them. Some employers pay a healthcare “allowance” to cover the cost of the premium. This is treated as being just part of salary for tax purposes (although the cost of insurance premiums themselves are deductible from taxable income). NCG says February 22, 2013 at 5:41 pm And I just saw this too: http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/02/22/poll-obamacares-biggest-beneficiaries-are-skeptical-of-obamacare/ On the positive side, I guess we could always go back and tinker, maybe. Geo says February 22, 2013 at 7:30 pm I think the analysis misses on a very key point. Which is that the wages and salaries in Switzerland are higher than the mean in the U.S., in order to compensate for the costs of mandated medical coverage. The Swiss on average earn much more than we do here in the states. The Swiss model of almost anything is more efficient, productive and streamlined than almost anything here in the U.S. partly due to cultural aspects (Swiss actually retain genuine pride in their nation and their history) as where we in the states will sell out for a buck like two-bit whores. Also, in part because of less political partisanship. While more regulated in some aspects, more economic and social freedom abounds in Switzerland which can be traced to their Direct Democracy system in play. The Swiss tend to to see the bigger picture, than the short-term gains that may be more attractive, but more harmful down the road. I admire the Swiss much more than I admire most of what this nation has become. The U.S. would do well to mimic as closely as possible all of the economic and social systems of Switzerland. Of course not all would work, but using the Swiss as a template is good start. Seeing as they have one of the best quality of life ratings in the world.

Ventricular Assist Device (VAD) for Heart Failure A ventricular assist device (VAD), also known as a heart pump, is a mechanical device that helps pump blood from the heart to the rest of your body. A VAD can be implanted in the chest or worn outside the body. If it is implanted, surgery is done to place it in the chest area. The pump part of the VAD is placed in a small space in your upper abdomen. Batteries that power the pump are usually worn on a belt or pouch outside your body. After the VAD has been implanted, your doctor will make another small incision in your side to connect the electrical wires that power the device. A VAD can help pump blood from the left side, right side, or both sides of your heart, depending on your type of heart failure. How does it work? A VAD helps pump blood when the heart is not able to pump enough blood on its own. It removes blood from your heart and pumps it to the rest of your body. This way, most of the blood that your heart would normally pump is pumped by the VAD instead. Most VADs have an automatic mode that adjusts to different levels of activity. For example, if you begin to walk, your VAD can increase how much blood it pumps. Why is it used? A VAD can be used as a temporary or long-term treatment for severe heart failure. A VAD may be used for only a short time if a person's heart gets strong again and is able to pump blood well enough by itself. VADs are typically used to help people who are waiting for a heart transplant. In some cases, VADs can be used long-term along with other heart failure treatments like medicines. What are the benefits? VADs used before a heart transplant can help people live until they receive the transplant. VADs used for long-term therapy may help lower the risk of death compared to medical treatment alone. And a VAD might help a person feel better and be able to do better with daily activities. What are the risks? Risks from VADs include problems like stroke, excessive bleeding, infection, device malfunction, and blood clotting. These complications may need hospital care. How do I live a normal, healthy life with a VAD? Most people with a VAD feel better and have a better quality of life. They can be active, drive, work, be social, and enjoy hobbies. If you have a VAD, you will have a team of specialists who will help you. They will see you regularly at follow-up visits. They will teach you how to care for your VAD at home and how to prevent problems. Self-care that you might do at home includes checking the device and changing the dressing. Related Information

Light work provides many hands Mass spectrometry software plays a major role in scientific detective work, writes Sian Harris. Scientific Computing World: June/July 2007 Pet owners in North America have had a worrying few months. Cats and dogs have been mysteriously falling ill and dying after eating hearty meals of their cat or dog food. The sudden deaths, mostly from kidney failure, of these pets have resulted in millions of cans and pouches of pet food being recalled. But that is just the start: the big challenge has been in identifying what was in the food that caused all these deaths. The culprit is thought to be some of the wheat gluten from China that is used to bulk up the gravy in the pet food. Several labs across North America have analysed the food and the wheat gluten and found traces of melamine and cyanuric acid. At certain pH levels in the pets' kidneys these compounds are thought to react to produce crystals that are very harmful to the animals. The current theory in the USA is that these compounds might have been added to the gluten to increase its nitrogen percentage so that it would appear to contain higher levels of protein and hence fetch more money.This is not an isolated incident of contamination, of course: in the UK last year, for example, many curry powders and other products were recalled from supermarket shelves after they were found to be contaminated with Sudan dyes, the dyes used in shoe polish. And US shoppers have recently been concerned about the threat of ethylene glycol contamination in some toothpastes.With such scares, government bodies, manufacturers and consumers want answers quickly. The scientific detective work to give these answers can mean research teams working through their weekends to try to work out what is going on. But such challenges also have their unsung heroes and one of these is the mass spectrometer.According to Mark Kuracina, applied markets field marketing manager of Applied Biosystems/MDS SCIEX, mass spectrometers have been instrumental in identifying the melamine and cyanuric acid in the wheat gluten used in pet food and also in investigating other elements of the food chain (the same wheat gluten was fed to pigs and poultry, for example) and whether food for humans is therefore also at risk. ‘The FDA used mass spec in its analysis because of its incredible sensitivity and selectivity,’ Kuracina points out. ‘There are other lower-cost techniques out there, but mass spectrometry gives very valuable information.’LC/MS/MS chromatograms of a blank and contaminated cat food sample (Applied Biosystems).Hardware improvementsObviously the instrument hardware plays a large part in the effectiveness of mass spectrometry in such tasks, and great strides have been made in recent years in improving this equipment.‘In the early stages of mass spectrometry, companies were more concerned to make it work and a lot of work was done on sheer processing power, but now faster computers are expanding the possibilities of analysis,’ comments Margaret Antler, chromatography technical specialist at ACD/Labs.One of the hardware improvements that is boosting the analysis capabilities of mass spectrometers, according to Antler, is the increase in mass accuracy. ‘Spectrometers such as Thermo Fisher Scientific’s Orbitrap can give mass to five decimal places. With such accuracy and knowledge of natural distributions of isotopes, you can narrow down the molecular formula to perhaps just one option,’ she explains.Another hardware improvement that is helping customers gain more from the technique is increased sensitivity and selectivity, giving the ability to detect analytes in samples at lower levels, according to Jim Edwards, who is software product manager for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) applications for Thermo Scientific products at Thermo Fisher Scientific. ‘This helps to reduce other labour-consuming tasks in the laboratory such as the number of purification or separation steps.’But the instrument hardware is only part of the story in situations such as solving the pet food mystery. ‘We are now finding with increased sensitivity from hardware (better, stronger, faster) there are many very high-quality data files and customers are now looking to software to reduce all this,’ points out Edwards. This is why, over the past few years, much more emphasis has been placed on developing the software to control the spectrometers and analyse the resulting spectra.Antler, of ACD/Labs, agrees about the valuable role of software in helping make sense of what can sometimes end up being gigabytes of data generated by mass spectrometers. ACD/Labs is a third-party software company that specialises in software to analyse chemical data from many types of analytical instruments. One such product is ACD/IntelliXtract, which looks at the mass spectra for all the chromatographic components from a sample. It, for example, looks at the different isotopes of the elements involved and analyses whether the isotope patterns correspond with what is expected. It can also work out the molecular weight and empirical formulae of compounds.One example of how this is used is in metabolism experiments. ‘In the body, drugs are modified to make them more polar so we are generally looking for something in the body that is related to the parent drug but more polar. From this you can find out what part of drug has been modified and build up structures of the metabolites,’ explains Antler.Spectral librariesAnother area of software that has developed recently is the building up of libraries of mass spectral data on known compounds. Applied Biosystems, for example, works with partners around the world to develop libraries based on its Cliquid software for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) that provide the ability to test according to regulatory requirements. Some of these libraries are in the public domain and some are being incorporated into Applied Biosystems’ products.‘We’re trying to make screening with libraries easier and faster,’ says Applied Biosystems’ Kuracina. ‘For example, there are 800 to 1000 pesticides in circulation. They each give different fragments under different energies so it is like a library of fingerprints.’ The company is also working on a new product to screen for drug abuse that will screen a sample for 12,000 drugs in less than 20 minutes and is working with a customer in Singapore to develop a library of spectra for banned substances in race horses.Applied Biosystems also has software to screen for differences, for example to compare normal water with potentially contaminated water or tobacco from one brand with that from another. This software is being used to identify drug impurities or counterfeit drugs, an important issue in China where around 60 to 70 per cent of drugs are thought to be counterfeit. The software is also helping to determine where olive oils come from and which ones really are entitled to be labelled as ‘extra virgin’. Another potential application, according to Kuracina, is in comparing traditional Chinese medicines. ‘When plants are grown in different places they can have different ratios of the active compounds in them, which impacts their effectiveness,’ he explains. In addition, the company has methods for testing for known compounds. For example, it has collaborated with Campden and Chorleywood Food Research Association (CCFRA) in the UK, which developed a method for identifying Sudan dyes, the dyes that contaminated some food in the UK last year. Similarly, the company has recently released a method for melamine and cyanuric acid in response to the latest pet food scare in North America. ‘Users can download methods just as they would download music for their iPod,’ says Kuracina.Not just for expertsSuch activities are part of Applied Biosystems’ vision to make mass spectrometry into a tool that the average person could use to process thousands of samples per day for regulatory authorities or quality control. ‘Our Cliquid software has four simple steps and all the tests are pre-configured. Our design goal was that people who’ve never used mass spec can get it up and running with samples within half a day,’ explains Kuracina. He adds that this approach also appears to be popular with the traditional ‘expert’ customer base. ‘We thought we were making this for non-experts, but pharmaceutical customers are also interested in it, because it enables such companies to employ less specialised people to do the routine work and so save money,’ he points out.Edwards, of Thermo Fisher Scientific, has observed a similar trend. ‘For certain mass spectrometry types there are high-level users, but more and more often there is routine use of instruments to answer immediate questions,’ he says. The labs are probably still staffed by experienced mass spectrometrists, but the bench chemists are now much more part of the process. This means that the expert doesn’t have to spend time on routine sample processing, but can set up the methods and then concentrate on specialised instruments and tasks.’ This observation is shaping Thermo Scientific’s software plans. ‘We want to take advantage of increasing hardware and software and look at, for example, what the new Windows Vista will allow and how this can be pulled into scientific packages so that they will be intuitive to users without the large burden of customer training and development,’ he comments. ‘For word processors, spreadsheets and scientific applications, the common element is the human. Scientific software needs to have a huge knowledge of the science internally, but the user interface can build on what has been learnt in other areas.’The trend towards non-expert users is also reflected in customers’ desires to have software more tailored to their application area, irrespective of the underlying mass spectrometry technique or instrument, according to Edwards. ‘Increasingly, people are asking for workflow-specific tools with whatever technology is most applicable to the samples and analytes,’ he says. A portion of Thermo Fisher Scientific’s growth has been through acquisitions and this inevitably led to a wide range of mass spectrometry techniques and instruments. It dealt with this by deciding, a decade ago, to combine all its data systems onto one platform, using virtual instrumentation technology, called Xcalibur, which is provided with all GC-MS and LC-MS instruments. ‘All our instruments output Xcalibur raw files. By the time users are ready to do processing and analysis, the data is all in the same format,’ says Edwards.‘This makes it easier to put workflow-orientated applications on top,’ he continues. These applications include specialist tools such as EnviroLab Forms and ToxLab Forms, which cater to environmental and toxicology applications respectively. And the tools can be further specialised too: for example, the regulatory requirements for environmental monitoring in the USA may not be the same as those in Europe or Asia so systems for each market need to have different methods and libraries.Speeding up the processAutomation is also an important requirement for today’s mass spectrometry software, especially for laboratories where high throughput is required. ‘Customers have described to us that they want as much automation as possible in areas that don’t really require much user involvement, such as loading samples and getting information about the samples from the LIMS, but at the analysis stage they want a higher level of user involvement,’ comments Thermo Fisher Scientific’s Edwards.An example of this is the Intelligent Sequencing capability of the company’s ToxLab application. This is a data review step that is done by the computer automatically to, for example, change the sample order. For example, in testing drugs of abuse, high concentrations of a drug like cocaine might carry over to the next sample. Traditionally, the mass spectrometrists would either have to watch all the samples and run blanks after a highly positive sample or come back and rerun any samples that showed as positive soon after the highly-positive sample, according to Edwards. However, the Intelligent Sequencing software automatically detects positive samples and inserts blank solvent samples into the sequence after the positive sample until the samples no longer show any traces of the cocaine or whatever was detected.‘This frees up the users’ time to do other things and we’ve seen great benefits of this. In one study we’ve calculated that this capability could save our customers up to $25,000 per year by freeing up the spectrometrists time to do other, less-routine tasks and not needing to repeat samples,’ comments Edwards.With the increasing power and sensitivity of the instrument hardware, and the evolving usability and capabilities provided by the software, mass spectrometry looks set to continue making its mark. What’s more, it should carry on helping to check that we and our pets are eating safely.Top image courtesy of Applied Biosystems.

What makes good a good kids' book? Publishers say the great ones share common traits Deepa Fernandes | Take Two | April 14th, 2013, 6:00am Jane O'Conner, author of the Fancy Nancy books, entertains her fans. Cynthia Weill commissioned Oaxacan artists to illustrate her baby and toddler books. Fancy Nancy has become an industry, with 60 book titles, dolls, calendars -- even an off-Broadway show Jane O’Conner’s multi-million dollar children’s book empire was born almost by accident. She was cooking dinner for her sons in 2005 and while the pots bubbled on the stove, an idea bubbled up, too. “All of a sudden,” she said, “the name Fancy Nancy flew in my head.” O'Conner fed her family. And then she went to work on what would become a best-selling storybook collection that has sold 22 million copies. Fancy Nancy is a, “sort of hothouse orchid in a family of very plain daisies,” O’Conner said. The books, which now number 60, have enticed a generation of little girls to want to read. RELATED: #KidReads: Which children's book do you or your child hold most dear? Everyone has a favorite children’s book. The stories are a linchpin of almost every culture. Some books are so irresistible, they elicit cries of: read it again! And again. These stories, which set the stage for a lifetime of reading, are often very simple. But publishers said that doesn’t mean they’re easy to write. “A good picture book tells a compelling story in 32 pages,” said Margaret Anastas, an editor at Harper Collins Kids, “which is very difficult to do because you have to establish a character, you have to make your reader fall in love with the character, and sort of embrace the story.” That, she said, is tricky. O’Conner, for instance, uses language and imagery in a compelling way. The main character, Nancy, is, according to O’Conner “words fancy.” She uses complex words that a 2- to 6-year-old might not have heard or used before (like iridescent or delectable) and a charming main character explains what these “fancy” words mean. The high-brow language is woven into fun and adventuresome stories based on ordinary everyday events. Literacy should be “fun,” said O’Conner, who describes her playful use of language in the books as “sort of like sprinkles on your ice cream cone.” As O’Conner’s character plays with language, she is simultaneously building a love for language in her young readers, said Anastas, her publisher. She knew she had a hit on her hands the moment she read the first manuscript. Anastas said the three elements to a popular children’s book are: rhythm, rhyming and pacing. Fancy Nancy fits the bill, she said. It also hit because the illustrations are rich and tell a good portion of the story – another key to a good children’s book. Yet Robin Preiss Glasser’s illustrations tell another story. “Clearly from the reaction on the faces of people at this restaurant they think they look silly,” O’Conner said. Like many best-selling kids’ books, Fancy Nancy has grown into an industry. There are over 60 titles as well as Fancy Nancy dolls, backpacks, games, clothes, bedding, sneakers, calendars, and the list goes on. There are multiple iPad apps and even an off-Broadway show. But with 5,000 children’s books published last year, not all of them can be blockbusters – and not all parents go for the big sellers. Some want more diversity of characters and stories, or even multi-lingual books. Those books often come from small publishing houses, which measure success on a much smaller scale. Because they don’t need the big numbers, they can be creative. Take the series Cinco Puntos Press published by author Cynthia Weill. They are simple books of ABC’s, Opposites and counting –but they feature beautiful Mexican Folk art and characters. Each book sold out of its first print run of between 3,000 and 5,000 copies, which the publisher’s Managing Director John Byrd describes as a success. Yet publishing these bilingual baby and toddler books was expensive. Weill drew on her relationships with indigenous Oaxacan artists, who created art sculptures that formed the illustrations for the book. Weill had originally sent the books to Scholastic, which turned her down. At a book fair years later, Byrd said a Scholastic editor flipped through Weill’s books and complimented him: “You know, we couldn’t have done these the way you have done them.” Byrd said his company, which prioritizes cross-border and bilingual Spanish-English books, manages to make a small profit and is growing. It mainly sells online, in independent bookstores and at book festivals. And its authors do a lot of promotion themselves. One author, Joe Hayes, who writes cross-border stories in Spanglish, has sold over one million copies. “We like our books to serve as both a window into a culture for kids that are outside of that culture but also as a mirror for kids that are already within that culture,” said Jessica Powers, a writer who works in publicity for Cinco Puntos. She adds that there are “not enough books being published for Latino kids.” The statistics back her up. In an annual study, the University of Wisconsin found that only 3.3% of children’s books published last year were about African Americans and 1.5% about Latinos. Even fewer were about Asian-Americans or Native Americans. “As a whole, the books being published just don’t reflect who we are as a nation in terms of diversity,” said Megan Schliesman, a children’s librarian in the University of Wisconsin’s School of Education. The university’s Cooperative Children’s Book Center complies the annual statistics on the number of kids' books by and about people of color. Schliesman said individual editors at large publishing houses are trying to combat the problem. But, she adds, “they aren’t necessarily the ones making final decisions. Their marketing and business departments are going: ‘is it going to sell?’ ” Anastas, of Harper Collins Kids, said Shliesman’s right about big publisher’s motivations. “We have to go into an acquisition meeting and justify that there is an audience for the book,” she said. That doesn’t mean the books are bad, she said. It means they have to have the potential to be popular. “At the end of the day,” she said, “our goal is to create a great product that we feel fits a need in our marketplace.”

The Washington Navy Yard shootings—and mass notification? After a gunman killed 12 people at the Washington Navy Yard on Monday, news reports say Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel will be reviewing physical security and access at all Defense Department installations around the world. Presumably, he’ll be looking at whether those facilities have mass notification systems (MNS)—because it’s not clear whether the Navy yard had one. Even if it did, it may need improvement, because news reports indicate that only fire alarms were sounding and people inside the building were running out not knowing that a man with mental health problems, Aaron Alexis, 34, a civilian contractor and military veteran, was spraying the place with bullets. For example, NBC News reported: [A] worker there, Todd Brundidge, said he heard a fire alarm go off and later saw the gunman come around the corner. "He turned our way and started firing, and we ran downstairs to get out of the building," Brundidge said. "No words. He raised the gun and started firing." And USA Today reported: Terrie Durham, an executive assistant at Naval Sea Systems Command, said a fire alarm sounded and she was trying to leave with a group of people when they encountered a shooter. "We couldn't see his face, but we could see him with the rifle," Durham said. "He raised and aimed at us and fired. And he hit high on the wall." In this case, sounding a fire alarm and having occupants leave that building may have been the right response … or would it have been better to have them shelter in place? A well-designed MNS, using the fire alarm system as its backbone, affords different options for different situations. I’ve written before—in a story on the need for MNS, also known as an emergency communication system or ECS, in schools to protect students and staff from shooters there—that the military developed mass notification systems. The need for them became apparent after a 1996 terrorist bombing at a multi-story building in Saudi Arabia where American military personnel were housed. The only way to alert building occupants was the fire alarm, but lives were lost because evacuating in response to the fire alarm meant walking into the area where the bomb exploded. The Department of Defense concluded an alert system was needed that could send a variety of messages in different kinds of emergencies, not just fires. If the Navy yard didn’t have an MNS that could have helped in this situation, that would be sadly ironic. Surveillance video ‘incriminating’ in murder case against ex-NFL star Hernandez I’ve written here before about news reports saying that security cameras in the home of former New England Patriots tight end Aaron Hernandez recorded him with a gun both hours before—and minutes after—his friend was shot to death. Now a recent story about Hernandez in Rolling Stone magazine details other surveillance and cellphone information that the article says constitutes “a honey pot of incriminating evidence” against Hernandez, who is charged with murder in the death of Odin Lloyd, a 27-year-old Boston semi-professional football player. Lloyd’s body, riddled with bullets, was found June 17 in an industrial park about a mile from Hernandez's home. Among the claims made in the fascinating Rolling Stone article is that “according to family friends, Hernandez was using angel dust and was so paranoid he always carried a gun.” The article also says that surveillance video captured Lloyd and Hernandez arguing outside a nightclub two days before his shooting. Hernandez was angry that Lloyd spoke with another man at the club who was at odds with Hernandez, according to the story. “… Hernandez was enraged," the article said. “Club security cameras allegedly capture the two men squabbling, showing Hernandez, six-two and a rippled 250, facing off with the five-11 Lloyd. The friends stopped short of throwing punches, though cameras mounted outside the club show the argument resuming in the street.” Here’s what happened next, according to the article: ... Two days after the spat with Lloyd, [Hernandez] was nursing his rubbed-raw grievance. “You can’t trust anyone anymore!” he’s heard screaming on the footage of his home-security system. Sometime that night, he reached out to a couple of Bristol [Connecticut] goons, Ernest Wallace and Carlos Ortiz – two stumble-bum crooks with long sheets of priors and no job or fixed address to lay their heads – and ordered them to take the two-hour drive to Boston on the double, telling one of them, Hurry ur ass up here … … Around 1:10 a.m., Hernandez set off with Wallace and Ortiz in a rented Nissan Altima to pick up Odin Lloyd. Hernandez’s security cams show him with what looks like a Glock .45 in hand, pacing in his living room. On the 30-mile drive to Fayston Street, a war-zone block in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, where Lloyd lived with his mother and younger sister (he’d been forced to move home after losing his job at the local utility company), the three men stopped to buy a pack of blue cotton-candy Bubblicious and a cheap cigar, the type used to roll blunts. Usually, that was Lloyd’s job – Hernandez fondly called him the Bluntmaster. Making do without him, they got to Lloyd’s house at 2:33 a.m., where a surveillance camera posted across the street showed Lloyd getting into the back seat of the Nissan. It fast became clear to Lloyd, though, that this wouldn’t be a night of hot-sheet fun. He began firing texts off to his sister, sending distress flares every few minutes. U saw who I’m with... Nfl... just so u know... The last one reached her at 3:23 a.m. Minutes later, Lloyd got out of the car in an industrial park in North Attleborough. He seemed to know what was coming, but decided to make a stand: The driver’s side mirror of the Nissan was broken off, a sign that he might have gone down swinging. On a sand-and-gravel patch, Lloyd raised his arms in defense of the first shot, and was then hit in the back twice as he turned away and fell to the ground. The gunman pumped two more rounds into his chest for good measure. The next day, cops lifted tire tracks near the body that matched the Nissan. Tracing the car back to the rental agency, police would eventually recover a .45 shell case and a wad of cotton-candy Bubblicious. And though Hernandez would monkey with his home-security system, getting rid of six hours of key recordings, and smash up the cellphone he’d turn in to cops, he’d neglect to scrub all the data they contained, handing police a honey pot of incriminating evidence. TrendNet: A Cautionary Tale? Hundreds of TrendNet customers found out the hard way that products they purchased, billed as home security cameras, weren’t all that secure. In January 2012, a hacker was able to breach TrendNet’s website, circumvent security credentials and access some 700 live-camera feeds monitoring inside customers' homes. Many of the videos were then disseminated on the Internet, a curious fact by itself in light of the complaint filed by the Federal Trade Commission, which said security flaws in the cameras allowed for the “unauthorized surveillance of infants sleeping in their cribs, young children playing, and adults engaging in typical daily activities.” The online community continues to recover from the trauma of being exposed to such tedium. But for obvious reasons, customers were unnerved. The FTC wasn't happy either. The oversight committee’s complaint alleging that TrendNet misrepresented its software as secure and failed to adequately protect its customers resulted in a settlement, which was reached last week, according to multiple reports. The story reached mainstream news. Unsurprisingly, it’s on the alarm monitoring industry’s radar as well, as I discovered in a short conversation with Stephen Doyle, executive vice president and CEO of CSAA. Doyle said he just returned from an Alarm Industry Communications Committee meeting in which 65 industry members were briefed by an industry lawyer on the legal ins and outs of the TrendNet snafu. In terms of pertinence to the industry, the case seems fringy in some respects, relevant in others. It’s true, after all, that TrendNet cameras are unattached to alarms, and designed specifically for remote monitoring of homes via smartphones and other mobile devices. But it's relevant to the industry insofar as it deals with a few topics in the forefront of people's minds. One of those topics is the viability and security of do-it-yourself monitoring systems. Another is cloud security, a topic that stands to grow in significance with the spread of IP panels, and as more companies migrate information and services to the cloud. Whether a company’s data becomes more or less secure when it’s transferred to the cloud is a hot-button industry debate with little consensus. Cloud adoption is likely to expand, but that doesn’t mean there won’t be skeptics. Either way, the TrendNet case perhaps intensifies the debate. A model ordinance, Martin said, should require all alarm systems to be registered with local police. It should mandate the use of Enhanced Call Verification, or two-call verification, a protocol that requires alarm monitoring stations to attempt to confirm a signal is valid before requesting dispatch. It should require that panels feature the newest equipment standards, meaning they are compliant with the ANSI/SIA CP-01 Control Panel Standard – Features for false alarms—a standard that minimizes the single biggest cause of false alarms: human error. Martin also emphasized the tremendous importance of strict enforcement of an alarm ordinance, but acknowledged that enforcement measures vary by municipality, and are often dictated by local politics—particularly with respect to the number of free responses permitted. The SIAC recommends no more than one or two free responses. It also recommends suspending response once a fixed number, generally between the range of six and 10, has been surpassed. Martin says this curtails chronic abuse and holds some of the larger commercial entities accountable. “You do need to stop responses,” he said. “Otherwise, the higher-end clients, commercial clients, banks in particular, will just write the check. They consider that easier. It’s the cost of doing business. But when police say they’re not going to come any longer, they have to take some kind of corrective action.” Read more about A chat with SIAC’s Stan Martin - Thursday, September 5, 2013 I received an announcement today from Davis Mergers and Acquisitions Group about super-regional security company ASG establishing a strategic relationship with Ray Cannedy Security & Investigations (RCSI), a guard company based in Wichita Falls, Texas. According to their website, RCSI is a provider of: patrol service, armed and unarmed guard service, courier service, and armored car service. Davis Mergers and Acquisitions Group represented RCSI in the transaction, the announcement said. Integration companies partnering with guard companies is a trend we've seen lately. Securitas and Convergint partnered in 2011. Here's that story. Stanley partnered with U.S. Security Associates in April. Here's that story. And in 2009 guarding giant G4S got into integration with the acquisition of Adesta. Here's that story. So I assumed at first that this was the same sort of partnership, except on a much limited basis. However, I just spoke to Ralph Masino, CFO at ASG, and he clarified that the deal was, in fact, a small account acquisition deal. RCSI historically has done both guarding and some limited alarm monitoring, he said. The company decided to shed its alarm monitoring accounts, which were acquired by ASG, Masino said. RCSI is still continuing with all of its guard services. Read more about ASG, guard company team up? Does RMR tell the whole story? - Wednesday, September 4, 2013 Today, Ken Kirschenbaum, an industry attorney, broached the topic of valuation in the alarm industry in his email to subscribers. In the monitoring space, a company’s valuation is based “exclusively on a multiple of RMR,” Kirschenbaum explains. A reason for this is that, in a sale, an alarm company isn't selling its ongoing business so much as its subscriber accounts. While the RMR multiple can shed light on the value of a company on the verge of a sale, it doesn’t tell everything. In fact, as Kirschenbaum explains in the preface to an article by Dorsie Mosher of the Davis Group, RMR multiples can fall into a wide range based on several variables, such as contract stipulations, as well as financing and accounting decisions within the company. This is why investors and financial institutions tend to prefer EBITDA—earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization—to RMR. They regard the former as the more telling valuation metric, says Mosher, because, simply put, the figure is less prone to flux due to uncontrollable variables. Through EBITDA, investors can get a better idea of how much cash will be generated to pay debts and finance future growth. “A company can have $1 million in RMR and still be losing money, which is certainly not what the investor is looking for,” Mosher writes. Kirschenbaum, for his part, believes EBITDA is not about to replace RMR multiples as the primary valuation metric in the alarm monitoring space. But when it comes to mergers, acquisitions and financing, it’s worth keeping in mind that RMR isn’t the only valuation category all parties are taking into account. Read more about Does RMR tell the whole story? Another shake-up at the top for DEFENDER Direct Just last year, I wrote about leadership changes at DEFENDER Direct, the country’s leading ADT dealer, when longtime employee Marcia Barnes took over as CEO and president, replacing company founder David Lindsey, who was stepping down to do philanthropic work. Now, about 15 months later, Barnes is out and Lindsey is back in his old job, according to a recent news release from the Indianapolis-based company. Here’s some of what the company had to say: Lindsey replaces Marcia Barnes, who has left the company to pursue other business interests. … “The board and I are grateful for Marcia’s 13 years of leadership in the company, which helped us achieve our strong growth,” said Lindsey. “Our company is at an exciting point in its journey and I look forward to continuing that momentum.” Founded in 1998, DEFENDER bills itself as the nation’s leading ADT dealer. It has more than 2,400 employees in 50 states and more than 140 branch offices, according to the company. Its residential services include offerings from Williams Comfort Air, a heating, cooling and plumbing company. Read more about Another shake-up at the top for DEFENDER Direct Business Optimization Center is key element of integrator's new world HQ - Wednesday, August 28, 2013 Aronson Security Group, the Washington-based independent integrator, is opening a new world headquarters in Renton, Wash. next week. I'll be speaking with Phil Aronson on Aug. 29 about the new headquarters and other ASG news. Look for that story next week. The official opening is Wednesday, Sept. 5., so if you're in the Seattle area, give ASG a call to see if you can attend and get a tour of their new facility. The event starts at 3 and tours will go until 6 p.m. In a prepared statement, Aronson said guests will tour ASG's new Business Optimization Center that "provides tangible examples" of how ASG ensures that an end user's security system aligns with organizational goals and also "follows a proper technology roadmap." The tour will illuminate how security data from "people, processes and ... technologies ... is gathered, organized, consumed and measured." Aronson's father founded the company in 1963, so the opening of the new HQ coincides with the systems integrator's 50th year in business. Read more about Business Optimization Center is key element of integrator's new world HQ ‘Canary’ survives coal mine, scores nearly $2 million Canary, a New York City startup with what it bills as the “the first smart home security device for everyone,” has managed to raise nearly $2 million in 35 days from prospective customers and supporters through crowdfunding. The company’s experience suggests this is a funding approach other security companies may want to take a look at. I wrote about Canary—which is both the name of the company and the home security device it sells—back in July when it launched the campaign on Indiegogo. Like a canary in a coal mine, the company was trying to see how much support it could garner from crowdfunding and set its goal at a modest $100,000. But it exceeded that on the first day. Now, with the campaign recently concluded, Canary has raised a total of $1,961,494 from 7,460 funders, according to Indiegogo’s site. Most paid to receive one or more of the devices when they’re made and shipped early next year, but 123 people paid $5 each just as supporters of the product who want to be kept updated on it as it goes into production. Was Canary’s crowdfunding experience unusual? According to a website called Android Police, the answer is "yes." Here’s what was recently written about Canary on that site: Relying on crowdfunding is inherently risky. Regardless of whether a project's on Kickstarter or Indiegogo, some never get a fraction of the funding they aim for. Others fall slightly short or, if they're lucky, barely manage to crawl over the finish line. Still, a select few completely blow the doors off. The Canary [is one of them]. Now, is this because Canary is truly the unique product it's billed to be or do crowdfunders just really like home security? Time will tell us the answer, I guess. Read more about ‘Canary’ survives coal mine, scores nearly $2 million Honeywell joins PPVAR - Tuesday, August 27, 2013 Over the weekend, the Partnership for Priority Video Alarm Response, a public-private partnership comprising stakeholders in property crime, announced the addition of a major manufacturer to its membership ranks. The company? Honeywell Security. In a PPVAR statement, Donald Young, president of PPVAR and chief information officer at Protection 1, said the following: “Honeywell will help us in our efforts to strengthen our partnerships with law enforcement using monitored video alarm as a mainstream solution.” In the same statement, Scott Harkins, president of Honeywell Security Products Americas, stated: “Honeywell is pleased that the PPVAR supports continued police response to all burglar alarms. We also recognize that video verification is an important product category as we look to the future of security.” If you synthesize these two statements, PPVAR’s message becomes clear. The organization encourages the mainstream adoption of video verification alarm systems in both commercial and residential settings, since this appears to be the trajectory monitored alarms are on. But what’s also apparent in the statement, particularly through Harkins’ quote, is that both the organization and its members remain firmly positioned as allies of the monitored alarm industry and its stakeholders in general—whether we’re talking about video monitored alarm systems or traditional ones. PPVAR's emphasis is on priority response. With monitored video alarm systems becoming more affordable, it may only be a matter of time before video verified alarm systems reach a tipping point in their adoption. It’s a development that some in the industry, as well as in law enforcement, will hail—especially as municipalities across the country continue to search for ways to mitigate false alarms.

Preparing for the 'big one' Sooner or later, Sequim will have a serious earthquake. Not a slow, largely unnoticed one, but a real mover and shaker. The Great Washington ShakeOut, scheduled for 10:18 a.m. today, Thursday, Oct. 18, is a statewide opportunity to practice the safety procedures that can save lives during a big one. The theme conveys the message: "Drop, Cover and Hold On." The ShakeOut is an opportunity to learn what to do before, during and after an earthquake. Sequim Police Chief Bill Dickinson agreed local citizens need to be prepared for a big one. "It does happen," he said. He noted that while schools practice emergency response, "Emergency managers are worried that the rest of the community is unaware of what to do." The Oct. 18 ShakeOut is the first of what organizers hope becomes an annual event. The idea is simple: at 10:18 a.m. on ShakeOut day, everyone should stop whatever they are doing — at work, at school or elsewhere — and Drop, Cover and Hold On as if there were a major earthquake occurring at that very moment. And then stay in position for at least 60 seconds. So don't be surprised to see people diving for cover — just join in. Of course, drivers and others in a position to create havoc shouldn't come screeching to a halt. There won't be any freeway closures, power outages or other simulated effects of the hypothetical earthquake. Other than that exception, every person who works, lives and plays in Washington is invited to participate in the drill. Organizers say, "The best way to ShakeOut is to personalize the experience for yourself. If you will be at work at 10:18 a.m. on Oct. 18, have your entire office practice what they would do in an earthquake. If you are at school, have your class drill. Make a plan with your family. Designate an out-of-state contact. Imagine a real earthquake and how you would actually react to it." The ShakeOut website also has a guide for families, with tips on teaching your children to Drop, Cover and Hold On. Among the ideas they present: play the "Earthquake Game." "When anyone says 'earthquake!' everyone has to pretend an earthquake is happening and practice their response." That means ducking for cover, perhaps under a sturdy table, and holding on. If the children are in a room with no suitable cover, they should crouch against an interior wall, away from windows. Find an “earthquake-safe” location in every room of the house so they don’t try to run during an earthquake.

Meningococcal Vaccine (MCV4 Vaccine) What Is Meningococcal Disease? Meningococcal disease is caused by an infection that affects the meninges. The meninges is the protective membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial infection of the meninges, called bacterial meningitis, can cause death within hours. This bacteria can also cause infections in the blood. The disease is most common in: Infants aged less than one year People aged 16-21 years old People with certain medical conditions Community settings where large groups of people gather, such as college dorms or military bases About 1,200 people in the US develop the disease each year. Approximately 10%-15% of these people die. Another 11%-19% lose their arms or legs, become deaf, have nervous system problems, or suffer strokes. Symptoms of meningitis include: Very stiff, sore neck Sensitivity to bright lights Mental confusion Symptoms in newborn and infants can be hard to notice. These may include: Unexplained high fever or low body temperature Feeding poorly or refusing to eat Tautness or bulging of soft spots between skull bones Fluid replacement What Is the Meningococcal Vaccine? There are two meningococcal vaccines available in the US: Meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4)—given as a shot into the muscle, preferred for people age 55 years or younger Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV4)—given as a shot under the skin, preferred for adults age 56 years or older Both vaccines are made from parts of the meningococcal bacteria. They do not contain live bacteria. Routine Vaccination The MCV4 vaccine is routinely given to children aged 11-12 years old with a booster dose given at age 16 years. It can also be given to children with high-risk conditions as early as two months of age. Three doses are given to teens (11-18 years old) who have HIV: Two doses given two months apart at 11 or 12 years old Booster dose at age 16 Teens who receive the vaccine late follow this schedule: If the first dose is given between 13-15 years old, the booster dose is given between 16-18 years old. If the first dose is given after 16 years old, then the booster dose is not needed. Vaccination for People at Increased Risk The following groups of people need to be vaccinated because they have an increased risk of meningitis: College freshmen who live in dorms People who work in labs who may be exposed to meningococcal bacteria People who travel to or live in areas where meningococcal disease is common People who have problems with spleen functioning or do not have a spleen People who have a weakened immune system People who have been exposed to meningitis during an outbreak Young children aged 9-23 months and others who have certain conditions need to be given two doses in order to be fully protected. People who are at high risk will need a booster dose every five years. What Are the Risks Associated With the Meningococcal Vaccine? The meningococcal vaccine, like all vaccines, has the potential to cause serious problems, such as severe allergic reactions. The risk of the vaccine causing serious harm or death is extremely small. Mild problems associated with the vaccine include redness or pain at the injection site or a fever. If you have the following conditions, you should not get the vaccine: Have had a life-threatening allergic reaction to a previous dose of the vaccine or its components Are moderately or severely ill The vaccines may be given to pregnant women. However, the MCV4 vaccine has not been extensively studied in pregnant women. It should be used only if it is clearly needed. What Other Ways Can Meningococcal Disease Be Prevented Besides Vaccination? Preventive antibiotics may be given to people in close contact with an infected person, such as: What Happens in the Event of an Outbreak? In the event of an outbreak, close contacts of infected people and people at increased risk should get the vaccine. Antibiotics may be recommended for people in close contact. Bacterial meningitis in infants and children. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:

