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Start Preamble
AGENCY:
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT.
ACTION:
Notice.
SUMMARY:
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) announces its determination that the noise exposure maps submitted by the Town of Buckeye, Maricopa County, Arizona for Buckeye Municipal Airport under the provisions of 49 U.S.C. 47501et seq. (Aviation Safety and Noise Abatement Act) and 14 CFR part 150 are in compliance with applicable requirements.
DATES:
Effective Date: The effective date of the FAA's determination on the noise exposure maps is September 22, 2008.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
This notice announces that the FAA finds that the noise exposure maps submitted for Buckeye Municipal Airport are in compliance with applicable requirements of Part 150, effective September 22, 2008. Under 49 U.S.C. 47503 of the Aviation Safety and Noise Abatement Act (hereinafter referred to as “the Act”), an airport operator may submit to the FAA noise exposure maps which meet applicable regulations and which depict non-compatible land uses as of the date of submission of such maps, a description of projected aircraft operations, and the ways in which such operations will affect such maps. The Act requires such maps to be developed in consultation with interested and affected parties in the local community, government agencies, and persons using the airport. An airport operator who has submitted noise exposure maps that are found by FAA to be in compliance with the requirements of Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) Part 150, promulgated pursuant to the Act, may submit a noise compatibility program for FAA approval which sets forth the measures the operator has taken or proposes to take to reduce existing non-compatible uses and prevent the introduction of additional non-compatible uses.
The FAA has completed its review of the noise exposure maps and accompanying documentation submitted by the Town of Buckeye, Buckeye, Arizona. The documentation that constitutes the “Noise Exposure Maps” as defined in section 150.7 of Part 150 includes: Exhibit I “Existing Aircraft Operations (2006) Noise Exposure Map,” and Exhibit 2 “Projected Aircraft Operations (2011) Noise Exposure Map.” The Noise Exposure Maps contain current and forecast information including the depiction of the airport and its boundaries, the runway configurations, land uses such as residential, open space, commercial/office, community facilities, libraries, churches, open space, infrastructure, vacant and warehouse and those areas within the Yearly Day-Night Average Sound Level (DNL) 65, 70 and 75 noise contours. Estimates for the number of people within these contours for the year 2006 are shown in Table 46. Estimates of the future residential population within the 2011 noise contours are shown in Table 4E. Flight tracks for the existing and the five-year forecast Noise Exposure Maps are found in Figures 3D, 3E and 3F. The type and frequency of aircraft operations (including nighttime operations) are found in Table 3C. The FAA has determined that these noise exposure maps and accompanying documentation are in compliance with applicable requirements. This determination is effective on September 22, 2008.
FAA's determination on an airport operator's noise exposure maps is limited to a finding that the maps were developed in accordance with the procedures contained in Appendix A of FAR Part 150. Such determination does not constitute approval of the applicant's data, information or plans, or a commitment to approve a noise compatibility program or to fund the implementation of that program. If questions arise concerning the precise relationship of specific properties to noise exposure contours depicted on a noise exposure map submitted under section 47503 of the Act, it should be noted that the FAA is not involved in any way in determining the relative locations of specific properties with regard to the depicted noise contours, or Start Printed Page 8613in interpreting the noise exposure maps to resolve questions concerning, for example, which properties should be covered by the provisions of section 47506 of the Act. These functions are inseparable from the ultimate land use control and planning responsibilities of local government. These local responsibilities are not changed in any way under Part 150 or through FAA's review of noise exposure maps. Therefore, the responsibility for the detailed overlaying of noise exposure contours onto the map depicting properties on the surface rests exclusively with the airport operator that submitted those maps, or with those public agencies and planning agencies with which consultation is required under section 47503 of the Act. The FAA has relied on the certification by the airport operator, under section 150.21 of FAR Part 150, that the statutorily required consultation has been accomplished.
Copies of the full noise exposure map documentation and of the FAA's evaluation of the maps are available for examination at the following locations: | [
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] |
513 N.E.2d 196 (1987)
Tommy Joe SMALL, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
THE BOARD OF SAFETY OF THE TOWN OF MONROEVILLE, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 02A03-8704-CV-97.
Court of Appeals of Indiana, Third District.
September 30, 1987.
*197 Max E. Hobbs, Fort Wayne, for plaintiff-appellant.
William W. Kurnik, Stephenson and Kurnik, Indianapolis, for defendant-appellee.
