text
stringlengths 1
492k
|
|---|
The Evil Experiment by Jude Watson is the twelfth in a series of young reader novels called Jedi Apprentice. The series explores the adventures of Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi prior to Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace.
Plot
Jenna Zan Arbor is a mad woman. She kidnaps Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn, using him to investigate the Force . Meanwhile, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Astri Oddo look for a cure, while also searching for Qui-Gon. Along the way, they meet other characters, such as Cholly, Weez and Tup, and a bounty hunter named Ona Nobis. Obi-Wan uses clues from Uta S'orn's son to track them from Nobis' home planet of Sorrus to Simpla-12, where he finds Cholly, Weez and Tup. He also finds the bounty hunter Ona Nobis, who easily matches the young apprentice's strength.
At Simpla-12, Obi-Wan teams up with Adi Gallia and Siri Tachi before preparing to break into Zan Arbor's hideout and rescue Qui-Gon. However, it will not be an easy task, for Zan Arbor's laboratory is nearly impregnable.
External links
Amazon.com Listing
Official CargoBay Listing
TheForce.net review
2001 British novels
2001 science fiction novels
Star Wars: Jedi Apprentice
Star Wars Legends novels
English novels |
as they emerged into the bright daylight above , they were consumed . |
Gregor Terdič (born June 7, 1977 in Medvode) is a Slovenian slalom canoeist who competed from the mid-1990s to the early 2000s. He won a bronze medal in the C-1 team event at the 1997 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Três Coroas.
Terdič also finished 24th in the C-1 event at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.
References
1977 births
Canoeists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Living people
Olympic canoeists of Slovenia
Slovenian male canoeists
People from the Municipality of Medvode
Medalists at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships |
i drew my magic back , swallowed the hand of blood . |
Hygrotus parallelogrammus is a species of Dytiscidae native to Europe.
References
Hygrotus
Beetles described in 1812
Beetles of Europe |
De L'Europe Amsterdam (formerly known as Hotel de l'Europe) is a five-star hotel located on the Amstel river in the centre of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. De L'Europe Amsterdam is situated opposite and overlooking the Munt, where the river Amstel flows into the Rokin canal. The 19th-century hotel became an official monument (rijksmonument) in 2001. Since 2012 the hotel houses the Michelin-starred restaurant Bord'Eau Restaurant Gastronomique. It is a member of The Leading Hotels of the World.
Freddy's Bar, the bar of the hotel, is named after Freddy Heineken.
De L'Europe Amsterdam changed its name in 2011, after being called Hotel de L'Europe since 1896.
History
A tower at the present-day location of Hotel de l'Europe was demolished in 1633 and five year later the inn, later hotel, Het Rondeel, was built. This building was replaced in 1895–1896, when the 50-room Hotel de l'Europe, designed by architect Willem Hamer Jr., opened its doors.
Alfred Hitchcock used the hotel just before the Second World War as a location for Foreign Correspondent (1940).
External links
De L'Europe Amsterdam
References
Hotels in Amsterdam
Hotel de l'Europe
Hotels established in 1896 |
the whole way to the lodging facility , down the long hall to her room , she stayed quiet , waiting . |
Locally Optimal Block Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient (LOBPCG) is a matrix-free method for finding the largest (or smallest) eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of a symmetric generalized eigenvalue problem
for a given pair of complex Hermitian or real symmetric matrices, where
the matrix is also assumed positive-definite.
Background
Kantorovich in 1948 proposed calculating the smallest eigenvalue of a symmetric matrix by steepest descent using a direction of a scaled gradient of a Rayleigh quotient in a scalar product , with the step size computed by minimizing the Rayleigh quotient in the linear span of the vectors and , i.e. in a locally optimal manner. Samokish proposed applying a preconditioner to the residual vector to generate the preconditioned direction and derived asymptotic, as approaches the eigenvector, convergence rate bounds. D'yakonov suggested spectrally equivalent preconditioning and derived non-asymptotic convergence rate bounds. Block locally optimal multi-step steepest descent for eigenvalue problems was described in. Local minimization of the Rayleigh quotient on the subspace spanned by the current approximation, the current residual and the previous approximation, as well as its block version, appeared in. The preconditioned version was analyzed in and.
Main features
Matrix-free, i.e. does not require storing the coefficient matrix explicitly, but can access the matrix by evaluating matrix-vector products.
Factorization-free, i.e. does not require any matrix decomposition even for a generalized eigenvalue problem.
The costs per iteration and the memory use are competitive with those of the Lanczos method, computing a single extreme eigenpair of a symmetric matrix.
Linear convergence is theoretically guaranteed and practically observed.
Accelerated convergence due to direct preconditioning, in contrast to the Lanczos method, including variable and non-symmetric as well as fixed and positive definite preconditioning.
Allows trivial incorporation of efficient domain decomposition and multigrid techniques via preconditioning.
Warm starts and computes an approximation to the eigenvector on every iteration.
More numerically stable compared to the Lanczos method, and can operate in low-precision computer arithmetic.
Easy to implement, with many versions already appeared.
Blocking allows utilizing highly efficient matrix-matrix operations, e.g., BLAS 3.
The block size can be tuned to balance convergence speed vs. computer costs of orthogonalizations and the Rayleigh-Ritz method on every iteration.
Algorithm
Single-vector version
Preliminaries: Gradient descent for eigenvalue problems
The method performs an iterative maximization (or minimization) of the generalized Rayleigh quotient
which results in finding largest (or smallest) eigenpairs of
The direction of the steepest ascent, which is the gradient, of the generalized Rayleigh quotient is positively proportional to the vector
called the eigenvector residual. If a preconditioner is available, it is applied to the residual and gives the vector
called the preconditioned residual. Without preconditioning, we set
and so . An iterative method
or, in short,
is known as preconditioned steepest ascent (or descent), where the scalar
is called the step size. The optimal step size can be determined by maximizing the Rayleigh quotient, i.e.,
(or in case of minimizing),
in which case the method is called locally optimal.
Three-term recurrence
To dramatically accelerate the convergence of the locally optimal preconditioned steepest ascent (or descent), one extra vector can be added to the two-term recurrence relation to make it three-term:
(use in case of minimizing). The maximization/minimization of the Rayleigh quotient in a 3-dimensional subspace can be performed numerically by the Rayleigh–Ritz method. Adding more vectors, see, e.g., Richardson extrapolation, does not result in significant acceleration but increases computation costs, so is not generally recommended.
Numerical stability improvements
As the iterations converge, the vectors and become nearly linearly dependent, resulting in a precision loss and making the Rayleigh–Ritz method numerically unstable in the presence of round-off errors. The loss of precision may be avoided by substituting the vector with a vector , that may be further away from , in the basis of the three-dimensional subspace , while keeping the subspace unchanged and avoiding orthogonalization or any other extra operations. Furthermore, orthogonalizing the basis of the three-dimensional subspace may be needed for ill-conditioned eigenvalue problems to improve stability and attainable accuracy.
Krylov subspace analogs
This is a single-vector version of the LOBPCG method—one of possible generalization of the preconditioned conjugate gradient linear solvers to the case of symmetric eigenvalue problems. Even in the trivial case and the resulting approximation with will be different from that obtained by the Lanczos algorithm, although both approximations will belong to the same Krylov subspace.
Practical use scenarios
Extreme simplicity and high efficiency of the single-vector version of LOBPCG make it attractive for eigenvalue-related applications under severe hardware limitations, ranging from spectral clustering based real-time anomaly detection via graph partitioning on embedded ASIC or FPGA to modelling physical phenomena of record computing complexity on exascale TOP500 supercomputers.
Block version
Summary
Subsequent eigenpairs can be computed one-by-one via single-vector LOBPCG supplemented with an orthogonal deflation or simultaneously as a block. In the former approach, imprecisions in already computed approximate eigenvectors additively affect the accuracy of the subsequently computed eigenvectors, thus increasing the error with every new computation. Iterating several approximate eigenvectors together in a block in a locally optimal fashion in the block version of the LOBPCG. allows fast, accurate, and robust computation of eigenvectors, including those corresponding to nearly-multiple eigenvalues where the single-vector LOBPCG suffers from slow convergence. The block size can be tuned to balance numerical stability vs. convergence speed vs. computer costs of orthogonalizations and the Rayleigh-Ritz method on every iteration.
Core design
The block approach in LOBPCG replaces single-vectors and with block-vectors, i.e. matrices and , where, e.g., every column of approximates one of the eigenvectors. All columns are iterated simultaneously, and the next matrix of approximate eigenvectors is determined by the Rayleigh–Ritz method on the subspace spanned by all columns of matrices and . Each column of is computed simply as the preconditioned residual for every column of The matrix is determined such that the subspaces spanned by the columns of and of are the same.
Numerical stability vs. efficiency
The outcome of the Rayleigh–Ritz method is determined by the subspace spanned by all columns of matrices and , where a basis of the subspace can theoretically be arbitrary. However, in inexact computer arithmetic the Rayleigh–Ritz method becomes numerically unstable if some of the basis vectors are approximately linearly dependent. Numerical instabilities typically occur, e.g., if some of the eigenvectors in the iterative block already reach attainable accuracy for a given computer precision and are especially prominent in low precision, e.g., single precision.
The art of multiple different implementation of LOBPCG is to ensure numerical stability of the Rayleigh–Ritz method at minimal computing costs by choosing a good basis of the subspace. The arguably most stable approach of making the basis vectors orthogonal, e.g., by the Gram–Schmidt process, is also the most computational expensive. For example, LOBPCG implementations, utilize unstable but efficient Cholesky decomposition of the normal matrix, which is performed only on individual matrices and , rather than on the whole subspace. The constantly increasing amount of computer memory allows typical block sizes nowadays in the range, where the percentage of compute time spend on orthogonalizations and the Rayleigh-Ritz method starts dominating.
Locking of previously converged eigenvectors
Block methods for eigenvalue problems that iterate subspaces commonly have some of the iterative eigenvectors converged faster than others that motivates locking the already converged eigenvectors, i.e. removing them from the iterative loop, in order to eliminate unnecessary computations and improve numerical stability. A simple removal of an eigenvector may likely result in forming its duplicate in still iterating vectors. The fact that the eigenvectors of symmetric eigenvalue problems are pair-wise orthogonal suggest keeping all iterative vectors orthogonal to the locked vectors.
Locking can be implemented differently maintaining numerical accuracy and stability while minimizing the compute costs. For example, LOBPCG implementations, follow, separating hard locking, i.e. a deflation by restriction, where the locked eigenvectors serve as a code input and do not change, from soft locking, where the locked vectors do not participate in the typically most expensive iterative step of computing the residuals, however, fully participate in the Rayleigh—Ritz method and thus are allowed to be changed by the Rayleigh—Ritz method.
Convergence theory and practice
LOBPCG by construction is guaranteed to minimize the Rayleigh quotient not slower than the block steepest gradient descent, which has a comprehensive convergence theory. Every eigenvector is a stationary point of the Rayleigh quotient, where the gradient vanishes. Thus, the gradient descent may slow down in a vicinity of any eigenvector, however, it is guaranteed to either converge to the eigenvector with a linear convergence rate or, if this eigenvector is a saddle point, the iterative Rayleigh quotient is more likely to drop down below the corresponding eigenvalue and start converging linearly to the next eigenvalue below. The worst value of the linear convergence rate has been determined and depends on the relative gap between the eigenvalue and the rest of the matrix spectrum and the quality of the preconditioner, if present.
For a general matrix, there is evidently no way to predict the eigenvectors and thus generate the initial approximations that always work well. The iterative solution by LOBPCG may be sensitive to the initial eigenvectors approximations, e.g., taking longer to converge slowing down as passing intermediate eigenpairs. Moreover, in theory, one cannot guarantee convergence necessarily to the smallest eigenpair, although the probability of the miss is zero. A good quality random Gaussian function with the zero mean is commonly the default in LOBPCG to generate the initial approximations. To fix the initial approximations, one can select a fixed seed for the random number generator.
In contrast to the Lanczos method, LOBPCG rarely exhibits asymptotic superlinear convergence in practice.
Partial Principal component analysis (PCA) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
LOBPCG can be trivially adapted for computing several largest singular values and the corresponding singular vectors (partial SVD), e.g., for iterative computation of PCA, for a data matrix with zero mean, without explicitly computing the covariance matrix , i.e. in matrix-free fashion. The main calculation is evaluation of a function of the product of the covariance matrix and the block-vector that iteratively approximates the desired singular vectors. PCA needs the largest eigenvalues of the covariance matrix, while LOBPCG is typically implemented to calculate the smallest ones. A simple work-around is to negate the function, substituting for and thus reversing the order of the eigenvalues, since LOBPCG does not care if the matrix of the eigenvalue problem is positive definite or not.
LOBPCG for PCA and SVD is implemented in SciPy since revision 1.4.0
General software implementations
LOBPCG's inventor, Andrew Knyazev, published a reference implementation called Block Locally Optimal Preconditioned Eigenvalue Xolvers (BLOPEX) with interfaces to PETSc, hypre, and Parallel Hierarchical Adaptive MultiLevel method (PHAML). Other implementations are available in, e.g., GNU Octave, MATLAB (including for distributed or tiling arrays), Java, Anasazi (Trilinos), SLEPc, SciPy
, Julia, MAGMA, Pytorch, Rust, OpenMP and OpenACC, CuPy (A NumPy-compatible array library accelerated by CUDA), and NVIDIA AMGX. LOBPCG is implemented, but not included, in TensorFlow.
Applications
Data mining
Software packages scikit-learn and Megaman use LOBPCG to scale spectral clustering and manifold learning via Laplacian eigenmaps to large data sets. NVIDIA has implemented LOBPCG in its nvGRAPH library introduced in CUDA 8. Sphynx, a hybrid distributed- and shared-memory-enabled parallel graph partitioner - the first graph partitioning tool that works on GPUs on distributed-memory settings - uses spectral clustering for graph partitioning, computing eigenvectors on the Laplacian matrix of the graph using LOBPCG from the Anasazi package.
Material sciences
LOBPCG is implemented in ABINIT (including CUDA version) and Octopus. It has been used for multi-billion size matrices by Gordon Bell Prize finalists, on the Earth Simulator supercomputer in Japan.
Hubbard model for strongly-correlated electron systems to understand the mechanism behind the superconductivity uses LOBPCG to calculate the ground state of the Hamiltonian on the K computer.
There are MATLAB and Julia
versions of LOBPCG for Kohn-Sham equations and density functional theory (DFT) using the plain-wave basis.
Recent implementations include TTPY, Platypus‐QM, MFDn, ACE-Molecule, LACONIC.
Mechanics and fluids
LOBPCG from BLOPEX is used for preconditioner setup in Multilevel Balancing Domain Decomposition by Constraints (BDDC) solver library BDDCML, which is incorporated into OpenFTL (Open Finite element Template Library) and Flow123d simulator of underground water flow, solute and heat transport in fractured porous media. LOBPCG has been implemented in LS-DYNA.
Maxwell's equations
LOBPCG is one of core eigenvalue solvers in PYFEMax and high performance multiphysics finite element software Netgen/NGSolve. LOBPCG from hypre is incorporated into open source lightweight scalable C++ library for finite element methods MFEM, which is used in many projects, including BLAST, XBraid, VisIt, xSDK, the FASTMath institute in SciDAC, and the co-design Center for Efficient Exascale Discretizations (CEED) in the Exascale computing Project.
Denoising
Iterative LOBPCG-based approximate low-pass filter can be used for denoising; see, e.g., to accelerate total variation denoising.
Image segmentation
Image segmentation via spectral clustering performs a low-dimension embedding using an affinity matrix between pixels, followed by clustering of the components of the eigenvectors in the low dimensional space, e.g., using the graph Laplacian for the bilateral filter. Image segmentation via spectral graph partitioning by LOBPCG with multigrid preconditioning has been first proposed in and actually tested in and. The latter approach has been later implemented in Python Scikit-learn that uses LOBPCG from SciPy with algebraic multigrid preconditioning for solving the eigenvalue problem for the graph Laplacian.
References
External links
LOBPCG in MATLAB
LOBPCG in Octave
LOBPCG in SciPy
LOBPCG in Java at Google Code
LOBPCG in Block Locally Optimal Preconditioned Eigenvalue Xolvers (BLOPEX) at GitHub and archived at Google Code
Numerical linear algebra
Scientific simulation software |
Sphere with Inner Form (BH 333) is a bronze sculpture by English artist Barbara Hepworth, with six castings made in 1963 and two more 1965. It is sometimes interpreted as a child in a pregnant woman's womb, or as a metaphor for the creation of a sculpture.
The sculpture is on one of Hepworth's favourite themes, enclosure of space. The work has a smooth spherical bronze shell resting on a square bronze base, with three large rounded openings presenting a view of an irregular pierced bronze shape enclosed within. The brown polished outer surface of the sphere contrasts with the greenish patina inside. Hepworth said in her autobiography "There is an inside and outside to every form ... a nut in its shell or of a child in the womb".
Hepworth first carved a plaster form on an aluminium armature to create a mould for the sculpture. Six copies were cast at the Art Bronze Foundry in London in 1963, with an additional seventh copy for sale and one for the artist herself made in 1965. The outer shell was cast in pieces, with a welded joint over the top, and another weld to connect the sphere to the base. The spherical element measures standing on a square bronze base which measures .
Hepworth donated a one copy of the work (cast 6/7) to an auction for the benefit of the Institute of Contemporary Arts in 1966. Hepworth's executors donated the artist's copy (cast 0/7) to the Tate Gallery 1980, in accordance with Hepworth's wishes. It is exhibited at the Barbara Hepworth Museum in St Ives, Cornwall. Other examples are exhibited at the Kröller-Müller Museum in Otterlo in the Netherlands (cast 4/7) and the Whitworth Art Gallery in Manchester (cast 7/7).
References
Sphere with Inner Form, Tate Gallery
Catalogue entry
Exhibiting Gender, Sarah Hyde, p.46
Sphere with Inner Form, Kröller-Müller Museum
Sphere with Inner Form, Whitworth Art Gallery
1963 sculptures
Bronze sculptures in the United Kingdom
Modernist sculpture
Sculptures by Barbara Hepworth
Outdoor sculptures in England |
`` we do n't know . |
Sir Charles Barrie Knight Mantell, PC (30 January 1937 — 1 May 2010) was a High Court judge in England and Wales, notable for presiding at the trial of Rosemary West.
Mantell was born in Romiley, then part of Cheshire, the second son of Francis Christopher Knight Mantell and Elsie, née Caton. His younger brother was actor, Knight Mantell. He attended Manchester Grammar School and studied law at the University of Manchester. He married (Anne) Shirley Cogger in 1960. After National Service as an education officer in the Royal Air Force between 1958 and 1961 (reaching the rank of flying officer), he was called to the bar by Gray's Inn and later served at the chambers of Sir Patrick Russell in Manchester. He practised on the Northern Circuit and was present at the trials of the Birmingham Six, Trevor Hardy and Terry Clark. Between 1982 and 1985 Mantell was a Supreme Court judge in Hong Kong, returning to Britain as a judge on the Western Circuit. In 1990 he was appointed to the High Court and knighted.
References
Obituary, Sir Charles Mantell The Telegraph, 11 May 2010
Obituary, Sir Charles Mantell The Scotsman, 13 May 2010
1937 births
2010 deaths
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Knights Bachelor
People educated at Manchester Grammar School
People from Romiley
Queen's Bench Division judges
Justices of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong
Royal Air Force officers |
Matt Goff (born Matthew Gough in Leixlip, County Kildare, 5 July 1901, died 19 March 1956) was a Gaelic footballer on the Kildare, Leinster and Irish Tailteann Games teams and one of a group of players who helped establish Gaelic Athletic Association as a sport in Ireland.