Sharp Tools - Weapons In My Other Life, I study and practice military, strategic and political analysis. Diesel-Electrics vs. Nucs - round 720823084 This article touches on a question dear to my heart, because I love submarines. However, after reading it a couple of times, I have some problems with the argument being framed here. NOTE: I do not do this for a living, and this is just off the top of my head after reading the article in question. The first problem is that there are several enormous assumptions embedded in the argument which are never acknowledged much less addressed. Here are a few of them, in my opinion. The authors speak approvingly of the (lower) cost of AIP diesel-electrics in comparison to the current build class of U.S. SSNs. They quote a cost of $500 million/boat based on a recent sale of 212 boats from Germany to Turkey, and a procurement cost of $2 billion for the U.S. built Virginia class. There are some numbers missing here, however. First, what would the actual switchover costs be? I am assuming, myself, that the authors are proposing that U.S. industry build these AIP boats. If so, how much would it cost to produce a new design and to retool (or tool) yards to produce this new design? Are we confident that the production costs for such a boat in a U.S. yard would be comparable to the production cost in a yard which has been building similar size and technology submarines for years? Let's look at the price. The $500 million submarine displaces approximately 1,800 tons submerged. The $2 billion submarine displaces some 7,800 tons. The cost/ton of the smaller boat is therefore approx. $277,778. The cost/ton of the larger boat is approximately $256,410. Certainly the diesel boat is cheaper per unit - but does that tell us we need diesel boats, or smaller boats? If nuclear power is that much more expensive, we would expect to see a cost/ton advantage on the diesel boat which does not emerge. Admittedly, the Type 212 is one of the high-end conventional submarines on the market, with fuel cells and AIP - but would we propose building anything less capable? Is it possible to build a smaller nuclear boat, given the similarity in cost/ton? Older nuclear submarines were certainly smaller. Would a smaller nuclear design optimized for littoral missions at the expense of blue-water (as a diesel-electric would be) really be that much more expensive? What would the cost be of setting up and maintaining a support infrastructure for non-nuclear boats? At a minimum, this would include separate maintenance and logistics tails, along with new and different training for non-overlapping skillsets among crews. While I'm sure that in most cases submariners would be able to move between boats without difficulty, in at least a few engineering tracks the skill sets would not transfer. More importantly, if (as the authors note) the missions of these new boats are primarily in the foreign green water, would a new system of tenders and ports be required to support these boats on deployment? Most current users of diesel/AIP boats employ them within easy reach of home ports. By definition, U.S. Navy boats would not operate in this mode. While I'm certain these boats could self-deploy, what would having consumable fuel requirements do to their deployment ratio, with and without tenders? As part of their argument for the efficacy of diesel-electrics, the authors point to two incidents in which such submarines performed well against the U.S. Navy. However, neither incident involves the mission areas for which they advocate the procurement of these boats. Penetrating CVBG defenses in the blue-water certainly would be a mission that the U.S. Navy would allocate to its blue-water SSN force. The real question that they are posing with this example then is this - are diesel-electric boats any better at this than U.S. navy SSNs would be? There are persuasive arguments for the efficacy of the smaller AIP boat in the littorals when compared to the current SSNs of the U.S. Navy. The real question, though, is not whether diesels do that better - but whether they do it better *enough* for U.S. Navy mission profiles (long deployment distances, solo operations in harms way) to make their acquisition worthwhile? If we're mostly concerned with tracking enemy diesel-electrics, are there asymmetric means (better satellite sensors/imagery, better/more aircraft platforms) which might perform enough of that job to make this change unnecessary? There are many questions which need to be answered besides 'whether diesel-electric boats can do specific mission types better than nuclear boats' before we can begin to understand if this is a profitable direction for the U.S. The BBC falls prey to sensationalism This irks me. I don't think that anyone reasonable ever claimed that there was no such thing as a liquid explosive which could take down an aircraft. Unfortunately, all that this film shows is is that...yes, there are liquid explosives in existence which could be used in half-pint quantities to do considerable, quite possibly fatal damage to an airliner in flight. What it doesn't show is that there exist such explosives which are: Reliably transportable to the airport and onto the plane Easily prepared surreptitiously either on the flight or past the security cordon Easy to conceal and transport secretly once assembled (i.e. no strong odd smells, sudden toxic effects from the mixing process, can be effectively kept in easily-obtainable containers) Easily and reliably detonated While the film does show 'mixing actions' and what appears to be the use of a standard drinks container to hold the resulting explosive, that's not enough. I understand that they're not going to identify the compound, much less the steps required to create it. However, they do note that an 'explosives engineer' was tasked with doing this demo - and he sure looks like he's handling things gingerly during the process. Is that because he's habitually careful? Okay, but I'd be much more afraid of this if you showed me a substance that he could casually toss around in the bottle, fully prepare from (relatively) safe ingredients at his little mixing table in the field, sniff around the bottle a few times, and then walk to the plane and back without looking like he's afraid it's going to go off at any second. Again, I'm not saying that this experiment didn't, in fact, show just that kind of explosive - but my point is that we don't know that, and *those* facts about the liquid explosive in question are much more troubling and relevant to policy. The fact that it exists and can make a big bang? Not so much. We already knew that. I am tickled by the notion that in the US Navy the ships USS Stout and USS Porter can pass by each other on the high seas and their captains agree to meet for a beer later. Either the Russian Navy is practicing for decap shots at fifty klicks range, or... Heh. Stiff upper lip, chaps. She'll hold. Be cool. She'll hold. Posted by jbz at 1:10 AM Can you say 'shill'? I knew you could. Anytime someone uses the word 'wrongheaded' to describe a policy decision, it sets off alarm bells for me. Although that may just be because in the book 'Baked Potatoes: A Pot Smoker's Guide to Film and Video' there is a quote from Roger Ebert saying something like 'how anyone could be so wrongheaded as to watch movies on marijuana is a mystery to me.' But yeah, that article makes me react in exactly the same way. Posted by jbz at 11:33 PM Your Lack of Encryption Disturbs Me. From a story on a Global Hawk emergency landing by Ares, the Aviation Week blog, comes this winner of a quote: This is hardly the most dramatic in-flight emergency for the young UAS program. Earlier during testing of the Block 10, a Global Hawk conducted what appeared to be a standard self destruct sequence to the surprise of operators. They later discovered a radio tower at another base was testing its transmissions using a self-destruct code for the UAS. Though they were geographically separated, the UAS flies high enough -- around 65,000 ft. -- that the aircraft picked up the signal and followed orders, plummeting to its death. Needless to say, the testers at least got some data from that incident. Wow. Let me get this straight - the 'self destruct' code for a Global Hawk is either a) something simple enough that another station might decide to pick it accidentally as a test pattern, or b) is something that said radio stations (assuming they are Air Force) have decided is a perfectly fine pattern to use for transmitter testing. Either way, Houston, we have a problem. Disposable bots and security theater So according to Gizmodo, the Ember mini swarm bot from iRobot is designed to be small and cheap so that "they could be left behind on the battlefield if needed." So yeah, it wouldn't be hard to pick up one of these things, stuff an IED in it, and then leave it in a current oparea. Not at all. I Mourn me the B747 A while back, a colleague and I were adamant that the U.S.'s 'Next generation bomber' could and should be a militarized 747 variant. Our rationale was that it had similar carrying capacity in terms of cargo weight, was a well-understood and readily-available airframe, and offered ample volume for military systems to be added. In addition, the military already operated several 747s. We heard many arguments about why it couldn't be done, but none that we really 'bought' - they all sounded like 'because we don't want to fly civvy air!' to us. However, recently I was speaking with an Air Force colonel who is also a B-52 pilot, and he offered the best-explained reasons it won't work. The 747, as a civilian airliner, is a hollow tube of a monocoque fuselage designed to be pressurized during flight. In addition, the cylindrical nature of that fuselage is what allows it to evenly distribute the forces generated by said pressure across the structural members. A bomb bay, however, must by definition be at ambient pressure. It should be at such before opening in order to avoid sudden pressure changes, and of course it will be once it's opened. The issue is that if you were to section off a part of that cylinder and move it 'outside' the pressurized area, then the load on the bulkhead separating it from pressure will tend to concentrate on structural points rather than evenly distributing - and this will cause difficulty making the airframe strong enough to perform properly. Even if it can bear the strain, the cycles of pressure differential during normal operation will lead to increased metal fatigue. Weight and Balance The weight of the weapons a bomber intends to dispense must be placed as close to the center of gravity (or, at least, the fore/aft balance line) as possible. That way the sudden change in the aircraft's weight profile while dropping ordnance is balanced. On the BUFF and other 'high-wing' bombers, the mainspar passes through the fuselage high enough that the bomb bay can be placed very close to if not directly astride the midpoint of the wings. This means that when the ordnance is released, the airplane lightens but does pitch up or down at all. On a 747, however, the mainspar is low - it passes through the lower part of the fuselage in order to maximize cabin space. As a result, the bomb bay cannot be placed directly below the wing balance line, but can only be placed fore or aft of the mainspar, with consequent disruption to the aircraft balance. In addition, airliners are built (my advisor says) to travel sedately and predictably from one place to another. While their airframes are designed to handle external stresses from turbulence, they are not built with the intention of the aircraft suddenly shifting its internal structural load as it dispenses ordnance. Again, you'd end up with metal fatigue or failure without significant changes to the airframe. I mentioned the Evergreen Aviation 747 water bomber. He agreed that the water bomber could carry a cargo weight equivalent to ordnance, but pointed out that the tankage for this cargo could be aligned overtop the mainspar and the water dispensed from valves, not large bays. I checked their website, and yep, he's right - not only that, the dispense system is done via pressurizing the tank, so once it's empty it can be sealed and remains pressurized to avoid pressure differentials weakening the airframe. Finally, the water bomber is intended to drop its cargo low and slow - around 400 to 800 feet, at a speed of 140 knots, or just 30% above stall speed. Thus, even if the tanks were not pressurized, there would be a negligible difference between internal and external pressure. I'm almost convinced. :-) Not that I doubt him, but I still think there's a role for a commercial heavy-lift airframe in the bombing missions the U.S. has seen. The USSR once threatened to treat all Boeing airframes as enemy targets if the U.S. built weapon-carrying versions - at least, I've heard that from various pilots, although I can't immediately dig up a source - and whether true or not, it points out a problem of militarizing the 747 airframe. KAL-007 was shot down despite being obviously a transport, and various persons associated with the shootdown maintained that it was 'easy to convert a 747 into a reconnaissance platform.' In other words, "this is a risk, but gee, it's not enough of a risk to not do this. Anyway, the only people we'd scare are China and Russia, and we can use the hotline and brief them about where these things are so they don't get nervous when one pops the cork." First point in rebuttal: Yes, you're quite correct, Russia and China are the only nations with a really good capability of detecting the launch of one of these. But since those are the only two nations with whom we're seriously worried about having an actual missile-based nuclear exchange, that would seem to me to make this argument entirely null and void. "Oh, don't worry, the only people that would see it anyway are the only other hostile ones with missiles." Uh, what? Second point in rebuttal: Let me get this straight, you want to allow hostile nations the take from a monitoring system aboard our ballistic missile submarines? How is that a good idea? Honestly. Even if you dedicate a boat to this mission and only put monitors on that one, the only way that you're going to be able to offer any reassurance at the time of firing is by continuously telling your adversary where this submarine is. Color me stupid, but doesn't that completely miss the point of having a submarine in the first place? Also, even if you only give that information to Russia and China...wait, you're assuming Russia and China won't give the information to states we might be having issues with? Moving on. Why, in fact, do they think we might want such a capability? They offer two main target sets. One: hostile missiles preparing for launch. Two: 'high-value' targets of opportunity, like, say, Osama bin Laden, who we need to hit before they can get away. Sigh. Okay, let's start with number one. If you see somebody prepping a missile. There are three reasons this would concern us. One, that missile can hit U.S. sovereign territory (I WILL NOT use the fucking word 'Homeland.') Two, that missile can hit a U.S. ally. Three, that missile can hit deployed U.S. military forces. Let's take those in turn. The only powers which at present can deploy missiles which threaten U.S. sovereign territory are...wait for it...yes, that's right: our allies, and Russia and China. No matter what they tell you about needing missile defense in central Europe, Iran cannot presently hit the United States with a missile. Even if they were to get a couple of nuclear weapons, you'd have to convince me that they'd think the best thing to do would be to stick them on a missile which (if past performance is any guide) has only a partial chance of working, and then fire it at us. Won't wash. Furthermore, the only type of missile where you're going to get this kind of warning is a liquid-fuelled missile. Who typically uses those? Well, Iran and other small missile players, and...China. Hm. If we can't deter China from using nuclear weapons on missiles, we've already lost, people. Unless you're trying for a splendid first strike against a nation that at least technically has SSBNs. Even if they only have one, don't you think they'd be smart enough to send it to sea before trying this mad stunt? Moving on. Hitting an ally. Well, that's true - there are a lot of U.S. allies that are within missile range of our favorite threat axes. But again, is an ICBM the best way to handle this? Let me ask a more disruptive question - how do you know there's a nuclear weapon on top of that missile? If you don't know, then popping off an ICBM seems like a really bad response. It may make me a realist bastard, but I honestly can't say that firing an SLBM in anger is better than letting an HE warhead of the size you can stuff on top of an IRBM get launched, even at an ally. One thing we know about those missiles, from experience - they're incredibly inaccurate. And if they've only got HE on them, I'd prefer we not take the risk. Three. Hitting deployed U.S. forces. If there are U.S. forces in sufficient numbers on the ground in the vicinity (I say on the ground, because you're not going to hit a moving ship with the kinds of missiles we're talking about) then there's no reason for them not to a) be prepared to take cover and b) attempt to engage the missile either with boost-phase systems or with last-ditch systems like THEL if possible. Again, though, there's no reason to be firing SLBMs. The second target set is 'high-value targets.' Let me just ask this. Do we really want to get into the habit of using SLBMs to try to kill individuals? Even at the most optimistic, the Trident-II has a CEP in the dozens of meters, and it will take it twenty to thirty minutes to reach its target once it has been fired. And once it fires, it's going, there's nothing you can do about it. If the target is in any kind of built-up area, you've just called down an ICBM strike on that area, no matter what - and while you might not hit the target, you're going to do a shitpot of damage to something. If we're going to be shooting at individuals, I want good enough intelligence that we can take the time to send a manned platform or at least a UAV with a man in the loop to take the shot. I cannot posit a target set of the 'ooh it might move!' type that is worth firing a nuclear strike system in anger over. I keep harping on about this being a nuclear strike system. That's because it is. When you fire it, you will be firing a weapon system that has existed for fifty-five years with only one purpose, hammered into the minds of everybody in the world who cares about this: launching nuclear weapons. That's what an SLBM does, up to now. I don't care how well you know that this one is different - you're worried about every other force that sees it launch; and not only that, you're asking them to successfully decide, under the threat of immense pressure and short decision cycles, that this SLBM is 'different' and is 'not a threat.' The only time I'm comfortable with the notion of firing these things at all is in designated test ranges, and with advance warning of scheduled tests. So why this proposal? I have to say that it's part and parcel of the struggle the Navy is having trying to figure out what its purpose and mission is in today's world. The Ohio boats, and the missiles they carry, are indeed an awesome technological achievement. They have served admirably (and will continue to do so) as a nuclear deterrent. Don't, whatever you do, do anything that might detract from that mission. These aren't attack submarines. They're boomers. We want them safe and concentrating on one job, which we hope they never have to do. I don't want Ohios as a 'first response option' in any way, shape or form. If we're that desperate to spend the money on quick strike, put it into a hypersonic spaceplane which you can hang bombs off of. I'd support that. I think the blocky objects on the turret seen here on a burned-out tank in Tskhinvali are reactive armor modules (best seen in picture #4). Given that they didn't burn or explode when the tank burned out, I could be wrong, but I'm not sure. If they are reactive armor blocks, it would make me nervous to have high-explosive modules sitting around where folks can grab them. Of course, given what just went on in Georgia, that may be the least of anybody's problems. The use of the word 'Domino' Spectacular or at least completely disruptive damage to the oil/gas pipeline infrastructure with dubious or unknown actors Whether or not NATO will and can get the Georgian contingent in Iraq back in-theater, and where they will take them (and how, if Russia has command of the skies and ports, which they appear to) Seriously, if I were the Georgian policy-making or strategic community right now and felt that I'd miscalculated the Russian response to my arty-heavy COIN push, I'd be thinking of how to further cement the mindshare advantage that Georgia seems to enjoy right now. The problem as I see it is that although Georgia might have this sort of public opinion and diplomatic advantage, modern Georgia has two real economic centers - the pipelines and the cities. The Russians have the ability to destroy the cities. The quickest way is to simply enlist Georgian help by trying to pen Georgian forces inside them and then engaging, which according to some reports has already happened in Tskhinvali to the point of utter destruction. Other reports have Georgian units flowing into Gori(?) and other cities in what looks like an attempt to preserve units by forting up; however the Russians are experienced with urban reduction and combat (see Grozny). The Georgians may just figure that if they lose the cities there's not much left in any case so they might as well try to link force preservation to urban centers. As for the pipeline, Western Europe's winter fuel is (in a large part) due to come through those pipes. As others have said, if Russia pushes far enough to look like they're going after the pipelines then they will signal a quite different set of objectives from either the initial 'securing the enclaves' strategy or even 'consolidating control of their borders' - it starts to look like a serious economic petropolicy grab. Don't know what the outcome of that will/would be, but it's certainly a different animal from the simple intervention in Georgiag/Ossetian/Abkhazi affairs that it has been sold as. Given this, it would be to Georgia's advantage if pipeline disruption occurred that could be blamed squarely on Russia. It would make the strategic space much more fluid, especially as affects Western Europe/NATO and the UN, if that pipeline is seen to be affected by the Russian push past the enclaves. So I have to wonder at what point bombing it themselves starts to look good in principle (already has, I'd guess, if they could reliably pull off the blame-switch) and at what point it starts to look viable in reality. More as it happens. I have been fearfully lax in keeping up on my terrain and ORBAT data for this dustup, so I'll have to remedy that. If you're curious, go read Information Dissemination, War Is Boring, The New York Times or others. Rust vs. paint Hm. I need to find data on how long a standard ship coating takes to degrade to rust. I just realized that of the ships I'm looking at, it's fairly easy to determine which are in use based on their coloration; brown is rust, and if the topside of a ship is showing lots of rust, then either a) it hasn't been painted yet (it's under construction) or b) it's laid up and nobody is maintaining it. Usually, b). Cack-handed photo interp I know, I'm a geek. Anyway, I did find the following. India, according to GlobalSecurity.org and my copy of the Naval Institute's Combat Fleets of the World, has five D 51 Rajput class destroyers in service - these are modified Kashin class ships built by the Soviets in the early 1980s. According to GlobalSecurity, two are homeported at Visak., and the other three at Mumbai. However, I find four of the five at Visakhapatnam - one steaming out of the channel, and three at quayside, with two looking like they're being worked on to some light degree. I'm wondering if these ships are prepping for decommissioning? Or just refitting? Or just a port visit? Dunno. This is the kind of stuff I spend braincycles worrying about. I know, I know. More Photo Interp errors Doh. I was self-checking, and it looks like I totally missed the actual named V2 test stand - Test Stand 7. I found it on Google Earth after reading a reference that told me what quadrant of the island it was in. Took me 25 minutes, and I was only sure after designating it as 'my guess' and then checking with WWII aerial recon photos. How to waste a couple hours of a military geek's time An open-source photo interpretation challenge! Peter Zimmerman and Jeffrey Lewis offer up a photointerpretation exercise for those of us who consider ourselves wonks. I took 2:45 to do the exercise (45 mins too long, unfortunately) but I didn't do badly. I found and ID-ed all the aircraft; correctly analyzed the airfield, found both power plants (but flunked on identifying one of them). I found both naval vessels and ID-ed them (one on the second go, after I realized that Google Earth has a 'measurement' tool) and found the railroad, the Fi-103 launch area (but not the ramps) and was mostly correct identifying WW2-era ruins. I mistakenly pointed out some more modern buildings, but gave myself a quarter-point because I'd hedged on those, saying the roofs looked too new. :-) I found two V-2 test stand areas. I almost drove myself nuts trying to find the V-1, but Peter withdrew that as a target; he says it's impossible to see the way it's mounted. So, all in all, not too shabby. The Competent Munition is no more One of the first actual military projects I worked on was the Competent Munition program at the Charles Stark Draper Lab, in Cambridge, in the early/mid 1990s. It was a GPS and (optionally) inertial guided round for the USN's 5"/54 gun systems. I see via Wired that the ERGM, its eventual program name, has been cancelled. I don't know the story; I do know that a lot of really cool technology was created and stuffed into really tiny and really harsh environments in order to make the Competent Munition/ERGM a going concern. I don't really have any feelings one way or the other about its cancellation, but I do wonder about the progress and course the project ended up following. If I don't find a decent summary somewhere in the wake of its cancellation, maybe that would make a fun paper. Gun silliness I have never really been in favor of issuing handguns to pilots 'to defeat terrorism,' for a couple of reasons which nobody has been able to argue me out of. First of all, the cockpit of an airliner is the last place I want a gunfight. Second, if the pilot is at his or her duty station, then no matter what other person he shoots at, they will likely have passengers directly behind him or her. Finally, deliberately placing guns on civil aviation flights just seemed to me to be asking for accidents which really had a higher probability than a skyjacking, and given what bullets do to airplanes, that seemed a bad idea. Of course, I did tell myself that at least they'd likely have appropriate equipment. Today I read this, and the first thing I thought after saying "Yep, there you go, unintended discharge in flight" was hey, wait a minute, don't they make ammunition specifically for use in situations like this? Well, yes, yes they do, and it's called Reduced Recoil, Low Penetration ammo and seems to be a type of frangible ammunition. I really, really, really want to know if that pilot's USP was loaded with RRLP ammo. If it wasn't, I want to know why not. This ain't your daddy's war. Can anyone seriously imagine grounding an entire aircraft type in World War II because one of them deconstructed in midair? I sure can't. I'm not saying we shouldn't ground them. I'm saying that this is yet another example of our nation demonstrating that it's not at 'full military power' - which, to me, is what our military (especially the Air Force) is for. If you're not fighting to preserve core objectives (and by definition, if you can shut down a major component of your ground strike, you're not really as a nation doing so) then take a good hard look at why and where you're fighting. Is this trip really necessary? Shades of the V-1 And don't tell me "but these would be automatic/safer/newer/fanfuckingtastic drones" because the particular error is irrelevant. The point is that if we build it and fly it, it's going to fall out of the sky at some point for some reason. You accept that fact every time you step on board an airplane, and you play your odds. The point is, though, that the way to cope with this is not to claim 'oh we'll fix that in the next release' because there is no way to 'fix' the fact that aircraft occasionally stop flying uncontrollably. You can, however, mitigate the risks of this fact of life. One crucial way to mitigate this risk is to avoid stationing aircraft over highly busy and populated areas (like major U.S. airports). The irrepressible Ted Postol has an op-ed in the Times in which he states that the U.S. should accept Putin/Russia's offer to cooperate on missile defense warning systems vis-a-vis potential Iranian launches. I agree with him. This is probably somewhat due to the fact that he taught and trained me (yes, there is a distinction). I would add that the issues Ted explicitly punts in this Op-Ed are extremely important - namely, whether missile defense can be effective and, by implication, whether it should be done at all. Of course, it's an op-ed, and to get it published it needs to be on point; that's why he punted, but his explanation of such manages to get the fact that those issues are important into the debate nevertheless ("Whatever you do, don't think about an elephant.") I am a gun geek. For all those who can tear up when presented with the emotions of a cadre of men and women towards a beautiful, ungainly, lethal, graceful, clunky, distinctive, iconic metal bird... ...a farewell to the F-14 Tomcat, from some of those who knew them. hat tip Defense Tech Best Quote Yet on DPRK's Fizzlebangs From Jeffrey Lewis at ArmsControlWonk.com: "I close this discourse about operational confidence by noting that the United States has built a missile defense that does not work, to defend against a North Korean missile that does not work, that would carry a nuclear warhead that does not work. This is all very postmodern." This is a good use for a military. We need a task force for this, stat. Moreover, I think Rumsfeld should be in personal command. Seriously, though, drop birds not bombs, baby. Sheer, unending torture ...is when an author whose work you respect and enjoy publishes one of your favorite books ever, and as far as anyone can tell has had one and maybe two more books in the series written ready to go for coming on ten years now but they're not published. The sample chapters for The AI War and The Man-Spacething War are enough to make me break things in frustration. ABM BUFFs? Um, we're putting Boost Phase Interceptors on B-52s? GO TED The irrepressible Ted Postol (from whom I was once privileged to learn a teensy bit about weapons system analysis) is still at it, and has produced a simple diagram explaining why putting medium-range missile interceptors in Poland to defend against Iranian missiles is a bad idea not only for geopolitical reasons but (as is his specialty) for simple technical ones. Namely, it's an easily defeatable 'defense', and to make matters worse, it's defeatable by the target (Iran) launching weapons at Poland (where the interceptors are) because the proposed U.K. based radar has too high a horizon to see them if they take this (lower) trajectory - unless you put complete radar systems and the like at the Poland site, which in turn causes yet more trouble with the proposal (and produces yet more hit-it-first motivation). Dr. Postol has a knack for taking complex strategic and policy arguments and finding problems with them based on strict physics which cut across party lines. Of course, this tends to make various people very irritated with him an awful lot of the time. On the other hand, it also (in my opinion) means that issues he investigates tend to have more of their fights center around actual fact-based problems, which is (again in my opinion) a plus. Sea Swap and the SSN fleet Some time back I wrote a paper on sizing the U.S. Attack Submarine (SSN) fleet, in which I attempted to come up with a mission-based methodology for producing a fleet size. This was pre-9/11 but post Cold War. One of the largest factors of the final size was the deployment ratio, or the number of boats required total in order to maintain a certain number on station at sea. The deployment ratio that could be attained made a huge difference in the total number of hulls required, obviously, as a multiplier. A question that I asked but wasn't able to satisfactorily answer was "Why can't the Navy dual-crew SSNs the way they dual-crew SSBNs?" It's nice to know I at least managed to get something close to right - i.e. yes, that number was important; yes, the Navy thought so too, enough that they experimented, and yep, it makes a big difference. Divine Strake, Bunker Busters, and the Jackhammer Buff So the Hot New Argument is of course whether or not the U.S. is actually seriously considering using nuclear penetrators to go after the Iranian nuclear (enrichment?) facility at Natanz. Arguments over how much cover (twenty meters? Seventy-five meters? Measured from the floor? The ceiling?) and over what type of cover (bored? Cut and cover? Rock? Shale? Soil and broken rock?) are the rage. An enormous conventional explosion test named Divine Strake is planned for this summer at the Nevada Test Site. This has gotten many panties in twists about the legality, morality, and desirability of the U.S. pursing nuclear earth-penetrating weaponry - either the development, testing, deployment or use thereof. Which begs the question, what else do you use? One method which has been mentioned several times is the 'multiple bomb' technique. This has much to recommend it, in my opinion. Unlike 'global thermonuclear war' scenarios, where the use of nuc penetrators might in fact be a relatively scaled response, when going up against a developing nuclear power I am firmly in the 'this is a bad, bad, BAD idea' camp. While it's true that 'carpet bombing' is not likely to be very effective, recent technologcal developments offer an alternative. I'm not talking about smart bombs per se. Those are seeking weapons, and there will be no designator signal available for them to home on - even if there was, it would be a near-impossible task to hold such a designator on a spot steady enough to produce the 'multiple strike excavation' required. Furthermore, scene-matching or target-recognition will be complicated by the fact that after the first bomb hits, the scene will of course be unpredictably (and dramatically) changed - at least enough to deny subsequent targeting systems accurate enough fixes. However, competent munitions - in other words, navigating weapons - would be just the ticket. Typical U.S. gravity bombs can be coupled with a navigating tailkit and tail-mounted fuze for cratering use; the bomb itself costs approximately $4,200.00 and the guidance/fusing units in the low tens of thousands. While a 2,000 lb. bomb does not produce a very deep crater - feet, perhaps - the use of DGPS guided tailkits could quite possibly drop successive bombs within a quite small CEP - probably well within the crater size. Given that the U.S. has plenty of time to go about this, what's to stop us simply hammering away at the same spot with these weapons? There are many advantages. Collateral damage is hugely minimized compared to the ridiculous use of a high energy weapon. No matter what the politicians tell you, this is a nuclear weapon. This will not be like an 'underground nuclear test' where the device is placed carefully in a hole drilled several hundred feet into the earth, then sealed in, and detonated. No matter what, there is a chance of weapon failure; of the breach of the physics package at the surface or above it; of insufficient penetration and detonation in atmosphere. Think about that for a moment. Even if everything works except for the fact that it doesn't quite go that deep - and remember, they're trying to find it if it will reach seventy five feet, when test site tunnels are much, much deeper than that - then you have an atomic detonation. In the atmosphere. On a foreign sovereign nation. The United States has just used atomic weapons on someone's country. We haven't 'destroyed a nuclear facility using a contained explosion.' We haven't 'prevented another country from irresponsibly gaining nuclear weapons.' We have attacked another nation with atomic weapons. Back to the point. The Gravity Bomb Tapdance method is much, much cheaper. At $4,200 per bomb unit and let's say $50,000 per navigation kit, even if you decided to throw a hundred bombs at the target, you're still only in $5,420,000. I'm not sure what a B61 warhead costs, but I know it probably has on the order of six to eight kilograms of Pu-239 in it. You do the math. A Tomahawk strike? The newest, cheapest Tomahawk cruise missiles (which don't penetrate the ground) cost around $750,000 each. You could minimize the number of sorties required to produce this effect, as well. A B-52H Stratofortress, which can drop the Mk.84 LDGP bomb, can carry 45 of them using the HSAB wing mounts as well as internal load. So two B-52 missions could drop 90 weapons. One design study I would love to see is if there is enough excess energy in the profile of a Mk. 84 to allow the attachment of retarding kits and ballutes to the rear of some of the weapons in the loadout, and then to simply drop the entire stick and have the navigation systems fly varying arcs so as to produce staggered 'time on target' arrivals. If the first weapons released went for maximum glide, and the later ones went for maximum retard, then dropped the retarders while still at altitude in order to gain velocity, it might be possible? Anyway. Ideally, you would be able to just upload a target coordinate to all the weapons in a BUFF loadout at once, and then simply pickle the entire load. Weapons would arrive in quick succession. For maximum cratering effect, in addition to tail-mounting the fuzes, some basic case hardening work might be done on the bombs themselves; perhaps strengthen the noses. After all, the British built purely gravity bombs in World War Two (the 'Tallboy') that broke the sound barrier, and penetrated up to a hundred feet of soil before exploding. Those weapons weighed approximately six tons, and were dropped from only fifteen to twenty thousand feet from Avro Lancasters (by the famed 617 squadron, originally on the U-Boat pens in France, later on the V-3 supergun system and other targets). If you wanted to sex up the idea more, and actually build new weapons, then the first thing I would do is take a look at the French Durandal cratering munition. This weapon, designed to be dropped at low altitude against runways, was intended to be 'lobbed' upwards slightly by a fighter/bomber...at which point it would tip over and fire a short-lived but powerful booster rocket to give itself downwards vector and slam through the runway surface before detonating. Perhaps you could design a new Mk. 80 tailkit that had the DGPS navigation system and a final-seconds booster - once the weapon was within say a hundred feet of its target ground point, and knew it was on profile, it could ignite the booster. That might give it another few feet of penetration before detonation. The good part is that that could possibly be just added to a tailkit system as well. In any case, it's quite possible there are massive holes in this idea, which is not original...I just played with it a bit. Some colleagues and I have been tossing that one around ever since Gulf War I and the 'Hardened Penetrator Weapons' that were ginned up for the command and control bunkers, and others have tossed it around as well. Maybe I should do some math...I used to have some data on Mk. 84 cratering effects somewhere, damn it. Where's my copy of GWAPS? It's not often I get to read something in the New York Times that talks about an idea I was kicking around a couple of years ago as 'The Hot New Thinking.' But (if I might be excused for blowing my own horn) I got to do that today. Any of my MIT colleagues who argued with me about that idea are welcome to start arguing again. :-) :-) Dave? Chris? :-) Let's be fair: this is not new. It's part of an ongoing debate between 'kill count' and 'zone control' that's been going on in counterinsurgency circles since, oh, the first colonial wars, probably. But the only reason this article is 'now making the rounds' in Washington is because the solution runs directly counter to the 'transformative way of war' that Donald Rumsfeld etc. were busy selling during the initial Iraq war planning. Their problem (as some folks outside the Washington agency navelgaze have always yelled) is that that 'new way of war' was really a 'really good way to fight militaries that looked like ours.' It speaks not at all to the problems of actually handling nation-building (oh right, we weren't going to do that) or of providing after-war stability(see, that would have required having a plan other than 'Iraqis will throw roses at us'). Grazie molto, camerati! Despite being riddled with technical inconsistencies (cougherrorscough), this article does present an interesting problem if what it posits is true. Expect to see everything from hysteria over terrorist access to said weapons to environmentalist panic with a great deal more reason behind it, although unfortunately I'd have to say the Bay of Naples really probably wouldn't notice. Obviously, they're needed for hunting. Clearly, assault-style weapons with 20-round clips are perfectly appropriate for deer hunting. Bless the NRA, and more importantly, bless our nation's leadership for allowing the assault weapons ban to expire, in gutless fear of the NRA! Now we can be sure that those who really need such arms for the annual season can easily get hold of them. What the hell is wrong with a bolt-action .30-06, anyway? Nobody has a sense of tradition anymore. I mean, hell, if a bolt-action is good enough for U.S. Army Snipers (M24 Sniper Rifle) then suck it up. If you miss the deer on the first shot, well, the deer won. Maybe s/he gets away that time. Is that so bad? If you wound the deer on the first shot, then work for your dinner. Use the bolt. If you have to track the poor thing down and finish it off, well, consider it your penance for missing - and do better next time. Or use a bow. The one time I've been hunting for live game, I used a longbow. It took me all day and six lost arrows to get that rabbit, but damn he was tasty. Now, if I had to feed myself doing that, I'd likely starve. Heh. But I consider it sporting. Either that rabbit had eight or nine chances to escape, or eight or nine of his cousins got away from me first. The defense policy wonk-o-sphere is abuzz with the recent widely-reported results of Operation 'COPE INDIA' - a joint U.S./Indian Air Force exercise near the Indian base at Gwalior that took place in February. That it took place was not noteworthy - what is noteworthy is the degree of frankness with which U.S. Air Force personnel are admitting that they got a big ol' can of Subcontinental Whoop-Ass opened up on 'em. From the Associated Press: "'We may not be as far ahead of the rest of the world as we thought we were,' said Gen. Hal M. Hornburg, the chief of Air Combat Command, which oversees U.S. fighter and bomber wings." In general, it is being reported that in some contests, the Indian Air Force took up to 90% of the engagements. The USAF is, predictably, harping with concern over the age of the F-15C (the fighter used in these competitions and the US's mainstay air superiority platform) and pointing to these results as evidence that recent lack of investment in US air superiority is coming due. The most telling numbers I've seen on this issue is the comparison of training time - if the Indian Air Force receives almost twice the pilot-hours per month as the USAF, under more operational conditions, this result is hardly surprising. �One of the largest advantages the U.S. has enjoyed over its adversaries is in training. �Training and planes are expensive, and as has been true for some time, the U.S. has found it easy to outspend its opponents. �Note that training does, in fact, increase pilot proficiency; this is not meant as a slap at American pilots. There are some tidbits that bear thinking about, IMHO. �Perhaps largest, for me, is the 'big picture' elephant that isn't in the room - the F-22. �Recent Air Force statements and reports have indicated that the USAF feels that the F-22 is a 'make or break' platform, one to which they are willing to sacrifice the R&D and even procurement of other platforms such as the V-22 and the JSF. �It represents the continuation of USAF technical superiority over notional adversaries. �The F-15 platform is, indeed, aging; therefore, it makes sense for the USAF to indicate that these recent contests might point out the need for a more advanced fighter. Except for one thing: the prominent mention by several parties that one of the most effective aircraft in the Indian arsenal was not the vaunted MiG-29 or Su-27 variants, but the Bison - an upgraded MiG-21, which is originally of 1960s vintage. �The MiG-21 cannot in any way be called technologically superior (or even on a par with) the F-15C. �Therefore, it is somewhat strange to hear the USAF say that it needs a more modern fighter, as demonstrated by their defeat at the hands of a fighter significantly older than their own platform. I realize this is speculation without data. �It is quite possible (likely, I think) that the main asset of the MiG-21, its high sprint speed, was utilized in concert with the capabilities of the other aircraft mentioned on the Indian team - Su-30, etc. - to create tactical situations which the less-numerous American forces were unable to defeat. �The MiG-21bis 'Fishbed N' (which I am assuming the Indians were using) was manufactured up to 1987 - it has an upgraded engine, more modern avionics and better arms than the original. �Most importantly, it remains a lightweight, high thrust airplane with a high top speed - better able than larger aircraft such as the MiG-29 and Su-27 to match the F-15C's high thrust-to-weight ratio and hence performance. Nevertheless, it is difficult to see how the F-22 would better answer the problem than increased and revised training - especially since the F-22 will not be available in numbers even to match the F-15, suggesting that the outnumbered USAF teams were going to be rule rather than exception in the future. An additional piece of information I would have appreciated is whether the engagements were fought 'open,' or were restricted to visual target range or fought from BVR. �I would suspect that the more maneuverable MiG-30 and zippier MiG-21s being singled out as stars indicate that close-in engagements negated much of the USAF's traditional electronic advantage and distance engagement experience. This, sadly, is not the first time this has happened, and probably won't be the last - when a soldier's concerns are slapped down by those above him in the name of politics and PR. There was a movie about this, recently, which (except for the name of the system under development) could have been written for this very situation. Its name was The Pentagon Wars, and it recounted similar behavior on the part of Army brass during the development of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle. If you care, it starred Cary Elwes and Kelsey Grammar. Ironically, the Bradley is now the 'older, more trustworthy' system that the current commanders are trying to retain or get more of, rather than trust the Stryker and its 'Rube Goldberg' protections. Why not Comanche? There may be a legion of reasons the Army would like to pull funding from the RAH-66 Comanche program, as was announced today. There may be a myriad of epic backroom politics, a plethora of front-chamber deals, and perhaps even a personal grudge or six involved. I don't know. I, personally, fixate on one aspect of the whole situation: the Silver Bullet Syndrome. Put bluntly (and the Army has, publicly) we just don't need the Comanche at this time. I am personally somewhat surprised that an Armed Service has apparently decided to give up a 'sexy new' program in order to (they claim) handle the more mundane demands of force integration and readiness, but here we are. I will strike out on a limb and state that personally, I consider this but the first high-profile casualty of the current state of 'continuous sort-of war' that the United States seems to have slid into. For those not in the know, the Comanche was to be the Army's next-generation 'armed reconnaissance' helicopter. It was to be stealthier than the Apache, faster than the current scout, the OH-54 Kiowa, and armed somewhere between the two. The concept was aired almost twenty years ago, when the demands on Army Aviation were fairly fixed - support the ground force maneuver war doctrine, against a notional large-scale armored and mechanized opponent in the European theater. Under those conditions, an armed scout made sense. On a fluid mechanized battlefield, the most lethal threats a helo was likely to face were mounted air defense platforms such as the ZSU-23, and perhaps high-tech MANPADS in the hands of infantry - but only at close range. The role of the scout helicopter was to range ahead of the main force, locating targets, calling in fires, and - if necessary - providing emergency fast-moving firepower to augment lighter units. The Apache was the firepower, really; heavily armed, and armored, it was intended to go in harm's way by ambushing oncoming units. Using it to perform interdiction strikes and more offensive sweep operations, as the Army began to do in the Gulf War, was not originally on its agenda. Fast forward to today. Iraq and Afghanistan have shown that the most severe threat to helicopters is not high-tech; it's low-tech. Massed small-arms fire, RPGs and man-portable automatic weapons are by far the most common threat to American helicopters operating in the field. While there are, indeed, MANPADS strikes on helos, they are (so far) exclusively IR guided, line-of-sight shots - against which the vaunted stealth of the Comanche offers no protection. Furthermore, in such operating conditions, two things offer better chances of survival - armor and redundancy, as the Apache has, or massive suppressing fire, which the Apache also has. A large degree of survivability could be added to the existing utility helo fleet through the installation of flare and chaff dispensers, perhaps; but this costs money. The Army notes another problem. There is no standard aviation unit at present. There is a wild mix of airframes and numbers across the various aviation brigades in the force; Reserve units are still using 1970s AH-1s and UH-1s instead of Apaches and Blackhawks. This means that there is almost no commonality in the logistics tail between a frontline unit and its reserve aviation component. Basically, the Army is proposing to take the huge chunks of money already allocated to Comanche - $17 billion at minimum, through 2010 - and to refit the existing units with aircraft identical to the present frontline units, as well as to upgrade the existing aircraft with survivability and lethality improvements, and to fund the readiness of the aviation component. This is a fairly radical proposal for American defense procurement. Note that they're not talking about giving the money back, just spending it elsewhere. The base effect would be to ensure that when units are deployed, they would deploy with a common set of aircraft; to ensure that there are additional heavy attack helos (Apaches) to meet demand, and to fund long-lead and marginal spares and training to keep availability up. This doesn't leave us entirely without scouts; the OH-54D Kiowa Warriors are not all that old, and will be around for some time. Plus, the Apache Longbow upgrades include the addition of a mast-mounted sensor array (MMS) similar to what the Warriors carry; these units will be able to perform the original mission - long-range scouting in a maneuver battle - and purchasing additional units means that they can do so without detracting from the available combat power of the main force. There are, of course, questions that must be asked. To wit: Why was this decision made now, after the Comanche plant had been built? Is this related to the constant stresses of post-9/11 OPTEMPO and the consequent demands on the aviation forces? Are we really sure that we want to give up the high-tech anti-armor (and, lest it be forgot, stealthy Special Ops strike support) capabilities that the Comanche would have offered? If, in fact, this is due to the increased demands on the aviation forces that the present one-point-five wars are making, why is this shortfall being met by reallocating Army capital budgets rather than by additional outlays for readiness and operations? Coupled with the four service Chiefs' testimony before Congress that none of their services had received any information about special drafts to fund the coming year's operations, this is a pertinent issue. There are rumblings that the Bush administration is planning on delaying any such funding requirements until after the election, which, while legal, borders on the pusillanimous, especially if it leaves our forces in any way compromised. Given the present state of affairs, I do not trust the Bush administration (or, for that matter, the Chiefs of service, albeit for different and more understandable reasons) to tell me, as an American citizen, when my armed forces are being hamstrung for political expediency. What Did We Learn, Part II I was recently privileged enough to attend a talk by a staff member of CENTCOM (who must remain unidentified) on the subject of 'planning the war in Iraq.' At that event, I learned a great deal, some of it relevant to the rants I posted earlier. Take all of this with however much salt you wish, but the fact that it is a non-attribution talk tends to raise my estimation of its veracity and/or usefulness, actually. Our unidentified staffer (OUS hereafter) gave an overview of the process of planning Operation Iraqi Freedom, and a brief picture of the depth and complexity of the enterprise. In so doing, s/he touched on several issues I personally found interesting. Because I"m an egotist, I'll jump to their response to my question first. I referenced the AAR mentioned in the prior post, and asked hir if s/he had any comment on the 3ID's frustration at apparently not having any Phase IV plans or direction from 'higher HQ' (which must perforce include CENTCOM, hir organization). The response was fairly detailed and stretched over responses to several audience questions, but can be summed up as follows. There were extensive Phase IV plans done by the military planners, with contingencies. Phase IV as a military operation - i.e. using those plans - was not executed. When asked why, OUS replied that DoD and State (and higher) wanted 'more control of the reconstrution and security operations' - i.e. didn't want the military planners to have opaque control of the process. The current operations in Iraq are therefore not Phase IV of the military planners' ops; they are a mishmash of actions undertaken by the State department, the Cabinet/NSC, various NGOs, etc. etc. The decision to not execute the military plans for SASO/Phase IV was made "by the President of the United States. He is the Commander in Chief." (note quotes). The officer in question refused to state that the outcome (i.e. present situation in Iraq) would be any better had the military plan been executed, saying that there were assumptions made that were incorrect (by the military in their planning). They did note that the lack of an integrated plan immediately following the war allowed several bad trends to accelerate (release of criminals from prisons by the outgoing regime led to safety concerns and looting which led to increased arms presence and fear among civilians which in turn led to absenteeism from critical infrastructure maintenance jobs which in turn led to more discontent...etc.) Although plans were eventually implemented, there were early lapses that squandered U.S. authority, position, and local gratitude/opinion. No one expected this level of cohesion and effectiveness from the Ba'ath security forces. This last is an interesting point, because earlier in the talk, in response to a question from another audience member, OUS had spoken of how the 'bad trends' above had led to a 'widespread discontent' and 'resistance' from the general civilian population - which was the Bush Administration's 'party line' and break with Britain's intelligence in recent weeks. The British had insisted that the recent wave of attacks was the result of a tightly organized group with lots of resources and preparation, suggesting Saddam loyalists and/or paramilitary; the Bush Admin insisted it was merely an increase in unconnected incidents from discontented locals, foreign fighters, various factions, and the like. While evidence is mounting that the actual attacks (especially the less planned and professional ones) are, in fact, being carried out by folks like this, it is also becoming clear that they are being fomented, paid, supplied and recruited by some shadowy unidentified group - the size of which is not known, but the planning, resources and 'prepositioned nature' of which can be inferred from its success rate and the continued ratcheting upward of attempted attacks despite increasing U.S. response. For OUS to openly discuss mistakes in assumptions and the importance placed on the prewar Ba'ath security forces implies that the military planners, at least, considered this sort of response a threat. When pressed, OUS admitted that the military had, in fact (in Phases III and IV - Combat Ops and SASO) planned to cope with the attempted reconstitution of an organized resistance. However, s/he denied that the military plans were designed to cope with one the size of which is currently operating. When asked why, s/he pointed out that the military plans assumed no 'gap' in the implementation of Phase IV ops, which would mean that the 'trends' would not have been allowed to develop so far. So the reason things are so bad is the party line (they're disconnected and the result of widespread anger) and the military is saying that in their original plans, there was the assumption that a preplanned and directed resistance will be a problem. This sounds an awful lot like the military was overridden (once more) on the basis of wishful thinking. Siege, Mk. II A Proposal for Coping with Terrorist and other Combatant Opponents in Urban Or Rural Terrain Containing Civilian Populations. Note: This was written in October of 2001. I offer it as a proposal proven somewhat off the mark by recent events, but (I believe) still malleable into a workable policy. The question of who was responsible for the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 appears to be coming close to being answered, at least as far as the U.S. Government is concerned. The organizations and networks spawned by the actions and resources of Osama bin Laden, a Saudi dissident, seem to be receiving the bulk of the U.S. investigation�s time and attention. The next natural question is to ask what, then, shall we do? I offer here a small proposal. For purposes of argument, I will presume that bin Laden and/or his network (if not necessarily the man himself) are responsible, and that at the time this is decided, he remains in Afghani territory under the (at least tacit) protection of the Taliban government. The Objective This alone will spark debate, at least as soon as it is seriously considered in the policy and public arenas. What, precisely, are we trying to do? The terms �bring to justice,� �punish,� �defend ourselves,� �retaliate� and simply �kill� have all been floated on American television since the attack, when applied to bin Laden and company. Even in the perfect world of a supposed action, we cannot agree on the final disposition of these persons, even assuming they have been identified and apprehended, or at least located. The base objective, it seems to me, is to destroy their ability to carry out, incite or even motivate terror attacks against the U.S. and its citizens and allies. The most effective means of doing so all presuppose that we manage to apprehend or kill those persons most directly responsible. However, there are many obstacles in our path. Some of the most significant appear to me to be the following: Identifying our targets. Here, we�re actually fine � in reality, we appear to have a good idea about some of them and the willingness to wait some time for solid information. Locating our targets. This is problem number one, and must be addressed first. Isolating our targets. Not easy, but doable. Reaching our targets. This is a bad one, given the location, characteristics and history of Afghanistan and the surrounding areas. Capturing/Killing our targets. The final goal of this particular operation. Avoiding Civilian casualties and creating further reason for hatred of the U.S. This one�s really going to be rough. They�re not insolvable. Let�s start with locating the targets, since I have (I believe) effectively punted the first step in the list above. Locating is a proactive as well as reactive process. While we are indeed trying to discover their location(s), it behooves us to also work to limit their range of movement and freedom of action. Even if the area to which we are attempting to constrain them seems impossibly large and complex, the effort should be made. Here, it seems, the U.S. administration appears to be making progress, helped considerably by the horrific nature of the attacks themselves. Nations traditionally sympathetic to bin Laden and company are declaring themselves less so; Iran has closed its border with Afghanistan to avoid refugee flows and condemned bin Laden. An Iranian World Cup qualifying match observed a minute of silence in tribute to those fallen in New York and Washington � a small but extremely powerful gesture considering the nation offering it and its history with our own. Pakistan, the primary supporters of the Taliban government, are (publically, at any rate) dropping their supportive stance, and (as of Sunday the 16th of September) have gone so far as to declare that U.S. aircraft will be allowed to use their airspace in any operations in the region. This is an enormous concession; compare, for example, to strikes on Libya in which France refused the U.S. overflight clearances. To have a government whose nation contains large groups who sympathize with the Taliban to make this offer indicates the gravity with which they view this event. So, containing them may not be that difficult. If they are ejected from Afghanistan and Pakistan, the indications are that the U.S. will be able to purse a diplomatic course towards chivvying them into a region with effective and sympathetic law enforcement � INTERPOL, for example, has issued a �Red Notice� for bin Laden�s capture. So let us assume that they are not evicted from Afghanistan. What then? Afghanistan is a terribly inhospitable region. Deserts and mountains make up most of the country, with few resources available to succor those who would hide in the wilderness. While it is indeed possible, as bin Laden himself proved during the Soviet invasion, it is difficult. Also (and this is the key point) during that invasion, civilian support was available, even if only in tacit form, as were direct avenues of resources, support and intelligence from the United States Government itself. Yes, I am leading to a point. The key, then, is to separate the terrorists and their sympathizers from popular support both internationally as well as domestically. The Taliban, who shelter bin Laden, while controlling the majority of the country, do not enjoy popular support. Their hold on power rests more on the force of arms and the general exhaustion of a populace suffering from two decades of war. Ergo, there may be avenues to divide the population of Afghanistan from bin Laden�s support; even, if necessary, from support of the Taliban. The United States should aggressively seek to carry out the following tasks. Establish a semipermanent presence adjacent to Afghanistan. Pakistan is the logical choice; direct coterminous borders may not be necessary (although they would help). Station combat troops, with an emphasis on special forces personnel, in these adjacent areas. We should not employ them in combat blindly, or with no other objective than to �get him or them.� That�s too vague. They should be nearby, however. Divide the task of response into two sections; actions taken w/r/t the Taliban, and actions taken w/r/t bin Laden. They are different; the former claim the prerogatives of sovereign statehood; let them then also assume the risks. The latter and his associates, on the other hand, are wanted for crimes, dead or alive as the traditional saying goes; you cannot, however, employ the same means that can be applied to nation-states. The Taliban, if necessary (if they do not cooperate) should be subjected to a vigorous air campaign. It should not be undertaken, however, without carefully and clearly warning the population of Afghanistan that they are not our target, and that they should endeavor to avoid potential target areas (say, Kabul) because at some point after a specified date, we will begin operations. Finally, employ the carrot and the stick vis-�-vis both the Afghani population and bin Laden�s associates. This is the heart of my argument (I know, I only tok two pages to get here). The United States, we are told and shown, is hated because it is rich, selfish, thoughtless, and is/has been involved in many areas of the world where its involvement has directly or indirectly destroyed or worsened the lives of the local population. The Intifadah arose among the orphaned dispossessed Palestinians who suffered in camps from Israeli oppression (backed with American money and weapons). Any bombing or combat action that harms civilians, especially miserable ones (as the Taliban remind us) will likely simply create a new generation of haters, and cement bin Laden�s Jihad. In addition, governments have little motivation to assist the U.S. in such actions since they must answer to their own people, especially after the U.S. leaves. In general, it�s a bad idea to simply attack people, places or things in response. What, then, to do? I propose offering both sides of America. If we find it necessary to bomb Afghanistan, as we may, we should work to ensure the safety and goodwill of the common population, who (we are fond of believing) will eventually have a say in the leadership of that nation. I hear you arguing but what should be do precisely? I propose we give America to those who would otherwise be left homeless, hungry, wounded and tired. I propose we offer the civilian, noncombatant people of the region a choice. Try hard to find and apprehend our targets with special forces �flying squads,� but don�t expect it to work. Try very hard to close the noose around them. Even if we do not have �permission� to operate in Afghanistan, paralyze the Taliban with airpower and use airborne forces and air power to �herd� bin Laden�s people. However, once we have them isolated in a relatively small area (and the operative term is relative; if we can only track them to a million square kilometers but that area contains relatively little in the way of resources, fine. If they try to hide in a city, as they might (the U.S. has been public recently about its extreme wariness about undertaking urban combat), then this will work even better. Find a relatively safe area near the objective zone. Build a city. At least, build a small town. Build a hospital, and dining facilities, and sanitation. Bring in electrical generators. Spend lavishly to create an area of relative comfort in the region. If possible, take and convert an existing town, but build if we must. Staff the hospital with American doctors and medication. Offer fast food (if it isn�t offensive to the locals) or at least decent meal kitchens. Have social workers. Have entertainers. Have carpenters, tradesmen, etc. Then invite the local population to move in. Note: this does not need to be a permanent settlement! The purpose is not to upgrade the permanent living conditions of the local inhabitants! Nope, the purpose is to give them an attractive reason to remain uninvolved, to cooperate, and most important, to get our of harm�s way. Allow anyone who wishes to avail themselves of the facilities, with only one rule: No weapons allowed. We don�t care who you are; as long as you�re not on our �watch list� then you�re welcome. House them. Feed them. Teach them. Entertain them. Live with them! Staff this facility with American volunteers on a rotating basis. But here�s the important part. Somewhere nearby, begin the buildup of forces that you will need to actually go into the city, or the region, and find then kill or apprehend your objectives. Let the civilians see you building up. Tell them plainly, as well as everyone else in the region: �We are here to deal with terrorists and look to our own safety. We have no quarrel with you. We realize that we may have to do things to this countryside and/or city that are horrific. We cannot avoid that unless the terrorists are handed over to us or apprehended. In the event that we are forced to act, however, we will do our best to ensure that you, the people of this region, have received America�s best efforts to ensure your safety, comfort and well-being while this unfortunate task is being handled.� Then do it. Bomb the nearest city flat. Send the 1st Armored in after them, with the understanding that sending them into a city means taking the city down flat. Do whatever it takes, knowing that you have done your level best to remove civilians from the line of fire. If you come across them, do what you are able for them and direct them to the rear. But damn it, lay waste once you do have to go in! If this works, the following will be true: We might repair the image of our nation somewhat Those innocents that would normally suffer during this type of action and thus continue to spread anti-U.S. sentiment and gospel would have a reason to at least attempt to understand our position. If we are able to do so, they may even end up grateful for what help we can give them. To ensure this, we must give unstintingly inside those enclave walls. The perpetrators are robbed of local support. Even if the locals don�t like us, they can walk to the enclave and avoid supporting the terrorists. The lesson of what America can do when it (as a polity) is pissed is not lost; however, neither is the lesson that America can and does provide for people as well; provide food, water, electricity, care, laughter, medicines, what-have-you. The point is that the civilians then have a vested interest in actually improving the situation before we are done fighting; they can see our better qualities as well. They may see that we are, in fact, helping their babies or their parents. The question is, then what do we do? What if they don�t come out? If you�ve done this correctly, eventually they will either be isolated enough that we can go into cities or areas after them without significant interference, or they will be found and arrested or killed. People will see what it means to have a cranked-up, pissed off American military on the move, but won�t be sitting in the line of fire. Furthermore, alliances can be tightened; agreements bolstered. Bombing to Win (cheap) In recent years, the spiraling cost of military acquisition in the U.S. has been a constant topic in 'the biz.' There's a (in)famous aphorism that if one continues the current trends in procurement and budgeting, in something like 2045 the entire U.S. Air Force will consist of a single fighter. (Hm, I need to find that reference.) While this is an extreme, the trend is undeniable - the F-14 Tomcat was one of the world's most expensive fighters (if not the most) when it debuted in the early 1970s, and it cost $30 million a copy. The latest version of the F-18 Hornet, the F-18 E/F 'Super Hornet', is a marginally improved version of the F-18 - which means it still has substandard legs and a mezzo-mezzo bombload - and its cost per unit has topped $70 million, by some estimates. That's for a single-seat fighter. In the bomber world, things are even worse - the famed B-2 Spirit 'stealth bomber' is, depending on who you ask, anywhere from $414 million to $2 billion per plane. The name of the B-2, the Spirit, reflects the Air Force's recognition of the stress the aircraft placed on their credibility - especially with requisitions for the equally pricey F-22 Raptor upcoming. Each individual airplane is named 'Spirit Of (some U.S. State)' as a sop to the various politicians who supported the project. There has been, in recent times, at least lip service towards the 'doing it cheaper' school of thinking. One of my favorite methods of cutting costs involves what a colleague of mine and I tend to call 'Air Octol.' Looking at the Gulf War Air Power Survey (GWAPS), it is clear that the vast majority of bomb tonnage was dropped not by expensive B-1B Lancers or hypercostly B-2 Spirits, but by the venerable (and highly reliable) B-52 Stratofortress. These Korean-war-era airplanes have been given renewal after upgrade, and are now expected to be active in the U.S. force well past their 50th year of life, perhaps as far as 2035, when the flying aircraft will be approximately 70 to 75 years old. The B-52 is, essentially, a militarized version of the 707. Not the same airframe, but Boeing designed them nearly simultaneously, and their size and eventual load capacity ended up not dissimilar. The B-52 has received engine upgrades, with others in the planning pipeline, giving it more efficient turbofan engines and modern electronics. Our proposal is this: Rather than build extremely expensive 'high capability' bombers like the B-2, or 'supersonic capable low-altitude penetrators' like the B-1, why not just build replacement B-52s? Better yet, why not take an airframe which is already available in large numbers, has an extremely varied and broad maintenance availability, and convert it? In short, why not build a 747 bomber variant? The freighter versions of the Boeing 747 have been tuned and iterated over multiple designs for efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and reliability. They have massive carrying capacity as well as ample space and power for electronics (modern flight entertainment systems being what they are, much less modern avionics). A fully-equipped 747, kitted out for passenger service, can be had these days brand new for under $200 million. Without any interior amenities, the price drops to approximately $150 million. Why not take advantage of the economies of scale in production of the airframe and build 40 or 50 new bombers? One common argument is that the airframe and hull of the jetliner, built for different weight distribution than a bomber, are not able to handle the stresses of weapons loading. My response: freight in a 747 is loaded in standard containers, each of which can weigh over a ton loaded. With the most common weapons airdropped from bombers being 1000 and 2000-lb guided bombs, this shouldn't be a problem. Furthermore, the freighter variant is designed to allow varying loads to be packed into the airplane. The total carrying capacity of the 747-400F is over 124 tons of cargo. Even allowing for 24 tons of that to allocate to dispensing systems and doors, that still gives the plane an awesome payload. Another objection: you can't put bomb bay doors on a jetliner, and it can't handle sudden large changes in weight loading. Well, pshaw. I offer this (found at BoingBoing). If you can dump large quantities of water out of a moving jetliner, it doesn't seem that difficult (I acknowledge that I am not an aero eng) to drop discrete packets out of the beast. Furthermore, there are bomb bay doors clearly visible in that shot. :-) What did we learn from this? One effective procedure the United States Army utilizes is the AAR, or After Action Report. This is an attempt to collect the 'lessons learned' from any significant action or deployment undertaken by a unit, disseminate them amongst the rest of the organization (Army) and to draw recommendations from their experiences for future use. The Army has an entire unit, named CALL ( Center for Army Lessons Learned), which is part of TRADOC (TRaining and DOctrine Command). It is tasked with collecting, processing, collating, synthesizing and distributing these bits of institutional learning throughout the force. Recently, the U.S. Army 3rd Infantry Division (3ID) (Don't you love all the acrobreviations?) published a report based on its experiences in the Second Gulf War ( Operation Iraqi Freedom). The 3ID was a frontline unit, tasked with fighting its way to the outskirts of Baghdad and then seizing and holding the Saddam International Airport, as well as providing support to units in neighboring sectors. The good part? This report was made available via their public website, briefly, before being yanked off the Internet. However, the good folks at Cryptome.org managed to snag a copy and make it available to us the public. As an analyst, I found it to contain a whole collection of juicy bits, especially if you have a low opinion of the approach to this war taken by the National Command Authority. Note: This document is not classified SECRET, or anything higher. It is marked 'For Official Use Only.' However, placement on the 3ID website could be interpreted as official use. In any event, since the information is available through cryptome and probably elsewhere, I am not revealing anything which is not already exposed, so I'm going to go ahead with this. Wow, that was a really long preamble. I read this document with a critical eye for several issues. First, I was concerned about various purely tactical and/or technical issues that cropped up during the war (someday I'll blog my rant about Apache attack helicopters versus dug-in, prepared armor without support). For the moment, however, I want to stick to my ongoing fury with the Administration for what I cannot in good conscience call anything but insanely optimistic planning (or lack thereof) and hence, a complete lack of reasonable preparation for the aftermath of a successful combat action in Iraq. Let me start with these paragraphs, from p. 289: Issue: For political reasons, leaders declared that U.S. forces were 'liberating forces' rather than occupying forces. This may have caused military commanders to be reluctant to use the full power granted to occupying forces to accomplish our legitimate objectives. Discussion: As a matter of law and fact, the US is an occupying power in Iraq, even if we characterize ourselves as liberators. Under International Law,occupation is a de facto status that occurs when an invading army takes effective control of a portion of another country. If necessary to maintain this public affairs position, our national command should have stated that while we were "liberators," we intended to comply with International Law requirements regarding occupation. This status would have provided us authority to control almost every aspect of the Iraqi life, including the civilian population, government, resources, and facilities, making it easier for us to accomplish all SASO (Securing and Stabilizing Ops, I think - jb) missions. Occupation law also imposed upon us obligations to protect the civilian population to the best of our ability. Because of the refusal to acknowledge occupier status, commanders did not initially take measures available to occupying powers, such as imposing curfews, directing civilians to return to work, and controlling the local government and populace. The failure to act after we displaced the regime created a power vacuum, which others immediately tried to fill. In my interpretation of this, the U.S. military was denied legitimate and effective tools for increasing the security of a conquered area and populace. This was not even done due to political concerns over the use of those tools, in which case a statement specifically forbidding their use would be expected; rather, it was done because no guidance was issued from above, implying that the planners of the war did not understand the ramifications of their plan for the safety and success of their forces on the ground. While I don't know if military advisors brought these matters to their attention, it still represents a severe lack of foresight to the detriment not only of their mission goals but their forces' safety. This is in keeping with continuing stories that, before the attack, the administration and Rumsfeld clashed heavily with military commanders over the size of the forces required to undertake the job. Persistent stories then indicated that the military command was rebuffed several times when requesting force levels near the 200K range, with the administration claiming that 40K should be enough. Fortunately, either those rumors were untrue (although I give them credence based on the stories at the time) or the military fought back, because the forces that went in did, in fact, number near 200K. However, even then, there were problems immediately apparent in the paucity of support personnel such as military police to handle prisoners, and rear-echelon units to guard supply lines - the ambush and capture of the now-famous Pvt. Jessica Lynch and her platoon is only the most egregious example. So we have, in the paragraphs quoted, some evidence that (in the 3ID's opinion) there was a lack of prior planning for the occupation on the part of the 'national leaders.' This is an unusually strong statement, especially for an Army after-action report; given that these reports usually are internally circulated only, there is no reason to harp on conflicts with outside agencies other than to note that the Army should be prepared to handle them. However, the document continues on p. 289: Issue: No civilian authority in place prepared to serve as civilian administrator of Iraq and no Phase IV plan. Discussion: The President announced that our national goal was "regime change." Yet there was no timely plan prepared for the obvious consequences of a regime change. As late as 15 April, Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance ( ORHA) had, at best, a working draft plan of post-Saddam Iraq. Additionally, the delay in having the civilian authority on the ground (while perhaps justified by security concerns) made commanders reluctant to move too quickly regarding Phase IV SASO activities, as they were concerned that their actions might be inconsistent with ORHA efforts - which either did not exist or had not been shared with the military.Despite the virtual certainty that the military would accomplish the regime change, there was no plan for oversight and reconstruction, even after the division arrived in Baghdad. Recommendation: Resolution of this is not in division (3rd Infantry division -jb) control. State, Defense and other relevant agencies must do a better and timelier job planning occupation governance and standing up a new Iraqi government. If this is not possible, the best alternative would have been to let the military plan and execute the mission for a month or more, then turn it over to the civilian overseer. This would have avoided the power/authority vacuum created by our failure to immediately replace key government institutions. So, to further our trend, there simply was no plan available. However, preparations for this war had been underway for up to six months. The war was launched without a proper plan for what would happen even in the case of success (deposition of Saddam's regime and assumption of control on the ground by U.S./Coalition forces)! In a concrete example of the shortfalls that plagued the 3ID, the report discusses the complete destruction and then the as-yet-incomplete resurrection of the Baghdad police department - surely a central institution for restoring and maintaining order (p. 290): (paraphrase:The Baghdad police dept went from 40K to 2,500 police after the war, and at the time of writing, they're STILL not on the streets...) "Recommendation: Higher headquarters needs to understand theimmediate need and impact of the local police in the aftermath of war. The people wanted police and needed security. But we had no plan to accomplish this." In conclusion, the 3ID offers a high-level look at the problems with Phase IV (securing and stabilization, ongoing operations after the defeat of the Iraqi military), on p.293: Higher headquarters did not provide the 3ID (M) with a plan for Phase IV.As a result, 3ID (M) transitioned into Phase IV operations in the absence of guidance. Recommendations: Division planners should have drafted detailed plans on Phase IV ops that would have allow(sic) it to operate independently outside of guidance from higher HQ. Critical requirements should have been identified prior to LD(deployment), and a plan to execute a SASO mission for at least 30 days should have been ready to execute immediately. A liaison officer (LNO) from ORHA during planning would have greatly assisted this process. This is a chiding of 3ID itself, by its own evaluation, for not planning to cope with higher HQ's lack of guidance. Although one can argue whether or not this is a valid criticism, given that it is not the division command's job to determine how to keep order in Iraq after conquest (at least, other than narrowly defined in their sector and under guidance from above), it is clear that the problem itself was severe. There simply was no information flowing down the chain on either what to do after the closing of 'major combat,' or the present issues surrounding deployment and operations were so far out of the military's 'comfort zone' that there was no time for or prioritization of these concerns. Throughout the document, when macro-level concerns are addressed, there is a clear tendency for 3ID to indicate problems by citing a lack of division-level planning for 'holes' in the operations plan. It is not the board which issued this report's job to critique those holes themselves, and that is why the emphasis on those gaps and failings of levels of command higher up the chain is highly unusual in a report of this nature. In short, our forces on the ground were screwed by a presidential administration that had painted itself a pretty picture of being greeted with flowers and cheers for overthrowing Saddam, and wasn't willing to consider much of anything past that - and, in fact, was so confident about the outcome that they were willing to waste time sparring with the military over the nature and size of the forces required to do the job - something which is not their job nor within their purview. Their job is to set objectives; it's the military's job to determine how to carry them out. For this group of chickenhawks to not only presume that they had a better idea of the outcome, but to spend time overriding military professionals as to the requirements for the action, is reprehensible, to say the least. I read Popular Mechanics on a semi-regular basis, and I don't typically see ads for guns...but in the December 2003 issue (100 years of powered flight) there is an ad for a Smith & Wesson 500 Magnum handgun - essentially, a .50 magnum load in a 5-shot revolver. Not that I object to 'handgun hunting' which is what the ad purports to be talking to. I don't even mind that they're advertising the gun, really. What I mind is the sneaking feeling that I get that this is a reflection of the Neocon preferences that are oh-so-unfortunately visible in American society these days. Strelas and Second Guessing Today's helicopter downing in Iraq graphically demonstrates the degree to which the lack of pre-war planning for the aftermath has begun to cost the United States military, its soldiers, and the Bush administration. In a week which has seen the number, sophistication and variety of attacks on Coalition forces rise dramatically, the world is left to watch Bush and company spin stories about how the attacks are the results of 'desperate partisans' while their most solid alliance (that with Britain) struggles to contain the rising disagreement between the two nations over intelligence inside Iraq. The weapon used to down the CH-47 Chinook just south of Fallujah was a SA-7 Strela, a MANPADS weapon from the Iraqi army arsenal. 'Hundreds' of those weapons are missing from Iraqi army stockpiles, according to the Washington Post. This brings back the specter of Vietnam most graphically; helicopters, originally the symbol of American military might, turned at the war's end into the symbol of American retreat from South Vietnam with the famous shot of a Huey atop the Embassy compound evacuating personnel. Here's the problem, as I see it. Leaving aside, for now, the rationale for the war in the first place, one fact which is clear now (and was clear then) is that Saddam and his disciples had ten years to prepare for the guerrilla resistance which is springing up. The U.S. had made it quite clear what their intentions where, and had made it even clearer what would happen when Iraqi military forces met U.S. forces in set-piece battles. The effectiveness of Saddam's 'vanishing act' alone should indicate the degree of difficulty the U.S. has had and will continue to have in gathering intelligence inside Iraq. The Administration and the U.S. DoD's public statements, at the opening act of this fracas, were full of confident evaluations of the results of combat against the Iraqi military. With a few points of contention, I have no problem with that; they were essentially correct, and even the few serious miscalculations during 'major combat' (my favorite example: sending Apache attack helicopters unsupported against an entrenched and dispersed armor unit south of Baghdad) do not bely the fact that the U.S. forces had Iraq's military completely outclassed. The problem then, as it remains now, was what happened afterwards - and on that note, the Administration was resolutely blindered. Much reference was made to 'liberated Iraqi peoples' and the like, implying parades and confetti - but no serious analysis, it seems, was done of what the challenges would be in maintaining an occupation and reconstruction effort with a ten-year-in-the-making preplanned resistance infrastructure, coupled with what appears to be a constant influx of suicidal and/or trained and experienced fighters from around the world who have been itching (it seems) to have a go at the U.S. on 'home turf.' Those are our forces; our soldiers, and our allies. They are stuck in a rapidly-degrading situation while we sit here at home and debate how to de-elect or re-elect our president in a year's time. We need to spark debate not so much on what Bush and company did wrong (leave that to the election spindoctors) but on how we fix it. Despite a feeling that national security and military operations are best left 'to the experts' we have to be involved in this. The reason is simple - those operations and forces are intended to provide for our security. In order to do that job, we need to be clear on what 'our security' means: what should the goals in Iraq have been, and what are they now? The Administration seems to be floundering from one position to another. The original public justification of WMD, after taking a beating and sparking a scandal within the administration with the Plame exposure, seems to have fallen beneath the rug of the Oval Office. We're now told that the War on Terror seems to have demanded it, despite the fact that at the outset, the one thing that did seem to be pretty clear was that Saddam did not have operational links to al-Qaeda. How, then, is this our objective now? Simple: the debacle in Iraq has been labeled a 'terror' operation, which means it fits. I beg to differ here: whatever the motives, means and methods used against our forces there, no matter how hideous, all of it can and must be looked at as a resistance against occupation. We are a foreign power, and we are occupying Iraq - regardless of how you look at the reasons for doing so. Thus, trying to lump the ongoing combat over there into the War on Terror is not only semantically incorrect, but (in my opinion) weaselly expediency of the worst kind. There is, possibly, a broad path which will take us out of this semantic and strategic trap that the Bush administration seems to have gotten us into. That is as follows: The United States must remove itself from the position of dominant occupier and target inside Iraq as soon as possible. This is not going to be easy. Bush and company managed to alienate nearly the entire international community in undertaking this mess, meaning it will be nearly impossible to simply transfer the mantle of authority to a well-meaning international coalition. Furthermore, our continuing fumbling around in Iraq is costing us any goodwill we might have had from the Iraqi population, as the anecdotal 'bystander' quotes from the helicopter downing today indicate. However, it is likely that Iraq is suffering from the influx of foreign jihadi and suicide fighters, and (as Britain insists) the resistance is an organic net of groups with various agendas who have been conveniently provided with a common target (us) rather than a hierarchical organized group reporting to the remnants of the Ba'athists and Saddam. At the very least, there are enough weapons floating around Iraq and its neighbors, and the borders are porous enough, that it seems unlikely that the only fighters involved are prewar Saddamists. Furthermore, Saddam has demonstrated before that he is perfectly willing to support groups with whom he has no common positive goal if it discommodes his enemies. Given the history of internal strife in Iraq, there would be no shortage of groups with disparate motives who would not refuse resources to attack the Coalition if they were offered. As Saddam has shown, he can be ruthless in quelling internal dissent, so there is no reason to think that he and/or his team would not prefer internecine chaos if it hurt the U.S., banking on their ability to crush internal opponents if the Coalition occupation is forced to withdraw. In any case, Bush and co. are right about one thing: these attacks and their architects are showing no concern or regard for Iraqi civilians. At the moment, however, the populace appears willing to overlook this or attribute their losses to the Coalition's presence. I would propose that in order to demonstrate the danger of allowing the types of people coming in to carry out these attacks free reign, the U.S. should accelerate all efforts to turn over internal authority to native Iraqi institutions, and avoid statements like 'the long hard slog' and 'In it for the long haul'. This is not because we intend to abandon Iraq, but because we intend to restrict our exercise of power to military operations designed to destroy personnel and institutions we object to. The U.S. attacked Iraq because the misbehavior of its government placed the conflict between Saddam and the U.S. in the international arena, where the U.S. excels at the use of force. The current occupation is demonstrating yet another time the different requirements between classic combat operations and governance by force. The U.S. is unwilling to engage in governance by force (a fact for which I remain profoundly grateful) and yet it is being forced towards this position by the attacks. The initiative has been ceded to our opponents inside Iraq, whoever they may be, because the U.S. military does well only when it has a defined opponent against whom it can focus its combat power. The U.S. military, by design, is not a law enforcement organization. However, that's what Bush and Company seem to be trying to use it for. The British discovered the hard way the difference between a combat military and a civil governance military in Northern Ireland. The U.S. military is set up, designed and intended to protect the U.S. through the conduct of military combat operations with the goal of deterring or destroying a known and visible opponent. This is a good thing; it makes it harder to use the U.S. military to, say, crush internal dissent in St. Louis. However, in Iraq, we're doing just the opposite. We are attempting to utilize the U.S. military to enforce civil order. It's not built for that. In Vietnam, the U.S. military was essentially successful at defeating the Viet Cong as long as they attempted to engage as a military opponent; the Tet Offensive was their last gasp at classic military operations before two critical changes. One, they received Northern support, and two, they reverted to the more-effective and less-costly civilian insurrection and guerrilla tactics that came to dominate that war. In Iraq, we are witnessing that same shift. The military of Iraq has been essentially destroyed and disbanded by the U.S. and its allies; therefore, the fight has shifted from one aimed at defeated or denying access to the U.S. military to one that, by intention or unfortunate happenstance (although I believe intention) is aimed at forcing the U.S. military to attempt to maintain order. Maintaining order is a much, much harder job; in order for you to fail, your opponent must simply disturb things, rather than actually defeat you. Plus, the U.S. forces, sitting in a culture with which they are not familiar and subject to constant harrassment, will respond as they did in Vietnam (and as the Russians did in Afghanistan) by slowly losing their respect for the local population and infrastructure in favor of the use of (fire)power to preserve their own lives. This is not an indictment of the U.S. forces; merely a natural response of a military organization to hostile surroundings. A military is based on the notion of 'us' and 'them' - you can't have a military without that basic concept. In the U.S. case, the 'them' is defined during peacetime, in training and in general experience as 'the people we're shooting at' which is how it's supposed to be. A military, properly used, is good for only two things (to re-use one of my favorite aphorisms, stolen shamelessly from a respected professor): killing people and breaking things. It is the job of policymakers and strategists to determine how that capability can be applied to the task of achieving the goals they have set before them by their constituency. So, in a roundabout fashion, back we come. It's our job, as Americans, to determine what we have a military for. Traditionally, it is to serve as a last option to preserve American territory, lives and sovereignty - and to do so by unleashing as much hell as possible at 'them.' Attempting to 'housebreak' it to do other tasks that don't involve that simple bit of clarity reduces its effectiveness, as the U.S. military admits when it requires units that have been 'trained up for peacekeeping' to undergo several months 'retraining' in order to take up their turn in rotation for 'ready' units. What to do, then? My answer, simplistic as it is, is this: return the conflict to an arena where the U.S. can maximally utilize its traditional advantage. Withdraw from the task of 'maintaining order' inside Iraq as quickly as possible. Continue to supply any requests for material assistance that the Iraqi people and government produce, with as little delay as possible. BUT: Make it clear that attacks on U.S. nationals and allied personnel, while carrying out any mission of assistance or delivery of aid, are therefore acts of war between Iraq and the nations whose assets have been targeted. As such, they run the risk of inviting the kind of full-bore response that the U.S. military is good at. Removing U.S./allied forces from day-to-day duty inside Iraq would go a long way to demonstrating to the populace 'caught in the middle' that we aren't the ones trying to prolong this fight. However, any such withdrawal must be accompanied by the threat (and exercise, if it is required) of military reprisal for any guerrilla actions that occur. After all, unlike the Israelis, we do not have a stake in the land, here. We're not there to preserve Iraq for our use. We may not have even had a decent reason for being there in the first place. But we can strive to return our relations with the Iraqis to 'nation-to-nation' links as opposed to attempting to maintain order through gross misapplication of U.S. power on the ground.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Writing Style Old-Fashioned, Elevated, Plain, Personal, BiblicalAlthough Douglass's language may seem a bit stilted to us today, his style is usually pretty straightforward. He wants you to understand him, so he doesn't write long or complicated sentences, and he tries to speak informally, as if it were just you and him.Still, he does sometimes use a kind of elevated language, and parts of the book can be a bit difficult. It might be that he's emulating the style of the King James Bible, one book that almost all of his readers would be familiar with. And he also might be showing off a little, since he had to fight so hard to learn how to read and write.For example, this is how he describes Aunt Hester being whipped:I remember the first time I ever witnessed this horrible exhibition. I was quite a child, but I well remember it. I never shall forget it whilst I remember any thing. It was the first of a long series of such outrages, of which I was doomed to be a witness and a participant. It struck me with awful force. It was the blood-stained gate, the entrance to the hell of slavery, through which I was about to pass. It was a most terrible spectacle. I wish I could commit to paper the feelings with which I beheld it. (1.8)Words like "exhibition" and "spectacle" remind us that, even though Douglass is remembering something he saw as a child, he's a well-educated adult now. He seems to want to show us that his hard-earned education was a success. But he is also is aware of the limitations of language. At the end of the quote, he reminds us that no matter how powerful a writer he might be, language cannot quite capture the trauma of the experience.