HOFFMAN, Judge.
On February 4, 1986, Tommy Joe Small was dismissed from his position as Town Marshal of Monroeville, Indiana. The dismissal was ordered by the Board of Safety of the Town of Monroeville after a hearing held on January 13, 1986. Small sought judicial review, and the trial court decided the case without trial, based on the exhibits and transcript from the Safety Board hearing plus supplemental briefs. On January 5, 1987, the trial court issued its written findings of facts and conclusions of law which affirmed the Safety Board decision. From the court's judgment, Small appeals.
The following undisputed facts of this apparently unique case are largely adopted from the trial court's findings of fact. The case had its genesis in August 1985 when the town was notified that its comprehensive liability insurance carrier would no longer provide coverage. The policy was due to expire on January 5, 1986.
There ensued several months of searching for a new insurance carrier. While the methodology was not very sophisticated, the town board did contact a number of area insurance agents, who, in turn, contacted a reasonably extensive sampling of insurance companies. Despite this, the search proved fruitless until December 21, 1985, when insurance was offered by the Bliss Insurance Company of Indiana. The offer was subject to the limitation that vehicle coverage would not be provided if a certain individual who had wrecked a town police car several years before was still employed by the town. The record contains no details of this accident, but Tommy Joe Small was the driver of the wrecked vehicle.
On December 23, 1985, the town board held a meeting, which Small attended, to discuss the insurance problem. Two actions occurred as a result of this meeting. On December 27, 1985, the last available day, the town delivered a check to the Bliss *198 Insurance Company to bind the coverage. On January 5, 1986, Small was officially given notice that he was suspended from duty, with pay, for ten days. At the end of the ten days he would be suspended for an additional twenty days, without pay, and at the end of this thirty-day period, if he was not reinstated, he would be dismissed. Reinstatement was conditioned on either the town or Small finding alternative insurance, during the thirty days, at no additional cost to the town.
The notice assured Small that the suspension was not motivated by any dissatisfaction with his job performance. Instead the sole cause for the action was the town's inability to get insurance so long as Small was an employee. The notice also offered Small an opportunity for a hearing before the Board of Safety.
Small exercised this option and a hearing was held on January 13, 1986. It appears that this hearing was conducted without rancor and Small was afforded a full measure of procedural due process. Witnesses were called, and Small, by his attorney, conducted cross-examination. The witnesses primarily recounted the efforts the town had gone through to obtain insurance without the condition affecting Small's position. Donald Gerardot, president of the Board of Trustees for the Town of Monroeville, also testified that the town intended to eventually replace Small, if alternative insurance could not be found. In addition, Small, testifying in his own behalf, said that his search for alternative insurance had also been fruitless.
Ultimately, on January 31, 1986, the Safety Board issued written findings of fact which affirmed the suspension and dismissal. The trial court affirmed the Board's decision and on appeal Small raises one central issue which is:
whether the action to terminate Small as town marshal was contrary to law.
The discipline, demotion and termination of police officers is governed by IND. CODE § 36-8-3-4 (1985 Supp.). This section generally provides that a police officer cannot be disciplined, demoted or terminated except for good cause. The statute enumerates ten categories of conduct that justify disciplinary action. The statute also specifies the degree of due process an officer must receive before disciplinary action is taken.
Here it is unnecessary to discuss application of the statute. Small does not quarrel with the quality of procedural due process that he received and both parties agree that Small was not terminated for any of the statutory causes. Instead, the town argues, and the trial court expressly found, that Small's dismissal comes within the "economic exception" to the general rule which requires specification of a good cause reason before termination of a police officer.
The economic exception was first articulated in Indiana, in Shira v. State, et al. (1918), 187 Ind. 441, 444-445, 119 N.E. 833, 834 where the Court held:
"This rule [of no dismissal without statutory cause and proper notice] is subject to the exception, however, that the membership of the police department may be reduced for economic reasons, and a dismissal on that ground does not violate the rights of the officer. At the same time, this power to reduce the force on the ground of economy must be exercised in good faith, and where it appears that the dismissal was for the ultimate and actual purpose of creating a vacancy, and thus permitting the appointment of another person to a position on the force, the discharged member is entitled to relief." (Citations omitted.)
This exception had been repeatedly affirmed with essentially no change from its original formulation.