He played in six All Ireland finals between 1926 and 1935, won an unprecedented six Leinster titles in succession, and won two All Ireland medals with the Kildare team that was the first to be presented with the Sam Maguire Cup. He played with Leixlip GAA in the junior championship teams of 1921 and 1922 and the 1923 league, and came to notice on Tom Farrell’s 1924 Leixlip team that reached the 1924 Kildare junior final. He made his senior debut for Kildare against Louth in the 1926 championship and held his place in four All Ias Kildare went to final only to lose in a dramatic replay against Kerry.
As Kildare went on to play Kerryreland finals over the next six years, interest in football reached new levels. The attendance at the 1929 final, 43,839, broke the record of 41,000 established for the Ireland-Scotland football match in Belfast in 1925. He was one of four Kildare players selected on the Irish team for the 1928 Tailteann Games and played 13 times for Leinster, winning six Railway Cup medals for inter-provincial competition. He played his last of his 65 competitive appearances for Kildare in the 1936 championship against Meath. He worked as a military police officer, participating in the Stacumny ambush in the Irish War of Independence, and later with CIÉ. When he died in 1956 GAA players from all over Ireland formed a guard of honour for his coffin. The overpass bridge on the Dublin-Galway motorway at Leixlip was named in his honour on 18 March 2006.
1901 births
1956 deaths
Kildare inter-county Gaelic footballers
Leixlip Gaelic footballers |
Macon State College was a four-year state college unit of the University System of Georgia. On Jan. 8, 2013, it was merged with Middle Georgia College into a new institution, Middle Georgia State College, which was renamed on July 1, 2015 to Middle Georgia State University.
Macon State College was formerly Macon College and Macon Junior College. It was located in Macon, Georgia, with a satellite campus in Warner Robins, Georgia as well as the Robins Resident Center, located on Robins Air Force Base. The Macon, Warner Robins and Robins Resident Center campuses and facilities remain in operation and now are part of Middle Georgia State University.
Most of the academic degree programs that had been offered at Macon State were retained during the consolidation.
Macon State began residence life programs in the fall 2010 when the college started offering housing and expanded student life activities. The college took over operation of a 300+ unit apartment complex adjacent to the Macon campus and renamed the complex College Station. The apartments, which are still in operation by Middle Georgia State University, are student-only units with resident advisers and security on site.
Macon State's main campus also became the main campus of Middle Georgia State University. The campus is located on more than on College Station Drive, along Eisenhower Parkway (US 80), in western Bibb County, Georgia. The Warner Robins campus, with three administrative and academic buildings, is located on Watson Boulevard, just a half-mile from the main gate of Robins Air Force Base. The Robins Resident Center is located in one of the many office buildings located on the Air Force base.
In addition to the Macon and Warner Robins campuses, Middle Georgia State University also continues to operate the three campuses that were part of the former Middle Georgia College. Those campuses are located in Cochran, Eastman and Dublin.
Presidents of Macon State College
1968-72: Jack K. Carlton, the first president of the institution
1972-84: William W. Wright
1984-85: Jack Ragland, served as interim president
1985-97: Dr. S. Aaron Hyatt
1998–2011: Dr. David A. Bell
2011-2012: Dr. Jeffery S. Allbritten
2012–2013: Dr. John Black, interim president
History
The history of Macon State College began in 1965, when the University System of Georgia's Board of Regents passed a resolution to create a public two-year college in central Georgia. Subsequently, the voters of Bibb County approved a bond issue to fund the college.
Macon Junior College, as it was then known, opened its doors in 1968 to the largest enrollment ever for a new state college in Georgia. In 1970, the Board of Regents directed Macon Junior College to serve civilian and military employees at Robins Air Force Base. The Robins Resident Center, located on the base, was subsequently established.
As several other junior colleges had recently gained four-year status, many speculated that Macon's would as well. However, the change took some time. It was not until 1983 that a statewide needs assessment indicated that the Macon area was underserved by state higher education. In 1987, the Regents removed "Junior" from the college's name but Macon College remained a two-year school.
In 1989, the college's president, Dr. S. Aaron Hyatt, asked the state to grant the college senior status. The following year, 25,000 local citizens signed a petition supporting the move, but state budget cuts prevented the issue from advancing.
Over the next several years, the topic was repeatedly discussed, and "senior status" was often recommended by University System consultants, but it would be 1996 before the Regents finally approved a change in mission and the introduction of the Bachelor of Science degree. Later that year, the school became known as "Macon State College" to indicate the new status. Both changes formally took effect in 1997. The first bachelor's degrees were awarded in May 1999.
During the fall 2007 convocation President David Bell announced the college would reorganize from divisions into schools—the School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Education, the School of Information Technology, the School of Nursing & Health Sciences, and the School of Business.
In April 2010, the president announced that the college had assumed operations of a 300+ apartment complex adjacent to the Macon campus. The units were available only to Macon State students and opened as student housing for the Fall 2010 semester.
In the fall of 2010, Dr. Bell announced that he would end his term as president in June 2011. In July 2011, Dr. Jeffery S. Allbritten, who had been serving as president of the Collier County Campus of Edison State College in Naples, Florida, assumed office as Macon State's new president. He held the position for only 12 months and left in June 2012, to be replaced by Dr. John Black, who began in July 2012 and served as interim president.
In January 2012, the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia approved the merger of the college with Middle Georgia College. The Board of Regents approved the name change to Middle Georgia State College on Tuesday, May 8, 2012 and also laid out a path for elevating the consolidated institution to university status after a review process. The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, the regional accrediting agency, gave its approval of the consolidation in December 2012, and the Board of Regents acted to make the consolidation official, effective immediately, on Jan. 8, 2013. In a subsequent action, the college was elevated to university status on July 1, 2015 and renamed Middle Georgia State University.
Points of interest
Waddell Barnes Botanical Gardens
References
External links
Macon State College website
Defunct public universities and colleges in Georgia (U.S. state)
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Educational institutions established in 1965
Educational institutions disestablished in 2013
Universities and colleges in Macon, Georgia
Education in Houston County, Georgia
Buildings and structures in Houston County, Georgia
Warner Robins, Georgia
1965 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
2013 disestablishments in Georgia (U.S. state) |
are you okay ? |
Fargo Public Schools (FPS) is a public school district in Fargo, North Dakota, United States. The district owns and operates in three comprehensive high schools, three middle schools, and fourteen elementary schools. FPS also operates an alternative high school and a special needs pre-school.
Governance and funding
The Fargo Public Schools is governed by a nine-member Board of Education, whose members may serve an unlimited number of four-year terms. Board members oversee the district's annual operating budget, which is $134 million during the 2013–14 school year. Currently, the school district's operating levy is 139 mills. Sixty-nine percent of the district's general fund revenue comes from the state's foundation aid. The balance comes from property tax (30%), and the remaining 1% comprises federal funding, interest, and other sources. Of its expenses, 57% goes to Salaries. The remaining expenses include benefits (19%), fund transfers (6%), supplies (5%), purchased property services (5%), transportation and travel (4%), equipment (2%), contracted services (2%), and the remaining dues, fees, and registrations at less than 1%.
Staff
The school system employs more than 1,800 permanent employees. Included in that number are approximately 965 teachers, of which 59 percent hold a master's degree or higher. Specialists are placed in all district elementary buildings, to deliver instruction in visual arts, library/media services, music, and physical education.
All of the district's teachers meet weekly in Professional Learning Communities, or PLCs, in order to improve teaching practices and student learning. Secondary teachers attend professional development days each semester that focus on improving the District's educational process. This is in addition to the weekly professional development sessions offered to individuals and small groups throughout the year.
Also among its staff, through a partnership and cost-sharing agreement with the City of Fargo, are seven School Resource Officers], police officers who are placed in the district's middle and high schools. They are a part of the Cass-Clay Unified School Response Network, which originated in the Fargo Public Schools in the mid-2000s.
Curriculum
In 2011, the Fargo Public Schools was awarded a 5-year certification as an accredited school district by the North Central Association Commission on Accreditation and School Improvement. Its curriculum and education delivery is guided by a Strategic Plan developed in 2000, which focuses on seven goals: academic performance, the arts, character, citizenship, communication, life skills, and self-reliance.
The district offers high school students 213 courses within 25 curriculum areas. Advanced Placement (AP) courses include biology, calculus, chemistry, computer science, economics, government, physics, psychology, and Statistics in addition to language and the arts. Career & Technical Education curriculum in the Fargo Public Schools includes automotive, industrial, graphic arts, manufacturing, and information technologies.
Through its special education department, the school district serves over 1,300 children with special needs, ages 3–21.
Other academic and extracurricular programming offered by the district includes gifted services, summer school, remedial learning, arts education, and latch-key programs through the YMCA and Fargo-Moorhead Youth Commission.
At the middle level, the district offers an Individualized Learning Center (ILC) program, where the student receives differentiated instruction (tailoring a pupil's teaching to his or her learning needs) in a small group setting for the purposes of tutoring or homework. Service learning (community volunteerism) is sometimes a part of the ILC experience, depending on location.
Configuration
The district educates its students through a citywide grade-level configuration of grade K-5 elementary schools, grade 6-8 middle schools, and grade 9-12 high schools. The district's elementary and middle school buildings constructed and/or remodeled after 1994 utilize the shared “pod” or “team center” concept, which assigns groups of students and teachers together for interconnected teaching and learning using common resources.
Activities
The district offers, on average, more than 50 extracurricular activities at each of the comprehensive high schools. This includes athletics, clubs, music, and the performing arts. Many directly relate to or include academic coursework.
Honors
Since 1999, the Fargo Public Schools has been named 13 times to the “100 Best Communities for Music Education,” a national survey by the NAMM Foundation which evaluates several criteria, including time reserved for music education, the budget, staff collaboration, professional development, how music standards are taught, equipment provided by the school district, and administrative support. In 2011, the district's School Resource Officer program was recognized as the Model Program of the Year by the National Association of School Resource Officers.
Schools
High schools (9-12)
Davies High School (comprehensive high school)
Fargo North High School (comprehensive high school)
Fargo South High School (comprehensive high school)
Dakota High School (alternative high school)
Middle schools (6-8)
Ben Franklin Middle School
Carl Ben Eielson Middle School
Discovery Middle School
Elementary schools (K-5)
Bennett Elementary School
Centennial Elementary School
Clara Barton Elementary School
Eagles Elementary school
Ed Clapp Elementary school
Hawthorne Elementary School
Horace Mann Elementary School
Jefferson Elementary School
Kennedy Elementary School
Lewis and Clark Elementary School
Lincoln Elementary School
Longfellow Elementary School
Madison Elementary School
McKinley Elementary School
Roosevelt Elementary School
Washington Elementary School
See also
Woodrow Wilson School (Fargo, North Dakota): former school building on the National Register of Historic Places
References
External links
Education in Fargo–Moorhead
School districts in North Dakota
School districts established in 1872
Education in Cass County, North Dakota
Fargo, North Dakota |
Lilia Aragón (born Lilia Isabel Aragón del Rivero, 22 September 1938 – 2 August 2021) was a Mexican film, television, and stage actress and politician. She was the Secretary of the National Association of Actors.
She also served as Deputy of the LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing the Federal District as replacement of Elba Esther Gordillo.
Selected filmography
Telenovelas
Series
Como dice el dicho (2012–2016) as Various characters
Film
The Garden of Aunt Isabel (1971)
References
External links
1938 births
2021 deaths
Mexican telenovela actresses
Mexican television actresses
Mexican film actresses
Mexican stage actresses
Actresses from Morelos
People from Cuautla
20th-century Mexican actresses
21st-century Mexican actresses
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican women politicians |
ruined houses and square pavilions jutted like islands of granite from the sea of green grass . |
This is an incomplete list of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland for the years until 1700. See also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland, 1701–1800.
The number shown by each Act's title is its chapter number. Acts are cited using this number, preceded by the year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Act concerning assay passed in 1783 is cited as "23 & 24 Geo. 3 c. 23", meaning the 23rd Act passed during the session that started in the 23rd year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 24th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations (thus "40 Geo. 3" rather than "40 Geo. III"). Acts of the reign of Elizabeth I are formally cited without a regnal numeral in the Republic of Ireland.
Acts passed by the Parliament of Ireland did not have a short title; however, some of these Acts have subsequently been given a short title by Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, or Acts of the Oireachtas. This means that some Acts have different short titles in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland respectively.
A number of the Acts included in this list are still in force in Northern Ireland or the Republic of Ireland. Because these two jurisdictions are entirely separate, the version of an Act in force in one may differ from the version in force in the other; similarly, an Act may have been repealed in one but not in the other.
A number of Acts passed by the Parliament of England also extended to Ireland during this period.
13th century
1 Hen. 3 (1216)
Great Charter of Ireland 1216
11 Hen. 3 (1226)
Curtesy Act 1226
20 Hen. 3 (1236)
Observance in Ireland of Statute of Merton
21 Hen. 3 (1237)
Concerning those born before wedlock
22 Hen. 3 (1238)
Inheritance of bastard
12 Edw. 1 (1284)
Observance in Ireland of Statute of Rutland
13 Edw. 1 (1285)
Observance in Ireland of Statute of Westminster I and Statute of Gloucester
Observance in Ireland of Statute of Westminster II
20 Edw. 1 (1292)
City of Limerick Act 1292
21 Edw. 1 (1293)
Sheriffs Act 1293
28 Edw. 1 (1300)
Custom of Ireland as to goods of testator
Export of silver
14th century
1 Edw. 2 (1307)
Observance in Ireland of Statute of Winchester
13 Edw. 2 (1320)
Confirmation of observance in Ireland of Statutes of Merton, Marlborough, Westminster the First, Westminster the Second, Gloucester
17 Edw. 2 (1324)
Observance in Ireland of Statute of Lincoln
Observance in Ireland of Statute of York
29 Edw. 3 (1355)
Forestallers of Fish
31 Edw. 3 (1357)
State of the Land of Ireland
40 Edw. 3 (1366)
Statute of Kilkenny
13 Ric. 2 (1389)
Prohibition of sale of falcons, hawks, etc.
15 Ric. 2 (1391)
Observance in Ireland of Statutes of England
15th century
3 Hen. 4 (1402)
Forcible Entry
11 Hen. 4 (1410)
Election of sheriffs: confirmation of rights
False Imprisonment Act 1410
7 Hen. 6 (1428)
c. 8 Indictments and Pleadings Act 1428
16 Hen. 6 (1437)
Treatment of Foreign Merchants Act 1437
33 Hen. 6
c. 9 Ships guarding the sea between Ireland and England to have certain tolls
37 Hen. 6 (1459)
c. 1 Warrants and Patents
38 Hen. 6
c. 14 Foreign enemies spoil and slay merchants, &c., on sea
3 Edw. 4 (1463)
c. 9 Town of Dungarvan Act 1463
c. 21 Town of Youghal Act 1463
5 Edw. 4 (1465)
City of Cork Act 1465
7 Edw. 4 (1467)
c. 2 An Act that none shall purchase Benefices from Rome
7 & 8 Edw. 4 (1467)
c. 58 Borough of Drogheda Act 1467
c. 64 Borough of Drogheda (No. 2) Act 1467
10 Edw. 4 (1470)
c. 10 Herring Fishery Act 1470
11 & 12 Edw. 4 (1471)
c. 80 Parliamentary Privilege Act 1471
15 & 16 Edw. 4 (1475)
c. 8 Taking of Pledges Act 1475
16 & 17 Edw. 4 (1476)
c. 17 County of Louth Act 1476
c. 22 Courts Act 1476
18 Edw. 4 (1478)
Confirmation of rights: pestilence
Saint Werburgh's Church Act 1478
18 Edw. 4 Sess. 1 (1478)
c. 8 Bog of Allen Act 1478
21 Edw. 4 (1481)
Christ Church Lands Act 1481
21 & 22 Edw. 4 (1481)
Christ Church Grants Act 1481
Town of Ardee Act 1481
1 & 2 Hen. 7 (1486)
c. 4 City of Dublin Act 1486
c. 5 Borough of Drogheda Act 1486
9 Hen. 7 (1493)
Distress etc. Act 1493
10 Hen. 7 (1495)
c. 4 Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)
c. 22 Poynings' Law (confirmation of English statutes) ("Poynings' Act 1495" in the UK, where it is still in force)
16th century
8 & 9 Hen. 8
c. 9 Foreigners fishing off coast to land one-third of the catch in Ireland
28 Hen. 8 (1537)
c. 2 Marriage Act 1537
c. 5 An Act authorising the King, His Heirs and Successors, to be supreme Head of the Church of Ireland
c. 7 Treason Act (Ireland) 1537
c. 18 Administration of Estates Act 1537
c. 22 Inland Navigation Act 1537
28 & 29 Hen. 8
c. 17 Marriage (No. 2) Act 1537
c. 24 County of Wexford Act 1536
c. 32 Borough of Wexford Act 1536
c. 37 Boyne Weirs Act 1536
33 Hen. 8 (1542)
c. 1 Crown of Ireland Act 1542 (still in force in UK)
Mispleading and Jeoyfailes
c. 6 Marriage Act 1542
c. 10 Joint Tenants
33 Hen. 8 Sess. 2 (1542)
c. 3 An Act touching Mispleading and Jeoyfailes
34 Hen. 8 (1543)
c. 1 Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543
3 & 4 Phil. & Mar. (1556)
c. 2 Settlement of Laois and Offaly
c. 11 Treason Act
c. 14 Regal Power of Queen
2 Eliz. 1 (1560)
c. 1 (still in force in UK)
c. 2 An Act for the Uniformitie of Common Prayer and Service in the Church and the Administration of the Sacraments
c. 6 An Act whereby certaine Offences be made Treasons
12 Eliz. 1 (1570)
c. 1 An Act for the Erection of Free Schooles
c. 2 An Act that Exemplifications shall be of the same Effect and Strength as the Record or Matter exemplified should be
28 Eliz. 1 (1586)
c. 1 Perjury Act 1586
c. 2 Witchcraft Act 1586
17th century
1610-1619
11, 12 & 13 Jas. 1 (1613-15)
c. 2 Piracy Act 1613
c. 8
1630-1639
10 Chas. 1 (1634)
c. 3 An Act for confirming of letters patent hereafter to be past upon his Majesties commission of grace for the remedy of defective titles
c. 5 Recovery of rents by executors
10 Chas. 1 Sess. 2 (1634)
c. 1 Statute of Uses 1634
c. 3 Conveyancing Act 1634
c. 4 An Act concerning grantees of reversions, to take advantage of breaches of conditions &c.
c. 6 Trespass Act 1634
c. 14 An Act for the continuance of actions after the death of any King
c. 17 An Act that where the plaintiffe is non-suited, the defendant shall recover costs
10 Chas. 1 Sess. 3 (1634)
c. 2 Explanation of 10 Chas. 1 c. 3
c. 3 Re plantation
c. 7 An Act for contentation of debts upon execution
c. 10 Administration of Estates Act 1634
c. 13 Forcible Entry Act 1634
c. 15 Maintenance and Embracery Act 1634
c. 18 Sheriffs Act 1634
10 & 11 Chas. 1 (1634-35)
c. 3 Ecclesiastical Lands Act 1634
c. 8 An Act to give costs to the defendant, upon a nonsuite of the plaintiffe, or verdict against him
c. 10 An Act to prevent and punish the abuses in procuring processe and supersedeas of the peace and good behaviour out of his Majesties courts of Chancery and Kings Bench and to prevent abuses in procuring writs of certiorari, &c.
c. 11 Common Informers Act 1634
c. 12 Re privilege of Parliament
c. 35 Cruelty to horses and sheep
15 Chas. 1 Sess. 2 (1639)
c. 3 Forfeiture Act 1639 (still in force in UK)
c. 6 An Act for strengthening of letters patent past and to be past, upon any of his Majesties commissions of grace for the remedy of defective titles, etc.