What is I-O? Industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology is the scientific study of the workplace. Rigor and methods of psychology are applied to issues of critical relevance to business, including talent management, coaching, assessment, selection, training, organizational development, performance, and work-life balance. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Visibility Within SIOP: Fostering Research Advances Mikki Hebl, is to encourage research on LGBT workplace issues and promote a LGBT voice within SIOP. Among the goals of the committee are to increase the visibility of LGBT workplace issues at the annual conference in Chicago, create a discussion group for sexual minority members and those who conduct research in this area, and to serve as a resource to the editors of leading I-O journals as they receive papers on this topic and search for appropriate reviewers. The committee will also be hosting a reception in Chicago to bring together sexual minority members within the Society, heterosexual colleagues who support the committees mission, and anyone interested in conducting research in this area. The formation of the committee is, in large part, a response to discussions that have taken place at recent SIOP conferences. At the Societys 17th annual conference in Toronto, the issues faced by LGBT members of SIOP surfaced spontaneously in two separate sessions (i.e., Ferdman, Davidson, Dipboye, Gelfand, McDonald-Mann, & Ryan, 2002; McDonald-Mann, 2002). In each of these sessions, the issues and concerns faced by sexual minority members, along with possible strategies for addressing these issues were touched upon. Both sessions were sponsored by the Committee on Ethnic and Minority Affairs (CEMA). Last year, in Orlando, a panel discussion was held to extend, expand, and document the discussion that was initiated in Toronto (Button, Ragins, Holt, Cornwell, Ferdman, Thomas, & Welle, 2003). Panelists included sexual and racial/ethnic minority members who collectively represented the perspectives of graduate students, academicians, and applied practitioners. The session was intended to surface issues faced by sexual minority members, identify areas of concern shared across minority groups, and identify possible avenues for improving the climate for diversity within SIOP. The format of the session encouraged audience participation, and the discussion drew heavily upon participants input and perspectives. The panel discussion, which was expected to draw only a small audience, was attended by approximately 60 people (Standing room only!) and sparked a spirited dialogue. Many panelists and audience members discussed feeling isolated within the Society because of a lack of visibility and little accommodation of their perspectives, life experiences, and research interests. These sentiments were most strongly endorsed by the graduate student attendees. A number of participants agreed that they frequently felt like outsiders at the annual conference because of the invisibility of LGBT SIOP members and research that specifically addressed this population. Some students also shared their concern that conducting research on this topic is risky, and very few of them have faculty advisors who support this line of inquiry. Even when faculty is supportive of such research efforts, they typically have little knowledge in this area and are uncertain where or to whom to refer students. The underrepresentation of topics related to LGBT employees on the annual SIOP program and in the I-O literature was also discussed at some length. Practitioners in the audience felt that a greater prevalence of research in this area would be very useful to the ongoing work in their organizations. Although many organizations have forged ahead with establishing LGBT-friendly policies and creating inclusive work environments, well-conceived and conducted research in this area would build increased support for these affirming measures and renew discussions within reluctant organizations. The practitioners also believed that research of this kind could do much to enhance the broader visibility and relevance of SIOP. A large part of the discussion was focused on alliance buildingidentifying ways that LGBT members of SIOP can work with members of other minority groups to address their concerns. Many participants agreed that there is some commonality in the issues faced by sexual and racial/ethnic minority members within the Society. Perceptions of invisibility and exclusion, in particular, seem to be shared. However, most participants felt that the issues are different enough that they should be addressed separately. Several indicated that CEMA should continue to focus on issues related to racial/ethnic minority members and that a new committee should be formed to address issues related to LGBT members of SIOP. Some participants also commented that homophobia and racism could make a more global approach difficult to implement. The discussion generated a number of ideas on how to better include LGBT students, practitioners, and academicians in the Society. Participants enthusiastically agreed that research in this area should be more prevalent at the annual conferenceit would help reduce perceptions of invisibility, raise awareness of these issues, and generate more collaborative research in the area. In order for this to happen, however, SIOP members must be willing to conduct research on LGBT workplace issues and present their results. At the same time, the conference reviewers must be open to reviewing and accepting these submissions and be educated on the special challenges (e.g., sampling issues, few established measures) that make such research so difficult to conduct. The participants also agreed that a LGBT discussion group should be created on the SIOP homepage. Such an outlet would hopefully encourage SIOP members to conduct research in this area, inspire collaboration among researchers and applied practitioners, circulate information on research issues or opportunities, and provide a resource for faculty members in need of information or guidance in this area. The discussion group could also be used to publicize the availability of jobs or internships of potential interest to sexual minority members within the Society. Although these suggestions certainly point to the need for changes within the Society, panelists and audience members alike noted the positive changes that they have witnessed within SIOP. Over the past 5 to 10 years, the presence of sexual minority members and research of relevance to LGBT employees have become more visible within SIOP. Topics related to gay and lesbian workplace issues have increasingly appeared at the annual SIOP conference, including same-sex sexual harassment (DuBois, Kustis, Knapp, & Faley, 1994), organizational climate for sexual minorities (Button, 1997), sexual identity management (Button, 1999), discrimination in hiring (Foster, Mannix, & Hebl, 2000), gay family-friendly policies (Hammer, Brockwood, Huang, & Nice, 2002; Ragins & Cornwell, 2001), and heterosexism in the workplace (Ragins & Cornwell, 2002a). Some of this research has also begun to appear in leading journals for I-O research such as Work and family among gay and lesbian dual-earner couples. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. McDonald-Mann, D. G. (2002, April). Roundtable session: Committee on ethnic minority affairs (CEMA). Session conducted at the Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Ragins, B. R., & Cornwell, J. M. (2001, April). We are family: The influence of gay family-friendly policies on gay employees. In L. T. Eby and C. L. Noble (Co-Chairs), New developments in research on family-related HR policies and practice: Beyond Ward and June. Symposium conducted at the Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, CA. Ragins, B. R., & Cornwell, J. M. (2002a, April). Its not what you say, its what you do: The impact of organizational policies and practices on heterosexism in the workplace. In J. Z. Carr and J. Greenberg (Co-Chairs), Contradictions in promoting diversity: What works when? Symposium conducted at the Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Ragins, B. R., & Cornwell, J. M. (2002b). Pink triangles: Antecedents and consequences of perceived workplace discrimination against gay and lesbian employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 12441261.

Deep Carbon Observatory This new program aims to revolutionize our understanding of the location and behavior of all carbon on Earth. Through an international network of laboratories across a number of scientific disciplines, the Deep Carbon Observatory will look at the role of carbon in numerous processes; including the origin of life on this planet, the chemical composition of the Earth’s core, and the distribution and deposition of fossil fuels. A three-year 2009 grant to the Carnegie Institution of Washington supported the initial phase of the program, which focused on developing instruments to meet the severe technical challenges associated with probing the Earth's deep interior, and on building an organizational infrastructure to set strategic priorities, engage a network of researchers, and secure funding commitments from institutional partners. The project is projected to run until 2019. Are Oceans of Water Hiding Beneath Earth's Surface Deep Earth Has Oceans' Worth of Water, $10 Diamond Reveals Rare Diamond Reveals Earth's Interior is All Wet Tiny Diamond Impurity Reveals Water Riches of Deep Earth Piece of Earth’s Interior ‘Ocean’ Found in Diamond

