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---
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language:
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- en
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- ja
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library_name: transformers
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pipeline_tag: text-generation
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license: llama3
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model_type: llama
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---
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# Llama3 Swallow
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Our Swallow model has undergone continual pre-training from the [Llama 3 family](https://huggingface.co/collections/meta-llama/meta-llama-3-66214712577ca38149ebb2b6), primarily with the addition of Japanese language data. The Instruct versions use supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and Chat Vector. Links to other models can be found in the index.
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# Model Release Updates
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We are excited to share the release schedule for our latest models:
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- **July 1, 2024**: Released the [Llama-3-Swallow-8B-v0.1](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Llama-3-Swallow-8B-v0.1), [Llama-3-Swallow-8B-Instruct-v0.1](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Llama-3-Swallow-8B-Instruct-v0.1), [Llama-3-Swallow-70B-v0.1](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Llama-3-Swallow-70B-v0.1), and [Llama-3-Swallow-70B-Instruct-v0.1](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Llama-3-Swallow-70B-Instruct-v0.1).
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## Swallow Model Index
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|Model|Llama-3-Swallow|Llama3 Swallow instruct|
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|---|---|---|
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|8B| [Link](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Llama-3-Swallow-8B-v0.1) | [Link](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Llama-3-Swallow-8B-Instruct-v0.1) |
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|70B| [Link](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Llama-3-Swallow-70B-v0.1) | [Link](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Llama-3-Swallow-70B-Instruct-v0.1) |
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![logo](./logo.png)
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This repository provides large language models developed by [Swallow-LLM](https://swallow-llm.github.io/).
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Read our [blog post](https://zenn.dev/tokyotech_lm/articles/f65989d76baf2c).
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## Model Details
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* **Model type**: Please refer to [Llama 3 MODEL_CARD](https://github.com/meta-llama/llama3/blob/main/MODEL_CARD.md) for details on the model architecture.
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* **Language(s)**: Japanese English
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* **Library**: [Megatron-LM](https://github.com/NVIDIA/Megatron-LM)
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* **Tokenizer**: Please refer to [Llama 3 blog](https://ai.meta.com/blog/meta-llama-3/) for details on the tokenizer.
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* **Contact**: swallow[at]nlp.c.titech.ac.jp
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## Model Performance
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### Japanese tasks
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**https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Llama-3-Swallow-8B-v0.1 にのみ載せる**
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|Model|Size|JCom.|JEMHopQA|NIILC|JSQuAD|XL-Sum|MGSM|WMT20-en-ja|WMT20-ja-en|JMMLU|JHumanEval|Ja Avg|
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| | |4-shot|4-shot|4-shot|4-shot|1-shot|4-shot|4-shot|4-shot|5-shot|0-shot| |
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| | |EM acc|Char-F1|Char-F1|Char-F1|ROUGE-2|EM acc|BLEU|BLEU|EM acc|pass@1| |
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|Llama-2-7b|7B|0.2618|0.4914|0.3301|0.8001|0.1742|0.0560|0.1764|0.1742|0.2824|0.1250|0.2872|
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|Swallow-7b-hf|7B|0.4888|0.5044|**0.5925**|0.8424|0.1823|0.1240|0.2505|0.1482|0.3219|0.0183|0.3473|
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|Mistral-7B-v0.1|7B|0.7471|0.4482|0.2691|0.8588|0.2026|0.1880|0.1430|0.1738|0.4213|0.2598|0.3712|
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|Swallow-MS-7b-v0.1|7B|0.8758|**0.5153**|0.5647|0.8762|0.1993|0.2400|0.2507|0.1667|0.4527|0.2335|0.4375|
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|Qwen2-7B|7B|0.8776|0.4627|0.3766|**0.8984**|0.1716|**0.5480**|0.2080|0.1949|**0.5871**|**0.4183**|**0.4805**|
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|Meta-Llama-3-8B|8B|0.8356|0.4454|0.4002|0.8881|0.1757|0.3320|0.2199|0.2087|0.4558|0.3311|0.4292|
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|llama-3-youko-8b|8B|0.8660|0.4902|0.5155|0.8947|**0.2127**|0.2840|0.2740|0.2180|0.4493|0.2183|0.4423|
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|Llama-3-Swallow-8B-v0.1|8B|**0.8945**|0.4848|0.5640|0.8947|0.1981|0.4240|**0.2758**|**0.2223**|0.4699|0.2890|0.4717|
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### English tasks
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|Model|Size|OpenBookQA|TriviaQA|HellaSWAG|SQuAD2.0|XWINO|MMLU|GSM8K|BBH|HumanEval|En Avg|
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| | |4-shot|4-shot|4-shot|4-shot|4-shot|5-shot|4-shot|3-shot|0-shot| |
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| | |Acc|EM acc|Acc|EM acc|Acc|Acc|EM acc|CoT EM Acc|pass@1| |
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|Llama-2-7b|7B|0.3720|0.6385|0.5826|0.2911|0.9045|0.4590|0.1266|0.3993|0.1354|0.4343|
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|Swallow-7b-hf|7B|0.3080|0.4921|0.5269|0.2608|0.8847|0.3918|0.0963|0.3531|0.0402|0.3727|
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|Mistral-7B-v0.1|7B|0.3740|0.7030|**0.6260**|0.3381|**0.9067**|0.6236|0.3851|0.5597|0.2841|0.5334|
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|Swallow-MS-7b-v0.1|7B|0.3480|0.5995|0.5798|0.3011|0.9015|0.5486|0.2669|0.4916|0.2732|0.4789|
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|Qwen2-7B|7B|0.3740|0.6105|0.6006|**0.3623**|0.8916|**0.7045**|**0.7748**|0.5325|**0.4622**|**0.5903**|
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|Meta-Llama-3-8B|8B|**0.3760**|**0.7109**|0.6124|0.3356|0.9032|0.6509|0.4936|**0.6211**|0.3793|0.5648|
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|llama-3-youko-8b|8B|0.3500|0.6252|0.5885|0.3247|0.8959|0.5993|0.3571|0.5704|0.2793|0.5100|
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|Llama-3-Swallow-8B-v0.1|8B|0.3520|0.6563|0.5901|0.3507|0.9006|0.6152|0.4875|0.5936|0.3323|0.5420|
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## Evaluation Benchmarks
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### Japanese evaluation benchmarks
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We used llm-jp-eval(v1.3.0), JP Language Model Evaluation Harness(commit #9b42d41) and Code Generation LM Evaluation Harness(commit #0261c52). The details are as follows:
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- Multiple-choice question answering (JCommonsenseQA [Kurihara et al., 2022])
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- Open-ended question answering (JEMHopQA [Ishii et al., 2024])
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- Open-ended question answering (NIILC [関根, 2003])