1660-1669
14 & 15 Chas. 2 (1662)
c. 3 Hostlers and innkeepers
14 & 15 Chas. 2 Sess. 4 (1662)
c. 2 Re plantation
c. 10 An Act for real union and division of parishes, and concerning churches, free-schools and exchanges
c. 19 Tenures Abolition Act 1662
c. 21 An Act for increasing the fee of the seal due to the lord chancellor of Ireland
17 & 18 Chas. 2 (1665)
c. 2 Re plantation
c. 6 An Act for the Uniformity of Publique Prayers and Administration of Sacraments, and other Rites and Ceremonies; and for establishing the Forme of making, ordaining, and consecrating Bishops, Priests and Deacons, in the Church of Ireland
c. 11 An Act to prevent Delays in extending Statutes, Judgements and Recognizances
c. 20 An Act for the trial by Nisi Prius of Issues laid in the City of Dublin and County of Dublin
c. 21 St. Patrick's Cathedral Act 1665
1690-1700
4 Will. & Mar. (1692)
c. 1 An Act of Recognition, of their Majesties undoubted Right to the Crown of Ireland (still in force in UK)
c. 2 An Act for encouragement of Protestant strangers to settle in this kingdom of Ireland
c. 4 An Act for taking Affidavits in the Country, to be made use of in the Courts of King's Bench, Common Pleas and Exchequer
7 Will. 3 (1695)
c. 2 An Act for taking away the Writ de heretico comburendo
c. 3 An Act declaring all Attainders and all other Acts made in the late pretended Parliament, to be void
c. 4 An Act to Restrain foreign Education
c. 5 An Act for the better securing the government, by disarming papists
c. 6 Statute of Distribution 1695
c. 8 Life Estates Act 1695
c. 9 Profane Oaths Act 1695
c. 12 Statute of Frauds 1695
c. 13 Sheriffs Act 1695
c. 14 An Act declaring which days in the year shall be observed as holy-days
c. 15 An Act for granting a Supply to his Majesty, by raising Money by a Poll, and otherwise
c. 17 Sunday Observance Act 1695
c. 18 Bail in civil actions
c. 21 An Act for the better suppressing Tories, Robbers, and Rapparees; and for preventing Robberies, Burglaries, and other heinous Crimes
c. 22 Distress for Rent Act 1695
9 Will. 3 (1697)
c. 1 An Act for banishing all Papists exercising any Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction, and all Regulars of the Popish Clergy out of this Kingdom - known as the "Banishment Act"
c. 2 An Act for the Confirmation of Articles made at the Surrender of the City of Limerick
c. 3 An Act to prevent Protestants inter-marrying with Papists
c. 5 An Act to hinder the Reversal of several Outlawries and Attainders, and to prevent the Return of Subjects of this Kingdom who have gone into the Dominions of the French King in Europe
c. 8 An Act for granting a supply to his Majesty, by raising money by a poll
c. 9 An Act to Supply the Defects, and for better Execution of an Act passed this present Session of Parliament, entituled, An act for the better suppressing Tories and Rapparees; and for preventing Robberies, Burglaries, and other heinous Crimes
c. 10 Costs and prevention of frivolous suits
c. 11 Clandestine Mortgages Act 1697
c. 13 Transferring suits from inferior Courts
c. 16 St. Michan's Parish Act 1697
10 Will. 3 (1698)
c. 6 Glebe Act 1698
c. 7 Confirming estates under Acts of Settlement
c. 8 Deer Protection Act 1698
c. 10 An Act for traversing Inquisitions
c. 13 An Act to prevent Papists being Solicitors
c. 14 Arbitration
See also
List of Acts of the Oireachtas
List of Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament
References
Endnotes
1700 |
but i do not sense our light inside her . |
A bow-tie diagram is a type of diagram used to model and visualize risk management and preparedness. The diagram visualizes an event with it's perceived threats, consequences, damage mitigation measures and preventive measures.
Bow-tie diagrams, often called bow-ties or bowties, have been successful in assisting industries such as in engineering, oil and gas, aviation, industrials, and finance.
History
The origins of bow-tie is believed to have originate from Imperial Chemical Industries in the 1970's. However, Royal Dutch Shell is considered to be the first major company to successfully integrate bow-ties into their business practices.
Overview
Bow-ties are usually found in one of the last phases of the risk management process, after the assessment of risk. Where specific events are focused and placed in the middle of the diagram. Threats and preventive measures are placed in the left part of the diagram, as part of the preventive controls for potential causes. Consequences and damage mitigation measures are placed on the right side, as part of the potential impact and corresponding plan for recovery preparedness.
Bow-ties are sometimes simplified to exclude any barriers, only to illustrate a left- and right side without preventive measures and damage mitigation measures.
Some of the practical uses of a bow-tie diagram, in addition to risk management and preparedness, is communication, auditing, understanding specific risks, and formal demonstration.
Use in various disciplines
Bow-ties have been used in a set of various disciplines, which for example includes:
Network theory with network theory in risk assessment
Information security with cyber security risks
Preventing accidents and losses in aerospace projects
References
Diagrams
Statistical charts and diagrams |
Helen Cutler, Lady Cutler (5 May 1923 – 8 November 1990), was a lieutenant in the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS) during World War II and an Australian charity worker and patron. She also fulfilled public duties as wife of Sir Roden Cutler, governor of New South Wales.
Early life and education
Born Helen Gray Annetta Morris in Sydney on 5 May 1923, Cutler was educated at Sydney Church of England Girls' Grammar School. She then completed a diploma at the Macquarie Secretarial School.
War service
At the time of her enlistment in the Australian Women's Army Service on 17 September 1942, Cutler was working as a shorthand typist at The Trustees Executors & Agency Co Ltd. She was promoted lieutenant in 1944 and demobilised on 23 April 1946.
Later career
As wife of the Governor of New South Wales, Cutler was made patron of many charities, including the Save the Children Fund from 1966 to 1981 and The Infants' Home Child and Family Services. She subsequently held the position of president from 1987 to 1990.
With her husband, Sir Roden, Cutler was recognised as having improved access to Government House by the general public.
Her papers are held with those of her husband, Sir Roden Cutler, by the State Library of New South Wales.
Awards and legacy
In 1977 Cutler was made a Dame of the Order of St John of Jerusalem (DStJ). In the 1980 Queen's Birthday Honours she was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) for "public and community service to the people of New South Wales".
Having resigned her commission in 1946, Cutler was appointed an Honorary Colonel of the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps (WRAAC), a position she held from 3 February 1967 to 1 June 1985.
The first Sydney ferry of the Lady Class was named Lady Cutler in her honour. It was launched in 1968 and decommissioned in 1991 after 22 years' service. The ferry is now a cruise vessel in Melbourne.
Personal
Cutler married Arthur "Roden" Cutler on 28 May 1946. They had four sons. She died suddenly on 8 November 1990 at St Vincent's Hospital. Her funeral, held at St Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney, was attended by nearly 1,000 people. Her burial took place at South Head Cemetery.
References
1923 births
1990 deaths
Companions of the Order of Australia
People from Sydney
Wives of knights |
Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone (flor-o-KWIN-o-lone) antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections. This includes bone and joint infections, intra abdominal infections, certain type of infectious diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, typhoid fever, and urinary tract infections, among others. For some infections it is used in addition to other antibiotics. It can be taken by mouth, as eye drops, as ear drops, or intravenously.
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Severe side effects include an increased risk of tendon rupture, hallucinations, and nerve damage. In people with myasthenia gravis, there is worsening muscle weakness. Rates of side effects appear to be higher than some groups of antibiotics such as cephalosporins but lower than others such as clindamycin. Studies in other animals raise concerns regarding use in pregnancy. No problems were identified, however, in the children of a small number of women who took the medication. It appears to be safe during breastfeeding. It is a second-generation fluoroquinolone with a broad spectrum of activity that usually results in the death of the bacteria.
Ciprofloxacin was patented in 1980 and introduced in 1987. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. The World Health Organization classifies ciprofloxacin as critically important for human medicine. It is available as a generic medication. In 2019, it was the 113th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 5million prescriptions.
Medical uses
Ciprofloxacin is used to treat a wide variety of infections, including infections of bones and joints, endocarditis, gastroenteritis, malignant otitis externa, respiratory tract infections, cellulitis, urinary tract infections, prostatitis, anthrax, and chancroid.
Ciprofloxacin only treats bacterial infections; it does not treat viral infections such as the common cold. For certain uses including acute sinusitis, lower respiratory tract infections and uncomplicated gonorrhea, ciprofloxacin is not considered a first-line agent.
Ciprofloxacin occupies an important role in treatment guidelines issued by major medical societies for the treatment of serious infections, especially those likely to be caused by Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For example, ciprofloxacin in combination with metronidazole is one of several first-line antibiotic regimens recommended by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of community-acquired abdominal infections in adults. It also features prominently in treatment guidelines for acute pyelonephritis, complicated or hospital-acquired urinary tract infection, acute or chronic prostatitis, certain types of endocarditis, certain skin infections, and prosthetic joint infections.
In other cases, treatment guidelines are more restrictive, recommending in most cases that older, narrower-spectrum drugs be used as first-line therapy for less severe infections to minimize fluoroquinolone-resistance development. For example, the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommends the use of ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones in urinary tract infections be reserved to cases of proven or expected resistance to narrower-spectrum drugs such as nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The European Association of Urology recommends ciprofloxacin as an alternative regimen for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections, but cautions that the potential for "adverse events have to be considered".
Although approved by regulatory authorities for the treatment of respiratory infections, ciprofloxacin is not recommended for respiratory infections by most treatment guidelines due in part to its modest activity against the common respiratory pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. "Respiratory quinolones" such as levofloxacin, having greater activity against this pathogen, are recommended as first line agents for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in patients with important co-morbidities and in patients requiring hospitalization (Infectious Diseases Society of America 2007). Similarly, ciprofloxacin is not recommended as a first-line treatment for acute sinusitis.
Ciprofloxacin is approved for the treatment of gonorrhea in many countries, but this recommendation is widely regarded as obsolete due to resistance development.
Pregnancy
In the United States ciprofloxacin is pregnancy category C. This category includes drugs for which no adequate and well-controlled studies in human pregnancy exist, and for which animal studies have suggested the potential for harm to the fetus, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women
despite potential risks. An expert review of published data on experiences with ciprofloxacin use during pregnancy by the Teratogen Information System concluded therapeutic doses during
pregnancy are unlikely to pose a substantial teratogenic risk (quantity and quality of data=fair), but the data are insufficient to state no risk exists. Exposure to quinolones, including levofloxacin, during the first-trimester is not associated with an increased risk of stillbirths, premature births, birth defects, or low birth weight.
Two small post-marketing epidemiology studies of mostly short-term, first-trimester exposure found that fluoroquinolones did not increase risk of major malformations, spontaneous abortions, premature birth, or low birth weight. The label notes, however, that these studies are insufficient to reliably evaluate the definitive safety or risk of less common defects by ciprofloxacin in pregnant women and their developing fetuses.
Breastfeeding
Fluoroquinolones have been reported as present in a mother's milk and thus passed on to the nursing child. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends that because of the risk of serious adverse reactions (including articular damage) in infants nursing from mothers taking ciprofloxacin, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Children
Oral and intravenous ciprofloxacin are approved by the FDA for use in children for only two indications due to the risk of permanent injury to the musculoskeletal system:
Inhalational anthrax (postexposure)
Complicated urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli, but never as first-line agents.
Current recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics note the systemic use of ciprofloxacin in children should be restricted to infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens or when no safe or effective alternatives are available.
Spectrum of activity
Its spectrum of activity includes most strains of bacterial pathogens responsible for community-acquired pneumonias, bronchitis, urinary tract infections, and gastroenteritis. Ciprofloxacin is particularly effective against Gram-negative bacteria (such as Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Moraxella catarrhalis, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), but is less effective against Gram-positive bacteria (such as methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis) than newer fluoroquinolones.
Bacterial resistance
As a result of its widespread use to treat minor infections readily treatable with older, narrower spectrum antibiotics, many bacteria have developed resistance to this drug in recent years, leaving it significantly less effective than it would have been otherwise.
Resistance to ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones may evolve rapidly, even during a course of treatment. Numerous pathogens, including enterococci, Streptococcus pyogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae (quinolone-resistant) now exhibit resistance. Widespread veterinary usage of the fluoroquinolones, particularly in Europe, has been implicated. Meanwhile, some Burkholderia cepacia, Clostridium innocuum and Enterococcus faecium strains have developed resistance to ciprofloxacin to varying degrees.
Fluoroquinolones had become the class of antibiotics most commonly prescribed to adults in 2002. Nearly half (42%) of those prescriptions in the U.S. were for conditions not approved by the FDA, such as acute bronchitis, otitis media, and acute upper respiratory tract infection, according to a study supported in part by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Additionally, they were commonly prescribed for medical conditions that were not even bacterial to begin with, such as viral infections, or those to which no proven benefit existed.
Contraindications
Contraindications include:
Taking tizanidine at the same time
Use by those who are hypersensitive to any member of the quinolone class of antimicrobial agents
Use by those who are diagnosed with myasthenia graves, as muscle weakness may be exacerbated
Ciprofloxacin is also considered to be contraindicated in children (except for the indications outlined above), in pregnancy, to nursing mothers, and in people with epilepsy or other seizure disorders.
Caution may be required in people with Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
Adverse effects
Adverse effects can involve the tendons, muscles, joints, nerves, and the central nervous system.
Rates of adverse effects appear to be higher than with some groups of antibiotics such as cephalosporins but lower than with others such as clindamycin. Compared to other antibiotics some studies find a higher rate of adverse effects while others find no difference.
In clinical trials most of the adverse events were described as mild or moderate in severity, abated soon after the drug was discontinued, and required no treatment. Some adverse effects may be permanent. Ciprofloxacin was stopped because of an adverse event in 1% of people treated with the medication by mouth. The most frequently reported drug-related events, from trials of all formulations, all dosages, all drug-therapy durations, and for all indications, were nausea (2.5%), diarrhea (1.6%), abnormal liver function tests (1.3%), vomiting (1%), and rash (1%). Other adverse events occurred at rates of <1%.
Tendon problems
Ciprofloxacin includes a boxed warning in the United States due to an increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture, especially in people who are older than 60 years, people who also use corticosteroids, and people with kidney, lung, or heart transplants. Tendon rupture can occur during therapy or even months after discontinuation of the medication. One study found that fluoroquinolone use was associated with a 1.9-fold increase in tendon problems. The risk increased to 3.2 in those over 60 years of age and to 6.2 in those over the age of 60 who were also taking corticosteroids. Among the 46,766 quinolone users in the study, 38 (0.08%) cases of Achilles tendon rupture were identified.
Cardiac arrhythmia
The fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, are associated with an increased risk of cardiac toxicity, including QT interval prolongation, torsades de pointes, ventricular arrhythmia, and sudden death.
Nervous system
Because Ciprofloxacin is lipophilic, it has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. The 2013 FDA label warns of nervous system effects. Ciprofloxacin, like other fluoroquinolones, is known to trigger seizures or lower the seizure threshold, and may cause other central nervous system adverse effects. Headache, dizziness, and insomnia have been reported as occurring fairly commonly in postapproval review articles, along with a much lower incidence of serious CNS adverse effects such as tremors, psychosis, anxiety, hallucinations, paranoia, and suicide attempts, especially at higher doses. Like other fluoroquinolones, it is also known to cause peripheral neuropathy that may be irreversible, such as weakness, burning pain, tingling or numbness.
Cancer
Ciprofloxacin is active in six of eight in vitro assays used as rapid screens for the detection of genotoxic effects, but is not active in in vivo assays of genotoxicity. Long-term carcinogenicity studies in rats and mice resulted in no carcinogenic or tumorigenic effects due to ciprofloxacin at daily oral dose levels up to 250 and 750 mg/kg to rats and mice, respectively (about 1.7 and 2.5 times the highest recommended therapeutic dose based upon mg/m2). Results from photo co-carcinogenicity testing indicate ciprofloxacin does not reduce the time to appearance of UV-induced skin tumors as compared to vehicle control.
Other
The other black box warning is that ciprofloxacin should not be used in people with myasthenia gravis due to possible exacerbation of muscle weakness which may lead to breathing problems resulting in death or ventilator support. Fluoroquinolones are known to block neuromuscular transmission. There are concerns that fluoroquinolones including ciprofloxacin can affect cartilage in young children.
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea is a serious adverse effect of ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones; it is unclear whether the risk is higher than with other broad-spectrum antibiotics.
A wide range of rare but potentially fatal adverse effects reported to the U.S. FDA or the subject of case reports includes aortic dissection, toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, low blood pressure, allergic pneumonitis, bone marrow suppression, hepatitis or liver failure, and sensitivity to light. The medication should be discontinued if a rash, jaundice, or other sign of hypersensitivity occurs.
Children and the elderly are at a much greater risk of experiencing adverse reactions.
Overdose
Overdose of ciprofloxacin may result in reversible renal toxicity. Treatment of overdose includes emptying of the stomach by induced vomiting or gastric lavage, as well as administration of antacids containing magnesium, aluminium, or calcium to reduce drug absorption. Renal function and urinary pH should be monitored. Important support includes adequate hydration and urine acidification if necessary to prevent crystalluria. Hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis can only remove less than 10% of ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin may be quantified in plasma or serum to monitor for drug accumulation in patients with hepatic dysfunction or to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in acute overdose victims.
Interactions
Ciprofloxacin interacts with certain foods and several other drugs leading to undesirable increases or decreases in the serum levels or distribution of one or both drugs.
Ciprofloxacin should not be taken with antacids containing magnesium or aluminum, highly buffered drugs (sevelamer, lanthanum carbonate, sucralfate, didanosine), or with supplements containing calcium, iron, or zinc. It should be taken two hours before or six hours after these products. Magnesium or aluminum antacids turn ciprofloxacin into insoluble salts that are not readily absorbed by the intestinal tract, reducing peak serum concentrations by 90% or more, leading to therapeutic failure. Additionally, it should not be taken with dairy products or calcium-fortified juices alone, as peak serum concentration and the area under the serum concentration-time curve can be reduced up to 40%. However, ciprofloxacin may be taken with dairy products or calcium-fortified juices as part of a meal.
Ciprofloxacin inhibits the drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP1A2 and thereby can reduce the clearance of drugs metabolized by that enzyme. CYP1A2 substrates that exhibit increased serum levels in ciprofloxacin-treated patients include tizanidine, theophylline, caffeine, methylxanthines, clozapine, olanzapine, and ropinirole. Co-administration of ciprofloxacin with the CYP1A2 substrate tizanidine (Zanaflex) is contraindicated due to a 583% increase in the peak serum concentrations of tizanidine when administered with ciprofloxacin as compared to administration of tizanidine alone. Use of ciprofloxacin is cautioned in patients on theophylline due to its narrow therapeutic index. The authors of one review recommended that patients being treated with ciprofloxacin reduce their caffeine intake. Evidence for significant interactions with several other CYP1A2 substrates such as cyclosporine is equivocal or conflicting.
The Committee on Safety of Medicines and the FDA warn that central nervous system adverse effects, including seizure risk, may be increased when NSAIDs are combined with quinolones. The mechanism for this interaction may involve a synergistic increased antagonism of GABA neurotransmission.
Altered serum levels of the antiepileptic drugs phenytoin and carbamazepine (increased and decreased) have been reported in patients receiving concomitant ciprofloxacin.
Ciprofloxacin is a potent inhibitor of CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4.
Mechanism of action
Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone class. It is active against some Gram-positive and many Gram-negative bacteria. It functions by inhibiting a type II topoisomerase (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV, necessary to separate bacterial DNA, thereby inhibiting cell division. Bacterial DNA fragmentation will occur as a result of inhibition of the enzymes.
Pharmacokinetics
Ciprofloxacin for systemic administration is available as immediate-release tablets, extended-release tablets, an oral suspension, and as a solution for intravenous administration. When administered over one hour as an intravenous infusion, ciprofloxacin rapidly distributes into the tissues, with levels in some tissues exceeding those in the serum. Penetration into the central nervous system is relatively modest, with cerebrospinal fluid levels normally less than 10% of peak serum concentrations. The serum half-life of ciprofloxacin is about 4–6 hours, with 50–70% of an administered dose being excreted in the urine as unmetabolized drug. An additional 10% is excreted in urine as metabolites. Urinary excretion is virtually complete 24 hours after administration. Dose adjustment is required in the elderly and in those with renal impairment.