See, State ex rel. Felthoff v. Richards (1932), 203 Ind. 637, 180 N.E. 596;
Atkins et al. v. Klute et al. (1976), 169 Ind. App. 206, 346 N.E.2d 759;
State ex rel. Miecznikowski v. City of Hammond (1983), Ind. App., 448 N.E.2d 1239.
Small argues that the economic exception does not apply in this case because the Town of Monroeville was not reducing the membership of the police force and *199 ultimately intended to appoint another person to the position of town marshal. However, analysis of the import of the cases discussing the economic exception reveals the fundamental unsoundness of Small's position.
In each of the Indiana cases discussing the economic exception, the rule has never been rigidly applied; instead, the Court invariably focused on the motivations underlying the termination or demotion. In Shira v. State, supra, several police officers were terminated and the city claimed the action was an economically motivated reduction in force. The Court mentioned the lack of actual reduction in force, but the decision was premised on the strong inference that the terminations were politically motivated. The focus on motivations expressed in Shira was recently repeated in Biddle v. City of Fort Wayne (N.D.Ind. 1984) 591 F. Supp. 72, where the district court, applying Indiana law, found a police officer's demotion was politically motivated, despite the city's facially neutral reorganization plan. Political motivations as evidenced by Shira and Biddle, are perhaps the classic example of a bad faith use of the economic exception; however, the exception has been reviewed in other situations.
The flexibility of the economic exception is plainly demonstrated by Atkins v. Klute, supra. In Atkins the appellants, firemen subject to termination, argued that the economic exception did not apply because the city was merely attempting to achieve cost savings. This goal, the firemen argued, did not qualify as an economic reason. This Court rejected the argument, holding that the economic exception applied, because the terminations were motivated by the city's good faith desire to promote sound fiscal management. Thus Atkins makes clear that no specific economic condition need occur before the economic exception can appropriately be applied. The exception is necessarily a malleable rule, intended to be adapted to a variety of situations.
The cases discussing and applying the economic exception demonstrate that it is broad enough to encompass the situation facing the Town of Monroeville. The mechanistic approach that Small advocates would eventually rob government of a valuable and necessary method of dealing with fiscal difficulties. The economic exception is not a contraction of the important right to tenure in position, instead the exception is an inevitable adaptation of statutory rights to the realities of governmental management.
The fact that in the present case no reduction in force occurred does not preclude use of the economic exception. Application of the doctrine calls for a fact sensitive, qualitative analysis where no single factor can control. The boundaries of the economic exception are not necessarily described by the nature of the financial exigency, nor by the form of the action taken. Instead, the primary limit on the exception is the requirement of good faith.
That a governmental unit must act in good faith when claiming that a demotion or termination comes within the economic exception is not an inconsequential requirement. Before a police officer can be terminated or demoted for economic reasons the officer must still be given an opportunity for a hearing. At the hearing the governmental agency must be able to adequately prove that the action is truly motivated by considerations of economy and that the action is not politically motivated, nor motivated by reasons of personality or by matters that are properly within the purview of IND. CODE § 36-8-3-4. The local board's decision is, of course, ultimately subject to judicial review. Thus, when an action is justified on economic grounds, the officer's due process interests are fully protected.
In the present case the evidence is very strong that the town acted in good faith in terminating Small. The trial court specifically found that the termination was not for any statutory disciplinary reason and that there was no consideration of Small's political affiliation. Small does not question these findings.
As previously discussed, the town eventually plans to refill Small's position. This *200 fact, that Small's termination was not part of a general reduction in force, does not prove the town acted in bad faith. At the time Small was terminated, Monroeville had two police officers. It is obvious that Small's departure created a necessity to bring the force back to full strength. Moreover the crisis facing the town could not be addressed by reducing the force, instead the sole remedy available to resolve the town's critical inability to find insurance was to replace Small. It is apparent from the record that the town was motivated by a good faith need to protect the economic interests of the town.
Small contends that the town's lack of good faith is demonstrated by the allegedly inadequate attempts to find alternate insurance and by the town's offer to let him conduct his own search for insurance. On these issues, the trial court concluded that:
"6. The Defendant made reasonable efforts to obtain adequate insurance coverage from insurers who would not require the dismissal of Plaintiff as a precondition to such coverage and such insurance was not found.
* * * * * *
8. Considering its own continuing efforts to obtain adequate insurance coverage, the Defendant did not abandon its administrative duties and responsibilities as a body politic by offering reinstatement to Plaintiff if Plaintiff himself could obtain adequate coverage on Plaintiff."
