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CEFR-Sentence-Level-Annotations

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The chloroplasts of glaucophytes are known as' cyanelles ' .
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Chemical vapor deposition is a high temperature method that is widely employed for the preparation of coatings and semiconductors from molecular precursors .
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Researchers in molecular biology use specific techniques native to molecular biology but increasingly combine these with techniques and ideas from genetics and biochemistry .
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Sodium bicarbonate may be used to make spills of phosgene harmless .
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Sodium bicarbonate may be used to neutralize liquid spills of phosgene .
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Wood is a naturally occurring composite comprising cellulose fibres in a lignin and hemicellulose matrix .
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Antidisestablishmentarianism is one of the longest words in the English language .
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Antidisestablishmentarianism is also referred to as one of the longest non-scientific words in the English language .
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Some enzymes or enzyme complexes require several cofactors .
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Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used medication for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal .
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Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used medication for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal and are generally safe and effective in suppressing symptoms of alcohol withdrawal .
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During the 20th century the concept of pteridosperms was expanded to include various Mesozoic groups of seed plants with fern-like fronds , such as the Corystospermaceae .
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Organometallic compounds may be found in the environment .
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The bacteria that cause urinary tract infections typically enter the bladder via the urethra .
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Arachnids pour digestive juices produced in their stomachs over their prey after killing it with their pedipalps and chelicerae .
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Obligate anaerobes may use fermentation or anaerobic respiration .
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The tits are generalist insectivores that consume a wide range of small insects and other invertebrates , particularly small defoliating caterpillars .
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Protein biosynthesis , although very similar , is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes .
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Protein biosynthesis differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes , though parts of the process are the same in both .
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The first-line psychiatric treatment for schizophrenia is antipsychotic medication , which can reduce the positive symptoms of psychosis in about 7 to 14 days .
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The first-line psychiatric treatment for schizophrenia is antipsychotic medication , which can reduce the positive symptoms in about seven to fourteen days .
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Iocaste belongs to the Ananke group , believed to be the remnants of a break - up of a captured heliocentric asteroid .
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Frequency - dependent selection occurs when the fitness of a phenotype is dependent on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population .
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Milkweeds use three primary defenses to limit damage caused by caterpillars : hairs on the leaves , cardenolide toxins , and latex fluids .
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Milkweeds have three defenses to limit damage by caterpillars and other insects : hairs on the leaves , toxins , and latex fluids .
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Plasmapheresis is a medical therapy that involves blood plasma extraction , treatment , and reintegration .
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Plasmapheresis is a medical therapy which involves taking out blood plasma , treating it , and putting it back in the patient .
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Wormholes are a common element in science fiction because they allow interstellar , intergalactic , and sometimes even interuniversal travel within human lifetime scales .
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When the embryonic prosencephalon fails to divide the brain into two lobes , it results in a condition known as holoprosencephaly .
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When the embryonic forebrain fails to divide the brain into two lobes , it results in a condition known as holoprosencephaly .
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Subfamily Nymphicinae Subfamily Calyptorhynchinae : The black cockatoos
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Mycorrhizal plants are often more resistant to diseases , such as those caused by microbial soil- borne pathogens .
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Cetaceans and artiodactyls now are classified under the order Cetartiodactyla , often still referred to as Artiodactyla , which includes both whales and hippopotamuses .
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Both cetaceans and artiodactyl are now classified under the super-order Cetartiodactyla , which includes both whales and hippopotamuses .
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In the natural sciences , gradualism is the theory which holds that profound change is the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes , often contrasted with catastrophism .
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Fibroblasts are similar to cellular automata , as each fibroblast only interacts with its neighbors .
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Eunomia appears to be an elongated but fairly regularly shaped body , with what appear to be four sides of differing curvature and noticeably different average compositions .
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The fundamental objects of study in algebraic geometry are algebraic varieties , which are geometric manifestations of solutions of systems of polynomial equations .
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Hepatitis C testing usually begins with blood tests that look for antibodies to the Hepatitis C virus , using a technique called an enzyme immunoassay .
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Other types of anal carcinoma are adenocarcinoma , lymphoma , sarcoma or melanoma .