Ciprofloxacin is weakly bound to serum proteins (20–40%). It is an inhibitor of the drug-metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 1A2, which leads to the potential for clinically important drug interactions with drugs metabolized by that enzyme.
Ciprofloxacin is about 70% orally available when administered orally, so a slightly higher dose is needed to achieve the same exposure when switching from IV to oral administration
The extended release oral tablets allow once-daily administration by releasing the drug more slowly in the gastrointestinal tract. These tablets contain 35% of the administered dose in an immediate-release form and 65% in a slow-release matrix. Maximum serum concentrations are achieved between 1 and 4 hours after administration. Compared to the 250- and 500-mg immediate-release tablets, the 500-mg and 1000-mg XR tablets provide higher Cmax, but the 24‑hour AUCs are equivalent.
Ciprofloxacin immediate-release tablets contain ciprofloxacin as the hydrochloride salt, and the XR tablets contain a mixture of the hydrochloride salt as the free base.
Chemical properties
Ciprofloxacin is 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid. Its empirical formula is C17H18FN3O3 and its molecular weight is 331.4 g/mol. It is a faintly yellowish to light yellow crystalline substance.
Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (USP) is the monohydrochloride monohydrate salt of ciprofloxacin. It is a faintly yellowish to light yellow crystalline substance with a molecular weight of 385.8 g/mol. Its empirical formula is C17H18FN3O3HCl•H2O.
Usage
Ciprofloxacin is the most widely used of the second-generation quinolones. In 2010, over 20 million prescriptions were written, making it the 35th-most commonly prescribed generic drug and the 5th-most commonly prescribed antibacterial in the U.S.
History
The first members of the quinolone antibacterial class were relatively low-potency drugs such as nalidixic acid, used mainly in the treatment of urinary tract infections owing to their renal excretion and propensity to be concentrated in urine. In 1979, the publication of a patent filed by the pharmaceutical arm of Kyorin Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha disclosed the discovery of norfloxacin, and the demonstration that certain structural modifications including the attachment of a fluorine atom to the quinolone ring leads to dramatically enhanced antibacterial potency. In the aftermath of this disclosure, several other pharmaceutical companies initiated research and development programs with the goal of discovering additional antibacterial agents of the fluoroquinolone class.
The fluoroquinolone program at Bayer focused on examining the effects of very minor changes to the norfloxacin structure. In 1983, the company published in vitro potency data for ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibacterial having a chemical structure differing from that of norfloxacin by the presence of a single carbon atom. This small change led to a two- to 10-fold increase in potency against most strains of Gram-negative bacteria. Importantly, this structural change led to a four-fold improvement in activity against the important Gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, making ciprofloxacin one of the most potent known drugs for the treatment of this intrinsically antibiotic-resistant pathogen.
The oral tablet form of ciprofloxacin was approved in October 1987, just one year after the approval of norfloxacin. In 1991, the intravenous formulation was introduced. Ciprofloxacin sales reached a peak of about 2 billion euros in 2001, before Bayer's patent expired in 2004, after which annual sales have averaged around €200 million.
The name probably originates from the International Scientific Nomenclature: ci- (alteration of cycl-) + propyl + fluor- + ox- + az- + -mycin.
Society and culture
Cost
It is available as a generic medication and not very expensive. At least One company, Turtle Pharma Private Limited provides industrial-size amounts
Generic equivalents
On 24 October 2001, the Prescription Access Litigation (PAL) project filed suit to dissolve an agreement between Bayer and three of its competitors which produced generic versions of drugs (Barr Laboratories, Rugby Laboratories, and Hoechst-Marion-Roussel) that PAL claimed was blocking access to adequate supplies and cheaper, generic versions of ciprofloxacin. The plaintiffs charged that Bayer Corporation, a unit of Bayer AG, had unlawfully paid the three competing companies a total of $200 million to prevent cheaper, generic versions of ciprofloxacin from being brought to the market, as well as manipulating its price and supply. Numerous other consumer advocacy groups joined the lawsuit. On 15 October 2008, five years after Bayer's patent had expired, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York granted Bayer's and the other defendants' motion for summary judgment, holding that any anticompetitive effects caused by the settlement agreements between Bayer and its codefendants were within the exclusionary zone of the patent and thus could not be redressed by federal antitrust law, in effect upholding Bayer's agreement with its competitors.
Available forms
Ciprofloxacin for systemic administration is available as immediate-release tablets, as extended-release tablets, as an oral suspension, and as a solution for intravenous infusion. It is also available for local administration as eye drops and ear drops.
Litigation
A class action was filed against Bayer AG on behalf of employees of the Brentwood Post Office in Washington, D.C., and workers at the U.S. Capitol, along with employees of American Media, Inc. in Florida and postal workers in general who alleged they suffered serious adverse effects from taking ciprofloxacin in the aftermath of the anthrax attacks in 2001. The action alleged Bayer failed to warn class members of the potential side effects of the drug, thereby violating the Pennsylvania Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Laws. The class action was defeated and the litigation abandoned by the plaintiffs. A similar action was filed in 2003 in New Jersey by four New Jersey postal workers but was withdrawn for lack of grounds, as workers had been informed of the risks of ciprofloxacin when they were given the option of taking the drug.
Research
As resistance to ciprofloxacin has grown since its introduction, research has been conducted to discover and develop analogs that can be effective against resistant bacteria; some have been looked at in antiviral models as well.
References
External links
1,4-di-hydro-7-(1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids
Bayer brands
Novartis brands
Cyclopropyl compounds
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics
GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulators
Nephrotoxins
Ophthalmology drugs
Otologicals
World Health Organization essential medicines
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate |
Mukesh Chandra Haikerwal (born 28 December 1960) is a British-Australian medical doctor practising in Melbourne. From 2005 to 2007, he was the Federal President of the Australian Medical Association (AMA), and in 2011 became a Companion of the Order of Australia. He supports the not-for-profit organisation Her Heart and is a strong advocate for better working conditions for medical staff. Early in 2020, Haikerwal coordinated and led ongoing lobbying for the provision of adequate supplies of protective equipment for those dealing with COVID-19 pandemic.
Early life and education
The child of Indian-born British citizens who were working for the UN in Nigeria, Haikerwal, born in Lucknow, India, was sent to a London boarding school at the age of six. In 1981, the year he started medical school in the English city of Leicester, his mother left for Australia to join his father who had migrated the year before. In 1990, Haikerwal, by then married, arrived in Melbourne and set up the Altona North Medical Practice where he still works.
Medical career
Haikerwal was employed for some time as a doctor at Leicester General Hospital, working 72-hour weeks, then more on weekends. He lobbied for better conditions, later telling The Age newspaper, "If you want someone to work hard, pay them properly and give them good conditions. If you've got doctors that are working and happy, they'll do a better job. And the patients will benefit at the end of the day, too." Haikerwal travelled to Australia in 1982 to visit his family and the country. Eight years later, he emigrated permanently and set up a general practice in Melbourne's western suburbs, where he still works.
He is a Professor in the School of Medicine at Flinders University, is a director at Brain Injury Australiaand chairs the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Haikerwal is an advisor for Her Heart, a not-for-profit focused on the prevention of women's heart disease. He is Chair of the Beyond Blue National Doctors’ Mental Health Program and the General Practice Data Governance committee. In April 2011, he was appointed Chair of Council of the World Medical Association. He works with Cancer Victoria to improve advocacy and knowledge of cancer, cancer care, and facilities.
Assault
On 27 September 2008, Haikerwal nearly died after being assaulted and robbed by five men near Dennis Reserve in Williamstown, Victoria. Haikerwal sustained serious head injuries in the attack, and was in a coma for 24 hours, remaining in hospital for two months. He underwent emergency brain surgery to remove a blood clot,and suffered a brain injury which required him to learn how to walk and talk again.
Honours
On 1 January 2001, he was granted the Centenary Medal for service to medicine. In the Australia Day Honours in 2011, Haikerwal was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for "distinguished service to medical administration, to the promotion of public health through leadership roles with professional organisations, particularly the Australian Medical Association, to the reform of the Australian health system through the optimisation of information technology, and as a general practitioner". In 2018, he was upgraded to a Companion of the Order of Australia, Australia's highest civilian honour, for "eminent service to medical governance, administration, and technology, and to medicine, through leadership roles with a range of organisations, to education and the not-for-profit sector, and to the community of western Melbourne".
Coronavirus pandemic 2020
Early in the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, Haikerwal advocated for rigorous testing procedures and turned the car park of his family physician office into a government-sponsored respiratory clinic. He took a strong lead coordinating doctors in Melbourne to deal with technological issues related to systems for tracing the spread of the virus, and has continued to speak freely about the challenges faced by staff on the frontline, particularly with regard to getting adequate supplies of personal protective equipment (PPE).
Personal life
Haikerwal is married to Karyn Alexander - who is also a doctor - and they have three sons Ajaya, Suresh, and Jeevan.
References
External links
ABC News Melbourne doctors band together.
You Tube Haikerwal tests for Coronavarus in his carpark.
1960 births
Living people
Indian emigrants to Australia
Alumni of the University of Leicester
Australian general practitioners
Medical doctors from London
Medical doctors from Melbourne
Companions of the Order of Australia
Presidents of the Australian Medical Association
People from Lucknow |
asked the boy again . |
Ursula Zollenkopf is a German classical contralto singer. A member of the NDR Chor based in Hamburg, she appeared as a soloist in opera and concert, including premieres of contemporary music such as Stravinsky's Threni and Schoenberg's Moses und Aron.
Career
Zollenkopf was a member of the choir of the German broadcaster Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk (NWDR Chor, later the NDR Chor). In the 1950s, she appeared in solo operatic parts with the choir and NWDR orchestra conducted by Wilhelm Schüchter. These included Lady Pamela in Auber's Fra Diavolo in 1954, alongside Wilma Lipp, Rudolf Schock and James Pease; and in 1955 as Benjamin in Méhul's Joseph, with Libero de Luca in the title role. She performed as the alto soloist in a series of Bach cantatas, with members of the NDR Chor and the Hamburger Rundfunkorchester conducted by Max Thurn, for example the Easter cantata Erfreut euch, ihr Herzen, BWV 66, in 1957.
Zollenkopf appeared in the role of the mother in the premiere of Hans Werner Henze's radio opera Ein Landarzt in 1951. She sang as a soloist and in the choir at the première of Arnold Schoenberg's unfinished opera Moses und Aron at the Musikhalle Hamburg on 12 March 1954. Hans Rosbaud conducted the choirs and orchestra of the NWDR, with Hans Herbert Fiedler in the speaking role of Moses and Helmut Krebs as Aron. She appeared as a soloist and in choir in Stravinsky's Threni at the hall of the Scuola Grande di San Rocco in Venice on 23 September 1958, where the composer conducted the NDR Chor and the NDR Sinfonieorchester, with soloists Jeanne Deroubaix, Hugues Cuénod, Richard Robinson, Charles Scharbach and Robert Oliver.
She appeared as a soloist in various choral concerts, such as Bach's Mass in B minor and Christmas Oratorio (1961), his St Matthew Passion (1967) and St John Passion in Bonn with the choir and chamber orchestra of the Bonner Bach Gemeinschaft (Bonn Bach society), conducted by Gustav Classens. With the Itzehoer Konzertchor, she sang in Handel's Messiah, conducted by Otto Spreckelsen at St. Laurentii, Itzehoe, in 1963, among others.
She participated in the Internationale Ferienkurse für Neue Musik in Darmstadt in 1964, performing in Golem, subtitled Polemic for nine singers (1962) by Hans G. Helms, conducted by Fred Barth. In 1959 she recorded the alto part of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony with Ingeborg Wenglor, Hans-Joachim Rotzsch, and Theo Adam, choir of Radio Leipzig (now MDR Chor) and the Gewandhausorchester conducted by Franz Konwitschny.
References
External links
Ursula Zollenkopf: jpc.de
German contraltos
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Splendors and Glooms is a 2012 children's novel written by Laura Amy Schlitz. The book was awarded a 2013 Newbery Honor for excellence in children's literature.
Plot
The master puppeteer, Gaspare Grisini, is so expert at manipulating his stringed puppets that they appear alive. Clara Wintermute, the only child of a wealthy doctor, is spellbound by Grisini's act and invites him to entertain at her birthday party. Seeing his chance to make a fortune, Grisini accepts and makes a splendidly gaudy entrance with caravan, puppets, and his two orphaned assistants. Lizzie Rose and Parsefall are dazzled by the Wintermute home. Clara seems to have everything they lack—adoring parents, warmth, and plenty to eat. In fact, Clara's life is shadowed by grief, guilt, and secrets. When Clara vanishes that night, suspicion of kidnapping falls upon the puppeteer and, by association, Lizzie Rose and Parsefall. As they seek to puzzle out Clara's whereabouts, Lizzie and Parse uncover Grisini's criminal past and wake up to his evil intentions. Fleeing London, they find themselves caught in a trap set by Grisini's ancient rival, a witch with a deadly inheritance to shed before it is too late.
Critical reception
Critics have noted Splendors and Glooms to be an "intriguing and imaginative tale" and a "not-to be-missed gothic thriller". "The language is rich and lively, and Schlitz, exhibiting the delicate control of a puppeteer of words, even pulls off comic cockney." "The plot is rich with supernatural and incredibly suspenseful elements. Fans of mystery, magic, and historical fiction will all relish this novel."
See also
2012 in literature
Children's literature
References
2012 American novels
American children's novels
American fantasy novels
Children's fantasy novels
Children's historical novels
Novels set in Victorian England
Newbery Honor-winning works
Puppetry
2012 children's books |
Turbo petholatus (common name: tapestry turban) is a species of sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae.
Description
The length of the shell varies between 30 mm and 100 mm.
The imperforate shell is solid, polished and shining. Its color pattern is rich brown, variously ornamented with dark bands interrupted with white blotches and narrow stripes. The five whorls are flattened beneath the suture, sometimes carinated above. The aperture measures about half the length of the shell. It is circular and pearly within. The peristome and columella are tinged with greenish-yellow,
The circular operculum contains four whorls and a nucleus placed one-third the distance across the face. The outer surface is convex, shining, bright green on the center, the margins brown on one side, white upon the other, slightly granulose about the edges.
Distribution
This species occurs in the Red Sea and in the Indian Ocean off Madagascar, Mozambique, Chagos and Mauritius. It also occurs also in the West Pacific and from Western Australia to southern Queensland.
References
Iredale, T., 1931 29 June..Australian molluscan notes, No. 1 . Rec. Aust. Mus, 18(4):201-235.
Rosenberg, G. 1992. Encyclopedia of Seashells. Dorset: New York. 224 pp. page(s): 39.
Wilson, B., 1993. Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods. Kallaroo, WA: Odyssey Publishin.
Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2003). A Conchological Iconography: The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. Hackenheim, Germany: Conchbooks.
External links
petholatus
Gastropods described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
Right of entry refers to one's right to take or resume possession of land, or the right of a person to go onto another's real property without committing trespass. It also refers to a grantor's power to retake real estate from a grantee in the case of a fee simple subject to condition subsequent.
Real property law |
What If It All Means Something is the third studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Chantal Kreviazuk, released in 2002.
Composition
According to MTV Taiwan, the album reflects Kreviazuk's personal emotions during the period leading up to its release by implementing folk-inspired piano and her own guitar. "In This Life" describes unconditional love and "selfless dedication.
Kreviazuk revealed that "Flying Home (Brenda's Song)" was about her cousin, Brenda, who died at a young age.
Track listing
"In This Life" (Kreviazuk) – 3:51
"Time" (Kreviazuk, Raine Maida, Gregg Wattenberg) – 4:07
"What If It All Means Something" (Kreviazuk, Maida) – 4:03
"Julia" (Kreviazuk, J. O'Brien) – 3:43
"Flying Home (Brenda's Song)" (Kreviazuk) – 3:18
"Weight of the World" (Kreviazuk) – 3:33
"Waiting" (Kreviazuk, Maida) – 4:29
"Ready for Your Love" (Kreviazuk, Gerald Eaton, Prophet B.W. West) – 3:38
"Morning Light" (Kreviazuk) – 3:57
"Miss April" (Kreviazuk, Maida) – 3:38
"Turn the Page" (Kreviazuk) – 3:47
US bonus track
"Feels Like Home" (Randy Newman) – 4:41
Japan bonus tracks
"Feels Like Home" (Randy Newman) – 4:41
"Leaving On A Jet Plane" (John Denver) – 4:41
"This Year" (Billy Steinberg, Marti Frederiksen, Leah Andreone) – 2:45
Singles
"In This Life"
"Time"
"Julia"
"What If It All Means Something"
"Weight of the World"
Personnel
Chantal Kreviazuk – piano, keyboards, vocals
Jeff Allen – bass guitar
Sherrod Barnes – acoustic guitar, guitar, electric guitar
Michelle Branch – background vocals
Avril Brown – violin
Cenovia Cummins – violin
Sylvia Davanzo – violin
Jamie Edwards – acoustic guitar, guitar, electric guitar, keyboards
Ralph Farris – conductor, viola
David Gold – viola
Adam Grabois – cello
Joyce Hammann – violin
Conrad Harris – violin
Adam Hyman – viola
John Kalodner – voices
Conway Kuo – viola
Victor Lawrence – cello
Dorothy Lawson – cello
Gerry Leonard – guitar, electric guitar
Shawn Pelton – percussion, drums
Todd Reynolds – violin
Mary Rowell – violin
Gregg Wattenberg – guitar, mandolin, electric guitar
Mary Whitaker – violin
Krystof Witek – violin
Paul Woodiel – violin
Production
Producer: Gregg Wattenberg
Engineers: Ross Petersen, Brian Scheuble, Gregg Wattenberg, Chuck Zwicky
Assistant engineers: Peter Doris, Ricardo Fernandez, Femio Hernández, Claudius Mittendorfer, Ross Petersen
Mixing: Tom Lord-Alge, Brian Malouf
Mastering: Dave Donelly
A&R: Mike Roth
Programming: Shawn Pelton
Guitar technician: Art Smith
Arrangers: Chantal Kreviazuk, Gerald Eaton, Jamie Edwards, Ralph Farris, Brian West
Score: Ralph Farris
Orchestra contractor: Victor Lawrence
Art direction: Gail Marowitz
Design: Michelle Holme
Photography: Raphael Mazzucco
Soundtracks
"Time" was featured in the end credits of the film Uptown Girls
"Weight of the World" was featured on the TV series Charmed
Reception
MTV Taiwan also describes "Ready For Your Love" having a "rich oriental style". The channel also described "Julia" and "Miss April" shows the "irony of fame", "Weight of the World" "conveys the need for forgiveness".
Charts
Album – Billboard (North America)
Singles – Billboard (North America)
See also
2002 in music
References
Chantal Kreviazuk albums
2002 albums
Columbia Records albums |
Wautersiella is a genus of bacteria most closely related to Empedobacter brevis in the family Weeksellaceae and the order Flavobacteriales. Originally described in 2006 by Kämpfer et al. based on 26 clinical isolates from Belgium that shared 94-95% homology after 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. The species described was named Wautersiella falsenii in honor of contemporary microbiologists Belgian Georges Wauters and Norwegian Enevold Falsen.
Characteristics
Wautersiella falsenii is an aerobic, Gram-negative, non-lactose fermenting, non-motile, oxidase-, urease- and catalase-positive, organism 2–3 um in length. The notable distinction between Wautersiella falsenii and Empedobacter brevis is that the latter is urease negative.
Clinical significance
This organism has been isolated from clinical specimens, including blood, respiratory samples, wounds, pleural fluid and the urinary tract. though it is an extremely rare cause of nosocomial infection, it may be significant resistant to many antibiotics, including carbapenems. Recently, it has been found in the context of patient surveillance for carbapenem-resistant organisms with CHROMagar KPC.
