{ "17th century-1": { "title": "17th century", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The 17th century was the century that lasted from January 1, 1601, to December 31, 1700. It falls into the Early Modern period of Europe and in that continent (whose impact on the world was increasing) was characterized by the Baroque cultural movement, the latter part of the Spanish Golden Age, the Dutch Golden Age, the French Grand Si\u00e8cle dominated by Louis XIV, the Scientific Revolution, the world's first public company and megacorporation known as the Dutch East India Company, and according to some historians, the General Crisis. The greatest military conflicts were the Thirty Years' War, the Great Turkish War, Mughal\u2013Safavid Wars (Mughal\u2013Safavid War (1622\u201323), Mughal\u2013Safavid War (1649\u201353)), Mughal-Maratha Wars, and the Dutch-Portuguese War. It was during this period also that European colonization of the Americas began in earnest, including the exploitation of the silver deposits, which resulted in bouts of inflation as wealth was drawn into Europe." }, "King of Rock and Roll (disambiguation)-1": { "title": "King of Rock and Roll (disambiguation)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The King of Rock'n Roll is a nickname most commonly associated with American rock and roll icon, Elvis Presley. See Honorific nicknames in popular music." }, "Prison uniform-26": { "title": "Prison uniform", "section": "Prison uniform by nation", "headers": [ "United States of America", "Color designations" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Different color designations are commonly used to indicate the status of the inmate. The uniforms may be in plain colors or horizontally striped." }, "Tropical cyclone-60": { "title": "Tropical cyclone", "section": "Dissipation", "headers": [ "Factors" ], "para_index": 60, "content": "A tropical cyclone can cease to have tropical characteristics in several different ways. One such way is if it moves over land, thus depriving it of the warm water it needs to power itself, quickly losing strength. Most strong storms lose their strength very rapidly after landfall and become disorganized areas of low pressure within a day or two, or evolve into extratropical cyclones. There is a chance a tropical cyclone could regenerate if it managed to get back over open warm water, such as with Hurricane Ivan. If it remains over mountains for even a short time, weakening will accelerate. Many storm fatalities occur in mountainous terrain, when diminishing cyclones unleash their moisture as torrential rainfall. This rainfall may lead to deadly floods and mudslides, as was the case with Hurricane Mitch around Honduras in October 1998. Without warm surface water, the storm cannot survive." }, "Daytona 500-1": { "title": "Daytona 500", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Daytona 500 is a 500-mile-long (805\u00a0km) NASCAR Cup Series motor race held annually at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida. It is the first of two Cup races held every year at Daytona, the second being the Coke Zero 400, and one of three held in Florida, with the annual spring showdown Dixie Vodka 400 being held at Homestead south of Miami. From 1988-2019, it was one of the four restrictor plate races on the Cup schedule. The inaugural Daytona 500 was held in 1959 coinciding with the opening of the speedway and since 1982, it has been the season-opening race of the Cup series." }, "Toyota Hilux-9": { "title": "Toyota Hilux", "section": "Third generation (N30, N40; 1978\u20131983)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "-liter 12R engine in rear-wheel drive models, while 4WD models have the 2-liter 18R-C engine with 63\u00a0kW (86\u00a0PS). These were all built on the longer wheelbase, with either pickup or cab-chassis bodywork. Top speed of the Australian Hilux 4WD was 130\u00a0km/h (81\u00a0mph). In North American markets the Hilux (known as the pickup) saw the use of four-wheel drive. It had a solid front axle and leaf suspension. The body saw a redesign that included single round headlights and a less complex body. This new 4WD setup featured a gear driven RF1A transfer case. This transfer case is unique in that its low-range reduction portion can be replicated, using what some refer to as a dual or triple transfer case. This results in a much lower overall gear ratio. It was the first Hilux available with an automatic transmission in that market." }, "Diabetes-4": { "title": "Diabetes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "As of 2017[update], an estimated 425 million people had diabetes worldwide, with type 2 diabetes making up about 90% of the cases. This represents 8.8% of the adult population, with equal rates in both women and men. Trends suggest that rates will continue to rise. Diabetes at least doubles a person's risk of early death. In 2017, diabetes resulted in approximately 3.2 to 5.0 million deaths. The global economic cost of diabetes related health expenditure in 2017 was estimated at US$727 billion. In the United States, diabetes cost nearly US$245 billion in 2012. Average medical expenditures among people with diabetes are about 2.3 times higher." }, "Footprint-1": { "title": "Footprint", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Footprints are the impressions or images left behind by a person walking or running. Hoofprints and pawprints are those left by animals with hooves or paws rather than feet, while \"shoeprints\" is the specific term for prints made by shoes. They may either be indentations in the ground or something placed onto the surface that was stuck to the bottom of the foot. A \"trackway\" is set of footprints in soft earth left by a life-form; animal tracks are the footprints, hoofprints, or pawprints of an animal." }, "Goat-46": { "title": "Goat", "section": "Agriculture", "headers": [ "Milk, butter and cheese" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "Goats produce about 2% of the world's total annual milk supply. Some goats are bred specifically for milk. If the strong-smelling buck is not separated from the does, his scent will affect the milk." }, "Hole punch-6": { "title": "Hole punch", "section": "Standards", "headers": [ "International", "ISO 838" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The most common standard dimension and location of filing holes punched in paper is International Standard ISO 838. Two holes with a diameter of 6\u00b10.5\u00a0mm are punched into the paper. The centers of these holes are 80\u00b10.5\u00a0mm apart and have a distance of 12\u00b11\u00a0mm to the nearest edge of the paper. The holes are located symmetrically in relation to the axis of the sheet or document." }, "Donny Hathaway-17": { "title": "Donny Hathaway", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "The glass had been neatly removed from the window and there were no signs of struggle, leading investigators to rule that Hathaway's death was a suicide. Flack was devastated and, spurred by his death, included the few duet tracks they had finished on her next album, Roberta Flack Featuring Donny Hathaway. According to Mercury, Hathaway's final recording, included on that album, was \"You Are My Heaven\", a song Mercury co-wrote with Stevie Wonder." }, "Supernatural (season 1)-20": { "title": "Supernatural (season 1)", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "On Metacritic, the season scored 59 out of 100 based on 22 reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 87% approval rating with an average rating of 7.32/10 based on 31 reviews. The website's consensus reads, \"Despite some too-hip dialogue and familiar thematic elements, Supernatural's vigilante brothers manage to stir up some legitimate scares.\"" }, "Epidemiology of plague-23": { "title": "Epidemiology of plague", "section": "Modern cases", "headers": [ "1994 epidemic in Surat, India" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "On August 31, 1984, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported a case of pneumonic plague in Claremont, California. The CDC believed that the patient, a veterinarian, had contracted plague from a stray cat. As the cat wasn't available for necropsy, this could not be ultimately confirmed. From 1995 to 1998, annual outbreaks of plague were witnessed in Mahajanga, Madagascar. During 1995, plague was confirmed in the United States from nine western states. Currently, five to 15 people in the United States are estimated to catch the disease each year\u2014typically in western states. The reservoir is thought to be mice. In the U.S., about half of all fatal cases of plague since 1970 have occurred in New Mexico. There were two plague deaths in the state in 2006, the first fatalities in 12 years. In February 2002, a small outbreak of pneumonic plague took place in the Shimla District of Himachal Pradesh state in northern India. In November 2002, a New Mexico couple contracted bubonic plague while visiting New York after being bitten by infected fleas in their home state. Both were treated by antibiotics, but the man developed septicemic plague which required amputation of both legs below the knee, due to gangrene caused by the lack of blood flow. After a medically-induced three-month coma, the patient survived. On April 19, 2006, CNN News and others reported a case of plague in Los Angeles, California, the first reported case in that city since 1984. In May 2006, KSL Newsradio reported a case of plague found in dead field mice and chipmunks at Natural Bridges National Monument about 40 miles (64\u00a0km) west of Blanding in San Juan County, Utah. In May 2006, Arizona media reported a case of plague found in a cat. In June 2006, one hundred deaths resulting from pneumonic plague were reported in Ituri district of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Control of the plague was proving difficult due to the ongoing conflict. It was reported in September 2006 that three mice infected with Yersinia pestis apparently disappeared from a laboratory belonging to the Public Health Research Institute, located on the campus of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, which conducts anti-bioterrorism research for the United States government. On May 16, 2007, an 8-year-old hooded capuchin monkey in the Denver Zoo died of the bubonic plague. Five squirrels and a rabbit were also found dead on zoo grounds and tested positive for the disease. On June 5, 2007, in Torrance County, New Mexico, a 58-year-old woman developed bubonic plague, which progressed to pneumonic plague. On November 2, 2007, Eric York, a 37-year-old wildlife biologist for the National Park Service's Mountain Lion Conservation Program and The Felidae Conservation Fund, was found dead in his home at Grand Canyon National Park. On October 27, York performed a necropsy on a mountain lion that had likely perished from the disease, and three days afterward York complained of flu-like symptoms and called in sick from work. He was treated at a local clinic but was not diagnosed with any serious ailment. The discovery of his death sparked a minor health scare, with officials stating he likely died of either plague or hantavirus, and 49 people who had come into contact with York were given aggressive antibiotic treatments. None of them fell ill. Autopsy results released on November 9, confirmed the presence of Y. pestis in his body, confirming plague as a likely cause of death. In January 2008, at least 18 people died of bubonic plague in Madagascar. On June 16, 2009, Libyan authorities reported an outbreak of bubonic plague in Tobruk, Libya. 16-18 cases were reported, including one death. On August 2, 2009, Chinese authorities quarantined the town of Ziketan, Xinghai County in Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province (Northwestern China) after an outbreak of pneumonic plague. As of this writing, three have died and ten more are ill, being treated in hospital.[needs update] On September 13, 2009, Dr. Malcolm Casadaban died following an accidental laboratory exposure to an attenuated strain of the plague bacterium. This was due to his undiagnosed hereditary hemochromatosis (iron overload). He was an associate professor of molecular genetics and cell biology and of microbiology at the University of Chicago. On 1 July 2010, eight cases of Bubonic plague were reported in humans in the District of Chicama, Peru. One 32-year-old man was affected, as well as three boys and four girls ranging in age from 8 to 14 years old. 425 houses were fumigated and 1210 guinea pigs, 232 dogs, 128 cats and 73 rabbits were given anti flea treatment in an effort to stop the epidemic. On May 3, 2012, a ground squirrel trapped during routine testing at a popular campground on Palomar Mountain in San Diego County, California tested positive for the plague bacteria. On June 2, 2012, a man in Crook County, Oregon, attempting to rescue a cat choking on a mouse, was bitten and became infected with septicemic plague. On July 16, 2013, a squirrel trapped in the Table Mountain Campgrounds of Angeles National Forest tested positive for the plague, prompting a health advisory and the closing of the campground while investigators tested other squirrels and dusted the area for plague-infected fleas. On August 26, 2013, Temir Isakunov, a teenage boy, died of bubonic plague in northern Kyrgyzstan. December 2013 reports of pneumonic plague epidemic in 5 of 112 districts of Madagascar, believed to be caused by large brush fires forcing rats into towns. On July 13, 2014, a Colorado man was diagnosed with pneumonic plague. On July 22, 2014, the city of Yumen, China, was sealed off and 151 people were put in quarantine after a man died of bubonic plague. On November 21, 2014, the World Health Organization reported that there have been 40 deaths and 80 others infected on the island of Madagascar, with the first known case in the outbreak thought to have occurred in late August 2014. On May 22, 2015, the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare reported finding plague in dead ground squirrels in 24 places south of Boise in a roughly circular area about 45 miles (72\u00a0km) across. On May 27, 2016, the department reported more ground squirrels dead of plague in about the same area. By December six cats\u2014 five from the Boise area, which is in southwestern Idaho, and one in the southeastern part of the state\u2014 were found to have plague. Four of the cats died; the other two recovered with antibiotic treatment. No human cases were reported. Health authorities warned people to stay out of the affected area and issued advice about preventing contagion in people and pets.[needs update] In New Mexico, four people were diagnosed with the plague in 2015; one died. In 2016, four others were diagnosed and all were treated with success. Three others were diagnosed by late June in 2017. Vegetation such as pinyon and juniper trees are thought to support rodents such as the prairie dog and rock squirrel, with their fleas, according to Paul Ettestad of the New Mexico public health department. As well, pets can bring back fleas from dead rodents, he said. The CDC indicates that over the past century, plague in the U.S. has been most common in the areas of northern New Mexico, northwestern Arizona and southern Colorado. In Madagascar plague resulted in deaths of over 90 persons by October 2017. While earlier cases of plague in Madagascar were mostly bubonic plague, the current cases were the more infectious pneumonic plague. In China during November 2019, four cases of plague were reported. Two of them were reported to be the more infectious pneumonic plague. In 1994, there was a pneumonic plague epidemic in Surat, India that resulted in 52 deaths and in a large internal migration of about 300,000 residents, who fled fearing quarantine." }, "Eagle Flight-6": { "title": "Eagle Flight", "section": "Gameplay", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Eagle Flight is a first-person, simulation game, which tasks players to assume control of an eagle. As the bird moves forward continuously, its direction is controlled by the player's head movement. For instance, if the player tilts their head to the left, the eagle will turn in that direction. The player also uses a controller to slow down or speed up the eagle's flight speed." }, "Pregnancy-9": { "title": "Pregnancy", "section": "Chronology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Tiredness Morning sickness Constipation Pelvic girdle pain Back pain Braxton Hicks contractions. Occasional, irregular, and often painless contractions that occur several times per day. Peripheral edema swelling of the lower limbs. Common complaint in advancing pregnancy. Can be caused by inferior vena cava syndrome resulting from compression of the inferior vena cava and pelvic veins by the uterus leading to increased hydrostatic pressure in lower extremities. Low blood pressure often caused by compression of both the inferior vena cava and the abdominal aorta (aortocaval compression syndrome). Increased urinary frequency. A common complaint, caused by increased intravascular volume, elevated glomerular filtration rate, and compression of the bladder by the expanding uterus. Urinary tract infection Varicose veins. Common complaint caused by relaxation of the venous smooth muscle and increased intravascular pressure. Hemorrhoids (piles). Swollen veins at or inside the anal area. Caused by impaired venous return, straining associated with constipation, or increased intra-abdominal pressure in later pregnancy. Regurgitation, heartburn, and nausea. Stretch marks Breast tenderness is common during the first trimester, and is more common in women who are pregnant at a young age. Melasma, also known as the mask of pregnancy, is a discoloration, most often of the face. It usually begins to fade several months after giving birth. The chronology of pregnancy is, unless otherwise specified, generally given as gestational age, where the starting point is the beginning of the woman's last menstrual period (LMP), or the corresponding age of the gestation as estimated by a more accurate method if available. Sometimes, timing may also use the fertilization age which is the age of the embryo." }, "Walgreens-13": { "title": "Walgreens", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Contributions to popular culture" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "2006: Walgreens acquired the Happy Harry's chain in Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and New Jersey. October 2007: Walgreens opened its 6,000th store, in New Orleans, Louisiana. January 2008: Walgreens purchased 20 stores in Puerto Rico from Farmacias El Amal. July 2009: Walgreens operates in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. February 17, 2010: Walgreens announced plans to acquire New York City-area chain Duane Reade for $1.075 billion, including debt. Walgreens continues to use the Duane Reade name on some stores in the New York City metropolitan area March 24, 2011: Walgreens acquired Drugstore.com for $409 million. Drugstore.com, in turn, owned Beauty.com. In 2013 Beauty.com was named by Internet Retailer Magazine in its Top 100 online retail sites list. April 30, 2011: Walgreens operated 8,169 stores; it had expanded into Guam and Puerto Rico. August 18, 2011: Walgreens introduced its \"Nice!\" store brand of food and household products. Fully rolled out in 2012, the Nice! brand replaced a variety of existing Walgreens store brands such as Deerfield Farms, Cafe W, and others. June 19, 2012: Walgreens paid $6.7 billion for a 45% interest in Alliance Boots. July 5, 2012: Walgreens entered into an agreement to acquire Mid-South drug store chain operating under the USA Drug, Super D Drug, May's Drug, Med-X, and Drug Warehouse banners. The deal was expected to be finalized by September 1, 2012. September 10, 2013: Walgreens announced it had acquired Kerr Drug. September 14, 2013: Walgreens opens its first store in the U.S. Virgin Islands. August 6, 2014: Walgreens exercised its option to purchase the remaining 55% of Alliance Boots. The combined company is known as the Walgreens Boots Alliance and is headquartered in Chicago. August 9, 2014 Walgreens Boots Alliance purchased a share in the Almus Generic brand for an unknown price. Almus was based in the UK with Walgreens bringing the generic medication into the US. On October 27, 2015, Walgreens announced that it would acquire its rival Rite Aid for $9 per share, a deal valued at $9.4 billion, pending regulatory and shareholder approval. The deal will result in a merger of two of the United States' three largest pharmacy chains. In response to being able to receive approval, Walgreens said that it would be willing to divest up to 1,000 stores to win regulatory approval for its Rite Aid purchase. Walgreens and Rite Aid, combined, own approximately 200 million square feet of retail space in addition to 21 million square feet of office and warehouse space. The two chains operate 12,900 stores in the United States. Walgreens operates 13,100 stores across 11 countries. Walgreens' CEO has stated that there is potentially over $1 billion in savings to be reaped from the merger through synergies. On December 21, 2016, it was announced that Fred's would acquire 865 Rite Aid stores as a result of the merger for the price of US$950 million for antitrust reasons. In January 2017, Walgreens reached a deal to lower the price of the acquisition from $9.4 to $6.8-$7.4 billion and delayed the closing by six months. On June 29, 2017, Walgreens announced that it would drop its original plan to acquire Rite Aid due to resistance from federal regulators, and would instead buy about half of Rite Aid's existing stores for $5.18 billion in cash. Under the terms of the agreement, Walgreens will acquire 2,186 stores, 3 distribution centers, and other Rite Aid inventory. The stores are expected to be converted from Rite Aid stores into Walgreens stores, making Walgreens the largest drug-store chain by number of locations in the U.S. with over 10,200 stores. The company also agreed to pay Rite Aid a $325 million fee for ending the earlier merger agreements. The deal was scrapped on June 29, 2017. On September 19, 2017, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) approved a fourth deal agreement to purchase Rite Aid with 1,932 stores for $4.38 billion total. On July 28, 2016, Walgreens announced it would shut down Drugstore.com, as well as Beauty.com, in order to focus on its own Walgreens.com website. In October 2017, Walgreens announced they would be closing approximately 600 stores in the two years. The stores would be mostly Rite Aid locations and the closings would begin in the spring of 2018. In January 2018, Walgreens stated that it expects to acquire 1,932 Rite Aid locations by the spring of 2018. In August 2019, Walgreens announced it would be closing approximately 200 stores. Walgreens claims credit for the popularization of the malted milkshake (or at least its version of the malted milkshake, invented by Ivar \"Pop\" Coulson in 1922), although milkshakes and malted milk had been around for some time before. This development coincided with the invention of the electric blender in the same year." }, "Kabushiki gaisha-1": { "title": "Kabushiki gaisha", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A kabushiki gaisha (Japanese: \u682a\u5f0f\u4f1a\u793e, pronounced\u00a0[kab\u026f\u0255i\u0325ki \u0261a\ua71ci\u0255a]; literally \"share company\") or kabushiki kaisha, commonly abbreviated KK, is a type of company (\u4f1a\u793e, kaisha) defined under the Companies Act of Japan. The term is often translated as \"stock company\", \"joint-stock company\" or \"stock corporation\"." }, "Cape Town-74": { "title": "Cape Town", "section": "Media", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 74, "content": "The SABC has a small presence in the city, with satellite studios located at Sea Point. e.tv has a greater presence, with a large complex located at Longkloof Studios in Gardens. M-Net is not well represented with infrastructure within the city. Cape Town TV is a local TV station, supported by numerous organisation and focusing mostly on documentaries. Numerous productions companies and their support industries are located in the city, mostly supporting the production of overseas commercials, model shoots, TV-series and movies. The local media infrastructure remains primarily in Johannesburg." }, "Amazon (company)-78": { "title": "Amazon (company)", "section": "Controversies", "headers": [ "Comments by Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders" ], "para_index": 78, "content": "In early 2018, President Donald Trump repeatedly criticized Amazon's use of the United States Postal Service and its prices for the delivery of packages, stating, \"I am right about Amazon costing the United States Post Office massive amounts of money for being their Delivery Boy,\" Trump tweeted. \"Amazon should pay these costs (plus) and not have them bourne [sic] by the American Taxpayer.\" Amazon's shares fell by 6 percent as a result of Trump's comments. Shepard Smith of Fox News disputed Trump's claims and pointed to evidence that the USPS was offering below-market prices to all customers with no advantage to Amazon. However, analyst Tom Forte pointed to the fact that Amazon's payments to the USPS are not made public and that their contract has a reputation for being \"a sweetheart deal\"." }, "It (character)-4": { "title": "It (character)", "section": "Appearances", "headers": [ "Literature" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In the novel, It is a shapeshifting monster who usually takes the form of Pennywise the Dancing Clown, originating in a void containing and surrounding the Universe\u2014a place referred to in the novel as the \"Macroverse\". It arrived on Earth during an asteroid impact and made its home under the land that Derry would be built on, initially preying on indigenous tribes. It would sleep for 27 years, then awaken for about a year in order to feed on human fear, often assuming the shape of what its prey fear the most. It has a preference for children since their fears are easier to interpret in a physical form. It can manipulate people with weaker wills, making them indifferent to the horrific events that unfold, or even serve as accomplices." }, "Lemon-13": { "title": "Lemon", "section": "Nutrition and phytochemicals", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Lemons contain numerous phytochemicals, including polyphenols, terpenes, and tannins. Lemon juice contains slightly more citric acid than lime juice (about 47\u00a0g/l), nearly twice the citric acid of grapefruit juice, and about five times the amount of citric acid found in orange juice." }, "Cupcake-1": { "title": "Cupcake", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A cupcake (also British English: fairy cake; Hiberno-English: bun; Australian English: fairy cake or patty cake) is a small cake designed to serve one person, which may be baked in a small thin paper or aluminum cup. As with larger cakes, icing and other cake decorations such as fruit and candy may be applied." }, "Closed-circuit television-2": { "title": "Closed-circuit television", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Surveillance of the public using CCTV is common in many areas around the world. In recent years, the use of body worn video cameras has been introduced as a new form of surveillance, often used in law enforcement, with cameras located on a police officer's chest or head. Video surveillance has generated significant debate about balancing its use with individuals' right to privacy even when in public." }, "Thunder-1": { "title": "Thunder", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Thunder is the sound caused by lightning. Depending on the distance from and nature of the lightning, it can range from a sharp, loud crack to a long, low rumble (brontide). The sudden increase in pressure and temperature from lightning produces rapid expansion of the air within and surrounding the path of a lightning strike. In turn, this expansion of air creates a sonic shock wave, often referred to as a \"thunderclap\" or \"peal of thunder\". The study of thunder is known as brontology." }, "Astrology-1": { "title": "Astrology", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Astrology is a pseudoscience that claims to divine information about human affairs and terrestrial events by studying the movements and relative positions of celestial objects. Astrology has been dated to at least the 2nd millennium BCE, and has its roots in calendrical systems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications. Many cultures have attached importance to astronomical events, and some\u2014such as the Hindus, Chinese, and the Maya\u2014developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations. Western astrology, one of the oldest astrological systems still in use, can trace its roots to 19th\u201317th century BCE Mesopotamia, from where it spread to Ancient Greece, Rome, the Arab world and eventually Central and Western Europe. Contemporary Western astrology is often associated with systems of horoscopes that purport to explain aspects of a person's personality and predict significant events in their lives based on the positions of celestial objects; the majority of professional astrologers rely on such systems." }, "Istanbul-1": { "title": "Istanbul", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Istanbul (/\u02cc\u026ast\u00e6n\u02c8b\u028al/, also US: /\u02c8\u026ast\u00e6nb\u028al/; Turkish: \u0130stanbul [is\u02c8tanbu\u026b] (listen)), formerly known as Byzantium and Constantinople, is the most populous city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural and historic center. Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia, straddling the Bosporus strait (which separates Europe and Asia) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives in suburbs on the Asian side of the Bosporus. With a total population of around fifteen million residents in its metropolitan area, Istanbul is one of the world's largest cities, ranking as the world's fifth-largest city proper and the largest city in Europe. The city is the administrative centre of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (coterminous with Istanbul Province)." }, "Jealousy-3": { "title": "Jealousy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Jealousy is a typical experience in human relationships, and it has been observed in infants as young as five months. Some researchers claim that jealousy is seen in all cultures and is a universal trait. However, others claim jealousy is a culture-specific emotion." }, "Thanksgiving-6": { "title": "Thanksgiving", "section": "History", "headers": [ "In Canada" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "As settlers arrived in Nova Scotia from New England after 1700, late autumn Thanksgiving celebrations became commonplace. New immigrants into the country\u2014such as the Irish, Scottish, and Germans\u2014also added their own traditions to the harvest celebrations. Most of the US aspects of Thanksgiving (such as the turkey) were incorporated when United Empire Loyalists began to flee from the United States during the American Revolution and settled in Canada." }, "Werner Herzog Eats His Shoe-1": { "title": "Werner Herzog Eats His Shoe", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Werner Herzog Eats His Shoe is a short documentary film directed by Les Blank in 1980 which depicts director Werner Herzog living up to his promise that he would eat his shoe if Errol Morris ever completed the film Gates of Heaven. The film includes clips from both Gates of Heaven and Herzog's 1970 feature Even Dwarfs Started Small. Comic song \"Old Whisky Shoes\", played by the Walt Solek Band, is the signature tune over the opening and closing credits." }, "U2-1": { "title": "U2", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin, formed in 1976. The group consists of Bono (lead vocals and rhythm guitar), the Edge (lead guitar, keyboards, and backing vocals), Adam Clayton (bass guitar), and Larry Mullen Jr. (drums and percussion). Initially rooted in post-punk, U2's musical style has evolved throughout their career, yet has maintained an anthemic quality built on Bono's expressive vocals and the Edge's effects-based guitar textures. Their lyrics, often embellished with spiritual imagery, focus on personal and sociopolitical themes. Popular for their live performances, the group have staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career." }, "The Second World War (disambiguation)-1": { "title": "The Second World War (disambiguation)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Second World War was a global war that lasted from September 1, 1939 to September 2, 1945." }, "Deep-submergence vehicle-1": { "title": "Deep-submergence vehicle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A deep-submergence vehicle (DSV) is a deep-diving manned submarine that is self-propelled. Several navies operate vehicles that can be accurately described as DSVs. DSVs are commonly divided into two types: research DSVs, which are used for exploration and surveying, and DSRVs (Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle), which can be used for rescuing the crew of a sunken navy submarine, clandestine (espionage) missions (primarily installing wiretaps on undersea cables), or both. DSRVs are equipped with docking chambers to allow personnel ingress and egress via a manhole." }, "David Cameron-1": { "title": "David Cameron", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "David William Donald Cameron (born 9 October 1966) is a British Conservative Party politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Witney from 2001 to 2016 and leader of the Conservative Party from 2005 to 2016. He identifies as a one-nation conservative, and has been associated with both economically liberal and socially liberal policies." }, "Hulk-44": { "title": "Hulk", "section": "Characterization", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "Like other long-lived characters, the Hulk's character and cultural interpretations have changed with time, adding or modifying character traits. The Hulk is typically seen as a hulking man with green skin, wearing only a pair of torn purple pants that survive his physical transformation. As the character progressed. As Bruce Banner, the character is approximately 5\u00a0ft 9\u00a0in (1.75\u00a0m) tall and weighs 128\u00a0lb (58\u00a0kg), but when transformed into the Hulk, the character can stand between 7 and 8 feet (2.1 and 2.4\u00a0m) tall and weigh up to 1,400\u00a0lb (640\u00a0kg). Following his debut, Banner's transformations were triggered at nightfall, turning him into a grey-skinned Hulk. In Incredible Hulk #2, the Hulk started to appear with green skin, and in Avengers #3 (1963) Banner realized that his transformations were now triggered by surges of adrenaline in response to feelings of fear, pain or anger. Incredible Hulk #227 (1978) established that the Hulk's separate personality was not due to the mutation affecting his brain, but because Banner was suffering from multiple personality disorder, with the savage Green Hulk representing Banner's repressed childhood rage and aggression, and the Grey Hulk representing Banner's repressed selfish desires and urges." }, "Learning disability-3": { "title": "Learning disability", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The unknown factor is the disorder that affects the brain's ability to receive and process information. This disorder can make it problematic for a person to learn as quickly or in the same way as someone who is not affected by a learning disability. People with a learning disability have trouble performing specific types of skills or completing tasks if left to figure things out by themselves or if taught in conventional ways." }, "Jason-3": { "title": "Jason", "section": "Persecution by Pelias", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Pelias (Aeson's half-brother) was power-hungry and sought to gain dominion over all of Thessaly. Pelias was the progeny of a union between their shared mother, Tyro ('high born Tyro'), the daughter of Salmoneus, and the sea god Poseidon. In a bitter feud, he overthrew Aeson (the rightful king), killing all the descendants of Aeson that he could. He spared his half-brother for unknown reasons. Aeson's wife Alcimede I had a newborn son named Jason whom she saved from Pelias by having female attendants cluster around the infant and cry as if he were still-born. Fearing that Pelias would eventually notice and kill her son, Alcimede sent him away to be reared by the centaur Chiron,; she claimed that she had been having an affair with him all along. Pelias, fearing that his ill-gotten kingship might be challenged, consulted an oracle, who warned him to beware of a man wearing only one sandal." }, "Lemon-12": { "title": "Lemon", "section": "Nutrition and phytochemicals", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Lemon is a rich source of vitamin C, providing 64% of the Daily Value in a 100 g reference amount (table). Other essential nutrients are low in content." }, "Edward II of England-14": { "title": "Edward II of England", "section": "Early life (1284\u20131307)", "headers": [ "Early campaigns in Scotland" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Edward I returned to Scotland once again in 1300, and this time took his son with him, making him the commander of the rearguard at the siege of Caerlaverock Castle. In the spring of 1301, the king declared Edward the Prince of Wales, granting him the earldom of Chester and lands across North Wales; he seems to have hoped that this would help pacify the region, and that it would give his son some financial independence. Edward received homage from his Welsh subjects and then joined his father for the 1301 Scottish campaign; he took an army of around 300 soldiers north with him and captured Turnberry Castle. Prince Edward also took part in the 1303 campaign during which he besieged Brechin Castle, deploying his own siege engine in the operation. In the spring of 1304, Edward conducted negotiations with the rebel Scottish leaders on the king's behalf and, when these failed, he joined his father for the siege of Stirling Castle." }, "Jerry Seinfeld-28": { "title": "Jerry Seinfeld", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "A fan of the New York Mets, Seinfeld periodically calls Steve Somers' show on WFAN-AM, a sports talk radio station, as \"Jerry from Queens\". Seinfeld called four innings of a Mets game on SportsNet New York on June 23, 2010, reuniting with analyst Keith Hernandez, who appeared in the Seinfeld two-part episode, \"The Boyfriend\"." }, "Cesar Millan-2": { "title": "Cesar Millan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Millan is a New York Times best-selling author and has his own line of dog products and instructional DVDs. Prior to The Dog Whisperer series, Millan focused on rehabilitating severely aggressive dogs and founded a rehab complex, the Dog Psychology Center, in South Los Angeles (2002\u20132008)." }, "Indigestion-9": { "title": "Indigestion", "section": "Cause", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "When dyspepsia can be attributed to a specific cause, the majority of cases concern gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and gastritis disease. Less common causes include peptic ulcer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, coeliac disease, food allergy, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic intestinal ischemia and gastroparesis." }, "Dermatitis-1": { "title": "Dermatitis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dermatitis, also known as eczema, is a group of diseases that result in inflammation of the skin. These diseases are characterized by itchiness, red skin and a rash. In cases of short duration, there may be small blisters, while in long-term cases the skin may become thickened. The area of skin involved can vary from small to covering the entire body." }, "Conan the Barbarian-1": { "title": "Conan the Barbarian", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Conan the Barbarian (also known as Conan the Cimmerian) is a fictional sword and sorcery hero who originated in pulp magazines and has since been adapted to books, comics, several films (including Conan the Barbarian and Conan the Destroyer), television programs (animated and live-action), video games, role-playing games, and other media. The character was created by writer Robert E. Howard in 1932 for a series of fantasy stories published in Weird Tales magazine." }, "Medea-10": { "title": "Medea", "section": "Mythology", "headers": [ "Jason and Medea" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Various sources state that Jason and Medea had between one and fourteen children, including sons Alcimenes, Thessalus, Tisander, Mermeros and Pheres, Medus, and Argos, and a daughter, Eriopis. They were married for 10 years in Corinth." }, "Andromeda (constellation)-1": { "title": "Andromeda (constellation)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Andromeda is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century Greco-Roman astronomer Ptolemy and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Located north of the celestial equator, it is named for Andromeda, daughter of Cassiopeia, in the Greek myth, who was chained to a rock to be eaten by the sea monster Cetus. Andromeda is most prominent during autumn evenings in the Northern Hemisphere, along with several other constellations named for characters in the Perseus myth. Because of its northern declination, Andromeda is visible only north of 40\u00b0 south latitude; for observers farther south, it lies below the horizon. It is one of the largest constellations, with an area of 722 square degrees. This is over 1,400 times the size of the full moon, 55% of the size of the largest constellation, Hydra, and over 10 times the size of the smallest constellation, Crux." }, "Cactus-28": { "title": "Cactus", "section": "Adaptations for water conservation", "headers": [ "Leaves and spines" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "The absence of visible leaves is one of the most striking features of most cacti. Pereskia (which is close to the ancestral species from which all cacti evolved) does have long-lasting leaves, which are, however, thickened and succulent in many species. Other species of cactus with long-lasting leaves, such as the opuntioid Pereskiopsis, also have succulent leaves. A key issue in retaining water is the ratio of surface area to volume. Water loss is proportional to surface area, whereas the amount of water present is proportional to volume. Structures with a high surface area-to-volume ratio, such as thin leaves, necessarily lose water at a higher rate than structures with a low area-to-volume ratio, such as thickened stems." }, "Led Zeppelin-57": { "title": "Led Zeppelin", "section": "Achievements", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 57, "content": "Led Zeppelin have collected many honours and awards throughout the course of their career. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995, and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2006. Among the band's awards are an American Music Award in 2005, and the Polar Music Prize in 2006. Led Zeppelin were the recipient of a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005, and four of their recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. They have been awarded five Diamond albums, as well as fourteen Multi-Platinum, four Platinum and one Gold album in the United States, while in the UK they have five Multi-Platinum, six Platinum, one Gold and four Silver albums. In addition to listing five of their albums among \"the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\", Rolling Stone named Led Zeppelin the 14th-greatest artist of all time in 2004." }, "Alcatraz Island-23": { "title": "Alcatraz Island", "section": "Post-prison years", "headers": [ "Native American occupation" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "During the nineteen months and nine days of occupation by the American Indians, several buildings at Alcatraz were damaged or destroyed by fire, including the lighthouse keeper's home, the warden's home, the Officers' Club, the recreation hall and the Coast Guard quarters. The origin of the fires is disputed. The U.S. government demolished a number of other buildings (mostly apartments) after the occupation had ended. Graffiti from the period of Native American occupation is still visible at many locations on the island." }, "Gold medal-11": { "title": "Gold medal", "section": "Olympic Games", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "At the modern Olympic Games, winners of a sporting discipline receive a gold medal in recognition of their achievement." }, "Order of Saint Augustine-1": { "title": "Order of Saint Augustine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Order of Saint Augustine (Latin: Ordo sancti Augustini, abbreviated as OSA; historically Ordo eremitarum sancti Augustini, OESA, the Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine), generally called Augustinians or Austin Friars (not to be confused with the Augustinian Canons Regular), is a Catholic religious order. It was founded in 1244 by bringing together several eremetical orders in the Tuscany region who were following the Rule of St. Augustine, written by St. Augustine of Hippo in the 5th Century." }, "Norman, Oklahoma-5": { "title": "Norman, Oklahoma", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Following the Civil War, the Creeks were accused of aiding the Confederacy; as a result they ceded the region back to the United States in 1866. In the early 1870s, the federal government undertook a survey of these unassigned lands. Abner Ernest Norman, a 23-year-old surveyor from Kentucky, was hired to oversee part of this project. Norman's work crew set up camp near what is today the corner of Classen and Lindsey streets; it was there that the men, perhaps jokingly, carved a sign on an elm tree that read \"Norman's Camp\", in honor of their young boss. In 1887, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway began service to the area, which was later opened to settlement as part of the Land Run of 1889; early settlers decided to keep the name \"Norman\"." }, "Richard Nixon-2": { "title": "Richard Nixon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Nixon was born into a poor family in a small town in Southern California. He graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government. He served on active duty in the Navy Reserve during World War II. He was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946. His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-Communist which elevated him to national prominence. In 1950, he was elected to the Senate. He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party's presidential nominee in the 1952 election, serving for eight years in that capacity. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy. Nixon then lost a race for governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected, defeating Hubert Humphrey and George Wallace in a close election." }, "Amy Winehouse-90": { "title": "Amy Winehouse", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 90, "content": "Winehouse's bodyguard said that he had arrived at her residence three days before her death and felt she had been somewhat intoxicated. He observed moderate drinking over the next few days. He observed her \"laughing, listening to music and watching TV at 2 a.m. the day of her death\". According to the bodyguard, at 10 a.m. he observed her lying on her bed and tried unsuccessfully to rouse her. This did not raise much suspicion because she usually slept late after a night out. According to the bodyguard, shortly after 3\u00a0p.m., he checked on her again and observed her lying in the same position as before, leading to a further check, in which he concluded that she was not breathing and had no pulse; he said he called emergency services." }, "Heart rate-15": { "title": "Heart rate", "section": "Physiology", "headers": [ "Influences from the central nervous system", "Input to the cardiovascular centres" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The limbic system can also significantly impact HR related to emotional state. During periods of stress, it is not unusual to identify higher than normal HRs, often accompanied by a surge in the stress hormone cortisol. Individuals experiencing extreme anxiety may manifest panic attacks with symptoms that resemble those of heart attacks. These events are typically transient and treatable. Meditation techniques have been developed to ease anxiety and have been shown to lower HR effectively. Doing simple deep and slow breathing exercises with one's eyes closed can also significantly reduce this anxiety and HR." }, "Alexander the Great-51": { "title": "Alexander the Great", "section": "Indian campaign", "headers": [ "Forays into the Indian subcontinent" ], "para_index": 51, "content": "After the death of Spitamenes and his marriage to Roxana (Raoxshna in Old Iranian) to cement relations with his new satrapies, Alexander turned to the Indian subcontinent. He invited the chieftains of the former satrapy of Gandhara (a region presently straddling eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan), to come to him and submit to his authority. Omphis (Indian name Ambhi), the ruler of Taxila, whose kingdom extended from the Indus to the Hydaspes (Jhelum), complied, but the chieftains of some hill clans, including the Aspasioi and Assakenoi sections of the Kambojas (known in Indian texts also as Ashvayanas and Ashvakayanas), refused to submit. Ambhi hastened to relieve Alexander of his apprehension and met him with valuable presents, placing himself and all his forces at his disposal. Alexander not only returned Ambhi his title and the gifts but he also presented him with a wardrobe of \"Persian robes, gold and silver ornaments, 30 horses and 1,000 talents in gold\". Alexander was emboldened to divide his forces, and Ambhi assisted Hephaestion and Perdiccas in constructing a bridge over the Indus where it bends at Hund, supplied their troops with provisions, and received Alexander himself, and his whole army, in his capital city of Taxila, with every demonstration of friendship and the most liberal hospitality." }, "Gender-1": { "title": "Gender", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to, and differentiating between, masculinity and femininity. Depending on the context, these characteristics may include biological sex (i.e., the state of being male, female, or an intersex variation), sex-based social structures (i.e., gender roles), or gender identity. Most cultures use a gender binary, having two genders (boys/men and girls/women); those who exist outside these groups fall under the umbrella term non-binary or genderqueer. Some societies have specific genders besides \"man\" and \"woman\", such as the hijras of South Asia; these are often referred to as third genders (and fourth genders, etc.)." }, "Joe Biden-1": { "title": "Joe Biden", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. (/\u02ccr\u0252b\u026a\u02c8n\u025bt \u02c8ba\u026ad\u0259n/; born November 20, 1942) is an American politician who served as the 47th vice president of the United States from 2009 to 2017 and represented Delaware in the U.S. Senate from 1973 to 2009. A member of the Democratic Party, Biden is the presumptive Democratic nominee for president in the 2020 election. He unsuccessfully sought the Democratic presidential nomination in 1988 and in 2008." }, "Alfred Nobel-14": { "title": "Alfred Nobel", "section": "Nobel Prizes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "The first three of these prizes are awarded for eminence in physical science, in chemistry and in medical science or physiology; the fourth is for literary work \"in an ideal direction\" and the fifth prize is to be given to the person or society that renders the greatest service to the cause of international fraternity, in the suppression or reduction of standing armies, or in the establishment or furtherance of peace congresses." }, "Holstein Friesian cattle-7": { "title": "Holstein Friesian cattle", "section": "Breed characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "A healthy calf weighs 40 to 50\u00a0kg (75\u2013110\u00a0lb) or more at birth. A mature Holstein cow typically weighs 680\u2013770\u00a0kg (1500\u20131700\u00a0lb), and stands 145\u2013165\u00a0cm (58\u201365\u00a0in) tall at the shoulder. Holstein heifers should be bred by 11 to 14 months of age, when they weigh 317\u2013340\u00a0kg (700\u2013750\u00a0lb) or 55% of adult weight. Generally, breeders plan for Holstein heifers to calve for the first time between 21 and 24 months of age and 80% of adult bodyweight. The gestation period is about nine and a half months." }, "London-1": { "title": "London", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England, at the head of its 50-mile (80\u00a0km) estuary leading to the North Sea, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. Londinium was founded by the Romans. The City of London, London's ancient core \u2212 an area of just 1.12 square miles (2.9\u00a0km2) and colloquially known as the Square Mile \u2212 retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits. The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status. Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly." }, "Beach-16": { "title": "Beach", "section": "Use for recreation", "headers": [ "History", "Seaside resorts for the working class" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "The growth was intensified by the practice among the Lancashire cotton mill owners of closing the factories for a week every year to service and repair machinery. These became known as wakes weeks. Each town's mills would close for a different week, allowing Blackpool to manage a steady and reliable stream of visitors over a prolonged period in the summer. A prominent feature of the resort was the promenade and the pleasure piers, where an eclectic variety of performances vied for the people's attention. In 1863, the North Pier in Blackpool was completed, rapidly becoming a centre of attraction for elite[clarification needed] visitors. Central Pier was completed in 1868, with a theatre and a large open-air dance floor." }, "United States Air Force-1": { "title": "United States Air Force", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services. Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907, the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947. It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces, and the fourth in order of precedence. The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority, global integrated intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance, rapid global mobility, global strike, and command and control." }, "Better Together (campaign)-1": { "title": "Better Together (campaign)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Better Together was the principal campaign for a No vote in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, advocating Scotland continuing to be part of the United Kingdom. The organisation was formed in June 2012, operating until winning the vote on the referendum's polling day on 18 September 2014 with 2,001,926 (55.3%) voting against independence and 1,617,989 (44.7%) voting in favour. In June 2014, the campaign adopted a No Thanks branding, in relation to the referendum question." }, "Dr. Seuss-8": { "title": "Dr. Seuss", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "Early career" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Geisel left Oxford without earning a degree and returned to the United States in February 1927, where he immediately began submitting writings and drawings to magazines, book publishers, and advertising agencies. Making use of his time in Europe, he pitched a series of cartoons called Eminent Europeans to Life magazine, but the magazine passed on it. His first nationally published cartoon appeared in the July 16, 1927, issue of The Saturday Evening Post. This single $25 sale encouraged Geisel to move from Springfield to New York City. Later that year, Geisel accepted a job as writer and illustrator at the humor magazine Judge, and he felt financially stable enough to marry Helen. His first cartoon for Judge appeared on October 22, 1927, and the Geisels were married on November 29. Geisel's first work signed \"Dr. Seuss\" was published in Judge about six months after he started working there." }, "Krypton (comics)-1": { "title": "Krypton (comics)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Krypton is a fictional planet appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The planet is the native world of Superman and is named after the element Krypton. The planet was created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, and was first referred to in Action Comics #1 (June 1938). The planet made its first full appearance in Superman #1 (summer 1939)." }, "Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death)-1": { "title": "Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death) is the fourth studio album by American rock band Marilyn Manson. It was released on November 11, 2000 by Nothing and Interscope Records. A rock opera concept album, it is the final installment of a triptych that also included Antichrist Superstar (1996), and marked a return to the industrial metal style of the band's earlier work, after the glam rock-influenced production of Mechanical Animals (1998). After its release, the band's eponymous vocalist said that the overarching story within the trilogy is presented in reverse chronological order: Holy Wood, therefore, begins the narrative." }, "Anxiety-2": { "title": "Anxiety", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "need quotation to verify] Anxiety is a feeling of uneasiness and worry, usually generalized and unfocused as an overreaction to a situation that is only subjectively seen as menacing. It is often accompanied by muscular tension, restlessness, fatigue and problems in concentration. Anxiety is closely related to fear, which is a response to a real or perceived immediate threat; anxiety involves the expectation of future threat. People facing anxiety may withdraw from situations which have provoked anxiety in the past." }, "Commodus-11": { "title": "Commodus", "section": "Solo reign (180\u2013192)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Upon his ascension, Commodus devalued the Roman currency. He reduced the weight of the denarius from 96 per Roman pound to 105 per Roman pound (3.85\u00a0grams to 3.35\u00a0grams). He also reduced the silver purity from 79\u00a0percent to 76\u00a0percent\u00a0\u2013 the silver weight dropping from 2.57\u00a0grams to 2.34\u00a0grams. In 186 he further reduced the purity and silver weight to 74\u00a0percent and 2.22\u00a0grams respectively, being 108 to the Roman pound. His reduction of the denarius during his rule was the largest since the empire's first devaluation during Nero's reign." }, "Basketball (ball)-1": { "title": "Basketball (ball)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A basketball is a spherical ball used in basketball games. Basketballs usually range in size from very small promotional items only a few inches (some centimeters) in diameter to extra large balls nearly 2 feet (60\u00a0cm) in diameter used in training exercises. For example, a youth basketball could be 27 inches (69\u00a0cm) in circumference, while a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) men's ball would be a maximum of 30 inches (76\u00a0cm) and an NCAA women's ball would be a maximum of 29 inches (74\u00a0cm). The standard for a basketball in the National Basketball Association (NBA) is 29.5 inches (75\u00a0cm) in circumference and for the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), a maximum circumference of 29 inches (74\u00a0cm). High school and junior leagues normally use NCAA, NBA or WNBA sized balls." }, "Venus de Milo-17": { "title": "Venus de Milo", "section": "Inspired Works", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Many modern artists have been inspired by this piece since she first arrived at the Louvre. (ancient eu) One of the more notable pieces was created by French Post-Impressionist painter Paul C\u00e9zanne who drew a pencil study in 1881. Another inspired work was by Ren\u00e9 Magritte, who painted a reduced-scale version of plaster, with bright pink and dark blue, entitled \u201cLes Menottes de Cuivre\u201d or \u201cThe Copper Handcuffs\u201d in 1931. Even more recently are the works of Neo-Dada Pop artist Jim Dine, who often utilizes the Venus de Milo in his sculptures and paintings since the 1970s. But, possibly the most widely-known adaptation is that of Salvador Dal\u00ed, with his 1936 creation \u201cVenus de Milo aux tiroirs (Venus of Milos with Drawers).\u201d The Spanish Surrealist created a half-size plaster cast, painted it, and covered the slightly open drawers with metal knobs and fur pom-poms. This inspired recreation of the famous sculpture was meant to display the \u201cgoddess of love as a fetishistic anthropomorphic cabinet with secret drawers filled with a maelstrom of mysteries of sexual desires that only a modern psychoanalyst can interpret\u201d (Oppen & Meijer, 2019)." }, "Ali Askari-3": { "title": "Ali Askari", "section": "Early life and childhood", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "He was born in 1936 in the village of Goptapa in Kurdistan. The family is originally from the village of Sargalo, but Ali Askari's great-grandfather moved to Askar in order to settle down in this village. In early 1916 Ali Askari's father, Abdullah Askari, went on to build a village close to Askar which today is called Goptapa. His father was the head of the Qala Saywka tribe, one of the most famous and largest tribes in Iraqi Kurdistan." }, "Percival-1": { "title": "Percival", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Percival (/\u02c8p\u025c\u02d0rs\u026av\u0259l/)\u2014or Peredur (Welsh pronunciation:\u00a0[p\u025b\u02c8r\u025bd\u0268r]), Perceval, Parzival, Parsifal, etc.\u2014is one of King Arthur's legendary Knights of the Round Table. First made famous by the French author Chretien de Troyes in the tale Perceval, the Story of the Grail, he is most well known for being the original hero in the quest for the Grail, before being replaced in later English and French literature by Galahad." }, "Hindenburg disaster-52": { "title": "Hindenburg disaster", "section": "Cause of ignition", "headers": [ "Lightning hypothesis" ], "para_index": 52, "content": "A. J. Dessler, former director of the Space Science Laboratory at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and a critic of the incendiary paint hypothesis (see below), favors a much simpler explanation for the conflagration: lightning. Like many other aircraft, the Hindenburg had been struck by lightning several times in its years of operation. This does not normally ignite a fire in hydrogen-filled airships due to the lack of oxygen. However, airship fires have been observed when lightning strikes the vehicle as it vents hydrogen as ballast in preparation for landing. The vented hydrogen mixes with the oxygen in the atmosphere, creating a combustible mixture. The Hindenburg was venting hydrogen at the time of the disaster." }, "Benjamin Franklin-5": { "title": "Benjamin Franklin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "He was promoted to deputy postmaster-general for the British colonies in 1753, having been Philadelphia postmaster for many years, and this enabled him to set up the first national communications network. During the revolution, he became the first United States Postmaster General. He was active in community affairs and colonial and state politics, as well as national and international affairs. From 1785 to 1788, he served as governor of Pennsylvania. He initially owned and dealt in slaves but, by the late 1750s, he began arguing against slavery and became an abolitionist." }, "Weapon-1": { "title": "Weapon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A weapon, arm or armament is any implement or device that can be used with intent to inflict damage or harm. Weapons are used to increase the efficacy and efficiency of activities such as hunting, crime, law enforcement, self-defense, and warfare. In broader context, weapons may be construed to include anything used to gain a tactical, strategic, material or mental advantage over an adversary or enemy target." }, "English alphabet-1": { "title": "English alphabet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The modern English alphabet is a Latin alphabet consisting of 26 letters, each having an upper- and lower-case form. It originated around the 7th century from the Latin script. Since then, letters have been added or removed to give the current Modern English alphabet of 26 letters (the same as in the ISO basic Latin alphabet). The word alphabet is a compound of first two letters of the Greek alphabet, alpha and beta." }, "Rhinoceros-5": { "title": "Rhinoceros", "section": "Taxonomy and naming", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The family Rhinocerotidae consists of only four extant genera: Ceratotherium (White rhinoceros), Diceros (Black rhinoceros), Dicerorhinus (Sumatran rhinoceros), and Rhinoceros (Indian and Javan rhinoceros). The living species fall into three categories. The two African species, the white rhinoceros and the black rhinoceros, belong to the tribe Dicerotini, which originated in the middle Miocene, about 14.2 million years ago. The species diverged during the early Pliocene (about 5 million years ago). The main difference between black and white rhinos is the shape of their mouths \u2013 white rhinos have broad flat lips for grazing, whereas black rhinos have long pointed lips for eating foliage. There are two living Rhinocerotini species, the Indian rhinoceros and the Javan rhinoceros, which diverged from one another about 10 million years ago. The Sumatran rhinoceros is the only surviving representative of the most primitive group, the Dicerorhinini, which emerged in the Miocene (about 20 million years ago)." }, "Physicist-1": { "title": "Physicist", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A physicist is a scientist who specializes in the field of physics, which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe." }, "Dog anatomy-54": { "title": "Dog anatomy", "section": "Anatomy", "headers": [ "Muscles" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Superficial gluteal: originates on the lateral border of the sacrum and inserts on the 3rd trochanter. It acts to extend the hip and abduct the limb. It is innervated by the caudal gluteal nerve." }, "Chinese zodiac-4": { "title": "Chinese zodiac", "section": "Signs", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The zodiac traditionally begins with the sign of the Rat. The following are the twelve zodiac signs in order, each with its associated characteristics (Earthly Branch, yin/yang force, Trine, and nature element)." }, "Learning disability-1": { "title": "Learning disability", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Learning disability, learning disorder or learning difficulty (British English) is a condition in the brain that causes difficulties comprehending or processing information and can be caused by several different factors. Given the \"difficulty learning in a typical manner\", this does not exclude the ability to learn in a different manner. Therefore, some people can be more accurately described as having a \"learning difference\", thus avoiding any misconception of being disabled with a lack of ability to learn and possible negative stereotyping. In the United Kingdom, the term \"learning disability\" generally refers to an intellectual disability, while difficulties such as dyslexia and dyspraxia are usually referred to as \"learning difficulties\"." }, "Dale Earnhardt-11": { "title": "Dale Earnhardt", "section": "NASCAR career", "headers": [ "Return to Richard Childress Racing (1984\u20132001)", "1984\u20131985" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "After the 1983 season, Earnhardt returned to Richard Childress Racing, replacing Ricky Rudd in the No. 3. Rudd went to Bud Moore's No. 15, replacing Earnhardt. Wrangler sponsored both drivers at their respective teams. During the 1984 and 1985 seasons, Earnhardt went to victory lane six times, at Talladega, Atlanta, Richmond, Bristol (twice), and Martinsville, where he finished fourth and eighth in the season standings respectively." }, "Lawsuit-1": { "title": "Lawsuit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A lawsuit is a proceeding by a party or parties against another in the civil court of law. The archaic term \"suit in law\" is found in only a small number of laws still in effect today. The term \"lawsuit\" is used in reference to a civil action brought in a court of law in which a plaintiff, a party who claims to have incurred loss as a result of a defendant's actions, demands a legal or equitable remedy. The defendant is required to respond to the plaintiff's complaint. If the plaintiff is successful, judgment is in the plaintiff's favor, and a variety of court orders may be issued to enforce a right, award damages, or impose a temporary or permanent injunction to prevent an act or compel an act. A declaratory judgment may be issued to prevent future legal disputes." }, "Cheshire-53": { "title": "Cheshire", "section": "Settlements", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "Warrington Chester Stockport Birkenhead Crewe W'shawe Ellesmere Port Runcorn Wallasey Widnes Sale Macclesfield Altrincham Winsford Hyde Wilmslow Cheadle\u00a0Hulme Congleton Bramhall Marple Stalybridge Knutsford Northwich The county is home to some of the most affluent areas of northern England, including Alderley Edge, Wilmslow, Prestbury, Tarporley and Knutsford, named in 2006 as the most expensive place to buy a house in the north of England. The former Cheshire town of Altrincham was in second place. The area is sometimes referred to as The Golden Triangle on account of the area in and around the aforementioned towns and villages." }, "Halloween-11": { "title": "Halloween", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Christian influence" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Today's Halloween customs are thought to have been influenced by Christian dogma and practices derived from it. Halloween is the evening before the Christian holy days of All Hallows' Day (also known as All Saints' or Hallowmas) on 1 November and All Souls' Day on 2 November, thus giving the holiday on 31 October the full name of All Hallows' Eve (meaning the evening before All Hallows' Day). Since the time of the early Church, major feasts in Christianity (such as Christmas, Easter and Pentecost) had vigils that began the night before, as did the feast of All Hallows'. These three days are collectively called Allhallowtide and are a time for honoring the saints and praying for the recently departed souls who have yet to reach Heaven. Commemorations of all saints and martyrs were held by several churches on various dates, mostly in springtime. In 609, Pope Boniface IV re-dedicated the Pantheon in Rome to \"St Mary and all martyrs\" on 13 May. This was the same date as Lemuria, an ancient Roman festival of the dead, and the same date as the commemoration of all saints in Edessa in the time of Ephrem." }, "Bart Simpson-13": { "title": "Bart Simpson", "section": "Character", "headers": [ "Voice" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Bart's voice is provided by Nancy Cartwright, who voices several other child characters on The Simpsons, including Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, and Kearney. While the roles of Homer and Marge were given to Dan Castellaneta and Julie Kavner because they were already a part of The Tracey Ullman Show cast, the producers decided to hold casting for the roles of Bart and Lisa. Yeardley Smith had initially been asked to audition for the role of Bart, but casting director Bonita Pietila believed her voice was too high. Smith later recalled, \"I always sounded too much like a girl. I read two lines as Bart and they said, 'Thanks for coming!'