A review of the evidence demonstrates that these conclusions are correct. The transcript of the Safety Board hearing is replete with testimony regarding the town's search for alternate insurance. While, as previously noted, this search may have not been very sophisticated, it is undisputed that the search was made honestly and that ultimately a broad sampling of insurance companies was obtained. It is immaterial, as Small contends, that there were other insurance companies that could have been considered. There is no particular quantum of effort necessary to demonstrate good faith in this case, instead what is necessary and what the evidence proves, is that honest efforts were made to find insurance without the condition affecting Small's position, efforts that were untainted by sham, pretense or subterfuge.
The town's offer to let Small conduct his own search does not weaken the finding of good faith. On the contrary, the offer strengthens the general sense that the search for alternative insurance was made without sham, pretense or subterfuge. As the trial court found, the offer was made only after the town's search proved fruitless. The offer was not drafted in terms of an order effectively adding a new duty to Small's job as town marshal and effectively abandoning the town's statutory responsibilities. Instead, the offer was couched in terms indicating fairness and a sense that the solution chosen was directed at alleviating the insurance problem and not solely directed at removing Small. Accordingly, it cannot be said that the trial court's findings were clearly erroneous and they must be adjudged correct. See, e.g., National Fleet Supply, Inc. v. Fairchild (1983), Ind. App., 450 N.E.2d 1015.
There being no reversible error presented, the trial court is affirmed.
Affirmed.
MILLER, P.J., and STATON, J., concur.
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29889,
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# [269. 火星词典](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/alien-dictionary)
[English Version](/solution/0200-0299/0269.Alien%20Dictionary/README_EN.md)
## 题目描述
<!-- 这里写题目描述 -->
<p>现有一种使用字母的全新语言，这门语言的字母顺序与英语顺序不同。</p>
<p>假设，您并不知道其中字母之间的先后顺序。但是，会收到词典中获得一个 <strong>不为空的 </strong>单词列表。因为是从词典中获得的，所以该单词列表内的单词已经 <strong>按这门新语言的字母顺序进行了排序</strong>。</p>
<p>您需要根据这个输入的列表，还原出此语言中已知的字母顺序。</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>示例 1：</strong></p>
<pre><strong>输入:</strong>
[
"wrt",
"wrf",
"er",
"ett",
"rftt"
]
<strong>输出: </strong><code>"wertf"</code>
</pre>
<p><strong>示例 2：</strong></p>
<pre><strong>输入:</strong>
[
"z",
"x"
]
<strong>输出: </strong><code>"zx"</code>
</pre>
<p><strong>示例 3：</strong></p>
<pre><strong>输入:</strong>
[
"z",
"x",
"z"
]
<strong>输出: </strong><code>""</code>
<strong>解释:</strong> 此顺序是非法的，因此返回 <code>""。</code>
</pre>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>提示：</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>你可以默认输入的全部都是小写字母</li>
<li>若给定的顺序是不合法的，则返回空字符串即可</li>
<li>若存在多种可能的合法字母顺序，请返回其中任意一种顺序即可</li>
</ul>
## 解法
<!-- 这里可写通用的实现逻辑 -->
<!-- tabs:start -->
### **Python3**
<!-- 这里可写当前语言的特殊实现逻辑 -->
```python
```
### **Java**
<!-- 这里可写当前语言的特殊实现逻辑 -->
```java
```
### **...**
```
```
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Hello all! When foreigners think about Italy, the first places that come into their minds are Rome, Milan, Florence, Venice and perhaps Naples, don’t they?But what about Torino?Continue reading “Torino, mon amour”→ | [
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Senior Seth Simmons was the sixth Pirate selected in the 2011 MLB Draft
June 8, 2011
GREENVILLE, N.C. - Senior Seth Simmons was the sixth player from the 2011 East Carolina Pirates to hear his name called when the Arizona Diamondbacks chose him in the 40th round with pick No. 1204 Wednesday afternoon during the 2011 Major League Baseball First Year Amateur Draft.