References
Bacteria genera
Flavobacteria
Monotypic bacteria genera |
`` we were there . |
Steponas Kairys (; 1879 in Užnevėžiai near Ukmergė – December 16, 1964 in Brooklyn) was a Lithuanian engineer, nationalist, and social democrat. He was among the 20 men to sign the Act of Independence of Lithuania on February 16, 1918.
Engineering career
Born in the Anykščiai district, then in Imperial Russia, Kairys graduated from the Institute of Technology in Saint Petersburg. Due to conflicts with the academic administration concerning his participation in student clubs and dissident demonstrations, his studies were intermittently interrupted. Following graduation he worked for several years in railroad construction in the Samara and Kursk regions of Russia. He returned to Lithuania in 1912 and worked on city sanitation and water supply systems in Vilnius, and following the Polish occupation of the city left to the temporary capital of Lithuania, Kaunas. After 1923, he taught at the University of Lithuania in Kaunas, where in 1940, he received an honorary doctorate in engineering.
Political career
Kairys joined the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party in 1900. The party had already separated itself from the Russian Social Democrats and sought independence for Lithuania. Kairys was elected to the Central Committee of the party next year and remained in the leadership roles until the party ceased its activities in 1944. During the Russian Revolution of 1905, he participated in the Great Seimas of Vilnius as a member of presidium. The Great Seimas clearly expressed Lithuania's intentions to become an independent state, or at least to gain considerable autonomy from the Russian Empire.
In 1906, he published the first publications about Japan in Lithuanian, in which, based on the sources, he briefly described the social system and the Constitution of the then Japan, which is why he is often called the first Lithuanian japonologist.
In 1907, Kairys helped to the 5 Lithuanian social democrats elected to the second Duma write speeches and letters. Before World War I, Kairys worked to promote his party and social democracy.
After the German occupation during the war, Kairys became actively involved with people seeking independence for Lithuania. In 1917 he attended Vilnius Conference where he got elected to the 20-member Council of Lithuania. The council was formed by the conference to declare and establish independence of Lithuania. The task, however, was extremely tough because of the German Wehrmacht presence in the state. The Germans promised to recognize the state if the council agreed to form a firm and permanent federation with Germany. The council issued a declaration to that effect on December 11, 1917. However, Germany did not keep its word and did not recognize the state. The council was torn apart and Kairys with the three others socialists withdrew on January 26, 1918. However, on February 16, 1918 they returned to sign the Act of Independence of Lithuania. The act did not mention anything in specific about relations to Germany.
The council proceeded to negotiate with Germany, which now demanded to void the February 16 decision and recognized the state based on the December 11 declaration. On July 13, 1918, the council, in hopes to avoid being incorporated into a personal union with the Hohenzollern dynasty, elected Mindaugas II as King of Lithuania. This was unacceptable for Kairys and he left the council, this time permanently. However, he remained active in the politics: he was elected to the Constituent Assembly and all three Seimas before the coup d'état of 1926. The authoritarian regime of Antanas Smetona placed Kairys in an opposition.
In exile
After the 1940 Soviet invasion of Lithuania, the Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania ( or VLIK) was formed and Kairys became its chairman. The organization united people of different political views. In April 1944 majority of the members were arrested by the Gestapo. Kairys changed his name to Juozas Kaminskas and tried to escape to Sweden. Before moving to the United States in 1952, he lived in Germany, where VLIK was revived. Kairys attempted to gain political support for a democratic socialist opposition among other exiles and expatriates. For the last decade of his life, he battled illness and could not fully participate in various political organizations. Two volumes of his memoirs were published. He died in 1964 in New York. Kairys was reinterred in Petrašiūnai Cemetery of Kaunas.
References
Further reading
1879 births
1964 deaths
Lithuanian independence activists
Lithuanian emigrants to the United States
Lithuanian engineers
Lithuanian socialists
Members of the Council of Lithuania
Members of the Executive of the Labour and Socialist International
People from Anykščiai District Municipality
People from Vilkomirsky Uyezd
Vytautas Magnus University faculty
Burials at Petrašiūnai Cemetery |
jesse eyes were wild in the amazement and confusion . |
The is an Independent Administrative Institution that administers the National Center Test for University Admissions and law school entrance exams in Japan.
The institution is under the control of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Its offices are located in Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo.
History
1977 Established as the preparation organization for the Common first-stage exam
1979 First common first-stage exam
1988 Started providing information on universities through the videotex with its Heart System (ハートシステム)
1990 Became the administrator of the National Center Test for University Admissions
2003 Began administering law school entrance exams
See also
Independent Administrative Institution (IAI), 2001
List of Independent Administrative Institutions (Japan)
External links
Daigaku Nyushi Center website
Heart System website
Testing and exams in Japan
Independent Administrative Institutions of Japan |
Gitaldaha is a village and a gram panchayat in the Dinhata I CD block in the Dinhata subdivision of the Cooch Behar district in the state of West Bengal, India.
Geography
Location
Gitaldaha is located at .
Gitaldaha I and Gitaldaha II are gram panchayats in Dinhata I CD block.
Area overview
The map alongside shows the eastern part of the district. In Tufanganj subdivision 6.97% of the population lives in the urban areas and 93.02% lives in the rural areas. In Dinhata subdivision 5.98% of the population lives in the urban areas and 94.02% lives in the urban areas. The entire district forms the flat alluvial flood plains of mighty rivers.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivisions. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
Demographics
As per the 2011 Census of India, Gitaldaha had a total population of 3,917. There were 2,058 (53%) males and 1,859 (47%) females. There were 492 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Gitaldaha was 2,563 (74.83% of the population over 6 years).
Railway connections
New Gitaldaha railway station is on the broad gauge Alipurduar-Bamanhat branch line. Local trains link the area to larger stations at Cooch Behar and Alipurduar from where trains are available for places all over the country.
The area was agog with railway activity in the 19th-20th century. The Assam Behar State Railway linked Parbatipur to Katihar, with a metre gauge line in 1889. in the early 1900s, the Eastern Bengal Railway extended railways to Lalmonirhat, Gitaldaha (via Mogalhat), Bamanhat, Golokganj and other places, thereby connecting Assam to Katihar, in Bihar, via North Bengal. In 1901 Cooch Behar State Railway built the narrow gauge line from Gitaldaha to Jayanti, near the Bhutan border. Shortly thereafter, the line was upgraded to meter gauge.
The Lalmonirhat-Mogalhat-Gitaldaha route was functional when India and Pakistan agreed in 1955 for resumption of railway traffic between the two countries, and it included movement of cross traffic via Mogalhat through the Eastern Bengal Railway. A portion of the bridge across the Dharla River at was washed away by floods in 1988.
The conversion of the long Alipurduar-Bamanhat branch line to broad gauge in 2007, and its subsequent recommissioning, had a station at New Gitaldaha.
References
Villages in Cooch Behar district |
Gecko is an unincorporated community in St. Martin Parish, Louisiana, United States. The community is located less than northwest of Breaux Bridge and southwest of Cecilia on the bank of Bayou Teche.
Notes
Unincorporated communities in St. Martin Parish, Louisiana
Unincorporated communities in Louisiana |
Grantshouse railway station served the village of Grantshouse, Berwickshire, Scotland from 1846 to 1964 on the East Coast Main Line.
History
The station opened as Grant's House on 22 June 1846 by the North British Railway. The goods yard was to the west which had a goods shed. The station's name was changed to Grantshouse in 1915. The signal box opened in 1918. The station closed to passengers on 4 May 1964 and closed to goods on 28 December 1964. The station building was demolished after it was severely damaged in 1961 in an accident involving a runaway vehicle. The signal box closed in 1978 when Edinburgh Signalling Centre opened.
References
Former North British Railway stations
Disused railway stations in the Scottish Borders
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1846
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1964
1846 establishments in Scotland
1964 disestablishments in Scotland
Beeching closures in Scotland |
lloyd motioned eagerly left and right , pointing as they spoke . |
with vampire speed he caught it before it hit the floor , splashed , and made a mess . |
Chancroid ( ) is a bacterial sexually transmitted infection characterized by painful sores on the genitalia. Chancroid is known to spread from one individual to another solely through sexual contact. However, there have been reports of accidental infection through another route which is by the hand. While uncommon in the western world, it is the most common cause of genital ulceration worldwide.
Signs and symptoms
These are only local and no systemic manifestations are present.
The ulcer characteristically:
Ranges in size dramatically from 3 to 50 mm (1/8 inch to two inches) across
Is painful
Has sharply defined, undermined borders
Has irregular or ragged borders, described as saucer-shaped.
Has a base that is covered with a gray or yellowish-gray material
Has a base that bleeds easily if traumatized or scraped
painful swollen lymph nodes occurs in 30 to 60% of patients.
dysuria (pain with urination) and dyspareunia (pain with intercourse) in females
About half of infected men have only a single ulcer. Women frequently have four or more ulcers, with fewer symptoms. The ulcers are typically confined to the genital region most of the time.
The initial ulcer may be mistaken as a "hard" chancre, the typical sore of primary syphilis, as opposed to the "soft chancre" of chancroid.
Approximately one-third of the infected individuals will develop enlargements of the inguinal lymph nodes, the nodes located in the fold between the leg and the lower abdomen.
Half of those who develop swelling of the inguinal lymph nodes will progress to a point where the nodes rupture through the skin, producing draining abscesses. The swollen lymph nodes and abscesses are often referred to as buboes.
Complications
Extensive lymph node inflammation may develop.
Large inguinal abscesses may develop and rupture to form draining sinus or giant ulcer.
Superinfection by Fusarium and Bacteroides. These later require debridement and may result in disfiguring scars.
Phimosis can develop in long-standing lesion by scarring and thickening of foreskin, which may subsequently require circumcision.
Sites For Chancroid Lesions
Males
Internal and external surface of prepuce.
Coronal sulcus
Frenulum
Shaft of penis
Prepucial orifice
Urethral meatus
Glans penis
Perineum area
Females
Labia majora is most common site. "Kissing ulcers" may develop. These are ulcers that occur on opposing surfaces of the labia.
Labia minora
Fourchette
Vestibule
Clitoris
Perineal area
Inner thighs
Causes
Chancroid is a bacterial infection caused by the fastidious Gram-negative streptobacillus Haemophilus ducreyi. This pathogen is highly infectious. It is a disease found primarily in developing countries, most prevalent in low socioeconomic groups, associated with commercial sex workers.
Chancroid, caused by H. ducreyi has infrequently been associated with cases of Genital Ulcer Disease in the US but has been isolated in up to 10% of genital ulcers diagnosed from STD clinics in Memphis and Chicago.
Infection levels are very low in the Western world, typically around one case per two million of the population (Canada, France, Australia, UK and US). Most individuals diagnosed with chancroid have visited countries or areas where the disease is known to occur frequently, although outbreaks have been observed in association with crack cocaine use and prostitution.
Chancroid is a risk factor for contracting HIV, due to their ecological association or shared risk of exposure, and biologically facilitated transmission of one infection by the other. Approximately 10% of people with chancroid will have a co-infection with syphilis and/or HIV.
Pathogenesis
H. ducreyi enters skin through microabrasions incurred during sexual intercourse. The incubation period of H.ducreyi infection is 10 to 14 days after which there is progression of the disease. A local tissue reaction leads to development of erythomatous papule, which progresses to pustule in 4–7 days. It then undergoes central necrosis to ulcerate.
Diagnosis
Variants
Some of clinical variants are as follows.
Laboratory findings
From bubo pus or ulcer secretions, H. ducreyi can be identified using special culture media; however, there is a <80% sensitivity. PCR-based identification of the organisms is available, but none in the United States are FDA-cleared. Simple, rapid, sensitive and inexpensive antigen detection methods for H. ducreyi identification are also popular. Serologic detection of H. ducreyi uses outer membrane protein and lipooligosaccharide. Most of the time, the diagnosis is based on presumptive approach using the symptomatology which in this case includes multiple painful genital ulcers.
Differential diagnosis
Despite many distinguishing features, the clinical spectrums of following diseases may overlap with chancroid:
Primary syphilis
Genital herpes
Practical clinical approach for this STI as Genital Ulcer Disease is to rule out top differential diagnosis of Syphilis and Herpes and consider empirical treatment for Chancroid as testing is not commonly done for the latter.
Comparison with syphilis
There are many differences and similarities between the conditions syphilitic chancre and chancroid:
Similarities
Both originate as pustules at the site of inoculation, and progress to ulcerated lesions
Both lesions are typically 1–2 cm in diameter
Both lesions are caused by sexually transmissible organisms
Both lesions typically appear on the genitals of infected individuals
Both lesions can be present at multiple sites and with multiple lesions
Differences
Chancre is a lesion typical of infection with the bacterium that causes syphilis, Treponema pallidum
Chancroid is a lesion typical of infection with the bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi
Chancres are typically painless, whereas chancroid are typically painful
Chancres are typically non-exudative, whereas chancroid typically have a grey or yellow purulent exudate
Chancres have a hard (indurated) edge, whereas chancroid have a soft edge
Chancres heal spontaneously within three to six weeks, even in the absence of treatment
Chancres can occur in the pharynx as well as on the genitals
Prevention
Chancroid spreads in populations with high sexual activity, such as prostitutes. Use of condom, prophylaxis by azithromycin, syndromic management of genital ulcers, treating patients with reactive syphilis serology are some of the strategies successfully tried in Thailand. Also, treatment of sexual partners is advocated whether they develop symptoms or not as long as there was unprotected sexual intercourse with the patient within 10 days of developing the symptoms.
Treatment
For the initial stages of the lesion, cleaning with soapy solution is recommended and sitz bath may be beneficial. Fluctuant nodules may require aspiration. Treatment may include more than one prescribed medication.
Antibiotics
Macrolides are often used to treat chancroid. The CDC recommendation is either a single oral dose (1 gram) of azithromycin, a single IM dose (250 mg) of ceftriaxone, oral (500 mg) of erythromycin three times a day for seven days, or oral (500 mg) of ciprofloxacin twice a day for three days. Due to a paucity of reliable empirical evidence it is not clear whether macrolides are actually more effective and/or better tolerated than other antibiotics when treating chancroid. Data is limited, but there have been reports of ciprofloxacin and erythromycin resistance.
Aminoglycosides such as gentamicin, streptomycin, and kanamycin has been used to successfully treat chancroid; however aminoglycoside-resistant strain of H. ducreyi have been observed in both laboratory and clinical settings.[7] Treatment with aminoglycosides should be considered as only a supplement to a primary treatment.
Pregnant and lactating women, or those below 18 years of age regardless of gender, should not use ciprofloxacin as treatment for chancroid. Treatment failure is possible with HIV co-infection and extended therapy is sometimes required.
Prognosis
Prognosis is excellent with proper treatment. Treating sexual contacts of affected individual helps break cycle of infection.
Follow-up
Within 3–7 days after commencing treatment, patients should be re-examined to determine whether the treatment was successful. Within 3 days, symptoms of ulcers should improve. Healing time of the ulcer depends mainly on size and can take more than two weeks for larger ulcers. In uncircumcised men, healing is slower if the ulcer is under the foreskin. Sometimes, needle aspiration or incision and drainage are necessary.
Epidemiology
Although the prevalence of chancroid has decreased in the United States and worldwide, sporadic outbreaks can still occur in regions of the Caribbean and Africa. Like other sexually transmitted diseases, having chancroid increases the risk of transmitting and acquiring HIV.
History
Chancroid has been known to humans since time of ancient Greeks. Some of important events on historical timeline of chancre are:
References
External links
Infections with a predominantly sexual mode of transmission
Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions |
Budny is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Symon Budny (c. 1533–1593), Polish-Belarusian humanist and educator
Weronika Budny (born 1941), Polish cross-country skier
(16h-16th cent.), writer, translator and commentator of the works of antiquity authors |
The 2013–14 Rotor Volgograd season was the 3rd season that the club played in the Russian National Football League.
Squad
(captain)
Transfers
Summer
In:
Out:
Winter
In:
Out:
Competitions
Friendlies
Russian National Football League
Results
Table
Russian Cup
Notes:
Note 1: 20 December 2013 at a meeting of the RFU Control and Disciplinary committee of the decided to deduct FC Khimik Dzerzhinsk defeat with the score 0–3 in the 23 match Russian National Football League Rotor Volgograd – Khimik Dzerzhinsk, which ended 2–0. The reason for this decision was the appearance on the field Ukrainian forward Oleksandr Kasyan, who had no right to do so.
Note 2: Salyut Belgorod and Alania Vladikavkaz got defeated by a score of 0–3, due to withdraw from the competition due to financial problems.
Squad Statistics in League
Minutes Played
• Player in Application * Player Dismissed from Field
Goal scorers
Discipline
All Tournaments
Appearances and goals
|-
|colspan="14"|Players who completed the season with other clubs:
|}
Top Scorers
Disciplinary Record
Team statistics
Home attendance
Note: bold type font are the highest attendance in round.
General Statistics
References
FC Rotor Volgograd seasons
Rotor |
Coryssomerus is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Curculionidae.
Species
Coryssomerus capucinus (Beck, 1817)
Coryssomerus robusticollis Pic, 1919
Coryssomerus scolopax Faust, 1885
References
Curculionidae
Curculionidae genera |
, officially the (; ), is a in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people.
Originally known as Minalis, it has a land area of about , and it is located south-west of the capital city of San Fernando.
The town is known for its 400-year-old church, the Santa Monica Parish Church, with its unique design that incorporates pre-colonial architectural motif alongside its European Catholic iconography. Minalin is also known for its "Aguman Sanduk" New Year's Celebration, where in which the town's straight men dress up as beauty queens and ride through town on festive floats. The town is also referred to as the "Egg Basket of Central Luzon" because of its large-scale production of eggs and chickens, prompting the town to put up the Philippines' first egg festival in 2008.
Etymology
Pansomun (grandson of Prince Balagtas, the ruler of the Kapampangan empire and Luzon), in his will, claimed to be a cousin of Rajah Soliman and Lakandula, the chieftains of Manila and Tondo in 1571 (conquest by Spain). Pansomun, as Christian convert Fernando Malang Balagtas signed in 1589 a will on the Kapampangan territory. Pansomun/Balagtas stated that he was born in Tabungao (Santa Maria, the old location of Minalin).
The legend of Minalin's name came from "minalis la ding dutung, minalis ya ing pisamban" (the lumber moved, and so must the church). Lumber stocks at Santa Maria for the church construction were carried by floods to a hilly Burol. Capitan Diego Tolentino wrote "minalis", thus, the name Minalin evolved.
A Malayan settlement of Kahn Bulaun, Prince Balagtas' descendant, also found in the place, beautiful women. The Spaniards called the sitio, "mina linda de las mujerers" (a mine of beautiful women), which could also be the source of the town's name. Subsequently, Chinese traders abbreviated the words to "Minalin".
Minalin's name might have originated also from "minalis" ("to move to"). "Mina" means mine, a word written on a rock left at the sitio in 1700 by a Spaniard José Espeleta, and "Lin", the founder's name.
Gobernadorcillo (Mayor) Diego Tolentino wrote Minalin in lieu of Minalis and the Calendario Manual y Guia de Forasteros, 1839 to 1841, spelled Minalin, thus Minalin.
In 1860 Minalin was a producer of rice, corn, sugar cane, cacao, indigo (añil) and fruits, including dye, nipa wine, vinegar and mats (petates).
Barangays
Minalin is politically subdivided into 15 barangays.
Bulac
Dawe
Lourdes
Maniango
San Francisco Javier
San Francisco de Asisi
San Isidro
San Nicolas (Poblacion)
San Pedro
Santa Catalina
Santa Maria
Santa Rita
Santo Domingo
Santo Rosario
Saplad
Climate
Demographics
In the , the population of Minalin, Pampanga, was people, with a density of .
Economy
Minalin is one of the fastest growing economy in Pampanga despite its propensity to develop flooding.