\" Smith was given the role of Lisa instead. On March 13, 1987, Nancy Cartwright went in to audition for the role of Lisa. After arriving at the audition, she found that Lisa was simply described as the \"middle child\" and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart, who was described as \"devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, [and] clever\". Matt Groening let her try out for the part instead, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot. Cartwright is the only one of the six main Simpsons cast members who had been professionally trained in voice acting prior to working on the show." }, "Diana, Princess of Wales-3": { "title": "Diana, Princess of Wales", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Diana came to prominence in 1981 upon her engagement to Prince Charles, the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II, after a brief courtship. Their wedding took place at St Paul's Cathedral in 1981 and made her Princess of Wales, a role in which she was enthusiastically received by the public. The couple had two sons, the princes William and Harry, who were then second and third in the line of succession to the British throne. Diana's marriage to Charles, however, suffered due to their incompatibility and extramarital affairs. The couple separated in 1992, soon after the breakdown of their relationship became public knowledge. The details of their marital difficulties became increasingly publicised, and the marriage ended in divorce in 1996." }, "Carnivore-7": { "title": "Carnivore", "section": "Obligate carnivores", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Obligate carnivores include the axolotl, which consumes mainly worms and larvae in its environment, but if necessary will consume algae, as well as all felids (including the domestic cat) which require a diet of primarily animal flesh and organs. Specifically, cats have high protein requirements and their metabolisms appear unable to synthesize essential nutrients such as retinol, arginine, taurine, and arachidonic acid; thus, in nature, they must consume flesh to supply these nutrients." }, "Multiple sclerosis-59": { "title": "Multiple sclerosis", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Diagnosis" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "The first attempt to establish a set of diagnostic criteria was also due to Charcot in 1868. He published what now is known as the \"Charcot Triad\", consisting in nystagmus, intention tremor, and telegraphic speech (scanning speech) Charcot also observed cognition changes, describing his patients as having a \"marked enfeeblement of the memory\" and \"conceptions that formed slowly\"." }, "Winter-10": { "title": "Winter", "section": "Astronomical and other calendar-based reckoning", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "In the United Kingdom, meteorologists consider winter to be the three coldest months of December, January and February. In Scandinavia, winter in one tradition begins on 14 October and ends on the last day of February. In Russia, calendar winter is widely regarded to start on 1 December and end on 28 February. In many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, including Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, winter begins on 1 June and ends on 31 August. In Celtic nations such as Ireland (using the Irish calendar) and in Scandinavia, the winter solstice is traditionally considered as midwinter, with the winter season beginning 1 November, on All Hallows, or Samhain. Winter ends and spring begins on Imbolc, or Candlemas, which is 1 or 2 February. This system of seasons is based on the length of days exclusively. (The three-month period of the shortest days and weakest solar radiation occurs during November, December and January in the Northern Hemisphere and May, June and July in the Southern Hemisphere.)" }, "Peregrine falcon-1": { "title": "Peregrine falcon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), also known as the peregrine, and historically as the duck hawk in North America, is a widespread bird of prey (raptor) in the family Falconidae. A large, crow-sized falcon, it has a blue-grey back, barred white underparts, and a black head. The peregrine is renowned for its speed, reaching over 320\u00a0km/h (200\u00a0mph) during its characteristic hunting stoop (high-speed dive), making it the fastest bird in the world, as well as the fastest member of the animal kingdom. According to a National Geographic TV program, the highest measured speed of a peregrine falcon is 389\u00a0km/h (242\u00a0mph). As is typical for bird-eating raptors, peregrine falcons are sexually dimorphic, with females being considerably larger than males. According to one study, it has the fastest visual processing speed of any animal tested so far, and can register discrete changes up to 129 Hz or cycles per second. Analogically, film is a series of still images projected onto a screen. Those still images need to be changing at roughly 24 frames per second before humans see them as fluid and no longer as individual, discrete pictures. The film would have to be refreshing at 129 frames per second before peregrine falcons stopped seeing flashing, still images and started seeing fluid motion." }, "Florence Nightingale-42": { "title": "Florence Nightingale", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Florence Nightingale died peacefully in her sleep in her room at 10\u00a0South Street, Mayfair, London, on 13 August 1910, at the age of 90. The offer of burial in Westminster Abbey was declined by her relatives and she is buried in the graveyard at St\u00a0Margaret's Church in East Wellow, Hampshire, near Embley Park. She left a large body of work, including several hundred notes that were previously unpublished. A memorial monument to Nightingale was created in Carrara marble by Francis William Sargant in 1913 and placed in the cloister of the Basilica of Santa Croce, in Florence, Italy." }, "Carnivore-1": { "title": "Carnivore", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A carnivore /\u02c8k\u0251\u02d0rn\u026av\u0254\u02d0r/, meaning \"meat eater\" (Latin, caro, genitive carnis, meaning \"meat\" or \"flesh\" and vorare meaning \"to devour\"), is an organism that derives its energy and nutrient requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of animal tissue, whether through predation or scavenging. Animals that depend solely on animal flesh for their nutrient requirements are called obligate carnivores while those that also consume non-animal food are called facultative carnivores. Omnivores also consume both animal and non-animal food, and, apart from the more general definition, there is no clearly defined ratio of plant to animal material that would distinguish a facultative carnivore from an omnivore. A carnivore at the top of the food chain, not preyed upon by other animals, is termed an apex predator." }, "Circulatory system-1": { "title": "Circulatory system", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis." }, "McDonald's France-3": { "title": "McDonald's France", "section": "Menu", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "As with McDonald's locations worldwide, the franchise primarily sells hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken, french fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, milkshakes and desserts. In response to changing consumer tastes, the company has expanded its menu to include salads, fish, wraps, smoothies, and fruit. The company also operates the McCaf\u00e9 chain within many of its stores." }, "Jealousy-32": { "title": "Jealousy", "section": "Sexual jealousy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "Sexual jealousy may be triggered when a person's significant other displays sexual interest in another person. The feeling of jealousy may be just as powerful if one partner suspects the other is guilty of infidelity. Fearing that their partner will experience sexual jealousy the person who has been unfaithful may lie about their actions in order to protect their partner. Experts often believe that sexual jealousy is in fact a biological imperative. It may be part of a mechanism by which humans and other animals ensure access to the best reproductive partners." }, "Fairyland-1": { "title": "Fairyland", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fairyland (Faerie, Irish Elf-hame, c.f. Old Norse \u00c1lfheimr), in English and Gaelic folklore, is the fabulous land or abode of fairies or fays. Old French faierie (Early Modern English faerie) referred to an illusion, or enchantment; the land of the Faes. Modern English (by the 17th century) fairy transferred the name of the realm of the fays to its inhabitants, e.g. the expression fairie knight in Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene refers to a \"supernatural knight\" or a \"knight of Faerie\" but was later re-interpreted as referring to a knight who is \"a fairy\"." }, "Chicken soup-1": { "title": "Chicken soup", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Chicken soup is a soup made from chicken, simmered in water, usually with various other ingredients. The classic chicken soup consists of a clear chicken broth, often with pieces of chicken or vegetables; common additions are pasta, noodles, dumplings, or grains such as rice and barley. Chicken soup has acquired the reputation of a folk remedy for colds and influenza, and in many countries is considered a comfort food." }, "Stock car racing-2": { "title": "Stock car racing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Top level stock cars exceed 200\u00a0mph (322\u00a0km/h) at speedway tracks and on superspeedway tracks such as Daytona International Speedway and Talladega Superspeedway." }, "Hamas-1": { "title": "Hamas", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hamas (Arabic: \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u1e24am\u0101s, an acronym of \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u1e24arakat al-Muq\u0101wamah al-\u02beIsl\u0101miyyah [Islamic Resistance Movement]) is a Palestinian Sunni-Islamic fundamentalist militant organization. It has a social service wing, Dawah, and a military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades. It has been the de facto governing authority of the Gaza Strip since its takeover of that area in 2007. During this period it fought several wars with Israel. Israel, the United States and the European Union classify, either in whole or in part, Hamas as a terrorist organization. This classification is one among various and diverse international positions on the nature of Hamas. Russia, China, and Turkey are some countries who view Hamas in a positive light." }, "Cormoran Strike-1": { "title": "Cormoran Strike", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cormoran Strike is a series of crime fiction books written by British author J. K. Rowling, published under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith. The story chronicles the cases of private detective Cormoran Strike and his assistant Robin Ellacott. Four novels in the series have so far been published. The fourth, Lethal White, was released on 18 September 2018. Rowling has stated that she has plans for at least another ten." }, "Jesus-5": { "title": "Jesus", "section": "Etymology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "A typical Jew in Jesus' time had only one name, sometimes followed by the phrase \"son of \", or the individual's hometown. Thus, in the New Testament, Jesus is commonly referred to as \"Jesus of Nazareth\" (e.g., Mark 10:47). Jesus' neighbors in Nazareth refer to him as \"the carpenter, the son of Mary and brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon\" (Mark 6:3), \"the carpenter's son\" (Matthew 13:55), or \"Joseph's son\" (Luke 4:22). In the Gospel of John, the disciple Philip refers to him as \"Jesus son of Joseph from Nazareth\" (John 1:45)." }, "Sofer-1": { "title": "Sofer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A sofer, sopher, sofer SeTaM, or sofer ST\"M (Heb: \"scribe\", \u05e1\u05d5\u05e4\u05e8 \u05e1\u05ea\u05f4\u05dd; plural of sofer is soferim \u05e1\u05d5\u05e4\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd; female: soferet) is a Jewish scribe who can transcribe sifrei Torah (Torah scrolls), tefillin (phylacteries), and mezuzot (ST\"M, \u05e1\u05ea\u05f4\u05dd, is an abbreviation of these three terms), of the Five Megillot and other religious writings." }, "75th parallel north-1": { "title": "75th parallel north", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "75\u00b0 The 75th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 75 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane, in the Arctic. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Europe, Asia, the Arctic Ocean and North America." }, "Christopher Columbus-1": { "title": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Christopher Columbus (/k\u0259\u02c8l\u028cmb\u0259s/; before 31 October 1451\u00a0\u2013 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and colonizer who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that opened the New World for conquest and permanent European colonization of the Americas. His expeditions, sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, were the first European contact with the Caribbean, Central America, and South America." }, "Mental disorder-39": { "title": "Mental disorder", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "Disability" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "non-primary source needed] Some disorders may be very limited in their functional effects, while others may involve substantial disability and support needs. The degree of ability or disability may vary over time and across different life domains. Furthermore, continued disability has been linked to institutionalization, discrimination and social exclusion as well as to the inherent effects of disorders. Alternatively, functioning may be affected by the stress of having to hide a condition in work or school etc., by adverse effects of medications or other substances, or by mismatches between illness-related variations and demands for regularity." }, "Israelis-4": { "title": "Israelis", "section": "Population", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "As of 2013, Israel's population is 8\u00a0million, of which the Israeli civil government records 75.3% as Jews, 20.7% as non-Jewish Arabs, and 4.0% other. Israel's official census includes Israeli settlers in the occupied territories (referred to as \"disputed\" by Israel). 280,000 Israeli settlers live in settlements in the Judea and Samaria Area, 190,000 in East Jerusalem, and 20,000 in the Golan Heights." }, "Bengal fox-2": { "title": "Bengal fox", "section": "Appearance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Vulpes bengalensis is a relatively small fox with an elongated muzzle, long, pointed ears, and a bushy tail about 50 to 60% of the length of the head and body. Its dorsal pelage is very variable, but mostly grayish and paler ventrally; its legs tend to be brownish or rufous. It is more daintily built than Vulpes vulpes. The tail is bushy with a prominent black tip which distinguishes it from V. vulpes. Back of ears are dark brown with black margin. Its rhinarium is naked and the lips are black, with small black hair patches on upper part of nuzzle (shaft) in front of eyes. The ears have the same colour as the nape or maybe darker, but not having a dark patch as in V. vulpes. Extensive variation in coat colour exists across populations and seasonally within populations, but generally varies from grey to pale brown. The head and body length is 18\u00a0in (46\u00a0cm), with a 10\u00a0in (25\u00a0cm) long tail. Typical weight is 5 to 9 pounds (2. to 4.1\u00a0kg). The genus Vulpes can be separated from Canis and Cuon in the Indian region by the flat forehead between the postorbital processes and not inflated by air cells. The processes themselves are slightly concave with a raised anterior edge (convexly round in other canids). The canine teeth are longer." }, "Swan-3": { "title": "Swan", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Swans are the largest extant members of the waterfowl family Anatidae, and are among the largest flying birds. The largest species, including the mute swan, trumpeter swan, and whooper swan, can reach a length of over 1.5\u00a0m (59\u00a0in) and weigh over 15\u00a0kg (33\u00a0lb). Their wingspans can be over 3.1\u00a0m (10\u00a0ft). Compared to the closely related geese, they are much larger and have proportionally larger feet and necks. Quite unusual for birds, swans have \"teeth\" - jagged parts of their bill that are used for catching and eating fish. Adults also have a patch of unfeathered skin between the eyes and bill. The sexes are alike in plumage, but males are generally bigger and heavier than females." }, "Spanish\u2013American War-1": { "title": "Spanish\u2013American War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Spanish\u2013American War (Spanish: Guerra Hispano-Americana; Filipino: Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano) was an armed conflict between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of USS\u00a0Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba, leading to U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. The war led to emergence of U.S. predominance in the Caribbean region, and resulted in U.S. acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions. That led to U.S. involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine\u2013American War." }, "Ham-6": { "title": "Ham", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Because of the preservation process, ham is a compound foodstuff or ingredient, being made up of the original meat, as well as the remnants of the preserving agent(s), such as salt, but it is still recognised as a food in its own right." }, "Kelly Clarkson-34": { "title": "Kelly Clarkson", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "2019\u2013present: Voice roles, The Kelly Clarkson Show and residency" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "On February 25, 2019, Clarkson returned as a coach for the sixteenth season of The Voice. Three days later, it was announced that she would return to host the 2019 Billboard Music Awards, which aired on May 1, 2019. Clarkson voiced Moxy, as well as provided original songs, in the animated musical comedy film UglyDolls, which was released on May 3, 2019. On March 27, 2019, she released \"Broken & Beautiful\", the lead single from the UglyDolls: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. Clarkson also hosts the daytime variety talk show, The Kelly Clarkson Show, which premiered on September 9, 2019. Clarkson returned as a coach on the seventeenth season of The Voice, which premiered in September 2019. Jake Hoot was later crowned the winner of the seventeenth season, giving Clarkson her third victory as a coach." }, "Call of Duty-4": { "title": "Call of Duty", "section": "Main series", "headers": [ "World War II games", "Call of Duty" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Call of Duty is a first-person shooter video game based on id Tech 3, and was released on October 29, 2003. The game was developed by Infinity Ward and published by Activision. The game simulates the infantry and combined arms warfare of World War II. An expansion pack, Call of Duty: United Offensive, was developed by Gray Matter Interactive with contributions from Pi Studios and produced by Activision. The game follows American and British paratroopers and the Red Army. The Mac OS X version of the game was ported by Aspyr Media. In late 2004, the N-Gage version was developed by Nokia and published by Activision. Other versions were released for PC, including Collector's Edition (with soundtrack and strategy guide), Game of the Year Edition (includes game updates), and the Deluxe Edition (which contains the United Offensive expansion and soundtrack; in Europe the soundtrack was not included). On September 22, 2006, Call of Duty, United Offensive, and Call of Duty 2 were released together as Call of Duty: War Chest for PC. Since November 12, 2007, Call of Duty games have been available for purchase via Valve's content delivery platform Steam." }, "Toyota Stadium (Texas)-1": { "title": "Toyota Stadium (Texas)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Toyota Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium with a 20,500-seat capacity, built and owned by the city of Frisco, Texas, a suburb of Dallas. Its primary tenants are Major League Soccer club FC Dallas and Frisco Independent School District high school football games. It is also the home of the National Soccer Hall of Fame which opened in 2018." }, "Coca-Cola-38": { "title": "Coca-Cola", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Use of stimulants in formula", "Kola nuts for caffeine" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "Coca-Cola contains 34\u00a0mg of caffeine per 12 fluid ounces (9.8\u00a0mg per 100\u00a0ml)." }, "Dudh Koshi-2": { "title": "Dudh Koshi", "section": "Koshi river system", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Kosi River, or Sapt Koshi, drains eastern up. It is known as Sapta Koshi because of the seven rivers which join together in east-central Nepal to form this river. The main rivers forming the Sapta Koshi River system are \u2013 the Sun Koshi (\u0938\u0941\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u0940)], the Indravati River (\u0907\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0924\u0940), the tama Koshi (\u0924\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0936\u0940), the Dudh Koshi (\u0926\u0941\u0927 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u0940), the Arun River (\u0905\u0930\u0941\u0923), Tamor River (\u0924\u092e\u094b\u0930) and Likhu River. The Dudh Kosi river originates from the high-altitude areas of Mt Everest (8848 metres) and the snow and glacier melt contributes significant portion of streamflow, especially during the dry season. The combined river flows through the Chatra Gorge in a southerly direction to emerge from the hills." }, "Central Asia-1": { "title": "Central Asia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Central Asia is a region which stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. The region consists of the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. It is also colloquially referred to as \"the stans\" as the countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix \"-stan\", meaning \"land of\". Depending on different interpretations, the neighbouring areas are sometimes also considered part of the region." }, "Invertebrate-1": { "title": "Invertebrate", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a backbone or spine), derived from the notochord. This includes all animals apart from the subphylum Vertebrata. Familiar examples of invertebrates include arthropods (insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and myriapods), mollusks (chitons, snails, bivalves, squids, and octopuses), annelids (earthworms and leeches), and cnidarians (hydras, jellyfishes, sea anemones, and corals)." }, "Hippolytus of Rome-24": { "title": "Hippolytus of Rome", "section": "Feast days", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "The Roman Catholic Church celebrates St Hippolytus jointly with St Pontian on August 13. The feast of Saint Hippolytus formerly celebrated on 22 August as one of the companions of Saint Timotheus was a duplicate of his 13 August feast and for that reason was deleted when the General Roman Calendar was revised in 1969. Earlier editions of the Roman Martyrology referred to the 22 August Hippolytus as Bishop of Porto. The Catholic Encyclopedia sees this as \"connected with the confusion regarding the Roman presbyter resulting from the Acts of the Martyrs of Porto. It has not been ascertained whether the memory of the latter was localized at Porto merely in connection with the legend in Prudentius, without further foundation, or whether a person named Hippolytus was really martyred at Porto, and afterwards confounded in legend with Hippolytus of Rome.\" This opinion is shared by a Benedictine source." }, "Agnes Sampson-10": { "title": "Agnes Sampson", "section": "Arrest", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Agnes Sampson was taken to the scaffold on Castlehill, where she was garrotted then burnt at the stake on 28 January 1591." }, "Lasagne-2": { "title": "Lasagne", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Lasagne, or the singular lasagna, is also an Italian dish made of stacked layers of this flat pasta alternating with fillings such as rag\u00f9 (ground meats and tomato sauce) and other vegetables, cheese (which may include ricotta and parmesan), and seasonings and spices such as garlic, oregano and basil. The dish may be topped with melted grated mozzarella cheese. Typically, the cooked pasta is assembled with the other ingredients and then baked in an oven. The resulting lasagne casserole is cut into single-serving square portions." }, "Coen brothers-1": { "title": "Coen brothers", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Joel Coen (born November 29, 1954) and Ethan Coen (born September 21, 1957), collectively referred to as the Coen brothers (/\u02c8ko\u028a\u0259n/), are American filmmakers. Their films span many genres and styles, which they frequently subvert or parody. Their most acclaimed works include Miller's Crossing (1990), Barton Fink (1991), Fargo (1996), The Big Lebowski (1998), O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000), No Country for Old Men (2007), Burn After Reading (2008), A Serious Man (2009), True Grit (2010), Inside Llewyn Davis (2013), and The Ballad of Buster Scruggs (2018)." }, "Death Eater-30": { "title": "Death Eater", "section": "Notable Death Eaters", "headers": [ "Igor Karkaroff" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Igor Karkaroff (Cyrillic: \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432) is the Headmaster at Durmstrang Institute, one of the three schools (together with Hogwarts and Beauxbatons Academy) that enter the Triwizard Tournament. As Headmaster, Karkaroff is also one of the judges. He is described as a neat, fussy-looking man with an oily voice and manner who sports a small grey goatee. While unctuously pleasant most of the time, he is capable of violent rage. He is also described as \"a man with yellowish teeth whose smile does not reach his cold stare\". Karkaroff is angered and threatens to withdraw from the tournament when Harry is selected as a fourth champion and second representative for Hogwarts. Although he is talked down and agrees to stay, he nevertheless shows evident favouritism towards the Durmstrang champion, Bulgarian Quidditch player Viktor Krum." }, "Geography of Florida-5": { "title": "Geography of Florida", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The climate of Florida is tempered by the fact that no part of the state is very distant from the ocean. North of Lake Okeechobee, the prevalent climate is humid subtropical, while coastal areas south of the lake (including the Florida Keys) have a true tropical climate. Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s Fahrenheit (32\u201334\u00a0\u00b0C). Mean low temperatures for early to mid January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit (4\u20137\u00a0\u00b0C) in northern Florida to the mid-50s (\u224813\u00a0\u00b0C) in southern Florida." }, "Isaac Newton-84": { "title": "Isaac Newton", "section": "Apple incident", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 84, "content": "Newton himself often told the story that he was inspired to formulate his theory of gravitation by watching the fall of an apple from a tree. The story is believed to have passed into popular knowledge after being related by Catherine Barton, Newton's niece, to Voltaire. Voltaire then wrote in his Essay on Epic Poetry (1727), \"Sir Isaac Newton walking in his gardens, had the first thought of his system of gravitation, upon seeing an apple falling from a tree.\"" }, "Samsung-14": { "title": "Samsung", "section": "History", "headers": [ "1990\u20132000" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Samsung became the world's largest producer of memory chips in 1992 and is the world's second-largest chipmaker after Intel (see Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Market Share Ranking Year by Year). In 1995, it created its first liquid-crystal display screen. Ten years later, Samsung grew to be the world's largest manufacturer of liquid-crystal display panels. Sony, which had not invested in large-size TFT-LCDs, contacted Samsung to cooperate, and, in 2006, S-LCD was established as a joint venture between Samsung and Sony in order to provide a stable supply of LCD panels for both manufacturers. S-LCD was owned by Samsung (50% plus one share) and Sony (50% minus one share) and operates its factories and facilities in Tanjung, South Korea. As of 26 December 2011, it was announced that Samsung had acquired the stake of Sony in this joint venture." }, "Christopher Walken-2": { "title": "Christopher Walken", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Walken has also played the lead in the Shakespeare plays Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Coriolanus. He is a popular guest-host of Saturday Night Live, hosting seven times. His most notable roles on the show include record producer Bruce Dickinson in the \"More Cowbell\" sketch; the disgraced Confederate officer Colonel Angus; and multiple appearances in the Continental sketch. He has also appeared in Hallmark Hall of Fame's Sarah, Plain and Tall (1991), which earned him a Primetime Emmy Award nomination." }, "Eye for an eye-1": { "title": "Eye for an eye", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"An eye for an eye\" (Biblical Hebrew: \u05e2\u05b7\u059a\u05d9\u05b4\u05df \u05ea\u05b7\u05bc\u05a3\u05d7\u05b7\u05ea \u05e2\u05b7\u0594\u05d9\u05b4\u05df\u200e) or the law of retaliation (Latin: lex talionis) is the principle that a person who has injured another person is to be penalized to a similar degree, and the person inflicting such punishment should be the injured party. In softer interpretations, it means the victim receives the [estimated] value of the injury in compensation. The intent behind the principle was to restrict compensation to the value of the loss." }, "Table tennis-9": { "title": "Table tennis", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Rule changes" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "After the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, the ITTF instituted several rule changes that were aimed at making table tennis more viable as a televised spectator sport. First, the older 38\u00a0mm (1.50\u00a0in) balls were officially replaced by 40\u00a0mm (1.57\u00a0in) balls in October 2000. This increased the ball's air resistance and effectively slowed down the game. By that time, players had begun increasing the thickness of the fast sponge layer on their paddles, which made the game excessively fast and difficult to watch on television. A few months later, the ITTF changed from a 21-point to an 11-point scoring system (and the serve rotation was reduced from five points to two), effective in September 2001. This was intended to make games more fast-paced and exciting. The ITTF also changed the rules on service to prevent a player from hiding the ball during service, in order to increase the average length of rallies and to reduce the server's advantage, effective in 2002." }, "D-2": { "title": "D", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Semitic letter D\u0101leth may have developed from the logogram for a fish or a door. There are many different Egyptian hieroglyphs that might have inspired this. In Semitic, Ancient Greek and Latin, the letter represented /d/; in the Etruscan alphabet the letter was superfluous but still retained (see letter B). The equivalent Greek letter is Delta, \u0394." }, "Peach (fruit)-16": { "title": "Peach (fruit)", "section": "Phytochemicals", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "As with many other members of the rose family, peach seeds contain cyanogenic glycosides, including amygdalin (note the subgenus designation: Amygdalus). These substances are capable of decomposing into a sugar molecule and hydrogen cyanide gas. While peach seeds are not the most toxic within the rose family (see bitter almond), large consumption of these chemicals from any source is potentially hazardous to animal and human health." }, "Neapolitan cuisine-45": { "title": "Neapolitan cuisine", "section": "Pizza", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "Pizza is the most popular and best known creation of all Neapolitan cuisine. It soon became very popular among the people as well as barons or princes: it was present in the Bourbon court. King Ferdinand I experienced cooking pizza in Capodimonte's porcelain ovens. After Italian unification, the new kings were also attracted by this southern food. The pizzaiolo Raffaele Esposito created in 1889, in honour to queen Margherita of Savoy a nationalistic pizza, where the colours of the Italian flag were represented by the mozzarella (white), tomato (red) and basil (green). Since then this pizza is called the pizza Margherita. Pizza can be cheap and nutritious, so it had great success very quickly. Sometimes pizza is made in home ovens, but the real Neapolitan pizza must be cooked in a wood-fired oven, hand-made by an able pizzaiolo who makes the dough disk thinner in the centre and thicker in the outer part; the ingredients and olive oil are rapidly spread on the disk, and with a quick movement the pizza is put on the shovel and then slid in the oven where it is turned around a few times for uniform cooking." }, "United States Army Recruiting Command-13": { "title": "United States Army Recruiting Command", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "With the Cold War looming, the Congress authorized the Selective Service Act of 1948 to enable President Truman to provide for 21 months of active Federal service, with all men from ages 18 to 26 required to register. This Act was extended due to the start of the Korean War, and replaced by the Universal Military Training and Service Act of 1951 by revising the earlier Act." }, "The Liberty Bell (band)-2": { "title": "The Liberty Bell (band)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Liberty Bell was founded in Corpus Christi, Texas in 1966, and their original name was the Zulus. They specialized in a hard-driving blues-based style of rock influenced by British acts such as the Yardbirds, as their sound increasingly evolved to embrace elements of psychedelia. The band's lineup initially consisted of Al Hunt on lead guitar, Richard Painter on rhythm guitar, Wayne Harrison on bass, and Carl Abey on drums. The band signed with Carl Becker, owner of the J-Beck and Cee-Bee record labels, to manage them. The band was in need of a lead singer, so Becker enlisted the services of Ronnie Tanner who had sung with another local band the Acoustics. According to Tanner:" }, "Slammy Award-1": { "title": "Slammy Award", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Slammy Awards was a concept used by WWE, where awards, similar to the Academy and Grammy Awards, are given to professional wrestlers and other individuals within WWE, such as commentators and managers. Introduced in 1986 and last used in 2015, there have been thirteen editions of the concept. The