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Many anal cancers can be found early. | Many anal cancers can be found early. |
Early anal cancers often have signs and symptoms that lead people to see a doctor. | Early anal cancers often have signs and symptoms that lead people to see a doctor. |
Unfortunately, some anal cancers may not cause symptoms until they reach an advanced stage. | But some anal cancers may not cause symptoms until they reach a late stage. |
Other anal cancers can cause symptoms like those of diseases other than cancer. | Other anal cancers may also have symptoms of other conditions that are not cancer. This may delay their diagnosis. |
Anal cancers develop in a part of the digestive tract that your doctor can easily see and get to. | Anal cancers start in a part of the GI tract that your doctor can easily see and get to. |
A digital rectal exam (DRE) can find some cases of anal cancer early. | A digital rectal exam (DRE) by finger can find some cases of anal cancer early. |
In this exam, the doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the anus to feel for unusual lumps or growths. | In this exam, the doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the anus to feel for lumps or growths. |
This test is sometimes used to look for prostate cancer in men (because the prostate gland can be felt through the rectum). | This test may also used to look for prostate cancer in men (because the prostate gland can be felt during this exam). |
The rectal exam is also done routinely as part of a pelvic exam on women. | The rectal exam may also done as part of a pelvic exam on women. |
The odds that anal cancer can be found early depend on the location and type of the cancer. | The chances of anal cancer being found early depends on the location and type of the cancer. |
Cancers that begin higher up in the anal canal are less likely to cause symptoms and be found early. | Cancers that begin higher up in the anal canal may not cause symptoms and may not be found early by digital exam. |
Anal melanomas tend to spread earlier than other cancers, making them harder to diagnose them early. | Anal melanomas tend to spread earlier than other cancers, making them harder to diagnose them early. |
Screening people at high risk | Screening people at high risk |
Looking for a disease like cancer in someone with no symptoms is called screening . | Looking for a disease like cancer in someone with no symptoms is called screening . |
The goal of screening is to find cancer at an early stage, when treatment is likely to be most helpful. | The goal of screening is to find cancer at an early stage, when treatment is likely to be most helpful. |
Anal cancer is not common in the United States, so screening the general public for anal cancer is not widely recommended at this time. | Anal cancer is not common in the United States. Screening the general public for anal cancer is not widely recommended at this time. |
Still, some people at increased risk for anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN, a potentially pre-cancerous condition) and anal cancer might benefit from screening. | Some people are at increased risk for anal cancer and might benefit from screening. |
This includes men who have sex with men (regardless of HIV status), women who have had cervical cancer, vaginal cancer , or vulvar cancer , anyone who is HIV-positive, and anyone who is immunocompromised (such as people who have received an organ transplant or are on long-term steroids). | This includes >Known anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN, a potentially pre-cancerous condition). >men who have sex with men (regardless of HIV status). >women who have had cervical, vaginal or vulvar cancer. >anyone who is HIV-positive. >anyone who is immunocompromised (such as people who have received an organ transplant or are on long-term steroids). |
Some experts also recommend screening for anyone with a history of anal warts and women older than 45 years old who are HPV 16 positive. | Additional screening recommendations: >anyone with a history of anal warts. >women older than 45 years old who are HPV positive. |
For these people, some experts recommend screening with regular anal cytology testing (also known as an anal Pap test or anal Pap smear because it is much like a Pap test for cervical cancer). | For this group it is also recommended that they receive regular anal cytology testing. Also known as an anal Pap test or smear because it is much like a Pap test for cervical cancer). |
For an anal Pap test, the anal lining is swabbed, and cells that come off on the swab are looked at closely in the lab. | For an anal Pap test, the lining of the anus is swabbed, and the cells are looked at closely in the lab for changes. |
The anal pap test can then be followed by a DRE or a procedure called an anoscopy . | The anal pap test can then be followed by a DRE or a procedure called an anoscopy (a small tube is inserted into the anus to view the tissue). |
The anal Pap test has not been studied enough to know how often it should be done, or if it actually reduces the risk of anal cancer by catching AIN early. | The anal Pap test has not been studied enough to know how often it should be done. Some experts recommend that the test be done in at-risk people who are: >Annually HIV-positive. >every 2 to 3 years in at-risk people who are HIV-negative. |