Merchandising, farming and fishing are the usual source of living of Minalenos. The town is known as the "Egg Basket of Central Luzon" because of its large scale production of eggs and chickens. Tilapia, shrimp, crabs are also major products of the town.
Local government
The municipal government is divided into three branches: executive, legislative and judiciary. The judicial branch is administered solely by the Supreme Court of the Philippines. The legislative branch is composed of the Sangguniang Bayan (town assembly), Sangguniang Barangay (barangay council), and the Sangguniang Kabataan for the youth sector.
The mayor and vice mayor are elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the town's departments in executing the ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor heads a legislative council (Sangguniang Bayan) consisting of councilors from the barangays or barrios.
Municipal government officials 2019-2022:
Mayor: Edgar Flores
Vice Mayor: Philip Naguit
Councilors:
Rondon Mercado
Edgar Tizon
Jake Yambao
Sae Naguit
Atty.Querolico
Louie Lacsina
Dan Sunga
Eddie Garcia
Landmarks and attractions
Tourist attractions of the town include its "Aguman Sandoc" New Year's Celebration and the 400-year old Santa Monica Parish Church in Barangay San Nicolas.
"Aguman Sanduk" Festival (Minalin New Year's Celebration)
One major tourist attraction in Minalin is its "Aguman Sanduk" New Year's Celebration in which the straight men of the town dress as beauty queens and ride through town on festive floats - displaying not only humor but also the camaraderie and charity of each member of the community.
The celebration has also been referred to as the "Belles of Minalin" but Minalin natives prefer to continue calling the event "Aguman Sanduk", which translates literally as "Association of the Ladle".The event is differentiated from gay pride parades because the event is specifically intended for heterosexual males, and is intended simply to be an act of fun, rather than a statement about gender.
This is an avenue where men from all walks of life cross-dress and dare to step out of their statuses. Whether you are a known public figure, a farmer, or a professional, it is with utmost pride that a man from Minalin will dare step out of his status to give joy (pikatulan) to his people. With the continuous celebration of the festival, it is a living proof of how Minaleños value camaraderie (pamakiabe). It is the dare that keeps the community's bond and strengthen the ties of Minaleños.
This annual display of beautiful dresses and expertise in women's make up signifies that this town follows the dynamic changes in women's fashion not only in the Philippines but also in Europe, Asia and in other countries.
Egg Festival
On June 4, 2008, Minalin celebrated its fame for producing over a million chicken eggs per day by holding the country's first "First Egg Festival." An exhibit of Minalin's egg produce was put up, and a taste test of 10,000 boiled eggs was held. Also, 70 poultry raisers donated 100,000 eggs to Typhoon Cosme's victims in the nearby provinces of Pangasinan and Zambales.
Mayor Edgar Flores and President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo graced the exhibit of their egg produce, and a taste test of 10,000 boiled eggs. Also, 70 poultry raisers donated 80,000 eggs to Pangasinan's "Cosme" typhoon victims, and 20,000 shall go to Zambales.
La Purisima Concepcion Festival
On 2008, the Sta Maria Barangay Youth Ministry of Barangay Sta Maria spearheaded the said festival. It is in honor of the Image of La Purisima Concepcion which was according to the book, , in the year 1609, an image was found placed inside a dried gourd skin (Tabungao in Spanish) floating in front of the chapel they were building.
the chairmen of this Festival are:
2019- Noelene Pingol and Jaycee Lagman
2018- Jovaine Ordonez and Kriz Miranda
2017- Roana Kelly Sese and Jaycee Lagman
2016- Roana Kelly Sese and Renalyn Guuiriba
2015- Claud Domme Yambao and Rhysdale Sabado
2014-2013- Mary Donna Mae Mangsal
2012- Romel Zapata
2011- Jerry Canlas
2010- +Liway Manalansan
2009- Aizelle Tubig
2008- Nevil Pineda
Notable Minalenians
Governor Eddie T. Panlilio, the former governor of Pampanga.
Images
References
External links
Minalin Profile at PhilAtlas.com
[ Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
Philippine Census Information
Local Governance Performance Management System
Municipalities of Pampanga |
she was already moist , from sweat and desire . |
A Year in Upper Felicity: Life in a Chinese Village During the Cultural Revolution is a book written and illustrated by the Communist (see biography) journalist and author Jack Chen. Published in May 1973, the book chronicles a year spent in a rural Chinese village (Upper Felicity) during the Cultural Revolution. It was based upon the author's stay in the village during 1969–1970.
Jack Chen is the son of the Chinese Trinidadian lawyer and Republican-era Chinese foreign minister Eugene Chen and his French-Creole wife Aisy.
The book is organized around the four seasons. It describes the day-to-day life of rural Chinese peasants, and how city dwellers (such as the author) were sent to live and work with peasants to further the supposed imminent Socialist revolution that dominated Chinese politics in the 1960s.
Jack Chen wrote a number of other books about life in China, including:
– "Until now, very little firsthand information about Communist China has been available in this country. Of extraordinary importance, therefore, is this story of an early collective farm in East China’s Chekiang Province in the 1949–56 period."
– "Here he gives a favorable recapitulation of the Cultural Revolution, written in a mixture of dry academese and Maoist jargon."
– "Examines the events that led to the Tian'anmen Square massacre, discusses religious freedom in China, and speculates on whether a Chinese democracy could survive."
References
Books about China
1973 non-fiction books
Books about the Cultural Revolution |
i said , more from surprise than pain . |
Airborne leaflet propaganda (sometimes incorrectly referred to as a Letter bomb) is a form of psychological warfare in which leaflets (flyers) are scattered in the air.
Military forces have used aircraft to drop leaflets to attempt to alter the behavior of combatants and non-combatants in enemy-controlled territory, sometimes in conjunction with air strikes. Humanitarian air missions, in cooperation with leaflet propaganda, can turn the populace against their leadership while preparing them for the arrival of enemy combatants.
Functions of leaflet propaganda
There are six different functions of airborne leaflet propaganda that have been used over the past century:
Threaten destruction
Warn enemy combatants and non-combatants that their area will be targeted. This has the dual purpose of reducing collateral damage and encouraging enemy combatants and non-combatants (who may be engaged in wartime production) to abandon their duties, reducing the target's military effectiveness.
Prompt the enemy to surrender
Explain to prospective deserters how to surrender.
Offer rewards
Rewards could be offered to encourage individuals to provide assistance, or to encourage defection.
Disseminate or counter disinformation
Reduce enemy morale through propaganda.
Neutralize enemy propaganda.
Advise radio listeners about frequencies/times of propaganda broadcasts and methods for circumventing radio jamming.
Facilitate communication
Create a friendly atmosphere for the enemy by promoting the leaflets dropper's ideologies or to convince the enemy of "noble intentions"
Provide humanitarian assistance
Inform people where to find airdropped food, how to open and consume it, and when it comes.
History
Early use
Airborne leaflets have been used for military propaganda purposes at least since the 19th century. One early example is from the Franco-Prussian War when, in October 1870 during the Siege of Paris, a French balloon coming from the city dropped government proclamations over Prussian troops that stated the following (in German):
Paris defies the enemy. The whole of France rallies. Death to the invaders. Foolish people, shall we always throttle one another for the pleasure and proudness of Kings? Glory and conquest are crimes; defeat brings hate and desire for vengeance. Only one war is just and holy; that of independence.
Leaflet propaganda has been delivered by airplanes since the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–12.
First World War
Aerial leaflets were first used on a large scale during World War I by all parties. The British dropped packets of leaflets over German trenches containing postcards from prisoners of war detailing their humane conditions, surrender notices and general propaganda against the Kaiser and the German generals. By the end of the war MI7b had distributed almost 26 million leaflets.
In August 1918, the famous Italian writer, poet and fighter pilot Gabriele D'Annunzio, organized the Flight over Vienna: a famous propaganda operation during the war, leading 9 Ansaldo SVA planes in a 1,100-kilometre (700 mi) round trip to drop 50,000 propaganda leaflets on the Habsburg capital.
The Germans began shooting the leaflet-dropping pilots, prompting the British to develop an alternative method of delivery. A. Fleming invented the unmanned leaflet balloon in 1917, and these were used extensively in the latter part of the War, with over 48,000 units produced. The hydrogen balloon would drift over no-man's land to land in the enemy trenches.
At least one in seven of these leaflets were not handed in by the soldiers to their superiors, despite severe penalties for that offence. Even General Hindenburg admitted that "Unsuspectingly, many thousands consumed the poison" and POWs admitted to being disillusioned by the propaganda leaflets that depicted the use of German troops as mere cannon fodder. In 1915, the British began airdropping a regular leaflet newspaper Le Courrier de l'Air for civilians in German-occupied France and Belgium.
World War II
Distribution of airborne leaflet propaganda was used by both Allied and Axis forces in the Second World War, starting with a Royal Air Force leaflet drop over the port of Kiel in September 1939.
The first proposal to construct a special bomb with which to disperse airborne leaflets was put forward by British air force officers during World War II. The most successful "leaflet bomb" model of the War was the Monroe bomb, invented in 1943 by USAAF Captain James Monroe of the 305th Bombardment Group. It was developed from laminated paper containers that had been used to transport M-17 incendiary bombs.
The British improved the use of hydrogen balloons to carry leaflets over German lines. Some of the V-1 flying bombs launched by the Germans against southern England carried leaflets – they were contained in a cardboard tube at the tail of a missile. This would be ejected by a small gunpowder charge while the V1 was in mid-air, en route to its target.
Allied airborne leaflets printed during WWII were "factual, in the main truthful, and served (or so it was claimed) to create a reputation for reliability both in supplying information and refuting German accounts which we said to be untruthful". Often the leaflets did not reach their intended targets because they were dropped from such high altitudes and often drifted over lakes and rural areas.
Although leaflets were seen as being an effective tactic in manipulating troops when morale was low, "During the early months of the war, leaflets or pamphlets were scattered over enemy territory by aircraft and balloons but it was more than doubtful whether these had any useful effect, their obvious defects being that few can have reached their targets and, being printed, they were sometimes out of date by the time they were ready to distribute. The front-line distribution of leaflets was quite another matter and these were dropped by aircraft or fired by shells, the messages they bore being less careful about the general principles of consistency and frankness and only truthful about matters on which the enemy had contradictory information". It was found that psychological warfare was not effective when distributing surrender leaflets to an enemy which currently had a high morale amongst its troops. Despite the limitation of airborne leaflets' ineffectiveness on opposing sides with high morale, enemies used this tactic "to cause the men to begin talking to each other about their poor military position, their desire to stay alive for their families' sakes, and the reasonableness of honorable surrender", which often led men to desert their troops.
One example of German leaflets which appealed to American troops was one that depicted a passionate kiss between a man and woman. The leaflet read: "FAREWELL Remember her last kiss ... ? Gee were you happy then ... ! Together, you spent marvelous times ..., lounging on beaches ..., dancing, enjoying parties galore ..., listening to the tunes of your favorite band ...". The leaflet's back side reminds the soldier that his loved one is longing for him and that most of the men he had come with are now dead. In comparison, one Allied leaflet simply showed a picture of a large open field with thousands of German graves.
James A.C. Brown, a Scottish psychiatrist, summed up the WW2 experience with the observation that "Propaganda is successful only when directed at those who are willing to listen, absorb the information, and if possible act on it, and this happens only when the other side is in a condition of lowered morale and is already losing the campaign."
Before the B-29's exclusive deployment to the Pacific Theater began, the USAAF initiated a disinformation campaign through leaflets over the Third Reich early in 1944 that hinted at what sorts of American heavy bombers were likely to appear over Germany in the future. Partly in conjunction with use of YB-29-BW 41-36393, the so-called Hobo Queen, one of the service test aircraft flown around several British airfields in early 1944, four-page German language Sternenbanner-headlined, American-published propaganda leaflets mentioning a "battle of annihilation against the Luftwaffe" (), dated to Leap Year Day in 1944, were dropped over the Reich, with the intent to deceive the Germans into believing that the B-29 would be deployed to Europe.
Leaflets were also used by the USAAF on Japan during the Pacific War. In mid-1945 it became apparent that B-29 bombers of the USAAF were raiding Japan's cities without meeting significant resistance. General Curtis LeMay, commander of the XXI Bomber Command, part of the Twentieth Air Force, consequently ordered the dropping of leaflets hoping to reduce the needless killing of innocent people. One of the leaflets dropped on targeted Japan's cities, with the text on the back, read:
Read this carefully as it may save your life or the life of a relative or a friend. In the next few days, some or all of the cities named on the reverse side will be destroyed by American bombs. These cities contain military installations and workshops or factories, which produce military goods. We are determined to destroy all of the tools of the military clique that they are using to prolong this useless war. Unfortunately, bombs have no eyes. So, in accordance with America's well-known humanitarian policies, the American Air Force, which does not wish to injure innocent people, now gives you warning to evacuate the cities named and save your lives.
America is not fighting the Japanese people but is fighting the military clique, which has enslaved the Japanese people. The peace, which America will bring, will free the people from the oppression of the Japanese military clique and mean the emergence of a new and better Japan.
You can restore peace by demanding new and better leaders who will end the War.
We cannot promise that only these cities will be among those attacked, but some or all of them will be, so heed this warning and evacuate these cities immediately.
It has been estimated that B-29s dropped 10 million propaganda leaflets in May, 20 million in June and 30 million in July. The Japanese government implemented harsh penalties against civilians who kept copies of these leaflets.
After World War II
Even though leaflet propaganda has been an effective "weapon", its use has been on a decline. This decline is a result of the advance of satellite, television, and radio technology. Six billion leaflets were dropped in Western Europe and 40 million leaflets dropped by the United States Army Air Forces over Japan in 1945 during World War II. One billion were used during the Korean War while only 31 million were used in the war against Iraq. Other conflicts where leaflet propaganda has been used are Vietnam, Afghanistan (both during the Soviet and more recent NATO invasions), and the Gulf War. Coalition forces dropped pamphlets encouraging Iraqi troops not to fight during the first Gulf War, which contributed to eighty-seven thousand Iraqi troops surrendering in 1991. Leaflet propaganda was also used in Syria to deter possible ISIS recruits from joining in 2015.
Means of delivery
Releasing the leaflets can be as simple as having one or more of the aircraft's crew throw bundles of paper from an open hatchway.
A more sophisticated method is the leaflet bomb: a bomb-shaped but non-explosive container that drops from the aircraft and opens in mid-air to disperse leaflets – up to tens of thousands of leaflets per "bomb". U.S. leaflet bombs include the PDU-5B dispenser unit, the LBU30 and the older M129E1/E2. The M129 weighs when empty and about loaded. It can contain 60,000 to 80,000 leaflets. At a pre-determined time after release, the two halves of the bomb's outer shell are blown apart by detonating cord, dispersing the leaflet payload. Soviet/Russian leaflet bombs include the AGITAB-250-85 and the AGITAB-500-300 (used during the First Chechen War).
Use of leaflet bombs by revolutionary groups
Leaflet bombs have not only been used by states for purposes of military warfare but have, since the 1940s, also been used by radical political and ideological sub-state groups.
Anti-colonial groups in Asia and Africa
The use of leaflet bombs by non-state groups began in 1945 when the Irgun group developed a bomb that was "deposited in the street, ticked away until detonation, then scattered news sheet over a wide and smoky area". In September 1945 three of Irgun's leaflet bombs exploded in Jerusalem and injured nine people.
In the late 1960s the African National Congress (ANC) started to use a version of the leaflet bomb in South Africa. This bomb was developed in collaboration with the South African Communist Party (SACP) and South Africans living in exile in London. The first time this leaflet bomb, known to South African activists as the "bucket bomb" and to the South African police forces as the "ideological bomb", was used was in 1967. This was one of the most important propaganda weapons of the ANC who devoted major resources to it and used it frequently during the 1960s and 1970s, spreading tens of thousands of leaflets. A 1970 article from the ANC's journal Sechaba, looking back at the uses of leaflets as propaganda in the 1960s, stated:
It was in this new period that underground propaganda, demonstrating the effectiveness of the ANC machinery and projecting its voice, became of incalculable value. Underground leaflets began to appear in the townships, factories and city streets. Passed on from hand to hand, these reminded the people that the spirit of resistance must never die. These were often complemented by slogans painted on walls proclaiming: "Free Mandela", "Free Sisulu" and "Long Live the ANC". As modest as these propaganda efforts were ... they showed that the ANC could survive the most severe measures of the regime.
The South African press and security forces also saw it as a serious weapon of the ANC and there were threats from the police to take action against the South African press for publishing parts of ANC's leaflets. The South African Minister of Police was quoted in a South African newspaper thus: "the explosions are an indication that subversive elements are still active" inside South Africa and warned the public that they "must not think the dangers are a thing of the past. It is something with which we will just have to live."
New left groups in Latin America
The leaflet bomb has been relatively popular in Latin America with several recorded uses by various groups advocating political violence.
In the 1980s the FMLN in El Salvador used this technology under the name of "propaganda bomb". It was one of the "favorite tactics" of its urban militia groups and preferably used in public places like markets or public parks. The design of the bomb was adapted to the local environment in that it
consisted of a cardboard box with a small, low-power explosive underneath a large number of propaganda leaflets. The explosive was set off by a homemade time igniter. The box was disguised to look like any ordinary package or box that might be carried by someone going or returning from a trip to the marketplace.
The use of leaflet bombs played a part in the FMLN's recruitment process known to them as fogueo – which meant to experience fire or fire-harden something – which was the process by which the recruits "were toughened and the weak and fainthearted were weeded out". The fogueo process was
a very carefully designed program of increasingly risky operations in support of the guerilla movement. As the candidates successfully completed each operation, it gave them confidence to carry out the next danger level of operation until they became full-fledged guerilla combatants.
This process began with low-level information-gathering and propaganda activities in support of FMLN where the culminating activity before being ready for "combat military activity" could be the making and exploding of a leaflet bomb.
In Honduras, the Popular Movement for Liberation (MPL) and Morazanist Patriotic Front (FPM) also used propaganda bombs during the 1990s.
The Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity URNG in Guatemala also used leaflet bombs. In 1996 the group occupied a radio station and set off a leaflet bomb.
In Ecuador several groups have used leaflet bombs. The Revolutionary Armed Corps (CAR) was according to the Ecuadorian police "an extreme leftist group" which is only known for one attempted attack on February 20, 2001, when a leaflet bomb containing 150 pamphlets was discovered and successfully defused by the police.
The communist Group of Popular Combatants (GCP) has used leaflet bombs on several occasions during 2001–2005. In 2001 it was blamed by authorities for a pamphlet bomb and later the same year the group claimed responsibility for detonating a pamphlet bomb in downtown Quito that let out hundreds of pamphlets protesting against Plan Colombia. In 2002 the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Ecuador set off a leaflet bomb in a McDonald's restaurant in Guayaquil that injured three people and caused severe damage to the property.
Advantages of leafleting
The printed words on the leaflets were more authoritative before the advances in technology.
One leaflet has the potential to reach many civilians.
Leaflets can be hidden and easily destroyed in case of emergency.
Leaflets can bypass circumvention techniques used to block other forms of propaganda, such as radio jamming.
Disadvantages
Due to illiteracy not all civilians are capable of reading the leaflets.
In order to have accurate delivery, aircraft need to fly at low altitudes and low speeds making them easier targets for the enemy.
Leaflets can be destroyed or altered by the enemy.
Messages must cater to the cultural norm of society.
Weather conditions can alter the message being delivered to civilians.
See also
Operation Cornflakes: A more subtle propaganda operation in World War II involving inserting propaganda leaflets by air into the mail system of Nazi Germany.
References
Bibliography
Brockmann, R.J., & Sinatra, S. (1995). How the iterative process helped the Allies win the Persian Gulf War. STC Intercom, 42 (9), 1, 44.
Clark, Andrew M. and Christie, Thomas B. "Ready ... Ready ... Drop". Gazette: The International Journal For Communication Studies. 2005, London. Sage Publications.