awards are a mixture of \"serious\" and \"tongue-in-cheek\". Winners of the award receive a statuette that depicts one wrestler holding another over his head." }, "Jesus-4": { "title": "Jesus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Jesus is also revered outside of Christianity. In Islam, Jesus (commonly transliterated as Isa) is considered one of God's important prophets and the Messiah. Muslims believe Jesus was born of a virgin, but was neither God nor the son of God. The Quran states that Jesus never claimed divinity. Most Muslims do not believe that he was crucified, but that he was physically raised into Heaven by God. In contrast, Judaism rejects the belief that Jesus was the awaited Messiah, arguing that he did not fulfill Messianic prophecies, or that he was born of a virgin miraculously. Judaism further rejects the idea that Jesus was divine and later resurrected, as Christianity states, or that he was an important prophet of God and raised into Heaven alive, as Islam states." }, "Donny Hathaway-16": { "title": "Donny Hathaway", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Hours later, Hathaway was found dead on the sidewalk below the window of his 15th-floor room in New York's Essex House hotel. It was reported that he had jumped from his balcony." }, "IPhone 11-1": { "title": "IPhone 11", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The iPhone 11 is a smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the thirteenth generation lower-priced iPhone, succeeding the iPhone XR. It was unveiled on September 10, 2019, alongside the higher-end iPhone 11 Pro flagship at the Steve Jobs Theater in Apple Park, Cupertino by Apple CEO Tim Cook. Pre-orders began on September 13, 2019, and was officially released on September 20, 2019, one day after the official public release of iOS 13." }, "Effects of the Great Recession-11": { "title": "Effects of the Great Recession", "section": "Unemployment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "In December 2007, the U.S. unemployment rate was 4.9%. By October 2009, the unemployment rate had risen to 10.1%. A broader measure of unemployment (taking into account marginally attached workers, those employed part-time for economic reasons, and some (but not all) discouraged workers) was 16.3%. In July 2009, fewer jobs were lost than expected, dipping the unemployment rate from 9.5% to 9.4%. Even fewer jobs were lost in August, 216,000, recorded as the lowest number of jobs since September 2008, but the unemployment rate rose to 9.7%. In October 2009, news reports announced that some employers who cut jobs due to the recession are beginning to hire them back. More recently, economists announced in January 2010 that economic growth in the U.S. resumed in the fourth quarter of 2009, and some have predicted that limited job growth will begin in the spring of 2010." }, "Roman numerals-43": { "title": "Roman numerals", "section": "Use in the Middle Ages and Renaissance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "Chronograms, messages with dates encoded into them, were popular during the Renaissance era. The chronogram would be a phrase containing the letters I, V, X, L, C, D, and M. By putting these letters together, the reader would obtain a number, usually indicating a particular year." }, "The Hague-1": { "title": "The Hague", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Hague (/he\u026a\u0261/; Dutch: Den Haag [d\u025bn \u02c8\u0266a\u02d0x] (listen) or 's\u2011Gravenhage [\u02ccsxra\u02d0v\u0259(n)\u02c8\u0266a\u02d0\u0263\u0259] (listen)) is a city on the western coast of the Netherlands on the North Sea and the capital of the province of South Holland. It is also the seat of government of the Netherlands and hosts the International Court of Justice, one of the most important courts in the world." }, "1009-1": { "title": "1009", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Year in topic Year 1009 (MIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar." }, "Gogoplata-4": { "title": "Gogoplata", "section": "Use in mixed martial arts", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Elvis Sinosic performed the first recorded gogoplata in a mixed martial arts event against Kiyoshi Tamura at Cage Combat Australia in 1997." }, "Mongol Empire-109": { "title": "Mongol Empire", "section": "Legacy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 109, "content": "The Mongol Empire\u00a0\u2014 at its height the largest contiguous empire in history\u00a0\u2014 had a lasting impact, unifying large regions. Some of these (such as eastern and western Russia and the western parts of China) remain unified today. Mongols might have been assimilated into local populations after the fall of the empire, and some of their descendants adopted local religions; for example, the eastern khanate largely adopted Buddhism, and the three western khanates adopted Islam, largely under Sufi influence." }, "Damon Albarn-1": { "title": "Damon Albarn", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Damon Albarn OBE (/\u02c8de\u026am\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lb\u0251\u02d0rn/; born 23 March 1968) is an English musician, singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and record producer, best known as the lead singer, multi-instrumentalist, and lyricist of the rock band Blur and as the co-founder, lead vocalist, instrumentalist, and songwriter of the virtual band Gorillaz." }, "Sail-3": { "title": "Sail", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Sails may be attached to a mast, boom or other spar or may be attached to a wire that is suspended by a mast. They are typically raised by a line, called a halyard, and their angle with respect to the wind is usually controlled by a line, called a sheet. In use, they may be designed to be curved in both directions along their surface, often as a result of their curved edges. Battens may be used to extend the trailing edge of a sail beyond the line of its attachment points." }, "Metallica v. Napster, Inc.-1": { "title": "Metallica v. Napster, Inc.", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Metallica, et al. v. Napster, Inc. was a 2000 U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California case that focused on copyright infringement, racketeering, and unlawful use of digital audio interface devices. Metallica vs. Napster, Inc. was the first case that involved an artist suing a peer-to-peer file sharing (\"P2P\") software company." }, "Thermonuclear weapon-1": { "title": "Thermonuclear weapon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A thermonuclear weapon, fusion weapon or hydrogen bomb (H bomb), is a second-generation nuclear weapon design. Its greater sophistication affords it vastly greater destructive power than first-generation atomic bombs, a more compact size, a lower mass or a combination of these benefits. Characteristics of nuclear fusion reactions make possible the use of non-fissile depleted uranium as the weapon's main fuel, thus allowing more efficient use of scarce fissile material such as uranium-235 (U-235) or plutonium-239 (Pu-239)." }, "Anorexia nervosa-54": { "title": "Anorexia nervosa", "section": "Prognosis", "headers": [ "Complications" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Anorexia nervosa causes alterations in the female reproductive system; significant weight loss, as well as psychological stress and intense exercise, typically results in a cessation of menstruation in women who are past puberty. In patients with anorexia nervosa, there is a reduction of the secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone in the central nervous system, preventing ovulation. Anorexia nervosa can also result in pubertal delay or arrest. Both height gain and pubertal development are dependent on the release of growth hormone and gonadotrophins (LH and FSH) from the pituitary gland. Suppression of gonadotrophins in people with anorexia nervosa has been documented. Typically, growth hormone (GH) levels are high, but levels of IGF-1, the downstream hormone that should be released in response to GH are low; this indicates a state of \u201cresistance\u201d to GH due to chronic starvation. IGF-1 is necessary for bone formation, and decreased levels in anorexia nervosa contribute to a loss of bone density and potentially contribute to osteopenia or osteoporosis. Anorexia nervosa can also result in reduction of peak bone mass. Buildup of bone is greatest during adolescence, and if onset of anorexia nervosa occurs during this time and stalls puberty, low bone mass may be permanent." }, "Javits Center-2": { "title": "Javits Center", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Center is operated and maintained by the New York Convention Center Operating Corporation, a New York State public-benefit corporation. The convention center has a total area space of 1,800,000 square feet (170,000\u00a0m2) and has 840,000 square feet (78,000\u00a0m2) of total exhibit space. It is billed as one of the busiest convention centers in the United States and it is only the twelfth largest." }, "Tostones-2": { "title": "Tostones", "section": "Preparation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Play media Green (unripe) plantains are peeled, sliced length-wise, diagonally, or width-wise, and then fried twice. The raw slices of plantains are fried for one to two minutes on each side until they are golden in color, and removed and patted to remove excess cooking oil. Afterward, they are pounded flat with a hinged utensil made for the task, called a tostonera, or less conveniently with any kitchen utensil that has a large enough flat surface, for instance between two plates. The flattened plantain slices are then fried once again until they are crisp and golden brown." }, "Mars (mythology)-1": { "title": "Mars (mythology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In ancient Roman religion and myth, Mars (Latin: M\u0101rs, pronounced\u00a0[ma\u02d0rs]) was the god of war and also an agricultural guardian, a combination characteristic of early Rome. He was the son of Jupiter and he was the most prominent of the military gods in the religion of the Roman army. Most of his festivals were held in March, the month named for him (Latin Martius), and in October, which began the season for military campaigning and ended the season for farming." }, "Full breakfast-1": { "title": "Full breakfast", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A full breakfast is a substantial cooked breakfast meal often served in the UK and Ireland that typically includes bacon, sausages, eggs, black pudding, baked beans, tomatoes and mushrooms and a beverage such as coffee or tea. It comes in different regional variants and is referred to by different names depending on the area. While it is colloquially known as a \"fry up\" in most areas of Britain and Ireland, it is usually referred to as a full English breakfast in England (often shortened to \"full English\"), and as a \"full Irish\", \"full Scottish\", \"full Welsh\", \"full Cornish\", and \"Ulster fry\" in the Republic of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, and Northern Ireland, respectively." }, "Grammy Award-1": { "title": "Grammy Award", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A Grammy Award (stylized as GRAMMY, originally called Gramophone Award), or Grammy, is an award presented by The Recording Academy to recognize achievements in the music industry. The trophy depicts a gilded gramophone. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of those awards that have a more popular interest. The Grammys are the second of the Big Three networks' major music awards held annually (between the American Music Awards in fall, and Billboard Music Awards in summer)." }, "The Comedy of Errors-24": { "title": "The Comedy of Errors", "section": "Adaptations", "headers": [ "Film" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "The film Big Business (1988) is a modern take on A Comedy of Errors, with female twins instead of male. Bette Midler and Lily Tomlin star in the film as two sets of twins separated at birth, much like the characters in Shakespeare's play." }, "Middle East-9": { "title": "Middle East", "section": "Terminology", "headers": [ "Criticism and usage" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "With the disappearance of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, \"Near East\" largely fell out of common use in English, while \"Middle East\" came to be applied to the re-emerging countries of the Islamic world. However, the usage \"Near East\" was retained by a variety of academic disciplines, including archaeology and ancient history, where it describes an area identical to the term Middle East, which is not used by these disciplines (see Ancient Near East)." }, "Maya Angelou-25": { "title": "Maya Angelou", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "\"I wrote about my experiences because I thought too many people tell young folks, 'I never did anything wrong. Who, Moi? \u2013 never I. I have no skeletons in my closet. In fact, I have no closet.' They lie like that and then young people find themselves in situations and they think, 'Damn I must be a pretty bad guy. My mom or dad never did anything wrong.' They can't forgive themselves and go on with their lives.\" Angelou had one son, Guy, whose birth she described in her first autobiography; one grandson, two great-grandchildren, and, according to Gillespie, a large group of friends and extended family. Angelou's mother Vivian Baxter died in 1991 and her brother Bailey Johnson Jr., died in 2000 after a series of strokes; both were important figures in her life and her books. In 1981, the mother of her grandson disappeared with him; finding him took four years." }, "The Young and the Restless-12": { "title": "The Young and the Restless", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "On March 20, 2020, after 32 years and over 1,500 consecutive weeks, The Young and the Restless was no longer the number one soap opera in the United States. On April 20, 2020, CBS announced plans to begin airing a week of vintage episodes, following the soap's shutdown, due to the COVID-19 pandemic." }, "Ford Super Duty-54": { "title": "Ford Super Duty", "section": "Second generation (2008\u20132010)", "headers": [ "F-450 pickup" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Some unique points to highlight of the 2008, 2009 & 2010 F-450 with a regular production pickup bed, which was only offered as a chassis cab before. It has 2 available axle ratios of 4.30 and 4.88:1. The F-450 Super Duty with the optional 'High Capacity Trailer Tow Package' increases the GCWR from 26,000 to 33,000\u00a0lb (15,000\u00a0kg). Maximum payload is 6,120\u00a0lb (2,780\u00a0kg). Maximum towing is 24,500\u00a0lb (11,100\u00a0kg) (4.88 axle ratio) / 20,500\u00a0lb (9,300\u00a0kg) (4.30 axle ratio). It comes standard with Crew Cab, 8-foot (2.4\u00a0m) long bed, DRW (Dual Rear Wheels), Limited Slip rear axle, 10-lug 19.5-inch (500\u00a0mm) Forged wheels made by Alcoa, Trailer Tow package, and the TowCommand TBC (Trailer Brake Controller). The only engine offered in the F-450 Super Duty is the 6.4\u00a0L V8 Power Stroke Sequential turbo diesel. The F-450 is equipped with a standard 6-speed manual or optional 5-speed TorqShift automatic transmission." }, "The Who-1": { "title": "The Who", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Who are an English rock band formed in London in 1964. Their original line-up consisted of lead singer Roger Daltrey, guitarist and singer Pete Townshend, bass guitarist John Entwistle and drummer Keith Moon. They are considered one of the most influential rock bands of the 20th\u00a0century, selling over 100 million records worldwide." }, "Final Fantasy-6": { "title": "Final Fantasy", "section": "Media", "headers": [ "Games", "Main series" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) also featured three installments of the main series, all of which have been re-released on several platforms. Final Fantasy\u00a0IV was released in 1991; in North America, it was released as Final Fantasy\u00a0II. It introduced the \"Active Time Battle\" system. Final Fantasy\u00a0V, released in 1992 in Japan, was the first game in the series to spawn a sequel: a short anime series, Final Fantasy: Legend of the Crystals. Final Fantasy\u00a0VI was released in Japan in 1994, titled Final Fantasy\u00a0III in North America." }, "Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross-6": { "title": "Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross", "section": "Terminology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Departure from normal crucifixion routine is also mentioned by Josephus (37 \u2013 c. 100) in his The Jewish War: \"The soldiers, out of the wrath and hatred they bore the Jews, nailed those they caught, one after one way, and another after another, to the crosses, by way of jest, when their multitude was so great, that room was wanting for the crosses, and crosses wanting for the bodies\"." }, "Cnidaria-25": { "title": "Cnidaria", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "Nervous system and senses" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Cnidarians are generally thought to have no brains or even central nervous systems. However, they do have integrative areas of neural tissue that could be considered some form of centralization. Most of their bodies are innervated by decentralized nerve nets that control their swimming musculature and connect with sensory structures, though each clade has slightly different structures. These sensory structures, usually called rhopalia, can generate signals in response to various types of stimuli such as light, pressure, and much more. Medusa usually have several of them around the margin of the bell that work together to control the motor nerve net, that directly innervates the swimming muscles. Most Cnidarians also have a parallel system. In scyphozoans, this takes the form of a diffuse nerve net, which has modulatory effects on the nervous system. As well as forming the \"signal cables\" between sensory neurons and motoneurons, intermediate neurons in the nerve net can also form ganglia that act as local coordination centers. Communication between nerve cells can occur by chemical synapses or gap junctions in hydrozoans, though gap junctions are not present in all groups. Cnidarians have many of the same neurotransmitters as many animals, including chemicals such as glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine." }, "Picnic at Hanging Rock (novel)-25": { "title": "Picnic at Hanging Rock (novel)", "section": "Adaptations", "headers": [ "Film" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "The first film adaptation of the book was a short by Tony Ingram, a fourteen-year-old filmmaker, who got permission from Joan Lindsay to adapt her book as The Day of Saint Valentine. However, only about ten minutes of footage was filmed before the rights were optioned to Peter Weir for his more famous feature-length version, and the production was permanently shelved. The completed footage is included on some DVD releases of Weir's film." }, "Alexander Nevsky-2": { "title": "Alexander Nevsky", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Commonly regarded as a key figure of medieval Rus', Alexander \u2013 a grandson of Vsevolod the Big Nest \u2013 rose to legendary status on account of his military victories over German and Swedish invaders. He preserved Russian statehood and Russian Orthodoxy, agreeing to pay tribute to the powerful Golden Horde. Metropolite Macarius canonized Alexander Nevsky as a saint of the Russian Orthodox Church in 1547." }, "Parsifal-5": { "title": "Parsifal", "section": "Composition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Wagner read von Eschenbach's poem Parzival while taking the waters at Marienbad in 1845. After encountering Arthur Schopenhauer's writings in 1854, Wagner became interested in oriental philosophies, especially Buddhism. Out of this interest came Die Sieger (The Victors, 1856), a sketch Wagner wrote for an opera based on a story from the life of Buddha. The themes which were later explored in Parsifal of self-renouncing, reincarnation, compassion, and even exclusive social groups (castes in Die Sieger, the Knights of the Grail in Parsifal) were first introduced" }, "Aztec cuisine-4": { "title": "Aztec cuisine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Water, maize gruels and pulque (izt\u0101c octli), the fermented juice of the century plant (maguey in Spanish), were the most common drinks, and there were many different fermented alcoholic beverages made from honey, cacti and various fruits. The elite took pride in not drinking pulque, a drink of commoners, and preferred drinks made from cacao, among the most prestigious luxuries available. Favored by rulers, warriors and nobles, they were flavored with chili peppers, honey and a seemingly endless list of spices and herbs." }, "Super Bowl LIV-2": { "title": "Super Bowl LIV", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The game was played on February 2, 2020, at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida. This was the 11th Super Bowl hosted by the South Florida region and the sixth Super Bowl hosted in Miami Gardens, which hosted Super Bowl XLIV ten years earlier. This was also the first Super Bowl in 7 years to not feature quarterbacks Tom Brady or Peyton Manning." }, "Bodybuilding-41": { "title": "Bodybuilding", "section": "Muscle growth", "headers": [ "Nutrition", "Protein" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "The motor proteins actin and myosin generate the forces exerted by contracting muscles. Current recommendations suggest that bodybuilders should consume 25\u201330% of protein per total calorie intake to further their goal of maintaining and improving their body composition. This is a widely debated topic, with many arguing that 1\u00a0gram of protein per pound of body weight per day is ideal, some suggesting that less is sufficient, while others recommending 1.5, 2, or more. It is believed that protein needs to be consumed frequently throughout the day, especially during/after a workout, and before sleep. There is also some debate concerning the best type of protein to take. Chicken, turkey, beef, pork, fish, eggs and dairy foods are high in protein, as are some nuts, seeds, beans, and lentils. Casein or whey are often used to supplement the diet with additional protein. Whey protein is the type of protein contained in many popular brands of protein supplements and is preferred by many bodybuilders because of its high Biological Value (BV) and quick absorption rates. Whey protein also has a bigger effect than casein on insulin levels, triggering about double the amount of insulin release. That effect is somewhat overcome by combining casein and whey. Bodybuilders are usually thought to require protein with a higher BV than that of soy, which is additionally avoided due to its claimed estrogenic properties. Still, some nutrition experts believe that soy, flax seeds and many other plants that contain the weak estrogen-like compounds or phytoestrogens, can be used beneficially, as phytoestrogens compete with estrogens for receptor sites in the male body and can block its actions. This can also include some inhibition of pituitary functions while stimulating the P450 system (the system that eliminates hormones, drugs and metabolic waste product from the body) in the liver to more actively process and excrete excess estrogen. Cortisol decreases amino acid uptake by muscle, and inhibits protein synthesis." }, "Tesla, Inc.-1": { "title": "Tesla, Inc.", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tesla, Inc. (formerly Tesla Motors, Inc.), is an American electric vehicle and clean energy company based in Palo Alto, California. The company specializes in electric vehicle manufacturing, battery energy storage from home to grid scale and, through its acquisition of SolarCity, solar panel and solar roof tile manufacturing." }, "Government of Canada-1": { "title": "Government of Canada", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Government of Canada (French: Gouvernement du Canada), officially Her Majesty's Government (French: Gouvernement de Sa Majest\u00e9), is the body responsible for the federal administration of Canada. In Canadian English, the term can mean either the collective set of institutions (the legislative, executive, and judicial branches) or specifically the Queen-in-Council (the executive). In both senses, the current construct was established at Confederation through the Constitution Act, 1867\u2014as a federal constitutional monarchy, wherein the Canadian Crown acts as the core, or \"the most basic building block\", of its Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. The Crown is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the Canadian government. The monarch (currently Queen Elizabeth II) is personally represented by the governor general of Canada (currently Julie Payette). The prime minister (currently Justin Trudeau) is the head of government who is invited by the Crown to form a government after securing the confidence of the House of Commons, which is typically determined through the election of enough members of a single political party in a federal election to provide a majority of seats in Parliament, forming a governing party. Further elements of governance are outlined in the rest of the Canadian Constitution, which includes written statutes in addition to court rulings, and unwritten conventions developed over centuries." }, "Car-42": { "title": "Car", "section": "Seating and body style", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Most cars are designed to carry multiple occupants, often with four or five seats. Cars with five seats typically seat two passengers in the front and three in the rear. Full-size cars and large sport utility vehicles can often carry six, seven, or more occupants depending on the arrangement of the seats. On the other hand, sports cars are most often designed with only two seats. The differing needs for passenger capacity and their luggage or cargo space has resulted in the availability of a large variety of body styles to meet individual consumer requirements that include, among others, the sedan/saloon, hatchback, station wagon/estate, and minivan." }, "National Minimum Drinking Age Act-6": { "title": "National Minimum Drinking Age Act", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "However, these changes were soon followed by studies showing an increase in motor vehicle fatalities attributable to the decreased MLDA. In response to these findings, many states raised the minimum legal drinking age to 19 (and sometimes to 20 or 21). In 1984, the National Minimum Legal Drinking Act, written by Senator Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) and influenced by Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), required all states to enforce a minimum legal drinking age of 21 or else risk losing 10% of all federal highway construction funds." }, "Oyster-9": { "title": "Oyster", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Pearl oysters" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Pearl farmers can culture a pearl by placing a nucleus, usually a piece of polished mussel shell, inside the oyster. In three to seven years, the oyster can produce a perfect pearl. These pearls are not as valuable as natural pearls, but look exactly the same. Since the beginning of the 20th century, when several researchers discovered how to produce artificial pearls, the cultured pearl market has far outgrown the natural pearl market." }, "Vacuum-1": { "title": "Vacuum", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Vacuum is space devoid of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for \"vacant\" or \"void\". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply call \"vacuum\" or free space, and use the term partial vacuum to refer to an actual imperfect vacuum as one might have in a laboratory or in space. In engineering and applied physics on the other hand, vacuum refers to any space in which the pressure is considerably lower than atmospheric pressure. The Latin term in vacuo is used to describe an object that is surrounded by a vacuum." }, "Bloodstain pattern analysis-5": { "title": "Bloodstain pattern analysis", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Acceptance as valid evidence in United States courts" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Between 1880 and 1957, courts in Michigan, Mississippi, Ohio, and California rejected expert testimony for bloodspatter analysis, generally holding that it added nothing to the jurors' own evaluations of bloodstains submitted as evidence. In 1957, the California Supreme Court became the first American court to accept expert testimony examining bloodstains, accepting as evidence the testimony of Paul L. Kirk, a professor of biochemistry and criminalistics. He would also testify in the Sam Sheppard case in 1966, when the wife of an osteopathic physician was beaten to death in her home, interpreting bloodspatter evidence as proof that the murderer was left-handed (Sheppard was right-handed). However, bloodstain pattern analysis would not begin to enter wide use until it was promoted by Herbert Leon MacDonell. MacDonell researched bloodstains with a grant from the United States Department of Justice, and which also published his research in the book \"Flight Characteristics and Stain Patterns of Human Blood\" (1971). MacDonell testified in court on multiple occasions as an expert of bloodstain analysis, and the legal precedent set by these cases led to its widespread use in American courts, although as early as 1980 some judges expressed strong doubts about its reliability, and it was not always accepted as evidence, especially in states with no prior rulings that relied on such evidence." }, "Israelites-8": { "title": "Israelites", "section": "Etymology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The term Israelite is the English name for the descendants of the biblical patriarch Jacob in ancient times, which is derived from the Greek \u1f38\u03c3\u03c1\u03b1\u03b7\u03bb\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, which was used to translate the Biblical Hebrew term b'nei yisrael, \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc as either \"sons of Israel\" or \"children of Israel\"." }, "Badminton-35": { "title": "Badminton", "section": "Equipment", "headers": [ "Shuttlecock" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "A shuttlecock (often abbreviated to shuttle; also called a birdie) is a high-drag projectile, with an open conical shape: the cone is formed from sixteen overlapping feathers embedded into a rounded cork base. The cork is covered with thin leather or synthetic material. Synthetic shuttles are often used by recreational players to reduce their costs as feathered shuttles break easily. These nylon shuttles may be constructed with either natural cork or synthetic foam base and a plastic skirt." }, "Hemolytic anemia-23": { "title": "Hemolytic anemia", "section": "Other animals", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Dogs and cats differ slightly from humans in some details of their RBC composition and have altered susceptibility to damage, notably, increased susceptibility to oxidative damage from consumption of onion. Garlic is less toxic to dogs than onion." }, "Milk substitute-17": { "title": "Milk substitute", "section": "Lactose intolerance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "In a modern Western context, food products are manufactured as dairy substitutes partly to cater to lactose intolerant individuals, including milk, yogurt, whipped topping and ice cream. In Asia and Africa, where rates of lactose intolerance are much higher than in the West and dairy production has been less predominant, many traditional analogues to dairy milk beverages exist, including amazake, douzhi, kunnu aya, kokkoh, poi and sikhye." }, "Lock and key-15": { "title": "Lock and key", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Modern locks" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Despite some improvement in key design since, the majority of locks today are still variants of the designs invented by Bramah, Chubb and Yale." }, "Abbott and Costello-25": { "title": "Abbott and Costello", "section": "\"Who's on First?\"", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "\"Who's on First?\" is Abbott and Costello's signature routine. Time magazine (December 26, 1999) named it the best comedy routine of the 20th century. The sketch was based on other earlier burlesque wordplay routines. They began honing the routine shortly after teaming up in 1936, and performed it in vaudeville in 1937 and 1938. It was first heard by a national radio audience on March 24, 1938 when the team were regulars on the Kate Smith radio show. By then, John Grant had been writing or adapting other sketches for the team and may have helped expand \"Who's on First?\" prior to its radio debut. He stayed on as their head writer into the 1950s." }, "Federal holidays in the United States-14": { "title": "Federal holidays in the United States", "section": "Controversy and criticism", "headers": [ "Martin Luther King Jr. Day" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Some individuals and organizations have objected to the federal status of certain holidays, such as Martin Luther King Jr. Day and Columbus Day. In particular, Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina opposed the creation of the federal holiday for the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1983." }, "Keebler Company-1": { "title": "Keebler Company", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Keebler Company is an American cookie and cracker manufacturer. Founded in 1853, it has produced numerous baked snacks. Keebler has marketed its brands such as Cheez-It (which have the Sunshine Biscuits brand), Chips Deluxe, Club Crackers, E.L. Fudge Cookies, Famous Amos, Fudge Shoppe Cookies, Murray cookies, Austin, Plantation, Vienna Fingers, Town House Crackers, Wheatables, Sandie's Shortbread, Chachos and Zesta Crackers, among others." }, "Fluoxetine-6": { "title": "Fluoxetine", "section": "Medical uses", "headers": [ "Depression" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "A 2009 systematic review by the National Institute of Care and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (which considered the Kirsch, but not the later meta-analyses) concluded strong evidence existed for the efficacy of SSRIs in the treatment of moderate and severe depression, with some evidence for their efficacy in the treatment of mild depression. Both the NICE and the Fournier analyses concluded that greater evidence is seen for the efficacy of antidepressants in the treatment of chronic mild depression (dysthymia) than in recent-onset mild depression." }, "Sign language-1": { "title": "Sign language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Play media Sign languages (also known as signed languages) are languages that use the visual-manual modality to convey meaning. Sign languages are expressed through manual articulations in combination with non-manual elements. Sign languages are full-fledged natural languages with their own grammar and lexicon. Sign languages are not universal and they are not mutually intelligible with each other, although there are also striking similarities among sign languages." }, "Wehrmacht-1": { "title": "Wehrmacht", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Wehrmacht (German pronunciation: [\u02c8ve\u02d0\u0250\u032fmaxt] (listen), lit.