AarushSah/scibowl_no_headers · Datasets at Hugging Face

Type stringlengths 0 490	Prompt stringlengths 5 919	Completion stringlengths 1 424
BONUS Math - Multiple Choice	Each day, Adam eats 20% of the cookies left in a jar. At the end of the 2\({}^{\rm nd}\) day, there are 32 cookies left in the jar. How many cookies were in the jar originally? W) 40 X) 48 Y) 50 Z) 60	Y) 5019) Chemistry - Short Answer One confirmed transformation of ununnotium [un-un-AWK-tee-um] is the decay of ununoctium-294 into livermorium [liver-MOOR-ee-um]-290. What type of decay process is this?
BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Which of the following IR spectrum wavenumber ranges are characteristic of alcohols, terminal alkynes, and amines? W) 3700 - 3200 X) 3200 - 2700 Y) 2300 - 2100 Z) 1750 - 1650	W) 3700 - 3200
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	Which of the following isotopes is fissile? W) Thorium-232 X) Uranium-233 Y) Uranium-238 Z) Plutonium-238	X) URANIUM-233
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	Two resistors in parallel have an equivalent resistance of 6 ohms. One of the resistors has a resistance of 8 ohms. What is the resistance, in ohms, of the second resistor?	24
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Hydraulic fracturing is used to obtain which of the following resources? W) Coal X) Natural gas Y) Uranium ore Z) Water	X) NATURAL GAS
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT true about plant physiology? W) Meristematic [meh-rih-stuh-MAT-ic] tissue located at the tips of stems and roots forms the apical [A-pik-ul] meristens [MEH-rih-stems] X) Some plants, like shrubs, have lateral meristens Y) Vascular and cork cambium [KAM-bee-um] are produced by apical meristens Z) Interaclay [In-TER-cah-lair-ee] meristems allow grass to grow even after it has been moved	Y) VASCULAR AND CORK CAMBIUM ARE PRODUCED BY APICAL MERISTEMS
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	How many lines of symmetry does a square have?	4
BONUS Math - Short Answer	What are the coordinates of the vertex of the graph of \(y=-2x^{2}-8x+7\)?	(-2,15)
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	What is a tornado called when it moves or develops over water?	WATERSPOUT
BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice	As the Atlantic Ocean began to open around 200 million years ago, which of the following regions was most directly adjacent to the crust that now underlies the eastern margin of the United States? W) The British Isles X) The southwest margin of Scandinavia Y) The northwest margin of Africa Z) The Walvis Ridge	Y) THE NORTHWEST MARGIN OF AFRICA
TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Multiple Choice	In which of the following organelles does transcription NOT occur? W) Nucleus X) Peroxisome [purr-OX-ih-zohm] Y) Chloroplast [KLOR-oh-plast] Z) Mitochondria [my-low-KON-dree-on]	X) PEROXISOME
BONUS Biology \(-\) Short Answer	A commonly-used method of classifying animals is to find a shared ancestral characteristic and use it to group organisms as either within the group or outside the group. Identify all of the following three animals that are inside the group for the hinged jaw characteristic: Lamprey; Turtle; Bass.	2 AND 3
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	Solve the following equation for \(x\): 4 divided by open parenthesis \(x-6\) close parenthesis equals 5 divided by open parenthesis \(x-1\) close parenthesis.	26
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Which of the following elements is most electronegative according to the Pauling scale? W) Carbon X) Iron Y) Arsenic Z) Tellurium	W) CARBON
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	Scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab recently used molybdenum [muh-LIB-den-um] disulfide to generate a one-nanometer transistor gate that is resistant to what quantum-mechanical process, where electrons transition from one side of a potential barrier to another?	TUNNELING (ACCEPT: QUANTUM TUNNELING)
BONUS Energy - Short Answer	A team of Berkeley Lab researchers recently published a study using a thin monolayer of an sp\({}^{2}\)-hybridized material to image electric fields. What is the common name of the material they used?	GRAPHENE
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	Given a graph with velocity as the \(y\) axis and time as the \(x\) axis, what physical quantity does the slope of the graph represent?	ACCELERATION
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	By what factor is the frequency of a spring-mass oscillator multiplied if the mass of the block doubles?	SQUARE ROOT 2 OVER 2
TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Multiple Choice	Which of the following human proteins, when fully assembled, contains exactly four subunits? W) Actin X) Myoglobin Y) Thrombin Z) Hemoglobin	Z) HEMOGLOBIN
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice	Which of the Milankovitch [mil-AYN-koh-vitch] cycles account for climate changes over a 41,000 year period? W) Eccentricity X) Obliquity [oh-BLIH-kwih-tee] Y) Procession of the equinox Z) Apsidal [AP-sih-dul] precession	X) OBLIQUITY
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	William Robert Grove proposed the idea that if water can be broken down to hydrogen and oxygen with electricity, the opposite reaction should produce electricity. What device did he then go on to invent based on this idea?	FUEL CELL (ACCEPT: HYDROGEN FUEL CELL)
BONUS Energy - Short Answer	The Planck and BICEP2 [BY-sep two] experiments, partially supported by the Department of Energy, were constructed to attempt to confirm what event in the early history of the universe?	COSMIC INFLATION (ACCEPT: INFLATION, INFLATIONARY EPOCH; DO NOT ACCEPT: BIG BANG)
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	Find the zeroes of the function f of \(x\) equals 6 over open parenthesis \(x^{2}-6x+5\) close parenthesis.	NONE
BONUS Math - Short Answer	What is the derivative of the function \(x^{2}e^{x}\) at \(x=1\)?	3e11) Chemistry - Short Answer What quantum number is responsible for the energy of the orbital and corresponds to the shell of the electrons?
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	Triton is a moon of what gas giant?	NSPTUNE