Friedman, Herbert A. "Falling Leaves". Print: Krause Publications, 2003.
.
Garnett, David A. (1947), The Secret History of PWE: The Political Warfare Executive 1939–1945, St Ermins Press. 2002.
Haulman, Dr. Daniel L. "USAF Psychological Operations, 1990–2003". Air Force Historical Research Agency, 2003.
.
Oyen, Orjar and De Fleur, Melvin L. "The spatial Diffusion of an Airborne Leaflet Message". The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 59, No 2. Sep., 1953, 144–149.
.
Richards, Lee. PsyWar.Org
Schmulowitz, Nat and Luckmann, Lloyd D. "Foreign Policy by Propaganda Leaflets". The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 4. 1945–1946.
.
External links
PsyWar.Org - The history of psychological warfare with a large collection of aerial propaganda leaflets
WW2 propaganda - Allied and Axis leaflets: A website about airdropped, shelled or rocket fired propaganda leaflets in World War 2.
DXing.info - leaflets in Iraq in 2003
Psychological warfare techniques
Propaganda techniques by medium
Pamphlets
Aviation mass media |
Liu Xianbin (born 17 May 1973) is a Chinese rower. He competed in the men's coxless four event at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
References
1973 births
Living people
Chinese male rowers
Olympic rowers of China
Rowers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
Asian Games medalists in rowing
Rowers at the 1994 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games |
Agrilus oblongus is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in North America.
References
Further reading
oblongus
Articles created by Qbugbot
Beetles described in 1928 |
Cosmin Gabriel Matei (; born 30 September 1991) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or a winger for Liga I club Dinamo București.
Club career
Farul Constanța
Matei made his Liga I debut on 18 October 2008, in a game against Politehnica Timişoara. In July 2010, Matei was sold to Steaua București.
Steaua București
On 22 August 2010 he makes his debut for Steaua in Liga I against FC Vaslui, coming on in the 85th minute to replace Romeo Surdu. Steaua won away with 3–0. On 4 September 2010, he makes debut for Steaua second team in Liga II, against Juventus București, he was substitute in 17th minute after an injury, Steaua II won with 1–0.
Astra Ploiești
In June 2011, Matei was sold to Astra Ploieşti. Although he did not manage to make an impact at Steaua and Astra, Dinamo spotted his talent.
Dinamo București
In January 2012, Matei signed a five-year contract with Dinamo București. Matei scored his first goal for Dinamo in a game against U Cluj, on 2 May 2012.
Atromitos
Atromitos signed Matei in January 2016 for an undisclosed fee.
Gençlerbirliği
On 10 August 2016, it was announced that Matei had signed a three-year deal with Turkish Süper Lig side Gençlerbirliği.
Viitorul Constanța
On 26 August 2019, Matei signed a two-year contract with Liga I club Viitorul Constanța.
International career
Matei made his debut for the Romanian national team in a friendly game against Albania, played at a neutral venue, in Switzerland, in May 2014.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Steaua București
Cupa României: 2010–11
Dinamo București
Cupa României: 2011–12
Supercupa României: 2012
References
External links
1991 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Târgoviște
Romanian footballers
Association football midfielders
Liga I players
FCV Farul Constanța players
FC Steaua București players
FC Astra Giurgiu players
FC Dinamo București players
Super League Greece players
Atromitos F.C. players
Süper Lig players
Gençlerbirliği S.K. footballers
Croatian First Football League players
NK Istra 1961 players
FC Viitorul Constanța players
Romania youth international footballers
Romania under-21 international footballers
Romania international footballers
Romanian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Greece
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Expatriate footballers in Turkey
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate footballers in Croatia
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Croatia |
is a mountain in the city of Fujioka, Gunma Prefecture, Japan. It is in height, and was named one of the "100 Sakura Spots in Japan" during Expo '90 by the International Flower and Green Expo Association. It is also a National Place of Scenic Beauty as determined by the Agency for Cultural Affairs in Japan.
Overview
In premodern times, the mountain was called "Kokuzōsan" and was a center for the Shugendō mountain cults for the worship of Kokūzō Bosatsu. In 1908, the mountain was planted with thousands of Somei Yoshino cherry trees in commemoration of Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War. These trees have evolved or mutated, so that the bloom much earlier than in other locations and the flowers last longer. The mountain was designated as a National Place of Scenic Beauty in 1937. The trees on the mountain were designated a Living National Monument in 1948. The mountain became part of the Gunma Prefectural Sakurayama Forest Park in 1989.
The mountain is located on the middle reaches of the and can be reached in about 35 minutes by car from Fujioka Interchange of yer Joshin'etsu Expressway.
Gallery
See also
List of Places of Scenic Beauty of Japan (Gunma)
References
External links
Tourist Guide of Gunma Prefecture
Fujioka city official home page
Mountains of Gunma Prefecture
Fujioka, Gunma
Places of Scenic Beauty
Hanami spots of Japan |
Gorgopis cochlias is a moth of the family Hepialidae. It is found in South Africa.
References
Moths described in 1942
Hepialidae |
Alyaksandr Mikhnavets (; ; born 24 November 1982) is a Belarusian former professional footballer.
External links
1982 births
Living people
Belarusian footballers
FC SKVICH Minsk players
FC Lida players
FC RUOR Minsk players
FC Minsk players
FC Belshina Bobruisk players
FC Granit Mikashevichi players
FC Slutsk players
FC Krumkachy Minsk players
FC Isloch Minsk Raion players
FC Slonim-2017 players
Association football midfielders |
the reporter , who stood on the other side of the kid and so could actually see his face , gaped between him and superkid behind him . |
Liar Game is a Japanese television drama series in 2007. It was adapted from a popular manga of the same name into a live action series directed by Hiroaki Matsuyama. The drama began airing in Japan on April 14, 2007. It featured Erika Toda as Nao Kanzaki, and Shota Matsuda as Shinichi Akiyama. The first season of Liar Game had 11 episodes, with a 3 hour long finale, which was a first for a drama series. It has also gained the second highest viewer satisfaction rating, for the season, in an Oricon survey.
Cast
Players
Liar Game Tournament
Episodes
External links
Official TV Drama Website from Fuji
References
Japanese drama television series
2007 Japanese television series debuts
2007 Japanese television series endings
Fuji TV dramas
Japanese television dramas based on manga
Gambling television shows
Liar Game
Fraud in television |
Till Cissokho (born 8 February 2000) is a French professional footballer who plays as centre-back for Ligue 2 club Quevilly-Rouen, on loan from Ligue 1 club Clermont.
Club career
On 11 January 2019, Cissokho signed his first professional contract with Bordeaux. He made his professional debut with Bordeaux in a 3–0 Ligue 1 loss to Saint-Étienne on 14 April 2019.
International career
Cissokho is a former youth international for France, representing his country from under-16 to under-18 level. He won the Tournoi du Val-de-Marne with the under-16 side in 2015.
Honours
France U16
Tournoi du Val-de-Marne: 2015
References
External links
2000 births
Living people
Footballers from Paris
Association football defenders
French footballers
France youth international footballers
French sportspeople of Senegalese descent
Championnat National 3 players
Championnat National 2 players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
2. Liga (Austria) players
FC Girondins de Bordeaux players
Clermont Foot players
SC Austria Lustenau players
US Quevilly-Rouen Métropole players
French expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Austria
French expatriate sportspeople in Austria |
Perspectives on Work is an annual publication of the Labor and Employment Relations Association (LERA).
Perspectives on Work was founded in 1997 and is published annually. The magazine is based in Champaign, Illinois. It was published biannually until 2009. It contains news about LERA activities as well as scholarly articles on workplace law, economics and human resources (HR) from both an HR perspective as well as labor relations.
The publication covers a variety of labor relations topics, including law, workplace culture, labor history, the effect of economic dislocation and change on employer-employee relations, corporate governance, workplace sociology and leadership, and other issues. The target audience is academics and practitioners in labor and employment relations from both a managerial and worker perspective.
Perspectives on Work also includes news articles and reports about LERA activities and professional development offerings, as well as book reviews.
References
External links
Perspectives on Work Web site
News magazines published in the United States
Annual magazines published in the United States
Biannual magazines published in the United States
English-language magazines
Magazines established in 1997
Magazines published in Illinois
1997 establishments in Illinois |
Idol sa Kusina (International title: Kitchen Idol / ) is a Philippine television cooking show broadcast by GMA News TV. Originally hosted by Boy Logro and Bettina Carlos, it premiered on July 3, 2011. Logro and Chynna Ortaleza served as the final hosts. The show concluded on December 20, 2020.
Hosts
Boy Logro
Bettina Carlos
Chynna Ortaleza
Production
In March 2020, the admission of a live audience in the studio and production were suspended due to the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The show resumed its programming on August 16, 2020.
Accolades
References
External links
2011 Philippine television series debuts
2020 Philippine television series endings
Filipino-language television shows
GMA News TV original programming
Philippine cooking television series
Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic |
is chocolate given by women to men on Valentine's Day in Japan as a customary gift. Unlike , which is given to romantic partners, is a type of chocolate that women give to male co-workers, bosses, and acquaintances out of appreciation and politeness. Men generally reciprocate by giving women gifts on White Day, which is celebrated on March 14.
History
On Valentine's Day in Japan, is inexpensive chocolate that women give to male co-workers and friends to show appreciation and respect as opposed to , chocolate that is given to romantic partners. While Japan has a strong gift-giving culture, the origins of giving chocolate on Valentine's Day is unclear. One popular explanation is that the trend was started by junior high school girls, who would give handmade chocolate to boys to see if they returned their affections, and it later became commercialized in the mid-1950s, with the first Valentine's sale taking place in 1958 at Mary Chocolate.
Harumichi Yamada from Tokyo Keizai University stated that the practice of giving chocolate occurred because women expressing their love to men was considered disgraceful, and confectioneries capitalized on chocolate as a way for them to profess their love; however, as the social status of women improved, Valentine's Day was later considered a day where women give chocolate to men, through which the custom emerged. Sachiko Horiguchi from Temple University, Japan Campus suggested that the custom first occurred in the 1980s where working women were obligated to give chocolate to their co-workers and bosses, as both of the Japanese corporate and gift-giving cultures made it appropriate for this exchange to take place.
Japanese chocolate confectioneries make 70% of their business through Valentine's Day annually. The Chocolate & Cocoa Association of Japan reported that, in 2005, approximately was spent on Valentine's Day chocolates. The average woman spent on in 2007, while it dropped to in 2019.
In the 1980s, White Day began as a tradition where men would reciprocate gifts in order to boost sales. White Day gift sales are heavily influenced by sales from Valentine's Day.
Criticism
The tradition of giving is losing popularity in Japan beginning in the late 2010s and is criticized for pressuring women to buy chocolate for their co-workers to avoid offending them. Some companies have banned the practice, citing it as power harassment. Instead, women opt to give to their friends. A 2017 survey from 3M showed that only 40% of the women surveyed planned to give chocolate to their male co-workers, compared to 80% in a 2007 survey conducted by a different company. In 2018, Godiva Chocolatier also criticized the practice of giving with a full-page advertisement, calling for workplaces to ban it entirely, though some critics have accused them of stealth marketing.
Honmei choco
in Japan is chocolate given by women on Valentine's Day to men whom the giver has romantic feelings for. This is often given to husbands, boyfriends, and desired partners. Honmei chocolate is usually higher-quality and more expensive than giri choco ("obligation chocolate"), which is given to male coworkers and other men the woman has no romantic attachment to.
Homemade honmei choco is also popular.
This is generally reciprocated on White Day, celebrated on March 14, when men buy candy and gifts for women.
See also
Giri (Japanese)
References
Chocolate
Japanese cuisine
Giving
Japanese values |
it sounds stupid now , but i did n't know any better . |
The 1964 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State University in the Big Eight Conference during the 1964 NCAA University Division football season. In their seventh year under head coach Clay Stapleton, the Cyclones compiled a 1–8–1 record (0–7 against conference opponents), finished in last place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 155 to 72. They played their home games at Clyde Williams Field in Ames, Iowa.
The regular starting lineup on offense consisted of left end Ernie Kun, left tackle Norm Taylor, left guard Wayne Lueders, center John Berrington, right guard Sam Ramenofsky, right tackle John Van Sicklen, right end Denny Alitz, quarterback Tim Van Galder, halfbacks Tom Vaughn and Ernie Kennedy, and fullback Mike Cox. Steve Balkovec was the punter placekicker. Mike Cox was the team captain.
The team's statistical leaders included Tom Vaughn with 497 rushing yards and 25 points scored (four touchdowns and an extra point), Tim Van Galder with 354 passing yards, Tony Baker with 76 receiving yards. Three Iowa State players were selected as first-team all-conference players: fullback Mike Cox, right tackle John Van Sicklen, and halfback Tom Vaughn.
Schedule
References
Iowa State
Iowa State Cyclones football seasons
Iowa State Cyclones football |
The arrondissement of Castres is an arrondissement of France in the Tarn department in the Occitanie region. Its INSEE code is 812 and its capital city is Castres. It has 151 communes. Its population is 195,298 (2016), and its area is . It is the southernmost arrondissement of the department.
Castres is known for its Rugby Team Le Castres Olympique (CO).
Geography
The arrondissement of Castres is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of Albi, to the northeast by the Aveyron department, to the east by the Hérault department, to the south by the Aude department and to the west by the Haute-Garonne department.
Composition
The communes of the arrondissement of Castres, and their INSEE codes, are:
Aguts (81001)
Aiguefonde (81002)
Albine (81005)
Algans (81006)
Ambres (81011)
Anglès (81014)
Appelle (81015)
Arfons (81016)
Arifat (81017)
Aussillon (81021)
Bannières (81022)
Barre (81023)
Belcastel (81025)
Belleserre (81027)
Berlats (81028)
Bertre (81030)
Le Bez (81031)
Blan (81032)
Boissezon (81034)
Bout-du-Pont-de-Larn (81036)
Brassac (81037)
Briatexte (81039)
Brousse (81040)
Burlats (81042)
Busque (81043)
Cabanès (81044)
Cahuzac (81049)
Cambon-lès-Lavaur (81050)
Cambounès (81053)
Cambounet-sur-le-Sor (81054)
Les Cammazes (81055)
Carbes (81058)
Castres (81065)
Caucalières (81066)
Cuq (81075)
Cuq-Toulza (81076)
Damiatte (81078)
Dourgne (81081)
Durfort (81083)
Escoussens (81084)
Escroux (81085)
Espérausses (81086)
Fiac (81092)
Fontrieu (81062)
Fréjeville (81098)
Garrevaques (81100)
Garrigues (81102)
Gijounet (81103)
Giroussens (81104)
Graulhet (81105)
Guitalens-L'Albarède (81132)
Jonquières (81109)
Labastide-Rouairoux (81115)
Labastide-Saint-Georges (81116)
Laboulbène (81118)
Labruguière (81120)
Lacabarède (81121)
Lacaune (81124)
Lacaze (81125)
Lacougotte-Cadoul (81126)
Lacroisille (81127)
Lacrouzette (81128)
Lagardiolle (81129)
Lagarrigue (81130)
Lamontélarié (81134)
Lasfaillades (81137)
Lautrec (81139)
Lavaur (81140)
Lempaut (81142)
Lescout (81143)
Lugan (81150)
Magrin (81151)
Marzens (81157)
Le Masnau-Massuguiès (81158)
Massac-Séran (81159)
Massaguel (81160)
Maurens-Scopont (81162)
Mazamet (81163)
Missècle (81169)
Montcabrier (81173)
Montdragon (81174)
Montfa (81177)
Montgey (81179)
Montpinier (81181)
Montredon-Labessonnié (81182)
Mont-Roc (81183)
Moulayrès (81187)
Moulin-Mage (81188)
Mouzens (81189)
Murat-sur-Vèbre (81192)
Nages (81193)
Navès (81195)
Noailhac (81196)
Palleville (81200)
Payrin-Augmontel (81204)
Péchaudier (81205)
Peyregoux (81207)
Pont-de-Larn (81209)
Poudis (81210)
Prades (81212)
Pratviel (81213)
Puéchoursi (81214)
Puybegon (81215)
Puycalvel (81216)
Puylaurens (81219)
Rayssac (81221)
Le Rialet (81223)
Roquecourbe (81227)
Roquevidal (81229)
Rouairoux (81231)
Saint-Affrique-les-Montagnes (81235)
Saint-Agnan (81236)
Saint-Amancet (81237)
Saint-Amans-Soult (81238)
Saint-Amans-Valtoret (81239)
Saint-Avit (81242)
Saint-Gauzens (81248)
Saint-Genest-de-Contest (81250)
Saint-Germain-des-Prés (81251)
Saint-Germier (81252)
Saint-Jean-de-Rives (81255)
Saint-Jean-de-Vals (81256)
Saint-Julien-du-Puy (81258)
Saint-Lieux-lès-Lavaur (81261)
Saint-Paul-Cap-de-Joux (81266)
Saint-Pierre-de-Trivisy (81267)
Saint-Salvi-de-Carcavès (81268)
Saint-Salvy-de-la-Balme (81269)
Saint-Sernin-lès-Lavaur (81270)
Saint-Sulpice-la-Pointe (81271)
Saïx (81273)
Sauveterre (81278)
Sémalens (81281)
Senaux (81282)
Serviès (81286)
Sorèze (81288)
Soual (81289)
Teulat (81298)
Teyssode (81299)
Vabre (81305)
Valdurenque (81307)
Veilhes (81310)
Vénès (81311)
Verdalle (81312)
Viane (81314)
Vielmur-sur-Agout (81315)
Villeneuve-lès-Lavaur (81318)
Le Vintrou (81321)
Viterbe (81323)
Viviers-lès-Lavaur (81324)
Viviers-lès-Montagnes (81325)
History
The arrondissement of Castres was created in 1800.
As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Castres were, as of January 2015:
Anglès
Brassac
Castres-Est
Castres-Nord
Castres-Ouest
Castres-Sud
Cuq-Toulza
Dourgne
Graulhet
Labruguière
Lacaune
Lautrec
Lavaur
Mazamet-Nord-Est
Mazamet-Sud-Ouest
Montredon-Labessonnié
Murat-sur-Vèbre
Puylaurens
Roquecourbe
Saint-Amans-Soult
Saint-Paul-Cap-de-Joux
Vabre
Vielmur-sur-Agout
References
Castres |
Krebiozen (aka Carcalon, creatine, substance X, or drug X) is a disproven cancer treatment that is made available as an alternative cancer treatment. While the substance has been marketed as a cure for cancer, originally sold for thousands of dollars per dose in the 1950s and early '60s, Krebiozen is not known to possess any therapeutic value. Attempts to analyze its composition have shown that Krebiozen consists only of the amino acid creatine dissolved in mineral oil, and some samples sold as Krebiozen consist solely of mineral oil with no other discernible ingredients.
The American Cancer Society states: "Available scientific evidence does not support claims that Krebiozen is effective in treating cancer or any other disease." According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Krebiozen has been linked to several dangerous side effects.
History and evaluation
Krebiozen was initially promoted by Stevan Durovic, a Yugoslavian physician who claimed that the substance came from horse serum inoculated with Actinomyces bovis. Durovic claimed that Krebiozen had been useful in the treatment of cancer, mainly in cats and dogs. His claims were backed by Andrew Conway Ivy, a prominent physiologist, and by several politicians including Senator Paul Douglas (D-IL). Ivy became convinced that Krebiozen possessed anti-cancer properties, administered the substance to himself and colleagues, then to a dog, and eventually started testing Krebiozen on patients.
Ivy called a press conference in 1951 at which he announced to an audience of journalists, politicians, doctors and potential investors that Krebiozen was a success. At the press conference, Ivy claimed that of 22 treated patients, 14 were alive and none had died of cancer. However, in reality 10 of the treated patients had died—all of cancer—at the time of the press conference. Shortly afterward, the Krebiozen Research Foundation was established by the Durovic brothers, with Ivy as president.