New KIDS COUNT Data Book Shows Improving Health, Declining Economic Security for Children in North Carolina Wednesday, July 25th, 2012 | Author: Patti Mulligan A Fresh Look at Child Well-Being Revamped KIDS COUNT Data Book Shows Improving Health, Declining Economic Security for Children in North Carolina (RALEIGH, NC)- If the new analysis released by the Annie E. Casey Foundation is any indication, previous investments in the health and education of children in North Carolina have generated dividends, returns which now stand in jeopardy due to recent state budget cuts and eroding family economic security. The 2012 KIDS COUNT Data Book offers a sophisticated view of child well-being, swapping the report’s standard 10 indicator analysis for an index of 16 indicators grouped into four domains: Health, Economic Well-Being, Education, and Family and Community. The report shows North Carolina lands in the middle of the pack in Health (26) and Education (25), but lags behind in Economic Well-Being (35) and Family and Community (36). North Carolina ranks 34th out of 50 states in overall child well-being. “The 2012 KIDS COUNT Data Book shows mixed progress for children in North Carolina,” said Deborah Bryan, President and CEO of Action for Children North Carolina, a statewide child policy, research, and advocacy organization and home of the NC KIDS COUNT project. “Although changes in the Data Book prevent us from comparing this rank to previous years, the trend within many indicators, particularly those of economic well-being, show North Carolina children are losing important ground.” Economic indicators, like the share of children living in poverty or whose parents lack full-time employment, are bellwethers, signaling looming challenges that upset other areas of child well-being long before their effects are captured in the data. The report finds children in North Carolina have been hard-hit in both areas, with the percent of children living in families where no parent has full-time, year round employment jumping 25 percent, from 28 percent in 2008 to 35 percent in 2010. One in every four children in North Carolina (25 percent) now lives in poverty. Declining family economic security risks important health and education progress for North Carolina children. The report finds the number of children without health insurance declined 20 percent since the start of the recession. As children and families in North Carolina have lost access to employer-sponsored health insurance, either due to unemployment or declining employer participation, children’s access to health coverage has been bolstered by Medicaid and NC Health Choice, the state children’s health insurance program. Over 1 million children in North Carolina, more than four in every ten children in the state, receive access to health insurance through these programs. In education, an area that has been called North Carolina’s brand, the state breaks into the top 20 best performing states, ranking 20th in two indicators: fourth grade reading proficiency and eighth graders proficient in math. “For more than two decades, North Carolina made intentional, sustained investments in programs that help improve the health and education of our children,” said Bryan. “Examples include the NC Healthy Start Foundation, which supports better birth outcomes and saves the state money through lower healthcare costs, and pre-k programs, which help narrow reading and math achievement gaps and increase the state’s graduation rate.” “Many of these investments,” Bryan continued, “have been eliminated or severely cut during the past two legislative sessions.” The 2012 Data Book comes on the heels of a short legislative session that left children in North Carolina worse for the wear. After overriding a budget veto by Governor Perdue, the General Assembly enacted a budget that eliminated all state funding to the NC Healthy Start Foundation, made deep cuts to education, and scaled back critical prevention programming. “Without a change in course from our elected leaders and recommitment to preserving the future health and prosperity of our state–our children,” said Bryan, “we can expect to see the damaging effects of these budget choices appear in future versions of the Data Book. North Carolina can, and must, do better for our children.” Other highlights from the 2012 Data Book include: The number of children living in high-poverty neighborhoods more than doubled over the past decade, increasing from 76,000 in 2000 to 212,000 during the current data year. One in 11 children in North Carolina now lives in high-poverty communities. One in seven children in North Carolina (14 percent) lives in families where the household head lacks a high school diploma, down slightly from 16 percent in 2005. Parental education has been shown to affect children’s chances of graduating from high school, as well as their future labor market and health outcomes. The 2012 KIDS COUNT Data Book with state-by-state rankings and supplemental data is now available at http://datacenter.kidscount.org. Action for Children North Carolina is a leading statewide, nonpartisan, nonprofit policy research and advocacy organization dedicated to ensuring that North Carolina children are healthy, safe, well-educated and have every opportunity for success. For more information, visit http://www.ncchild.org/. Thursday, July 19th, 2012 | Author: Patti Mulligan (FORT BRAGG, N.C.)– A new report by Action for Children North Carolina finds that between 2001 and 2010 there were 251 homicides by parent/caregiver (HPC) of children from birth through ten years of age in North Carolina. That represents a 13.6% decline from the 1985-2000 period. Of the 22 HPCs in Cumberland County, 10 were of children in active military families, which is a remarkable 16% decline from the prior period. There were 12 HPCs in civilian families, which is a 9.1% decline. Action for Children North Carolina, in conjunction with Fort Bragg, will host a media roundtable at Stryker Golf Course on 17 July at 1:30 p.m. to discuss these findings and explain the programs Fort Bragg and Cumberland County’s Department of Social Services have implemented to help reduce homicides by parent/caregivers of children. “Fort Bragg has taken an active role in reducing the stress placed on our families by implementing and reviewing the effectiveness of our Army Community Support programs and by coordinating our services with those of the Cumberland County Department of Social Services,” said Thomas M. Hill, Fort Bragg’s Family Advocacy Program Manager. “One of the many benefits of these programs has been our ability to reduce abuse cases, including child homicides. But we won’t rest on our laurels, we will continue to find ways of improving our effectiveness and increasing our assistance to our families” “Despite the enormous stress that military families have been under in the past decade, the HPC rates in active military families dropped by a remarkable 16% in Cumberland”, said Tom Vitaglione, a senior fellow with Action for Children North Carolina. “While the HPC rates for civilian and military families in Cumberland County remain unacceptably high, the fact that this media release is occurring at Fort Bragg is an indicator of the commitment of civilian and military leaders to continue making progress in the reduction of these rates. Children and families are relying on that commitment.” A copy of Action for Children North Carolina’s report, Collateral Damage on the Home Front: Ten Years Later, Making Strides in Reducing Homicides by Parent or Caregiver in the Military is available online via the following link. The Winston-Salem Foundation is a community foundation that supports charitable programs in the greater Forsyth County area. Founded in 1919 by Colonel Francis Fries with a $1000 gift, it now administers over 1300 funds and had total custodial assets of over $276 million at the end of 2011. In 2011, the Foundation granted more than $20.8 million to charitable causes, over $2.1 million of which was in Community Grants. For more information, visit www.wsfoundation.org The earliest years of childhood are critical. Experiences during this time literally shape the structure of the brain. Because today’s children are tomorrow’s leaders, parents and workers, everyone has a stake in making sure all children have the experiences they need to thrive. Smart Start of Forsyth County, Inc, is a constituent part of North Carolina’s statewide Smart Start system that brings together all the people involved in a young child’s life—families, teachers, doctors, caregivers, social workers, and many others—to ensure every child has all they need for healthy growth and development. For more information about early childhood education, development, and care in Forsyth County, visit www.SmartStart-FC.org. NC Farm to School Program Promotes Child Health and Helps Local Farmers Monday, June 04th, 2012 | Author: Patti Mulligan BCBSNC Foundation Grant Drives More NC Produce to More NC Students The North Carolina Department of Agriculture and the BCBSNC Foundation Team Up to Expand the NC Farm to School Program to 35 Additional School Systems CHAPEL HILL, N.C. – The Blue Cross and Blue Shield of North Carolina (BCBSNC) Foundation has invested $1.2 million to expand the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services’ Farm to School Program in response to the growing problem of childhood obesity in North Carolina. The grant provides funding for five new refrigerated tractor-trailers, increasing the distribution of local fruits and vegetables to 35 additional school systems statewide. “This expansion of the Farm to School program provides even more students with healthy, North Carolina-grown options, nutrition education and helps children connect their food to the farms where it grows, which are all important steps in preventing and reducing obesity,” said Kathy Higgins, BCBSNC Foundation president. “Our state’s child nutrition services focus on health and quality for our students and local, fresh food is an important component.” In addition to the tractor-trailers, the grant supports a three-year Farm to School marketing initiative to teach children about what is being served in their school cafeteria, where it is grown, how to make healthy food choices and the importance of a healthy diet, as well as raise the profile of the Farm to School program among school systems across the state. Access to healthy food and the education to make smart choices are more important than ever as one in three children in North Carolina is obese or at risk of becoming obese. “North Carolina school children are not the only beneficiaries from the expansion of the Farm to School program. Local farmers also benefit by serving the increasing number of schools receiving farm-fresh food,” said Steve Troxler, North Carolina Commissioner of Agriculture. “More North Carolina school children will receive fresh produce, more often. And farmers will increase their customer base. The expansion of this program is a win for our entire state.” NC Farm to School has been supplying North Carolina school cafeterias with locally grown produce since 1997. Last year the program served more than 900,000 students almost 1.4 million pounds of fresh fruits and vegetables. Farm-fresh produce is provided throughout the school year and includes apples, blueberries, broccoli crowns, cabbage, cantaloupes, collards, cucumbers, peaches, romaine lettuce, squash, sprite melons, strawberries, sweet corn, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, watermelons and zucchini. Webinar on Using the Neuroscience Tools – June 14th Monday, June 04th, 2012 | Author: Patti Mulligan Webinar on Using the Neuroscience Tools – June 14th Al Race, Deputy Director of the Harvard Center on the Developing Child, will be discussing how to best use the new ReadyNation annotated PowerPoint on the neuroscientific research on early brain development and the importance for children’s healthy growth. This PowerPoint and the other video options are intended to help non-scientists deliver this content to a variety of audiences. Sara Watson, Director of ReadyNation, will moderate. This webinar will take place on June 14th, 2012 from 3:00 – 4:00 pm ET, and is open to everyone. Race will review the slides in the PowerPoint and then field questions. We also want to hear your experiences in using or preparing to use these materials. If you have used the presentation already, send us an e-mail and let us know when, and how it was received. Feel free to also send questions in advance, to ensure that they are addressed. Click here to register for this webinar ReadyNation is a project of America’s Promise Alliance ReadyNation 1110 Vermont Avenue, N.W. VN:F [1.9.6_1107]please wait...Rating: 0.0/5 (0 votes cast) Category: Advancing Child Health, Research & Reports on Child Health | Tags: America's Promise, Child Well-Being, health, professional development, ReadyNation | Comments off Webinar: Infusing a Developmental Approach into Child Welfare Services for Infants and Toddlers Tuesday, May 15th, 2012 | Author: Patti Mulligan Infusing a Developmental Approach into Child Welfare Services for Infants and Toddlers Wednesday, May 30, 2012 at 2:00 PM Eastern (1:00 PM Central, 12:00 PM Mountain, and 11:00 AM Pacific) Register now: This webinar, hosted by the ZERO TO THREE Policy Center, will highlight the release of an assessment tool for states entitled A Developmental Approach to Child Welfare Services for Infants, Toddlers, and Their Families: A Self-Assessment Tool for States and Counties Administering Child Welfare Services. The webinar will include a discussion of relevant data on infants, toddlers, and their families that will help states develop a clearer picture of strengths and gaps in their child welfare system. Representatives from Iowa and Connecticut will discuss their state initiatives to ensure a developmental approach to child welfare services for very young children, identify challenges they have faced in producing data on infants and toddlers in the child welfare system, and share how they plan to use the tool. Infants and toddlers are the age group most vulnerable to maltreatment and its aftermath. Although this time of life is one of great vulnerability, it is a time of great potential to intervene early and effectively to prevent or minimize negative effects that may prove to be irreversible later in life. It is crucial that child welfare systems infuse guiding principles for infant and toddler development into practices and policies. The September 2011 passage of the Child and Family Services Improvement and Innovation Act, which instituted a new requirement for states to describe in their child welfare state plans how they promote permanency for and address the developmental needs of young children in their care, offers an opportunity for states to be more intentional in their efforts to meet the unique needs of infants, toddlers, and their families. Facilitation by: Assistant Director of Public Policy, ZERO TO THREE Presentations by: Patricia Cole Director of Government Relations, ZERO TO THREE Barbara Gebhard Arlene F. Lee Associate Director, Public Policy, Center for the Study of Social Policy Wendy A. Rickman Division Administrator, Iowa Department of Human Services Janice Gruendel Deputy Commissioner for Operations, Connecticut Department of Children and Families | Tags: Child Well-Being, early childhood, health, policy | Comments off McDowell Partnership for Children Grant for Preschool Dental Program in Rutherford and Polk Counties Tuesday, May 08th, 2012 | Author: Patti Mulligan McDowell Partnership for Children receives grant to expand Preschool Dental Program to Rutherford and Polk counties The Healthy Smiles program will receive nearly $500K over 3 years to provide dental health services for at-risk preschoolers in Rutherford and Polk counties. The project, called Healthy Smiles, will decrease the number of children entering kindergarten with untreated tooth decay. According to the most recent figures reported by the NC Oral Health Section, nearly one third of children in these counties enter kindergarten with untreated tooth decay. “We are excited to receive funding for three additional years in McDowell and expand on the success of the hospital’s program by serving children in Rutherford and Polk counties,” said Partnership Executive Director Caroline Rodier. “We hope to replicate the results of the current grant-funded program in which we saw the number of McDowell children entering kindergarten with untreated tooth decay decline from 27% to 20% over three years.” The project targets children enrolled in child care centers with limited oral exams and education. It also provides education and outreach to expectant mothers and the Latino community through dental screenings and education events. The project focuses on the concept of identifying and establishing young children with dental homes as an oral health prevention strategy. Two full-time dental assistants will provide 1) early identification and case management for a dental home model, 2) targeted outreach and education for young children (ages birth to five), their parents, child care providers and expectant moms, 3) access to restorative dental services for children – birth through kindergarten, and 4) increase in the use of fluoride varnishing. A contracted dentist from Mission Children’s Dental Program will assist with dental screenings in child care centers and at community events. The Dental Home is supported by the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry and the American Dental Association as a best practice. It builds upon three evidence-based strategies for dental health, which include fluoridation of drinking water, fluoride varnishing and sealant projects. The Healthy Smiles project is similar to the Carolina Dental Home promising-practice model, but targets children in child care settings instead of through primary care practices. An estimated 965 children will receive access to new and expanded programs and services, including limited oral exams, assistance with Medicaid enrollment, case management for establishing a dental home, and restorative dental services if needed through the grant-funded project. Childhood Migration and Well-being: A Framework for Understanding the Opportunities and Challenges, Krista M. Perreira, Ph.D.

Pink HousesbyJohn Mellencamp Album: Uh-Huh Mellencamp is from a rural town in Indiana and often writes about the American experience. His songs are sometimes misinterpreted as patriotic anthems, when a deeper listen reveals lyrics that deal with the challenges of living in America as well as the triumphs. Mellencamp has expressed his love for his country, but has also criticized the US government for going to war in Iraq, developing a dependency on foreign oil and not doing more to support the working class. "It's really an anti-American song," Mellencamp told Rolling Stone about "Pink Houses." "The American dream had pretty much proven itself as not working anymore. It was another way for me to sneak something in." Inspiration for this song came when Mellencamp was driving on Interstate 65 in Indianapolis. As described in the first verse, he saw a black man sitting in a lawn chair just watching the road. The image stuck with Mellencamp, who wasn't sure if the man should be pitied because he was desolate, or admired because he was happy. MTV ran a contest based on this song where they gave away a Pink House in Indiana. They got a great deal on the place - John Sykes at the network remembers paying $20,000 for it - but unfortunately, the house was across from a toxic waste dump. When Rolling Stone ran an article pointing this out, Sykes flew to Indiana and bought another house, which is the one they gave away (after painting it pink). The ordeal provided one of the many strange-but-true memories of the early MTV years (and not the only one involving a contest - when they did a promotion with Van Halen making a viewer a "roadie for a day," the guy who won almost died from the alcohol, drugs and assorted excess). According to Sykes, the house near the waste dump stayed on the book at MTV until 1992, since they couldn't get rid of it. Uh-Huh was the first album where Mellencamp used his real name. His manager named him Johnny Cougar when he started out. For this song, he used John Cougar Mellencamp, and in 1990, recorded as John Mellencamp. Mellencamp performed an 8-minute version of this with Kid Rock at the 2001 "Concert For New York," a benefit for victims of the World Trade Center attacks. He celebrates being American without making you want to puke. This video was shot in to counties in Indiana; Jackson, and Scott sounties. I live just 20 minutes from where he grew up. The house in the begining is just around the corner (it is still there), and the gas station in the video no longer exists but it was in the middle of the town. The field of flowers is right out of town and the other gas station where they all are danceing in in a town called Uniontown, Austin is where the "Pink house" is at, and the train scenes ar taken at a town called Crothersville. Also, just to clear up the stories it was I-70 and actually it was repainted, but this also has a duel meaning because I-65 runs through Austin,Crothersville, and Seymour(Mellencam's home town). If any one has any questions just Email me at [email protected] matt, austin, IN Everyone has a song that stands out among the thousands as that pivotal tune that makes you think: Yeah, that's me. I get it. This guy is singin' this for me. I felt that way driving around my no-where's-ville little town in 1984, and I just thought John Mellencamp was "it". And I still do. I think it should be our National Anthem, too. For everywhere I've been, for all I've got.. for all I've ever wanted - I've still got my "little pink house", and someone who loves me. It may suck at times - but aw, then aint we got it so good? Yeah, Yeah.. America ain't perfect. But we can lay claim to John Mellencamp - and I'm one proud American for that, alone.- Mitch, Philadelphia, PA One of Mellencamp's best, I can't decide between this and "Check it out" for my favorites- Mark, Ascension Island,South Atlanti Wow. Scott has a very good idea. I wanna do that too.- Johnny, Los Angeles, CA Wes, all I can say is Amen.- John, Millersville, MD When I am President, this will be our National Anthem.- Scott, St. Louis, MO "Mellencamp either surmised or found out later that the man lost part of his property when this highway was built." "Mellencamp was so struck by the utter despair of the man that he wrote the song in tribute." Yeah, okay, except that he was probably paid over market value for the property by the state. Of course, what with the recent Supreme Court ruling about eminent domain, I suspect little pink houses are about to get bulldozed into the ground all across the United States a lot more frequently.- Wes, Springfield, VA This is as americana as ANYTHING any has ever done shy of john fogerty..how fitting that they are touring tegether the summer of '05- Scott, chicago, IL It was my house that was the original "pink house" for the contest. My husband and I had fixed up a delapidated four-room farmhouse on five acres west of Bloominginton, IN. MTV bought the house and taped the promotional video there. We were surprised that the landfill was such a surprise since the realtor that MTV used was John's ex-wife who lived in Bloomington. She should have known about the landfill. However, we love to tell this story to our friends. Most people our age remember the contests that MTV ran in the beginning years.- Deborah, Houston, TX I remember that the "pink house" actually overlooked I-70 on the near east side of Indianapolis, and was swiftly repainted to some other color after this song became a hit. Otherwise, David's story rings true.- Pat, Las Vegas, NV An Indianapolis disc jockey told me the story of Mellencamp's inspiration for this song. He was driving on I 465, the belt that encircles Indianapolis. His eyes met the eyes of a black man who was sitting on the porch of his pink house. Mellencamp either surmised or found out later that the man lost part of his property when this highway was built. This is the origin of the line, "He's got an interstate running through his front yard." Mellencamp was so struck by the utter despair of the man that he wrote the song in tribute.- David, toledo, OH Leslie West of Mountain From the cowbell on "Mississippi Queen" to recording with The Who when they got the wrong Felix, stories from one of rock's master craftsmen. Phil Hurtt ("I'll Be Around") Phil was a songwriter, producer and voice behind many Philadelphia soul classics. When disco hit, he got an interesting project: The Village People. Gary Brooker of Procol Harum The lead singer and pianist for Procol Harum, Gary talks about finding the musical ideas to match the words.

Hydrocephalus is the buildup of fluid in the cavities (ventricles) deep within the brain. The excess fluid increases the size of the ventricles and puts pressure on the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid normally flows through the ventricles and bathes the brain and spinal column. But the pressure of too much cerebrospinal fluid associated with hydrocephalus can damage brain tissues and cause a large spectrum of impairments in brain function. Although hydrocephalus can occur at any age, it's more common among infants and older adults. Surgical treatment for hydrocephalus can restore and maintain normal cerebrospinal fluid levels in the brain. A variety of interventions are often required to manage symptoms or functional impairments resulting from hydrocephalus. Next The signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus vary generally by age of onset: Infants Common signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus in infants include: An unusually large head A rapid increase in the size of the head A bulging or tense soft spot (fontanel) on the top of the head Eyes fixed downward (sunsetting of the eyes) Deficits in muscle tone and strength, responsiveness to touch, and expected growth Toddlers and older children Among toddlers and older children, signs and symptoms may include: Abnormal enlargement of a toddler's head Delays in walking or talking Problems with previously acquired skills, such as walking or talking Blurred or double vision Unstable balance Change in personality Problems with attention Decline in school performance Poor appetite Difficulty remaining awake or waking up Young and middle-aged adults Common signs and symptoms in this age group include: Headache Difficulty in remaining awake or waking up Loss of coordination or balance Loss of bladder control or a frequent urge to urinate Impaired vision Decline in memory, concentration and other thinking skills that may affect job performance Among adults 60 years of age and older, the more common signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus are: Loss of bladder control or a frequent urge to urinate Progressive loss of other thinking or reasoning skills Difficulty walking, often described as a shuffling gait or the feeling of the feet being stuck Poor coordination or balance Slower than normal movements in general Seek emergency medical care for infants and toddlers experiencing these signs and symptoms: A high-pitched cry Problems with sucking or feeding Unexplained, recurrent vomiting An unwillingness to bend or move the neck or head Breathing difficulties Seek prompt medical attention for other signs or symptoms in any age group. Because more than one condition can result in the problems associated with hydrocephalus, it's important to get a timely diagnosis and appropriate care. PreviousNext Brain ventricles Your brain floats in a bath of cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid also fills large open structures, called ventricles, which lie deep inside your brain. The fluid-filled ventricles help keep the brain ... Hydrocephalus is caused by an imbalance between how much cerebrospinal fluid is produced and how much is absorbed into the bloodstream. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by tissues lining the ventricles of the brain. It flows through the ventricles by way of interconnecting channels and eventually flows into spaces around the brain and spinal column. It's absorbed primarily by blood vessels in tissues near the base of the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid plays an important role in brain function by: Keeping the brain buoyant, allowing the relatively heavy brain to float within the skull Cushioning the brain to prevent injury Removing waste products of the brain's metabolism Flowing back and forth between the brain cavity and spinal column to maintain a constant pressure within the brain — compensating for changes in blood pressure in the brain Excess fluid Excess cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles occurs for one of the following reasons: Obstruction. The most common problem is a partial obstruction of the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid, either from one ventricle to another or from the ventricles to other spaces around the brain. Poor absorption. Less common is a problem with the mechanisms that enable the blood vessels to absorb cerebral spinal fluid. This is often related to inflammation of brain tissues from disease or injury. Overproduction. Rarely, the mechanisms for producing cerebrospinal fluid create more than normal and more quickly than it can be absorbed. In many cases, the exact event leading to hydrocephalus is unknown. However, a number of developmental or medical problems can contribute to or trigger hydrocephalus. Newborns Hydrocephalus present at birth (congenital) or shortly after birth may occur because of any of the following: Abnormal development of the central nervous system that can obstruct the flow of cerebral spinal fluid Bleeding within the ventricles, a possible complication of premature birth Infection in the uterus during a pregnancy, such as rubella or syphilis, that can cause inflammation in fetal brain tissues Other contributing factors Other factors that can contribute to hydrocephalus among any age group include: Lesions or tumors of the brain or spinal cord Central nervous system infections, such as bacterial meningitis or mumps Bleeding in the brain from stroke or head injury Other traumatic injury to the brain Long-term complications of hydrocephalus can vary widely and are often difficult to predict. If hydrocephalus has progressed by the time of birth, it may result in significant intellectual, developmental and physical disabilities. Less severe cases, when treated appropriately, may have few, if any, notable complications. Adults who have experienced a significant decline in memory or other thinking skills generally have poorer recoveries and persistent symptoms after treatment of hydrocephalus. The severity of complications depends on: Underlying medical or developmental problems Severity of initial symptoms Timeliness of diagnosis and treatment How you learn about your child's condition — if your child has hydrocephalus — may depend on how severe the symptoms are, when problems first appear, and whether there were any significant risk factors during the pregnancy or delivery. In some cases, hydrocephalus may be diagnosed at birth or prior to birth. Well-baby visits It's important to take your child to all regularly scheduled well-baby visits. These visits are an opportunity for your child's doctor to monitor your child's development in key areas, including: Head size and rate of head growth Muscle tone Age-appropriate motor skills Sensory abilities — vision, hearing and touch Questions you should be prepared to answer during regular checkups might include the following: What concerns do you have about your child's growth or development? How well does he or she eat? How does your child respond to touch? Is your child reaching certain milestones in development, such as rolling over, pushing up, sitting up, crawling, walking or speaking? Preparing for other doctor visits If you're seeing your doctor because of the recent onset of symptoms, you'll likely start by seeing your general practitioner or your child's pediatrician. After an initial evaluation, your doctor may refer you to a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system (neurologist). Be prepared to answer the following questions about your symptoms or on your child's behalf: What signs or symptoms have you noticed? When did they begin? Have these signs or symptoms changed over time? Do these signs or symptoms include nausea or vomiting? Have you or your child had any vision problems? Have you or your child had a headache or fever? Have you noticed any personality changes, including increased irritability? Has your child experienced any changes in school performance? Have you noticed any new problems with movement or coordination? Have signs or symptoms included abnormal sleepiness or lack of energy? In infants: Have signs and symptoms included seizures? In infants: Have signs and symptoms included problems with eating or breathing? In older children and adults: Have signs and symptoms included headache? In older children and adults: Have signs and symptoms included urinary incontinence? Have you or your child had a recent head injury? Are you or is your child being treated for any other medical conditions? Have you or your child recently begun a new medication? A diagnosis of hydrocephalus is usually based on: Your answers to the doctor's questions about signs and symptoms A general physical A neurological exam Brain imaging tests Neurological exam The type of neurological exam will depend on a person's age. The neurologist may ask questions and conduct relatively simple tests in the office to judge: Reflexes Sense of touch Vision and eye movement Mental status Brain imaging tests can show enlargement of the ventricles caused by excess cerebrospinal fluid. They may also be used to identify underlying causes of hydrocephalus or other conditions contributing to the symptoms. Imaging tests may include: Ultrasound. Ultrasound imaging, which uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images, is often used for an initial assessment for infants because it's a relatively simple, low-risk procedure. The ultrasound device is placed over the soft spot (fontanel) on the top of a baby's head. Ultrasound may also detect hydrocephalus prior to birth when the procedure is used during routine prenatal examinations. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses radio waves and a magnetic field to produce detailed 3-D or cross-sectional images of the brain. This test is painless, but it is noisy and requires lying still. Some MRI scans can take up to an hour and require mild sedation for children. However, some hospitals may use a quick version of MRI that takes about five minutes and doesn't require sedation. Computerized tomography (CT) is a specialized X-ray technology that can produce cross-sectional views of the brain. Scanning is painless and takes about 20 minutes. This test also requires lying still, so a child usually receives a mild sedative. CT scans for hydrocephalus are usually used only for emergency exams. Shunt system A shunt drains excess cerebrospinal fluid from the brain to another part of the body, such as the abdomen, where it can be more easily absorbed. ... One of two surgical treatments may be used to treat hydrocephalus. Shunt The most common treatment for hydrocephalus is the surgical insertion of a drainage system, called a shunt. It consists of a long, flexible tube with a valve that keeps fluid from the brain flowing in the right direction and at the proper rate. One end of the tubing is usually placed in one of the brain's ventricles. The tubing is then tunneled under the skin to another part of the body where the excess cerebrospinal fluid can be more easily absorbed — such as the abdomen or a chamber in the heart. People who have hydrocephalus usually need a shunt system for the rest of their lives, and regular monitoring is required. Ventriculostomy Ventriculostomy is a surgical procedure that can be used for some people. In the procedure, your surgeon uses a small video camera to have direct vision inside the brain and makes a hole in the bottom of one of the ventricles or between the ventricles to enable cerebrospinal fluid to flow out of the brain. Complications of surgery Both surgical procedures can result in complications. Shunt systems can stop draining cerebrospinal fluid or poorly regulate drainage because of mechanical malfunctions, blockage or infections. The passage created during a ventriculostomy can suddenly close. Any failure requires prompt attention, surgical revisions or other interventions. Signs and symptoms of problems may include: Fever Redness, pain or tenderness of the skin along the path of the shunt tube Abdominal pain when the shunt valve is in the abdomen Recurrence of any of the initial hydrocephalus symptoms Some people with hydrocephalus, particularly children, may need additional treatment, depending on the severity of long-term complications of hydrocephalus. A care team for children may include a: Pediatrician or physiatrist, who oversees the treatment plan and medical care Pediatric neurologist, who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders in children Occupational therapist, who specializes in therapy to develop everyday skills Developmental therapist, who specializes in therapy to help your child develop age-appropriate behaviors, social skills and interpersonal skills Mental health provider, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist Social worker, who assists the family with accessing services and planning for transitions in care Special education teacher, who addresses learning disabilities, determines educational needs and identifies appropriate educational resources Adults with more severe complications may also require the services of occupational therapists, social workers, specialists in dementia care or other medical specialists. PreviousNext With the help of rehabilitative therapies and educational interventions, many people with hydrocephalus live with few limitations. There are many resources available to provide emotional and medical support as you parent a child with hydrocephalus. Children with developmental problems due to hydrocephalus may be eligible for government-sponsored health care and other support services. Check with your state or county social services agency. Hospitals and voluntary organizations serving people with disabilities are good resources for emotional and practical support, as are doctors and nurses. Ask these resources to help you connect with other families who are coping with hydrocephalus. Adults living with hydrocephalus may find valuable information and support from organizations dedicated to hydrocephalus education and support, such as the Hydrocephalus Association. PreviousNext Hydrocephalus is not a preventable condition. However, there are ways to reduce the risk of hydrocephalus: If you're pregnant, get regular prenatal care. Following your doctor's recommended schedule for checkups during pregnancy can reduce your risk of premature labor, which places your baby at risk of hydrocephalus and other complications. Protect against infectious illness. Follow the recommended vaccination and screening schedules for your age and sex. Preventing and promptly treating the infections and other illnesses associated with hydrocephalus may reduce your risk. To prevent head injury: Use appropriate safety equipment. For babies and children, use a properly installed, age- and size-appropriate child safety seat on all car trips. Make sure all your baby equipment — crib, stroller, swing, highchair — meets all safety standards and is properly adjusted for your baby's size and development. Children and adults should wear a helmet while riding a bicycle, skateboard, motorcycle, snowmobile or all-terrain vehicle. Always wear a seat belt in a motor vehicle. Small children should be secured in child safety seats or booster seats. Depending on their size, older children may be adequately restrained with seat belts. Should you be vaccinated against meningitis? Ask your doctor if you or your child should receive a vaccine against meningitis, once a common cause of hydrocephalus. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends meningitis vaccination for preteen children and boosters for teenagers. It's also recommended for younger children and adults who may be at increased risk of meningitis for any of the following reasons: Traveling to countries where meningitis is common Having an immune system disorder called terminal complement deficiency Having a damaged spleen or having had the spleen removed Living in a college dormitory

Racism? Let me tell you a story By CHRIS TISCH, Times Staff Writer NEW ORLEANS - I want to introduce you to Clarence Smith. I met him while covering Hurricane Katrina's destruction of New Orleans this week. Clarence did something remarkable after Katrina hit. He was one of those who stayed. He and thousands of others were plucked from roofs and brought to dry land at the base of a bridge in eastern New Orleans. The bridge spanned a moderately damaged neighborhood to the west side of where the floodwaters reached 20 feet or more. After these people were rescued, the National Guard carried many of them to the Superdome, which I would estimate was up to 5 miles away. But about 200 were left behind, boxed in by floodwaters on all sides. They formed a makeshift camp, but had no food or water. Tempers flared. The daytime heat was astonishing. The nighttime darkness was terrifying. Almost all were black. They had been there nearly 24 hours when my colleague Aaron Sharockman (who is white, like me) steered our sport utility vehicle through murky, fuel-slicked water that was more than 3 feet deep, and found them. Clarence had become their ad hoc leader. A tall and muscular black man in a blue tank top, Clarence saw me talking with folks in the camp. I saw him, too, because he was pulling a wagon full of food and water, which he was handing out to people. He approached me. Clarence, 44, made it clear from the start that he was grateful he and his wife had been rescued from the roof of their home. But then he told me how these people were abandoned, how old people were withering without medicine, how injured people were near death. An old lady passed out on the concrete while we talked. I wrote down what he said. After a while, I asked where he got the food and water. He looked down and said some good Samaritans brought it. I knew that wasn't true. I told him if he broke into nearby shops for food and water, I didn't think anyone could blame him. He admitted that's where the stuff came from. Clarence told me he wanted police there for security, to break up fights. He also knew a neighboring area, which had not been nearly as hard hit, was full of white people who were not welcoming to members of the camp. I knew this, too. We had interviewed a white resident who lived there. He described an enclave that feared the group of black people. He said many residents were armed and organized. He mentioned nothing of helping them, even as he tried to joke to us: "The natives are getting hungry." We didn't laugh. I asked Clarence why it seemed black people had been especially hard hit in the storm. He pointed to the camp and said that was my answer. Those in charge, Clarence told me, don't care about poor, black people. Time and again, they are left behind. "This isn't 1965," he told me. "This shouldn't be happening." His suspicion of people in power was so resonant that he, like many black people in New Orleans, believed the city purposefully broke the levy that flooded their neighborhood so the famous French Quarter and white areas of town could be spared. I don't think New Orleans should be singled out. Many - if not all - major U.S. cities have poor black sections that are in ragged parts of town, farther away from emergency services or neglected by other city departments. This is a national problem. But never have the results of systematic and latent racism been so obvious and painful. Thousands of people of one race died because of it. If I were a black leader in New Orleans, I would be enraged. Heck, I'm a white guy from St. Petersburg and I'm enraged. So, if anyone ever tells you the days of segregation and racism are long gone, please remind them of Katrina and New Orleans. And also remind them of this about Clarence. Remember I told you he did something remarkable? Three people at the camp were old white ladies taken from a retirement home. Before I left the camp, I saw Clarence taking them food and water. He gave those white ladies more than he had given to anyone else in the camp - including himself. If only all of us were so blind to wealth and color.

What Is Color Management? The term color management refers to a process wherein the characteristics of colors in each device being used are manipulated. This process allows the colors to remain consistent even when the image is transferred from one device to another. With using computer programs specifically made for the process, there is little user involvement required in most cases as the process occurs behind the scenes. However, learning and understanding how the process works is essential. The knowledge may also come in handy with fixing devices that show issues with reproducing certain colors. Understanding the Imaging Chain The imaging chain involves a number of devices. When it comes to digital photography, the chain begins with the camera capturing the image of the subject. Next is the computer or a similar device which is used to display the captured image on a screen. This image is then relayed onto a printer which prints out the final image. There are other types of imaging chains and devices included in these chains. But even with the variety of devices and imaging chains, the concept and steps involved in managing the colors remains the same. Why Profiles and Color References are Important Any device which is involved in reproducing color will benefit from the process of managing colors. For photographers and other related fields, the need for more accurate color reproduction is necessary. No device is able to reproduce colors perfectly. However, consumers and professionals such as photographers would benefit in using devices which are capable of managing colors as it gives them greater control over any changes on the reproduction of colors from one device to another. Each type of device has its own set of color numbers which are used to identify certain colors. With the variety of devices, brands and models, the same color number may produce a slightly different hue when used on another device. Without using the management process, consumers may end up with viewing or printing their images that look different from the original image file. By using a tool which manages colors, the colors become consistent regardless of the number of devices being used or how many times the image is transferred. The Steps Involved in the Management Process Various types of computers and devices have a built in management tool. It works based on a system which consists of three essential steps and concepts standardized by the International Color Consortium. Understanding these concepts and steps will make it easier for users to manage several different devices and control how the colors are reproduced in each device. The first step involves characterization or determining how each device reproduces the same color number. This is known as the color profile which is distinct for each device. The color profile of each device is its response to a series of reference colors, a step referred to as standardization. These standardized profiles are then used to translate the colors of each device. As long as all of the devices use the same standard set of colors, the image retains its integrity regardless of how many devices are included in the imaging chain.

Related Topics Video:Cancer drug shortages mean higher costs and greater risk for patients (video 2013)James M. Hoffman, PharmDMedicine & Science News Cancer drug shortages mean higher costs and greater risk for patientsSt. Jude Children’s Research Hospital plays key role in research showing that drug shortages erode the quality and increase the cost of cancer care; experts warn that shortages persist despite efforts to fix the problem Memphis, Tennessee, March 21, 2013 A national survey of health professionals showed that drug shortages are taking a heavy toll on cancer patients, forcing treatment changes and delays that for some patients meant worse outcomes, more therapy-related complications and higher costs. St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital investigators played an important role in the study. The survey queried oncology pharmacists and others involved in managing cancer drug shortages for academic medical centers, community hospitals and other cancer treatment facilities nationwide. Of the 243 individuals who completed the survey, 98 percent reported having dealt with a shortage of at least one chemotherapy agent or other essential cancer-related drug in the previous 12 months. Ninety-three percent reported that shortages forced delays in chemotherapy administration or other changes in cancer drug therapy. Researchers found the shortages also disrupted cancer research and added to the cost and risks associated with cancer treatment. One institution linked a patient’s death to a shortage-related medication mistake. Overall, 16 percent of respondents tied shortages to adverse patient outcomes, including disease progression or more treatment-related complications. The survey is the first to focus specifically on the impact of cancer-related drug shortages. It was conducted by the Hematology/Oncology Pharmacy Association and focused on a 12-month period ending in October 2011. The results will be published in the April 1 edition of the American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. “This survey documents the risk that drug shortages pose to cancer patients of all ages,”said the study’s senior author, James Hoffman, Pharm.D., an associate member of the St. Jude Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the hospital’s medication outcomes and safety officer. “To cure cancer patients we must often use complex treatment regimens, and shortages add unnecessary complexity. Unlike medications for other diseases, there are few, if any, therapeutically equivalent alternatives available for many oncology drugs in short supply. “Drug supplies remain unpredictable and serious problems persist,” Hoffman said. In February, the University of Utah Drug Information Service was tracking national and regional shortages of more than 320 drugs, which is the highest number since 2010.The University of Utah Drug Information Service tracks drug shortages and provides advice about managing shortages through the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. The survey follows an earlier St. Jude-led study that linked a shortage of the chemotherapy drug mechlorethamine to a greater risk of relapse for some young Hodgkin lymphoma patients. Relapse meant those patients underwent additional intensive therapy that left them at greater risk for infertility and other treatment-related health problems later. Multiple factors contribute to drug shortages, including manufacturing and quality problems, production delays and discontinuations. Earlier studies have shown that most shortages occur in the supply chain of generic injectable drugs, particularly medications to combat cancer and infections. In 2012, new federal legislation gave the U.S. Food and Drug Administration additional tools to prevent and ease drug shortages, including requiring manufacturers to report anticipated supply problems of key medications. “While the FDA and others have worked diligently to address the problem, additional action is needed to address continuing shortages,” Hoffman said. The survey found shortages increase health care costs as scarcity drives up the price and requires staff time to manage the problem. About one-third of institutions in this survey reported pharmacy staff spent at least 20 hours each week working on issues related to the drug shortage. That included time spent trying to find scarce medications to purchase or identify alternatives. Eighty-five percent of respondents reported shortages led to higher medical costs. Drug shortages also disrupted the clinical trials that are essential for developing new cancer treatments. This survey found that shortages forced 44 percent of institutions to either halt or delay enrollment in clinical trials. The problem also led some providers to change or omit medications. In this survey, the drugs most frequently reported as being in short supply were fluorouracil, leucovorin, liposomal doxorubicin and paclitaxel. Such shortages hit patients battling ovarian, breast and colorectal cancers particularly hard. For some patients, the survey found shortages meant traveling to other institutions for treatment or receiving alternative medications. For other patients, it meant treatment was delayed or continued with either lower doses of the missing drugs or without the drugs at all. HOPA is a nonprofit professional organization launched in 2004 in order to help oncology and hematology pharmacy practitioners and their associates provide the best possible cancer care. HOPA has more than 1,900 members and includes not just oncology pharmacists, but also pharmacy interns, residents, nurses, technicians, researchers, and administrators specializing in hematology/oncology practice. HOPA feels strongly that individuals with cancer should not shoulder the burden of drug shortages in addition to stresses of cancer and cancer treatment and is committed to advocating methods to avoid and manage future drug shortages. To see more about HOPA and its advocacy efforts, visit www.hoparx.org.

Private Charitable Foundation If your estate is large enough to pay estate taxes when you die, you may need some additional planning. You are probably aware that, in 2010, there is currently no federal estate tax, but Congress may reinstate it at any time. If Congress does nothing, the federal estate tax will automatically return in 2011. We don't know when Congress will act and what it will do, but since it looks like this tax is still in our future, it is important to understand how you can reduce or eliminate it and preserve more of your assets for your family. Also, some states now have their own death or inheritance tax, so while your estate may not have to pay a federal estate tax, it could have to pay a state tax.Your estate will have to pay federal estate taxes when you die if the net value (assets minus debts) is more than the exempt amount at that time. In 2009, the exemption was $3.5 million; every dollar over this amount was taxed at 45%. Historically, the federal estate tax rate has been 45-55%. If Congress does nothing this year, the federal estate tax is scheduled to come back in 2011 with a $1 million exemption and a 55% tax rate.Instead of giving all that tax money to Uncle Sam after you die and letting Congress decide how to spend it, you can set up your own charitable foundation, donate your assets to it and keep some control over how the money is spent! (The IRS does have a few restrictions on how the money is used.)You can set up the foundation while you are living, or it can be established after you die. To qualify, a small percentage of the trust assets must be distributed to charity each year. But you can name whomever you wish to run the foundation, including your children, and the foundation can pay them a reasonable salary. You can be very specific about which charities you want to support, or you can leave that up to the trustees of the foundation to decide (within the IRS guidelines, of course).The tax benefits of setting up your own foundation can be substantial. You can save estate, capital gains and ordinary income taxes:The assets you give to the foundation will be removed from your taxable estate. So, for example, if you give your entire estate to the foundation (or the entire amount over the estate tax exemption), your estate will pay no estate taxes! There will be no capital gains tax when the assets are sold by the foundation, so it's great for appreciated assets. And, if you donate publicly traded securities to a private foundation, you can get a charitable income tax deduction for their full fair market value - up to 30% of your adjusted gross income. (The deduction is less than the 50% limit for standard charitable contributions because this is a private charitable foundation.) <

Pediatric CenterHypotoniaHypotonia is often a sign of abnormality in the case of a newborn or older infant, and may suggest the presence of central nervous system dysfunction, genetic disorders, or muscle disorders. Hypotonic infants rest with their elbows and knees loosely extended, while infants with normal tone tend to have flexed elbows and knees. Head control may be poor or absent in the floppy infant with the head falling to the side, backward or forward.

Editor's note: This is a second in a series of articles examining how education in the public schools has changed over the last 20 years. Remember elementary school math? It was a trial of learning about addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It was a procession of fractions, decimal points and story problems. Oh, remember those? Story problems that is. While all the work sheets with dozens of problems seemed overwhelming at times, it was the story problems that most people hated. At times it was hard to figure out what operation to use. It was hard to know what kind of answer you should come up with. But the fact was, and is, that story problems, the ones most students hated the most, were the ones that most of us would use in later life. They weren't just numbers on a paper, they were what we would use to figure out costs of a fence surrounding our property or how much we would have to pay for five pounds of bananas. Usually things in the abstract (like the dozens of problems on a page) are harder for people to decipher. But in the case of math they seemed easier than trying to figure out how quickly Mrs. Smith would reach Podunkville (58 miles away) if she rode a train that was traveling 37 miles per hour. It was because good memorizers could whip through rote math problems; but people who deduced things had a harder time. "In the past students were good at math if they were also good at memorization," said Mika Salas, the Math Specialist for Carbon School District. "Just because a student can spit out the facts doesn't mean they are good at math." Two years ago schools in Utah were told to go to a new program, called the Utah Common Core. The program is exactly like one being used in 40 other states, and Salas said that the impact of the program will be tremendous as students move up the ladder of grade level to grade level. The new program was not the first one introduced in the state. People who were parents in the 1970s remember the "new math" of that time period. Then came a number of other programs all lasting only a few years before the state decided that teachers should use another method. But that was when few states cooperated with each other and all had their own programs. The problem was that students in various states were getting various kinds of math education. And many, when they graduated, found that they weren't prepared for college work, especially when they went out of state. "When the states developed their own standards and methods, students weren't ready to compete nationally," said Salas. "Before Utah was an island unto itself. We had a hard time finding resources and text books to support our programs. Text book publishers write to comply with the large states." The new math system, which was implemented two years ago, is taking hold. The program is set up to be sure that students can do math problems and understand math concepts in a number of ways. Salas says that the new program is being instituted from kindergarten to 11th grade. "The program is set up to put meaning behind it, to make it relevant," she says. "It levels the playing field for students." That doesn't mean it is easier. That means it is more relevant. Instead of just coming up with the answer to a problem, the system takes into account how a student arrived at the answer, and how that answer could be used in the real world. The older systems trained kids not to think but to put out facts. The new one teaches them to think, deduce and come up with creative ways to get answers. "For instance there was a fourth grade student that I saw that said he did not know his 20 times tables in the problem 20 x 5 = X," she said. "But he did know that 10 x 5 equaled 50 so he came up with 100 as the answer." While this may simple to an adult who has been using math for many years, that is not that simple for students only schooled in using set facts. Salas says there are a number ways that the program can achieve breadth and depth. • Students can see it in a visual representation. A teacher may talk about one fourth of a rectangle in the abstract, but all representations under the program are demonstrated in a visual way as well. In other words, a rectangle is portrayed with a fourth of its area colored to show the student what it means. • That same rectangle can also be represented by a number or area. The student would learn an equation that would demonstrate how to figure the area that the number represents. • Use of the math to find the area applied to real life. For instance, the students would be sent out to find the area of a rectangular playing field at their school. They would be supplied no numbers but be expected to figure it out by doing what one does in real life to find the area; measure and calculate. This type of exercise is a reality check. "We have done this with students and find that those that can do it in the abstract, can't figure it out when they are confronted with the problem of figuring the area in real life," said Salas. "They didn't even know how to start to measure the field." The introduction of the program has not been without its snags. First of all younger children are much more likely to embrace what is being done, while those older ones that have been through the previous system have struggled some. And difficulty with a new program isn't just about the kids. "In the 15 years I have taught there have been four different math cores," said Salas. "We have teachers that are still struggling a little with the program." She said that it takes about three to four years of teaching something to be completely comfortable with a math program. While she didn't say anything about it, changes from one core to another after a few years can result in stunted education growth. But she sees some very positive things in the students. There are also new words that students are using when they go home; things that parents are wondering about and what those terms mean. Salas is developing a glossary for people to use to understand what is being said and how it relates to the world of math as they know it. "I see kids starting to put it all together, doing it more quickly and having fun with math," she said. "I believe this is the biggest change the system has ever made in math but it is in the best interests of the kids. We will get there but it will still take some patience on the part of everyone." She also hopes that parents will understand that the change, as difficult as it can be, will add up to a better math education for their children.