TOSS-UP Math \(-\) Short Answer	Simplify \(x\) raised to the 0.8 power times \(x\) raised to the 1.2 power.	\(x^{2}\)
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	In animal cells, what type of cellular junction is formed by connexons [kah-NEX-uns] and enables molecules to pass from cell to cell?	GAP JUNCTIONS
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	A pea farmer starts with two parent plants, one dominant plant being true-breeding for yellow and round seeds, while the recessive plant is true-breeding for green and wrinkled seeds. If the F1 generation is self-pollinated, what fraction of the F2 generation will have yellow and round seeds?	9/16
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	What is the ratio of the intensity of a 30-decibel sound to that of a 20-decibel sound?	10 (ACCEPT: 10 TO 1)
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	A 4.5-centimeter tall object is placed 15 centimeters from a double convex lens with a 9-centimeter focal length. In centimeters, what is the image distance?	22.5
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	A student places a small amount of \(n\)-octane into a constant-volume reaction vessel and combusts the sample in excess oxygen. The heat given off in this reaction is a direct measure of the change in what state function between products and reactants?	INTERNAL ENERGY
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three molecules that have an empirical formula consisting of only one type of atom: Charcoal; Diamond; Hexane.	2
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Steven plots temperature versus time as he heats water while adding energy at a constant rate. Which of the following statements best explains why the heating curve reaches a plateau at 100 degrees Celsius? W) Energy is required to decrease the entropy [EN-trouh-pee] of the water X) Energy is required to decrease the enthalpy [EN-thul-pee] of the water Y) Energy is required to break the hydrogen-oxygen bonds in water Z) Energy is required to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules	Z) ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO BREAK THE HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN WATER MOLECULES
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	How many distinct carbon signals are in the 13C NMR spectrum for ethyl isobutyl ether, also known as 1-ethoxy-2-methylpropane?	5
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	How many chambers are in a fish heart?	2
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three types of plants for which the gametophyte [gah-MEET-oh-file] is the dominant stage of the plant life cycle: Mosses; Ferns; Gymnosperms [JIM-no-sperms].	1
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	Electric eels can generate a 500-volt potential difference that they use to stun their prey. If the potential difference is generated by a network of cells all connected in series, each of which can generate a 100-millivolt potential difference, how many cells are required to generate the total voltage?	5000
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	Scientists at Fermilab participate in the NOvA [nova] collaboration to understand the physics of neutrinos [new-TREE-noze]. One of their many projects is to understand the differences between the three flavor states of neutrinos. What are these three types?	ELECTRON, MUON, AND TAU (ACCEPT: ELECTON, MUON, AND TAUON)
TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice	In the conversion of the rectangular coordinates (-5, to polar coordinates, to the nearest whole number, what is the degree measure of the angle? W) 113 X) 157 Y) 293 Z) 337	W) 113
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	Relative to continental land masses, tropical cyclones typically occur to which cardinal direction?	EAST
TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice	With respect to \(x\), which of the following has -8x\({}^{3}\) as an antiderivative? W) -24\(x^{2}\) X) 24\(x^{2}\) Y) -2\(x^{4}\) Z) 2\(x^{4}\)	W) -24x\({}^{2}\)
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	In a tree, older, nonfunctioning xylem [ZYE-lun] is called what? W) Springwood X) Sapwood Y) Summer wood Z) Heartwood	Z) HEARTWOOD
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	Scientists at the Oak Ridge Titan supercomputer are simulating the interaction of electrons and lattice vibrations in copper-oxide materials. What property of these materials are they studying?	SUPERCONDUCTIVITY (ACCEPT: HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY)
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Which of these is not an example of a Milankovich [mil-AYN-koh-vitch] cycle? W) Shifting tilt of the Earth's axis X) Axial "wobble" Y) Sunspot cycle Z) Change in shape of orbit	Y) SUNSPOT CYCLE
BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three statements that are true of binary star systems: It is impossible to tell if a given star is actually an astrometric binary; For a visual binary, the masses of both stars can be determined; For a spectroscopic [spek-trou-SCAW-pik] binary, the semimajor axis can be determined.	2 AND 3
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	What is the systematic name of tert-butyl [turt-BYOO-til] chloride?	2-CHLORO-2-METHYLPROPANE
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three compounds that can be considered soluble in water: Ammonium chloride; Silver bromide; Lead (II) sulfate.	1
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	A special coin has a 1/3 probability of landing on heads, and a 2/3 probability of landing on tails. In a series of three coin flips, what is the probability of the outcome sequence heads, tails, tails?	4/27
BONUS Math - Short Answer	The perimeters of two squares differ by 16 inches and their areas differ by 92 square inches. What is the perimeter, in inches, of the larger square?	54
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	What sea in the North Atlantic Ocean, named for a genus of brown seaweed, is characterized by notably warm, clear, and nutrient-poor surface waters?	SARGASSO SEA