Seth Simmons - 2011 Biographical Sketch
Named to the National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association (NCBWA) Stopper-of-the-Year Watch List ... Appeared in 29 games (all out of the bullpen) where he posted a 6-2 record with six saves (team leader) ... Struck out 50, walked 23 and sported a 2.78 ERA in 35.2 innings ... Notched saves against No. 10 Virginia, Pepperdine, Monmouth, Rutgers, UCF and Tulane ... Became ECU's all-time saves leader on Mar. 19 against Rutgers after closing the final two-thirds of an inning with a strikeout ... Did not allow an earn run in 22 of 29 outings including his first 15 games of the season ... Fanned two or more batters 16 times ... Tied career-high with six punch outs against Campbell (Mar. 8) when he entered the game in the seventh inning with the bases loaded and struck out the side to get ECU out of a jam ... Did not issue a walk in 16 of 29 games ... Stuck out five against Houston (Apr. 21) after working three scoreless inning where he allowed one run in ECU's 5-4 win in 12 innings ... Worked at least one inning of relief in 22 games and tossed a season-high three innings of relief three times (Campbell, Houston and Virginia) ... Posted wins against Campbell, Elon, Memphis, UAB, Houston and Tulane ... Ranked among the league leaders (all games) in games finished (t-2nd), games in relief (t-3rd) and saves (sixth) ...Career Notes: Two-time NCBWA Stopper-of-the-Year nominee ... ECU's all-time career leader in saves (26), appearances (117) and relief appearances (117) ... Holds the second (26 in '09), third (23 in '10) and fourth (21 in '11) spots on ECU's single-season charts in game finished ... His 26 career saves is tied for sixth all-time Conference USA history ... Career Numbers:: 13-8, 3.91 ERA, 117 games, 26 saves, 149.2 IP, 140 Hs, 77 Rs, 65 ERs, 85 BBs and 187 Ks ... Career-Highs - innings pitched: 5.2 vs. Southern Miss (5/9/10); strikeouts: 6 (twice, last vs. Campbell 3/8/11); walks: 4 vs. Rice (4/9/11); hits: 6 vs. Southern Miss (5/9/10); runs: 5 vs. Rice (4/10/09); earned runs: 4 (twice, last vs. Marshall 5/2/10). | [
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NZ business confidence rises in May, along with expectations for profit, pricing and inflation
By Jonathan Underhill
May 31 (BusinessDesk) – New Zealand business confidence rose in May and firms saw rising exports, employment, profits, prices and inflation, suggesting the domestic economy continues to enjoy reasonable growth.
A net 15 percent of companies surveyed in the ANZ Business Outlook expect general business conditions to improve over the coming year, up from 11 percent in April. A net 38.3 percent see better times ahead for their own business, edging up from 37.7 percent, but still above the long-run average of 28 percent, and profit expectations rose 1.9 points to a net 27.7 percent seeing an increase in earnings.
“The economy’s excellent adventure continues,” ANZ Bank New Zealand chief economist Cameron Bagrie said in his report. “Firms are upbeat, and prepared to hire and invest. That’s an economic expansion that is still going full steam. Survey indicators are elevated but not stratospheric, consistent with the economy evolving into a mature stage of the expansion; we’re growing nicely off a good base, as opposed to lifting rapidly off a low level.”
Bagrie said ANZ’s composite indicator of business and consumer confidence pointed to economic growth of 3.5 percent to 4 percent.
The survey comes after last week’s release of the government’s Budget 2017, which included the Treasury’s assessment that economic growth would accelerate to a peak of 3.8 percent in 2019, up from the 2.9 percent rate it had previously forecast. The economy has been underpinned by an expanding population, record tourism, a recovery in dairy prices, and robust consumer spending over the past year and is now set to receive more stimulus from the government’s budget strategy of spending down futures surpluses on tax cuts and infrastructure.
The services sector was the most upbeat this month, with 21.1 percent seeing better times ahead for the economy, well ahead of other sectors. Retailing was next with a net 8.7 percent upbeat, followed by agriculture on 8.3 percent and manufacturing on 6.6 percent. By contrast, confidence in the economy among construction firms was at zero, meaning optimists matched pessimists.
Export intentions improved to 38.3 percent from 37.7 percent a month earlier, while investment intentions were unchanged at 23.5 percent. Those expecting to hire more staff rose to 23.6 percent from 21.5 percent, while those seeing higher profits rose to 27.7 percent from 25.8 percent. More companies saw room to raise prices – a net 30.2 percent had positive pricing intentions this month, up from 29.2 percent in April. Inflation expectations increased to 2 percent – the Reserve bank’s target – from 1.83 percent in the April survey.