The Society for the Neurobiology of Language (SNL) announces several awards funded by the National Institute on Deafness and Communication Disorders (NIDCD) to help cover travel and registration costs for the 2011 Neurobiology of Language Conference (NLC) in Annapolis, Maryland. SNL particularly encourages and aims to foster the participation of junior scientists who are members of underrepresented groups as defined by the National Institutes of Health (). Graduate Student Abstract Merit Awards (2) Graduate students who submit top ranked abstracts will receive the SNL Graduate Student Abstract Merit Award to pay conference registration. All graduate students who are the first author on a submitted abstract will be automatically considered. No application is required. Two awards will be given. Post Doctoral Abstract Merit Awards (2) Post docs who submit top ranked abstracts will receive the SNL Post Doctoral Abstract Merit Award to pay conference registration. All post docs who are the first author on a submitted abstract will be automatically considered. No application is required. Two awards will be given. Travel Awards (12) Graduate and post-doctoral students who are not first authors on an abstract or who did not submit an abstract to the meeting are eligible for a travel award to attend the 3rd Annual Neurobiology of Language Conference. The awards will cover the cost of registration as well as provide $550 toward the cost of travel to the meeting. Application required. To apply, submit the following materials: your CV, a brief personal statement that outlines why you deserve the award, and whether or not you fall into one of the underrepresented groups as defined by the National Institutes of Health () to: [email protected]. Deadline to submit an application for a Travel Award is October 1, 2011. Greg Hickok Mirror Neuron Forum - some additional discussion - Part II In my answer to Question 1 I suggested that mirror neurons can be viewed analogously to canonical neurons, that is, as a sensory-motor association system involved in action selection, not action understanding. Here is Gallese's response to this suggestion: What we need instead is to discuss how well the two hypotheses account for the available data. Is there any evidence that suggests that monkeys (remember this question is about MNs in monkeys) fail to understand objects or actions when the dorsal stream is damaged? No. All we have is evidence that cells in the dorsal stream fire both during movements directed at objects and during observation of actions or objects. Correlation does not imply causation as we all know so there is no direct evidence for Gallese's claim. Do we have direct evidence for my claim? Well, object recognition deficits can be induced by disruption of ventral visual areas (e.g., see the classic work by Ungerleider and Mishkin) and while not direct, the fact that the response properties of cells in the ventral stream have the right features for object and action recognition (specificity, invariant to size, etc.) is consistent with my proposal. In other words, there are empirical reasons why the "standard view" of dorsal and ventral stream function in the monkey visual system is what it is. The predictable response from Gallese et al. will be that yes, the ventral stream is good at recognition but this recognition is devoid of true meaning. Again, this is a non-argument in that all it is, is a counter-hypothesis that is not supported empirically in the macaque. This is where the argument slips into human data as we'll see in Gallese's next point. (But I thought there was no reason to assume human and macaque systems would be doing the same thing Vittorio?) Gallese, V., Gernsbacher, M., Heyes, C., Hickok, G., & Iacoboni, M. (2011). Mirror Neuron Forum Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6 (4), 369-407 DOI: 10.1177/1745691611413392 Now that people have had a chance to digest the recently published "Mirror Neuron Forum" (Perspectives on Psychological Science 6(4) 369–407) I think it would be useful to revisit some of the claims and counter-claims. I will start working through some of the points in a series of posts. Of course, my focus will be on the parts of the forum that I participated in, but if you have some comments and thoughts on any part of it, feel free to email me and I'll post it as "guest post". I would like to get the forum participants involved in this less formal discussion. I hope they will join in and of course, I will be happy to post anything from my co-forum participants. Question 1: Do Mirror Neurons in Macaques or Humans Make an Important Contribution to Action Understanding? I suggested in my answer to this question that if we have reason to question the role of macaque mirror neurons (MNs) in action understanding then we have reason to question the role of the mirror system in humans in action understanding and the various functions to which the system has been generalized. Here is Gallese's response to my point: VG. I will respond to some of the points raised by GH. First, the major premise of his initial argument is debatable. Accord- ing to GH, if one can question the relevance of MNs to action understanding in monkeys, then this would automatically jeopardize any conclusion about the role of MNs in human social cognition. Why? Do we assume that a given trait or neural mechanism found in different species must necessarily preserve identical characteristics? Evolutionary theory patently contradicts this assumption. Gallese is right, of course. There is no reason to assume that a given system's function will be preserved evolutionarily. It is perfectly legitimate to assess the empirical merits of theories of MN function in macaque separately from the empirical merits of theories of the so-called mirror system function in humans; they may have very different functions, a point I made in my Eight Problems paper (it was problem #4). However, this is not how many people, including Gallese's group, have approached the two systems. Rather, theories of the function of the human mirror system has been built on the foundation of the MN theory of action understanding in macaques. Consider the abstract from one of Gallese's highly influential papers: How do we understand other people's behavior? How can we assign goals, intentions, or beliefs to the inhabitants of our social world? A possible way to answer these challenging questions is to adopt an evolutionary frame of reference, both in phylogenetical and ontogenetical terms, envisaging these ‘mind-reading' capacities as rooted in antecedent, more ‘ancient' and simple mechanisms. This approach can capitalize on the results of different fields of investigation: neurophysiology can investigate the neural correlates of precursors of these mechanisms in lower species of social primates such as macaque monkeys. Developmental psychology can study how the capacity to attribute propositional attitudes to others develops. In the present article we will propose that humans' mind-reading abilities rely on the capacity to adopt a simulation routine. This capacity might have evolved from an action execution/observation matching system whose neural correlate is represented by a class of neurons recently discovered in the macaque monkey premotor cortex: mirror neurons (MNs). Gallese and Goldman, 1998 So the logic is: -MNs in macaques perform motor simulation/action recognition during observation -humans posses a parallel motor simulation system (an assumption not mentioned in the abstract but one that gets its own section in the paper) -MNs in macaques are NOT performing motor simulation/action understanding during observation -humans posses a parallel system that may or may not be performing motor simulation/action understanding during observation *therefore, mind-reading is evolutionarily built on this motor simulation function of macaque MNs -- Oops, doesn't follow! (neither did it follow logically above either, but here it is a larger stretch to even attempt the linkage). Practical point: Gallese and others have used the claimed function of macaque mirror neurons to develop theories of the neural basis of everything from speech perception to mind-reading in humans. This is a reasonable approach. But if we learn that macaque mirror neurons are doing something else, then by the same approach -- i.e., to "adopt an evolutionary frame of reference, both in phylogenetical and ontogenetical terms" and to "capitalize on the results of different fields of investigation" -- we need to reconsidered our theories of the human mirror system. Department Chair position -- University of South Carolina Department Chair: The Dept. of Communication Sciences and Disorders in the Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, is inviting applications for the position of Department Chair at the level of associate or full professor. This is a 9-month tenure-track position with a set start date for fall 2012. Qualified applicants will have a Ph.D. in Communication Sciences/Disorders or related fields; preference will be given to applicants who hold a Certificate of Clinical Competence in speech-language pathology (CCC-SLP). Other qualifications include: (a) demonstrated excellence in the area of leadership and the ability to serve at the college, university, and national level; (b) strong track record in the areas of teaching and research; (c) demonstrated ability to work effectively with faculty, staff and students who represent a wide array of ethnic, cultural, and socioeconomic backgrounds; and (d) desire to work in a progressive research friendly environment. The Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders offers two master’s degrees and a Ph.D. in speech-language pathology. The University of South Carolina is a Carnegie Doctoral/Research Extensive Institution with an aggressive program of expansion in the areas of language development and adult neurogenics with potential for further expansion in the applicant’s area of interest. Salary is competitive and commensurate with experience. Interested applicants should send application letter, CV, three letters of recommendation, and other supporting material to: Julius Fridriksson, Ph.D. Search Committee Chair, C/O Karen Mullis, Dept. of Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 ([email protected]). Review of applications will begin November 1st, 2011 and will continue until the position is filled. The University of South Carolina is an AA/EOE. Women and minorities are encouraged to apply. Visit the department website at: How amodal are phonological representations? Something has been bothering me lately with respect to phonological theory. It is assumed that phonological representations are abstract entities not tied to any sensory or motor systems. Why then are phonological representations defined in terms of motor articulatory features? Does this bother anyone?

Fortunato Arriola (Mexican, 1827 - 1872) Fortunato Arriola (1827–1872), born in Cosala, Sinaloa, Mexico, was a painter of portraits and luminous tropical landscapes that were very popular in San Francisco, California where he came to live in 1857. The complete, although brief, Wikipedia article on Arriola can be found here.

Bowling's Score Inflation: Good or Bad for the Game? Edward Tenner Feb 24 2011, 1:00 PM ET Why do some sports welcome radical technological change and others reject it? I'm talking less about safety equipment that usually has a more indirect effect on style than about products that increase speed or scoring dramatically. Golf inspires more patents than any other sport, but the the USGA has a history of meticulous testing to keep new designs within carefully defined bounds.Bowling is different. It also has rules, of course, but standards for balls, pins, and lane treatments have permitted a transformation of the game, as the Wall Street Journal recently explained:In the most recently completed United States Bowling Congress league season, nearly 52,000 "perfect" 300 games were rolled. (A perfect game is 12 straight strikes over the 10 frames.) The total represents a 59-fold increase from 1970. And that's even as the number of bowling centers has fallen by about half during that period, taking the number of league bowlers down with it.But the experts at equipment maker Storm Products Inc. say that scoring in leagues these days is inflated because of space-age bowling equipment deployed on lanes oiled in patterns that maximize scoring. Steve Kloempken, a technical adviser for Storm, says today's bowling balls practically hook by themselves, via nanotechnology that enhances traction on the lane at the molecular level. Yesterday's solid, hard-rubber balls--similar to the ones bowling alleys let you use for free--needed to be aimed with perfect precision. Inside today's balls are heavy cores designed into asymmetrical shapes that optimize spin and rotation, all to create the perfect, strike-making angle into the head pin. Amateur scores are inflated because of more forgiving lane conditioning than in tournament play, but even among pros, the ethos of the game has changed from developing skills in converting difficult spares to getting the ball to hook consistently in a spot and at an angle at which a strike is assured. (Experiments with ramps have shown there is such an ultra-sweet spot.) Fifteen years ago, when I interviewed the author of the best selling bowling textbook, Par Bowling: The Challenge, the legendary teacher Tom Kouros, he lamented the tendency of the new balls to erode the ethics of the game and its accumulated knowledge and skills. Mr. Kouros's textbook shows how mentally and physically complex the game really is.The Journal article clearly shows traditionalists haven't been able to stop the innovations that have been changing the game -- partly because the balls rely on sophisticated computer-assisted designs and materials unknown in the sport when the original rules were laid down. Even for believers in classic bowling, there may a bright side in the new equipment. It has helped bring young bowlers into the sport, high school students who might have been too impatient with the old ways. Some of the them are developing new styles that maintain interest, like this New Jersey high school student with an unorthodox two-handed delivery. The more participants, and the more common perfect scores get, the greater the chances for rediscovery of the virtues of the old game -- as in recorded music's generation-spanning vinyl revival.

The Content Economy Envisioning the future of knowledge work. Praise to good old email When email was first introduced to the masses, it was questioned by many. Today, we take email for granted. I though that it might be a good idea to remind ourselves a little about what it actually is that we take for granted. Looking at e-mail from a feature perspective, e-mail allows us to easily compose messages and send them to one or many receivers within seconds. Besides that, we can carbon copy recipients who should only be informed, attach files and forward received e-mails…among other things. If we instead look at e-mail from a benefit perspective, it is easy to see why it has become so popular. E-mail can help us get in contact with new people, keep in touch with friends and colleagues, get hold of valuable information, apply for a job, initiate and maintain relationships…in general, e-mail is a good means of communication when it comes to contacting friends or colleagues and it can be used for virtually any purpose of communication. Add to that that (almost) everybody has an email address, even though it might sometimes be hard to find out which e-mail address they have. The power of e-mail comes partly from its ease-of-use, but mostly from the fact that it overcomes the boundaries of time and space. People living or working in different locations and time zones can communicate with each other asynchronously – they don’t both have to be at their computers at the same time to exchange a message. The only alternative we had to communicate asynchronously with other persons do before that was to use regular mail, which was slow and expensive. E-mail also makes it possible to communicate simultaneously with more than one person and to attach electronic documents, images or files. And as is a more subtle way of communication than using the phone; you don't need to have anything really important to say before you pick up the phone...sorry, before you write your e-mail and click the send-button. This makes people more willing to communicate. And so does the fact that messages sent via email are interchanged at virtually no cost. Despite all the good things with email, it is often put to blame for not supporting collaboration in a good way. It is especially ill suited content-centric collaboration where two or more people are to collaborate on content. Still, blaming e-mail as a tool is the wrong thing to do. We should rather blame ourselves for how we use email. Emailing has become a habit. We use email without reflecting over how we use it. We don’t ask ourselves if there are better ways to do some of all the things we use e-mail for. This leads to misuse and overuse, with consequences which might obscure the real value of email. And we don’t tap in to the value of new ways of working supported by other tools and technologies. The overuse of email is not primarily a problem for individuals, but more so for communities and enterprises where efficient communication, collaboration and knowledge exchange is essential. We all know that habits are hard to change and changing habits is a great challenge for enterprises. They need to constantly question and change old habits and one of the habits they need to question and change is how they use email. Looking a bit broader, they need to reflect on current attitudes and behaviors and identify opportunities for improvement in how people communicate, share information and collaborate with each other. Speaking in terms of technology, they need to look beyond traditional and well established tools and technologies such as e-mail and evaluate how other tools and technologies can support more efficient communication, collaboration and knowledge exchange. This is the obvious answer to the question why enterprises should take a serious look at Web 2.0 technologies such as wikis, blogs, RSS, social bookmarking, and social software. They should try to see how these might benefit them. If they succeed in this, email is likely to regain some of its original glory.

The Great Depression – Comparisons To Today Similarities Between The Great Depression And Today Some of the eerie similarities between the Great Depression and today’s economic crisis include: Speculation: Speculation on stock led to the historic stock market crash in 1929 that brought on the Great Depression. Speculation on housing prices in 2003-2007 brought on the current recession. As of April 2008, the top 26 cities with the highest foreclosure rates in the country were all located in just four states: California, Arizona, Nevada, and Florida. For years, these states enjoyed double-digit increases in housing prices, leading to a housing bubble that was bound to burst. Buying on margin: With little regulations on stock market purchases, in the months and years leading up to the Great Depression, investors were able to buy stocks on margin, with the only requirement that they put 10% down. In other words, they could buy $100 worth of stock for a $10 investment, and if that stock went up by a mere 10%, they’d doubled their investment. This leveraging led to wild speculation, with people cashing in their life savings to funnel money into the stock market, which led to artificially high prices. Stock market regulations were put in place during the Great Depression to prevent the same catastrophe from repeating in the financial markets, but seventy years later, Americans aimed a similar greed toward the housing market. Millions of people bought homes they couldn’t afford, with money they didn’t have, taking out 100% or 110% loans. Bank crisis: During the Great Depression, banks failed because Americans panicked and withdrew all of their money, virtually overnight, after the stock market crashed in October 1929. This time around, the banks are failing again, because of their own suspect lending practices, when seemingly all credit standards were thrown out the window as lenders rode the wave of the housing market boom. Loss of consumer confidence: History proves, through the Great Depression, that when average Americans get scared, they stop spending money. Our parents and grandparents became frugal in the 1930s, and we’re following suit today. High unemployment rates: The Great Depression saw the U.S. unemployment rate soar to 25% in 1933, and in 2008 and 2009, millions of jobs have again been lost. As of April 2009, the U.S. unemployment rate was 8.5%, with eight states in the nation reporting rates higher than 10%. If the amount of people who stopped looking for work and/or settled for part-time work are included in the U.S. unemployment calculations, the true rates climb to 15%. Government intervention: While Herbert Hoover largely ignored the causes and effects of the Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt took immediate charge when he was elected and sworn into office in March 1933. He introduced a variety of regulations to prevent financial catastrophes from recurring, he strove to assuage the fears of the American public, and he invested billions of dollars in federal funding toward job creation. President Barack Obama is following in Roosevelt’s footsteps, except that his “New Deal” programs are costing American taxpayers trillions of dollars, not billions. Differences Between The Great Depression And Today There are marked differences between circumstances of the Great Depression and the economic crisis today. Quick Response: Essentially, the stock market crash of 1929 was followed by almost four years of lethargy on the part of the federal government. This time around, the action has been swift and sweeping. More than a dozen economic stimulus packages were introduced in 2008 and 2009, all designed to jumpstart the economy and/or save and create jobs. Dust Bowl in the 1930s: Drought conditions in the 1930s brought farmers in the Plains to their knees when millions of acres of farmland were rendered useless. This environmental catastrophe contributed to the failure of banks during the Great Depression (many of which had outstanding farm loans that went bad) and led to high unemployment rates as farmers lost their livelihood. So far, America hasn’t experienced a comparable natural disaster. World War II: The Great Depression finally came to an end, not because of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal or the massive growth of federal government programs and intervention, but because of World War II. American exports increased as Europe ordered munitions, ammunitions, and supplies for the war, and that, combined with America’s war efforts, put millions of workers back in factories. FDIC: The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was created in 1934, for the exact circumstances that we’re facing today. The federal government insures every individual bank account up to $100,000, and in the fall of 2008, that level was raised to $250,000 to reassure concerned Americans. There hasn’t been a marked run on banks during this recession, and only a handful of banks have failed across the country.

Majapahit capital may be larger than previously believed Indra Harsaputra, The Jakarta Post, Mojokerto | National | Fri, January 07 2011, 10:11 AM Banten governor to stand trial soon BNN busts drug syndicates with links to China, Nigeria Ministry to probe appearance of Jokowi’s name on exam papers A recent archeological find in Puri village, Mojokerto regency, East Java, thought to date from the ancient Majapahit empire indicates that the capital of the empire may have been larger than a municipality in Jakarta.Lead archeologist from the Indonesian Ancient Relics Conservation Bureau (BP3), Danang Wahyu Putro, said this hypothesis was supported by the fact that the new find was located 12 kilometers from Trowulan village, believed to be the center of the Majapahit town.“Some academics have concluded that the capital spanned 99 square kilometers,” he said, saying this evidence may prove that the capital was larger than this, only a little less than the size of West Jakarta and almost twice the size of Central Jakarta.Preliminary studies of the 196-square-meter find and several relics found in the vicinity point to the site being built toward the end of the Majapahit empire in the 15th century.A surviving ancient script, the Negarakertagama, indicates that Majapahit may have been to be the largest empire in the region, with confederation states comprising the current territory of Indonesia and several neighboring countries.The early concept of Indonesia by the country’s founding fathers were said to be based on Majapahit’s past glory, despite the fact that the country comprised areas colonized by the Dutch.A complete historical reconstruction of the ancient capital has proven difficult, with archeological sites scattered across more than 100 square kilometers around Trowulan.At the latest find in Puri village, archeologists found ceramics and porcelain jugs as well as earthenware from the Ming dynasty. The earthenware bore the Pataka Surya Majapahit, the Majapahit empire’s eight-pointed star regalia.“We can’t concluded whether it was a royal residence or an housing area for commoners,” Danang said, despite the fact that the relics at the new dig were similar to earlier findings in Trowulan.Danang said he was working with police and administration officials to protect the site from looters so further archaeological studies could be carried out.“It’s difficult to monitor relics on-site, as items disappear through mystical means,” he said.Danang said that strong mysticism among locals was the main reason for looting archeological sites.“[Locals] perform rituals at old temples or historic sites, looking for relics to use as amulets for invisibility,” Danang said.The head of the Java-Majapahit Culture Association, Abdurrahman, confirmed Danang’s concerns, saying hundreds of people rushed to steal artifacts from a Mojokerto site to use as amulets.“Many shamans and those delving in magic believe that this current site was where Brawijaya kept his jewelry and heirlooms,” he said, referring to the last ruler of the empire.Abdurrahman said adherents of Javanese mysticism, or kejawen, believe that the Brawijaya’s legacy was kept alive through unearthed relics, including seven gold-plated kris, jewels and diamond-encrusted bronze crowns. Tweet

Debates with the Author Other books by John Keane Glossary Representative Democracy Cloisters of San Isidoro, the place where the first cortes met in León, northern Spain, in 1188 CE From around the tenth century CE, democracy entered a second historical phase whose centre of gravity was Europe. Shaped by forces as varied as the rebirth of towns, the rise (in northern Spain) of the first parliaments, and the conflicts unleashed by self-governing councils and religious dissent within the Christian Church, democracy gradually came to be understood as representative democracy. What did this mean? It was the term that began to be used in the Low Countries, France, England and the new American republic during the eighteenth century, for instance by constitution makers and influential political writers when referring to a new type of government with its roots in popular consent. Although nobody knows who first spoke of ‘representative democracy’, those who used this phrase referred to a type of government in which people, understood as voters faced with a genuine choice between at least two alternatives, are free to elect others who then act in defence of their interests, that is, represent them by deciding matters on their behalf. Much ink and blood was to be spilled in defining what exactly representation meant, who was entitled to represent whom and what had to be done when representatives disregarded those whom they were supposed to represent. But common to the second historical phase of democracy was the belief that good government was government by representatives. Often contrasted with monarchy, representative democracy was praised as a way of governing better by openly airing differences of opinion - not only among the represented themselves, but also between representatives and those whom they are supposed to represent. Representative government was also hailed for encouraging the rotation of leadership guided by merit. It was said to introduce competition for power that in turn enabled elected representatives to test out their political competence before others. The earliest champions of representative democracy also offered a more pragmatic justification of representation. It was seen as the practical expression of a simple reality: that it wasn't feasible for all of the people to be involved all of the time, even if they were so inclined, in the business of government. Given that reality, the people must delegate the task of government to representatives who are chosen at regular elections. The job of these representatives is to monitor the spending of public money. Representatives make representations on behalf of their constituents to the government and its bureaucracy. Representatives debate issues and make laws. They decide who will govern and how - on behalf of the people.

Hurricane Lessons Hurricane season will hit the Atlantic coastal region shortly. It’s always a scary time of year for the residents there. Obviously, those who live with hurricane risk as a matter of routine need to be concerned with maintaining their property carefully and obtaining the appropriate insurance. However, when people calculate their risk of hurricane damage and make decisions about hurricane insurance, they consistently misread their prior experience and make poor choices. This conclusion comes from a paper by Wharton professor Robert Meyer that reports on a research simulation in which participants were instructed that they were owners of properties in a hurricane-prone coastal area and were given monetary incentives to make smart choices about when and whether to buy insurance against hurricane losses, and about how much insurance to buy. Over the course of the study (three simulated hurricane “seasons”) participants would periodically watch a map that showed whether a hurricane was building as well as its strength and course. Until virtually the last second before the storm was shown to reach landfall, the participants could purchase partial insurance ($100 per 10% of protection, up to 50% total) or full coverage ($2,500) on the $50,000 home they were said to own. Participants were advised how much damage each storm was likely to cause and, afterward, the financial consequences of their choices. They had an unlimited budget to buy insurance. The focus of the research was to determine whether there are “inherent limits to our ability to learn from experience about the value of protection against low-probability, high-consequence, events.” Sadly, we don’t deal with this type of risk management very well. Our experience helps us somewhat, at least temporarily, but we typically misread that experience. The bottom line is that participants seriously under-protected their

As it were African-American community grew with city African-American people have been living in Columbus for as long as there has been a Columbus. In fact, some were living here even before there was a Columbus. The regrettable fact is that we do not know all that much about most of these people. It should not be too surprising that we know so little about the lives of early black residents of Columbus. We do not know all that much about many of the white people who came here in the early days of Columbus. There was no community of any sort on the "high banks" at the forks of the Scioto and Olentangy Rivers until about 1816 or so. Columbus had been founded on Feb. 14, 1812, to be the new capital city of Ohio. The War of 1812 intervened and the Ohio General Assembly did not meet in Columbus until 1816. By that time Columbus was small village of about 700 people hacked out of the old growth forest along the ridge that once had been called Wolf's Ridge. Across the river from the new town was frontier Franklinton which had been founded by a man named Lucas Sullivan in 1797. Franklinton had prospered during the War of 1812 but was now drifting into the shadow of Columbus across the river. Some of the first African American people to arrive in central Ohio were residents of Franklinton. Lucas Sullivant and many of the early arrivals in Franklinton came from Virginia by way of Kentucky. Slavery was prohibited in Ohio by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. So many of the slaves of the early families were freed upon arriving in Ohio and became servants of their former owners. In addition, slaves freed prior to their arrival in Ohio came into the state seeking a new life as well. And by the time Columbus was founded, free African American families were arriving as well. Some families came together to the new town in the new state. Others had to take a more circuitous approach. While slavery was prohibited in Ohio, runaway slaves could still be captured by slave hunters and returned to their masters. To help runaways reach freedom in Canada, an escape network that came to be called the "Underground Railroad" was organized. Many of the most prominent members of the African-American community in Columbus were "conductors" on the Underground Railroad. James Preston Poindexter was born in Virginia to a mother of mixed black and native-American descent. His father was a local white newspaperman. Trained as a barber he came to Columbus in 1838 and opened a shop in a hotel along High Street. He found a wife and by 1862 became pastor of the Second Baptist Church. He led that church for 40 years and along the way was a member of Columbus City Council, the Columbus Board of Education and a committed participant in the Underground Railroad. At the time of his death in 1907, he was probably the best known African American in Columbus. But his courage and commitment was by no means unique. Robert Napper was born a slave near Staunton, Va. At the age of 34, married with five children, Napper proposed to John Brandeburg, a local merchant, that Brandeburg buy him and hire him with some of his wages set aside for his purchase. After four years of work, Napper earned enough money to buy his freedom. He came to Columbus and after working for another year had made enough money to purchase his wife. A local history recorded what happened next. "In July, 1860, he bought his youngest boy, Cornelius, aged eleven, who was sent to him by the Adams Express Company. From his master Cornelius received on July 4, a gift of twenty-five cents. Of which he spent enroute ten cents; the remainder he handed his father before he left the express office, with the request that it be applied to the purchase of his brother, yet in slavery." "Napper hoped at that time to purchase the remainder of his family, comprising two girls, aged fifteen and eighteen, and a boy aged thirteen. He little foresaw the great events, then near at hand, by which human slavery was to be extinguished forever in the American Union." As a result of the American Civil War, slavery was ended in America and purchasing the rest of his family was not required. Most African-Americans lived in modest dwellings along the streets, alleys and byways of central Columbus. There was no black retail center in Columbus until well after 1870 when a commercial node came into being at Long and High Streets. With the growth of the downtown, that commercial district moved east and became the center of a black community on the Near East Side of downtown Columbus. It is a place of pride in the heart of the capital city.

Cardinal Mahony: "Jesus Christ Present in this Sacred Space" Homily at the Dedication Mass for Our Lady of the Most Holy Trinity Chapel Note: His Eminence Cardinal Roger Mahony, Archbishop of Los Angeles, was the principal celebrant and homilist at the Dedication Mass for Our Lady of the Most Holy Trinity Chapel [1] on March 7, 2009. Our Scriptures today situate us into God's plan of salvation and also in the great design God has for us as followers of Jesus Christ. There is a special bond today between this beautiful new chapel and our Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels because these are the same three Scriptures which were proclaimed some seven years ago at that dedication. This is, I think, a wonderful, providential linkage among us. Our Old Testament reading (Neh. 8:1-4a, 5-6, 8-10) is from the Book of Nehemiah, a fascinating book. At that time the Jewish people were in forced exile. Nehemiah had grown in favor with the king, and word had reached Nehemiah that the city of Jerusalem lay in very sad condition. The doors, the gates had all been broken down and burned; the temple was in desolation; everything was really bad. Nehemiah was able to convince the king to give him a leave of absence to go to Jerusalem with Ezra to summon the people and have them rebuild Jerusalem. The king was favorable to Nehemiah and actually helped provide all of the lumber and timber necessary to do it. When Nehemiah arrives at the ransacked Jerusalem in the temple area, he is so distraught that he sits in ashes, mourning. Then, filled with the Spirit, he begins the task of rebuilding all of the city gates and rebuilding the temple. As the temple is completed, we have our Scripture today in Chapter 8. He summons the people and has them be attentive, to listen anew to God's word, the God who had saved them, and the God who had walked with them even into exile. So the people are all there, and Ezra begins reading some of the books of the law. And the prophet points out that the people were prostrate, and they were tearful and crying because they were hearing the word of God, but they were also wondering how they would have the strength to live that out. So Nehemiah addresses them: Do not

Profile:Carlos PugaAir Transportation Specialist Service: Air National Guard | Status: Enlisted When Carlos Puga graduated from high school, he started working a series of part-time jobs. He knew that he wanted to go to school and get involved with his local community, but he wasn’t sure where to start. “All I knew was that I wanted to do something that would make an impact in my life and set me up for success.” Carlos’ family had a few ideas, and his father suggested that he join the National Guard so he could serve close to home. Carlos did some research online and discovered that the Air National Guard had an installation near his hometown of Camarillo, Calif. After learning the Air National Guard was even closer to home, Carlos thought that Service branch might be a better fit, so he consulted his older brother, who was an airborne paratrooper in the Army. His brother agreed that Carlos should explore the Air National Guard since he wanted to live near his family. Like the Army National Guard, members of the Air National Guard can be deployed overseas, but they can train close to home until they are needed. “One of the biggest benefits of the Air Guard that really drew me in was the ability to choose what base I would work through. I can still serve in the Military near home, and then after work is done, I can be with my parents and hang out with my friends.” Carlos attended Basic Military Training at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas. When he was finished, he trained to become an air transportation specialist, which is his current position with the California Air National Guard. “One of the most common roles [of an air transportation specialist] is loading the aircraft with cargo. As far as passengers go, we make sure that they are checked in and sure that they have the proper documentation, to make sure that they are eligible to fly.” Besides loading the plane and checking in passengers, Carlos has many other crucial responsibilities. He must make sure that all cargo is packed properly and meets weight restrictions. “Everything has to be weighed to ensure that the aircraft has a center of balance. For instance, if it’s too heavy in the back, the plane could start to tilt back, and it would create a hazard for flying. So it’s really to ensure flying safety.” One of Carlos’ other responsibilities is maintaining the parachutes that are used in cargo drops. He must gather the parachute, clean it and repack it so it can be used again. “The different steps to packing a parachute involve untangling lines, folding them a certain way, so that when it starts to deploy from the aircraft, it breaks in a nice, clean fashion.” When he isn’t drilling with the Air National Guard, Carlos is a political science major at Ventura College. He hopes to use his GI Bill benefits to attend law school and get involved in local politics. Carlos has found a good balance between his military career and his civilian dreams, and he plans to be a part of the Air National Guard throughout his career. “The Air Guard has strengthened my leadership abilities. Even in the training, I was placed in a leadership role, and it really helped to cultivate the sense of taking the initiative.”

Calculating the cost of thefts of intellectual property poses particular challenges for companies. By Susan Kelly July 15, 2013 • Reprints As cyber attacks become increasingly common, regulators and legislators have criticized the limited information companies make public about cybercrimes they experience. Experts note, though, that it’s often a challenge for companies to put a dollar value on the damage they’ve suffered. A U.S. Executive Order on cybersecurity last year described the cyber threat to the nation’s critical infrastructure as “one of the most serious national security challenges.” But David Burg, global and U.S. advisory cybersecurity leader at PwC, noted that despite that characterization, “what we do not see is significant disclosures in public filings. There is this disparity.” Burg noted that “it’s very hard for companies to quantify the damages,” but added, “It may also be the case that companies do not necessarily want to disclose the full impact of an IT theft.” Companies have an easier time quantifying the costs of incidents in which credit card numbers or other personal information is stolen, costs that include the expense of any remediation, such as offering credit monitoring to customers, Burg said. “What’s far harder to quantify are situations where you have very sensitive information or intellectual property that is compromised,” he said. Burg cited the scenario of a company that has stored sensitive documents related to a rights offering electronically in a file that is compromised. If the company is bidding on the offering and fails to win the bid as a result, “what you have is a situation where you would not have the opportunity to take advantage of whatever the rights offering was for, into perpetuity,” he said. “It may be difficult to calculate the value.” Companies also face challenges when it comes to putting a price tag on a theft of their intellectual property, a situation that could eventually result in a competing product coming to market and eroding their business over time. “Many companies may not be aware they were breached until many years or months after they were breached,” said Burg, pictured at left. “And even in those cases, the company may not be able to figure out what was stolen.” PwC recommends that companies that have had intellectual property stolen employ the “but-for analysis” used in patent disputes to calculate what the theft cost them, he said. “You take a variety of facts, including lost profit, and use discounted cash flow to value that lost profit.” Larry Ponemon, founder and chairman of the Ponemon Institute, which produces annual studies of companies’ losses related to data breaches and cyber crimes, says many of the costs companies incur related to cybercrime are “fuzzy.” For example, Ponemon said, a denial-of-service attack that took down a company’s e-commerce platform for half an hour would involve costs including paying for IT employees’ efforts to get the platform up and running, as well as taking into account the customer business the company lost while the platform was down. If the attacks persist, the company may suffer damage to its brand and its reputation, Ponemon said, developments that are even harder to translate into numbers

Written by Kelly Martin/Special to The New Tri-State Defender With a warm, captivating spirit, Bishop J. Terry Steib, SVD, who oversees the Catholic Diocese of Memphis, on Monday sat down with The New Tri-State Defender to discuss African-Americans in The Catholic Church, the mission of the diocese, and Mother Teresa's monumental visit to North Memphis 25 years ago. Bishop Steib, the first African-American to serve as bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Memphis, will be the celebrant of the Jubilee Celebration Mass, which will commemorate Mother Teresa's visit and the "selfless service" of the Memphis outlet of the Missionaries of Charity, an outreach she put in place while here. The observance will be on Saturday (Oct. 5) at Holy Names Catholic Church. "The importance of the celebration is that they (Missionaries of Charity) have been around for 25 years," said Steib. "It is a long time for someone to be in the ministry that they are involved in, and continuing to work in that." Mother Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity, a Catholic order of nuns dedicated to helping the poor, in Calcutta, India. Over the years, it grew to help the poor, the dying, orphans, lepers, and AIDS sufferers in over a hundred countries. In Memphis, the only location in the United States, the Missionaries of Charity order operates a shelter providing food, clothing and medical assistance for homeless, vulnerable women and children. "The example they bring speaks loud and clear as to who we are as a church," said Steib, emphasizing that The Catholic Church is to be of service to the less fortunate. He also had a message for the "less fortunate." "Very often people view it as 'Oh, I'm poor, so that means I'm down. I'm not always in the eyes of God,'" he said. "Yes, you are a child of God and you are important!" No matter the disposition of such individuals at any given the moment, the church's mission is to instill dignity so that they can move on, he said. For Steib, the name of the game is helping the less fortunate better themselves, their children and others. Such was the work of Mother Teresa, with Steib recalling her charisma and deep love and concern for the less fortunate. "She surrounds you in a way where you want to ask 'What can we do? How can we help?' So, this is the terrific tribute of who she says we are to be," he said, "When you were in her presence, you knew you were in the presence of someone who was good and sincere." Within The Catholic Church, Memphis long has been considered a "mission" diocese. Steib said that remains true, with the diocese increasingly working with the broader community in the realms of education, spiritual work, evangelization, social ministries, and a service to the poor. It's all for the progression of humanity, he said. As he looks ahead, Steib envisions more intertwining of education and service in the Catholic community. He notes significant changes in education over the last 15 years, including the reopening of Jubilee Schools – previously closed Catholic schools serving children living in Memphis' urban neighborhoods. The schools were named in honor of the Jubilee year 2000, a year of mercy for the poor. The goal, said Bishop Steib, is for children to be able to progress through the various education options that The Catholic Church provides and matriculate into universities and colleges.

JAGAVANS INDIANS JAGAVANS INDIANS. The Jagavans Indians, who were living on the Texas coast when they were met by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca between 1528 and 1534, were possibly the same group as the Yguaces. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Frederick Webb Hodge, ed., Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico (2 vols., Washington: GPO, 1907, 1910; rpt., New York: Pageant, 1959).

CHAPPELL HILL FEMALE COLLEGE CHAPPELL HILL FEMALE COLLEGE. Chappell Hill Female College, in Chapell Hill, Texas, in Washington County, began as Chappell Hill Institute, founded on land donated by Jacob and Mary Haller in 1850. It received a charter from the legislature on February 9, 1852, as a nondenominational school called Chappell Hill Male and Female Institute. Several Masons were members of the board of trustees. In 1852 a second building was constructed to keep the boys and girls apart. In 1853 Professor P. S. Ruter, former instructor at Transylvania University, Kentucky, became president. The school, now known as Chappelle Hill College, offered a variety of courses, including geology, chemistry, art, and music, and continued to board students. Elizabeth Knox from Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, supervised the female department, and Ruter's sister, Charlotte, was head of the music department. Methodists who desired to replace the dying Rutersville College acquired Chappell Hill Male and Female Institute in 1854. Its enrollment had increased to 100. The Methodist Texas Conference decided to form Soule University from the institute's male department, and Chappell Hill Female College obtained a separate charter on August 29, 1856. The institution's objective was to educate girls in a Christian environment and to assure their acquisition of culture, discipline, and oratorical skills. Music and art received special emphasis. Despite the Civil War, two fires, and yellow fever epidemics in 1867 and 1869, Chappell Hill Female College continued, and even constructed a new building in 1872. The college was debt-free by 1873. It added a dormitory and music hall in the 1880s and served as a cultural center for the area, especially after Soule University closed in 1887. By 1885 students numbered 112, the school's real estate was worth $15,000, and the college was only $1,200 in debt. By 1895, however, student enrollment had declined by half. In 1896 the college obtained additional income by enrolling seventy public school pupils, including fifty boys. During the 1890s the Texas Conference gave this institution more aid than it gave Southwestern University. In 1900 the trustees redesigned the curriculum in accord with the Methodist Church General Board of Education. Although the college received the property of Soule University to liquidate its debts, Chappell Hill Female College closed in 1912. Economic decline in the area, continuing fear of yellow fever, the rise of Texas public schools, and decreasing public support for girls' schools all probably contributed to the demise. The school's final enrollment was 112. The college building served as a public school until 1926, but only the school bell survived in the 1980s.

Northridge Baptist Church program: Parents should monitor technology usage Church holds lecture on ‘Raising G-Rated Kids in an R-Rated World' By Lydia Seabol AvantStaff Writer NORTHPORT | Parents need to do everything they can to protect their children and families, and that includes installing Internet filters and being actively involved in knowing which media your children use, said Brian Winters, director of information technology at JMF Technologies, who was the guest speaker Sunday night at Northridge Baptist Church. Winters spoke at “Raising G-Rated Kids in an R-Rated World,” a program that focused on educating children and parents about the dangers of technology and the Internet. He said parents need to ensure that computers, tablets and smartphones are used in public locations in the home. He also said that parents should not let children have computers in their bedrooms or take phones to bed. Parents need to check all Internet activity, including installing filters and knowing passwords for social media accounts like Facebook.“Facebook is how the kids are now communicating, but we still have to be very aware of the content — you need to be very cautious,” Winters said.Winters suggested that parents and grandparents install a filter program like BSecure, a program that will place an Internet filter on any device connected to wireless in the home, including laptops, desktop computers, tablets, smartphones and gaming devices. There are also accountability filters, he said, that can give parents a list of websites that are visited from the computers or devices in the home. Most of the filtering programs have a small annual fee, he said.“For $50 a year, why not do it when they are 3?” Winters said, speaking to families of young children. “What's the big deal?”The average age of children who are inadvertently exposed to pornography on the Internet is getting younger and younger, Winters said. The average age of exposure is 11, with 90 percent of kids age 8 to 16 having had some exposure to porn online, he said.“Usually it's by accident, usually while doing their homework,” Winters said.It's vitally important to talk to kids about the dangers of the Internet, and what information they need to keep safe, said Tuscaloosa County Sheriff Office Chief Deputy Ron Abernathy.“Never put personal information out there, birth date or Social Security number, anything like that,” Abernathy said.Northport mom Jennifer Mullenix said she thought Sunday's program was relevant, especially to parents like her.“Anyone who has kids need to inform themselves on how to protect their kids,” Mullenix, a mother of four said. “Pornography and different kinds of un-Christ-like material is so easily accessible these days online. It's awful.”Ann Patridge, mother of three, said that while she is concerned about pornography online, she's more concerned about the impact that websites like Instagram are having on society.“What concerns me is a slow erosion of my children's innocence,” Patridge said. “It's so much a part of our culture, what can we do?”Ultimately, it's about protecting the home and everyone in it, added Donny Jones, youth pastor at Northridge Baptist.“The home is the most important part of a child's life,” Jones said. “Be engaged and involved. There is nothing wrong with you being the parent. They live under your roof, don't let guilt or anything else keep you from doing your job. It's vital.” Reach Lydia Seabol Avant at 205-722-0222 or [email protected].

UC Davis Latino mental health expert to appear on PBS documentary Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, a UC Davis physician and internationally renowned expert on mental health and other conditions that frequently impact underserved populations, will appear in a documentary titled “A New State of Mind: Ending the Stigma of Mental Illness,” set to air Thursday, May 30, at 9 p.m. on Sacramento PBS station KVIE-Channel 6. Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola The documentary, which will be broadcast by PBS stations throughout California, tells stories of hope, resilience and recovery for Californians who have battled mental illness. Aguilar-Gaxiola, professor of clinical internal medicine and director of the UC Davis Center for Reducing Health Disparities, was interviewed about the current state of mental-health services and what needs to be done to expand access to culturally and linguistically appropriate care.During the past 25 years, Aguilar-Gaxiola has directed several research initiatives focused on identifying the unmet mental-health needs of immigrant populations and on developing community-based approaches to reducing disparities for those whose needs are not well served by traditional health-care systems. He also has translated his research outcomes into practical information for providers and administrators to guide policy decisions about program development, interventions and services.In 2012, Aguilar-Gaxiola led a team of researchers who published a report for the state of California on ways to address mental health-care disparities for Latinos. Their recommendations were based on feedback from consumers and their families, advocates, service providers, educators, students, researchers and policymakers throughout the state who participated in intensive town hall meetings or focus groups.“A New State of Mind: Ending the Stigma of Mental Illness” was produced by KVIE, narrated by award-winning actress Glenn Close and funded by the voter-approved Mental Health Services Act (Prop. 63) as part of California Mental Health Services Authority’s Stigma and Discrimination Reduction Initiative. A trailer for the documentary can be viewed at . The full-length program will be available for replay on this website following the May 30 premiere.Additional information about Aguilar-Gaxiola and a copy of the report — "Community-Defined Solutions for Latino Mental Health-Care Disparities" — are available at . The UC Davis Center for Reducing Health Disparities, in alliance with the UC Davis Clinical and Translational Science Center, provides leadership and support within and beyond UC Davis Health System to promote the health and well-being of ethnically diverse populations. The center focuses on raising awareness of the unique cultural and linguistic attributes of minority populations, developing culturally and linguistically sensitive communications for health-care professionals, and working with policymakers, administrators, practitioners, consumers and families to reduce health-care disparities and improve quality of care. Building on UC Davis' long history of outreach to the most vulnerable, underserved populations in the Sacramento region, the center raises awareness, conducts critical research and assists those communities whose needs have never been addressed or met by traditional health-care systems. The center's ultimate goal is to improve health outcomes for all.