BONUS Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Which of the following characteristics would make a species a poor index fossil? W) Globally-distributed X) Highly-conserved physical characteristics Y) Short-lived in terms of geologic time Z) Ability to form mineral hard parts	X) HIGHLY-CONSERVED PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	A mixture of steam and liquid water is being heated at an increasing rate. Which of the following best describes the temperature of the mixture? W) Increases at a constant rate X) Increases at an increasing rate Y) Increases at a decreasing rate Z) Remains constant	Z) REMAINS CONSTANT
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	In general, nickel-cadmium batteries have fallen out of use and been replaced with another type of nickel-containing battery. What general type of nickel-containing battery replaced nickel-cadmium batteries?	NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	If a newly-discovered elliptical galaxy appears to be spherical, what Hubble classification will be given to it?	E-ZERO
TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Short Answer	Flatworms, such as tapeworms, belong to what phylum [FYE-lum]?	PLATYHELMINTHES [plat-ih-hell-MIN-thees]
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	According to the Standard Model, what elementary boson [BOH-sawn] acts as the exchange particle for the strong nuclear force?	GLUONS
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	When fermentation occurs in humans, pyruvate [pie-ROO-vate] is reduced by NADH to form what molecule?	LACTATE (ACCEPT: LACTIC ACID)
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	What flexible amino acid is present on nearly every third residue of collagen, due to its ability to fit on the inside of the triple helix?	GLYCINE
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	What is the hybridization [HIGH-brih-dye-ZAY-shun] of the central atom in bromine [BROH-meen] trifluoride?	SP3D (ACCEPT: DSP3)
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Consider the combustion reaction of solid graphite with gaseous [gah-shus] oxygen to generate gaseous carbon monoxide. Identify all of the following three changes that would shift the equilibrium of this reaction to the right: Adding more solid carbon; Increasing the temperature; Compressing the reaction vessel.	NONE
TOSS-UP Math \(-\) Multiple Choice	According to the rational root theorem, which of the following is NOT a possible solution to the equation \(8x^{3}-2x^{2}+x-12=0\)? W) 2 X) 4 Y) 6 Z) 8	Z) 8
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	What isotope accounts for approximately 7 parts per trillion of the Earth's atmosphere, and can be formed from the radioactive decay of tritium [TRIH-tee-um]?	HELIUM-3
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	Scientists at Brookhaven National Lab are studying molecular [moh-LEK-yoo-lur] wires as a potential polymeric replacement for silicon-based technologies. Which of the following polymers could behave as a molecular wire without any other functional groups? W) Polyester X) Polyphenylene [poly-FEH-nil-een] vinylene Y) Polyamide [poly-AM-ide] Z) Polystyrene [poly-STYE-reen]	X) POLYPHENYLENE VINYLENE
BONUS Energy - Short Answer	To better understand matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe, scientists at SLAC [stack] are studying the CP-violating decays of what particle in the BaBar experiment?	B MESON (ACCEPT: B PARTICLE)
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	What part of a myelinated [MY-ah-lin-ay-did] neuron is covered by myelin sheaths?	AXON
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	When triggered by inositol triphosphate, ions of what element are released as second messengers?	CALCIUM
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	The core of what planet in our solar system constitutes the largest fraction of the planet's volume?	MERCURY
TOSS-UP Math \(-\) Short Answer	An arithmetic sequence has fourth term 9 and ninth term 29. What is the positive difference between consecutive terms for the sequence?	4
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	A student prepares a saturated sodium chloride solution and then adds a few drops of 12-molar hydrochloric acid. Which of the following will occur? W) No visible changes will occur X) A large amount of gas will be evolved Y) A hydrogen chloride precipitate will form Z) A sodium chloride precipitate will form	Z) A SODIUM CHLORIDE PRECIPITATE WILL FORM
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Which of the following correctly describes the weather phenomenon rime? W) Frozen fog deposit X) A tornado that spins clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere Y) High altitude lightning Z) Out-of-season hurricane	W) FROZEN FOG DEPOSIT
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	The common dandelion, which is fluorescent under UV light, is pollinated by what? W) Bees X) Wind Y) Butterflies Z) Moths	W) BEES
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	Researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab recently demonstrated that certain pore complexes can recognize and block aberrant strands of mRNA from entering the cytosol [SIGH-toh-sol]. In what membrane do these pore complexes reside?	NUCLEAR MEMBRANE (ACCEPT: NUCLEAR LAMIN)
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the complex conjugate of -7i?	7\(i\) (ACCEPT: 0 + 7i)
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	If the multiplicity of a system increases from 10 to 1000, by what factor is the entropy [EN-trou-peer] of the system multiplied?	3
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	What constellation contains the celestial South Pole?	OCTANS (ACCEPT: L'OCTANS DE REFLEXION; OCTANS HADLEIANUS)
TOSS-UP Chemistry \(-\) Short Answer	What is the IUPAC name for the compound with the chemical formula K\({}{2}\)[Cu(CN)\({}{4}\)]?	POTASSIUM TETRACYANOCUPRATE (II) [TWO]
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	When viewed in cross-section, in which plant organ would you find a star-shaped zone of xylem [ZYE-lum]? W) Monocot stem X) Gymnosperm [JIM-no-sperns] stem Y) Dicot [DYE-kawf] root Z) Dicot stem	Y) DICOT ROOT
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three locations in a dNTP that, when radioactively labeled, will be retained in the final DNA molecule: Alpha phosphate; Beta phosphate; Gamma phosphate.	1