A net 61.4 percent of those surveyed expect interest rates to rise, down from 64.3 percent in April.
“Firms have good reason to be upbeat,” Bagrie said. “Commodity prices have recovered. The NZD is in a zone that looks broadly fair. Construction and tourism continue
to boom. Interest rates are low. More arrivals (migrants) means more bums on seats. The spectre of higher interest rates is not weighing on sentiment.” | [
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] |
Mass Shooting in Florida Targets Young Teens -Please PRAY
Just weeks after an ISIS supporter killed dozens at Pulse Nightclub in Orlando, another shooter has fired upon a crowd in a Florida nightclub.
It was teen night and no IDs were required as Club Blu in Fort Myers wanted to provide a fun and safe place for underage kids to hang out on a summer night. But, gunfire erupted as parents were about to pick up their kids.
Two were killed and at least 14 were wounded. The youngest victim is 12. High school basketball standout Stefan Strawder was killed at the nightclub. Before heading out, he posted about it on Facebook.
Club Blu also posted on Facebook about the tragedy.
Terrorism isn’t suspected at this point, but the investigation is ongoing. Three suspects are in custody and the weapons that were used have been recovered. You can learn more at the video below.
This is just deplorable. Those parents allowed their kids to attend thinking it was safe and some thug came in and shot up the place. As the investigation continues, it will be interesting to see if the armed security returned fire.
The left will likely use this as an excuse to grab our guns, but this obviously wasn’t caused by a responsible gun owner. Gun laws don’t prevent this type of crime. | [
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Your Future Starts Here
By submitting this form, I am allowing Genesis Career College to contact me regarding education programs and services via email, telephone, automated technology, direct mail, or text message at the email address, address, and phone number provided. Data and text message rates may apply. I understand that my consent is not required before enrolling in or attending any educational programs facilitated by Genesis Career College. Read our full privacy policy here. | [
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Q:
Is there a way to introduce fake latency in Java RMI calls?
In want to diagnose a bottleneck which happens when my client is talking to a server on the other side of the world. I'd like to run the server on my local machine and simulate the latency. Is there a way I can inject a brief thread-sleep in all remote calls? I'm not sure which remote call is the bottleneck, so I need to delay them all.
Second attempt to clarify: I don't want to copy-paste thread sleeps into every single remote method, because there are lots and lots of remote methods. I'm trying to find a way to inject a sleep into the RMI subsystem so all calls over RMI will be delayed.
A:
WANem is designed to do just that. It works at the network level so isn't Java- or RMI-specific.
| [
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Minister of Trade and Industry Chan Chun Sing assured local employers that Singapore's economic agencies are working to provide temporary accommodation in Singapore for their Malaysian workers who may wish to stay here during Malaysia's lockdown.
In a doorstop interview with media on Tuesday (Mar. 17) morning, Chan also spoke about how Singapore has planned for the scenario of disruptions to food supplies from Malaysia.
Working with economic agencies to provide accommodation options
Malaysia had previously announced lockdown measures a day earlier, on Mar. 16, 2020.
The lockdown will take place on Wednesday (Mar. 18) and last until the end of the month (Mar. 31).
As part of the measures, all tourists and foreign visitors coming into Malaysia are barred from entry, and Malaysians are also barred from travelling abroad.
Government working with stakeholders to explore temporary accommodation for Malaysian workers
According to National Development Minister Lawrence Wong in a press conference on Sunday (Mar. 15), he noted that 300,000 people move across the land crossings at the Woodlands and Tuas checkpoints alone on a daily basis.
According to Chan, many employers enquired if they can provide temporary accommodation in Singapore for Malaysian workers, who are affected by the measures.
Chan responded that the economic agencies are working with the companies, dormitory operators and hotels to provide accommodation options for such workers.
He also mentioned that companies who need help for their workers' accommodation can contact and work with said economic agencies and their own trade associations.
"Let me address the issue of the Malaysian workers. Since last night, many employers are enquiring if they can provide temporary accommodation in Singapore for their Malaysian workers who may wish to stay here during this period. Our economic agencies are working with the companies, dormitory operators and hotels to provide options for the companies so companies who need help for their workers' accommodation can contact our economic agencies and also work with their trade associations."
Chan had previously mentioned in a Facebook post last night (Mar. 16) that businesses that employ Malaysian workers who commute between Singapore and Malaysia daily may have to activate their Business Continuity Plans, but assured that economic agencies are ready to assist if need be.