Discourse, Recent PostsThe Fifth Amendment, Encryption, and the Forgotten State Interest Football and the Infield Fly Rule Alleyne v. United States, Age as an Element, and the Retroactivity of Miller v. Alabama A Legal “Red Line”? Syria and the Use of Chemical Weapons in Civil Conflict Fighting Unfair Credit Reports: A Proposal to Give Consumers More Power to Enforce the Fair Credit Reporting Act Volume 61, Issue 3How to Feel Like a Woman, or Why Punishment Is a Drag Free: Accounting for the Costs of the Internet’s Most Popular Price The Case for Tailoring Patent Awards Based on Time-to-Market Here Comes the Sun: How Securities Regulations Cast a Shadow on the Growth of Community Solar in the United States Restoration Remedies for Remaining Residents Applying Rules of Discovery to Information Uncovered About JurorsThaddeus Hoffmeister59 UCLA L. Rev. Disc. 28Download Article: Introduction As more and more personal information is placed online, attorneys are increasingly turning to the internet to investigate and research jurors.[1] In certain jurisdictions, the practice has become fairly commonplace.[2] One prominent trial consultant has gone so far as to claim, “Anyone who doesn’t make use of [internet searches] is bordering on malpractice.”[3] While this may somewhat overstate the importance of investigating jurors online, it nonetheless demonstrates just how routine the practice has become.[4] Aside from increased acceptance among practitioners, courts have both approved of and encouraged online investigation of jurors.[5] While many view this practice as a benefit to the legal system because it helps identify dishonest and biased jurors and works to limit juror misconduct, it is not without critics.[6] This Article examines the positive and negative aspects of legal professionals investigating jurors online and offers a proposal that, if implemented, should dull some of the criticism associated with the practice. Specifically, this Article proposes that the Advisory Committee on Criminal Rules of the Judicial Conference of the United States make certain juror infor­mation uncovered by attorneys in criminal trials subject to the rules of discovery. I. Methods of Investigating Jurors The practice of obtaining information about jurors outside of the tradi­tional voir dire process is not a new concept.[7] Historically, criminal defense attorneys gathered information about potential jurors through private detectives, while prosecutors relied on law enforcement.[8] These investigators, both private and public, were employed to learn basic background infor­mation on jurors such as age, religion, neighborhood, type of residence, employer, socioeconomic and ma­rital status, and political affiliation.[9] Because criminal sta­tutes and ethi­cal rules prohibit direct contact with jurors, inves­tigators prac­ticed their craft by talking with the jurors’ neighbors or conducting drive-bys of the jurors’ residence.[10] As concerns about juror privacy started to capture the attention of judges, academics, and the public as a whole, it became increasingly difficult to inves­tigate jurors in certain jurisdictions. Courts were less willing to make juror information readily available. Some waited until the eve or day of trial to release the names of prospective jurors,[11] while others stopped publicly publishing jury lists.[12] Also, anonymous juries, in which juror names are sometimes even withheld from the attorneys trying the case, became more common.[13] This in turn made it extremely difficult to conduct any type of pre–voir dire inves­ti­ga­tion into the backgrounds of jurors. However, with the technological advancements brought by the digital age, the practice has been resurrected, albeit in a mod­ified form. Unlike in the past, when investigators canvassed the neighborhoods of prospective jurors, today’s investigations occur primarily online, as most jurors have at least one online reference, either placed there personally or by someone else.[14] At present, the investigation process can take various forms. At the most basic level is a name search on an internet search engine.[15] However, many attorneys employ far more sophisticated procedures to include extracting information from social networking sites and databases[16] and monitoring jurors’ online activities.[17] Also, attorneys today no longer need juror names weeks or days in advance of trial because online investigation primarily takes place in the courtroom during voir dire.[18] Because fewer resources are needed, the practice occurs even in routine cases.[19] And jurors in the digital age are increasingly investigated throughout a trial, not just prior to jury selection.[20] The last major difference from the past is the amount of personal data now available. A juror’s digital trail—or internet footprint—affords attorneys a virtual treasure trove of information.[21] With so much information available, sorting through it and finding something relevant is a challenge. But, as demonstrated by the attorneys defending José Padilla—the would-be “Dirty Bomber”—it is possible, even with a small window of time, to uncover sufficient information to have a potential juror dismissed.[22] Besides the Padilla case,[23] numerous examples exist of attorneys finding sufficient information to have a juror chal­lenged for cause both in the civil and criminal context.[24] In certain instances, attorneys investigating jurors learn things that would rarely, if ever, come up or be discussed during voir dire.[25] This is because the attorney or judge never thought to pose the question, the topic was too personal in nature, or the information arose after jury selection. For example, judges generally prohibit attorneys from questioning a potential juror during voir dire about her political ideology or who she voted for in the last presidential election.[26] By going online, however, the attorney may discover which political candidates the juror donated to in the most recent election and whether the juror belongs to any particular political organizations.[27] Thus, in a way, online research provides an alternative route or “end run” by which attorneys learn additional information about jurors. An attorney’s ability and desire to go online to learn a juror’s political views also demonstrates that the investigation of jurors, like voir dire itself, is not limited necessarily to ferreting out dishonesty or finding impartial jurors. Rather, attorneys use these opportunities to gather information on jurors for various purposes and for use at different stages of the trial.[28] Depending on the infor­mation discovered, an attorney might format an opening statement or craft specific witness questions to fit the interests of a particular juror.[29] For example, if an attorney discovers through his or her online investigation that one partic­ular juror follows sports closely, the attorney may use athletic references or metaphors in the courtroom in an attempt to better connect with that juror. Other attorneys, particularly those who at the end of the trial find themselves on the losing side, might research a juror online in an attempt to find some act of misconduct that could serve as grounds for appeal.[30] For example, an attorney might search a juror’s blog or social networking site in an effort to discover an inappropriate remark or comment made to or by the juror during trial.[31] II. Positives of Investigating Jurors Proponents of online juror investigation claim that the practice improves the legal system as a whole.[32] These benefits can be found throughout a trial but primarily occur during jury selection. For example, attorneys are allowed a certain number of peremptory challenges to remove potential jurors during voir dire. Unlike challenges for cause, peremptories can be used to strike a juror even if that juror can be impartial and fair to both sides. In fact, attorneys need only to offer little to no reason for using peremptories.[33] This in turn has led to one of the major criticisms of peremptory challenges: Attorneys exercise them based on outdated stereotypes and hunches premised on a juror’s physical appearance.[34] By allowing attorneys to gather more information about potential jurors, attorneys are less likely to strike a juror solely because of gender or race, which is unconstitutional,[35] or because of physical size, which is illogical.[36] This idea may best be summed up by Professor Stephen Saltzburg who has advocated for providing attorneys with more information about prospective jurors: “I think most lawyers resort to stereotypes not because they want to but because they have to. . . . I’ve never met a lawyer who would prefer a jury of a particular racial composition over one that will win a verdict for him.”[37] With the addi­tional information gleaned from online investigations, attorneys can exercise peremptory challenges constitutionally and more intelligently.[38] Peremptories exercised on facts rather than unproven stereotypes give defendants and society as a whole greater confidence that the legal system is functioning properly. Besides improving peremptory strikes, online investigations also allow verification of juror answers, which in turn facilitates greater truth-telling during voir dire. Once jurors realize that many of their voir dire answers can be verified online, they will likely be more truthful or request dismissal from the case. At least one legal practitioner has noted that “[b]ecause judges are emphasizing [juror background] checks, . . . more jurors drop out before the jury is formally seated and thus ‘fewer and fewer people are coming up with a criminal record in contradiction of their jury questionnaire.’”[39] Greater honesty during voir dire also reduces the risk of empaneling a rogue juror.[40] According to Professor Bennett Gershman, rogue or stealth jurors are those “who seek to inject themselves into the [trial] process for self-serving reasons.”[41] This is an issue of heightened concern in high-profile cases.[42] Tradi­tionally, attorneys and judges had little outside information to rely on, save for maybe a criminal records check, when determining the honesty or suitabil­ity of a juror. Today, the internet makes verification of juror responses much easier. Online investigations also provide benefits beyond the initial jury selection process. For example, in the digital age, jurors are increasingly violating courts’ prohibitions against researching, blogging, posting, or emailing information about the case.[43] Once jurors learn that their public online activities are subject to monitoring, they will be less inclined to violate court rules for fear of being caught. In light of the growing number of instances of juror misconduct associated with improper communications and research, this benefit should not be underestimated.[44] III. Negatives of Investigating Jurors Obviously, a big concern with online juror research is the encroachment on juror privacy.[45] According to Judge Richard Posner, “Most people dread jury duty—partly because of privacy concerns.”[46] The following quotation reflects the view held by many on this issue: “The Internet in so many areas creates an extraordinary conflict between the desire for information and the desire for privacy.”[47] Thus, as more citizens realize that jury duty now includes online background checks and monitoring, the national jury summons reply rate of 48 percent[48] may fall even lower.[49] Juror concerns over privacy, however, are neither new nor unique to the digital age. The legal community has long struggled with where to draw the line between empaneling and maintaining an impartial jury and safeguarding the privacy of jurors.[50] In the past, numerous jurors have complained that voir dire questions and court questionnaires delved too far into personal matters.[51] With respect to online juror investigation, worries over privacy may be lessened somewhat if jurors are told ahead of time that their backgrounds will be researched and why the search is being done. One district attorney claims that prospective jurors generally do not mind background checks on social networking sites if he informs them that the information will only be used to determine their disposition towards certain issues, will help streamline the judicial process, and will be disposed of after trial.[52] In addition, it should be remembered that the online information sought by attorneys is public information. Unlike in the past, attorneys are no longer relying on detectives or law enforcement to canvass neighborhoods for infor­ma­tion.[53] Rather, attorneys are seeking information, which, for the most part, is in the public domain. Thus, those concerned with juror privacy may be better served by focusing their attention on the individuals who place the information online, rather than those who search for it. Aside from the concerns surrounding privacy and the potential drop in jury participation rates, another issue—which is the focus of this Article—exists regarding an assumption many make about the information discovered. Most assume all disqualifying juror information is turned over to the court or released to the public. While this is probably true in cases where the media discover the information, the same cannot be said for those situations in which attorneys make the discovery.[54] As discussed above, when attorneys investigate jurors, they are not doing it necessarily to seat an impartial jury or ensure a fair trial.[55] Rather, attorneys want to remove an unfavorable juror, learn the interests and viewpoints of sitting jurors, or uncover grounds for an appeal.[56] An attorney who discovers improper conduct by a juror in voir dire or during trial may not relay such information to the court, especially if the conduct is neither criminal nor fraudulent and the attorney thinks that keeping the particular juror will prove advantageous to her case.[57] This is because few rules exist today that require attorneys to reveal such information. For example, only a small number of states make information about jurors discoverable.[58] Those states requiring disclosure of juror information place the burden on the prosecution to disclose it and generally require disclosure only after a request from defense counsel.[59] As for an attorney’s ethical obligation to reveal such information, the Model Rules of Professional Conduct have not kept pace with the technol­ogical advancements brought by the digital age. Furthermore, these rules, for the most part, are unclear as to when an attorney must report a juror to the court. The most relevant and applicable section of the Model Rules of Profes­sional Conduct, Rule 3.3 Comment 12, reads: Lawyers have a special obligation to protect a tribunal against criminal or fraudulent conduct that undermines the integrity of the adjudicative process, such as bribing, intimidating or otherwise unlawfully communi­cat­ing with a witness, juror, court official or other participant in the proceeding, unlawfully destroying or concealing documents or other evidence or failing to disclose information to the tribunal when required by law to do so.[60] Applying this comment to two real-life situations may help demonstrate the lack of ethical guidance in this area. The first is the case of José Padilla,[61] which presents a traditional example of juror dishonesty. During voir dire in Padilla’s trial, several of his attorneys ran internet searches on prospective jurors as they were called to sit in the jury box.[62] One attorney discovered that a prospective juror had lied on her juror questionnaire about her involvement with the criminal justice system.[63] The attorney informed the court, and the prospective juror was subsequently removed from the jury pool entirely.[64] Applying Rule 3.3 Comment 12 to Padilla’s case, it appears that the defense team, upon learning of the juror’s dishonest statement, had an ethical duty to make the court aware of the information because it was fraudulent—the juror had lied on a questionnaire.[65] Thus, the ulterior motives of the defense team, such as the desire to remove a guilty vote, were irrelevant because the defense was ethically required to report the juror’s misconduct. The second scenario involves a juror who sat on a two-day criminal trial. After the first day of trial, the juror wrote the following on her Facebook page: “[A]ctually excited for jury duty tomorrow. It’s gonna be fun to tell the defendant they’re GUILTY. :P.”[66] Later, the defense counsel’s son discovered the Facebook post while running internet searches on the jurors, and the court promptly removed the juror from the case.[67] Obviously, here, defense counsel had an interest in remov­ing this juror. But did counsel have an ethical duty to reveal the infor­mation discovered? What if the prosecutor had discovered the information? In applying Rule 3.3 Comment 12 to this scenario, it does not appear that either the defense counsel or the prosecutor had an ethical duty to present this information to the court.[68] The juror’s act was neither fraudulent nor criminal, but it was definitely improper, and the court found it sufficient to remove her.[69] An argument could be made that the juror’s actions were in contempt of court and thus required the attorneys to report it. This argument, however, is very tenuous and requires several assumptions: first, that the juror was indeed told not to post her thoughts about the case online;[70] second, that the instructions were clearly and accurately given to the juror; and third, that the juror understood the instructions and purposefully violated the court’s order.[71] These assump­tions make it unlikely that the Model Rules would apply. Padilla’s case and the Facebook juror scenario illustrate the disparate results that may occur under the current Model Rules. As the practice of inves­tigat­ing jurors online continues to grow, it is highly likely that similar issues will arise in the future. At present, the legal system lacks adequate safeguards to ensure that all disqualifying juror information is brought forward. Thus, this Article recommends subjecting certain juror information to the rules of discovery, as discussed below.[72] IV. Proposed Solution: Disclosing Juror Information to the Opposing Party The rule advocated by this Article is to subject any juror information discovered by an attorney to the rules of discovery if such information would result in a juror being either challenged for cause or disqualified from serving.[73] Because attorneys research jurors throughout a trial, the rule would be open-ended and not limited to voir dire. In addition, the rule would apply equally to prosecutors and criminal defense attorneys. The proposed rule might read as follows: Any attorney who discovers or learns of information before, during, or after trial that would disqualify a juror from serving, or serve as sufficient grounds for challenging the juror for cause, shall turn over such information to the opposing party. If enacted, this rule might lesson society’s concern about attorneys inves­tigating jurors because it demonstrates that the practice is not solely for the benefit of one side, but instead to ensure a fair and unbiased jury.[74] Arguably, citizens will be less accepting of online investigations of jurors if done solely for the advantage of one attorney over the other and without any requirement to reveal such information.[75] In addition, this rule helps level the playing field, as some attorneys are still in the dark about investigating jurors and others lack the resources to perform such research.[76] One of the reasons José Padilla’s legal team was able to go online and discover the untruthful juror during voir dire is that it had the staff to do it, which is not always the case in criminal trials.[77] As for those attorneys who have the resources but decline to conduct such investigations, because they do not want to turn over what they find, they run the risk of claims of ineffective assistance of counsel or legal malpractice, especially in jurisdictions where this practice has been sanctioned by the court or is the norm among practitioners.[78] A common argument against making juror information discoverable is that such information is protected by the attorney work-product privilege.[79] Gen­erally speaking, this privilege prevents the disclosure of an attorney’s opi­nions, theories, or conclusions of law to opposing counsel.[80] To lessen the possible impact on this privilege, the new rule of discovery as written does not require the disclosure of all information about jurors. In fact, the vast majority of the information an attorney might learn about a juror, such as the juror’s profile, would not be discoverable. Rather, this rule would only require the turning over of information that may disqualify a juror or would serve as a challenge for cause, and not information that would merely lead opposing counsel to exercise a peremptory challenge. Assuming the disqualifying information fell under the work-product privilege, it should be remembered that the privilege is qualified, not absolute. Thus, the court could still override the privilege.[81] Also, the work-product privilege should not serve as justification for an attorney to withhold infor­mation crucial to empaneling and maintaining an impartial jury, just as it would not prevent the prosecution from disclosing exculpatory information to the defense.[82] At least for now, it appears society is willing to accept the online inves­tigation of jurors, as many believe such activity serves the greater good of empaneling a fair and unbiased jury. While some see this as an intrusion into jurors’ personal lives, others believe attorneys, like everyone else, should be able to use this information, especially when it is in the public domain. Propo­nents of juror research point to its tremendous upside, claiming that with the infor­mation uncovered, courts increase the likelihood of empaneling unbiased and honest jurors, and decrease the possibility of juror misconduct—or at least keep it from going undetected. This point of view incorrectly assumes all disqua­lifying information about jurors will be brought to light. Allowing such infor­mation to be obtained, but making it subject to the rules of discovery, will correct this misconception and should help to curb much of the criticism aimed at the inves­tigation of jurors. [2]. See Beth Germano, Social Media Changing the Way Juries Are Picked, CBS Bos., Nov. 15, 2010, http://boston.cbslocal.com/2010/11/15/social-media-changing-the-way-juries-are-picked. [3]. Carol J. Williams, Jury Duty? May Want to Edit Online Profile, L.A. Times, Sept. 29, 2008, http://articles.latimes.com/2008/sep/29/nation/na-jury29 (alteration in original). [4]. Some trial consultants have gone so far as to offer “personality profiling” of jurors based on internet research. Julie Kay, Vetting Jurors via MySpace, Nat’l L.J., Aug. 11, 2008, at 1. [5]. See Johnson v. McCullough, 306 S.W.3d 551, 558–59 (Mo. 2010) (en banc); Carino v. Muenzen, No. L-0028-07, 2010 WL 3448071, at *7–8 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. Aug. 30, 2010). [6]. See Jamilla Johnson, Voir Dire: To Google or Not to Google, King Cnty. B. Bull. (Aug. 2008). [7]. Depending on the level of public interest in a specific trial, the media also researches jurors. See, e.g., Karen Flax, Why the Tribune—and Other News Outlets—Are Seeking the Names of Blagojevich Jurors, Chi. Trib., July 9, 2010, 2010/07/why-the-tribune-and-other-news-outlets-are-seeking-the-names-of-blagojevich-jurors.html. [8]. Joshua Okun, Investigation of Jurors by Counsel: Its Impact on the Decisional Process, 56 Geo. L.J. 839, 851–53 (1968). [9]. Id. at 855 (citing Dow v. Carnegie-Ill. Steel Corp., 224 F.2d 414, 430 (3d Cir. 1955)). [10]. Id. [11]. Generally speaking, there is no right for a party to access the jury list. See Wagner v. United States, 264 F.2d 524, 528 (9th Cir. 1959); Hamer v. United States, 259 F.2d 274, 278–79 (9th Cir. 1958); Seth A. Fersko, Comment, United States v. Wecht: When Anonymous Juries, the Right of Access, and Judicial Discretion Collide, 40 Seton Hall L. Rev. 763, 771 (2010). [12]. Mick Hinton, House Votes to Shut Lists of Jurors, Daily Oklahoman, Apr. 21, 1993, at N1. [13]. Thaddeus Hoffmeister, Judges Posner and Easterbrook Disagree Over Anonymous Jury Issue, Juries (July 16, 2010, 10:55 AM), . [14]. Potential Jurors Are an Open Book Online, L.A. Times, Oct. 26, 2008, metro/2008/ oct/26/na-potential-jurors-are-an-open-book-online-ar-106400/. [15]. Peter Vieth, Internet Juror Research Is Revealing, Trained P.I. Can Uncover Even More, Va. Law. Wkly., Nov. 23, 2009, http://valawyersweekly.com/2009/11/23/internet-juror-research-is-revealing-trained-pi-can-uncover-even-more/. [18]. See, e.g., Carino v. Muenzen, No. L-0028-07, 2010 WL 3448071, at *4 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. Aug. 30, 2010). [19]. See Internet Juror Research Can Be Revealing, Wis. L.J., Nov. 30, 2009, 2009/11/30/internet-juror-research-can-be-revealing. [20]. See Kay, supra note 4, at 1, 18. [23]. United States v. Hassoun, No.0:04cr60001 (S.D. Fla. Aug. 16, 2007). [24]. See Ken Strutin, Juror Behavior in the Information Age, LLRX.com, Dec. 26, 2010, . [25]. Nancy S. Marder, The Jury Process 82–83 (2005) (“For example, lawyers have sometimes wanted to ask prospective jurors about their religion or sexual orientation during voir dire, but judges have usually denied such inquiries on the ground that it is an intrusion into the juror’s privacy and not necessary for the parties to know.”). [26]. See, e.g., Connors v. United States, 158 U.S. 408, 412–13 (1895). [27]. See, e.g., Campaign Donors: Fundrace 2010, Huffington Post, http://fundrace.huffingtonpost. com (last visited July 24, 2011). [28]. See Sinclair v. United States, 279 U.S. 749, 765–66 (1929) (critiquing the practice of shadowing of jurors). [29]. Kay, supra note 4, at 1, 18 (“Last year, Fort Lauderdale, Fla., jury consultant Amy Singer was doing Internet research on potential jurors for a products liability case involving a maintenance worker who was severely injured after being forced to get inside a machine to clean it. Singer—who was working for the plaintiff’s attorney—hit pay dirt when she found out that one of the jurors divulged on his MySpace page that he belonged to a support group for claustrophobics. Singer instantly knew this juror would be sympathetic to her client and advised her client to keep him on the panel. He wound up becoming the foreman. The plaintiff prevailed.”). [30]. See Edwards v. Hyundai Motor Mfg. Ala., L.L.C., 701 F. Supp. 2d 1226, 1235 (M.D. Ala. 2010) (granting a motion for a new trial on grounds of juror misconduct when a juror was dishonest about previously being denied employment with the defendant company, resulting in potential bias). [31]. See, e.g., Juror No. One v. Superior Court, No. C067309 (Cal. Ct. App. Feb. 10, 2011). [32]. Molly McDonough, Rogue Jurors, A.B.A. J., Oct. 2006, at 39. [33]. Albert Alschuler, The Supreme Court and the Jury: Voir Dire, Peremptory Challenges, and the Review of Jury Verdicts, 56 U. Chi. L. Rev. 153, 167–69 (1989). [34]. Id. at 202. [35]. J.E.B. v. Alabama, 511 U.S. 127, 145 (1994) (holding a peremptory strike based on gender unconstitutional); Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 89 (1986) (holding that peremptory strikes may not be made on the basis of race). [36]. See Dolphy v. Mantello, 552 F.3d 236, 237 (2d Cir. 2009). The prosecutor in Dolphy stated that he struck overweight potential jurors because, “based on [his] reading and past experience[,] . . . heavy-set people tend to be very sympathetic toward any defendant.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). [37]. Stephanie B. Goldberg, Batson and the Straight-Face Test: Courts Split on Gender-Based Jury Picks, Permissible Stereotyping, A. B. A. J., Aug. 2002, at 82, 88 (quoting Professor Stephen A. Saltzburg of George Washington University National Law Center). [38]. See Valerie P. Hans & Alayna Jehle, Avoid Bald Men and People With Green Socks? Other Ways to Improve the Voir Dire Process in Jury Selection, 78 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 1179, 1190–91 (2003). [39]. McDonough, supra note 32, at 43 (quoting District Attorney Daniel Conley). [40]. See Jerry Markon, Jurors With Hidden Agendas—Lawyers See Rise in People Who Don’t Disclose Bias, Then Seek to Sway Peers, Wall St. J., July 31, 2001, at B1 (describing the growing phenomenon of jurors representing themselves as fair but hiding a bias or motivation). [41]. Bennett L. Gershman, Contaminating the Verdict: The Problem of Juror Misconduct, 50 S.D. L. Rev. 322, 345 (2005). [42]. Marcy Strauss, Juror Journalism, 12 Yale L. & Pol’y Rev. 389, 396–98 (1994) (discussing the potential problems caused by a self-interested juror working to profit from jury duty in high-profile cases). [43]. See, e.g., Judicial Conference Comm. on Court Admin. & Case Mgmt., Proposed Model Jury Instructions: The Use of Electronic Technology to Conduct Research on or Communicate About a Case (2009), available at . [45]. Due to the nature and length of this Article, the topic of juror privacy, which is worthy of further discussion, is only briefly touched upon. [46]. United States v. Blagojevich, 614 F.3d 287, 293 (7th Cir. 2010). [47]. Kay, supra note 4, at 18 (quoting litigator and former prosecutor Dan Small) (internal quotation marks omitted). [48]. Robert G. Boatright & Beth Murphy, How Judges Can Help Deliberating Juries: Using the Guide for Jury Deliberations, Ct. Rev., Summer 1999, at 38, 40, available at . [49]. See John E. Nowak, Jury Trials and First Amendment Values in “Cyber World,” 34 U. Rich. L. Rev. 1213, 1247 (2000) (“[T]he thought that one’s entire life will be open to the government and public through jury service certainly may well deter most people from wanting to serve on a jury.”). [50]. Brandborg v. Lucas, 891 F. Supp. 352, 356 (E.D. Tex. 1995). [51]. See United States v. Barnes, 604 F.2d 121, 140 (2d Cir. 1979) (noting that people will “be less . . . willing to serve [on a jury] if they know that inquiry into their essentially private concerns will be pressed”); David Weinstein, Protecting a Juror’s Right to Privacy: Constitutional Constraints and Policy Options, 70 Temp. L. Rev. 1, 3 (1997). [52]. See Laura B. Martinez, District Attorney to Use Facebook Profiles in Jury Selection, Brownsville Herald, Jan. 17, 2011, . [53]. See Okun, supra note 8, at 851–53. [54]. Like attorneys, the media have been quite adept at discovering juror misconduct. [55]. See supra notes 24–27 and accompanying text. Just as voir dire is not necessarily conducted to seat an impartial juror, the same can be said for online research of jurors: “[V]oir dire examinations are theoretically designed to detect and eliminate bias, [but] they are almost universally employed for quite different objectives. Most counsel seek to employ any bias in favor of their client and eliminate only such bias as is directed against him.” Okun, supra note 8, at 841–42 (second alteration in original). [56]. Kay, supra note 4, at 1 (“Some jury consultants and lawyers, however, still want to research their juries even after jury selection, for different reasons. For one thing, the information can be used to get a case overturned on appeal if it turns out a juror lied on a questionnaire. Additionally, some consultants and lawyers are beginning to use Internet information they’ve obtained about jurors to influence them during the trial, particularly during closing arguments.”). [57]. See Nowak, supra note 49, at 1225 (“The attorney with information about cyber activities of potential jurors will be able to use jury challenges for cause, and use preemptive challenges, in a strategically wise manner.”). [58]. See, e.g., State v. Bessenecker, 404 N.W.2d 134, 138–39 (Iowa 1987) (limiting access to juror information by county attorneys, and requiring county attorneys to disclose to the defense any juror information obtained); Commonwealth v. Smith, 215 N.E.2d 897, 901 (Mass. 1966) (allowing the defense access to juror information obtained by the government); Jeffrey F. Ghent, Annotation, Right of Defense in Criminal Prosecution to Disclosure of Prosecution Information Regarding Prospective Jurors, 86 A.L.R.3d 571, 574 (1978 & Supp. 2010). [59]. See Ghent, supra note 58, at 574–75 (“Rule 421(a) of the Uniform Rules of Criminal Procedure makes it the duty of the prosecuting attorney, on the defendant’s written request . . . to allow access [to prospective juror reports].”). Some jurisdictions not requiring the release of such information by the prosecutor to defense counsel include Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. See Monahan v. State, 294 So. 2d 401, 402 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1974); State v. Jackson, 450 So. 2d 621, 628 (La. 1984); Martin v. State, 577 S.W.2d 490, 491 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979). [60]. Model Rules of Prof’l Conduct R. 3.3 cmt. 12 (2008). Tennessee is one of the few states that have a much more expansive rule. Tenn. Rules of Prof’l Conduct R. 3.3(i) (2011) (“A lawyer who, prior to conclusion of the proceeding, comes to know of improper conduct by or toward a juror or a member of the jury pool shall report the improper conduct to the tribunal, even if so doing requires the disclosure of information otherwise protected by RPC 1.6.”). [61]. U.S. v. Hassoun, No. 0:04cr60001 (S.D. Fla. Aug. 16, 2007). [62]. See Kay, supra note 4, at 1. [65]. See Model Rules of Prof’l Conduct R. 3.3 cmt. 12 (requiring a lawyer “to take reasonable remedial measures, including disclosure if necessary, whenever the lawyer knows that a person . . . intends to engage, is engaging or has engaged in criminal or fraudulent conduct related to the proceeding”). [66]. Jameson Cook, Facebook Post Is Trouble for Juror, Macomb Daily, Aug. 28, 2010, . [68]. See Model Rules of Prof’l Conduct R. 3.3 cmt. 12. [69]. See Cook, supra note 66. [70]. At present, many jurisdictions have not updated their jury instructions to keep up with technological changes. Hoffmeister, supra note 44. [71]. In re Stoelting, 784 F. Supp. 886, 886 (S.D. Fla. 1992) (finding a juror who, contrary to the court’s instructions, “view[ed] story pertaining to case in news media and express[ed] her opinion concerning case to another member of jury panel” to be in contempt and fining the juror $250). [72]. Due to the length of this Article, I do not have space to explain why changing the rules of discovery is superior to changing the Model Rules. However, for a general discussion of this topic, see Michael Cassidy, Plea Bargaining, Discovery and the Looming Battle Over Impeachment Evidence, 64 Vand. L. Rev. 5 (2011). [73]. At least one other legal commentator has made a similar suggestion. See Nowak, supra note 49, at 1244 (“Statutes or court rules should be adopted at the state and federal level requiring any party to a litigation to provide to the opposing party all information in the party’s possession regarding cyber activities of potential jurors or witnesses.”). [74]. See Karen Monsen, Privacy for Prospective Jurors at What Price? Distinguishing Privacy Rights From Privacy Interests; Rethinking Procedures to Protect Privacy in Civil and Criminal Cases, 21 Rev. Litig. 285, 286–88 (2002) (detailing the dilemma faced by jurors’ wish to protect their privacy, which must be balanced against society’s desire for this information “to ensure a fair trial for defendants”). [75]. Jurors, like most people, do not relish the idea of attorneys researching their backgrounds. This displeasure would most likely increase if jurors knew that the information uncovered was used solely for the benefit of one attorney. See Sinclair v. United States, 279 U.S. 749, 765 (1929) (“If those fit for juries understand that they may be freely subjected to treatment like that . . . disclosed [through investigation by detectives], they will either shun the burdens of the service or perform it with disquiet and disgust.”). [76]. Former University of Chicago law professor emeritus and jury research expert Hans Zeisel noted this potential problem with juror research many decades ago when he stated, “I hate things that benefit the richer side. . . . One side obtains an advantage over the other. . . . If this thing gets out of hand, the courts might begin to say that you have to disclose whatever you have learned to the other side.” Tamar Lewin, Business and the Law; Jury Research: Ethics Argued, N.Y. Times, Mar. 9, 1982, at D2 (quoting Hans Ziesel) (internal quotation marks omitted). [77]. See, e.g., Ken Armstrong & Justin Mayo, Frustrated Attorney: ‘You Just Can’t Help People,’ Seattle Times, Apr. 6, 2004, stories/three (detailing a public defender’s overwhelming caseload). [78]. See Johnson v. McCullough, 306 S.W.3d 551, 554 (Mo. 2010) (en banc) (adopting a formal rule that, before the issue of a juror’s nondisclosure may be presented for appeal, the “party must use reasonable efforts to examine the litigation history on Case.net of those jurors selected but not empanelled”). [79]. See, e.g., Reddicks v. State, 10 S.W.3d 360, 363 (Tex. Ct. App. 1999); Saur v. State, 918 S.W.2d 64, 66 (Tex. Ct. App. 1996); Salazar v. State, 795 S.W.2d 187, 192 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). [80]. See, e.g., People v. Martin, 225 N.W.2d 174, 175 (Mich. 1974). [81]. Richard L. Moskitis, Note, The Constitutional Need for Discovery of Pre–Voir Dire Juror Studies, 49 S. Cal. L. Rev. 597, 632 (1976). [82]. See Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 88 (1963). It should be noted that to date the U.S. Supreme Court has yet to determine whether Brady applies to attorney work product. Mincey v. Head, 206 F.3d 1106, 1133 n.63 (11th Cir. 2000).

UK PROGRAM HELPS PROTECT KENTUCKY'S CHILDREN By Selena Stevens "The state needs good professional people who can enter child welfare and protection confident that they can do the work and ready to hit the ground running. Child protection is the toughest job in the field, and that causes a lot of turnover." -- Dinah Anderson, UK's coordinator of the program and a social work professor Nov. 2, 2001 (Lexington, Ky.) -- Linda Tackett's life changed when her father was disabled at work when she was a child. But what could have destroyed the family didn't, thanks to the help and support of social workers. Tackett's father went through vocational rehabilitation, earned college degrees in math and computer science and kept the family on its feet. "He set a great standard for our family," Tackett said. "If the vocational rehabilitation and the help we received from social workers had not been there, I'm not sure what would have happened." Tackett, a social work student at the University of Kentucky, is living up to her father's standard and planning to repay the help her family received. She is one of 24 students at UK and five at Lexington Community College participating in UK's Public Child Welfare Certification Program, a cooperative effort of the Kentucky Cabinet for Families and Children and 10 undergraduate social work programs around the state. The program prepares professional bachelor's level social work students for employment in Kentucky's Child Welfare Services. The program is funded by the cabinet through a federal grant and pays the students' tuition for up to four years and gives them $1,300 per semester for books, living expenses and travel. "This is an enormous investment in our students by the state and by the participating schools," said Dinah Anderson, UK's coordinator of the program and a social work professor. "The state needs good professional people who can enter child welfare and protection confident that they can do the work and ready to hit the ground running. Child protection is the toughest job in the field, and that causes a lot of turnover." The program's genesis came in 1996 when Cabinet for Families and Children Secretary Viola Miller spoke to the Kentucky Association of Social Work Educators, telling the group of the state's need in child protection and welfare. Six universities, including UK, designed what would become the certification program to address the situation. The program requires social work students take child welfare courses, participate in a practicum with a state-administered child protection agency, receive approximately 8.5 days of the cabinet's protective services training and attend semester retreats. In 1998, each of the schools selected 10 students. Today, 137 students are participating in the program at 10 universities across the state. Upon graduation the students are given priority consideration for employment with the cabinet and must work for the Department for Community Based Services for two years. The program's graduates also enter the work force at a higher level and pay than other social work graduates or people who have gone through state training to become social workers. Anderson said the program helps give students a real-life look at the job of child protection agents, making sure this career's for them. In the end, students who complete the program are very dedicated to their job and have the skills needed to face many tough situations - the cabinet has dedicated, knowledgeable employees and Kentucky children have determined advocates such as Linda Tackett.

NCTA Teaching About Asia Seminar Program Announced (Winter/Spring 2011) New for the Classroom - Hampton: A Revolutionary Place Register Now: 2010 National Consortium for Teaching About Asia Seminar Program at UMBC Featured Materials for Teachers This common refrain heard in social studies classrooms is the title and subject of a new book, written by CHE Lead Master Teacher, Bruce Lesh. Lesh, who has taught for the CHE since 1999, has refined a method of teaching history that mirrors the process used by historians, where students are taught to ask questions of evidence and develop historical explanations. Research has shown that when students are actively engaged in investigating the past, they find that history to be challenging and fun. As a result, they learn better and retain more information. Each chapter focuses on a key concept in understanding history and then offers a sample unit on how the concept can be taught. By the end of the book, teachers will have learned how to teach history via a lens of interpretive questions and interrogative evidence that allows both student and teacher to develop evidence-based answers to history's greatest questions.

2012 is the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All. During the Open Day, you will be able to: Discover a pioneering solar panel developed by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), which will soon be installed at Geneva Airport, as well as a fountain powered by solar energy, also developed by CERN. Participate in the inauguration of the solar power supply station for electric vehicles at the United Nations Office at Geneva. See electric cars or with solar photovoltaic roofs, ride an electric bicycle – activities organized by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and its partners. Painting, make-up, story-telling, reading corner, TV corner, gymnastics, puppet theatre, quiz, video games, Arabic calligraphy and other fun and educational activities will be offered throughout the day, within the Palais des Nations and in the Ariana Park.

Choose a new Washington D.C. Our Nation's Welcome to Key to the City's page for Hereford Deaf Smith County, Texas Town Without A Toothache The Texas state capital is Austin. What would you like to know about Hereford Statistics & Facts History & History-related items Hereford Government Hereford Chamber of Commerce. Hereford Organizations, Churches, and Sports. Hereford Libraries. Hereford Schools. Zip Codes Statistics & Facts The population of Hereford is approximately 15,865 (2000). The approximate number of families is 5,404 (1990). The amount of land area in Hereford is 14.486 sq. kilometers. The amount of land area in Hereford is 5.59 sq. miles. The amount of surface water is 0 sq kilometers. The distance from Hereford to Washington DC is 1507 miles. The distance to the Texas state capital is 417 miles. (as the crow flies) Hereford is positioned 34.82 degrees north of the equator and 102.39 degrees west of the prime meridian. Hereford elevation is 3,806 feet above sea level. Hereford miscellany. Return to Index Hereford location: in the Texas Panhandle where U.S. Highway 60 and U.S. Highway 385 intersect. Hereford is about 21 miles north of Dimmit, 30 miles south of Vega and 46 miles southwest of Amarillo The weather in Hereford is pleasant. There are moderate winters and warm summers. Hereford average annual rainfall is 19.21 inches per year Hereford average temperature is 57 degrees F. History & History Related Items Hereford history: Here is a History pageOne of the early "railroad" towns in the panhandle area was called Blue Water. When the postal authorities were contacted, it was discovered there was already a town by that name in Texas. The settlement was then named Hereford after the many cattle in the area. The cattle were registered Herefords brought by L.R. Bradly and G.R. Jowell from Hereford, England. W.H. Clair, Troy Womble and C.G. Witherspoon were the first to establish homes and businesses here in September of 1898. This same year, Deaf Smith County moved the county seat from La Plata to Hereford. A wooden courthouse was built and used for county business until the new marble-faced building was erected in 1910. It is the only marble courthouse in the state.One of Hereford's early nicknames was "The Windmill City" because of over 400 windmills in the area which were used to bring up water. By 1910, D.L. McDonald had the first successful irrigation well in the Ogallala Aquifer and irrigated farming began to become prevalent. Hereford was incorporated more than once! Fist on 13 February 1903 when the resident voted in the affirmative. The first Mayor was Ross W. Davis. Unfortunately, the losers were not happy with the results and filed suit, causing the incorporation vote to be annulled. In 1906, another incorporation vote was taken and Hereford was again incorporated. This time, the Mayor was Judge L. Gough.Another of Hereford's nicknames is "Town without a toothache." This is because of a very low rate of dental decay. It is supposed the lack of caries is because of all the natural florides in the municipal water supply. Hereford attractions: Deaf Smith County Historical MuseumCollections from pioneer era, farm and ranch implements, guns, Indian artifacts, photographs, paintings. Open Tues. - Sat. 10 a.m. - 5 p.m.; Sun. 2 -5 p.m. 400 Sampson St. Economy & Industry Hereford economy: Hereford has an Agribusiness economy. Many crops are grown here including grain, sorghum, wheat, corn, grapes and sugar beets. Sugar beets are also processed in a local plant. The feedlots here handle millions of cattle annually. Return to Index Contribute information free or for a small service charge for this community or any other community in the USA Be sure to include the name of the community and its state when contacting Key to the City as you are NOT directly contacting this community.

2001 - Franklin and Medicine In 1751 Benjamin Franklin and Dr. Thomas Bond, founded Pennsylvania Hospital, the nation's first hospital and a leader in hospital care and clinical research throughout its history. In recognition of the Hospital's historic presence in American medical research and progress the Franklin Celebration recognized the Bicenquinquagenary of Pennsylvania Hospital. The Franklin Celebration also honored Dr. Beverly S. Emanuel, eminent molecular geneticist who made a major contribution to science as co-discoverer of chromosome 21. As the Director of the Human Genetics Center, University of Pennsylvania she directed the mapping of the human Genome, one of the most significant medical discoveries in the late 20th century, explained in her keynote address, " From Maps to Medicine: The Impact of the Genome Project." Franklin and Diplomacy: The Essential Alliance The Celebration also marked the anniversary of Franklin's secret meeting at Carpenters' Hall with Chevalier Julien Achard De Bonvouloir, an emissary representing the Court of France. Franklin and DeBonvouloir met over the course of three nights in December 1775. Bonvouloir's courageous mission of espionage set in motion the events that ultimately led to victory to Yorktown and America's independence. The world premiere of the movie Tête á Tête, celebrating this alliance, was held on Thursday, January 18, 2001.

The bladder is a balloon-shaped muscle that serves as the storage pouch for urine. Urine flows from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. The bladder is part of the urinary tract, along with the kidneys, ureters, and the urethra.

Manage Your Health Back to Health Library Print This Page Email to a Friend Cerebral aneurysm The tissue of the brain is supplied by a network of cerebral arteries. If the wall of a cerebral artery becomes weakened, a portion of the wall may balloon out forming an aneurysm. A cerebral aneurysm may enlarge until it bursts, sending blood throughout the spaces in or surrounding the brain.

Manage Your Health Back to Health Library Print This Page Email to a Friend Infant brain test Transillumination is the shining of a bright light through a body cavity or organ for diagnostic purposes. Transilllumination can be used on the head, scrotum, or chest in the premature or newborn infant, or the breast in an adult female.

Wales' war dead commemorated at Cardiff Castle ceremony By Olivia Goldhill A service to remember those Wales’ war dead marked the opening of the Welsh Field of Remembrance. The official opening of the Welsh National Field of Remembrance created by The Royal British Legion The ceremony began with a Welsh Guard procession along the fields of crosses in Cardiff, followed by a two-minute silence in memory of servicemen and women who died in the armed forces. More than 15,000 crosses, each marked by a poppy, were planted in the grounds at Cardiff Castle, which is one of six Fields of Remembrance in the UK. Royal Welsh Major James Waters, 32, said he would remember those who gave their lives throughout history as well as soldiers he knew personally. “I’ve done two tours of Iraq and Afghanistan so I will think of those I went through training with who were killed in Afghanistan. “It’s important to remember not just our own soldiers and not just those in Iraq but all soldiers from all nations who lost their lives in duty,” he said. Air Commodore Adrian Williams, decorated with an OBE medal and a Queen’s jubilee medal, also said he would think of those he had served with. “Service in armed forces does have risks as does flying, so there are a few people I will think of today. “I’m Welsh and I think it’s very nice we do a Welsh garden of remembrance for reflecting and to thank the sacrifice of many people over many years”, said the senior RAF officer. As part of the service, the Rev Stuart Lisk read a dedication to “all who have died in war in the two world wars, all conflicts since, and those who have died in the last year”. The dedication and two-minute silence were followed by the first Minister of Wales, Carwyn Jones, who led the Welsh Anthem, and John Farmer, the National Chairman of the British Legion, who led the National anthem. A sense of sadness remembering those who had passed was mixed with a strong sense of support for the British forces. John Adams, whose 21-year-old son died in Afghanistan three years ago, said the Field of Remembrance made him proud to be British. “The word hero is used too frequently. People say footballers and rugby players are heroes but the people who gave us freedom and lost their lives in war are the true heroes”, said the 69-year-old from Cwmbran. Others remembered those who served in the two World Wars and died many years ago. Michael Cassley, 88, planted a cross that read: “To Alfie, my school friend.” Mr Cassley, from Cardiff, said: “I went into the Navy in 1941 and Alfie, my next door neighbour, went into the Army. But Alfie didn’t come back. “He died in 1944. He went through the war but was killed right at the end.” John Farmer, national chairman of the British Legion, said he was proud of public support for servicemen and women. He said: “To me it means a great deal. A few years ago the armed forces couldn’t go out in uniform but today the public have taken them to their hearts. “Today we remember all those who have given their lives so we can live in security and freedom.” Retired veterans who served in the Suez Crisis and Gulf War looked back on memories while young servicemen paid respect to those who went before them Rhydian Edwards, 25, said his training to fly helicopters for the navy would prepare him for any risks. “There’s aspects of danger in all jobs but the training we receive trains us as best as you can. “I could end up going to Afghanistan or do anti-drugs work in the Caribbean or go to Somalia and South Africa for anti-piracy,” said the Naval Lieutenant, who is training with the Wales University Royal Naval Unit (URNU) in Penarth.