Intrigued by Ivy's announcement, 10 hospitals and cancer research centers followed up on the trial and attempted to reproduce Ivy's claimed results. None of these independent researchers observed any effect of Krebiozen on cancer. A compilation of these institutions' negative data was reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1951. Krebiozen's backers responded by alleging a conspiracy against the drug. In 1959, Ivy began producing his own version of the drug under the name "Carcalon".
On October 28, 1964, the Durovics, Ivy and the Krebiozen Research Foundation were indicted for introducing mislabeled drugs into interstate commerce in violation of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. After a 9-month trial, the case ended with a hung jury and they were acquitted. Soon afterwards, Durovic was indicted for tax evasion and fled the United States.
Composition
In order to evaluate Durovic's and Ivy's claims, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) requested samples of Krebiozen. These were provided on two occasions to the NCI and one occasion to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Durovic proposed to charge the NCI $170,000 per gram of Krebiozen, although ultimately the samples were provided free of charge. However, the FDA spectrophotometry team, led by Alma Levant Hayden, proved the samples consisted only of creatine monohydrate, a simple amino acid, sometimes dissolved in mineral oil. When the FDA went back to test previously acquired samples of Krebiozen, they found that many lacked even creatine, and consisted solely of mineral oil with no discernible active ingredients.
See also
Homeopathy
List of ineffective cancer treatments
References
External links
Information on Krebiozen from the American Cancer Society
Alternative cancer treatments
Patent medicines
Health fraud |
The 2011 Fiji National Football League was the 35th season of the Fiji National Football League organized by the Fiji Football Association since its establishment in 1977.
Standings
References
Fiji Premier League seasons
Fiji
National Football League |
The is a Japanese painted byōbu folding screen of unknown authorship made during the Kan'ei era (). The screen folds in six parts and is painted on gold-leaf paper. It depicts people in the pleasure quarters of Kyoto playing music and games. The screen comes from the feudal Hikone Domain, ruled by the screen's owners, the Ii clan. It is owned by the city of Hikone in Shiga Prefecture, in the Ii Naochika Collection.
The work is seen as representative of early modern Japanese genre painting; some consider it the earliest work of ukiyo-e. In 1955 it was designated a National Treasure of Japan and given the official name ().
Description
The byōbu screen depicts a scene in which eleven male and female figures amuse themselves. On the left, a blind man and some women play shamisens before a four-panel screen with a landscape painted on it. To their right a group of men and women play a sugoroku board game.
Analysis
The manner of brushstrokes indicate the anonymous painting is in the style of the school. The activities of the figures in the Hikone screen display the traditional four arts of the Chinese scholar. The clothing and personal items of the figures suggest the four seasons, as in traditional .
Attribution
The work is anonymous, which would have been typical of such genre works; further, if the artist were of the Kanō or similar schools, the common subject matter would have been considered beneath the artist's dignity and thus would likely not have been signed. The screen was probably a commission, and it was customary for artists not to sign works made for those of high rank.
At times the work was attributed to the painter Iwasa Matabei (1578–1650); Until 1898 it was not known that Matabei had signed his paintings with the name Katsumochi, thus comparison with his actual works was not possible, and many anonymous works such as the Hikone screen were attributed to him. His nickname was "Ukiyo Matabei", which was assumed to link him to the ukiyo demimonde and the ukiyo-e genre of art. Works such as the Ukiyo-e Ruikō implied Matabei was the founder of the ukiyo-e, and early Western scholars including Ernest Fenollosa also considered the screen a work of Matabei and an early work of ukiyo-e. This attribution came to an end in 1898 with the discovery of Matabei's art name and the fact that the meaning of the word ukiyo bore different meanings before Asai Ryōi's use of it in 1661 to refer to the demimonde. Paintings now known to be Matabei's are in the elegant, aristocratic Yamato-e tradition and show little of the liveliness and rich colouring associated with ukiyo-e. His general association with the work nevertheless continued for generations.
Provenance
As with almost all byōbu screens of the early modern period, no record remains of who commissioned the Hione screen, nor of who executed it. It is thought most likely the commission came from someone of the upper ranks of society, from the kuge aristocracy, a buke samurai house, or a business leader.
Ukiyo-e artist (–1754) depicted a man leaning against a panel of the Hikone screen; the caption states the screen was on display in the Shitaya neighbourhood of Edo in about 1745. A record made states the painter Shibata Zeshin (1807–91) discovered the screen in the collection of an old Edo family, and later made a copy or derivative of it. The discovery is conjectured to have been , and Zeshin's derivative .
The screen came into the collection of the Ii clan of the city of Hikone—its modern namesake—in what is now Shiga Prefecture no earlier than the late Edo period (1853–67). There is no record of the screen having been at the Ii residence in Edo, though as it neither appears in the family records in Hikone it is presumed it remained in the capital until the Shōwa period.
Tea master (1861–1937) recorded a Noh event at the Ii residence on 30 June 1912 at which (1881–1947, fifteenth head of the family) had numerous art objects on display, including the Hikone screen; an unnamed member of the family told him "the famous ukiyo Matabei's Hikone screen" had first been obtained by Ii Naosuke (1815–60, thirteenth head of the family), who interested himself in curios and objets d'art.
Reception and legacy
The work has been considered a masterpiece of Japanese genre painting since at least the mid-17th century. It has been widely copied, sometimes with variations, and some of the copies themselves have found renown. In 1955 it was designated a National Treasure of Japan and given the official name ().
Notes
References
Works cited
Further reading
External links
Details at the National Treasures of Japan website (in Japanese)
Genre Scene (The Hikone Screen) at Hikone Castle Museum website
Anonymous works
Byōbu
Japanese art
National Treasures of Japan |
The ESPN Wide World of Sports Resort Area is the area located near the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex in the southern part of the Walt Disney World Resort. The farthest resort area from most of the theme parks, it includes two value-priced resorts that surround an artificial body of water called Hourglass Lake. The resorts are connected via a walking trail surrounding the lake and a footbridge crossing the lake previously called the Generation Gap Bridge. A terminal for the Disney Skyliner aerial gondola system is located at the center of the Hourglass Lake footbridge.
Resorts
Disney's Art of Animation Resort
Disney's Pop Century Resort
See also
Animal Kingdom Resort Area
Disney Springs Resort Area
Epcot Resort Area
Magic Kingdom Resort Area
External links
Disney's Official Resorts
ESPN Wide World of Sports Resort Area |
Berline (short form of Berlin-Brandenburgisches Luftfahrtunternehmen GmbH) was a German airline that operated chartered cargo and holiday flights out of its base at Berlin Schönefeld Airport. It had approximately 90 employees.
History
Foundation
Following the failed privatization and subsequent decision by Treuhandanstalt to liquidate loss-making former East German state airline Interflug in early 1991, a group of former employees acquired five of Interflug's ageing Ilyushin Il-18 turboprop aircraft and founded Il-18 Air Cargo, an airline offering chartered freight services.
On 1 November 1991, the name was changed to Berline, and the airline commenced chartered passenger flights from Berlin-Schönefeld Airport to holiday resorts at the Mediterranean Sea, thus continuing the Interflug tradition. In 1992 and 1993, another two modern Fokker 100 airliners were added to the Berline fleet, which were leased from TAT.
Closure
After several investors withdrew and a subsequent credit freeze, Berline experienced financial problems. On 31 March 1994, the company filed for bankruptcy and immediately ceased all flight operations. Plans to restart operations were not successful, and on 28 October of that year, Berline was officially shut down.
References
External links
Defunct airlines of Germany
Airlines established in 1991
Airlines disestablished in 1994
Interflug
German companies established in 1991
German companies disestablished in 1994 |
Mycena urania, commonly known as the violet bonnet, is a species of mushroom in the family Mycenaceae. First named Agaricua uranius in 1818 by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries, it was assigned its current name in 1872 by the French naturalist Lucien Quélet.
Description
The cap is initially conic in shape, and expands to hemispheric in maturity, typically reaching in diameter.
Distribution
A rare species, the North American distribution of Mycena urania includes Michigan, North Carolina, and Tennessee. It has also been collected in the Scottish Cairngorms.
References
urania
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of North America
Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries |
Sir Charles Hilton Seely, 2nd Baronet, VD, KGStJ (7 July 1859 – 26 February 1926) was a British industrialist, landowner and Liberal Unionist (later Liberal Party) politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Lincoln from 1895 to 1906 and for Mansfield from 1916 to 1918. He was a Justice of the Peace for Hampshire and Nottinghamshire and the Deputy Lieutenant for Nottinghamshire. He was also a Knight of Grace of the Order of St John.
Early life
Seely was born in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, the eldest son of Sir Charles Seely, 1st Baronet (1833–1915), an industrialist and major land-owner in both Nottinghamshire and the Isle of Wight. He was educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge, and inherited the family estates at Sherwood Lodge in Nottinghamshire, and Gatcombe in the Isle of Wight.
Political career
Seely was a Liberal Unionist for the early part of his political career. He first stood for election to Parliament at the 1886 general election, when he unsuccessfully contested Mid Derbyshire. He stood for Rushcliffe at the 1892 election without success, but won a seat in Lincoln at the 1895 election, which his grandfather Charles Seely had represented until 1885 as a Liberal. He was re-elected again in 1900 with Conservative backing. However, in February 1904 he lost the backing of the local Conservative and Liberal Unionist Association over his support for free trade. The Conservatives adopted Henry Page Croft as their candidate in place of Seely, who stood in the 1906 general election as a Free Trade candidate.
Despite this setback, he again stood for Lincoln in the General Election of January 1910 as a Liberal Unionist in support of Free Trade and was again opposed by a Liberal and a Conservative. This time he finished in third place and did not stand for Parliament again for another six years. He instead served as High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire for 1912.
He was the successful Liberal Party candidate at a by-election in September 1916 in the Mansfield division of Nottinghamshire. At the 1918 general election, after boundary changes, he stood in the new Broxtowe division of Nottinghamshire, but the seat was won with a large majority by the Labour Party candidate. Seely did not stand for Parliament again.
Seely was a lieutenant-colonel in the 5th (Isle of Wight, "Princess Beatrice′s") Volunteer Battalion, Hampshire Regiment, and was awarded the Volunteer Officers' Decoration (VD) on 15 August 1902.
Family
Seely was a member of a family of politicians, industrialists and significant landowners. His grandfather Charles Seely (1803–1887), father Sir Charles Seely, 1st Baronet, younger brother John Edward Bernard Seely, 1st Baron Mottistone, and son Sir Hugh Seely, 3rd Baronet and 1st Baron Sherwood were all Members of Parliament. His uncle was the civil engineer, businessman and politician Sir Francis Evans, 1st Baronet.
Seely married Hilda Lucy (née Grant), granddaughter of the notable inventor Sir Thomas Tassell Grant KCB, FRS, in 1891, and they had six children:
Violet Lucy Emily Seely (1892–1979), who married the 2nd Viscount Allendale KG a grandson of the 5th Marquess of Londonderry. Violet's grandson is George William Beaumont Howard, the current and 13th Earl of Carlisle whose principal family seat was Castle Howard.
Charles Grant Seely (1894–1917), killed in action in World War I at the Second Battle of Gaza, and commemorated in St Olave's Church, Gatcombe, on the Isle of Wight.
Sir Hugh Seely (1898–1970), 3rd Baronet and 1st Baron Sherwood, who became an MP and a government minister
Ivy Angela Seely MBE (born 1898)
Victor Basil John Seely (1900–1980), who inherited the baronetcy on the death of his brother Hugh, and whose son SIr Nigel Edward Seely (b. 1923) is the 5th of the Seely Baronets
Squadron Leader Nigel Richard William Seely (1902–1943) who married Isabella Elinor Margarete von Rieben, of the old noble family of Rieben, https://de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieben_(Adelsgeschlecht). He was killed in action in World War II, and was buried at St Mary's Church, Brook on the Isle of Wight. Their son Hilton Nigel Matthew Seely married 1971 Leonie Mary Taylor, daughter of Brigadier George Taylor CBE, DSO & Bar, KHS
Sir Charles died in Basford aged 66.
See also
Seely Baronets
References
Further reading
cites:
External links
Information on the Seely family estates at the UK National Registry of Archives
The Great Houses of Nottinghamshire, Sherwood Lodge (1881)
1859 births
1926 deaths
People educated at Harrow School
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Knights of Grace of the Order of St John
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1910–1918
High Sheriffs of Nottinghamshire
Politics of Lincoln, England
Deputy Lieutenants of Nottinghamshire
Liberal Unionist Party MPs for English constituencies |
dont be . |
Laurie Jo Reynolds is an American artist most known for her work in policy and social practice. She is a current Assistant Professor of Social Justice at the School of Art and Art History at the University of Illinois at Chicago. She was awarded a Blade of Grass Fellowship for Socially Engaged Art in 2014, a Creative Capital award for Emerging Fields in 2013, and a Creative Time Annenberg Prize in 2013. Working in what she calls "legislative art," her work primarily manifests outside the gallery or museum, though she has been included in exhibitions at the Santa Monica Museum, and the Van Abbemuseum.
Tamms Year Ten
In 2008, Reynolds organized the Tamms Year Ten project, in collaboration with the art historian Stephen Eisenman, attorney Jean Snyder, and poet Nadya Pittendrigh. The project sought to and led to the closure of the Tamms C-Maxx prison in 2013.
In 1998, the Tamms C-Maxx prison was opened in southern Illinois as a maximum security prison designed for prisoners to be kept in solitary confinement. The Tamms Poetry Committee was formed by a group of artists with the intention of providing social comfort to the prisoners in the form of a poetry exchange. Communications between the artist group and the prisoners uncovered a variety of awareness around inhumane conditions that the prisoners were being kept in. Reynolds, an artist who emerged as leader of the Tamms Poetry Committee, coined the term "legislative art" in order to raise awareness around the extreme solitary conditions that the prisoners were being kept in. The Tamms Year Ten project was created in 2008 to organize a formal policy campaign that eventually led to the closure of Tamms C-Maxx prison in 2013.
Awards
Open Society Foundation Soros Justice Fellowship (2010)
Creative Capital award for Emerging Fields (2013)
Creative Time Annenberg Prize (2013)
Blade of Grass Fellowship for Socially Engaged Art (2014)
Opportunity Agenda Fellowship (2015)
References
External links
Profile at the University of Illinois at Chicago
Living people
University of Illinois faculty
21st-century American women artists
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women academics |
George Lincoln Eyrich (March 3, 1925 – June 25, 2006) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the Philadelphia Phillies in 1943. At 18 years of age, the , rookie was the fourth-youngest player to appear in a National League game that season.
Eyrich is one of many ballplayers who only appeared in the major leagues during World War II. He made his major league debut on June 13, 1943, in a road doubleheader against the New York Giants at the Polo Grounds.
Eyrich appeared in a total of nine games, all in relief, with six games finished in 1943 for the Philadelphia Phillies. Even though he allowed 36 baserunners (27 hits and 9 walks) in just 18 innings pitched, he gave up only seven earned runs. His short career ended with a 0–0 record and a 3.38 ERA.
Eyrich was born and died in Reading, Pennsylvania.
References
External links
1925 births
2006 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Reading, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Phillies players |
no , he has n't . '' |
the usual kind . |
Hesperia woodgatei, the Apache skipper, is a species of grass skipper in the butterfly family Hesperiidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Hesperia woodgatei is 4021.
References
Further reading
Hesperiinae
Articles created by Qbugbot |
Kenneth Okada (born February 22, 1950) is an American judoka. He competed in the men's lightweight event at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
References
1950 births
Living people
American male judoka
Olympic judoka of the United States
Judoka at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Los Angeles |
for my part , i voyaged from africa to achieve two goals : one , to put this seismic shift of power in motion for the people of britain ; and two , and far more importantly , to right a wrong that has haunted me for over twenty years . |
Frustration of purpose, in law, is a defense to enforcement of a contract. Frustration of purpose occurs when an unforeseen event undermines a party's principal purpose for entering into a contract such that the performance of the contract is radically different from performance of the contract that was originally contemplated by both parties, and both parties knew of the principal purpose at the time the contract was made. Despite frequently arising as a result of government action, any third party or even nature can frustrate a contracting party's primary purpose for entering into the contract. The concept is also called commercial frustration.
For example, if Joe gets a mortgage for a new home, suppose after three years, the home is destroyed, through no fault of Joe's. Without a hell or high water clause, Joe might be exempt from the remainder of the mortgage, as the principal purpose of the contract, to have a home to live in, has been compromised. However, he might still have a foreclosure on his credit rating.
Frustration of purpose is often confused with the closely related doctrine of impossibility. The distinction is that impossibility concerns the duties specified in the contract, but frustration of purpose concerns the reason a party entered into the contract. An example is if entrepreneur Emily leases space from landlord Larry so that she can open a restaurant that serves only Tibetan Speckled Lizard meat. If the city rezones the property to forbid commercial uses or if the property is destroyed by a tornado, both Larry and Emily are excused from performing the contract by impossibility.
However, if the Tibetan Speckled Lizard suddenly goes extinct, Emily may be excused from performing the contract because Larry knew her primary purpose for entering into the lease was to serve Tibetan Speckled Lizard, and the purpose has been frustrated. In the second scenario, the parties could still carry out their obligations under the lease, but one of them no longer has a reason to.
The Restatement (Second) of Contracts, Section 265, defines frustration of purpose:
A circumstance is not deemed to be a "basic assumption on which the contract is made" unless the change in circumstances could not have been reasonably foreseen at the time the contract was made. As a result, it is rarely invoked successfully. Successful invocations usually come in waves during times of substantial tumult, such as after the passage of Prohibition, when bars and taverns no longer had a reason for their leases, or during major wars, when demand for many consumer goods and services drops far below what is normal.
If the defense is successfully invoked, the contract is terminated, and the parties are left as they are at the time of the litigation.
In English law
The English case of Taylor v Caldwell established the doctrine of frustration, alleviating the potential harshness of "sanctity of contract". Here, two parties contracted on the hire of a music hall, for the performance of concerts. Subsequent to contract, but prior to the dates of hire, the music hall burned down. Since the contract was impossible to perform, Judge Blackburn held that the absolute liability set forth in Paradine v Jane would not apply here, as there was an implied term that the music hall would be in existence at the date of the planned concerts.
The requirement of "impossibility" in Taylor v Caldwell was modified in the 1903 case of Krell v Henry, which concerned a party who had rented a room for the purpose of watching the coronation procession of Edward VII. The king fell ill and the coronation was indefinitely postponed. The hirer refused to pay for the room, so the owner sued for breach of contract; and the hirer then countersued for the return of his £25 deposit. The court determined that the cancellation of the coronation was unforeseeable by the parties, and discharged the contract, leaving the parties as they were: the hirer lost his one-third deposit, and the owner lost the rest of the rent. The court reasoned that the doctrine of "impossibility" could not be applied in this case because it was technically possible for the hirer to take possession of the flat and sit on the balcony. However, the owner knew the only reason the hirer would want to rent the flat was to watch the procession; had the hirer actually gone to the flat and sat on the balcony, he would have seen nothing of interest. Thus, the purpose of the contract had been frustrated by an outside event (the King's illness and consequent cancellation of the parade), justifying termination (but not rescission) of the contract.
In Australian law
The Australian case of Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of NSW, The case of Codelfa is a pre-eminent case in Australian law of frustration of a contract, applying a tripartite test, namely, an obligation under the contract is incapable of being performed, without fault of either of the parties (eg, the parties didn't cause the frustrating event to occur), because the circumstances have rendered performance to be radically different.
Frustration will not be recognised if:
The event was provided for within the contract.
The event should have been reasonably foreseeable.
The event was caused by one of the parties to the contract.
References
Contract law
Equitable defenses
Legal doctrines and principles |
Passavant-en-Argonne (, literally Passavant in Argonne) is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.
See also
Communes of the Marne department
References
Passavantenargonne |
the soup was acceptable but the cheese sandwich was tasteless . |
End of preview. Expand
in Dataset Viewer.
- Downloads last month
- 4