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	In orbital mechanics, what are the points called where a small object can maintain a constant position relative to two larger massive bodies?	LAGRANGIAN POINTS (ACCEPT: L POINTS)
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	Order the following four materials from most negative to most positive in terms of their charge affinity when they undergo triboelectric [try-boh-electric] contact charging: Paper; Silver; Rabbit fur; PVC plastic.	4, 2, 1, 3 (ACCEPT: PVC PASTIC, SILVER, PAPER, RABBIT FUR)
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is closest to the average speed of the Earth's tectonic [tek-TAWN-ik] plates in centimeters of relative motion per year? W) 0.1 X) 3 Y) 50 Z) 200	X) 3
BONUS Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	The ocean floor can be mapped by altimeters [all-TIH-meh-durs] on satellites. Which of the following best describes how this method functions? W) The altimeter maps the ocean surface with radar, which is affected by underlying topography X) The altimeter maps the floor using sonar beams attached to the body of the altimeter Y) The altimeter communicates with an underwater remotely operated vehicle, which maps the ocean floor beneath it Z) The altimeter communicates with a manned submersible, which maps the ocean floor beneath it	W) THE ALTIMETER MAPS THE OCEAN SURFACE WITH RADAR, WHICH IS AFFECTED BY UNDERLYING TOPOGRAPHY
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	Los Alamos National Lab scientists recently observed a special type of Bose [bohz]-Einstein condensate in a two-dimensional lattice. This room-temperature condensate was composed of what quasiparticles that carry vibrational energy in the lattice?	PHONON
BONUS Energy - Short Answer	Scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab recently constructed a genome [JEE-none]-wide map of more than 80,000 cis-acting DNA elements relevant to human heart development. What is the name of these eukaryotic [YOU-care-ee-AW-tic] DNA elements that are outside gene promoters and contain binding sites for transcription factors?	ENHANCERS
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	What is the molecular [moh-LEK-yoo-lur] geometry of phosphorus pentachloride?	TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIADAL
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three hydrogen atoms that could be deprotonated [dee-PRO-tuh-nated] by sodium amide [AM-ide]: Hydrogen on terminal alkyne; Hydrogen alpha to ketone [KEE-tone]; Hydrogen on tri-substituted alkene.	1 AND 2
TOSS-UP Math \(-\) Multiple Choice	Which of the following equations is that of a line perpendicular to the line with equation \(4x-5y=20\)? W) \(4x-5y=40\) X) \(4x+5y=40\) Y) \(5x-4y=40\) Z) \(5x+4y=40\)	Z) \(5x+4y=40\)
TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Short Answer	What stage in animal development follows the blastula and is associated with the embryo folding inward?	GASTRULA (ACCEPT: GASTRULATION)
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	An object is placed 17 centimeters to the left of the vertex of a concave spherical mirror with a radius of curvature of 30 centimeters. Which of the following pairs of properties describe the image formed? W) Real and upright X) Real and inverted Y) Virtual and upright Z) Virtual and inverted	X) REAL AND INVERTED
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	A softball player exerts a constant 10-newton force to accelerate a 180-gram ball from rest to 30 meters per second. In seconds, how long does she take to throw the ball?	0.54 (ACCEPT: 27/50)
TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice	For a twice-differentiable function \(f(x),\ f(\) is 5, f prime of 4 is 0 and f double prime of 4 is -6. Which of the following is true of the graph of \(y=f(x)\) at the point (4, ? W) There is a local minimum X) There is a local maximum Y) There is an inflection point Z) The graph is concave up	X) THERE IS A LOCAL MAXIMUM
BONUS Math - Short Answer	One dimension of a cube is increased by 3, another is decreased by 3, and the other is left unchanged. If the new solid has a volume 45 less than that of the original cube, what was the volume of the original cube?	125
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	Chlorine gas is prepared via the electrolysis [elec-TRAWL-ih-sis] of aqueous [AY-kwee-us] sodium chloride. This process also produces what strong base?	SODIUM HYDROXIDE (ACCEPT: NaOH)
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Rank the following three elements in increasing order of first ionization [eye-on-ih-ZAY-shun] energy: Beryllium [beh-RILL-ee-un]; Boron; Carbon.	2, 1, 3
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	What specific type of glial cell serves as the immune response in the central nervous system?	MICROGLIA [micro-GLEE-ah]
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	Which of the following distributions best describes the emission spectrum of cosmic microwave background radiation? W) Gaussian X) Fermi-Dirac Y) Maxwell-Boltzmann Z) Blackbody	Z) BLACKBODY
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	A 5-kilogram block is stationary on an inclined plane that is tilted 30 degrees from the horizontal. Increasing the incline by any amount causes the block to slip. To the nearest tenth, what is the coefficient of static friction between the block and the plane?	0.6
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	If the standard change in Gibbs free energy of a reaction is negative, which of the following MUST be true at standard temperature and pressure? W) Q is greater than one X) K is greater than one Y) Q is less than one Z) K is less than one	X) K IS GREATER THAN ONE
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three functional groups that are present in nucleotides: Ether; Alcohol; Thiol [THIGH-aw].	1 and 215) Energy \(-\) Short AnswerIdentify all of the following three statements that are true of primary lithium cells: 1) The negative electrode is lithium; 2) They can be recharged; 3) They require no electrolyte.
TOSS-UP Math \(-\) Short Answer	A college class contains 25 freshmen, 35 sophomores, and 28 juniors. One of the students receives a phone call during the middle of the class. What is the probability that the ringing phone belongs to a junior?	7/22