Intertrigo is inflammation of the skin. It tends to occur in warm, moist areas of the body where two skin surfaces rub or press against each other. Such areas are called "skin folds." Intertrigo affects the top layers of skin. It is caused by moisture, bacteria, yeast, or fungus in the folds of the skin. The affected areas of skin are usually pink to brown. If the skin is very moist, it may begin to break down. In severe cases, there may be a bad odor. The condition is most common in persons who are obese. It may also be seen in people who must stay in bed or who wear medical devices such as artificial limbs, splints, and braces. These devices may trap moisture against the skin. Intertrigo is common in warm, moist climates. It may help to lose weight and move your body position often. Other things you can do are: Keep areas of folded skin open with dry towels. Blowing a fan across moist areas. Wear loose clothing. The condition does not go away, even with good home care. The area of affected skin spreads beyond a skin fold. Your health care provider can tell if you have the condition by looking at your skin. A skin scraping and KOH examination to rule out a fungal infection A Wood's lamp to rule out a bacterial infection called erythrasma Rarely, a skin biopsy to confirm the diagnosis Treatment options for intertrigo include: Antibiotic or antifungal cream applied to the skin Drying medication such as Domeboro soaks Low-dose steroid cream Creams that protect the skin

The federal government is committed to purchasing accessible technology. The first comprehensive civil rights legislation enacted to protect the rights of minorities and others underrepresented in education and employment was the Civil Rights Act of 1964. People with disabilities are not specifically included under this law's umbrella of protection. Their civil rights were not specifically addressed until 1973 with the passing of the Rehabilitation Act. Section 504 of the Act mandates nondiscrimination for people with disabilities. The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 guarantees a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) for every child with a disability in the United States. This landmark piece of legislation changed the way that students with disabilities experienced education, mandating that disabilities be better identified and treated and that families of children with disabilities be able to exercise their right to due process. Financial incentives were made available to educational entities that comply with federal disability laws. By 1990, the idea of students with disabilities in schools was no longer new for most of the country, but some individuals still struggled to receive appropriate services free of discrimination. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) was passed in that year. IDEA articulates the rights of students with disabilities and the services that must be provided to them in elementary and secondary school. The law helped make schools more inclusive and effective in educating students with disabilities. IDEA requires Individualized Education Plans (IEPs) for students with disabilities. In 1997, several amendments to IDEA affected student participation in assessment, the review and development of IEPs, and the parental role in the education of children. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) and the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act of 2008 include protection against discrimination for students with disabilities in K-12 schools as well as in postsecondary education. Differences in legislation that covers different educational levels and types of disabilities can be confusing for those transitioning from high school to college who expect similar experiences and accommodations. For example, in precollege education, Section 504 and ADA cover all students covered by IDEA, but students covered under Section 504 and ADA are not all covered under IDEA; in postsecondary education, Section 504 and ADA, but not IDEA, apply.

Tiny Houses Efficient Way to House Homeless Subscribe Free By Lacy Langley · February 26, 2014 · Leave a Comment Get the WebProNews Newsletter: [ Life] Tiny Houses have been steadily growing in popularity among people who want to downsize, simplify their lives, or just want cheaper housing. Now they are helping society with a more serious issue. Homelessness. There are several benefits to using tiny houses to fill the need of communities across the nation, according to CBS. The tiny houses are much cheaper to build than traditional shelters. For this purpose they are being built without plumbing for kitchen or bathroom, making the cost only about $5,000 per unit. In addition, many are built with donated materials as well as volunteer labor, sometimes from those that will eventually live in them. Another benefit is the community atmosphere that these tiny houses provide. Since there are no bathrooms or kitchens, there will be facilities provided in shared buildings. Those who are not that social will have a chance to get used to getting along with others in a controlled environment where cooperation is a necessity. Having your own tiny house also provides those that are looking for a fresh start something to call their own. “You’re out of the elements, you’ve got your own bed, you’ve got your own place to call your own,” said Harold “Hap” Morgan, who has suffered injury, depression and alcohol addiction. “It gives you a little bit of self-pride: This is my own house.” He added, “My goal is to go back to that and get my own place, but it’s really nice to have this to fall back on.” The tiny housing for homeless movement sprang out of the Occupy movement in Eugene, Oregon. What was once an Occupy camp slowly became a tent city for the homeless, which became an idea. Andrew Heben and some others worked with the city, which donated land for a tiny house community, to create a solution. That solution was Opportunity Village Eugene, which opened up in September. Most of the units, nine huts of 60 square feet and 21 bungalows of 64 and 80 square feet, are already built and ready for tenants. “It’s an American success story. … Now we see in different cities people coming up with citizen driven solutions,” Heben said.

Speaker returns, talks to communityby Mary Atkinson · January 22, 2014 Speaker Roy Juarez Jr. returned to the high school last Wednesday with a message for parents and other adults. Juarez, 33, spoke to high school students, Dec. 11, about his life on the streets and how he continues to cope with the effects of family violence in his childhood. After the speaking engagement, he said he met a West Liberty boy who told him that he, too, never celebrated milestones such as a birthday. In fact, the boy said he had not seen his mother since he was two months old and that a local science teacher had paid for him to fly to South Carolina to meet her. "If we can make just a small difference in every young person's life that we impact - whether they're our own children or not - we can change tomorrow," Juarez said. "And as a community we just changed a little of who we are today for the better." Juarez said he has traveled to every state in the country and looked into the eyes of over 100,000 youths who seem to have experienced similar situations. "Eyes that have learned the same lessons I learned when I was seven - lessons my young friend learned that began at two months," Juarez said, "[Lessons that taught me] how to be angry. I learned how to hate and I learned how to hold a grudge." He talked about how society teaches children that what happens in the home stays in the home, thus creating a situation where children feel they cannot talk to anyone about their feelings as well as poor academic performance. "My parents were married for twenty years, yet there was this emptiness," he said, "Because I had this house, but I didn't have a home and there's a big difference. We want to create homes for our children. Not just the ones that we have but for all children." Juarez went on to say that upon his return to West Liberty he brought birthday gifts for the young boy he met here because he wanted to show that he cared. "It doesn't take all the money in the world to create an impact our kids' lives," he said, "It doesn't take all the time in the world. It just takes being present and it takes just showing me that you care." But Juarez explained also how a parent can be hurting from a home situation as well, and that can cause them to be emotionally distant from a child. Juarez said he told the boy that when he visits his mom to tell her that he loved her and, in text message, the boy thanked him for that advice. "Because when I told her that, she also told me she loved me and started crying. So thanks, sir." the text read. "See, kids, they have so much love in their hearts that we want to keep them as pure as possible before that all turns to anger because you can get there," Juarez said. "Then not only are you dealing with a broken child but dealing with a broken child inside your community that's making decisions that are going to affect you financially one way or another. It's going to affect your family one way or another. We're here for all children." Later, in a personal interview, Juarez explained that he currently is not in a relationship because of the touring he does and because he has more healing to do. "It would take time away from it and I'm not ready," he said. "It's been very therapeutic for me and my experiences make me feel that I have a purpose." This speaking engagement is part of his 'Impact Tour.' For more information on Juarez visit his website at HomelessByChoice.com.

Recruitment must step up to manage O&M shortfall by Katie Daubney, Be the first to comment EUROPE: The skills shortage facing the European wind industry is widely acknowledged. But a recent report by renewables consultancy GL Garrad Hassan has put that shortfall at 18,000 people by 2030. Most strikingly, 10,000 of those will be lacking in the operations and maintenance (O&M) sector. Ageing fleet… As turbines age, service needs grow (Pic:Repower/Jan Oelker) The report identifies issues in finance, project management, and manufacturing, but the skills gap in these sectors is not as acute. With manufacturing, for example, the trend for bigger turbines means that fewer are needed to produce more capacity. "If you need ten people to produce a 1MW turbine, you do not need 20 people to produce a 2MW turbine - you maybe need 14," explains Jacopo Moccia, a policy officer at the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA). "You are not multiplying manufacturing personnel by the number of megawatts." However, this rationale cannot be applied to the maintenance sector. As the number of wind farms increases, not only are there many more turbines to maintain, but a proliferation of different models with specific requirements means it is no longer sufficient for an engineer to have a general knowledge of how to repair a turbine. The skills needs are now far more diverse. Also, as turbines age they require more, or a different kind of attention. Moccia says that a few years ago, the main focus was installing the turbines, after which there would be a five to ten-year period where not that much had to be done. "Now many turbines are reaching a post ten-year period. You have to maintain them more regularly," he says. The number of players in the post-warranty service market is also growing. "Twenty years ago developers would contract the turbine manufacturer to maintain them for the life of the wind farm," says EWEA research officer Angeliki Koulouri. "Now, as portfolios become bigger, they often sub-contract a third party, which may be cheaper or offer more services than the manufacturer." Another problem facing the O&M market is that maintenance is not always given high-enough priority by the industry, which is shortsighted says Moccia: "The only profit from the wind farm is selling electricity. If you lose some megawatt hours because your station is poorly maintained, that is a huge blow to your income. "The fundamental point is that you need a preventative maintenance regime to ensure that you don't get caught with your trousers down. So you need to foresee that manpower clearly," he says. Lack of graduates The biggest problem highlighted in the skills report is the shortage of graduates with science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) qualifications. Of employers interviewed, 78% said it is very difficult to find suitably trained staff. With a decline in popularity of STEM subjects among European students, Koulouri welcomes anything that will pull students into STEM subjects at a school or university level. But but the wind industry by itself cannot do that. The skills problem was highlighted last year when Siemens struggled to fill 37 apprentice posts despite having received more than 1,000 applications. The roles were at the wind-turbine manufacturer's wind-power training school at its integrated energy service training facility in Newcastle, northeast England. When the applications were assessed, Siemens team leaders had doubts about the general educational standard of many applicants, in particular in mathematics. Call for government action Trade association RenewableUK is trying to persuade the UK government to act to increase the number of students in STEM subjects. It argues that this would also benefit the engineering industry as a whole. Sophie Bennett, skills and employment policy officer at RenewableUK, would like to see a reduced fee structure for key courses such as engineering in order to attract people to study those subjects. She also believes that funding for courses could be better planned: "At the moment it tends to be on an almost ad-hoc basis and would be much more useful if it were consistent." The renewables industry as a whole would benefit from a lot more certainty, but skills are particularly vulnerable without it, says Bennett. "To plan a workforce you need to know what is going to be happening in the long term - what kind of funding you'll have access to, and what skills needs there will be," she says. "In order to do that you need to have a lot more certainty on what the market is going to be like. Ideally, a 2030 forecast on renewable energy would enable the industry to plan its workforce." She highlights an ongoing need to change perceptions of both engineers and engineering. "We need to move away from it being something that is largely a male role and move towards it being more inclusive for both women and ethnic minorities," she says. Experience needed There is no shortage of talented people who want to work in the industry, says Andrew Garrad, CEO of Garrad Hassan, but they are all short of experience. "There are not enough links between the academic and industrial world, so we have suggested various mechanisms to improve that." Secondment from academia to industry and vice-versa would allow academic staff to be better informed about what the industry is really doing and what the industry really wants, he says. For several years, pan-European programmes have existed for exchange of students, but the skills report reveals a significant disparity between how practical or theoretical courses are, and exactly what is being taught at a university level in different European countries. One recommendation from the report is to harmonise the vocational training at a European level. Harmonisation is easier said than done, acknowledges Bennett, which is why it has been talked about for many years. "There are so many different standards that as a whole we strive towards doing that but it's a difficult process." Both Bennett and Garrad agree on the importance of apprenticeships. Garrad says that large companies must hire more at the ground level rather than expecting to find skilled people. And Bennett believes that there should always be more funding being put into apprenticeships: "They are a great way of providing practical learning opportunities. The industry needs people who are highly skilled, but who also have practical experience at work, and learn at work. "There is gradual recognition of the importance of apprenticeships which is leading to more support. This is helping to change the perception of apprenticeships as a worthwhile training tool." Ultimately, the wind industry needs to enthuse the public about its employment possibilities. "The extraordinary developments of the machinery and the sheer size of our business should excite children and young adults to get involved in engineering rather than finance," Garrad says. "It is clearly a more interesting field than oil or gas and we need to convince people to make that leap." TACKLING THE SKILLS SHORTAGE HOW TO BRING PEOPLE INTO WIND In the UK, trade body RenewableUK has found regional initiatives particularly effective in raising awareness of the future economic and employment benefits of wind developments. For example, its Champions for Wind programme aims to support teachers in north-east England in providing careers guidance for the wind, wave and tidal industry to pupils aged 13-14 years. The programme was developed by a consortium of companies bidding for the third round of UK offshore projects and the Humberside Education and Training Association. The Erasmus Mundus European wind-energy Masters course aims to educate 120-150 MSc graduates a year in wind energy technology, covering the top 1-2% global demand for wind-energy professionals with post-graduate education. The European Renewable Energy Centres (EUREC) agency is working with several European universities in renewable-energy education and training. These universities have responded to the demand for industry-appropriate training through the development of the European Master in renewable energy. Universities involved include Mines-ParisTech and Universite de Perpignan (France), Loughborough University and Northumbria University (UK), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg and Kassel University (Germany), Zaragoza University (Spain), Hanze UAS (the Netherlands), IST Lisbon (Portugal) and the National Technical University of Athens (Greece). Students move between universities during the first two semesters according to their specialisation, then undertake a six-month project during the third semester in a business or a research centre. Sweden's Uppsala University offers several wind-specific courses taught in English, from basics to project development, planning and economics and wind turbine technology to a masters programme in wind power project management. The UK's renewable-energy apprenticeship is now in its third year and has trained around 130 people. The renewable-energy apprenticeships programme and the wind-turbine operations-and-maintenance advanced-level apprenticeship are overseen by the National Skills Academy for Power. Standards are set by the renewable-energy companies that offer apprenticeships. Skills transition RenewableUK launched the renewables training network (RTN) in November 2011, which works to ensure that experienced skilled workers from other industries can make the transition to renewables effectively. The RTN was set up through joint funding from industry partners and the UK Commission for Employment and Skills, and is in the process of developing various training schemes for the wind and marine energy industries.

WSHS student selected Global Citizen Scholar (02/03/2013) It only took a couple of minutes visiting with WSHS junior, Calvin Dretske, to know that he has a wanderlust personality---eager, almost restless, to travel the world and know its cultures and peoples. He and his father, Ray, took advantage of a summer 2012 trip to Italy and Greece offered through the school district and organized by teacher, Dwayne Voegeli. Voegeli coordinated the tour through Education First (EF). Cal would visit the EF web site on occasion and saw the opportunity to apply to be a 2013 Global Citizen Scholar. He submitted an application, video, and essay and recently learned that he has been selected as 1 of 20 high school students from the United States and Canada. Designated to unite high school students from around the world by breaking down barriers of culture, language and geography, while helping students develop global awareness, critical thinking and problem-solving skills, the Global Citizen Scholarship will allow Dretske to travel to Costa Rica from April 1-20 for EF�s Global Student Leaders Summit where Al Gore will be the keynote speaker. The scholars will also embark on a 10-day immersive, educational tour to understand and appreciate Costa Rica�s rich and diverse ecosystems, while studying the country�s successful environmental policy initiatives. For more information on the EF Global Citizen Scholarship, visit eftour.com/globalcitizen or check out the Global Citizen Facebook page to see the US scholars� video and essay submissions. When asked why he applied, Calvin states, �I applied to the EF Global Citizen Scholarship in Costa Rica because I believe that by working together we can solve many of the environmental issues facing our world today. I am excited for the opportunity to travel with a group of like-minded students and learn about ways of lessening our dependence on non-renewable energy sources, which directly correlated to frac sand mining, an increasingly heated topic here in Winona.� Cal mentioned that he and the other 19 scholars have begun to meet each other and discuss their upcoming experience through Facebook.

How Can I Improve Brain Function? Crossword puzzles are good brain exercisers. Watch the Did-You-Know slideshow Malcolm Tatum Enhancing the function of the brain is an important part of maintaining good physical and emotional well-being. There are actually a number of ways to help improve brain function, many of them involving a combination of intellectual stimulation, good nutrition, and regular physical activity. If you want to enhance the function of your brain capacity, there are some simple tips to help you do just that. The brain is an extremely complicated yet efficient organ that makes it possible for people to perceive and experience every aspect of existence. While most people understand that a portion of the brain anatomy has a direct impact on the function of the nervous system, not everyone is aware of how important brain function is to maintaining emotional and mental balance. If the brain is unable to generate the chemicals or neurotransmitters that govern human emotions properly, illnesses such as depression, anxiety, and various phobias can result. Ad In order to help the brain cells remain healthy and properly release the chemicals required for emotional balance, good nutrition is very important. Consuming a balanced diet that is rich in the B vitamins, vitamin C, and minerals, such as calcium and magnesium, help to supply the body and brain with the raw materials to promote this level of brain function. While it is always desirable to obtain vitamins and nutrients from fresh foods and herbs, vitamin supplements are sometimes recommended by medical practitioners in order to help restore a healthy balance to the brain and nervous system. Exercise is also very important to brain function. Even something as simple as a brisk thirty minute walk each day can help provide the stimulation needed to promote the brain’s production of key neurotransmitters. Along with the exercise provided by the walk, the sensory stimulation in terms of sights, sounds, and smells will also aid in overall brain function and help keep the organ functioning at optimum levels. Along with exercising the body as a means of working the brain, mental exercises and stimulation are also important. Reading, doing crossword puzzles, solving riddles, or any other task that requires the application of logic and problem solving will stimulate brain function and help to keep the organ healthy and fully operational. This type of active brain activity is generally considered to be preferable to passive activities such as watching television. When there is some concerns about brain function, it is often a good idea to consult a health professional. A neurologist or other practitioner trained in the field of neurology can determine if there is any organic origin to issues such as depression or anxiety, forgetfulness, or a loss of memory. Once the reasons for the dysfunction are identified, it is possible to begin treatments that will correct or at least provide partial relief from the condition. Ad

What Are Confidence Affirmations? Debra Barnhart Edited By: A. Joseph Confidence affirmations are silent or spoken declarations that a person repeats to reinforce his or her self-esteem. These affirmations rely on channeling the inner voice to stimulate feelings of self-worth, and they are repeated like mantras. They are statements of belief in one’s value and ability to achieve goals. Confidence affirmations should always be stated in a positive manner. Words such as "worthy," "strong," "intelligent," "lovable" and "attractive" might be used.Usually, a confidence affirmation is a simple sentence. A person who does not want to create his or her own affirmations might consider using inspirational quotes or confidence quotes. Positive affirmations of self-confidence are repeated to force the mind into healthier patterns of thinking.Confidence affirmations are a form of autosuggestion, which is defined as a method in which a person affects his or her own behavior or beliefs by providing a suggestion, either consciously or subconsciously. Émile Coué, a French apothecary, is credited with developing autosuggestion in the early 1900s. Coué realized that his patients responded better to the medication that he dispensed when he commended the medication’s effectiveness. He came to believe that repeating a positive thought could alter a person’s subconscious mind and aid in the healing process. Ad According to theories of autosuggestion, reinforcing negative thought patterns can be lead to self-sabotage. For example, a man who constantly tells himself that he is a failure at public speaking is more likely to be uncomfortable and lacking self-assurance at an annual meeting where he is expected to give a progress report for his department. Negative thinking can give tangible form to the person’s fears and perceived inadequacies. Many people acquire their destructive thought patterns during childhood and automatically think in damaging ways without questioning the validity of their inner voice when negative thoughts about failure or perceived inadequacies arise. Affirmations of self-confidence are intended to overcome and replace negative patterns that can stem from childhood. Confidence affirmations rely on the conviction that what the mind believes to be true is, in fact, true. Positive affirmations for confidence are thought to be a means to influence the subconscious as well as the health and physical capability of the body. Many athletes claim that they have successfully used confidence affirmations to boost their athletic abilities and excel in sports. Coué claimed that his autosuggestion methods cured many patients, although his theories had not been clinically proved as of 2011. A related form of psychological suggestion, autogenic training, focuses on relaxation and has been proved in clinical trials.

What Are the Different Types of Desktop Computer Memory? Daphne Mallory Desktop computer memory is known as random access memory, or RAM for short. The RAM is what the computer uses to run its operating system and programs, and it keeps data available for easy access when it’s in use. For example, if a user opens a photo or video on their computer and then minimizes it to the desktop, the file is still open in the RAM until the user clicks out of it. The type and amount of RAM determines the speed at which the computer can run programs and applications. The types of RAM for desktop computer memory include DDR2 and DDR3 chips. Previous iterations of RAM which are now largely obsolete were DDR and SIMM chips. Most desktop computers come with either DDR2 or DDR3 RAM installed, and the user can often upgrade the computer with more RAM if they find it necessary. Ad DDR2 and DDR3 chips are the main types of desktop computer memory that are sold. DDR stands for “Double Data Rate,” which means that the chip doubles the speed at which data can be transferred. Both types of chip contain 240 pins along one edge, which is inserted into a memory slot on the motherboard of the computer. DDR2 and DDR3 chips are constructed differently, so they cannot be inserted into the incorrect slot. New desktop computers often come with slots for both types of chip, although DDR2 is expected to be phased out eventually. DDR 3 chips offer a slight speed increase over the DDR2 version. Desktop computer memory chips are often configured in pairs for optimal performance. For example, most computers are sold with two chips, totaling 2 GB, 4 GB, 6 GB or 8 GB of RAM. The higher the amount of RAM is, the faster the computer will be able to process tasks, load programs and switch between functions. Slots are often provided on the motherboard to match up in pairs, in order to operate 64-bit systems. The speed of the memory chips is often displayed in megahertz (MHz), and manufacturers often display the speed as if the chip is sold in a pair. For example, a pair of desktop computer memory chips advertised as having a speed of 1,600 MHz is actually two 800 MHz individual chips. The top DDR2 chip has a clock speed of 533 MHz, while the top DDR3 chip has a speed of 800 MHz, although this will eventually change. Desktop computer memory is often an easy part of a system to upgrade. If the user removes the side panel of the computer, the RAM sticks should be visible on the motherboard. After disengaging the tabs that hold the original memory sticks in place, the user can insert and install new RAM sticks to upgrade their computer’s performance. Ad

What Is a Chinese Flute? Pablo Garcia A "Chinese flute" refers to the “dizi,” a side blown flute made of bamboo. Although there are other kinds of traditional flutes in China, the dizi is considered a national instrument and “the” flute of China. It is an ancient instrument and very popular among the Chinese people. There are three types of dizi, categorized by their length and pitch.The origins of the dizi date to the Neolithic period. This prehistoric flute is known as the “gu di” or bone flute. Through its evolution to the dizi, the Chinese flute became an important cultural instrument. It was used in folk music and also as a solo instrument for personal enjoyment. During the Ming Dynasty, the period between 1368 and 1662, the dizi became part of Chinese classical music. It was discovered that the instrument was louder than other flutes and could be heard amid a full orchestra. It began to be used in Kunqu Opera of the time, known for its delicate and beautiful music.Usually made from bamboo, the dizi is known for its full and melodious sound. Chinese flutes are also made from wood, bone, iron and jade. The traditional bamboo dizi, however, is still the favored instrument of the Chinese people. Inexpensive and easily constructed, the basics of playing the instrument can be learned by without undue effort. Ad The dizi is made in three types, each characterized by its size and pitch. The bangdi is a short dizi with a high pitch. Qudi dizis are of medium length, around 15.75 inches (40 cm). Large dizis, a modern innovation, have a seventh finger hole, and are sometimes called “seven star tubes” because of the tubular shape that all dizis have and the extra finger hole. In its construction, the head of the Chinese flute is closed off to create resonance. There is no mouthpiece at the top. The musician uses a “blow hole,” or mouth hole, on the side of the flute. Below the mouth hole is a “mokong,” or membrane hole, which is covered in “dino,” membrane peeled from the inside of the bamboo plant. All the finger holes are the same size as the mouth hole. Each of the six finger holes can be affixed with membranes to create different sounds. There are auxiliary holes on the flute’s tail called “ji yin.” These are sometimes used to hang symbolic or decorative tassels. When covered with dino, these auxiliary holes can also produce additional new sounds. The sounds of the Chinese flute are produced through the opening in the tail of the instrument. Ad

What Are the Different Types of Easements? Anna B. Smith An easement is a legal right that allows someone to use part of a property that he or she does not own. There are several different types, the most common being affirmative, negative, express, implied, permissive, prescriptive, conservation, and preservation. The various rights granted by each depend on the nature of its creation and its continued use.Affirmative and negative easements are the most common types. An affirmative one gives a single person the right to use the property in question, and requires that the property owner allow that person access to his or her land. An example is a property owner allowing his or her next-door neighbor to use part of his or her land as a driveway to access the neighboring property.A negative easement usually prohibits something. This type typically references architectural elements of a building on a property, such as barring the building of a structure higher than two stories. Homeowners’ associations usually have guidelines for neighborhood residents regarding architectural elements of homes, making negative easements rare in those areas. Ad Express, implied, necessity, and permissive easements refer to the cause for the right. An express one must be stated within a legal document, such as a will or property deed. The implied type is not written in any legal document, but its use begins as a result of certain circumstances. These situations may include those in which a property is being divided between new owners and the original owner wishes to retain the right to use a portion of it for the original purpose. A permissive easement is one that occurs with the express permission of the landowner and is not necessary for the enjoyment of the adjoining property. An example of this would be a roadway that a landowner allows others to use, but which is not the only access to the property. A property owner in such a situation may post signs stating that the use of the property is permissive and that this right may be revoked at any time. A prescriptive easement comes about without the permission of the landowner, and typically without his knowledge. This type is necessary when an individual uses property that belongs to the land adjoining his, and gains permanent access once a certain amount of time has passed. A conservation easement is an agreement between the landowner and a second party — generally the government — not to develop a certain portion of the land, for ecological reasons. A preservation one usually protects against the development, or change, of aspects of a piece of property, such as a building located on the premises. It often protects historical landmarks. Both of these types commonly qualify landowners for tax credits. Ad

View: Visual Inquiry/Experience in Writing, by Anthony F. Franco and Benjamin A. Gorman �VIEW: Visual Inquiry/Experience in Writing� is a multi-faceted unit designed to improve both observation and writing skills in grades 7-12. The unit is based upon a schema of study outlined by Dr. Jules Prown of Yale University which details how one comes to �know� an object. This plan conducts the viewer through various stages of looking at objects beginning with physical dimensions, color, and content (observation), proceeding through the establishment of a �dialogue� between the viewer and object (deduction), and culminating with an extension of what is known about the object to circumstances completely unknown but feasible (speculation). Within each of these stages we have developed writing activities which are specifically designed to lead the student on a lucid path toward better writing. These activities, including self-tests, Post Assessment, and Quest Activities, are included in a Learning Activity Packet (LAP) at the end of the unit. All performance objectives and a schedule for the use of the unit are also included therein.

So many of the indigenous traditions of earth place great reverence in the teachings of Dreamers, Seers, or Oracles. The guidance of the individuals is an intricate part of life grounded in alignment with earth cycles. The primary function of these individuals is to speak on behalf of Earth Mother and Spirit, or whatever name one might call the higher power. The Quero Tlish Diyan ‘tsanti is a tradition of the South American Inkan Q’ero and North American Quero Apache. Through lightning strike or snake bite, the consciousness of the designated individual is opened to multidimensional realities, and merges with all-seeing ancestral forces in order to guide the general populous to higher life and thought form. Maria Yraceburu is a 13th generation diiyin - Holy One - and initiated ‘tsanti and lightning healer. Maria speaks about her lineage and youth… Power and Passion 'My grandpa was an Apache Holy One. During the Apache Wars of the late 1800s his parents took their family into the Sierra Madre Mountains of Old Mexico, originally fleeing the reservation with Geronimo. My great grandmother was a healer and the apprentice of her uncle Nochaydelklinne, the Dreamer who foretold this time in history. From their isolated village in Bavispe they worked hard to stay alive and teach my grandfather and his three brothers the peaceful way of Earth. 'Now, I know Apaches aren’t normally equated with peace, but our Quero roots and peaceful ways are documented in the journals of some of the first Spanish Missionaries that came into the southwest. Our ancestors would go to great lengths to keep the peace before entering conflict, and this is also documented history in the records of the United States Army in its dealings with Cochise. In the beginning of conflict with the Spanish, the Apaches quickly took on the role of protectors of other tribes. The assistance the Apache afforded the Pueblo Nations in the great Revolt of 1680 is historical fact, and an action that kept the Spanish out of the Santa Fe - Four Corners area for nearly 20 years that followed. 'My grandpa learned these old ways in the traditional Passing of Power rituals of our lineage. He became a Snake Clan priest in the early 1900s. He often would tell us stories about life before his mother was killed by the Mexican Army in 1924. He went into a Place of Shadow for six years following that, where he lost his faith in our ways and the prophecies. When my dad was born and my grandma died, it was another trauma/blessing event that snapped him back into focus. In the 1930s he moved his four sons back to the United States and lived on the Mescalero Reservation with relatives for a while. 'Here's why...'

Community quotations inspire documentary theater festival Date: December 2, 2009by: Pam Eubanks | News Editor More Photos Elana Bobelis and her sister, Gabriella, reenact an interview with their grandfather during a rehearsal for Southeast High's show, "What's My Age Again?" LAKEWOOD RANCH — Dane LaFemina’s passion is for musical theater, but his most recent project beckoned an unparalleled enthusiasm — one he can’t wait to share with the community. He and dozens of other local high school thespians have been working to create original documentary pieces, using quotes from interviews with community members to form the scripts for their shows. Theater groups from Lakewood Ranch, Southeast and Booker high schools and The Out-of-Door Academy will perform their pieces during the Lend Us Your Voice theater festival Dec. 3-5 at ODA’s new black box theater. “People’s words are dramatic in themselves,” LaFemina said. “The interviews have driven us. There’s a lot of passion involved in this. We read the show and we say, ‘Let’s do these people justice.’” Lakewood Ranch High School’s show, “(Ab)normal,” for example, examines what society and the community see as normal and abnormal. LaFemina and theater partner Lucas Thompson interviewed a parent involved in Manasota BUDS, a non-profit dedicated to families of children with Down syndrome, as well as a psychologist. From them, the teens got an intimate view of what it’s like raising a child with a disability — the fears, challenges and triumphs — as well as a better understanding of mental disorders such as schizophrenia. “It’s been an unbelievable experience,” LaFemina said. “The interviews we got to do have literally changed some of our lives — they changed mine.” For the last 14 weeks, students have been working with Leah Page and Emily Freeman of the Asolo Repertory Theater to develop their plays. The effort is part of a pilot program Page and a colleague came up with last year. “This idea of storytelling through words from your community (is) using voices of the people around you as a way to engage audience members,” said Page, who is co-directing the plays with Freeman. “We were just passionate about this style of theater and we wanted to pursue it.” Page and Freeman have been overseeing the process as students conducted interviews and created their plays. They also helped compile interviews into a script format. “The big thing is having the student engage in their community — taking them out of their world and giving them a new understanding of the issue they’ve explored. Rather than doing a research project, which can be impersonal, they’ve had to embody these people. It creates an empathy for the tops they are covering.” Students also have choreographed dances, written poetry and created other works to add information or provide transitions between different monologues and sections of their performances. And because students have created the pieces themselves, they feel a tremendous sense of ownership in their work. “This is what we’ve created,” LaFemina said. “It’s a true piece that all of us have a personal connection to.” Page said she hopes to do the program again next year.

Towson University Mission Statement I. Summary Mission Statement Towson University, as the state’s comprehensive Metropolitan University, offers a broad range of undergraduate and graduate programs in the liberal arts, sciences, arts and applied professional fields that are nationally recognized for quality and value. Towson emphasizes excellence in teaching, scholarship, research and community engagement responsive to the needs of the region and the state. In addition to educating students in the specialized knowledge of defined fields, Towson’s academic programs develop students’ capacities for effective communication, critical analysis, and flexible thought, and they cultivate an awareness of both difference and commonality necessary for multifaceted work environments and for local and global citizenship and leadership. Towson’s core values reflect high standards of integrity, collaboration, and service, contributing to the sustainability and enrichment of the culture, society, economy, and environment of the State of Maryland and beyond. II. Institutional Identity Towson University began as The Maryland State Normal School and was founded in Baltimore City in 1866, moved to its current Towson location in 1915, and became the Maryland State Teachers College at Towson in 1935, offering a Bachelor of Science degree in education. The institution’s mission was expanded in 1946 with the introduction of a variety of degree programs in the arts and sciences. This programmatic development led to its becoming Towson State College in 1963. The move to a more diverse academic portfolio including health professions, business, and technology were interwoven into the transition to Towson State University in 1976 and Towson University in 1997. It is Maryland’s largest comprehensive university. The quality of its programs, its educational value, and its focus on student achievement and civic engagement has brought it national recognition as a premier metropolitan institution. With strong baccalaureate programs in the arts and sciences, the fine arts and communication, health and nursing, education, business, information and computer science, and interdisciplinary studies to serve as the foundation, it similarly provides high quality graduate programs in a variety of areas of professional practice and applied fields. Towson University responds to the needs of the region and greater metropolitan area by serving as an engine of change in Maryland’s academic and socioeconomic environments. Towson strives to create a productive future for our students and our region by enriching the lives and opportunities for all members of its community. The University’s longstanding commitment to creating a multicultural campus is advanced by policies and practices that assure the recruitment and retention of a diversified student body, staff, and faculty who reflect local, regional, national, and global diversity. This commitment is sustained through a focus on community service, democratic principles, and global engagement as it relates to the curriculum, services, activities, and partnerships on and off the campus. Through its international education program, it enrolls students from as many as 100 nations. Diversity initiatives provide a direction that mirrors the face of the population in the region and the state by fostering a model of a respectful and inclusive environment that serves to prepare all members of the institution to appreciate differences, including ideological differences, and to live comfortably within an increasingly multicultural society The undergraduate curriculum promotes the intellectual skills essential for effectively communicating, gathering and evaluating information, thinking critically, meaningfully, using technology effectively, appreciating diversity and commonalities, and making informed choices. These skills are grounded in the University’s long-standing commitment to a strong liberal arts core that emphasizes an understanding of how the arts and sciences gather, evaluate, and apply information to reach valid conclusions. The liberal arts core, combined with a commitment to students’ co-curricular experience, also serves to develop intellectual and social skills that will guide students as contributing members of the workforce and of a democratic society. As a complex comprehensive learning community, the University currently emphasizes the systematic addition of strong undergraduate and graduate programs that represent emerging disciplines, address economic and workforce needs, and serve the metropolitan region. Master’s degree programs in the health professions, applied information technology, education, homeland security, business, and a variety of interdisciplinary or applied fields have been developed in response to pressing regional needs and student demands. The applied and unique doctoral programs build on the foundation and strengths of the University and are in areas that are fundamental to the development and vigor of the institution. The certification and professional development of educators has been and will remain central to Towson University's future. As the largest single provider of certified teachers in Maryland, Towson plays a leadership role in the continuing professional development of the state’s educators. The College of Education’s strategies for improving the quality of teacher preparation serve as regional and national models, as do its highly regarded Professional Development School Network and the professional development programs of its different centers and projects. To meet the critical needs for more and better teachers in Maryland and the nation, the University has expanded programming in teacher education with plans to add specialized master’s and doctoral programs responding to market demands and the Maryland State Plan. Towson University is committed to a student-centered learning environment that uses a variety of formats to provide innovative access to information. Towson University’s faculty and staff work actively to enable students to develop as citizens and leaders of the community by combining classroom learning with out-of-class experiences (internships, practica, service-learning, and related experiential opportunities). Through academic partnerships and collaborative programs, it advances the statewide goal of attaining a cost effective and accountable system for delivering high quality post-secondary education. It is an active participant in four regional higher education centers and has expanded its current certificate and baccalaureate programming through formal 2+2 partnerships with community colleges in the state. The largest off-campus site is in Harford County offering upper division academic programs. It works closely with profit and non-profit organizations to provide educational opportunities, including baccalaureate and post-baccalaureate programs meeting the organizations’ specific needs. It has created a technology infrastructure for providing improved access to degree programs for a greater number of Maryland residents. In so doing, Towson strengthens Maryland’s role as a national leader in the use of technology to enhance its economy and to improve life-long access to learning for all of its citizens. Towson's faculty members actively pursue scholarship and creativity that complement disciplinary knowledge and superior teaching. The University values and rewards equally the scholarships of discovery, teaching, integration, and application. Faculty members also engage in a wide range of activities, which support the University's institutional outreach programs to government, health care organizations, nonprofit groups, education, business, and the fine arts in its region. Its research and consulting centers, such as the Regional Economic Studies Institute, the Center for Geographic Information Sciences, the Center for Applied Information Technology, and the Center for Leadership in Education continue to link faculty expertise with community needs and interests. Partnerships with corporations engage the University both as learners and as teachers. WTMD Radio Station, The Baltimore Hebrew Institute, The Asian Cultural Arts Center, and numerous faculty and student performances and exhibits throughout the year contribute to the cultural life of the community. Multiple clinical sites and centers provide clinical opportunities for faculty members and students and serve the well being of members of the community. The Institute for Teaching and Research On Women and The National Center for Curriculum Transformation Resources On Women provide international as well as national services for a full variety of disciplines and agencies. Towson University is designated by the Carnegie Foundation as a recognized university for curricular engagement and outreach and partnership. Towson University’s role of addressing Maryland’s workforce needs depends on its ability to respond quickly to changing circumstances and emerging needs by revising or introducing high quality undergraduate, masters, doctoral, and certificate programs. Program development can be readily targeted to support economic and social development as identified by national, state, and regional government agencies. Its plans for expanding its graduate programming, increasing the number of both students and degrees offered, will lead to an increase in the number of teaching and research opportunities available to the graduate student body and will allow the institution to provide valuable expertise to regional and state agencies and organizations. This design gives Towson a strong presence in the educational growth of employees from local school districts, health care fields, the arts, government agencies, and technology and service industries, including e-Business. Towson University plays a major role in efforts to sustain Maryland’s social, cultural and economic fabric as well as its natural environment. III. Institutional Capabilities By Carnegie Classification, Towson University is a Masters (Comprehensive) University I. It has achieved national prominence as a premier metropolitan comprehensive university by offering a wide-range of excellent graduate and undergraduate degree programs and by increasing its regional and national reputation through its focus on student learning, innovative programs and pedagogies, faculty creativity and scholarship, applied and sponsored research, community service, and cultural outreach to business, education, non-profit and health care organizations. The University has a strong commitment to a liberal arts education that serves as a general intellectual resource for more specialized disciplinary work and as it enriches students’ cultural and social awareness. A highly regarded general education program provides undergraduates with multiple ways of knowing and specific skills that equip them to reason in and respond to a wide range of work and life settings. Active initiatives to recruit African-Americans, other American minorities, first-generation/low-income individuals, women, and a range of international faculty, staff, and students advance Towson’s commitment to diversity. Support for strong multicultural and international studies programming along with robust study abroad programs enhance global understanding . It further augments and enriches students’ academic programs through an expanding Honors College experience, extensive practice of faculty-student and student-student mentoring, a model first year experience program, undergraduate research projects, internships, practica, career services, clinical placements, departmental honors, colloquia, forums, and performance and lecture series. Faculty members value excellent teaching and give it high priority. Their active engagement in scholarship and service generates sustained originality and outstanding performance throughout their academic careers. Their frequent participation in more than one academic unit or department sustains the unusually high number of innovative multi-disciplinary programs offered by the University. Their large number of refereed publications and presentations are noted for their quality and innovation, and the richness and diversity of their research and interests provide a wide array of learning and research opportunities for students, who often engage in collaborative research and creative projects with their instructors. The University capitalizes on its urban/suburban location by providing varied and distinctive opportunities for students and faculty learning, teaching, and research. It recognizes its obligation to serve at the local, regional, and state levels through its academic programs and professional services. It uses its metropolitan context as the environment for basic and applied research, as a teaching laboratory for the curriculum, and to strengthen its program and course offerings from the baccalaureate to the doctoral level. These strengths also support the ability to draw on national and international candidacy pools for faculty and administrative positions. As part of its pursuit to meet societal needs in a more comprehensive manner, Towson University will move eventually to the Carnegie Classification of Doctoral/Research Universities – Intensive level. This means the University will maintain a wide range of baccalaureate programs along with further development of graduate education through the doctorate, and it will focus more on applied research. The University, while designated as a growth institution, maintains its commitment to student-centered, small class engagement. This value is reflected in the Master Plan that calls for substantial modification to and growth of the academic precinct over the next ten years. The plan includes a focus on designing new academic and academic support spaces that emphasize the values of interactive learning, informal teaching and learning communication, and individual student attention. Other areas of growth that will enhance the student experience at Towson include art facilities, athletic facilities, housing, and student gathering spaces. IV. Institutional Objectives and Outcomes In keeping with the Towson University 2016 Strategic Plan, the University System of Maryland Strategic Plan, and the Maryland State Plan for Higher Education, the University will pursue the following directions: Academic Achievement Building on our past success, we continue to emphasize excellence in teaching, scholarship, research and community engagement responsive to the needs of the region and the state. Assess and strengthen academic programs to ensure students develop Towson’s Learning Outcomes. Review and evaluate curriculum to ensure challenging content that addresses the workforce and geographic demands. Employ faculty development programs; enhance learning assessments, use of online delivery and new technology to support faculty and students. Enhance and expand academic endeavors to improve the well-being of the Baltimore Metropolitan Region and the State of Maryland. Embrace the metropolitan mission by taking a leadership role in addressing urban problems, developing creative partnerships, and adapting to the needs of urban/suburban students and school systems. Right-size enrollment, faculty and staff to build capacity in high demand fields such as STEM, health professions and education. Challenge, inspire, and support students and faculty to perform at the highest level. Inspire students to become educated, engaged, informed citizens with leadership skills and a passion for intellectual challenge. Empower faculty with innovative pedagogical methodologies and establish best practices within each discipline. Optimize retention and time to graduation for all students. Strengthen student advising. Implement an early warning system to assist students throughout their academic career. Take the trimester from pilot to program. Develop The Towson Promise of degree attainment in 4 years. Student Experience, Engagement and Success The Towson University experience expects students to be academically, civically and socially engaged through exciting and challenging endeavors. Enhance and celebrate a diverse and complex university. Broaden perspectives for all members of the university. Continue to cultivate a welcoming and diverse campus community. Include diverse perspectives across the curriculum. Provide support programs for student populations with non-traditional needs. Identify and address non-traditional needs of students. Support transfer student transition through model programs focusing on orientation and advising. Involve students in co-curricular educational experiences on- and off-campus that build civic engagement, global literacy, and promote the Towson University experience. Further implement service learning as a component of the academic experience tied to the curriculum with linkages to the metropolitan region. Support students and faculty in their quest for focused international experiences and through the inclusion of global awareness in the curriculum. Respond to student needs to strengthen student satisfaction and success. Identify and respond to students needs and promote access and availability of services, resources, and technology. Develop innovative approaches to provide student support. Support the Library’s role in academic support, student development and campus life. Partnerships Philosophy Collaborate within the University and reach out to our partners in education, business, non-profits and government to facilitate a path to success. Continue to be a leader in workforce development in Maryland. Identify workforce trends and adapt programs, certificate, and non-credit offerings to meet demands. Enhance existing partnerships and develop strategic partnerships as they relate to workforce. Emphasize the shared governance structure throughout the university to ensure responsive organizational leadership. Encourage and support the university community to engage in effective shared governance. Improve communication in the development of policies. Maximize resources and success through stronger internal partnerships and collaborations. Increase collaborations across the university. Create strong linkages as we grow our reputation and strengthen our Towson pride. Enhance and support partnerships and collaborations with government, business and educational sectors throughout the region to promote economic development and address social issues. Strengthen social partnerships and stewardship throughout the region. Build upon the successful community outreach efforts and continue to enhance collaboration with our neighbors. Targeted resources are crucial to achieving the universities priorities and laying the groundwork for the next 150 years. Increase philanthropic support to enable the university’s goals to thrive. Maximize fundraising opportunities and collaboration throughout the university. Aggressively identify and cultivate friends and extramural funds for academic, arts, athletics, and community and student development endeavors. Enhance recruitment, retention and development opportunities for faculty and staff. Improve succession planning and leadership development. Define faculty work and implement a more effective peer review process. Cultivate a campus-wide culture of excellent customer service and encourage innovation and continual improvement in the delivery of services for both internal and external constituencies. Clarify expectations and provide motivation, training, and the tools necessary to implement best practices for excellent customer service across the university. Emphasize campus-wide applied research and scholarship efforts. Support faculty efforts in grants and contract initiatives. Promote projects to support applied research and engaged scholarship. Continue to execute the Master Plan to address the educational, research, environmental, housing, recreation, and co-curricular space needs to support the Towson University experience. Ensure commitment to the Campus Master Plan through continued construction and renovation. Maintain a healthy, safe and environmentally sustainable campus. Engage a campus-wide culture of energy conservation and sustainability. Address the health and wellness of the university community. Ensure the safety of all throughout the campus. Telling and Selling Our Story Sharing the Towson University experience allows us to convey the impact of the work of faculty, students, staff and alumni on the region and beyond. Continue to improve internal and external communications. Seek innovative ways to promote the accolades of the university and alumni. Improve access to information for alumni, supporters, and friends. Enhance and adopt technology that allows us to effectively reach more people. Improve recruitment, marketing, and outreach to make Towson a first choice institution for an increasing percentage of students. Feature the arts, athletics, academics, and community outreach as key components of the Towson University experience. Celebrate the accomplishments of the university community and alumni within the university and beyond. Encourage broader participation in activities by all members of the university and greater community. Communicate the significance of applied research and community engagement initiatives. Find additional creative methods to emphasize faculty, staff and student initiatives. Highlight the scope and impact of faculty, staff and student research. Through alumni, donors, employers, and business and government leaders continually assess our success in meeting marketplace demands and continuing education needs. Continue to develop and implement regular market research from opinion leaders, alumni and employers.