\u2009'defence force') was the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the Heer (army), the Kriegsmarine (navy) and the Luftwaffe (air force). The designation \"Wehrmacht\" replaced the previously used term Reichswehr, and was the manifestation of the Nazi regime's efforts to rearm Germany to a greater extent than the Treaty of Versailles permitted." }, "John Key-1": { "title": "John Key", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sir John Phillip Key GNZM AC (born 9 August 1961) is a New Zealand former politician who served as the 38th Prime Minister of New Zealand from 2008 to 2016 and as Leader of the New Zealand National Party from 2006 to 2016. After resigning from both posts in December 2016 and leaving politics, Key was appointed to board of director and chairmanship roles in New Zealand corporations." }, "Elections in Canada-23": { "title": "Elections in Canada", "section": "National elections", "headers": [ "Length of election campaigns" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "The 1872 election was both the second shortest and the longest campaign in history. Parliament was dissolved on July 8, 1872, while the writ was dropped on July 15, 1872. Voting occurred from July 20 to October 12. Therefore, the campaign started to close 12 days after dissolution of Parliament and 5 days after the writ, and was concluded 96 days (13 weeks plus 5 days) after dissolution and 89 days after the writ." }, "Big Show-4": { "title": "Big Show", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Paul Donald Wight II was born on February 8, 1972 in Aiken, South Carolina. Wight used to have acromegaly, a disease of the endocrine system. By the age of twelve, Wight was 6\u00a0ft 2\u00a0in (1.88\u00a0m) tall, weighed 220\u00a0lb (100\u00a0kg), and had chest hair. In 1991, as a member of the Wichita State University basketball team at age nineteen, Wight was listed at 7\u00a0ft 1\u00a0in (2.16\u00a0m). He underwent successful surgery in the early 1990s on his pituitary gland, which halted the progress of this condition. His shoe size is 22 5E, his ring size is 22, and his chest is 64 inches (1,600\u00a0mm) in circumference. In 2005, Wight leased a bus and hired a bus driver because of the practical problems his size presents to air travel and car rental." }, "People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals-1": { "title": "People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA /\u02c8pi\u02d0t\u0259/) is an American animal rights organization based in Norfolk, Virginia, and led by Ingrid Newkirk, its international president. A nonprofit corporation with nearly 400 employees, it claims that it has 6.5 million members and supporters, in addition to claiming that it is the \"largest animal rights group in the world.\" Its slogan is \"Animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment on, use for entertainment, or abuse in any other way.\"" }, "Apple-8": { "title": "Apple", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The fruit matures in late summer or autumn, and cultivars exist in a wide range of sizes. Commercial growers aim to produce an apple that is 2\u00a03\u20444 to 3\u00a01\u20444\u00a0in (7.0 to 8.3\u00a0cm) in diameter, due to market preference. Some consumers, especially those in Japan, prefer a larger apple, while apples below 2\u00a01\u20444\u00a0in (5.7\u00a0cm) are generally used for making juice and have little fresh market value. The skin of ripe apples is generally red, yellow, green, pink, or russetted, though many bi- or tri-colored cultivars may be found. The skin may also be wholly or partly russeted i.e. rough and brown. The skin is covered in a protective layer of epicuticular wax. The exocarp (flesh) is generally pale yellowish-white, though pink or yellow exocarps also occur." }, "Ja Rule-12": { "title": "Ja Rule", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "50 Cent feud, Blood in My Eye and R.U.L.E. (2003-2004)" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Shortly after the release of his fourth studio album, Ja Rule's ongoing beef with fellow Queens rapper 50 Cent reached its peak, with both artists taking to radio stations almost daily to trade insults and diss tracks. On January 3, 2003, the Murder Inc. offices were raided by FBI agents and NYPD officers due to accusations of money laundering and drug trades by Kenneth \"Supreme\" McGriff, who was associated with Irv Gotti. Due to the federal investigation, Ja Rule had a late response in his beef with 50 Cent. By association, 50 Cent's labelmates Eminem, Obie Trice, D12, and Ja Rule's former friends and associates DMX and Busta Rhymes were brought into the feud too. Ja Rule released the diss track \"Loose Change\" in April 2003, where he attacks 50 Cent, as well as Eminem, Busta Rhymes and Dr. Dre. 50 Cent eventually responded with \"Hail Mary\", which used the beat from 2Pac's song of the same name and featured Eminem and Busta Rhymes. The beef continued to be highly publicised throughout 2003, and eventually led to Ja Rule meeting with Minister Louis Farrakhan in October, who wanted to intervene and prevent escalating violence in the feud." }, "Skull-1": { "title": "Skull", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates. It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of two parts: the cranium and the mandible. In humans, these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or facial skeleton that includes the mandible as its largest bone. The skull forms the anterior most portion of the skeleton and is a product of cephalisation\u2014housing the brain, and several sensory structures such as the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. In humans these sensory structures are part of the facial skeleton." }, "Samsung-1": { "title": "Samsung", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Samsung (Korean:\u00a0\uc0bc\uc131; Hanja:\u00a0\u4e09\u661f; Korean pronunciation:\u00a0[sams\u028c\u014b]; means \"three stars\" in English) is a South Korean multinational conglomerate headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul. It comprises numerous affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand, and is the largest South Korean chaebol (business conglomerate)." }, "Prime minister-25": { "title": "Prime minister", "section": "Overview of the Office", "headers": [ "Exit from office" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "a letter of resignation or a request for parliamentary dissolution. The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate. However, in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government. In most modern parliamentary systems, the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution." }, "RMS Titanic-1": { "title": "RMS Titanic", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner operated by the White Star Line that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early morning hours of 15 April 1912, after striking an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. Of the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making the sinking one of modern history's deadliest peacetime commercial marine disasters. RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time she entered service and was the second of three Olympic-class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line. She was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, chief naval architect of the shipyard at the time, died in the disaster." }, "Monastic cell-1": { "title": "Monastic cell", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A cell is a small room used by a hermit, monk, anchorite or nun to live and as a devotional space. They are often part of larger communities such as Catholic and Orthodox monasteries and Buddhist vihara, but may also form stand-alone structures in remote locations." }, "Iwato scale-1": { "title": "Iwato scale", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The iwato scale is a musical scale that is similar to the Locrian mode (spelled 1 b2 b3 4 b5 b6 b7), seventh mode of the major scale, different in that it has no 3rd or 6th notes, thus making it pentatonic. Its spelling is therefore 1 b2 4 b5 b7. It is used in traditional Japanese music for the koto. It is a mode of the Hiraj\u014dshi scale." }, "Alistair Darling-3": { "title": "Alistair Darling", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "From 2012-14, Darling was the chairman of the Better Together Campaign, a cross-party group that successfully campaigned for Scotland to remain part of the United Kingdom in the 2014 independence referendum. On 3 November 2014, Darling announced that he was standing down at the 2015 general election. He was nominated for a life peerage in the 2015 Dissolution Honours and was created Baron Darling of Roulanish, of Great Bernera in the County of Ross and Cromarty, on 1 December 2015." }, "Alfred Nobel-17": { "title": "Alfred Nobel", "section": "Nobel Prizes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "citation needed] Sweden's central bank Sveriges Riksbank celebrated its 300th anniversary in 1968 by donating a large sum of money to the Nobel Foundation to be used to set up a sixth prize in the field of economics in honour of Alfred Nobel. In 2001, Alfred Nobel's great-great-nephew, Peter Nobel (b. 1931), asked the Bank of Sweden to differentiate its award to economists given \"in Alfred Nobel's memory\" from the five other awards. This request added to the controversy over whether the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is actually a legitimate \"Nobel Prize\"." }, "Carrie Underwood-79": { "title": "Carrie Underwood", "section": "Awards and achievements", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 79, "content": "Regarded as one of the most successful artists in any musical genre, Underwood has sold 70 million records worldwide, as of 2019[update]. The Recording Industry Association of America recognizes Underwood as the fifth highest-certified female artist (all-genre) and the third highest-certified country artist of all time on its Top Artists (Digital Songs) raking, with 41.5 million certified units. Underwood is also the highest-certified country album artist to debut in the 21st century. In the US, she has sold 20 million albums and over 40 million singles, making her the best-selling artist of the American Idol franchise, with Billboard calling her the ultimate Idol success story. Forbes has declared Underwood the most successful American Idol winner of all time, with more albums sold and more revenue generated than any of the other contestants in the show's 15 seasons. Underwood had a fast commercial impact on the music industry, with her debut album, Some Hearts, becoming the fastest-selling debut country album in the history of the SoundScan era, the best-selling solo female debut album in country music history, the best-selling Country album of the last 14 years, and the best-selling album by an American Idol alum in the US. With her debut single, \"Inside Your Heaven\", she also broke Billboard chart history as the first country music artist ever to debut at No. 1 on the Hot 100 and the song became the first song from a country artist to go to No. 1 on the Hot 100 since country group Lonestar's \"Amazed\" did so in 2000. \"Inside Your Heaven\" is the only single by a solo country artist in the 2000 decade to reach No. 1 on the Hot 100 chart. With the singles from her second album, Carnival Ride, she became the first female country artist since Shania Twain in 1995 to pull four number-one's from one album. In 2010, with the singles of her third album, Play On, she achieved ten career number-one singles on the Hot Country Songs, an achievement for which she was named by the Guinness Book of World Records as the female country artist with the most number-one hits on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart (since accurate sales records were introduced in the US in 1991), tied with Reba McEntire. With such a feat, she became the only female artist in country music history to have eleven consecutive top two singles; at that time, she had twelve official country singles: ten number-ones. She also became the first woman to score ten number-ones on such a chart since Rosanne Cash in 1988. She then broke and expanded her Guinness Book record by scoring four more number-one singles on the Hot Country Songs between 2011 and 2014, for a total of fourteen number-ones. She is also the woman with the most number-ones in the history of the Billboard Country Airplay chart, having had 15 leaders." }, "Elijah-49": { "title": "Elijah", "section": "Elijah in Jewish folklore", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 49, "content": "The volume of references to Elijah in folklore stands in marked contrast to that in the canon. Elijah's miraculous transferral to heaven led to speculation as to his true identity. Louis Ginzberg equates him with Phinehas the grandson of Aaron (Exodus 6:25). Because of Phinehas' zealousness for God, he and his descendants were promised, \"a covenant of lasting priesthood\" (Numbers 25:13). Therefore, Elijah is a priest as well as a prophet. Elijah is also equated with the Archangel Sandalphon, whose four wing beats will carry him to any part of the earth. When forced to choose between death and dishonor, Rabbi Kahana chose to leap to his death. Before he could strike the ground, Elijah/Sandalphon had appeared to catch him. Yet another name for Elijah is \"Angel of the Covenant\"" }, "Iberian wolf-1": { "title": "Iberian wolf", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) also known as Spanish wolf, is a proposed subspecies of grey wolf that inhabits the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, which includes northern Portugal and northwestern Spain. It is home to 2,200-2,700 wolves which have been isolated from mixing with other wolf populations for over a century. They form the largest wolf population in Western Europe." }, "Jia Sidao-1": { "title": "Jia Sidao", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jia Sidao (1213-1275), courtesy name Shixian, was a chancellor of the late Song dynasty of China, the younger brother of a concubine of Emperor Lizong, who subsequently had a relationship of special favor with Emperor Duzong, and had roles in the Mongol-Song Battle of Xiangyang and an unpopular land nationalization program in the 1260s. Jia was assassinated by a court-designated sheriff charged with his custody after his court failures in 1275." }, "Amazon River-1": { "title": "Amazon River", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Amazon River (UK: /\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259z\u0259n/, US: /\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259z\u0252n/; Spanish: R\u00edo Amazonas, Portuguese: Rio Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and by most accepted definitions it is the second longest river in the world, after the Nile River." }, "Catholic Bible-25": { "title": "Catholic Bible", "section": "Differences from other Christian Bibles", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Bibles used by Catholics differ in the number and order of books from those typically found in bibles used by Protestants, as Catholic bibles remained unchanged following the Reformation and so retain seven books that were rejected principally by Martin Luther. Its canon of Old Testament texts is somewhat larger than that in translations used by Protestants, which are typically based exclusively on the shorter Hebrew and Aramaic Masoretic Text. On the other hand, its canon, which does not accept all the books that are included in the Septuagint, is shorter than that of some churches of Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy, which recognize other books as sacred scripture.[citation needed] According to the Greek Orthodox Church, \"The translation of the Seventy [the Septuagint] was for the Church the Apostolic Bible, to which both the Lord and His disciples refer. [...] It enjoys divine authority and prestige as the Bible of the indivisible Church of the first eight centuries. It constitutes the Old Testament, the official text of our Orthodox Church and remains the authentic text by which the official translations of the Old Testament of the other sister Orthodox Churches were made; it was the divine instrument of pre-Christ evangelism and was the basis of Orthodox Theology.\"" }, "Chicken as food-11": { "title": "Chicken as food", "section": "Health", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Chicken generally includes low fat in the meat itself (castrated roosters excluded). The fat is highly concentrated on the skin. A 100g serving of baked chicken breast contains 4 grams of fat and 31 grams of protein, compared to 10 grams of fat and 27 grams of protein for the same portion of broiled, lean skirt steak." }, "Rugby league positions-1": { "title": "Rugby league positions", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field, with four substitutes on the bench. Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position, normally with a standardised number, which reflects their role in attack and defence, although players can take up any position at any time." }, "Bacteria-1": { "title": "Bacteria", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bacteria (/b\u00e6k\u02c8t\u026a\u0259ri\u0259/ (listen); common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) are a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of the earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been characterised, and only about 27 percent of the bacterial phyla have species that can be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology." }, "Self-harm-22": { "title": "Self-harm", "section": "Pathophysiology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Many people who self-harm state that it allows them to \"go away\" or dissociate, separating the mind from feelings that are causing anguish. This may be achieved by tricking the mind into believing that the present suffering being felt is caused by the self-harm instead of the issues they were facing previously: the physical pain therefore acts as a distraction from the original emotional pain. To complement this theory, one can consider the need to \"stop\" feeling emotional pain and mental agitation. \"A person may be hyper-sensitive and overwhelmed; a great many thoughts may be revolving within their mind, and they may either become triggered or could make a decision to stop the overwhelming feelings.\"" }, "Freemasonry-14": { "title": "Freemasonry", "section": "Masonic Lodge", "headers": [ "Joining a lodge" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "The absolute minimum requirement of any body of Freemasons is that the candidate must be free, and considered to be of good character. There is usually an age requirement, varying greatly between Grand Lodges, and (in some jurisdictions) capable of being overridden by a dispensation from the Grand Lodge. The underlying assumption is that the candidate should be a mature adult." }, "Polo-4": { "title": "Polo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The game is played by two opposing teams with the objective of scoring goals by using a long-handled wooden mallet to hit a small hard ball through the opposing team's goal. Each team has four mounted riders, and the game usually lasts one to two hours, divided into periods called chukkas (or \"chukkers\")." }, "Moose-73": { "title": "Moose", "section": "Relationship with humans", "headers": [ "Domestication" ], "para_index": 73, "content": "In Sweden, there was a debate in the late 18th century about the national value of using the moose as a domestic animal. Among other things, the moose was proposed to be used in postal distribution, and there was a suggestion to develop a moose-mounted cavalry. Such proposals remained unimplemented, mainly because the extensive hunting for moose that was deregulated in the 1790s nearly drove it to extinction. While there have been documented cases of individual moose being used for riding and/or pulling carts and sleds, Bj\u00f6rkl\u00f6f concludes no wide-scale usage has occurred outside fairytales." }, "Dyslexia-1": { "title": "Dyslexia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dyslexia, also known as reading disorder, is characterized by trouble with reading despite normal intelligence. Different people are affected to varying degrees. Problems may include difficulties in spelling words, reading quickly, writing words, \"sounding out\" words in the head, pronouncing words when reading aloud and understanding what one reads. Often these difficulties are first noticed at school. When someone who previously could read loses their ability, it is known as \"alexia\". The difficulties are involuntary and people with this disorder have a normal desire to learn. People with dyslexia have higher rates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental language disorders, and difficulties with numbers." }, "Plastic pollution-48": { "title": "Plastic pollution", "section": "Effects on animals", "headers": [ "Ingestion", "Marine animals" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "A study conducted by Scripps Institution of Oceanography showed that the average plastic content in the stomachs of 141 mesopelagic fish over 27 different species was 9.2%. Their estimate for the ingestion rate of plastic debris by these fish in the North Pacific was between 12,000 and 24,000 tonnes per year. The most popular mesopelagic fish is the lantern fish. It resides in the central ocean gyres, a large system of rotating ocean currents. Since lantern fish serve as a primary food source for the fish that consumers purchase, including tuna and swordfish, the plastics they ingest become part of the food chain. The lantern fish is one of the main bait fish in the ocean, and it eats large amounts of plastic fragments, which in turn will not make them nutritious enough for other fish to consume." }, "Contaminated blood scandal in the United Kingdom-5": { "title": "Contaminated blood scandal in the United Kingdom", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Haemophilia is a mostly inherited genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to clot, a process needed to stop bleeding. This results in people bleeding longer after an injury, easy bruising, and an increased risk of bleeding inside joints or other parts of the body." }, "Heaven's Gate (religious group)-20": { "title": "Heaven's Gate (religious group)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Mass suicide" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "The suicides occurred in groups of fifteen, fifteen, and nine, between approximately March 22 and March 26. Among the dead was Thomas Nichols, brother of the actress Nichelle Nichols, who is best known for her role as Uhura in the original Star Trek television series. Leader Applewhite was the third to last member to die; two people remained after him and were the only ones who would be found without bags over their heads and not having purple cloths covering their top halves. Before the last of the suicides, similar sets of FedEx packages were sent to numerous Heaven's Gate affiliated (or formerly affiliated) individuals, and at least one media outlet, the BBC department responsible for Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends, for which Heaven's Gate had earlier declined participation." }, "Summer-1": { "title": "Summer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Summer is the hottest of the four temperate seasons, falling after spring and before autumn. At or around the summer solstice, the earliest sunrise and latest sunset occurs, the days are longest and the nights are shortest, with day length decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice. The date of the beginning of summer varies according to climate, tradition, and culture. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa." }, "Seismology-5": { "title": "Seismology", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The Lisbon earthquake of 1755, coinciding with the general flowering of science in Europe, set in motion intensified scientific attempts to understand the behaviour and causation of earthquakes. The earliest responses include work by John Bevis (1757) and John Michell (1761). Michell determined that earthquakes originate within the Earth and were waves of movement caused by \"shifting masses of rock miles below the surface\"." }, "Human body weight-12": { "title": "Human body weight", "section": "Ideal body weight", "headers": [ "Hamwi method" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Male ideal body weight = 50 kilograms (110\u00a0lb) + 0.9 kilograms (2.0\u00a0lb) \u00d7 (height (cm) \u2212 152) Female ideal body weight = 45.5 kilograms (100\u00a0lb) + 0.9 kilograms (2.0\u00a0lb) \u00d7 (height (cm) \u2212 152) The Hamwi method is used to calculate the ideal body weight of the general adult:" }, "Marlboro (cigarette)-12": { "title": "Marlboro (cigarette)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In order to comply with a 2006 court ruling in United States v. Philip Morris USA, Inc., et al., Philip Morris (and all other cigarette companies) is now prevented from using words such as \"Lights\", \"Ultra-Lights\", \"Medium\", \"Mild\", or any similar designation that may yield an impression of being safer than regular full flavored cigarettes. Thus Marlboro and other cigarette companies use only color-coding instead; for example, Marlboro Lights are now called Marlboro Gold Pack." }, "Means of production-5": { "title": "Means of production", "section": "Marxism and Marxist theory of class", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In Marx's work and subsequent developments in Marxist theory, the process of socioeconomic evolution is based on the premise of technological improvements in the means of production. As the level of technology improves with respect to productive capabilities, existing forms of social relations become superfluous and unnecessary, creating contradictions between the level of technology in the means of production on the one hand and the organization of society and its economy on the other. These contradictions manifest themselves in the form of class conflicts, which develop to a point where the existing mode of production becomes unsustainable, either collapsing or being overthrown in a social revolution. The contradictions are resolved by the emergence of a new mode of production based on a different set of social relations including, most notably, different patterns of ownership for the means of production." }, "Neon-21": { "title": "Neon", "section": "Chemistry", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Neon is the first p-block noble gas, and the first element with a true octet of electrons. It is inert: as is the case with its lighter analogue, helium, no strongly bound neutral molecules containing neon have been identified. The ions [NeAr]+, [NeH]+, and [HeNe]+ have been observed from optical and mass spectrometric studies. Solid neon clathrate hydrate was produced from water ice and neon gas at pressures 0.35\u20130.48 GPa and temperatures about \u221230\u00a0\u00b0C. Ne atoms are not bonded to water and can freely move through this material. They can be extracted by placing the clathrate into a vacuum chamber for several days, yielding ice XVI, the least dense crystalline form of water." }, "Pok\u00e9mon-6": { "title": "Pok\u00e9mon", "section": "Concept", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "In most incarnations of the Pok\u00e9mon universe, a Trainer who encounters a wild Pok\u00e9mon is able to capture that Pok\u00e9mon by throwing a specially designed, mass-producible spherical tool called a Pok\u00e9 Ball at it. If the Pok\u00e9mon is unable to escape the confines of the Pok\u00e9 Ball, it is considered to be under the ownership of that Trainer. Afterwards, it will obey whatever commands it receives from its new Trainer, unless the Trainer demonstrates such a lack of experience that the Pok\u00e9mon would rather act on its own accord. Trainers can send out any of their Pok\u00e9mon to wage non-lethal battles against other Pok\u00e9mon; if the opposing Pok\u00e9mon is wild, the Trainer can capture that Pok\u00e9mon with a Pok\u00e9 Ball, increasing their collection of creatures. In Pok\u00e9mon Go, and in Pok\u00e9mon: Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee!, wild Pok\u00e9mon encountered by players can be caught in Pok\u00e9 Balls, but generally cannot be battled. Pok\u00e9mon already owned by other Trainers cannot be captured, except under special circumstances in certain side games. If a Pok\u00e9mon fully defeats an opponent in battle so that the opponent is knocked out (\"faints\"), the winning Pok\u00e9mon gains experience points and may level up. Beginning with Pok\u00e9mon X and Y, experience points are also gained from catching Pok\u00e9mon in Pok\u00e9 Balls. When leveling up, the Pok\u00e9mon's battling aptitude statistics (\"stats\", such as \"Attack\" and \"Speed\") increase. At certain levels, the Pok\u00e9mon may also learn new moves, which are techniques used in battle. In addition, many species of Pok\u00e9mon can undergo a form of metamorphosis and transform into a similar but stronger species of Pok\u00e9mon, a process called evolution; this process occurs spontaneously under differing circumstances, and is itself a central theme of the series. Some species of Pok\u00e9mon may undergo a maximum of two evolutionary transformations, while others may undergo only one, and others may not evolve at all. For example, the Pok\u00e9mon Pichu may evolve into Pikachu, which in turn may evolve into Raichu, following which no further evolutions may occur. Pok\u00e9mon X and Y introduced the concept of \"Mega Evolution,\" by which certain fully evolved Pok\u00e9mon may temporarily undergo an additional evolution into a stronger form for the purpose of battling; this evolution is considered a special case, and unlike other evolutionary stages, is reversible." }, "Blood vessel-16": { "title": "Blood vessel", "section": "Function", "headers": [ "Vessel size" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "asoconstriction is the constriction of blood vessels (narrowing, becoming smaller in cross-sectional area) by contracting the vascular smooth muscle in the vessel walls. It is regulated by vasoconstrictors (agents that cause vasoconstriction). These include paracrine factors (e.g. prostaglandins), a number of hormones (e.g. vasopressin and angiotensin) and neurotransmitters (e.g. epinephrine) from the nervous system." }, "Lamborghini Aventador-14": { "title": "Lamborghini Aventador", "section": "Models", "headers": [ "Aventador LP750-4 SuperVeloce (2015–2017)" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "The removable roof consists of two carbon fibre panels, weighing 6\u00a0kg (13\u00a0lb) each, which required the reinforcement of the rear pillar to compensate for the loss of structural integrity as well as to accommodate the rollover protection and ventilation systems for the engine. The panels are easily removable and are stored in the front luggage compartment. The Aventador Roadster has a unique engine cover design and an attachable wind deflector to improve cabin airflow at high speeds as well as a gloss black finish on the A-pillars, windshield header, roof panels, and rear window area. With a total weight of 1,625\u00a0kg (3,583\u00a0lb) it's only 50\u00a0kg (110\u00a0lb) heavier than the coup\u00e9 (the weight of the roof, plus additional stiffening in the sills and A-pillars). The base price of the car is US$441,600. The Lamborghini Aventador LP750-4 SuperVeloce was announced at the 2015 Geneva Motor Show. It features an upgraded powertrain, with maximum power output increased to 750\u00a0PS (552\u00a0kW; 740\u00a0hp) from the standard coup\u00e9's 700\u00a0PS (515\u00a0kW; 690\u00a0hp). Combined with weight reduction of 50\u00a0kg (110\u00a0lb) from increased usage of carbon fibre both inside and outside the car, the LP 750-4 SV has a power to weight ratio of 1\u00a0hp to 2\u00a0kg. The car also features improved aerodynamics, with downforce increased by 180% as compared to the standard Aventador coup\u00e9. Notable aerodynamic upgrades are a revised front splitter and a rear diffuser along with a fixed CFRP rear wing. The car's driving dynamics have also been upgraded, featuring new enhanced electronic steering for superior maneuverability at high speeds, magnetic pushrod suspension for superior handling, and chassis improvements to increase rigidity. {Overall the LP750-4 SV's 0\u2013100\u00a0km/h (0\u201362\u00a0mph) acceleration time is decreased from 2.9 seconds to 2.8 seconds, with the theoretical top speed still \"somewhere in excess\" of 350\u00a0km/h (217\u00a0mph). Delivery of the car began in the second quarter of 2015 with production limited to 600 units along with a base price of US$493,069. Road & Track recorded a 0\u2013241\u00a0km/h (0\u2013150\u00a0mph) time of 12.8 seconds, a 0\u2013322\u00a0km/h (0\u2013200\u00a0mph) time of 33.5 seconds, and a 0\u20131\u20444 mile (402\u00a0m) trap speed of 227.4\u00a0km/h (141.3\u00a0mph) in the March 2016 0\u2013322\u00a0km/h (0\u2013200\u00a0mph) shootout." }, "Anxiety-58": { "title": "Anxiety", "section": "Treatment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 58, "content": "medical citation needed] The first step in the management of a person with anxiety symptoms involves evaluating the possible presence of an underlying medical cause, whose recognition is essential in order to decide the correct treatment. Anxiety symptoms may mask an organic disease, or appear associated with or as a result of a medical disorder." }, "The Pick of Destiny-8": { "title": "The Pick of Destiny", "section": "More Rocktastic Music from the Film", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Bonus tracks Tenacious D Jack Black \u2013 lead vocals, acoustic guitar Kyle Gass \u2013 backing vocals, acoustic and electric guitar, recorder on \"Papagenu (He's My Sassafrass)\" Additional Musicians Dave Grohl \u2013 drums, demon vocals on \"Beelzeboss (The Final Showdown)\" John Spiker \u2013 bass guitar, backing vocals on \"Car Chase City\", clavinet on \"Papagenu (He's My Sassafrass)\" John Konesky \u2013 electric guitar Liam Lynch \u2013 additional guitar on \"Beelzeboss (The Final Showdown)\" and \"Break In-City (Storm the Gate!)