BONUS Math - Multiple Choice

Each day, Adam eats 20% of the cookies left in a jar. At the end of the 2\({}^{\rm nd}\) day, there are 32 cookies left in the jar. How many cookies were in the jar originally? W) 40 X) 48 Y) 50 Z) 60

Y) 5019) Chemistry - Short Answer One confirmed transformation of ununnotium [un-un-AWK-tee-um] is the decay of ununoctium-294 into livermorium [liver-MOOR-ee-um]-290. What type of decay process is this?

BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following IR spectrum wavenumber ranges are characteristic of alcohols, terminal alkynes, and amines? W) 3700 - 3200 X) 3200 - 2700 Y) 2300 - 2100 Z) 1750 - 1650

W) 3700 - 3200

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

Which of the following isotopes is fissile? W) Thorium-232 X) Uranium-233 Y) Uranium-238 Z) Plutonium-238

X) URANIUM-233

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

Two resistors in parallel have an equivalent resistance of 6 ohms. One of the resistors has a resistance of 8 ohms. What is the resistance, in ohms, of the second resistor?

24

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Hydraulic fracturing is used to obtain which of the following resources? W) Coal X) Natural gas Y) Uranium ore Z) Water

X) NATURAL GAS

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT true about plant physiology? W) Meristematic [meh-rih-stuh-MAT-ic] tissue located at the tips of stems and roots forms the apical [A-pik-ul] meristens [MEH-rih-stems] X) Some plants, like shrubs, have lateral meristens Y) Vascular and cork cambium [KAM-bee-um] are produced by apical meristens Z) Interaclay [In-TER-cah-lair-ee] meristems allow grass to grow even after it has been moved

Y) VASCULAR AND CORK CAMBIUM ARE PRODUCED BY APICAL MERISTEMS

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

How many lines of symmetry does a square have?

4

BONUS Math - Short Answer

What are the coordinates of the vertex of the graph of \(y=-2x^{2}-8x+7\)?

(-2,15)

TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

What is a tornado called when it moves or develops over water?

WATERSPOUT

BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice

As the Atlantic Ocean began to open around 200 million years ago, which of the following regions was most directly adjacent to the crust that now underlies the eastern margin of the United States? W) The British Isles X) The southwest margin of Scandinavia Y) The northwest margin of Africa Z) The Walvis Ridge

Y) THE NORTHWEST MARGIN OF AFRICA

TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Multiple Choice

In which of the following organelles does transcription NOT occur? W) Nucleus X) Peroxisome [purr-OX-ih-zohm] Y) Chloroplast [KLOR-oh-plast] Z) Mitochondria [my-low-KON-dree-on]

X) PEROXISOME

BONUS Biology \(-\) Short Answer

A commonly-used method of classifying animals is to find a shared ancestral characteristic and use it to group organisms as either within the group or outside the group. Identify all of the following three animals that are inside the group for the hinged jaw characteristic: Lamprey; Turtle; Bass.

2 AND 3

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

Solve the following equation for \(x\): 4 divided by open parenthesis \(x-6\) close parenthesis equals 5 divided by open parenthesis \(x-1\) close parenthesis.

26

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following elements is most electronegative according to the Pauling scale? W) Carbon X) Iron Y) Arsenic Z) Tellurium

W) CARBON

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

Scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab recently used molybdenum [muh-LIB-den-um] disulfide to generate a one-nanometer transistor gate that is resistant to what quantum-mechanical process, where electrons transition from one side of a potential barrier to another?

TUNNELING (ACCEPT: QUANTUM TUNNELING)

BONUS Energy - Short Answer

A team of Berkeley Lab researchers recently published a study using a thin monolayer of an sp\({}^{2}\)-hybridized material to image electric fields. What is the common name of the material they used?

GRAPHENE

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

Given a graph with velocity as the \(y\) axis and time as the \(x\) axis, what physical quantity does the slope of the graph represent?

ACCELERATION

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

By what factor is the frequency of a spring-mass oscillator multiplied if the mass of the block doubles?

SQUARE ROOT 2 OVER 2

TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Multiple Choice

Which of the following human proteins, when fully assembled, contains exactly four subunits? W) Actin X) Myoglobin Y) Thrombin Z) Hemoglobin

Z) HEMOGLOBIN

TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice

Which of the Milankovitch [mil-AYN-koh-vitch] cycles account for climate changes over a 41,000 year period? W) Eccentricity X) Obliquity [oh-BLIH-kwih-tee] Y) Procession of the equinox Z) Apsidal [AP-sih-dul] precession

X) OBLIQUITY

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

William Robert Grove proposed the idea that if water can be broken down to hydrogen and oxygen with electricity, the opposite reaction should produce electricity. What device did he then go on to invent based on this idea?

FUEL CELL (ACCEPT: HYDROGEN FUEL CELL)

BONUS Energy - Short Answer

The Planck and BICEP2 [BY-sep two] experiments, partially supported by the Department of Energy, were constructed to attempt to confirm what event in the early history of the universe?

COSMIC INFLATION (ACCEPT: INFLATION, INFLATIONARY EPOCH; DO NOT ACCEPT: BIG BANG)

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

Find the zeroes of the function f of \(x\) equals 6 over open parenthesis \(x^{2}-6x+5\) close parenthesis.