Some experts recommend that the test be done every year in at-risk people who are HIV-positive, and every 2 to 3 years in at-risk people who are HIV-negative. | Some experts recommend that the test be done every year in at-risk people who are HIV-positive, and every 2 to 3 years in at-risk people who are HIV-negative. |
But there is no widespread agreement on the best screening schedule, or even exactly which groups of people can benefit from screening. | There is no widespread agreement on the best screening schedule, or even exactly which groups of people can benefit from screening. |
Patients with positive results on an anal Pap test should be referred for a biopsy. | Patients with positive results on an anal Pap test should receive a biopsy. |
If AIN is found on the biopsy, it might need to be treated (especially if it is high-grade). | If AIN is found on the biopsy, it might need to be treated (especially if it is high-grade). |
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Only a small number of bile duct cancers are found before they have spread too far to be removed by surgery. | Only a small number of bile duct cancers are found early. Most are found when they have spread too far to be taken out with surgery. |
The bile ducts are deep inside the body, so small tumors can’t be seen or felt during routine physical exams. | The bile ducts are way down inside the body, so small areas of cancer can’t be seen or felt when you go to the doctor for a regular visit. |
There are no blood tests or other tests that can reliably detect bile duct cancers early enough to be useful as screening tests. | Looking for cancer in people who are not having any problems is called screening. There are no blood tests or other tests that can help screen people for bile duct cancer. |
(Screening is testing for cancer in people without any symptoms.) | (Screening is testing for cancer in people without any symptoms.) |
Because of this, most bile duct cancers are found only after the cancer has grown enough to cause signs or symptoms. | Because of this, most bile duct cancers are found after the cancer has grown big enough to cause problems (or symptoms). |
The most common symptom is jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes, which is caused by a blocked bile duct. | The most common symptom is jaundice, when your skin and the white part of your eyes look yellow. This is caused by a clogged up bile duct. |
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Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor. | Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor. |
There are several risk factors associated with bile duct cancer . | There are several risk factors associated with bile duct cancer . |
Not everyone with one or more of these risk factors will develop the disease, and the disease will develop in some people who don’t have any known risk factors. | Not everyone with one or more of these risk factors will develop the disease. The disease may develop in some people who don’t have any known risk factors. |
People who think they may be at risk should discuss this with their doctor. | People who think they may be at risk should discuss this with their doctor. |
Risk factors for bile duct cancer include the following conditions: >primary sclerosing cholangitis (a progressive disease in which the bile ducts become blocked by inflammation and scarring) >chronic ulcerative colitis >cysts in the bile ducts (cysts block the flow of bile and can cause swollen bile ducts, inflammation, and infection ) >infection with a Chinese liver fluke parasite There are actions you can take that can help to decrease your risk of getting cancer. | Risk factors for bile duct cancer include the following conditions: >primary sclerosing cholangitis (a progressive disease in which the bile ducts become blocked by inflammation and scarring). >chronic ulcerative colitis >cysts in the bile ducts (cysts block the flow of bile and can cause swollen bile ducts, inflammation, and infection ). >infection with a Chinese liver parasite (Fluke). There are actions you can take that can help to decrease your risk of getting cancer. |
To learn more about ways to prevent cancer, see Cancer Prevention Overview . | To learn more about ways to prevent cancer, see Cancer Prevention Overview . |
If you would like to reproduce some or all of this content, see Reuse of NCI Information for guidance about copyright and permissions. | If you would like to reproduce some or all of this content, see Reuse of NCI Information for guidance about copyright and permissions. |
In the case of permitted digital reproduction, please credit the National Cancer Institute as the source and link to the original NCI product using the original product's title; e.g., “Bile Duct Cancer Causes and Risk Factors was originally published by the National Cancer Institute.” | In the case of permitted digital reproduction, please credit the National Cancer Institute as the source and link to the original NCI product using the original product's title; e.g., “Bile Duct Cancer Causes and Risk Factors was originally published by the National Cancer Institute.” |