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- Machine reading comprehension (JSQuAD [Kurihara et al., 2022])
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- Automatic summarization (XL-Sum [Hasan et al., 2021])
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- Machine translation (WMT2020 ja-en [Barrault et al., 2020])
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- Machine translation (WMT2020 en-ja [Barrault et al., 2020])
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- Mathematical reasoning (MGSM [Shi et al., 2023])
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- Academic exams (JMMLU [尹ら, 2024])
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- Code generation (JHumanEval [佐藤ら, 2024])
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### English evaluation benchmarks
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We used the Language Model Evaluation Harness(v.0.4.2) and Code Generation LM Evaluation Harness(commit #0261c52). The details are as follows:
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- Multiple-choice question answering (OpenBookQA [Mihaylov et al., 2018])
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- Open-ended question answering (TriviaQA [Joshi et al., 2017])
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- Machine reading comprehension (SQuAD2 [Rajpurkar et al., 2018])
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- Commonsense reasoning (XWINO [Tikhonov and Ryabinin, 2021])
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- Natural language inference (HellaSwag [Zellers et al., 2019])
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- Mathematical reasoning (GSM8K [Cobbe et al., 2021])
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- Reasoning (BBH (BIG-Bench-Hard) [Suzgun et al., 2023])
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- Academic exams (MMLU [Hendrycks et al., 2021])
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- Code generation (HumanEval [Chen et al., 2021])
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## Training Datasets
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### Continual Pre-Training
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The following datasets were used for continual pre-training.
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- [Algebraic Stack](https://huggingface.co/datasets/EleutherAI/proof-pile-2)
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- [Cosmopedia](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceTB/cosmopedia)
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- [English Wikipedia](https://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/cirrussearch)
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- [Japanese Wikipedia](https://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/cirrussearch)
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- [Laboro ParaCorpus](https://github.com/laboroai/Laboro-ParaCorpus)
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- [OpenWebMath](https://huggingface.co/datasets/EleutherAI/proof-pile-2)
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- [RefinedWeb](https://huggingface.co/datasets/tiiuae/falcon-refinedweb)
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- [Swallow Corpus](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.17733)
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## Risks and Limitations
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The models released here are still in the early stages of our research and development and have not been tuned to ensure outputs align with human intent and safety considerations.
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## Acknowledgements
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We thank Meta Research for releasing Llama 3 under an open license for others to build on.
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Our project is supported by the [Large Generative AI Development Support Program](https://abci.ai/en/link/lfm_support_program.html) of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology.
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## License
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[META LLAMA 3 COMMUNITY LICENSE](https://llama.meta.com/llama3/license/)
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## Authors
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Here are the team members:
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- From [Tokyo Institute of Technology Okazaki Laboratory](https://www.nlp.c.titech.ac.jp/index.en.html), the following members:
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- [Naoaki Okazaki](https://www.chokkan.org/index.ja.html)
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- [Sakae Mizuki](https://s-mizuki-nlp.github.io/)
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- [Youmi Ma](https://www.nlp.c.titech.ac.jp/member/youmi.en.html)
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- [Koki Maeda](https://sites.google.com/view/silviase)
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- [Kakeru Hattori](https://aya-se.vercel.app/)
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- [Masanari Ohi](https://sites.google.com/view/masanariohi)
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- [Taihei Shiotani](https://github.com/inatoihs)
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- [Koshiro Saito](https://sites.google.com/view/koshiro-saito)
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- From [Tokyo Institute of Technology YOKOTA Laboratory](https://www.rio.gsic.titech.ac.jp/en/index.html), the following members:
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- [Rio Yokota](https://twitter.com/rioyokota)
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- [Kazuki Fujii](https://twitter.com/okoge_kaz)
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- [Taishi Nakamura](https://twitter.com/Setuna7777_2)
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- [Takumi Okamoto](https://www.linkedin.com/in/takumi-okamoto)
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- [Ishida Shigeki](https://www.wantedly.com/id/reborn27)
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- From [Artificial Intelligence Research Center, AIST, Japan](https://www.airc.aist.go.jp/en/teams/), the following members:
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- [Hiroya Takamura](https://sites.google.com/view/hjtakamura)
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## How to Cite
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If you find our work helpful, please feel free to cite us.
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```tex
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@misc{llama3swallow,
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title={Llama 3 Swallow},
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url={https://swallow-llm.github.io/llama3-swallow.en.html},
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author={Swallow LLM},
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year={2024},
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}
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```
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### Citations
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```tex
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@article{llama3modelcard,
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title={Llama 3 Model Card},
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author={AI@Meta},
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year={2024},
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url = {https://github.com/meta-llama/llama3/blob/main/MODEL_CARD.md}
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}
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```
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