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Other types of anal cancer are adenocarcinoma , lymphoma , sarcoma or melanoma .
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Unlike lepidosaurian reptiles , pelycosaurs lacked reptilian epidermal scales .
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Unlike lepidosaurian reptiles , pelycosaurs lacked epidermal scales .
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The Pyxicephalidae contain two subfamilies , with a total of 12 genera .
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However , paleotempestological research allows reconstruction of pre-historic hurricane activity trends on timescales of centuries to millennia .
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However , palaeotempestological research allows reconstruction of pre-historic hurricane activity trends on timescales of centuries to millennia .
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Differential cryptanalysis attacks are usually chosen plaintext attacks , meaning that the attacker must be able to obtain encrypted ciphertexts for some set of plaintexts of his choosing .
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It has been suggested that many of the existing plant and most animal species have undergone an event of polyploidization in their evolutionary history .
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Like several other Arctiidae larvae , cinnabar caterpillars can turn cannibalistic .
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Like several other Arctiidae moth larvae , the cinnabar caterpillars can turn cannibalistic .
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Kimberlite has attracted attention because it serves as a carrier of diamonds and garnet peridotite mantle xenoliths to the Earth 's surface .
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Despite its relative rarity , kimberlite has attracted attention because it serves as a carrier of diamonds and garnet peridotite mantle xenoliths to the Earth 's surface .
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The most prevalent transmitter is glutamate , which is excitatory at well over 90 % of the synapses in the human brain .
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Palladium nitrate may be prepared by dissolving palladium oxide hydrate in dilute nitric acid , followed by crystallization .
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Palladium nitrate may be prepared by dissolving palladium oxide hydrate in dilute nitric acid followed by crystallization .
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The gymnosperms and angiosperms together compose the spermatophytes or seed plants .
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The gymnosperms and angiosperms together make up the spermatophytes or seed plants .
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An example is the thermal ring-opening reaction of 3,4 - dimethylcyclobutene .
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A classic example is the thermal ring-opening reaction of 3,4 - dimethylcyclobutene .
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Cryptobranchids are large salamanders , with large folds of skin along their flanks .
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Cryptobranchids are large , fat salamanders , with folds of skin along their flanks .
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Another example is in the proposed biosynthesis of aranotin , a naturally occurring oxepine , and its related compounds .
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Nesomyids are small - to medium-sized rodents , with the largest being the size of a rat .
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Haematoxylin and eosin staining is frequently used in histology to examine thin tissue sections .
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Three types of flagella have so far been distinguished ; bacterial , archaeal and eukaryotic .
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In a simple example , the two bromine atoms in 3 - tert- butyl- trans - 1, 2 - dibromohexane mutarotate by heating .
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In a straightforward example the two bromine atoms in 3 - tert- butyl- trans - 1, 2 - dibromohexane mutarotate by heating .
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Numerous nonferrous alloys , cast irons , powder-metallurgy and plastics are used in the manufacture of gears .
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A schismatic is a person who creates or incites schism in an organization or who is a member of a splinter group .
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Surface integrals have applications in physics , particularly with the classical theory of electromagnetism .
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Polydnaviruses are a unique group of insect viruses that have a mutualistic relationship with some parasitic wasps .
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Polydnaviruses are a unique group of insect viruses that have a mutualistic relationship with parasitic wasps .
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The authors were able to experimentally determine a rate law at 261.2 K for the reaction of 1,2 - dimethylidenecyclohexane with sulfur dioxide to give the corresponding sulfolene .
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The authors were able to experimentally work out a rate law at 261.2 K for the reaction of 1,2 - dimethylidenecyclohexane with sulfur dioxide to give the corresponding sulfolene .
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The chemosynthetic bacteria grow into a thick mat which attracts other organisms , such as amphipods and copepods , which graze upon the bacteria directly .
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A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that could become an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression .
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The piezoelectric effect is generally stronger in materials that also show pyroelectricity , and all pyroelectric materials are also piezoelectric .
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The piezoelectric effect is generally stronger in materials that also exhibit pyroelectricity , and all pyroelectric materials are also piezoelectric .
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