Want to use this content on your website or other digital platform? | Want to use this content on your website or other digital platform? |
Our syndication services page shows you how. | Our syndication services page shows you how. |
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Screening is the process of looking for cancer or pre-cancer in people who have no symptoms of the disease. | Screening is looking for cancer or pre-cancer in people who are not having any problems. |
Regular colorectal cancer screening is one of the most powerful tools against colorectal cancer. | Getting screened a lot is one of the most important ways to keep from getting colorectal cancer. This is called regular screening. |
Screening can often find colorectal cancer early , when it's small, hasn't spread, and might be easier to treat. | A lot of the time, screening can find colorectal cancer early, when it is small, has not moved to other parts of the body, and might be easier to take care of. |
Regular screening can even prevent colorectal cancer . | Regular screening can even keep you from getting colorectal cancer. |
A polyp can take as many as 10 to 15 years to develop into cancer. | It can take up to 10 to 15 years for a polyp to turn into cancer. |
With screening, doctors can find and remove polyps before they have the chance to turn into cancer. | By screening, doctors can find and take out polyps before they have time to turn into cancer. |
Why is colorectal cancer screening important? | Why is colorectal cancer screening important? |
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in the US. | Colorectal cancer is one of the top cancers that cause people to die in the US. |
But the death rate (the number of deaths per 100,000 people per year) of colorectal cancer has been dropping for several decades. | But the number of people who die from colorectal cancer each year gets lower all the time. |
One reason for this is that colorectal polyps are now more often found by screening and removed before they can develop into cancers. | One reason for this is that now more colorectal polyps are found by screening and taken out before they can turn into cancers. |
When colorectal cancer is found at an early stage before it has spread, the 5-year relative survival rate is about 90%. | When colorectal cancer is found very early and before it has spread, most people who get treatment for it will still be alive 5 years later. |
But only about 4 out of 10 colorectal cancers are found at this early stage. | But only about 4 out of 10 colorectal cancers are found when they are that early. |
When cancer has spread outside the colon or rectum, survival rates are lower. | When cancer has spread outside the colon or rectum, the number of people who will still be alive 5 years later is much smaller. |
Unfortunately, about 1 in 3 people in the US who should get tested for colorectal cancer have never been screened. | About 1 out of 3 people in the US who need to get tested for colorectal cancer have never been screened. |
This may be because they don't know that regular testing could save their lives from this disease, or due to things like cost and health insurance coverage issues. | This may be because they don't know that screening could keep them from getting colorectal cancer. It may also be because it costs too much and their health insurance does not cover it. |
See Colorectal Cancer Screening Tests for more on the tests used to screen for colorectal cancer. | See Colorectal Cancer Screening Tests for more on the tests used to screen for colorectal cancer. |
American Cancer Society Recommendations for Colorectal Cancer Early Detection has our guidelines for using these tests to find colorectal cancer and polyps. | American Cancer Society Recommendations for Colorectal Cancer Early Detection has our guidelines for using these tests to find colorectal cancer and polyps. |
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Your risk of getting colorectal cancer increases as you get older, but getting regular physical activity and keeping a healthy weight may help lower your risk. | Your risk of getting colorectal cancer increases as you get older. Getting regular physical activity and keeping a healthy weight may help lower your risk. |
Your risk of getting colorectal cancer increases as you get older. | Your risk of getting colorectal cancer increases as you get older. |
Other risk factors include having— >Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. | Other risk factors include having >Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. |
>A personal or family history of colorectal cancer or colorectal polyps. | >A personal or family history of colorectal cancer or colorectal polyps. |
>A genetic syndrome such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome). | >A genetic syndrome such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome). |
Lifestyle factors that may contribute to an increased risk of colorectal cancer include | Lifestyle factors that may contribute to an increased risk of colorectal cancer include |