\" John King \u2013 drum programming on \"Papagenu (He's My Sassafrass)\" Meat Loaf \u2013 guest vocals on \"Kickapoo\" Ronnie James Dio \u2013 guest vocals on \"Kickapoo\" Production Produced by John King Assistant engineers: Ed Cherney, Nick Raskulinecz, John Spiker, Brad Breeck Recorded at The Dell and 606 Studio Mixed by Ken Andrews Mastered by Tom Baker at Precision Mastering Orchestral arrangements by Andrew Gross, recorded at Sony Scoring Stage, engineered by Casey Stone Baritone saxophone and piano on \"Kickapoo\" recorded at Capitol Studios, engineered by Casey Stone Management: Sam A&R: Matt Marshall Music executive: Bob Bowen Photography: Michael Ellins Album packaging design by: Gregg Higggins/Michael Elins More Rocktastic Music from the Film is a score album by Andrew Gross and John King for the movie Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny. It was exclusive to Wal-Mart stores, coming shrink-wrapped with the DVD. The score consists of six orchestral songs written specifically to accompany the film, and two songs by Kyle Gass' band Trainwreck." }, "Nintendo Entertainment System-2": { "title": "Nintendo Entertainment System", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "As one of the best-selling gaming consoles of its time, the NES helped revitalize the US video game industry following the video game crash of 1983. With the NES, Nintendo introduced a now-standard business model of licensing third-party developers, authorizing them to produce and distribute games for Nintendo's platform. It had been preceded by Nintendo's first home video game console, the Color TV-Game, and was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES)." }, "Halloween-12": { "title": "Halloween", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Christian influence" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "The feast of All Hallows', on its current date in the Western Church, may be traced to Pope Gregory III's (731\u2013741) founding of an oratory in St Peter's for the relics \"of the holy apostles and of all saints, martyrs and confessors\". In 835, All Hallows' Day was officially switched to 1 November, the same date as Samhain, at the behest of Pope Gregory IV. Some suggest this was due to Celtic influence, while others suggest it was a Germanic idea, although it is claimed that both Germanic and Celtic-speaking peoples commemorated the dead at the beginning of winter. They may have seen it as the most fitting time to do so, as it is a time of 'dying' in nature. It is also suggested that the change was made on the \"practical grounds that Rome in summer could not accommodate the great number of pilgrims who flocked to it\", and perhaps because of public health considerations regarding Roman Fever \u2013 a disease that claimed a number of lives during the sultry summers of the region." }, "Dave Grohl-28": { "title": "Dave Grohl", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Foo Fighters (1994\u2013present)" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "On November 23, 2002, Grohl achieved a historical milestone by replacing himself on the top of the Billboard Modern rock chart, when \"You Know You're Right\" by Nirvana was replaced by \"All My Life\" by Foo Fighters. When \"All My Life\" ended its run, after a one-week respite, \"No One Knows\" by Queens of the Stone Age took the number one spot. Between October 26, 2002 and March 1, 2003 Grohl was in the number one spot on the Modern rock charts for 17 of 18 successive weeks, as a member of three different groups." }, "Virginity-1": { "title": "Virginity", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Virginity is the state of a person who has never engaged in sexual intercourse. There are cultural and religious traditions that place special value and significance on this state, predominantly towards unmarried females, associated with notions of personal purity, honor and worth." }, "Child labour-66": { "title": "Child labour", "section": "Child labour laws and initiatives", "headers": [ "Exceptions granted" ], "para_index": 66, "content": "In 2004, the United States passed an amendment to the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938. The amendment allows certain children aged 14\u201318 to work in or outside a business where machinery is used to process wood. The law aims to respect the religious and cultural needs of the Amish community of the United States. The Amish believe that one effective way to educate children is on the job. The new law allows Amish children the ability to work with their families, once they are passed eighth grade in school." }, "Keebler Company-9": { "title": "Keebler Company", "section": "Company history", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "citation needed] On April 1, 2019, Kellogg announced that it was selling Keebler cookies and other related brands to Ferrero SpA for $1.3 billion. The acquisition is a part of Ferrero's strategy to buy brands which have been neglected within broader food companies' portfolios. Kellogg retained the rights to other Keebler products, such as crackers and salty snacks. The acquisition closed on July 29, 2019." }, "Drug-induced pigmentation-2": { "title": "Drug-induced pigmentation", "section": "Cause", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Drug-induced pigmentation of the skin may occur as a consequence of drug administration, and the mechanism may be postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in some cases, but frequently is related to actual deposition of the offending drug in the skin.The incidence of this change varies, and depends on the type of medication involved. Some of the most common drugs involved are NSAIDs, antimalarials, psychotropic drugs, Amiodarone, cytotoxic drugs, tetracyclines, and heavy metals such as silver and gold (which must be ingested, not just worn)." }, "Quartz-1": { "title": "Quartz", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silicon and oxygen atoms. The atoms are linked in a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon\u2013oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO2. Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in Earth's continental crust, behind feldspar." }, "Voyages of Christopher Columbus-62": { "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus", "section": "Voyages and events", "headers": [ "Fourth voyage" ], "para_index": 62, "content": "On March 14, 1502 Columbus started his fourth voyage with 147 men and with strict orders from the king and queen which instructed him not to stop at Hispaniola, but only to search for a westward passage to the Indian Ocean mainland. Accompanied by his stepbrother Bartolomeo, Diego Mendez, and his son Fernando, he left C\u00e1diz, Spain on May 12, 1502, with his flagship, Capitana, as well as the Gallega, Vizca\u00edna, and Santiago de Palos." }, "James Brown-62": { "title": "James Brown", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Marriages and children" ], "para_index": 62, "content": "Brown was married four times. His first marriage was to Velma Warren in 1953, and they had three sons together. Over a decade later, the couple had separated and the final divorce decree was issued 1969. They maintained a close friendship that lasted until Brown's death. Brown's second marriage was to Deidre \"Deedee\" Jenkins, on October 22, 1970. They had two daughters together. The couple were separated by 1979, after what his daughter describes as years of domestic abuse, and the final divorce decree was issued on January 10, 1981. His third marriage was to Adrienne Lois Rodriguez (March 9, 1950 \u2013 January 6, 1996), in 1984. It was a contentious marriage that made headlines due to domestic abuse complaints. Rodriguez filed for divorce in 1988, \"citing years of cruelty treatment,\" but they reconciled. Less than a year after Rodriguez died in 1996, Brown hired Tomi Rae Hynie to be a background singer for his band and she later became his fourth wife." }, "Usain Bolt-106": { "title": "Usain Bolt", "section": "Statistics", "headers": [ "Average and top speeds" ], "para_index": 106, "content": "Fastest run 150 metres (male) Most medals won at the IAAF Athletics World Championships (male) Most gold medals won at the IAAF Athletics World Championships (male) Most Athletics World Championships Men's 200 m wins Most consecutive Olympic gold medals won in the 100 metres (male) Most consecutive Olympic gold medals won in the 200 metres (male) Most Olympic men's 200 metres Gold medals Fastest run 200 metres (male) Most Men's IAAF World Athlete of Year Trophies First Olympic track sprint triple-double Highest annual earnings for a track athlete Most wins of the 100 m sprint at the Olympic Games First athlete to win the 100 m and 200 m sprints at successive Olympic Games Fastest run 100 metres (male) First man to win the 200 m sprint at successive Olympic Games Most Athletics World Championships Men's 100 m wins Most tickets sold at an IAAF World Championships Most competitive 100 m sprint races completed in sub 10 seconds Fastest relay 4\u00d7100 metres (male) From his record time of 9.58 s for the 100 m sprint, Usain Bolt's average ground speed equates to 37.58\u00a0km/h (23.35\u00a0mph). However, once his reaction time of 0.148 s is subtracted, his time is 9.44 s, making his average speed 38.18\u00a0km/h (23.72\u00a0mph). Bolt's top speed, based on his split time of 1.61 s for the 20 metres from the 60- to 80-metre marks (made during the 9.58 WR at 100m), is 12.42" }, "American Bulldog-7": { "title": "American Bulldog", "section": "Appearance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The American Bulldog is a stocky, well built, strong-looking dog, with a large head and a muscular build. The shoulders and chest tend to be the most muscular parts of the American Bulldog. Its coat is short and generally smooth, requiring little maintenance except a bath every few weeks. The breed is a light to moderate shedder. Colors, while historically predominantly white with patches of red, black, or brindle, have grown in recent years to include many color patterns including black, red, brown, fawn, and all shades of brindle. The color conformation is quite varied, but solid black or any degree of merle is considered a cosmetic fault, and a blue color is a disqualification by the National Kennel Club Breed Standard. Black pigmentation on the nose and eye rims is traditionally preferred, with only some pink allowed. Eye color is usually brown, but heterochromia also occurs, although this is also considered a cosmetic fault. American Bulldogs are known to drool more than other breeds of dog. The Bully type is generally a larger, heavier dog with a shorter muzzle, but the muzzle should never be so short that it causes difficulty with breathing. Standard types are generally more athletic with longer muzzles and a more square head. Many modern American Bulldogs are a combination of the two types, usually termed \"hybrid.\" In general, American Bulldogs weigh between 27 and 54\u00a0kg (60 to 120\u00a0lb) and are 52 to 70\u00a0cm (20 to 28 in) at the withers, but have been known to greatly exceed these dimensions, especially in the \"out of standard,\" nonworking stock." }, "Elf (film)-5": { "title": "Elf (film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Walter reluctantly bails him out and takes him to a doctor for a DNA test, which confirms that Buddy is in fact his long-lost son. The doctor convinces Walter to take Buddy home to meet his stepmother Emily and twelve-year-old half-brother Michael, believing once he is faced with reality he will drop the \u201celf thing\u201d and move on as a regular adult. Walter and Michael are put off by Buddy's strange behavior, but Emily insists that they care for him until he \"recovers.\" Michael eventually warms up to Buddy after Buddy defends him from a gang of bullies in a snowball fight, and Michael encourages Buddy to ask Jovie on a date, which she accepts. During the date, the two fall in love." }, "September 11 attacks-118": { "title": "September 11 attacks", "section": "Memorials", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 118, "content": "On every anniversary, in New York City, the names of the victims who died there are read out against a background of somber music. The President of the United States attends a memorial service at the Pentagon, and asks Americans to observe Patriot Day with a moment of silence. Smaller services are held in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, which are usually attended by the President's spouse." }, "Halal-6": { "title": "Halal", "section": "Foods", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The most common example of haram (non-halal) food is pork. While pork is the only meat that categorically may not be consumed by Muslims (the Quran forbids it, Sura 2:173 and 16:115) other foods not in a state of purity are also considered haram. The criteria for non-pork items include their source, the cause of the animal's death and how it was processed." }, "General Hospital-3": { "title": "General Hospital", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Ever since the late 1970s, most of the storylines have revolved around the Quartermaines and the Spencers. From 1979 to 1988, General Hospital had more viewers than any other daytime soap opera. It rose to the top of the ratings in the early 1980s in part thanks to the monumentally popular \"supercouple\" Luke and Laura, whose 1981 wedding brought in 30 million viewers and remains the highest-rated hour in American soap opera history. The soap opera is also known for its high-profile celebrity guest stars who have included, among others, Roseanne Barr, James Franco and Elizabeth Taylor. In 2007, the program was listed as one of Time magazine's \"100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME.\" On April 23, 2009, General Hospital began broadcasting in high definition, making it the first ABC soap opera to make such a transition. The serial aired its 14,000th episode on February 23, 2018." }, "Hotel-42": { "title": "Hotel", "section": "Unique and specialty hotels", "headers": [ "Ice, snow and igloo hotels" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Ice hotels can also be included within larger ice complexes; for example, the Mammut Snow Hotel in Finland is located within the walls of the Kemi snow castle; and the Lainio Snow Hotel is part of a snow village near Yll\u00e4s, Finland. There is an arctic snowhotel in Rovaniemi in Lapland, Finland, along with glass igloos. The first glass igloos were built in 1999 in Finland,they became the Kakslauttanen Arctic Resort with 65 buildings, 53 small ones for two people and 12 large ones for four people. Glass igloos, with their roof made of thermal glass, allow guests to admire auroras comfortably from their beds." }, "One Tree Hill (TV series)-4": { "title": "One Tree Hill (TV series)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "On May 12, 2009, it was confirmed that Murray and Hilarie Burton (Peyton) had declined to return for the seventh season, although accounts of what transpired vary. Their characters (Lucas and Peyton) had been two of the five main protagonists, and had provided one of its central love stories, throughout the show. On May 17, 2011, The CW renewed One Tree Hill for a ninth and final season, placing an order for 13 episodes. Bethany Joy Lenz (Haley) and Sophia Bush (Brooke) were signed as full-time regulars for one final season, and Lafferty appeared as a part-time regular. Murray returned for a special appearance during the final season, which premiered on January 11, 2012. The show is the fourth-longest-running series on The CW network, or the networks that came together to make it up (The WB and UPN), after Smallville, 7th Heaven, and Supernatural. The series concluded on April 4, 2012." }, "Brahmin-15": { "title": "Brahmin", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Normative occupations" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Typically, asserts Gautama Dharmasutra, a Brahmin should accept any occupation to sustain himself but avoid the occupations of a Shudra, but if his life is at stake a Brahmin may sustain himself by accepting occupations of a Shudra. The text forbids a Brahmin from engaging in the trade of animals for slaughter, meat, medicines and milk products even in the times of adversity. The Apastamba Dharmasutra asserts in verse 1.20.10 that trade is generally not sanctioned for Brahmins, but in the times of adversity he may do so. The chapter 1.20 of Apastamba, states Olivelle, forbids the trade of the following under any circumstances: human beings, meat, skins, weapons, barren cows, sesame seeds, pepper, and merits." }, "Beef-57": { "title": "Beef", "section": "Nutrition and health", "headers": [ "Mad cow disease" ], "para_index": 57, "content": "In May 2003, after a cow with BSE was discovered in Alberta, Canada, the American border was closed to live Canadian cattle, but was reopened in early 2005. In June 2005, Dr. John Clifford, chief veterinary officer for the United States Department of Agriculture animal health inspection service, confirmed a fully domestic case of BSE in Texas. Clifford would not identify the ranch, calling that \"privileged information.\" The 12-year-old animal was alive at the time when Oprah Winfrey raised concerns about cannibalistic feeding practices on her show which aired 16 April 1996. In 2010, the EU, through the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), proposed a roadmap to gradually lift the restrictions on the feed ban. EU Regulation No 999/2001 had outlined a complete ban on feeding mammal-based products to cattle. A regulation that modified Annex IV of 999/2001, was published in 2013 that allowed for certain milk, fish, eggs, and plant-fed farm animal products to be used." }, "Horse-48": { "title": "Horse", "section": "Taxonomy and evolution", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "The horse adapted to survive in areas of wide-open terrain with sparse vegetation, surviving in an ecosystem where other large grazing animals, especially ruminants, could not. Horses and other equids are odd-toed ungulates of the order Perissodactyla, a group of mammals that was dominant during the Tertiary period. In the past, this order contained 14\u00a0families, but only three\u2014Equidae (the horse and related species), Tapiridae (the tapir), and Rhinocerotidae (the rhinoceroses)\u2014have survived to the present day." }, "District Programme Manager-1": { "title": "District Programme Manager", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A District Programme Manager (DPM) is a government official in India who monitors and plans district health strategies, as with the National Rural Health Mission and the District AIDS Prevention and Control Unit." }, "Ethics-1": { "title": "Ethics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that \"involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.\" The field of ethics, along with aesthetics, concerns matters of value, and thus comprises the branch of philosophy called axiology." }, "Survivor (American TV series)-4": { "title": "Survivor (American TV series)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The series' 40th season Survivor: Winners at War premiered on February 12, 2020, during the 20th anniversary of the show. Production for the 41st and 42nd seasons have been postponed due to the coronavirus pandemic; however, the planned premiere dates are not affected barring any further production delays." }, "Hobbit-2": { "title": "Hobbit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Hobbits first appeared in the 1937 children's novel The Hobbit, whose titular hobbit is the protagonist Bilbo Baggins, who is thrown into an unexpected adventure involving a dragon. In its sequel, The Lord of the Rings, the hobbits Frodo Baggins, Sam Gamgee, Pippin Took, and Merry Brandybuck are primary characters. Hobbits are briefly mentioned in The Silmarillion and Unfinished Tales, which are set in the same fictional world, Middle-earth." }, "Peppa Pig-4": { "title": "Peppa Pig", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Peppa Pig is a children's programme broadcasting on Channel 5 and Nick Jr. in the UK, Nickelodeon/Nick Jr. in the US, ABC 4 Kids in Australia and Discovery Kids in Latin America, including Brazil. Each episode is approximately five minutes long. The show revolves around Peppa, an anthropomorphic pig, and her family and friends. Each of her friends is a different species of animal. Peppa's friends are her age, and Peppa's younger brother George's friends are his age. Episodes tend to feature everyday activities such as attending playgroup, going swimming, visiting their grandparents, cousins, going to the playground or riding their bikes." }, "Microsoft Windows-1": { "title": "Microsoft Windows", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Microsoft Windows, commonly referred to as Windows, is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families, all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry. Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT; these may encompass subfamilies, e.g. Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact (Windows CE). Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows Mobile and Windows Phone." }, "Jupiter-1": { "title": "Jupiter", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass one-thousandth that of the Sun, but two-and-a-half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined. Jupiter is one of the brightest objects visible to the naked eye in the night sky, and has been known to ancient civilizations since before recorded history. It is named after the Roman god Jupiter. When viewed from Earth, Jupiter can be bright enough for its reflected light to cast shadows, and is on average the third-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon and Venus." }, "Penny Dreadful (TV series)-3": { "title": "Penny Dreadful (TV series)", "section": "Cast and characters", "headers": [ "Supporting cast", "Introduced in season 3" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Reeve Carney as Dorian Gray, a charismatic man who is ageless and immortal. Timothy Dalton as Malcolm Murray, a hardened explorer of the African continent, on a deeply personal quest to save the remaining members of his family. Eva Green as Vanessa Ives, an enigmatic, quietly driven heroine who proves herself a force to be reckoned with as she battles powerful, relentless forces from the underworld. Rory Kinnear as the Creature, a creation Frankenstein abruptly abandoned, who, not given a name, variously uses the aliases Caliban and John Clare. Billie Piper as Brona Croft / Lily Frankenstein, an Irish immigrant seeking to escape her brutal, violent past. Danny Sapani as Sembene, a mysterious, long-time ally of Malcolm (seasons 1\u20132). Harry Treadaway as Victor Frankenstein, an arrogant, reclusive young doctor whose ambition and research involve transcending the barrier between life and death. Josh Hartnett as Ethan Chandler (born Ethan Lawrence Talbot), a charming, brash and daring American man of action with uncanny marksmanship, who detests violence, and is more complicated than he likes to admit. Helen McCrory as Evelyn Poole, a professional spiritualist known by the alias Madame Kali who is secretly the leader of a powerful coven of witches called \"Nightcomers\" (season 2, recurring season 1). Simon Russell Beale as Ferdinand Lyle, an eccentric Egyptologist (season 2, recurring seasons 1 and 3). Patti LuPone as Florence Seward, an alienist or early psychotherapist treating Vanessa's depression (season 3; LuPone previously guest-starred as Joan Clayton in season 2) Wes Studi as Kaetenay, an Apache with a connection to Ethan, who becomes an ally to Malcolm (season 3). Olivia Llewellyn as Mina Harker, Malcolm's daughter and Vanessa's childhood friend who has been abducted (seasons 1\u20132). Alex Price as Proteus, a new creation of Dr. Frankenstein's, named after the literary character of the same name, who was killed by the Creature (seasons 1\u20132). Lorcan Cranitch as Inspector Goldsworthy, by the London police (season 1). Robert Nairne as the Vampire, an evil creature who leads a cabal of undead and who abducted Mina Harker (season 1). Olly Alexander as Fenton, a vampire minion (season 1). Graham Butler as Peter Murray, Malcolm's son, who died accompanying his father on one of his expeditions (seasons 1\u20132). Noni Stapleton as Gladys Murray, Malcolm's estranged wife and mother of Mina and Peter (seasons 1\u20132). Alun Armstrong as Vincent Brand, the leader of a troupe of actors in residence at the Grand Guignol (season 1). Hannah Tointon as Maud Gunneson, an actress at the Grand Guignol, and object of the Creature's affection (season 1). Gavin Fowler as Simon, Maud's partner who mistreats the Creature (season 1). David Warner as Abraham Van Helsing, a haematologist and colleague of Frankenstein (season 1). Stephen Lord as Warren Roper, a Pinkerton agent hired to bring Ethan back to the United States (seasons 1\u20132). Sarah Greene as Hecate Poole, Evelyn's eldest daughter (seasons 2\u20133). Nicole O'Neill, Olivia Chenery and Charlotte Beckett as minor witches of Evelyn's coven. (season 2) Douglas Hodge as Bartholomew Rusk, a Scotland Yard police inspector investigating the grisly Mariner's Inn Massacre (seasons 2\u20133). Jack Hickey as the junior inspector working with Rusk (seasons 2\u20133). Jonny Beauchamp as Angelique, a mysterious transgender woman who gains Dorian's attention (season 2). David Haig as Oscar Putney, the owner of a struggling wax museum who employs the Creature for his own nefarious reasons (season 2). Ruth Gemmell as Octavia Putney, Oscar's wife who is uneasy about the Creature and treats him cruelly (season 2). Tamsin Topolski as Lavinia Putney, the blind daughter of the Creature's new employers, with whom he develops a specious friendship (season 2). Ronan Vibert as Geoffrey Hawkes, a rich landowner who fell under Evelyn's sway (season 2). Shazad Latif as Henry Jekyll, a chemist and college friend of Victor Frankenstein. Christian Camargo as Dracula, the brother of Lucifer who fell to Earth to feed on the blood of the living as the first vampire. In London, he takes the guise of kindly zoologist Alexander Sweet to captivate Vanessa. Samuel Barnett as Renfield, Florence Seward's secretary who becomes involved with Dracula. Sebastian Croft and Jack Greenlees as minor vampires serving Dracula. Casper Allpress and Pandora Colin as Jack and Marjorie, the Creature's son and wife from when still alive. Cokey Falkow as Scarman, a gunman in the service of Ethan's father. Jessica Barden as Justine, a homeless, brutalized young prostitute who becomes an acolyte to Lily. Sean Gilder as Franklin Ostow, a marshal in the American West aiding Rusk in the hunt for Ethan. Brian Cox as Jared Talbot, a ruthless, powerful American rancher and the estranged father of Ethan. Perdita Weeks as Catriona Hartdegen, a thanatologist scholar with expert knowledge of the supernatural. Notable non-recurring cast include Mary Stockley as Victor Frankenstein's mother Caroline, Anna Chancellor as Vanessa's mother Claire, and Frank McCusker as Christopher Banning, a doctor overseeing Vanessa's treatment while institutionalized, all appearing in flashbacks during the first season, as well as Oliver Cotton as Father Matthew, having been requested to perform an exorcism on Vanessa in the first season's penultimate episode." }, "Global warming-54": { "title": "Global warming", "section": "Society and culture", "headers": [ "Political response" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "The geopolitics of climate change is complex and was often framed as a prisoners' dilemma, in which all countries benefit from mitigation done by other countries, but individual countries would lose from investing in a transition to a low-carbon economy themselves. Net importers of fossil fuels win economically from transitioning, and net exporters face stranded assets: fossil fuels they cannot sell. Furthermore, the benefits to individual countries in terms of public health and local environmental improvents of coal phase out exceed the costs, potentially eliminating the free-rider problem. The geopolitics may be further complicated by the supply chain of rare earth metals, which are necessary to produce clean technology." }, "Modafinil-1": { "title": "Modafinil", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Modafinil, sold under the brand name Provigil among others, is a medication to treat sleepiness due to narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, or obstructive sleep apnea. While it has seen off-label use as a purported cognitive enhancer, the research on its effectiveness for this use is not conclusive. It is taken by mouth." }, "Haf\u00fe\u00f3r J\u00fal\u00edus Bj\u00f6rnsson-5": { "title": "Haf\u00fe\u00f3r J\u00fal\u00edus Bj\u00f6rnsson", "section": "Basketball career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Haf\u00fe\u00f3r began his athletic career as a basketball player. At 2.06\u00a0m (6\u00a0ft 9\u00a0in), he started his senior team career with Division I club Brei\u00f0ablik in 2004, playing as a center. In 2005 he joined FSu Selfoss, also in the Icelandic Division I. After 10 games it was discovered that he had been playing with a broken bone in his ankle and would require surgery. After recovering from surgery, Haf\u00fe\u00f3r moved to \u00darvalsdeild powerhouse KR in 2006. He missed most of the 2006\u20132007 season after a screw in his ankle shattered and had to be fixed by another surgery." }, "Padm\u00e9 Amidala-1": { "title": "Padm\u00e9 Amidala", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Padm\u00e9 Amidala (born Padm\u00e9 Naberrie) is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, appearing in the prequel trilogy portrayed by Natalie Portman. First indirectly mentioned in Return of the Jedi, she is introduced in The Phantom Menace as the teenage Queen of Naboo, and after her reign, becomes a senator and an anti-war spokesperson in the Galactic Senate. She secretly marries Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker then later gives birth to Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa and becomes the grandmother of Ben Solo. Anakin's fear of losing Padm\u00e9 plays a part in driving him to the dark side of the Force and becoming Darth Vader." }, "The Powerpuff Girls-1": { "title": "The Powerpuff Girls", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Powerpuff Girls is an American superhero animated television series created by animator Craig McCracken for Cartoon Network and the fifth of the network's Cartoon Cartoons brand. The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions in its first four seasons, and by Cartoon Network Studios in its final two seasons. It centers on Blossom, Bubbles, and Buttercup, three kindergarten-aged girls with superpowers. The girls all live in the fictional city of Townsville with their father and creator, a scientist named Professor Utonium, and are frequently called upon by the city's mayor to help fight nearby criminals and other enemies using their powers." }, "Monty Python-1": { "title": "Monty Python", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Monty Python (also collectively known as the Pythons) were a British surreal comedy troupe who created the sketch comedy television show Monty Python's Flying Circus, which first aired on the BBC in 1969. Forty-five episodes were made over four series. The Python phenomenon developed from the television series into something larger in scope and impact, including touring stage shows, films, numerous albums, several books and musicals. The Pythons' influence on comedy has been compared to the Beatles' influence on music. Regarded as an enduring icon of 1970s pop culture, their sketch show has been referred to as being \u201can important moment in the evolution of television comedy\"." }, "General Motors-6": { "title": "General Motors", "section": "Business units", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "General Motors led global annual vehicle sales for 77 consecutive years from 1931 through 2007, longer than any other automaker, and is still among the world's largest automakers by vehicle unit sales." }, "Artist-1": { "title": "Artist", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An artist is a person engaged in an activity related to creating art, practicing the arts, or demonstrating an art. The common usage in both everyday speech and academic discourse is a practitioner in the visual arts only. The term is often used in the entertainment business, especially in a business context, for musicians and other performers (less often for actors). \"Artiste\" (the French for artist) is a variant used in English only in this context; this use has become rare. Use of the term to describe writers, for example, is valid, but less common, and mostly restricted to contexts like criticism." }, "Cassowary-3": { "title": "Cassowary", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Cassowaries feed mainly on fruit, although all species are truly omnivorous and will take a range of other plant food, including shoots and grass seeds, in addition to fungi, invertebrates, and small vertebrates. Cassowaries are very wary of humans, but if provoked they are capable of inflicting serious injuries, including fatal, to both dogs and people. It has often been labeled \"the world's most dangerous bird\"." }, "Highest temperature recorded on Earth-4": { "title": "Highest temperature recorded on Earth", "section": "Measurements", "headers": [ "Air and ground temperature" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "These questions regarding the current record may be linked to a previous record that had held for 90 years. From 1922 until 2012, the WMO record for the highest official temperature on Earth was 57.8\u00a0\u00b0C (136.0\u00a0\u00b0F), registered on 13 September 1922, in \u2018Aziziya, Libya. In January 2012, the WMO decertified the 1922 record, citing persuasive evidence that it was a faulty reading recorded in error by an inexperienced observer. The WMO has come out in support of the current record stating that \"We accept that Death Valley temperature extreme record. Obviously if any new materials on it surface, we will be prepared to open an investigation, but at this time all available evidence points to its legitimacy.\"" }, "Wednesday-25": { "title": "Wednesday", "section": "Cultural usage", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Wednesday is sometimes informally referred to as \"hump day\" in North America, a reference to the fact that Wednesday is the middle day\u2014or \"hump\"\u2014of a typical work week." }, "Statue of Liberty-31": { "title": "Statue of Liberty", "section": "Design and construction process", "headers": [ "Construction in France", "Design" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Within months, Hunt submitted a detailed plan, indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months. He proposed a pedestal 114 feet (35\u00a0m) in height; faced with money problems, the committee reduced that to 89 feet (27\u00a0m). Hunt's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture, including Doric portals, as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture. The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail, in order to focus attention on the statue. In form, it is a truncated pyramid, 62 feet (19\u00a0m) square at the base and 39.4 feet (12.0\u00a0m) at the top. The four sides are identical in appearance. Above the door on each side, there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states (between 1876 and 1889, there were 38 U.S. states), although this was not done. Above that, a balcony was placed on each side, framed by pillars. Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal, above which the statue itself rises. According to author Louis Auchincloss, the pedestal \"craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty\". The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work. Construction on the 15-foot-deep (4.6\u00a0m) foundation began in 1883, and the pedestal's cornerstone was laid in 1884. In Hunt's original conception, the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite. Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans; the final design called for poured concrete walls, up to 20 feet (6.1\u00a0m) thick, faced with granite blocks. This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford, Connecticut. The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time." }, "Caesarion-2": { "title": "Caesarion", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Caesarion was the eldest son of Cleopatra and possibly the only biological son of Julius Caesar, after whom he was named. He was the last sovereign member of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt. In addition to being co-ruler of Egypt as Pharaoh with his mother, he was expected to be his father's successor as the leader of the Romans." }, "Wood frog-3": { "title": "Wood frog", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Wood frogs range from 51 to 70\u00a0mm (2.0 to 2.8\u00a0in) in length. Females are larger than males. Adult wood frogs are usually brown, tan, or rust-colored, and usually have a dark eye mask. Individual frogs are capable of varying their color; Conant (1958) depicts one individual when light brown and dark brown at different times. The underparts of wood frogs are pale with a yellow or green cast." }, "Secretary-13": { "title": "Secretary", "section": "Training", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "At the most basic level (Grade / Band 1 or 2) a secretary is usually an audio typist with a small number of administrative roles. A good command of the prevailing office language and the ability to type is essential. At higher grades and with more experience they begin to take on additional roles and spend more of their time maintaining physical and electronic files, dealing with the post, photocopying, emailing clients, ordering stationery and answering telephones. A more skilled executive assistant (Grade / Band 4 to 6) may be required to type at high speeds using technical or foreign languages, organize diaries, itineraries and meetings and carry out administrative duties which may include accountancy. A secretary / executive assistant may also control access to a manager, thus becoming an influential and trusted aide. Executive assistants are available for contact during off hours by new electronic communication methods for consultations. Specialized secretaries at higher level also include Medical and Legal Secretaries/Personal Assistants. The largest difference between a generalized secretary and skilled executive assistants is that the executive assistant is required to be able to interact extensively with the general public, vendors, customers, and any other person or group that the executive is responsible to interact with. As the level that the executive interacts with increases so does the level of skill required in the executive assistant that works with the executive. Those executive assistants that work with corporate officers must be capable of emulating the style, corporate philosophy, and corporate persona of the executive for which they work. In the modern workplace the advancement of the executive assistants is codependent on the success of the executive and the ability of both to make the job performance of the team seamless whereas the job place evaluation is reflective of each other's performance executive secretary for now. In the United States, a variety of skills and adaptability to new situations is necessary. As such, a four-year degree is often preferred and a two-year degree is usually a requirement. Another option is to get a professional certification from a national association." }, "Infantry-47": { "title": "Infantry", "section": "Training", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "The introduction of national and mass armies saw an establishment of minimum requirements and the introduction of special troops (first of them the engineers going back to medieval times, but also different kinds of infantry adopted to specific terrain, bicycle, motorcycle, motorised and mechanised troops) culminating with the introduction of highly trained special forces during the first and second World War." }, "Methane-2": { "title": "Methane", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Naturally occurring methane is found both below ground and under the seafloor, and is formed by both geological and biological processes. The largest reservoir of methane is under the seafloor in the form of methane clathrates. When methane reaches the surface and the atmosphere, it is known as atmospheric methane. The Earth's atmospheric methane concentration has increased by about 150% since 1750, and it accounts for 20% of the total radiative forcing from all of the long-lived and globally mixed greenhouse gases. Methane has also been detected on other planets, including Mars, which has implications for astrobiology research." }, "Chinese mountain cat-7": { "title": "Chinese mountain cat", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "\u20139\u00a0kg (14\u201320\u00a0lb). The Chinese mountain cat is endemic to China and lives on the north-eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. It was recorded only in eastern Qinghai and north-western Sichuan." }, "Brazilian Navy-56": { "title": "Brazilian Navy", "section": "Brazilian Navy today", "headers": [ "Ships and submarines" ], "para_index": 56, "content": "As of 2012, the Brazilian Navy had about 100 commissioned ships, with others undergoing construction, acquisition and modernization. Between 1996 and 2005 the Navy retired 21 ships. The Brazilian Navy operated one Clemenceau-class aircraft carrier, S\u00e3o Paulo, formerly the French Navy's Foch. It was retired in 2017. Its possible replacements are presently in the early stage of planning and are not expected to be in service until at least 2025." }, "Android 11-1": { "title": "Android 11", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Android 11 is the upcoming eleventh major release and the 18th version of the Android mobile operating system. Alphabetical release names for major Android versions were discontinued as of Android 10; therefore the OS was immediately branded as \"Android 11\". The logo for the release features a dial turned to 11\u2014a reference to the music mockumentary film This Is Spinal Tap." }, "Jaguar F-Type-1": { "title": "Jaguar F-Type", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Jaguar F-Type (X152) is a two-door, two-seater sports car, manufactured by British luxury car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover under their Jaguar Cars marque since 2013. The car's JLR D6a platform is based on a shortened version of the XK's platform. It is the replacement for the XK grand tourer and so-called \"spiritual successor\" to the famous E-Type." }, "Bacon-1": { "title": "Bacon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bacon is a type of salt-cured pork. Bacon is prepared from several different cuts of meat, typically from the pork belly or from back cuts, which have less fat than the belly. It is eaten on its own, as a side dish (particularly in breakfasts), or used as a minor ingredient to flavour dishes (e.g., the club sandwich). Bacon is also used for barding and larding roasts, especially game, including venison and pheasant. The word is derived from the Old High German bacho, meaning \"buttock\", \"ham\" or \"side of bacon\", and is cognate with the Old French bacon." }, "Nuclear submarine-4": { "title": "Nuclear submarine", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Construction of the world's first nuclear powered submarine was made possible by the successful development of a nuclear propulsion plant by a group of scientists and engineers at the Naval Reactors Branch of the Bureau of Ships and the Atomic Energy Commission. In July 1951 the U.S. Congress authorized construction of the first nuclear-powered submarine, Nautilus, under the leadership of Captain Hyman G. Rickover, USN (sharing names with Captain Nemo's fictional submarine Nautilus in Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, and another USS\u00a0Nautilus\u00a0(SS-168) that served with distinction in World War II)." }, "Albany, Georgia-1": { "title": "Albany, Georgia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Albany (/\u0254\u02d0b\u0259ni/ AW-b\u0259-nee) is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. Located on the Flint River, it is the seat of Dougherty County, and is the sole incorporated city in that county. Located in southwest Georgia, it is the principal city of the Albany, Georgia metropolitan area. The population was 77,434 at the 2010 U.S. Census, making it the eighth-largest city in the state. It became prominent in the nineteenth century as a shipping and market center, first served by riverboats. Scheduled steamboats connected Albany with the busy port of Apalachicola, Florida. They were replaced by railroads. Seven lines met in Albany, and it was a center of trade in the Southeast. It is part of the Black Belt, the extensive area in the Deep South of cotton plantations. From the mid-20th century, it received military investment during World War II and after, that helped develop the region. Albany and this area were prominent during the civil rights era, particularly during the early 1960s as activists worked to regain voting and other civil rights. Railroad restructuring and reduction in the military here caused job losses, but the city has developed new businesses." }, "Grappling position-5": { "title": "Grappling position", "section": "Ground grappling position", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Positioning is the foundation of ground fighting, if one combatant is controlling an opponent from a top position, such as if they are pinning the opponent to the ground, then that combatant is said to have the top position, while their opponent is said to have the bottom position. Top positions are usually dominant as fighters can use their weight to their advantage, but depending on the set of rules used, it can have notable exceptions such as the guard. A dominant ground position is usually easier to obtain for the person who initiated the throw or takedown. It may be possible for a fighter in a dominant position to score points or win by pinning their opponent, applying a submission hold or striking." }, "Homo sapiens-1": { "title": "Homo sapiens", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Homo sapiens is the only extant human species. The name is Latin for wise man, and was introduced in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus (who is himself the lectotype for the species)." }, "Venus-2": { "title": "Venus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Venus is a terrestrial planet and is sometimes called Earth's \"sister planet\" because of their similar size, mass, proximity to the Sun, and bulk composition. It is radically different from Earth in other respects. It has the densest atmosphere of the four terrestrial planets, consisting of more than 96% carbon dioxide. The atmospheric pressure at the planet's surface is 92 times that of Earth, or roughly the pressure found 900\u00a0m (3,000\u00a0ft) underwater on Earth. Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 735\u00a0K (462\u00a0\u00b0C; 863\u00a0\u00b0F), even though Mercury is closer to the Sun. Venus is shrouded by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid, preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light. It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect. The water has probably photodissociated, and the free hydrogen has been swept into interplanetary space by the solar wind because of the lack of a planetary magnetic field. Venus's surface is a dry desertscape interspersed with slab-like rocks and is periodically resurfaced by volcanism." }, "Gateway (comics)-15": { "title": "Gateway (comics)", "section": "Powers and abilities", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Gateway creates wormholes which allow travel through space, time and dimensions. He opens these gateways by whirling his bullroarer over his head. The gateways can be used for both observation and transport. No limits have been shown to Gateway's teleportational range or the mass he can transport. He has, for example, transported the X-Men from Australia to the United States and back using his powers, as well as transporting them trans-dimensionally to another Earth[volume\u00a0&\u00a0issue\u00a0needed]. He also opened up gateways to the past." }, "Lauren Anderson (model)-3": { "title": "Lauren Anderson (model)", "section": "PETA Activist", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Lauren was a PETA member in 2008.[unreliable source?] On July 18, 2007 she joined other PETA models in protesting the American Meat Institute's Annual Hot Dog Day on Capitol Hill by dressing in a lettuce bikini and handing out vegetarian hot dogs." }, "Eddie Murphy-1": { "title": "Eddie Murphy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Edward Regan Murphy (born April 3, 1961) is an American actor, comedian, and singer. Murphy was a regular cast member on Saturday Night Live from 1980 to 1984. He has worked as a stand-up comedian and was ranked No. 10 on Comedy Central's list of the 100 Greatest Stand-ups of All Time." }, "Jane Austen-7": { "title": "Jane Austen", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "Family" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Jane Austen was born in Steventon, Hampshire, on 16 December 1775. She was born a month later than her parents expected; her father wrote of her arrival in a letter that her mother \"certainly expected to have been brought to bed a month ago\". He added that her arrival was particularly welcome as \"a future companion to her sister\". The winter of 1776 was particularly harsh and it was not until 5 April that she was baptised at the local church with the single name Jane." }, "Chlorophyll-2": { "title": "Chlorophyll", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Chlorophylls absorb light most strongly in the blue portion of the electromagnetic spectrum as well as the red portion. Conversely, it is a poor absorber of green and near-green portions of the spectrum, which it reflects, producing the green color of chlorophyll-containing tissues. Two types of chlorophyll exist in the photosystems of green plants: chlorophyll a and b." }, "Garfield-29": { "title": "Garfield", "section": "Main characters", "headers": [ "Garfield" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "I'm not overweight, I'm undertall. \u2014Garfield At Large: his First Book (1980) Garfield is an orange, fuzzy tabby cat born in the kitchen of an Italian restaurant (later revealed in the television special Garfield: His 9 Lives to be Mama Leoni's Italian Restaurant) who immediately ate all the pasta and lasagna in sight, thus developing his love and obsession for lasagna and pizza." }, "Sub-Saharan Africa-1": { "title": "Sub-Saharan Africa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara. According to the United Nations, it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara. It contrasts with North Africa, whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world. The states of Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and the Arabic-speaking Mauritania are, however, geographically in sub-Saharan Africa, although they are members of the Arab League as well. The UN Development Program lists 46 of Africa's 54 countries as \"sub-Saharan\", excluding Algeria, Djibouti, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Somalia, Sudan and Tunisia." }, "Kamogawa Sea World-15": { "title": "Kamogawa Sea World", "section": "Attractions", "headers": [ "Areas" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "In front of the elevator on the 2nd floor, the first Japanese-born killer whale-killer whale FRP replicas are displayed together with explanation panel." }, "Gender dysphoria-18": { "title": "Gender dysphoria", "section": "Management", "headers": [ "Prepubescent children" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The question of whether to counsel young children to be happy with their assigned sex, or to encourage them to continue to exhibit behaviors that do not match their assigned sex\u2014or to explore a transgender transition\u2014is controversial. The follow-up studies of children with gender dysphoria consistently show that the majority cease to feel transgender during puberty and identify instead as gay or lesbian. Others clinicians also report that a significant proportion of young children diagnosed with gender dysphoria later do not exhibit any dysphoria." }, "Plasmodium (life cycle)-3": { "title": "Plasmodium (life cycle)", "section": "Structure", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "A plasmodium is an amoeboid, multinucleate and naked mass of cytoplasm that contains many diploid nuclei. The resulting structure, a coenocyte, is created by many nuclear divisions without the process of cytokinesis, which in other organisms pulls newly-divided cells apart. In some cases, the resulting structure is a syncytium, created by the fusion of cells after division.Under suitable conditions, plasmodia differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips." }, "Greyhound-1": { "title": "Greyhound", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Greyhound is a breed of dog, a sighthound which has been bred for coursing game and greyhound racing. Since the rise in large-scale adoption of retired racing Greyhounds, the breed has seen a resurgence in popularity as a family pet. It is also referred to as an English Greyhound." }, "Allosaurus-2": { "title": "Allosaurus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Allosaurus was a large bipedal predator. Its skull was large and equipped with dozens of sharp, serrated teeth. It averaged 9.5 metres (31\u00a0ft) in length, though fragmentary remains suggest it could have reached over 12\u00a0m (39\u00a0ft). Relative to the large and powerful hindlimbs, its three-fingered forelimbs were small, and the body was balanced by a long and heavily muscled tail. It is classified as an allosaurid, a type of carnosaurian theropod dinosaur. The genus has a complicated taxonomy, and includes 5-6 valid species (later whittled down to three valid species as of 2020), the best known of which is A. fragilis. The bulk of Allosaurus remains have come from North America's Morrison Formation, with material also known from Portugal. It was known for over half of the 20th century as Antrodemus, but a study of the copious remains from the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry brought the name \"Allosaurus\" back to prominence and established it as one of the best-known dinosaurs." }, "Saddam Hussein-54": { "title": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "Foreign affairs", "headers": [ "Iran\u2013Iraq War" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Saddam borrowed tens of billions of dollars from other Arab states and a few billions from elsewhere during the 1980s to fight Iran, mainly to prevent the expansion of Shi'a radicalism. However, this had proven to completely backfire both on Iraq and on the part of the Arab states, for Khomeini was widely perceived as a hero for managing to defend Iran and maintain the war with little foreign support against the heavily backed Iraq and only managed to boost Islamic radicalism not only within the Arab states, but within Iraq itself, creating new tensions between the Sunni Ba'ath Party and the majority Shi'a population. Faced with rebuilding Iraq's infrastructure and internal resistance, Saddam desperately re-sought cash, this time for postwar reconstruction." }, "Personal computer-10": { "title": "Personal computer", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Micral N was the earliest commercial, non-kit microcomputer based on a microprocessor, the Intel 8008. It was built starting in 1972, and a few hundred units were sold. This had been preceded by the Datapoint 2200 in 1970, for which the Intel 8008 had been commissioned, though not accepted for use. The CPU design implemented in the Datapoint 2200 became the basis for x86 architecture used in the original IBM PC and its descendants." }, "Funeral-1": { "title": "Funeral", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Funerary practices in different cultures A funeral is a ceremony connected with the final disposition of a corpse, such as a burial or cremation, with the attendant observances. Funerary customs comprise the complex of beliefs and practices used by a culture to remember and respect the dead, from interment, to various monuments, prayers, and rituals undertaken in their honor. Customs vary between cultures and religious groups. Common secular motivations for funerals include mourning the deceased, celebrating their life, and offering support and sympathy to the bereaved; additionally, funerals may have religious aspects that are intended to help the soul of the deceased reach the afterlife, resurrection or reincarnation." }, "Ivan II of Moscow-1": { "title": "Ivan II of Moscow", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ivan II Ivanovich the Fair (Russian: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d II \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439) (30 March 1326 \u2013 13 November 1359) was the Grand Prince of Moscow and Grand Prince of Vladimir in 1353. Until that date, he had ruled the towns of Ruza and Zvenigorod. He was the second son of Ivan Kalita, and succeeded his brother Simeon the Proud, who died of the Black Death." }, "Art education in the United States-2": { "title": "Art education in the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Enrollment in art classes at the high-school elective level peaked in the late 1960s to the early 1970s with that period's emphasis on individuals expressing uniqueness. Currently \"art magnet schools\", available in many larger communities, use art(s) as a core or underlying theme to attract those students motivated by personal interest or with the intention of becoming a professional or commercial artist. It is widely reported that the arts are losing instruction time in school based upon budget cuts in combination with increasing test-based assessments of children which the federal government's No Child Left Behind (NCLB) act requires. The NCLB retains the arts as part of the \"core curriculum\" for all schools, it does not require reporting any instruction time or assessment data for arts education content or performance standards, which is reason often cited for the decline or possible decline of arts education in American public schools." }, "Haitian cuisine-15": { "title": "Haitian cuisine", "section": "Popular foods", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "One of the country's best-known appetizers is the Haitian patty (p\u00e2t\u00e9), which are made with either ground beef, chicken, salted cod, smoked herring (food), and ground turkey surrounded by a crispy or flaky crust. Other snacks include crispy, spicy fried malanga fritters called accra (akra), bananes pes\u00e9es, and marinade (called beignets elsewhere); fried savory dough balls. For a complete meal, they may be served with griot (fried pork), tassot cabrit (fried goat meat) or other fried meat. These foods are served with a spicy slaw called picklese which consists of cabbage, carrot, vinegar, scotch bonnet pepper, and spices. Fried foods, collectively known as fritaille (fritay), are sold widely on the streets." }, "Chinese zodiac-17": { "title": "Chinese zodiac", "section": "Four Animal Trines", "headers": [ "First Trine" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "The first Trine consists of the Rat, Dragon, and Monkey. These three signs are said to be intense and powerful individuals capable of great good, who make great leaders but are rather unpredictable. The three are said to be intelligent, magnanimous, charismatic, charming, authoritative, confident, eloquent and artistic, but can be manipulative, jealous, selfish, aggressive, vindictive, and deceitful." }, "Year-47": { "title": "Year", "section": "Astronomical years", "headers": [ "Lunar year" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "411.78443029 days (411 days 18 hours 49 minutes 35 seconds) (at the epoch J2000.0). The lunar year comprises twelve full cycles of the phases of the Moon, as seen from Earth. It has a duration of approximately 354.37 days. Muslims use this for celebrating their Eids and for marking the start of the fasting month of Ramadan." }, "Shamu-1": { "title": "Shamu", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Shamu /\u0283\u00e6mu\u02d0/ was a killer whale (orca) that appeared in shows at SeaWorld San Diego in the mid/late 1960s. She was the fourth orca ever captured, and the second female. She was caught in October 1965 and died in August 1971, after about six years of performance. After her death, the name Shamu continued to be used in SeaWorld \"Shamu\" shows for different orcas in different SeaWorld parks." }, "Bulk carrier-48": { "title": "Bulk carrier", "section": "Architecture", "headers": [ "Hull" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "Bulk carrier hulls are made of steel, usually mild steel. Some manufacturers have preferred high-tensile steel recently in order to reduce the tare weight. However, the use of high-tensile steel for longitudinal and transverse reinforcements can reduce the hull's rigidity and resistance to corrosion. Forged steel is used for some ship parts, such as the propeller shaft support. Transverse partitions are made of corrugated iron, reinforced at the bottom and at connections. The construction of bulk carrier hulls using a concrete-steel sandwich has been investigated." }, "Jolly Old Saint Nicholas-1": { "title": "Jolly Old Saint Nicholas", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Jolly Old Saint Nicholas\" is a Christmas song that originated with a poem by Emily Huntington Miller (1833-1913), published as \"Lilly's Secret\" in The Little Corporal Magazine in December of 1865. The song's lyrics have also been attributed to Benjamin Hanby, who wrote a similar song in the 1860s, Up on the Housetop. However, the lyrics now in common use closely resemble Miller's 1865 poem. This is NOT true. My great-grandmother wrote the poem and submitted it to the above-referenced magazine as part of a contest or sweepstakes of some sort. She was a child when she submitted her poem. The editor mentioned above published the poem in the magazine, but did NOT originally write the lyrics to the poem. Some people have also attributed the lyrics to John Piersol McCaskey -a song editor and publisher, among other things, at the time. His great great grandson has said he wrote the song in 1867, and that the \"Johnny\" mentioned in the song who wants a pair of skates, is McCaskey's late son, John, who died as a child. However, there is no known evidence for this. McCaskey's own published 1881 book, Franklin Square Song Collection No. 1, a book in which proper attribution is given to songs' lyricists and composers, does not list himself as having had anything to do with the song." }, "Super Nintendo Entertainment System-1": { "title": "Super Nintendo Entertainment System", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), also known as the Super NES or Super Nintendo, is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan and South Korea,[citation needed] 1991 in North America, 1992 in Europe and Australasia (Oceania), and 1993 in South America. In Japan, the system is called the Super Famicom (SFC). In South Korea, it is known as the Super Comboy and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics. The system was released in Brazil on August 30, 1993, by Playtronic. Although each version is essentially the same, several forms of regional lockout prevent the different cartridges from being compatible with one another." }, "Africanized bee-1": { "title": "Africanized bee", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Africanized bee, also known as the Africanized honey bee, and known colloquially as the \"killer bee\", is a hybrid of the western honey bee species (Apis mellifera), produced originally by cross-breeding of the East African lowland honey bee (A.\u00a0m.\u00a0scutellata) with various European honey bees such as the Italian honey bee A.\u00a0m.\u00a0ligustica and the Iberian honey bee A.\u00a0m.\u00a0iberiensis." }, "The Raven-15": { "title": "The Raven", "section": "Analysis", "headers": [ "Poetic structure" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The poem is made up of 18 stanzas of six lines each. Generally, the meter is trochaic octameter\u00a0\u2013 eight trochaic feet per line, each foot having one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable. The first line, for example (with / representing stressed syllables and x representing unstressed):" }, "Noah's Ark-3": { "title": "Noah's Ark", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The structure of the ark (and the chronology of the flood) are homologous with the Jewish Temple and with Temple worship. Accordingly, Noah's instructions are given to him by God (Genesis 6:14\u201316): the ark is to be 300 cubits long, 50 cubits wide, and 30 cubits high. These dimensions are based on a numerological preoccupation with the number sixty, the same number characterising the vessel of the Babylonian flood-hero. Its three internal divisions reflect the three-part universe imagined by the ancient Israelites: heaven, the earth, and the underworld. Each deck is the same height as the Temple in Jerusalem, itself a microcosmic model of the universe, and each is three times the area of the court of the tabernacle, leading to the suggestion that the author saw both ark and tabernacle as serving for the preservation of human life. It has a door in the side, and a tsohar, which may be either a roof or a skylight. It is to be made of Gopher wood, a word which appears nowhere else in the Bible - and divided into qinnim, a word which always refers to birds' nests elsewhere in the Bible, leading some scholars to emend this to qanim, reeds. The finished vessel is to be smeared with koper, meaning pitch or bitumen: in Hebrew the two words are closely related, kaparta (\"smeared\")" }, "Prehensility-1": { "title": "Prehensility", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Prehensility is the quality of an appendage or organ that has adapted for grasping or holding. The word is derived from the Latin term prehendere, meaning \"to grasp\"." }, "Jay-Z-1": { "title": "Jay-Z", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Shawn Corey Carter (born December 4, 1969), better known by his stage name Jay-Z (stylized as JAY-Z), is an American rapper, songwriter, record executive, entrepreneur, businessman, and record producer." }, "Sea otter-10": { "title": "Sea otter", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Unlike most other marine mammals, the sea otter has no blubber and relies on its exceptionally thick fur to keep warm. With up to 150,000 strands of hair per square centimetre (nearly one million per sq\u00a0in), its fur is the densest of any animal. The fur consists of long, waterproof guard hairs and short underfur; the guard hairs keep the dense underfur layer dry. Cold water is kept completely away from the skin and heat loss is limited. The fur is thick year-round, as it is shed and replaced gradually rather than in a distinct molting season. As the ability of the guard hairs to repel water depends on utmost cleanliness, the sea otter has the ability to reach and groom the fur on any part of its body, taking advantage of its loose skin and an unusually supple skeleton. The coloration of the pelage is usually deep brown with silver-gray speckles, but it can range from yellowish or grayish brown to almost black. In adults, the head, throat, and chest are lighter in color than the rest of the body." }, "Mitsubishi Outlander-1": { "title": "Mitsubishi Outlander", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Mitsubishi Outlander is a crossover SUV manufactured by Japanese automaker Mitsubishi Motors. It was originally known as the Mitsubishi Airtrek when it was introduced in Japan in 2001, and was based on the Mitsubishi ASX concept vehicle exhibited at the 2001 North American International Auto Show. It was sold at Mitsubishi Japan dealership chain called Car Plaza. The ASX (Active Sports Crossover) represented Mitsubishi's approach to the industry wide crossover SUV trend for retaining the all-season and off-road abilities offered by a high ground clearance and four-wheel drive, while still offering car-like levels of emissions, economy, and size." }, "Battle of the Chesapeake-1": { "title": "Battle of the Chesapeake", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Battle of the Chesapeake, also known as the Battle of the Virginia Capes or simply the Battle of the Capes, was a crucial naval battle in the American Revolutionary War that took place near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay on 5 September 1781. The combatants were a British fleet led by Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Graves and a French fleet led by Rear Admiral Francois Joseph Paul, the Comte de Grasse. The battle was strategically decisive, in that it prevented the Royal Navy from reinforcing or evacuating the besieged forces of Lieutenant General Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia. The French were able to achieve control of the sea lanes against the British and provided the Franco-American army with siege artillery and French reinforcements. These proved decisive in the Siege of Yorktown, effectively securing independence for the Thirteen Colonies." }, "Indian Ocean garbage patch-1": { "title": "Indian Ocean garbage patch", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Indian Ocean garbage patch, discovered in 2010, is a gyre of marine litter suspended in the upper water column of the central Indian Ocean, specifically the Indian Ocean Gyre, one of the five major oceanic gyres. The patch does not appear as a continuous debris field. As with other patches in each of the five oceanic gyres, the plastics in it break down to ever smaller particles, and to constituent polymers. As with the other patches, the field constitutes an elevated level of pelagic plastics, chemical sludge, and other debris; primarily particles that are invisible to the naked eye. The concentration of particle debris has been estimated to be approximately 10,000 particles per square kilometer." }, "K\u0101lua-1": { "title": "K\u0101lua", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "K\u0101lua is a traditional Hawaiian cooking method that utilizes an imu, a type of underground oven. The word \"k\u0101lua\" (\"to cook in an underground oven\" in the Hawaiian language) may also be used to describe the food cooked in this manner, such as k\u0101lua pig or k\u0101lua turkey, which are commonly served at l\u016b\u02bbau feasts. The word l\u016b\u02bbau is the Hawaiian name for the taro leaf, which, when young and small resembles cooked spinach after being steamed for a few hours . The traditional l\u016b\u02bbau was eaten on the floor over lauhala mats (leaves of the hala tree woven together)." }, "Christmas tree-56": { "title": "Christmas tree", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Natural trees" ], "para_index": 56, "content": "The most commonly used species are fir (Abies), which have the benefit of not shedding their needles when they dry out, as well as retaining good foliage color and scent; but species in other genera are also used." }, "Zucchini-7": { "title": "Zucchini", "section": "Etymology", "headers": [ "Name" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The name courgette (French pronunciation:\u00a0\u200b[ku\u0281.