NONE

BONUS Math - Short Answer

What is the derivative of the function \(x^{2}e^{x}\) at \(x=1\)?

3e11) Chemistry - Short Answer What quantum number is responsible for the energy of the orbital and corresponds to the shell of the electrons?

TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

Triton is a moon of what gas giant?

NSPTUNE

TOSS-UP Math \(-\) Short Answer

Simplify \(x\) raised to the 0.8 power times \(x\) raised to the 1.2 power.

\(x^{2}\)

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

In animal cells, what type of cellular junction is formed by connexons [kah-NEX-uns] and enables molecules to pass from cell to cell?

GAP JUNCTIONS

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

A pea farmer starts with two parent plants, one dominant plant being true-breeding for yellow and round seeds, while the recessive plant is true-breeding for green and wrinkled seeds. If the F1 generation is self-pollinated, what fraction of the F2 generation will have yellow and round seeds?

9/16

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

What is the ratio of the intensity of a 30-decibel sound to that of a 20-decibel sound?

10 (ACCEPT: 10 TO 1)

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

A 4.5-centimeter tall object is placed 15 centimeters from a double convex lens with a 9-centimeter focal length. In centimeters, what is the image distance?

22.5

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

A student places a small amount of \(n\)-octane into a constant-volume reaction vessel and combusts the sample in excess oxygen. The heat given off in this reaction is a direct measure of the change in what state function between products and reactants?

INTERNAL ENERGY

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three molecules that have an empirical formula consisting of only one type of atom: Charcoal; Diamond; Hexane.

2

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Steven plots temperature versus time as he heats water while adding energy at a constant rate. Which of the following statements best explains why the heating curve reaches a plateau at 100 degrees Celsius? W) Energy is required to decrease the entropy [EN-trouh-pee] of the water X) Energy is required to decrease the enthalpy [EN-thul-pee] of the water Y) Energy is required to break the hydrogen-oxygen bonds in water Z) Energy is required to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules

Z) ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO BREAK THE HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN WATER MOLECULES

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

How many distinct carbon signals are in the 13C NMR spectrum for ethyl isobutyl ether, also known as 1-ethoxy-2-methylpropane?

5

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

How many chambers are in a fish heart?

2

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three types of plants for which the gametophyte [gah-MEET-oh-file] is the dominant stage of the plant life cycle: Mosses; Ferns; Gymnosperms [JIM-no-sperms].

1

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

Electric eels can generate a 500-volt potential difference that they use to stun their prey. If the potential difference is generated by a network of cells all connected in series, each of which can generate a 100-millivolt potential difference, how many cells are required to generate the total voltage?

5000

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

Scientists at Fermilab participate in the NOvA [nova] collaboration to understand the physics of neutrinos [new-TREE-noze]. One of their many projects is to understand the differences between the three flavor states of neutrinos. What are these three types?

ELECTRON, MUON, AND TAU (ACCEPT: ELECTON, MUON, AND TAUON)

TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice

In the conversion of the rectangular coordinates (-5, to polar coordinates, to the nearest whole number, what is the degree measure of the angle? W) 113 X) 157 Y) 293 Z) 337

W) 113

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

Relative to continental land masses, tropical cyclones typically occur to which cardinal direction?

EAST

TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice

With respect to \(x\), which of the following has -8x\({}^{3}\) as an antiderivative? W) -24\(x^{2}\) X) 24\(x^{2}\) Y) -2\(x^{4}\) Z) 2\(x^{4}\)

W) -24x\({}^{2}\)

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

In a tree, older, nonfunctioning xylem [ZYE-lun] is called what? W) Springwood X) Sapwood Y) Summer wood Z) Heartwood

Z) HEARTWOOD

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

Scientists at the Oak Ridge Titan supercomputer are simulating the interaction of electrons and lattice vibrations in copper-oxide materials. What property of these materials are they studying?

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY (ACCEPT: HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY)

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Which of these is not an example of a Milankovich [mil-AYN-koh-vitch] cycle? W) Shifting tilt of the Earth's axis X) Axial "wobble" Y) Sunspot cycle Z) Change in shape of orbit

Y) SUNSPOT CYCLE

BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three statements that are true of binary star systems: It is impossible to tell if a given star is actually an astrometric binary; For a visual binary, the masses of both stars can be determined; For a spectroscopic [spek-trou-SCAW-pik] binary, the semimajor axis can be determined.

2 AND 3

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

What is the systematic name of tert-butyl [turt-BYOO-til] chloride?

2-CHLORO-2-METHYLPROPANE

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three compounds that can be considered soluble in water: Ammonium chloride; Silver bromide; Lead (II) sulfate.

1

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

A special coin has a 1/3 probability of landing on heads, and a 2/3 probability of landing on tails. In a series of three coin flips, what is the probability of the outcome sequence heads, tails, tails?

4/27

BONUS Math - Short Answer

The perimeters of two squares differ by 16 inches and their areas differ by 92 square inches. What is the perimeter, in inches, of the larger square?

54

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

What sea in the North Atlantic Ocean, named for a genus of brown seaweed, is characterized by notably warm, clear, and nutrient-poor surface waters?