>Lack of regular physical activity. | >Lack of regular physical activity. |
>A diet low in fruit and vegetables. | >A diet low in fruit and vegetables. |
>A low-fiber and high-fat diet, or a diet high in processed meats. | >A low-fiber and high-fat diet, or a diet high in processed meats. |
>Overweight and obesity. | >Overweight and obesity. |
>Alcohol consumption. | >Alcohol consumption. |
>Tobacco use. | >Tobacco use. |
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Abdominal pain, aches, or cramps may be symptoms of colorectal cancer. | Stomach pain, aches, or cramps might be problems caused by colorectal cancer. |
If you have any symptoms that worry you, be sure to see your doctor right away. | If you have any of these problems and they are bothering you, be sure to see your doctor right away (now). |
Colorectal polyps (abnormal growths in the colon or rectum that can turn into cancer if not removed) and colorectal cancer don’t always cause symptoms, especially at first. | Colorectal polyps (lumps in the colon or rectum that can turn into cancer if they are not taken out) and colorectal cancer don’t always cause problems (symptoms), especially when they start. |
Someone could have polyps or colorectal cancer and not know it. | Someone could have polyps or colorectal cancer and not know it. |
That is why getting screened regularly for colorectal cancer is so important. | Getting screened a lot is one of the most important ways to keep from getting colorectal cancer. This is called regular screening and it is very important. |
If you have symptoms, they may include— >A change in bowel habits. | Some of the symptoms can be: >A change in how often you poop. |
>Blood in or on your stool (bowel movement). | >Blood in or on your poop (bowel movement). |
>Diarrhea, constipation, or feeling that the bowel does not empty all the way. | >Diarrhea, constipation (not being able to poop), or feeling that you did not finish pooping. |
>Abdominal pain, aches, or cramps that don’t go away. | >Stomach pain, aches, or cramps that don’t go away. |
>Weight loss and you don’t know why. | >If you lose weight and don’t know why. |
If you have any of these symptoms, talk to your doctor. | If you have any of these symptoms, talk to your doctor. |
They may be caused by something other than cancer. | They may be caused by a problem other than cancer. |
The only way to know what is causing them is to see your doctor. | The only way to know what is making them happen is to see your doctor. |
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Because carcinoid tumors usually start out very small and grow and spread slowly, about half of all gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors are found in an early or localized stage, often before they cause any problems. | Since most carcinoid tumors start out very small and grow and spread slowly, about half of all gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors are found early, or before they cause any problems. |
Carcinoid tumors often are found by accident. | Carcinoid tumors are found by accident a lot of the time. |
These tumors aren’t causing any symptoms but are found when tests are done for other reasons or diseases. | These tumors aren’t causing any problems, but they are found by accident when the doctor orders tests for other reasons. |
They may also be found when parts of the gastrointestinal system are removed to treat other diseases. | They can also be found when parts of the gastrointestinal system are taken out to treat other sicknesses. |
When patients have parts of their stomach or small intestine removed to treat other diseases, taking a close look in the microscope often shows small groups of neuroendocrine cells that look like tiny carcinoid tumors. | When patients have parts of their stomach or small intestine taken out to treat other problems, sometimes small groups of cells that look like tiny carcinoid tumors can be seen with a microscope. |
Researchers still do not know why some tumors stay small, but others grow large enough to cause symptoms. | People who study cancer still do not know why some tumors stay small, but others grow big enough to cause problems. |
For example, a person with stomach pain or bleeding may have a test called an upper endoscopy to look for an ulcer. | For example, a person with stomach pain or bleeding may have a test called an upper endoscopy to look for an ulcer. |
In this test, the doctor looks at the stomach lining through a flexible lighted tube. | In this test, the doctor looks at the inside of the stomach through a bendable tube with a light on it. |
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in Dataset Viewer.
simpledc-dataset
Official huggingface dataset for the SimpleDC (Simple Digestive Cancer) dataset
Please cite as:
@article{rahman2024health,
title={Health Text Simplification: An Annotated Corpus for Digestive Cancer Education and Novel Strategies for Reinforcement Learning},
author={Rahman, Md Mushfiqur and Irbaz, Mohammad Sabik and North, Kai and Williams, Michelle S and Zampieri, Marcos and Lybarger, Kevin},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2401.15043},
year={2024}
}
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