A bus transporting commuters early one morning in Curitiba, Brazil. This is a positive example of the Volvo Group’s effort to create sustainable transport solutions that take into consideration the environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainability. The Bus Rapid Transit system, the type used in Curitiba, has been developed by the Volvo Group for many decades. Today, when nearly half of the world’s population lives in cities, the need for sustainable transport solutions is increasing. Transport systems must have high capacity, low environmental impact and must be safe. At the same time, as supplier, we must adapt to the different economic conditions that exist in the many societies in which we operate. The Volvo Group’s vision is a bold vision that clarifies our commitment to contribute to sustainable development through our operation. The Volvo Group’s vision is to become world leader in sustainable transport solutions. It is a bold vision that clarifies our commitment to contribute to sustainable development through our operation. Several of the global challenges facing the world are directly or indirectly connected to the infrastructure and transport sectors: climate change, population growth, urbanization and the shortage of natural resources and raw materials. The Volvo Group’s global presence provides us with the opportunity to act and contribute to a positive trend. I am convinced that sustainable products and services will be a prerequisite for us remaining a globally competitive group in the future. I am also convinced that our vision will make us better at recognizing new business opportunities and thus capturing new market share, while contributing to sustainable development. Traditionally, sustainability in the automotive industry has first and foremost involved reducing the impact of products on the environment. Naturally, the environmental dimension is still very important, but to achieve sustainable transport solutions, we must also take into consideration the social and economic dimensions. I see a future with a highly effective transport system, with energy-efficient solutions that are safe and secure both for humans and goods. During 2012, the Volvo Group implemented a number of activities that have brought us closer to our vision. We are now in a period of extensive product renewal and the launch of our new Volvo FH series is very interesting from an energy-efficient and safety aspect, which will help our customers to make their work even more effective. Other examples are our methane-diesel truck that can operate on renewable gas and the hybrid buses that are able to save up to 39% in fuel in certain applications. I believe that only a sustainable company, with sustainable growth, is able to deliver sustainable solutions. I believe that only a sustainable company, with sustainable growth, is able to deliver sustainable solutions. To demonstrate the seriousness of our vision, the Volvo Group has revised our CSR and sustainability strategy and is incorporating it into our daily work. I feel that we have a method that is clearly connected to our business model and our strategies. The model handles risks, supports our business and contributes to sustainable development. The Volvo Group is active in 190 markets worldwide, which are characterized by various political, legal and cultural systems and our growth in the past decade derived primarily from new markets. Shared core values are required to ensure that our work method is the same worldwide. In 2012, our Board of Directors adopted a new Code of Conduct, which is based on the principles of the Global Compact, the UN initiative for companies’ global responsibility, which includes the principles pertaining to human rights, labor issues, the environment and corruption. The Volvo Group’s commitment to these issues is genuine and I trust that every employee will comply with these values and the guidelines established in our new Code of Conduct. Our new Code will also send out a clear message regarding what stakeholders can expect of us. I believe that a responsible company has better prerequisites for becoming a credible business partner. To meet society’s needs for sustainable transport solutions, we must primarily cooperate with our customers but also with other players in the industry and society. To operate in many of our new markets, it is also a prerequisite to contribute to social development. This is in line with our philosophy to contribute to social development, while creating value for the Volvo Group. For example, in 2012, we initiated a training course for mechanics in Ethiopia, trained excavator operators in India and continued to promote our successful traffic-safety project in Brazil. This is in line with our philosophy to contribute to social development, while creating value for the Volvo Group. Another example that I would like to highlight is the Volvo step, our one-year training course for unemployed young people in Sweden, which started in 2012 with 4,000 applicants for the 400 first positions. The Volvo step is an investment in securing our supply of expertise, while contributing something to reducing unemployment in young people in Sweden. One lesson learned from this three-year project is that we in the industry must listen more to young people. They know what they want, which includes working in the industry.

William O. Douglas October 16, 1998, would have been the 100th birthday of former Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas. For 16 years prior to 1998, the museum has been pleased to display a re-creation of Douglas' Washington, D.C. office; the contents of which were given to the museum following Douglas' death in 1980. But the office alone does little to explore the Yakima roots of this highly controversial, but exceedingly influential, justice. Furthermore, the museum owns numerous Douglas items and photographs that had not been exhibited previously. Accordingly, the museum opened an entirely new exhibition on William O. Douglas, on his 100th birthday in October 1998. Made possible with the generous assistance of the Yakima County Bar Association, the Yakima Lions Club, the Seafirst Bank Foundation, and several anonymous donors, the new exhibition was relocated within the museum, continues to feature the office, and was expanded to include material about his early life in Yakima, his controversial Supreme Court career, his writings, and his continuing legacy in environmental and civil rights law. In preparation for the new exhibition, Central Washington University graduate student and East Valley school teacher Michael Duerre undertook new research in the Museum's Sundquist Research Library's William O. Douglas collection. Duerre examined existing Douglas biographies and recommended ways in which the new exhibition could accurately interpret the lifelong relationship between Yakima and Douglas. It is hoped that the new exhibition fairly depicts his lasting influence and the reasons he remains controversial to the present day. Look up William O. Douglas on the Yakima Memory website. The Life of William O. Douglas 1898 William Orville Douglas is born to the Reverend William and Julia Douglas in Maine, Minnesota, on October 16. 1901 Three year old "Orville" is stricken with polio. Family moves to Estrella, California. 1903 Family moves to Cleveland, Washington. 1904 Reverend Douglas dies. Family moves to Yakima. 1916 Graduates from Yakima High School as class valedictorian and is awarded a partial scholarship from Whitman College in Walla Walla, Washington. 1920 Graduates Phi Beta Kappa from Whitman. Begins teaching English and Latin at Yakima High School. 1922 Enters Columbia Law School in New York City. 1923 Marries Mildred Riddle, a co-worker at Yakima High School. 1925 Graduates second in his class from Columbia. Begins professional career at Wall Street law firm of Cravath, deGersdorff, Swaine, and Wood. Teaches at Columbia on the side. 1926 Briefly returns to Yakima to practice law. 1927 Returns to New York to begin teaching full-time at Columbia Law School. 1928 Accepts a teaching position at Yale University. 1934 Accepts a position with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). 1936 Appointed commissioner of the SEC. 1937 Appointed chairman of the SEC, replacing Joseph Kennedy. 1939 Appointed to United States Supreme Court by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to fill the position vacated by Justice Louis D. Brandeis. 1940 Considered by F.D.R. as vice-presidential nominee. 1941 Julia Douglas, his mother, dies. 1944 Again considered for vice-presidential nomination by F.D.R. 1948 Declines invitation of President Harry S. Truman to run for vice-president. 1949 Horseback-riding accident results in twenty three broken ribs and nearly ends Douglas' life. 1952 Considered for Democratic presidential nomination but refuses to run. 1953 Divorces Mildred. 1954 Marries Mercedes Hester Davidson. Organizes 189-mile hike along the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal towpath to protest a proposed highway along the route; the hike is successful and highway plans are abandoned. 1958 Organizes hike along a secluded and pristine section of beach in Olympic National Park to protest a proposed roadway into the area; the hike is successful and plans are abandoned. Arthur Douglas, his brother, dies. 1963 Divorces Mercedes. Marries Joan Martin. 1966 Divorces Joan. Marries Cathleen Heffernan. 1970 An attempt to impeach Justice William O. Douglas is organized by Representative Gerald Ford. 1974 Suffers a stroke on December 31. 1975 Retires from the Supreme Court on November 12, after more than thirty-six years of service. 1980 Dies at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, on January 19.

How Abd a-Samed became the 116th child killed in Gaza By Amira Hass No comments GAZA – He loved nothing more than to go down to the sea, swim, and fly his home-made kite – but on Friday morning, June 21, Abd a-Samed Shamalekh, aged 10, went instead to his family’s plot of land to pick eggplants and cucumbers. This is how Abd a-Samed and his brother Mohammed, 12, spent their summer vacation – either by the sea, or working in the fields and selling vegetables. The family owns 4.5 dunams of land and the vegetables they grow on it support 15 people. The Shamalekh family lives in the Sheikh Ajlin neighborhood, in the southern part of Gaza City. It is a crowded place of two-story homes built in the past two decades by people whose main livelihood comes from tilling the soil. The neighborhood sprawls over the sandy hill that rises from the beach. Red Bougainvillea sprout from the sand and climb over the iron gates and up the concrete plaster of the houses. The narrow, bottleneck of a coastal road separates the family’s home from the sea. They ride in a donkey cart to the field, about 1.5 kilometers to the south. As in most of Sheikh Ajlin, the land was once planted with vines but the Shamalekh family switched to vegetables. A vineyard produced grapes once a year, but vegetables provide work and income throughout the whole year. On June 21, there was shooting early in the morning. Perhaps at 5, or maybe at 6 A.M. It’s hard to remember exactly, the family says. When they looked outside, they saw the southbound traffic had come to a halt and realized it would be still impossible to get the field. Around 8:00 or 8:30, the cars began to move again and the family understood that the situation had calmed. Shooting, a traffic halt, more shooting, and then quiet again – it’s a regular routine in the neighborhood. Netzarim settlement is 2 km to the southeast, guarded by “half the Israeli army” as they say in Gaza. Most of the agricultural land in the sand dunes surrounding Netzarim has already been destroyed in the past 22 months. Fields and hothouses have been crushed, raked over, and flattened, with grape vines uprooted or cut down. Dry tomato plants and remnants of grapevines are scattered on the sides of the road. Nonetheless, some green patches have survived and they continue to be worked by their owners or by those who have leased the plots – on the eastern and western sides of the coastal road. The asphalt road leading to Netzarim to the east is barred to Palestinian traffic and used only for tanks and jeeps. A single dwelling, belonging to the Abu Husa family, stands alone in the scorched earth. The IDF has taken up positions in this house for over a year, keeping close watch on the farmers returning to their fields and on the vehicles and carts on the road. Lots of blood Abd a-Samed and Mohammed went to the field that Friday morning to see what was happening – the curiosity of children. Rumors had reached the city that an Israeli bulldozer had begun to destroy and clear out the farm plots in the area. They also wanted to pick several kilos of vegetables and bring them in the cart to their father, so he could sell them in the market. Then they’d be able to return to the sea and play with the kite, the wind and waves. Just after 9 o’clock in the morning, about half an hour after the children left the house, word reached the parents that Mohammed was wounded. Then they were told that it was Abd a-Samed and that he had been rushed to the hospital. The parents found his dead body at the hospital with a bullet in his head. On that Friday morning, Palestinians had fired an improvised anti-tank rocket against an IDF position adjacent to the Netzarim settlement. A Givati soldier was seriously injured. Army sources told Ha’aretz that this had occurred at six or seven in the morning and that IDF forces “identified the sources of shooting and returned fire.” Later, the IDF destroyed a nearby position of the Palestinian naval police. According to the IDF Spokesman, the rocket had been fired from this naval base. Did Palestinians also fire at an IDF post at 9 A.M.? The IDF Spokesman told Ha’aretz that it is reasonable to assume that there was and that the IDF had fired in response. Journalists who visited the spot, a researcher for the Palestinian Center for Human Rights and residents of the area said that the scene had already become quiet by 8:30 and there were no exchanges of gunfire. The fact is traffic had begun to move again, farmers had begun to hurry to their fields to see what had happened to their plots of land, and photographers came to take pictures of the bulldozer moving back and forth over the ground, crushing additional vegetable plants. Heavy fire suddenly broke through the quiet. The reporters and residents said that the shooting came either from the positions in Netzarim or from a tank that had just crossed the road. Dozens of people, mostly women and children, clung to the ground in fear, their faces buried in the sand and soil. Mohammed and his brother Abd a-Samed had had almost reached their family’s land already when the shooting began. Like everyone else, they lay flat on the ground – or at least Mohammed thought so. After several minutes, he said to his brother that the shooting was apparently over and they could continue on. Abd a-Samed didn’t answer and when Mohammed turned to look, he saw lots of blood. He called for help, but there was no ambulance in the area. Someone dragged Abd a-Samed to a donkey cart that somebody else brought. They took the child in this cart, not knowing whether he was still alive, until they reached an ambulance. “He was already gone when they brought him from there,” the father says. “What did he do that they shot at him? He didn’t even throw stones. The soldiers have everything – cameras, binoculars – they always brag that they see everything. So they could know very well that this child didn’t shoot at them. They could see very clearly that they were children and that they had no weapons. This was also in broad daylight, not in the dark.” Later, the bulldozer also plowed up the Shamalekh family’s vegetable plot. All of the cucumbers, eggplants, and tomatoes were crushed. All of their livelihood for the summer and fall months was ruined in a matter of minutes. Three motorized pumps that brought water from the well were also destroyed. Since the days of the Turks, we have been working this land,” the father said. “Now we’ll go and sell lupine beans in the street,” his wife said with a bitter laugh. Their son Mohammed contributes a small pittance to the family – he helps his uncle in construction work, returning home with black and blistered hands. The family still has another half a dunam, where it grows tomatoes. But since it is now impossible to export vegetables from Gaza to the West Bank or Israel, there is a huge supply of tomatoes and their low price in the Gaza market does not cover the cost of cultivation. A carton of 17 kilos of tomatoes sells for only three shekels. Killing Gaza kids Abd a-Samed Shamalekh, who was supposed to start Grade 4 after the summer vacation, was the 116th Palestinian child the IDF has killed in the Gaza Strip since September 28, 2000. According to figures compiled by the Palestinian Center for Human Rights, 450 Palestinians have been killed by the IDF during the intifada as of yesterday. These figures do not include those who mounted offensives against IDF positions or settlements and were killed during these attacks. The numbers do include armed Palestinian civilians or security personnel who responded to IDF attacks against residential neighborhoods in the Gaza Strip. According to these strict criteria, 1,398 people were killed by IDF fire in the West Bank and Gaza Strip in the intifada as of June 18. (Since then, 8 more were killed in Gaza and at least 15 in the West Bank.) Of these 1,398 fatalities, 253 were children. This does not include Shamalekh, a 17-year old from Rafah, seven children killed by IDF fire during the past 10 days in the West Bank, and another child who died when his house collapsed after the IDF destroyed an adjacent home. Among the Palestinian dead are 77 women, including 18 in the Gaza Strip. Since this data was compiled on June 18, another woman was also killed by the IDF in Dir al-Balah. The proportion of children among those killed in Gaza is much higher than in the West Bank – 26 percent of the fatalities in Gaza were children, compared to 15 percent in the West Bank. The Palestinian Center for Human Rights attributes this to the higher population density in the Gaza Strip, to the fact that children make up over 50 percent of this crowded region, and to the close proximity of IDF bases to Palestinian communities. But the Center’s analysts believe that the high number of child victims primarily indicates that IDF forces have often fired at civilians and residential areas without using the means at their disposal to confirm that their fire is indeed directed precisely “at the sources of [Palestinian] fire.” According to the Center, this high number of children killed also reflects the fact the IDF has sometimes responded to shootings hours after an incident, not as part of an exchange of fire. This is how Abd a-Samed Shamalekh was killed.

Contaminated water linked to low-weight babies, prematurity (Canadian Journal of Economics) By B. Rose Huber, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Image: Shutterstock. Pregnant women living in areas with contaminated drinking water may be more likely to have babies that are premature or have low birth weights (less than 5.5 pounds), according to a study based at Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. Published in the Canadian Journal of Economics, the study shows that the effects of contaminated water—such as cognitive and developmental impairments—are particularly significant for babies born to less-educated mothers. These mothers also are less likely to uproot from areas with contaminated water, which, the authors note, suggests a need for serious improvement in terms of communicating with people living in such environs. “Fetuses are vulnerable to all types of pollution, including water contamination caused by chemicals and bacteria,” said Janet Currie, the Henry Putnam Professor of Economics and Public Affairs at the Wilson School and director of the Center for Health and Wellbeing. “This contamination can lead to a host of problems, including low-birth-weight babies who can have lifelong cognitive struggles. It’s a particular problem for less-educated women who also presumably have fewer options in terms of housing.” While other studies have focused on the effects of air pollution on infant health, Currie’s is one of the first to evaluate the effects of water pollution on infants. Together with researchers from Columbia University and the University of California-San Diego, Currie examined ten years of New Jersey birth records and data on drinking-water quality collected from 1997 to 2007. All birth records contained information regarding the date of birth, the infant’s health at birth, and maternal characteristics such as race, education and marital status. To determine whether mothers relocated due to water contamination, the researchers studied sets of siblings and whether mothers moved between births. Using data from the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), Currie and her team looked at violation records across 488 water districts in New Jersey and found that more than a quarter of districts had water contamination violations affecting more than 30,000 people. These violations included both chemical and bacterial contamination caused by such contaminants as dichloroethane — a solvent often used for plastics or as degreasers — as well as radon and coliform. The researchers matched the birth records to the water systems that serve the infants’ residences. Because weather can dictate the amount of water a person consumes, they also incorporated daily temperatures into their data set. “We found that infants exposed to contamination in utero tend to have mothers who are younger, less educated and less likely to be married than other mothers. They are also more likely to be African-American or Hispanic,” Currie said. “The results also suggest that mothers who are less educated are less likely than other mothers to move in response to contamination, while older mothers are more likely to drink bottled water or move.” Currie notes that when a water district is affected, the DEP is required to send a notice to all residences. However, for renters, there may be routing difficulties. “If someone puts something in your mailbox, do you even see it? Does your landlord pick it up?” said Currie. “Notices are being sent that people don’t receive. There’s an undercurrent here that the way information is sent isn’t adequate. We need to get this information to people directly.” Currie suggests that health-care workers include literature about water contamination risks and hazards in clinics and exam rooms to reach more pregnant women. “If it’s going to be harmful for some groups, we need to at least let those groups know about them, so they can avoid it,” said Currie. In the future, Currie plans to continue studying environmental impacts on child health while also pursuing the relationship between home foreclosures and health. Other collaborators for the study include: from Columbia University, Katherine Meckel, Matthew Neidell, and Wolfram Schlenker; and from the University of California, San Diego, Joshua Graff Zivin. A more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, methane emissions will leap as Earth warms (Nature) It slices, it dices, and it protects the body from harm (Science) Now in 3D: Video of virus-sized particle trying to enter cell (Nature Nanotechnology)

GIRM 371-374: Various Needs and Occasions 2 Posted on 24 March 2012 by catholicsensibility Let’s consider some issues as Masses for Various Needs and Occasions intersect the current liturgical year. First, a broad definition: 371. Among Masses of this kind are included Ritual Masses, Masses for Various Needs and Occasions, and Votive Masses. When they can’t and can be celebrated: 372. Ritual Masses are connected to the celebration of certain Sacraments or Sacramentals. They are prohibited on Sundays of Advent, Lent, and Easter, on Solemnities, on the days within the Octave of Easter, on the Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (All Souls’ Day), on Ash Wednesday, and during Holy Week, and furthermore due regard is to be had for the norms set out in the ritual books or in the Masses themselves. 373. Masses for Various Needs and Occasions are used in certain situations either as occasion arises or at fixed times. What a diocesan bishop should determine: Days or periods of prayer for the fruits of the earth, prayer for human rights and equality, prayer for world justice and peace, and penitential observances outside Lent are to be observed in the Dioceses of the United States of America at times to be designated by the Diocesan Bishop. On January 22nd: In all the Dioceses of the United States of America, January 22 (or January 23, when January 22 falls on a Sunday) shall be observed as a particular day of prayer for the full restoration of the legal guarantee of the right to life and of penance for violations to the dignity of the human person committed through acts of abortion. The liturgical celebrations for this day may be the Mass “For Giving Thanks to God for the Gift of Human Life” (no. 48/1 of the Masses and Prayers for Various Needs and Occasions), celebrated with white vestments, or the Mass “For the Preservation of Peace and Justice” (no. 30 of the Masses and Prayers for Various Needs and Occasions), celebrated with violet vestments. And for something more serious, still, a respect for the traditions of the liturgical year should be respected: 374. If any case of a graver need or of pastoral advantage should arise, at the direction of the Diocesan Bishop or with his permission, an appropriate Mass may be celebrated on any day except Solemnities, the Sundays of Advent, Lent, and Easter, days within the Octave of Easter, the Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (All Souls’ Day), Ash Wednesday, and the days of Holy Week.

A Good Warm-Weather Activity for Young Children Filed under: How to,Nonfiction — 1minutebookreviewswordpresscom @ 4:21 pm Tags: Book Reviews, Books, Children, Dogs, Entertainment, Familes, Kids, Parenting, Pets, Reading Maybe it’s because the sultry days of summer don’t feel as far away as they did a few weeks ago. Or maybe it’s because I haven’t forgotten how our family’s adored German shepherd mauled the sheet cake at my Sweet Sixteen party with a lunge toward the dining-room table. Whatever the reason, I love this idea for warm-weather fun from Steve and Ruth Bennett’s 365 Outdoor Activities You Can Do With Your Child (Adams Media, 1993), which might especially appeal to an apartment-dwelling preschooler who can’t have a dog: Let your child create an “invisible dog.” Tie piece of rope or string (with a loop at the end for the imaginary dog’s head) to a handle made of cardboard or another sturdy material. Then “walk around with the invisible dog, talk to it like a real dog, and try to teach it to speak (your child can bark for the dog in an attempt at ventriloquism), sit up, shake hands, roll over, and (this requires extra imagination) fetch,” the Bennetts suggest. Alternately, they say, you or the child could hold the leash while others try to guess what trick the dog has performed. If you like this idea, head for your library, eBay or another good source of older books. If your library doesn’t have 365 Outdoor Activities You Can Do With Your Child, you can ask the staff to get it for you on an interlibrary loan. Or go to an online or retail bookseller and pick up the Bennetts’ 365 TV-Free Activities You Can Do With Your Child (Adams Media, 2002), which is just as good but easier to find. Among the many books of activities for children, but the Bennetts’ stand out for their abundance of easy, no- or low-cost activities that don’t involve television or other electronic devices.

« Deindividuation and Seung Hui Cho Pervasive Developmental Disorders and the Formation of Stereotypes » Pride, A Deadly Sin. Or Is It? Posted by The Situationist Staff on June 22, 2007 “Pride goeth before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall.”~Bible (Proverbs) “The peril of every fine faculty is the delight of playing with it for pride. Talent is commonly developed at the expense of character, and the greater it grows, the more is the mischief.” ~Ralph Waldo Emerson Its ubiquity notwithstanding, we seem to have, at best, mixed feelings about pride. It’s one of the seven biggies — up there with sloth and gluttony. There are all types of pride — school pride, national pride, gay pride, and other sorts of group-based pride. There’s self pride and false pride; there’s pride and prejudice; there’s a pride of lions; and there’s something called pride fighting. People don’t just have pride, they are filled or pumped up with pride. And it’s easier to show pride than to swallow it. With so much focus on pride, you’d expect that we would know a great deal about it — that it would be the topic of extensive scholarly study. Not so — at least not until very recently. Jessica Tracy, an assistant Professor of psychology at the University of British Columbia is among the first researchers to do an in-depth study of pride, examining the different ways people respond to it as well as the way expressions of pride cut across cultures. An article from sciencedaily.com, which is excerpted below, summarizes some of her findings. * * * The Bible got it wrong. Pride only goes before a fall when it’s hubris — excessive pride that veers into self-aggrandizement and conceit. This emotion can be a deadly sin or a healthy part of human expression, says psychology researcher Jessica Tracy (Credit: Martin Dee) But otherwise, this emotion is fundamental to humans and healthy self-esteem, “There’s good pride and there’s bad pride,” says Psychology Asst. Prof. Jessica Tracy. Tracy and co-investigator Prof. Richard Robins, University of California, Davis, have established that pride has two faces: hubristic and authentic. “The two different facets show us that hubristic pride reflects feelings of arrogance, grandiosity and superiority,” says Tracy. An example she gives of hubristic pride is of someone finishing a task and instead of focusing on their achievement, will think, “I’m a really great person.” By contrast, authentic pride reflects achievement and mastery, a sense of: “I worked really hard and deserve that praise.” Tracy says the latter has positive outcomes, while “hubristic pride is associated more with narcissism, which can lead to inter-personal conflicts.” She measures through a self-report scale that offers the respondent a selection of words to describe feelings and views on pride. “Arrogant,” “conceited” and “egotistical” would indicate hubristic pride while “achieving,” “accomplished,” “productive,” “confident” and “fulfilled” indicate authentic pride. These various shades of pride are important when it to comes to better understanding and treating people for such issues as low self-esteem, says Tracy. “Shame correlates with pride. If present, pride may be able to reinforce peaceful and productive behaviours,” notes Tracy. “Its absence, caused by humiliation or ego threats, could provoke aggression or other antisocial behaviours.” She says pride has received little research attention in the past since it didn’t fit easily into the category of “primary emotions” such as fear or joy. Instead, pride is categorized as a “self-conscious emotion,” which develops out of social interaction with others. What particularly fascinates Tracy is how this emotion has evolved through time and continues to shape human social dynamics. For example, the darker side of pride may have evolved out of the age-old human desire for status. “Authentic pride might motivate behaviours geared toward long-term status attainment,” says Tracy, “whereas hubristic pride provides a ‘short-cut’ solution, granting status that is more immediate but fleeting, and in some cases, unwarranted.” Another area of Tracy’s work explores how pride is immediately recognizable to others when translated into body language. To test her theory about the universality of the pride expression, Tracy conducted research between 2003 and 2005 in Toussiana, a rural village in Burkina Faso. The villagers spoke only their native African language, Dioula, and could not read or write. Working with a translator, Tracy asked them to describe what they saw in the photographs of male and female white Americans and West African, who displayed different emotions. Looking at the photos, the villagers identified pride along with the other six basic emotions — anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise. “We saw that recognition of the pride expression does cut across cultures.”

The Situation of Illness Situationist readers may want to check out a new website and blog devoted to the problem of environmental sources of illness. The website is devoted primarily to video interviews of experts studying, and activists fighting, the effects of environmental toxins. So far, the Upstream website has fascinating interviews of Columbia University’s Dr. Frederica Perera and of Drs. Carlos Sonnenschein and Ana M. Soto from Tufts University. The Upstram Blog contains regular updates of environmental-health news stories. In a culture and policy regime that focuses on individual causes and cures of disease, the Upstream project seems like a promising and worthwhile resource for those interested in a more situationist perspective.

In English A Week-by-Week Pregnancy Calendar Becoming a Father Pregnant women experience a variety of emotions and life changes. But most first-time dads have lots of feelings and concerns to deal with, too.10 Things That Might Surprise You About Being Pregnant Despite all the books, magazines, and pamphlets devoted to the topic of pregnancy, this 9-month period can take any soon-to-be parent by surprise.Staying Healthy During Pregnancy During your pregnancy, you'll probably get advice from everyone. But staying healthy depends on you - read about the many ways to keep you and your baby as healthy as possible.Pregnancy & Newborn Center Advice and information for expectant and new parents.Pregnancy Myths and Tales Even in these times, pregnancy continues to inspire its own set of myths and tales. Which are true and which aren't?A Guide for First-Time Parents If you're a first-time parent, put your fears aside and get the basics in this guide about burping, bathing, bonding, and other baby-care concerns.

Slideshow: Polychrome sculpture through the ages (opens in new browser window) This exhibition features polychrome (multicolored) masterpieces that reveal the many uses of color in figural sculpture over the course of four millennia. Since antiquity, sculptors have utilized colored materials and applied pigments to give a lifelike quality to their statues. Inlaid eyes create a penetrating gaze and naturalistic complexions animate the face. Color can also help identify the subject of a work. The pigmentation of skin, garments, and accessories often conveys royal or divine status and distinguishes social roles. Read about themes of The Color of Life below, or explore highlights of the exhibition chronologically in the exhibition slideshow. Head of a God, Greek, about 325 B.C. See a close-up of the blue pigment on the beard. Reconstructing Ancient Color In antiquity, statues were typically painted. Pigments applied by ancient artists have faded over the centuries due to burial conditions, aging, and overzealous cleaning, but several types of evidence indicate that sculpture was originally polychrome. Ancient wall paintings and vessels depict vividly colored statues, and Greek and Latin texts refer to the art of painting figures. Today, using laboratory techniques, archaeologists and scientists are able to identify traces of ancient polychromy and present hypothetical reconstructions. This terracotta head preserves traces of its original color, including bright blue on the beard, reddish brown on the hair, and pink on the lips and face. The unusual coloring suggests that the sculpture represents a supernatural figure, probably a deity such as Zeus, Poseidon, or Hades. Getty conservators and scientists have identified the blue pigment as Egyptian blue, one of the earliest man-made pigments. Video: Tracing the Colors of Ancient Sculpture (3:07, silent) Madonna and Child with an Angel, Italian (Venice), early 1500s Audio: Curator Eike Schmidt describes the symbolic meaning of the colors in this sculpture. See a close-up of Mary's face and the red cross held by the Christ child. Mimetic and Symbolic Color European sculptors of the Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Baroque period continued to use pigments and colored materials. They frequently did so to enhance a figure's lifelike qualities. This function of polychromy is called mimetic—from the Greek word mimesis, "imitation." Colors were also employed for their symbolic meanings. Gold signified light in connection with the sun gods Apollo and Helios, and was used in portraits of Roman emperors. Gold was eventually incorporated into Christian imagery, representing holiness and heavenly realms. The color red was often associated with Christ's suffering. Color was also used to reflect gender distinctions. In many pre-industrial societies, elites and women often remained indoors, and their light skin tones were prized. Men who worked outdoors became tan. In the art of ancient Egypt, Greece, and other cultures, women were therefore typically shown with pale skin, while men were depicted in dark or ruddy tones. Such conventions continued through the Middle Ages and Renaissance. The artist of this work skillfully used the colored streaks in a piece of chalcedony (a variety of quartz) to differentiate flesh color, dress, and the religious symbol of the cross. The Madonna's face is carved from the purest section of the stone, symbolizing her beauty and virtue. The yellow-brown of her diadem and drapery and the Christ child's clothing evokes goldlike splendor. The cross is formed from the brightest vein of red, which alludes to the blood Christ shed during the Crucifixion.

You are here: Cabinet Papers Home > Browse by theme > Empire, commonwealth and de-colonisation > South East Asia > Before the Second World War Before the Second World War Britain's interest in Burma dates back to the activities of the East India Company in the 17th century. The region was conquered by the Anglo-Indian army during the 1880s and administered as part of India. This administrative arrangement, together with the question of Indian immigration, motivated Burmese nationalism during the inter-war period and led to urban unrest. Following a round table conference in December 1931, the British government adopted a policy of moving towards responsible government. The Government of Burma Act in 1935 provided for responsible government, headed by a cabinet of Burmese ministers. This was achieved through division of the Government of India Act. By the late 1930s, however, a more radical nationalism emerged under the Thakins (Masters), led by Aung San, an activist at Rangoon University. Malaysia (Malaya) Involvement of the British East India Company in Malaya also dates back to the 17th century. British protection was extended over Malay states, but not all joined the federation - and as a result we talk of federated and un-federated states. The British administration was decentralised and chaotic as differing treaties were established with various states. In 1933, Sir Samuel Wilson reported extensively on conditions in Malaya. Attempts to reform the administration were fraught with difficulties so the British concentrated on protecting the substantial economic interests found in the tin mines and rubber plantations (Malaya was the world's largest exporter of natural rubber and tin). They used the Tin Control Scheme of 1931 and the International Rubber Regulation Agreement of 1934 to maintain stable prices. Indo-China During the 1930s Britain's authority in the region was undermined by China's invasion of Japan. In 1938 the British government responded by completing the construction of the naval base in Singapore. However, British military power in the region, limited by the absence of effective colonial administration, collapsed in the face of the Japanese advance. By January 1942, Burma, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore were in Japanese hands, which was, according to Churchill, 'the worst disaster and biggest capitulation in British history'. After the Second World War

Security Service release: Communists and suspected communists, including Russians and communist sympathisers | The National Archives Neil LAWSON Catalogue ref: KV2/3592 A barrister and a Communist Party member from about 1931, Lawson (who became a QC in 1955) first came to notice in 1932 when he acted for the 'Daily Worker' in a contempt of court case and in 1933 he was briefed, with D N Pritt, to defend the Communists accused in the Reichstag Fire trial. By 1938 he was Treasurer of the secret Legal Group of the Communist Party and Secretary of the Communist fraction of the National Council of Civil Liberties. He later allowed his overt connection with the Party to fade but continued to make undercover financial contributions until 1957. In the same year he was appointed legal adviser to the Rulers of the Malay States on constitutional matters, his competence in this role impressing both the Malay Rulers and the Colonial Office. A proposal to inform the Malay Rulers of Lawson's Communist affiliations whilst independence negotiations were in progress rejected in 1957, following Colonial Office objections. The files span KV2/3592 to KV2/3595. Files KV2/3593 and KV2/3594 are available to view on Discovery. Yelena Dimitrievna STASSOVA Catalogue ref: KV2/3596 Date: 29/09/1922 - 02/01/1967 A Party member from 1898, personal secretary to Lenin and Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1917, Stassova was later President of the General Committee of MOPR (the Russian section of International Red Aid) and a member of the Women's Executive Committee of the Communist International. Stassova is described as 'a person of considerable influence in Moscow' and an 'expert in underground work'. The file contains a telegram from Stassova seeking lawyers to defend those accused of the Reichstag fire. The file also contains press cuttings of articles on the occasion of Stassova's 60th birthday and later, her 90th birthday including a photograph of her with Ho Chi Min, the Vietnamese Marxist revolutionary leader who went on to become President of Vietnam. One press clipping contains a picture of Stassova wrongly captioned 'purged by Stalin' suggesting she was amongst those killed in an explosion in an office building. But this turned out to be a case of mistaken identity. Arthur William OLDAG Catalogue ref: KV2/3597 British-born of a German mother and Scottish father, Oldag lived in Germany, was active in Communist circles and fled to the UK in 1937. Once he had arrived in the UK he approached Scotland Yard so that they could work together to 'over throw Hilterism' in Germany. His proposed plot employed 'sabotage techniques in the style of the IRA' which involved sending travelling trunks packed with explosives to German officials as well as the possible use of exploding fountain pens. The file notes that Oldag felt hurt when Scotland Yard did not share his enthusiasm for the plot. After his arrival in the UK, his political interests turned towards anarchism and as John OLDAY he wrote several books of cartoons, notably in 1943 'The March to Death' and in 1944 'The Life We Live, the Death We Die', both published by Freedom Press. He deserted from the army in 1943 and in 1945 was sentenced to a year's imprisonment for using a false identity card and on release was court-martialled for his desertion and sentenced to a further 18 months, becoming a cause célèbre to the anarchists. The files span KV2/3597 to KV2/3599. File KV2/3597 is available to view on Discovery. Cheddi and Janet Rosalie JAGAN Catalogue ref: KV2/3600 These 39 files deal with the early careers of Cheddi and Janet Jagan, founders of the People's Progressive Party (PPP) in pre-independence British Guiana, and both future presidents of the independent nation of Guyana. They came to the attention of the Security Service because of their links to the British Communist Party and their Marxist views. The files provide considerable detail of Cheddi Jagan's regular visits to London, including transcripts of telephone intercepts and copies of his correspondence. KV2/3606 contains an account of Operation Windsor, the mission to suspend the constitution and neutralise the threat following the PPP's success in the 1953 colonially-administered election. KV2/3617 contains an analysis of the Jagans from the Security Liaison Officer in Trinidad in which the American-born Janet Jagan is described as "highly emotional…uncompromising in her hatreds and more concerned with the position of British Guiana in the pattern of world communism than with good government". Cheddi, in contrast, is said to be well-liked and it is felt he could make a good chief minister "without his wife". KV2/3625 contains an eight-page summary of the political situation in British Guiana in 1958 by then governor, P.M Renison.

Vestibular Disease Vestibular disease is a medical condition that affects the nervous system. Clinical signs of vestibular disease include incoordination (instability when trying to stand or walk), head tilt, and circling to one side. Sometimes the cause of vestibular disease remains undiagnosed, but underlying causes can include thyroid disease (in dogs) or a middle/inner ear infection. Spontaneous recovery from vestibular disease often occurs. Vestibular disease is an illness that affects a group of small organs called the vestibular apparatus. The vestibular apparatus is located in the brain and inner ear. These organs are responsible for an animal's ability to remain balanced, detect the degree of head rotation, and determine overall body position. Vestibular disease can result if the vestibular apparatus is damaged. Vestibular disease can be caused by a middle or inner ear infection, tumors involving the middle or inner ear, brain tumors, or head trauma. Thyroid disease has been associated with vestibular disease in dogs, and certain medications can cause vestibular disease-like clinical signs. Sometimes the underlying cause remains undiagnosed; this is referred to as idiopathic vestibular disease. Vestibular disease tends to affect older dogs, but cats can be affected earlier in life. Clinical Signs of Vestibular Disease When there is an issue with the vestibular apparatus, the pet loses the ability to maintain balance. Clinical signs can occur very suddenly and can be so severe that the pet is unable to walk, stand, or move. The following are signs of vestibular disease: Incoordination (instability when trying to stand or walk) Rapid eye movement from side to side Head tilt Rolling or falling to one side The diagnosis of vestibular disease involves a physical examination and a neurologic examination (specific physical examination “tests” used to assess the patient’s nerve and brain function). Your veterinarian will likely examine the ear canal to see if there is evidence of an infection or tumor. X-rays of the skull may also show tumors or evidence of fluid or inflammation in the middle or inner ear. Some veterinarians have access to sophisticated equipment for computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which can provide detailed images of the brain and inner ear. If this equipment is not available, diagnosis is based largely on clinical signs and physical examination findings. The goal of treatment is to address the underlying problem and keep the animal as comfortable as possible until recovery is adequate. If the patient is suffering from an ear infection, the infection should be treated. Sometimes, a course of antibiotics is given. Other treatments are aimed at controlling nausea/vomiting and providing comfort until the patient recovers. Severely affected pets may require hospitalization until they can eat and drink as well as stand without falling. Many patients recover from vestibular disease within 14 days of the onset of clinical signs, with or without treatment. Occasionally, a slight head tilt may remain, but many patients recover completely. If the underlying cause of the episode was a tumor of the brain or inner/middle ear, the outcome depends largely on whether the tumor can be treated. Similarly, if the underlying cause was an ear infection or thyroid problem, recovery depends on effectively managing these problems.

200 Years in Paradise This genealogy blog shares my Virgin Islands family. I cover general VI records and family history sources, social history, island history, and genealogy techniques and hints. Surnames include van Beverhoudt, Conrad, Magens, De Windt, Pentheny, Colbeth, Moorhead, Robson, Andersen, Scott, Dalton, and related families. Virgin Islands Records: The 1917 US Census “Wait a minute,” you’re probably saying. There is no such thing as a 1917 US Census. There was a 1910 and a 1920, but no 1917. Well, you’re right, but there was in the Virgin Islands. The US took possession of the islands on March 31, 1917 and placed the islands under control of the US Navy. The Government decided to take an official census of all residents of St Croix, St Thomas, and St John as of November 1, 1917. When the 1920 census rolled around, they figured that they had just done the Virgin Islands, so they included the 1917 census as part of the official 1920 US census. If you look on census websites for the 1920 census, you will find that the pages for the islands are actually dated earlier. Of course, being the islands, the census for November 1 wasn’t actually begun until after Christmas, and wasn’t complete until almost February. Island Time isn’t new! The 1917 census is simpler than the 1910 US Federal census, asking for 21 items per person rather than the 32 items in the 1910 US census and the 31 items in the 1910 Puerto Rico census. In particular, while the US census asked for places of birth of each person, their father and mother, the VI census only asked about the person. The census asked about citizenship, but the categories were “Virgin Island”, “Danish”, and “Not Declared”. According to the treaty ceding the islands to the US, each citizen was allowed to choose whether to remain Danish citizens or to declare their citizenship of the Virgin Islands. These did not make them US citizens, however. The VI citizens did not get automatic US citizenship until 1925, however some people naturalized in the interim. The US census was interested in tracking unemployment, so it asked about employment in 1909 and 1910. No such questions were on the 1917 census. There are a couple questions on the 1910 census that are very helpful to genealogists that were, sadly, left off of the 1917 VI census. The US census asked for the “Number of years of present marriage” which pins down marriage dates, and it asked for numbers of children born and number living, which is very helpful in knowing if we have found all children born before 1910. All of these questions are missing from the 1917 census. Another interesting difference speaks to the cultural differences in DWI society and US society. The earlier DWI censuses always asked for Religion. The US census never did. The US census asks for Race or Color. The DWI census never did. For all the shortcomings of an abbreviated special census, the 1917 Virgin Islands census has one very significant advantage over the 1910 US census. Since it was a special census, the US Census Bureau assembled a detailed analysis and published it on June 15, 1918. The report gives 200 pages of statistics and analysis on the islands. Much larger than the anemic 25 pages or so in the census reports since. The report discusses the data collection, society, geography, and many pertinent statistics. It is an outstanding reference. The report is available as a free download at . This is an excellent read and highly recommended. (disclaimer: I was a Statistics professor for many years, so we may have different definitions on “excellent read”) Of particular interest and relevance to some of my earlier posts, the report describes the data on marriage. The 1910 US Federal census recognized 4 possible marriage statuses: Single (S), Married (M), Divorced (D), Widow(er) (W). Starting in the 1910 Puerto Rico census and continuing in the Virgin Islands censuses, they added a 5th category: Married Consensual (MC). This term is used for people living together without being married, or what later became known as “Common Law Marriage”. This was so widespread that the report gives a discussion of it, together with a discussion that the statistics are likely understated since many MC families self-reported their status as “Married”.By 1930 the MC category was adjusted to mean “Mutual Consent”, but otherwise it meant the same thing. Beginning in 1930, the Virgin Islands participated in the US Federal Census and the forms were the same as Puerto Rico (although the PR forms were in Spanish) and much closer to the US Federal form. The 1940 census will be released in 67 days, which will bring the census coverage for the Islands to 99 years (1841-1940). If you find my discussion of available records for the islands interesting and/or helpful, post a comment to let me know and I’ll be happy to post similar discussions of the other records I have found. Posted by