SARGASSO SEA

BONUS Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Which of the following characteristics would make a species a poor index fossil? W) Globally-distributed X) Highly-conserved physical characteristics Y) Short-lived in terms of geologic time Z) Ability to form mineral hard parts

X) HIGHLY-CONSERVED PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

A mixture of steam and liquid water is being heated at an increasing rate. Which of the following best describes the temperature of the mixture? W) Increases at a constant rate X) Increases at an increasing rate Y) Increases at a decreasing rate Z) Remains constant

Z) REMAINS CONSTANT

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

In general, nickel-cadmium batteries have fallen out of use and been replaced with another type of nickel-containing battery. What general type of nickel-containing battery replaced nickel-cadmium batteries?

NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE

TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

If a newly-discovered elliptical galaxy appears to be spherical, what Hubble classification will be given to it?

E-ZERO

TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Short Answer

Flatworms, such as tapeworms, belong to what phylum [FYE-lum]?

PLATYHELMINTHES [plat-ih-hell-MIN-thees]

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

According to the Standard Model, what elementary boson [BOH-sawn] acts as the exchange particle for the strong nuclear force?

GLUONS

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

When fermentation occurs in humans, pyruvate [pie-ROO-vate] is reduced by NADH to form what molecule?

LACTATE (ACCEPT: LACTIC ACID)

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

What flexible amino acid is present on nearly every third residue of collagen, due to its ability to fit on the inside of the triple helix?

GLYCINE

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

What is the hybridization [HIGH-brih-dye-ZAY-shun] of the central atom in bromine [BROH-meen] trifluoride?

SP3D (ACCEPT: DSP3)

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Consider the combustion reaction of solid graphite with gaseous [gah-shus] oxygen to generate gaseous carbon monoxide. Identify all of the following three changes that would shift the equilibrium of this reaction to the right: Adding more solid carbon; Increasing the temperature; Compressing the reaction vessel.

NONE

TOSS-UP Math \(-\) Multiple Choice

According to the rational root theorem, which of the following is NOT a possible solution to the equation \(8x^{3}-2x^{2}+x-12=0\)? W) 2 X) 4 Y) 6 Z) 8

Z) 8

TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

What isotope accounts for approximately 7 parts per trillion of the Earth's atmosphere, and can be formed from the radioactive decay of tritium [TRIH-tee-um]?

HELIUM-3

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

Scientists at Brookhaven National Lab are studying molecular [moh-LEK-yoo-lur] wires as a potential polymeric replacement for silicon-based technologies. Which of the following polymers could behave as a molecular wire without any other functional groups? W) Polyester X) Polyphenylene [poly-FEH-nil-een] vinylene Y) Polyamide [poly-AM-ide] Z) Polystyrene [poly-STYE-reen]

X) POLYPHENYLENE VINYLENE

BONUS Energy - Short Answer

To better understand matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe, scientists at SLAC [stack] are studying the CP-violating decays of what particle in the BaBar experiment?

B MESON (ACCEPT: B PARTICLE)

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

What part of a myelinated [MY-ah-lin-ay-did] neuron is covered by myelin sheaths?

AXON

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

When triggered by inositol triphosphate, ions of what element are released as second messengers?

CALCIUM

TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

The core of what planet in our solar system constitutes the largest fraction of the planet's volume?

MERCURY

TOSS-UP Math \(-\) Short Answer

An arithmetic sequence has fourth term 9 and ninth term 29. What is the positive difference between consecutive terms for the sequence?

4

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

A student prepares a saturated sodium chloride solution and then adds a few drops of 12-molar hydrochloric acid. Which of the following will occur? W) No visible changes will occur X) A large amount of gas will be evolved Y) A hydrogen chloride precipitate will form Z) A sodium chloride precipitate will form

Z) A SODIUM CHLORIDE PRECIPITATE WILL FORM

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Which of the following correctly describes the weather phenomenon rime? W) Frozen fog deposit X) A tornado that spins clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere Y) High altitude lightning Z) Out-of-season hurricane

W) FROZEN FOG DEPOSIT

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

The common dandelion, which is fluorescent under UV light, is pollinated by what? W) Bees X) Wind Y) Butterflies Z) Moths

W) BEES

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

Researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab recently demonstrated that certain pore complexes can recognize and block aberrant strands of mRNA from entering the cytosol [SIGH-toh-sol]. In what membrane do these pore complexes reside?

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE (ACCEPT: NUCLEAR LAMIN)

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the complex conjugate of -7i?

7\(i\) (ACCEPT: 0 + 7i)

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

If the multiplicity of a system increases from 10 to 1000, by what factor is the entropy [EN-trou-peer] of the system multiplied?

3

TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

What constellation contains the celestial South Pole?

OCTANS (ACCEPT: L'OCTANS DE REFLEXION; OCTANS HADLEIANUS)

TOSS-UP Chemistry \(-\) Short Answer

What is the IUPAC name for the compound with the chemical formula K\({}{2}\)[Cu(CN)\({}{4}\)]?

POTASSIUM TETRACYANOCUPRATE (II) [TWO]

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

When viewed in cross-section, in which plant organ would you find a star-shaped zone of xylem [ZYE-lum]? W) Monocot stem X) Gymnosperm [JIM-no-sperns] stem Y) Dicot [DYE-kawf] root Z) Dicot stem

Y) DICOT ROOT

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three locations in a dNTP that, when radioactively labeled, will be retained in the final DNA molecule: Alpha phosphate; Beta phosphate; Gamma phosphate.

1

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

In orbital mechanics, what are the points called where a small object can maintain a constant position relative to two larger massive bodies?

