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---
license: apache-2.0
language:
- kur
datasets:
- allenai/MADLAD-400
- cis-lmu/Glot500
- legacy-datasets/wikipedia
- allenai/nllb
- oscar-corpus/OSCAR-2109
library_name: transformers
pipeline_tag: text-generation
tags:
- goldfish
- arxiv:2408.10441
---
# kur_arab_10mb
Goldfish is a suite of monolingual language models trained for 350 languages.
This model is the <b>Kurdish</b> (Arabic script) model trained on 10MB of data, after accounting for an estimated byte premium of 1.57; content-matched text in Kurdish takes on average 1.57x as many UTF-8 bytes to encode as English.
The Goldfish models are trained primarily for comparability across languages and for low-resource languages; Goldfish performance for high-resource languages is not designed to be comparable with modern large language models (LLMs).
Note: This language is available in Goldfish with other scripts (writing systems). See: kur_latn.
Note: kur_arab is a [macrolanguage](https://iso639-3.sil.org/code_tables/639/data) code. Individual language code ckb_arab (Central Kurdish) is included in Goldfish, although with less data.
All training and hyperparameter details are in our paper, [Goldfish: Monolingual Language Models for 350 Languages (Chang et al., 2024)](https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2408.10441).
Training code and sample usage: https://github.com/tylerachang/goldfish
Sample usage also in this Google Colab: [link](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1rHFpnQsyXJ32ONwCosWZ7frjOYjbGCXG?usp=sharing)
## Model details:
To access all Goldfish model details programmatically, see https://github.com/tylerachang/goldfish/blob/main/model_details.json.
All models are trained with a [CLS] (same as [BOS]) token prepended, and a [SEP] (same as [EOS]) token separating sequences.
For best results, make sure that [CLS] is prepended to your input sequence (see sample usage linked above)!
Details for this model specifically:
* Architecture: gpt2
* Parameters: 39087104
* Maximum sequence length: 512 tokens
* Training text data (raw): 15.70MB
* Training text data (byte premium scaled): 10.005MB
* Training tokens: 2251776 (x10 epochs)
* Vocabulary size: 50000
* Compute cost: 1702917109186560.0 FLOPs or ~0.2 NVIDIA A6000 GPU hours
Training datasets (percentages prior to deduplication):
* 43.19057%: [MADLAD-400 (CommonCrawl)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/MADLAD-400)
* 19.23880%: [Glot500](https://huggingface.co/datasets/cis-lmu/Glot500), including [Bianet](https://opus.nlpl.eu/Bianet.php), [CCNet](https://github.com/facebookresearch/cc_net), [Earthlings](https://publicdata.canterbury.ac.nz/Research/Geocorpus/CCGLU_v5.0/), [Wortschatz Leipzig Data](https://wortschatz.uni-leipzig.de/en/download), [Tatoeba](https://tatoeba.org/en/), [TICO](https://tico-19.github.io/), [W2C](https://lindat.mff.cuni.cz/repository/xmlui/handle/11858/00-097C-0000-0022-6133-9), [Wikipedia Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/datasets/legacy-datasets/wikipedia)
* 18.93282%: [NLLB (CommonCrawl and ParaCrawl)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/nllb)
* 15.05661%: [OSCAR 2021/09](https://huggingface.co/datasets/oscar-corpus/OSCAR-2109)
* 3.32587%: [Wikipedia 2023/08](https://dumps.wikimedia.org/)
* 0.25533%: [eBible](https://ebible.org/find/)
## Citation
If you use this model, please cite:
```
@article{chang-etal-2024-goldfish,
title={Goldfish: Monolingual Language Models for 350 Languages},
author={Chang, Tyler A. and Arnett, Catherine and Tu, Zhuowen and Bergen, Benjamin K.},
journal={Preprint},
year={2024},
url={https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2408.10441},
}
```
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