Chan assured Singaporeans that he was aware that many of these new restrictions and announcements may be quite overwhelming for many people.
Hence, he asked for their "continued trust and support as we work hard with all stakeholders to ensure that we get through these short-term challenges together".
Top photo by Zheng Zhangxin | [
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] |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a laser apparatus and a production method of a laser apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, a semiconductor laser device includes a p-type electrode, an n-type electrode, a p-type optical waveguide, an n-type optical waveguide, and an active layer
Being provided near the active layer and made of materials different from the material constituting the active layer, the electrodes and optical waveguides act as a resonator for confining the light generated in the active layer.
By the above configuration, stimulated (or induced) emission of laser light is caused in the active layer, and the laser light is amplified in the resonator and then guided outside the device by the optical waveguides.
Moreover, there is also a configuration using a Fabry-Perot resonator in which a cleavage plane is used as a resonator.
However, since the above-mentioned resonators cannot spatially control light perfectly, further improvement is required in order to achieve such a laser device that is desired for use in optical communication and a light source for an optical disk, operates at a lower current, and has a higher output.
Therefore, recently, as an ideal laser device, attention has been focused on a photonic crystal which can control the propagation of an electromagnetic wave, in particular a light.
The photonic crystal is a structural member in which the refractive index of a constituent substance is distributed periodically and is an artificial material which can achieve novel functions only by means of structural design.
As a most remarkable feature of the photonic crystal, it has been known that a region referred to as a photonic bandgap, where a specific electromagnetic wave cannot propagate, is formed due to the difference in refractive index of the constituent material and the periodicity of the structure.
By introducing a suitable defect into a refractive index distribution in a photonic crystal, an energy level due to the defect (defect level) is formed in the photonic bandgap. This enables the photonic crystal to control an electromagnetic wave with perfect freedom. Besides, the use of the photonic crystal enables the size of a device to be reduced.
The largest advantage of using a photonic crystal as a resonator of a laser device is that since perfect spatial control of a light, which has been hitherto impossible, can be achieved, a laser light can be obtained which has an extremely small threshold value (theoretically zero) and small temperature dependencies of the output and the wavelength.
Moreover, the advantage is also in that since the radiation of light can be controlled with respect to the entire space, high electro-optical conversion efficiency can be obtained.
Although, one dimensional, two dimensional, and three dimensional photonic crystals are present, in order to achieve the above-mentioned effect to a maximum extent, the three dimensional photonic crystal is most suitable.
In other words, the three dimensional photonic crystal has a feature that the distribution of refractive index of the constituent substance has a three dimensional periodicity, and an electromagnetic wave existing at a position of a defect hardly leaks outside and is therefore most suitable for controlling the propagation of an electromagnetic wave.
A representative example of the three dimensional photonic crystal is a woodpile structure (or rod-pile structure) disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,335,240.
The woodpile structure, as illustrated in FIG. 7 has a structure having a stacked stripe layers in which a plurality of rods are periodically disposed parallel to each other at a predetermined in-plane periodicity.
Specifically, the woodpile structure is configured such that each rod belonging to each stripe layer intersects perpendicularly to each rod belonging to a nearest neighbor stripe layer, and each rod belonging to each stripe layer is parallel to each other and is offset by a half of the in-plane periodicity with each rod belonging to stripe layers being apart therefrom by two layers.
The periodicity of the photonic crystal structure is an order of a half of the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave to be controlled. For example, the periodicity of a photonic crystal for visible light is about 250 nm.
In the prior art, as a semiconductor laser device using such a three dimensional photonic crystal, for example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-257425, a semiconductor laser device having low threshold current characteristics, in which an active portion is provided in a three dimensional photonic crystal structure, and a production method thereof has been proposed. The proposed semiconductor laser device has a structure such as illustrated in FIG. 8, in which an undoped InGaAs etch stop layer 1102 is formed on the surface of a high resistance InP substrate 1101.
Moreover, on the surface of the etch stop layer 1102, a three dimensional photonic crystal structure containing an active layer 1304 is formed.
Furthermore, on the surface of the three dimensional photonic crystal structure, a p-type electrode 1105 and an n-type electrode 1106 are formed via an InGaAs contact layer.
In other words, here, on the photonic crystal structure, there are formed electrodes composed of thin films of materials different from the material of the photonic crystal structure. | [
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