LAGRANGIAN POINTS (ACCEPT: L POINTS)

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

Order the following four materials from most negative to most positive in terms of their charge affinity when they undergo triboelectric [try-boh-electric] contact charging: Paper; Silver; Rabbit fur; PVC plastic.

4, 2, 1, 3 (ACCEPT: PVC PASTIC, SILVER, PAPER, RABBIT FUR)

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is closest to the average speed of the Earth's tectonic [tek-TAWN-ik] plates in centimeters of relative motion per year? W) 0.1 X) 3 Y) 50 Z) 200

X) 3

BONUS Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

The ocean floor can be mapped by altimeters [all-TIH-meh-durs] on satellites. Which of the following best describes how this method functions? W) The altimeter maps the ocean surface with radar, which is affected by underlying topography X) The altimeter maps the floor using sonar beams attached to the body of the altimeter Y) The altimeter communicates with an underwater remotely operated vehicle, which maps the ocean floor beneath it Z) The altimeter communicates with a manned submersible, which maps the ocean floor beneath it

W) THE ALTIMETER MAPS THE OCEAN SURFACE WITH RADAR, WHICH IS AFFECTED BY UNDERLYING TOPOGRAPHY

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

Los Alamos National Lab scientists recently observed a special type of Bose [bohz]-Einstein condensate in a two-dimensional lattice. This room-temperature condensate was composed of what quasiparticles that carry vibrational energy in the lattice?

PHONON

BONUS Energy - Short Answer

Scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab recently constructed a genome [JEE-none]-wide map of more than 80,000 cis-acting DNA elements relevant to human heart development. What is the name of these eukaryotic [YOU-care-ee-AW-tic] DNA elements that are outside gene promoters and contain binding sites for transcription factors?

ENHANCERS

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

What is the molecular [moh-LEK-yoo-lur] geometry of phosphorus pentachloride?

TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIADAL

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three hydrogen atoms that could be deprotonated [dee-PRO-tuh-nated] by sodium amide [AM-ide]: Hydrogen on terminal alkyne; Hydrogen alpha to ketone [KEE-tone]; Hydrogen on tri-substituted alkene.

1 AND 2

TOSS-UP Math \(-\) Multiple Choice

Which of the following equations is that of a line perpendicular to the line with equation \(4x-5y=20\)? W) \(4x-5y=40\) X) \(4x+5y=40\) Y) \(5x-4y=40\) Z) \(5x+4y=40\)

Z) \(5x+4y=40\)

TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Short Answer

What stage in animal development follows the blastula and is associated with the embryo folding inward?

GASTRULA (ACCEPT: GASTRULATION)

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

An object is placed 17 centimeters to the left of the vertex of a concave spherical mirror with a radius of curvature of 30 centimeters. Which of the following pairs of properties describe the image formed? W) Real and upright X) Real and inverted Y) Virtual and upright Z) Virtual and inverted

X) REAL AND INVERTED

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

A softball player exerts a constant 10-newton force to accelerate a 180-gram ball from rest to 30 meters per second. In seconds, how long does she take to throw the ball?

0.54 (ACCEPT: 27/50)

TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice

For a twice-differentiable function \(f(x),\ f(\) is 5, f prime of 4 is 0 and f double prime of 4 is -6. Which of the following is true of the graph of \(y=f(x)\) at the point (4, ? W) There is a local minimum X) There is a local maximum Y) There is an inflection point Z) The graph is concave up

X) THERE IS A LOCAL MAXIMUM

BONUS Math - Short Answer

One dimension of a cube is increased by 3, another is decreased by 3, and the other is left unchanged. If the new solid has a volume 45 less than that of the original cube, what was the volume of the original cube?

125

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

Chlorine gas is prepared via the electrolysis [elec-TRAWL-ih-sis] of aqueous [AY-kwee-us] sodium chloride. This process also produces what strong base?

SODIUM HYDROXIDE (ACCEPT: NaOH)

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Rank the following three elements in increasing order of first ionization [eye-on-ih-ZAY-shun] energy: Beryllium [beh-RILL-ee-un]; Boron; Carbon.

2, 1, 3

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

What specific type of glial cell serves as the immune response in the central nervous system?

MICROGLIA [micro-GLEE-ah]

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

Which of the following distributions best describes the emission spectrum of cosmic microwave background radiation? W) Gaussian X) Fermi-Dirac Y) Maxwell-Boltzmann Z) Blackbody

Z) BLACKBODY

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

A 5-kilogram block is stationary on an inclined plane that is tilted 30 degrees from the horizontal. Increasing the incline by any amount causes the block to slip. To the nearest tenth, what is the coefficient of static friction between the block and the plane?

0.6

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

If the standard change in Gibbs free energy of a reaction is negative, which of the following MUST be true at standard temperature and pressure? W) Q is greater than one X) K is greater than one Y) Q is less than one Z) K is less than one

X) K IS GREATER THAN ONE

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three functional groups that are present in nucleotides: Ether; Alcohol; Thiol [THIGH-aw].

1 and 215) Energy \(-\) Short AnswerIdentify all of the following three statements that are true of primary lithium cells: 1) The negative electrode is lithium; 2) They can be recharged; 3) They require no electrolyte.

TOSS-UP Math \(-\) Short Answer

A college class contains 25 freshmen, 35 sophomores, and 28 juniors. One of the students receives a phone call during the middle of the class. What is the probability that the ringing phone belongs to a junior?

7/22