\u0292\u025bt]) is a French loan word, the diminutive of courge (\"gourd, marrow\") and is commonly used in France, Belgium, and other Francophone areas, as well as in the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Malaysia, Singapore, and South Africa." }, "Gandalf-2": { "title": "Gandalf", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "As a wizard and the bearer of a Ring of Power, Gandalf has great power, but works mostly by encouraging and persuading. He sets out as Gandalf the Grey, possessing great knowledge, and travelling continually, always focused on the mission to counter the Dark Lord Sauron. He is associated with fire, his ring being Narya, the Ring of Fire, and he both delights in fireworks to entertain the hobbits of the Shire, and in great need uses fire as a weapon. As one of the Maiar he is an immortal spirit, but being in a physical body on Middle-earth, he can be killed in battle, as he is by the Balrog from Moria. He is sent back to Middle-earth to complete his mission, now as Gandalf the White and leader of the Istari." }, "SparkNotes-5": { "title": "SparkNotes", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In January 2003, SparkNotes developed a practice test service called SparkNotes Test Prep. This project was followed by the release of SparkCharts, reference sheets that summarize a topic; No Fear Shakespeare, transcriptions of Shakespeare's plays into modern language; and No Fear Literature, transcriptions of literary classics like The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Scarlet Letter into modern language." }, "First solo flight-1": { "title": "First solo flight", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The first solo flight of a new pilot comprises that pilot completing a takeoff, and usually a short flight and safe landing, by him or herself. Flying such a flight is a milestone known as soloing. Being solo pilot of an aircraft is different from most other situations in that the pilot has not only to be able to fly and navigate the machine in a competent manner but he/she also has to be able to cope with unpredictable developments like mechanical failure, bad weather etc. on his/her own and without advice from other sources (most air traffic controllers are not pilots and may not be contactable anyway)." }, "Adoption-8": { "title": "Adoption", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Antiquity" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The practice of adopting the children of family members and close friends was common among the cultures of Polynesia including Hawaii where the custom was referred to as h\u0101nai." }, "Order of the British Empire-2": { "title": "Order of the British Empire", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "and public service outside the civil service. It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V and comprises five classes across both civil and military divisions, the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male or dame if female. There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of the order." }, "Seven Years' War-9": { "title": "Seven Years' War", "section": "Nomenclature", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In the historiography of some countries, the war is named after combatants in its respective theatres. In the present-day United States \u2013 at the time, the southern English-speaking British colonies in North America \u2013 the conflict is known as the French and Indian War (1754\u20131763). In English-speaking Canada \u2013 the balance of Britain's former North American colonies \u2013 it is called the Seven Years' War (1756\u20131763). In French-speaking Canada, it is known as La guerre de la Conqu\u00eate (the War of the Conquest). Swedish historiography uses the name Pommerska kriget (The Pomeranian War), as the Sweden\u2013Prussian conflict in 1757\u20131762 was limited to Pomerania in northern central Germany. The Third Silesian War involved Prussia and Austria (1756\u20131763). On the Indian subcontinent, the conflict is called the Third Carnatic War (1757\u20131763)." }, "Ruler-2": { "title": "Ruler", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Rulers have long been made from different materials and in multiple sizes. Some are wooden. Plastics have also been used since they were invented; they can be molded with length markings instead of being scribed. Metal is used for more durable rulers for use in the workshop; sometimes a metal edge is embedded into a wooden desk ruler to preserve the edge when used for straight-line cutting. 12\u00a0in or 30\u00a0cm in length is useful for a ruler to be kept on a desk to help in drawing. Shorter rulers are convenient for keeping in a pocket. Longer rulers, e.g., 18\u00a0in (46\u00a0cm) are necessary in some cases. Rigid wooden or plastic yardsticks, 1\u00a0yard long, and meter sticks, 1\u00a0meter long, are also used. Classically, long measuring rods were used for larger projects, now superseded by tape measure, surveyor's wheel or laser rangefinders." }, "Age of majority-1": { "title": "Age of majority", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The age of majority is the threshold of adulthood as recognized or declared in law. It is the moment when minors cease to be considered such and assume legal control over their persons, actions, and decisions, thus terminating the control and legal responsibilities of their parents or guardian over them. Most countries set the age of majority at 18, but some jurisdictions have a higher age and others lower. The word majority here refers to having greater years and being of full age as opposed to minority, the state of being a minor. The law in a given jurisdiction may not actually use the term \"age of majority\". The term typically refers to a collection of laws bestowing the status of adulthood. The age of majority does not necessarily correspond to the mental or physical maturity of an individual." }, "Climate of the Arctic-1": { "title": "Climate of the Arctic", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The climate of the Arctic is characterized by long, cold winters and short, cool summers. There is a large amount of variability in climate across the Arctic, but all regions experience extremes of solar radiation in both summer and winter. Some parts of the Arctic are covered by ice (sea ice, glacial ice, or snow) year-round, and nearly all parts of the Arctic experience long periods with some form of ice on the surface." }, "Sean Connery-4": { "title": "Sean Connery", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Thomas Sean Connery, named Thomas after his grandfather, was born in Fountainbridge, Edinburgh, Scotland on 25 August 1930. His mother, Euphemia \"Effie\" McBain McLean, was a cleaning woman. She was born the daughter of Neil McLean and Helen Forbes Ross, and named after her father's mother 'Euphemia McBain', wife of John McLean and daughter of William McBain from Ceres in Fife. Connery's father, Joseph Connery, was a factory worker and lorry driver. His paternal grandfather's parents emigrated to Scotland from Ireland in the mid-19th century. The remainder of his family was of Scottish descent, and his maternal great-grandparents were native Scottish Gaelic speakers from Fife (unusually, for a speaker of the language), and Uig on Skye." }, "Martin Luther King Jr.-18": { "title": "Martin Luther King Jr.", "section": "Religious education, ministry, marriage and family", "headers": [ "Crozer Theological Seminary" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "King enrolled in Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. King's father fully supported his decision to continue his education and made arrangements for King to work with J. Pius Barbour, a family friend who pastored at Calvary Baptist Church in Chester. King became known as one of the \"Sons of Calvary\", an honor he shared with William Augustus Jones Jr. and Samuel D. Proctor who both went on to become well-known preachers in the black church." }, "Pointed hat-5": { "title": "Pointed hat", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Iron Age" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Yet another female \u2013 her skeleton found beside the remains of a man \u2013 still wore a terrifically tall, conical hat just like those we depict on witches riding broomsticks at Halloween or on medieval wizards intent at their magical spells. Pointed hats were also worn in ancient times by Saka (Scythians), and are shown on Hindu temples (as helmets and metal crowns) and in Hittite reliefs. As described by Herodotus, the name of the Scythian tribe of the tigrakhauda (Orthocorybantians) is a bahuvrihi compound literally translating to \"people with pointed hats\"." }, "Phileas Fogg-1": { "title": "Phileas Fogg", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Phileas Fogg (/\u02c8f\u026ali\u0259s \u02c8f\u0252\u0261/) is the protagonist in the 1872 Jules Verne novel Around the World in Eighty Days. An inspiration for the character was the real round-the-world travels of the American writer and adventurer William Perry Fogg." }, "Confederate States Army-49": { "title": "Confederate States Army", "section": "Supply and logistics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 49, "content": "As a result of severe supply problems, as well as the lack of textile factories in the Confederacy and the successful U.S. naval blockade of Southern ports, the typical Confederate soldier was rarely able to wear the standard regulation uniform, particularly as the war progressed. While on the march or in parade formation, Confederate armies often displayed a wide array of dress, ranging from faded, patched-together regulation uniforms; rough, homespun uniforms colored with homemade dyes such as butternut (a yellow-brown color), and even soldiers in a hodgepodge of civilian clothing. After a successful battle, it was not unusual for victorious Confederate troops to procure U.S. Army uniform parts from captured supplies and dead U.S. soldiers; this would occasionally cause confusion in later battles and skirmishes." }, "Zazzle-1": { "title": "Zazzle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Zazzle is an American online marketplace that allows designers and customers to create their own products with independent manufacturers (clothing, posters, etc.), as well as use images from participating companies. Zazzle has partnered with many brands to amass a collection of digital images from companies like Disney and Hallmark. Zazzle claims to have over 300 million unique products listed on the site." }, "Dog health-50": { "title": "Dog health", "section": "Preventive medicine", "headers": [ "Heartworm, flea or tick preventives" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "Once-a-month topical products and oral medications are the most commonly used products to kill and prevent heartworm infection and flea or tick infestations." }, "Christmas-7": { "title": "Christmas", "section": "Etymology", "headers": [ "Other names" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In addition to \"Christmas\", the holiday has been known by various other names throughout its history. The Anglo-Saxons referred to the feast as \"midwinter\", or, more rarely, as N\u0101tiuite\u00f0 (from Latin n\u0101t\u012bvit\u0101s below). \"Nativity\", meaning \"birth\", is from Latin n\u0101t\u012bvit\u0101s. In Old English, G\u0113ola (Yule) referred to the period corresponding to December and January, which was eventually equated with Christian Christmas. \"Noel\" (or \"Nowel\") entered English in the late 14th century and is from the Old French no\u00ebl or na\u00ebl, itself ultimately from the Latin n\u0101t\u0101lis (di\u0113s) meaning \"birth (day)\"." }, "Software engineer-1": { "title": "Software engineer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A software engineer is a person who applies the principles of software engineering to the design, development, maintenance, testing, and evaluation of computer software." }, "On Our Own (1994 TV series)-2": { "title": "On Our Own (1994 TV series)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The series was created and executive produced by David W. Duclon, one of the executive producers of Family Matters. The series was also produced by Thomas L. Miller and Robert L. Boyett, who developed the show. Suzanne de Passe and Suzanne Coston were additional executive producers, with Duclon's longtime colleague Gary Menteer acting as co-executive producer (who also was a producer/writer on Family Matters, to which he returned when On Our Own was canceled)." }, "Olaf (Frozen)-5": { "title": "Olaf (Frozen)", "section": "Development", "headers": [ "Design and characterization" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "As a snowman Anna and Elsa built together as kids, Olaf represents innocent love and the joy the sisters once had when they were young before being split. He is not just funny, he's also got a \"big role to play representing the innocent love in the scale of fear versus love.\" It wasn't until he meant something to the girls that he resonated with us,\" \"Olaf couldn't just be thrown in, he had to have a purpose\" and that one of his purposes was to be the embodiment of the sisterly relationship that had gone cold. \"When Anna and Elsa were very little, and before Elsa's powers accidentally hurt Anna, they played. They'd sneak away and play with her powers. And you see them roll the snowman. He's not magical. He doesn't come to life. But they name him Olaf and he likes warm hugs.\" \"It inspires the look. And so when Elsa is singing \u201cLet It Go\u201d obviously the first thing she goes to is the last moment she was happy. And it was that moment. And so he's imbued with that. He's innocent love.\" The continuous themes that can be seen throughout the movie revolve around the power of love and fear. Olaf, on one end of that spectrum, represents the most innocent kind form of love. It is possible that he resembles some of the characteristics of Anna's younger self. This provides a connection between the sisters' happy past and their ability to remember that love in difficult times. Overall his character provides much of the comic relief found in the film, while conveying lovable innocence and purity. \"And so he was just a lot of fun, and emotionally he\u2019ll bring a lot that we weren\u2019t able to show you yet, too. So he\u2019s funny in the kids-state-the-obvious kind of way.\" (Lee) \"And he can say very poignant things too.\" (Buck)" }, "Voyager 2-3": { "title": "Voyager 2", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "On November 5, 2018, at a distance of 122\u00a0AU (1.83\u00d71010\u00a0km) (about 16:58 light-hours) from the Sun, moving at a velocity of 15.341\u00a0km/s (55,230\u00a0km/h) relative to the Sun, Voyager 2 left the heliosphere, and entered the interstellar medium (ISM), a region of outer space beyond the influence of the Solar System, joining Voyager 1 which had reached the interstellar medium in 2012. Voyager 2 has begun to provide the first direct measurements of the density and temperature of the interstellar plasma." }, "Anchovy-6": { "title": "Anchovy", "section": "Distribution", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "This species is regularly caught along the coasts of Crete, Greece, Sicily, Italy, France, Turkey, Northern Iran, Portugal and Spain. They are also found on the coast of northern Africa. The range of the species also extends along the Atlantic coast of Europe to the south of Norway. Spawning occurs between October and March, but not in water colder than 12\u00a0\u00b0C (54\u00a0\u00b0F). The anchovy appears to spawn at least 100\u00a0km (62\u00a0mi) from the shore, near the surface of the water." }, "The Light in the Dark-4": { "title": "The Light in the Dark", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Ashe, realizing he was wrong in his treatment of Bessie, goes on a trip to England to forget about her. During a hunting expedition he finds a mysterious chalice that some believe to be the Holy Grail. Mrs. Orrin urges her brother to return home to help locate Bessie." }, "Koala-1": { "title": "Koala", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The koala or, inaccurately, koala bear (Phascolarctos cinereus) is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia. It is the only extant representative of the family Phascolarctidae and its closest living relatives are the wombats, which comprise the family Vombatidae. The koala is found in coastal areas of the mainland's eastern and southern regions, inhabiting Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. It is easily recognisable by its stout, tailless body and large head with round, fluffy ears and large, spoon-shaped nose. The koala has a body length of 60\u201385\u00a0cm (24\u201333\u00a0in) and weighs 4\u201315\u00a0kg (9\u201333\u00a0lb). Fur colour ranges from silver grey to chocolate brown. Koalas from the northern populations are typically smaller and lighter in colour than their counterparts further south. These populations possibly are separate subspecies, but this is disputed." }, "Centaur-5": { "title": "Centaur", "section": "Mythology", "headers": [ "Creation of centaurs" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The centaur's half-human, half-horse composition has led many writers to treat them as liminal beings, caught between the two natures they embody in contrasting myths; they are both the embodiment of untamed nature, as in their battle with the Lapiths (their kin), and conversely, teachers like Chiron." }, "Mix (magazine)-1": { "title": "Mix (magazine)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mix magazine is a periodical, billing itself as \"the world's leading magazine for the professional recording and sound production technology industry\". The magazine is headquartered in New York City and distributed in 94 countries. Its Korean version, Mix Korea, was started in 2007." }, "Wandering albatross-8": { "title": "Wandering albatross", "section": "Behavior", "headers": [ "Feeding" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Wandering albatrosses travel vast distances and tend to feed further out in open oceans than other albatrosses, whereas the related royal albatrosses in general tend to forage in somewhat shallower waters and closer to continental shelves. They also tend to forage in colder waters further south than other albatrosses. They feed on cephalopods, small fish, and crustaceans and on animal refuse that floats on the sea, eating to such excess at times that they are unable to fly and rest helplessly on the water. They are prone to following ships for refuse. They can also make shallow dives." }, "Arab world-1": { "title": "Arab world", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Arab world (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u200e al-\u02bf\u0101lam al-\u02bfarab\u012b; formally: Arab homeland, \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a al-wa\u1e6dan al-\u02bfarab\u012b), also known as the Arab nation (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 al-ummah al-\u02bfarab\u012byyah), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, consists of the 22 Arabic-speaking countries which are members of the Arab League. A majority of these countries are located in Western Asia, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa; the southernmost member, the Comoros, is an island country off the coast of East Africa. The region stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Indian Ocean in the southeast. Arabic is used as the lingua franca throughout the Arab world." }, "Baptism-8": { "title": "Baptism", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "By the third and fourth centuries, baptism involved catechetical instruction as well as chrismation, exorcisms, laying on of hands, and recitation of a creed." }, "Los Angeles County, California-1": { "title": "Los Angeles County, California", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Los Angeles County, officially the County of Los Angeles, in the Los Angeles metropolitan area of the U.S. state of California, is the most populous county in the United States, with more than ten million inhabitants as of 2018[update]. As such, it is the largest non\u2013state level government entity in the United States. Its population is larger than that of 41 individual U.S. states, as well as the combined population of the 10 least populous states. It is the third-largest metropolitan economy in the world, with a Nominal GDP of over $700\u00a0billion\u2014larger than the GDPs of countries such as Belgium and Norway. It has 88 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas and, at 4,083 square miles (10,570\u00a0km2), it is larger than the combined areas of Delaware and Rhode Island. The county is home to more than one-quarter of California residents and is one of the most ethnically-diverse counties in the U.S. Its county seat, Los Angeles, is also California's most populous city and the second most populous city in the U.S., with about four million residents." }, "Sikhism-6": { "title": "Sikhism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The religion developed and evolved in times of religious persecution. Two of the Sikh gurus\u2014Guru Arjan (1563\u20131605) and Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621\u20131675)\u2014were tortured and executed by the Mughal rulers after they refused to convert to Islam. The persecution of Sikhs triggered the founding of the Khalsa, by Guru Gobind Singh, as an order to protect the freedom of conscience and religion, with qualities of a Sant-Sip\u0101h\u012b\u2014a 'saint-soldier'." }, "The Hobbit-7": { "title": "The Hobbit", "section": "Characters", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Bilbo Baggins, the titular protagonist, is a respectable, reserved hobbit\u2014a race resembling very short humans who live in underground houses and are mainly pastoral farmers and gardeners. During his adventure, Bilbo often refers to the contents of his larder at home and wishes he had more food. Until he finds a magic ring, he is more baggage than help. Gandalf, an itinerant wizard, introduces Bilbo to a company of thirteen dwarves. During the journey the wizard disappears on side errands dimly hinted at, only to appear again at key moments in the story. Thorin Oakenshield, the proud, pompous head of the company of dwarves and heir to the destroyed dwarvish kingdom under the Lonely Mountain, makes many mistakes in his leadership, relying on Gandalf and Bilbo to get him out of trouble, but proves himself a mighty warrior. Smaug is a dragon who long ago pillaged the dwarvish kingdom of Thorin's grandfather and sleeps upon the vast treasure." }, "Refrigeration-9": { "title": "Refrigeration", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Refrigeration research" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The history of artificial refrigeration began when Scottish professor William Cullen designed a small refrigerating machine in 1755. Cullen used a pump to create a partial vacuum over a container of diethyl ether, which then boiled, absorbing heat from the surrounding air. The experiment even created a small amount of ice, but had no practical application at that time." }, "Polycarbonate-10": { "title": "Polycarbonate", "section": "Properties and processing", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Polycarbonate has a glass transition temperature of about 147\u00a0\u00b0C (297\u00a0\u00b0F), so it softens gradually above this point and flows above about 155\u00a0\u00b0C (311\u00a0\u00b0F). Tools must be held at high temperatures, generally above 80\u00a0\u00b0C (176\u00a0\u00b0F) to make strain-free and stress-free products. Low molecular mass grades are easier to mold than higher grades, but their strength is lower as a result. The toughest grades have the highest molecular mass, but are much more difficult to process." }, "Royal Observatory, Greenwich-7": { "title": "Royal Observatory, Greenwich", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Establishment" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Moore donated two clocks, built by Thomas Tompion, which were installed in the 20\u00a0foot high Octagon Room, the principal room of the building. They were of unusual design, each with a pendulum 13\u00a0feet (3.96 metres) in length mounted above the clock face, giving a period of four seconds and an accuracy, then unparalleled, of seven seconds per day." }, "Lego Star Wars-9": { "title": "Lego Star Wars", "section": "Films and videos", "headers": [ "Television series" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Lego Star Wars: Revenge of the Brick is the first computer-animated Lego Star Wars short film. It premiered on Cartoon Network in mid-2005, in conjunction with the theatrical release of Revenge of the Sith. Lego Star Wars: The Quest for R2-D2 is a short movie which aired on Cartoon Network on August 2009, and was uploaded to the Lego Star Wars website, in order to celebrate 10 years of Lego Star Wars, Lego Star Wars: Bombad Bounty, is another CGI Lego short film, it was released in 2010. In it, Vader hires Boba Fett to track down the Gungan Jar Jar Binks for an accident he caused to Vader. The film also takes place at the same time as the original movies showing that Jar Jar was responsible for the destruction of the first Death Star and was with Boba Fett on Jabba's Barge during the events of Return of the Jedi. Lego Star Wars: The Padawan Menace released on July 7, 2011, is a 30-minute, exclusive TV special written by Michael Price is about a Jedi Academy field trip. When Master Yoda leads a group of rambunctious Jedi younglings through Senate chambers when he senses a disturbance in the Force. Summoned to help save the Republic, he discovers that a young boy pretending to be a Jedi youngling secretly boarded his ship... and has a taste for adventure. Meanwhile, C-3PO and R2-D2 are put in charge of the boisterous group and find themselves in over their heads. Yoda and the droids proceed to save the younglings from Sith Lords as well as the vile Jabba the Hutt. The special premiered in the United States on Cartoon Network on July 22, 2011, at 7 p.m. and in the United Kingdom on October 17 at 5:30. The DVD and Blu-ray include several special features such as The Quest for R2-D2 and Bombad Bounty as well as other short films. Lego Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Out released on September 26, 2012, airing on Cartoon Network in the United States. In it, Luke Skywalker embarks on a mission to find and destroy an Imperial base on Naboo, but is relentlessly chased by a group of fanatic fangirls, who think of him as a celebrity for destroying the Death Star. Meanwhile, Darth Vader engages a \"sithling\" rivalry with Darth Maul, in order to prove he's the best Sith Lord to Emperor Palpatine, who is constructing the second Death Star. Lego Star Wars: The Yoda Chronicles trilogy: \"The Phantom Clone\", aired on May 29, 2013. General Grievous steals the lightsabers of a group of Padawans at the Jedi Training Academy, and he and Count Dooku plan to use the lightsabers' crystals to create an army of super-powered Sith clones on Kamino. Yoda and Mace Windu embark on a quest to stop them. Meanwhile, the Padawans try to retrieve their lightsabers, much to C-3PO's concern. \"Menace of the Sith\" , aired on September 4, 2013. The only surviving Sith clone, Jek-14, decides not to fight for the dark side of the force and wants to be left alone to build in peace, but both the Jedi and the Sith want him on their side, with the latter planning to use him to clone an evil army. Meanwhile, C-3PO quits being the substitute teacher for the Padawans, and the Jedi Council hires Anakin Skywalker as his replacement. \"Attack of the Jedi\", aired on November 27, 2013. After the Sith's plan to create Sith clones has failed, they start teaching a group of \"Badawans\" on the planet Mustafar. When the Jedi get a tip of this, they head there to stop them, but when they reach complications, they must persuade Jek-14 to help them, despite him not wanting to fight for either side of the Force. Meanwhile, Darth Sidious tries to meet up with the evil padawans, but has trouble getting away from C-3PO. The series continued to a second season with five episodes airing in 2014 but now renamed \"The New Yoda Chronicles\" to avoid legal disputes over ownership between Disney and Cartoon Network." }, "Email-45": { "title": "Email", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Personal use", "Declining use among young people" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "As of 2010[update], the number of Americans visiting email web sites had fallen 6 percent after peaking in November 2009. For persons 12 to 17, the number was down 18 percent. Young people preferred instant messaging, texting and social media. Technology writer Matt Richtel said in The New York Times that email was like the VCR, vinyl records and film cameras\u2014no longer cool and something older people do." }, "United States Military Academy-36": { "title": "United States Military Academy", "section": "Administration", "headers": [ "Admission requirements" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "To be eligible for appointment, candidates must also undergo a Candidate Fitness Assessment and a complete physical exam. Up to 60\u00a0students from foreign countries are present at USMA, educated at the expense of the sponsoring nation, with tuition assistance based on the GNP of their country. Of these foreign cadets the Code of Federal Regulations specifically permits one Filipino cadet designated by the President of the Philippines." }, "75th Ranger Regiment-76": { "title": "75th Ranger Regiment", "section": "The term \"Ranger\"", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 76, "content": "Organizations define the term \"Ranger\" in different ways. For example, the annual \"United States Army Best Ranger Competition,\" hosted by the Ranger Training Brigade, can be won by pairs of participants from the 75th Ranger Regiment, or by ranger-qualified entrants from other units in the U.S. military. For an individual to be inducted into the U.S. Army Ranger Association's \"Ranger Hall of Fame,\" he \"must have served in a Ranger unit in combat or be a successful graduate of the U.S. Army Ranger School.\" The Ranger Association further clarifies the type of unit: \"A Ranger unit is defined as those Army units recognized in Ranger lineage or history.\" Acceptance into the U.S. Army Ranger Association is limited to \"Rangers that have earned the U.S. Army Ranger tab, WWII Rangers, Korean War Rangers, Vietnam War Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol members and Rangers, and all Rangers that participated in Operations Urgent Fury, Just Cause, Desert Storm, Restore Hope, Enduring Freedom, as well as those who have served honorably for at least one year in a recognized Ranger unit.\"" }, "Moonlight-1": { "title": "Moonlight", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Moonlight consists of mostly sunlight (with little earthlight) reflected from the parts of the Moon's surface where the Sun's light strikes." }, "Uke (martial arts)-3": { "title": "Uke (martial arts)", "section": "Ukemi", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The action of uke is called \"taking ukemi (\u53d7\u3051\u8eab).\" Literally translated as \"receiving body\", it is the art of knowing how to respond correctly to an attack and often incorporates skills to allow one to do so safely. These skills can include moves similar to tumbling and are often used as a valid exercise in itself. In aikido and judo training for instance, many classes begin with ukemi training as conditioning." }, "Crips-3": { "title": "Crips", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Crips have a long and bitter rivalry with the Bloods." }, "Jesus-11": { "title": "Jesus", "section": "Life and teachings in the New Testament", "headers": [ "Canonical gospels" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Some early Christian groups had separate descriptions of the life and teachings of Jesus that are not included in the New Testament. These include the Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of Peter, and Gospel of Judas, the Apocryphon of James, and many other apocryphal writings. Most scholars conclude that these are written much later and are less reliable accounts than the canonical gospels." }, "IPhone (1st generation)-7": { "title": "IPhone (1st generation)", "section": "Release", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The iPhone was released in the United States on June 29, 2007 at the price of $499 for the 4\u00a0GB model and $599 for the 8\u00a0GB model, both requiring a 2-year contract. Thousands of people were reported to have waited outside Apple and AT&T retail stores days before the device's launch; many stores reported stock shortages within an hour of availability. To avoid repeating the problems of the PlayStation 3 launch, which caused burglaries and even a shooting, off-duty police officers were hired to guard stores overnight." }, "Mollymawk-1": { "title": "Mollymawk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The mollymawks are a group of medium-sized albatrosses that form the genus Thalassarche. The name has sometimes been used for the genus Phoebetria as well, but these are usually called sooty albatrosses. They are restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, where they are the most common of the albatrosses. They were long considered to be in the same genus as the great albatrosses, Diomedea, but a study of their mitochondrial DNA showed that they are a monophyletic taxon related to the sooty albatrosses, and they were placed in their own genus." }, "Social distancing-15": { "title": "Social distancing", "section": "Measures", "headers": [ "Canceling mass gatherings" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Cancellation of mass gatherings includes sports events, films or musical shows. Evidence suggesting that mass gatherings increase the potential for infectious disease transmission is inconclusive. Anecdotal evidence suggests certain types of mass gatherings may be associated with increased risk of influenza transmission, and may also \"seed\" new strains into an area, instigating community transmission in a pandemic. During the 1918 influenza pandemic, military parades in Philadelphia and Boston may have been responsible for spreading the disease by mixing infected sailors with crowds of civilians. Restricting mass gatherings, in combination with other social distancing interventions, may help reduce transmission." }, "Wooden roller coaster-3": { "title": "Wooden roller coaster", "section": "Golden Age", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The 1920s was the Golden Age of coaster design. This was the decade when many of the world's most iconic coasters were built. Some of these include the Giant Dipper at the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk and its counterpart at Belmont Park, the Cyclone at Coney Island, the Big Dipper at Geauga Lake, The Thriller at Euclid Beach Park, and the Roller Coaster at Lagoon. All of these rides were built during this time. The decade was also the design peak for some of the world's greatest coaster designers, including John A. Miller, Harry Traver, Herb Schmeck, and the partnership of Prior and Church. Many wooden roller coasters of this time were demolished during the Great Depression, but a few still stand as American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE) classics and landmarks." }, "Snickers-8": { "title": "Snickers", "section": "Caloric value", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The USDA lists the caloric value of a 2-ounce (57 gram) Snickers bar as 280 kilocalories (1,200\u00a0kJ). As of 2018, the United Kingdom bar has a weight of 48g, with 245 kcal, and the Canadian bar 52g with 250 kcal." }, "Nepalese Civil War-1": { "title": "Nepalese Civil War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Nepalese Civil War (also known as the Maoist Conflict (Nepali: \u092e\u093e\u0913\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u091c\u0928\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927; IAST: m\u0101ov\u0101d\u012b janayuddha), the Maoist Insurgency or the Maoist Revolution) was a civil war in Nepal fought between the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) (CPN-M) and the government of Nepal from 1996 to 2006. The insurgency period is known as the Maovadi dwandakaal (Nepali: \u092e\u093e\u0913\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0915\u093e\u0932) in Nepal." }, "Talmud-1": { "title": "Talmud", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Talmud (/\u02c8t\u0251\u02d0lm\u028ad, -m\u0259d, \u02c8t\u00e6l-/; Hebrew: \u05ea\u05b7\u05bc\u05dc\u05b0\u05de\u05d5\u05bc\u05d3\u200e) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (halakha) and Jewish theology. Until the advent of modernity, in nearly all Jewish communities, the Talmud was the centerpiece of Jewish cultural life and was foundational to \"all Jewish thought and aspirations\", serving also as \"the guide for the daily life\" of Jews." }, "Earth's orbit-1": { "title": "Earth's orbit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of 149.60 million km (92.96 million mi), and one complete orbit takes 365.256\u00a0days (1 sidereal year), during which time Earth has traveled 940\u00a0million km (584 million mi). Ignoring the influence of other solar system bodies, Earth's orbit is an ellipse with the Earth-Sun barycenter as one focus and a current eccentricity of 0.0167; since this value is close to zero, the center of the orbit is close, relative to the size of the orbit, to the center of the Sun." }, "Western Europe-1": { "title": "Western Europe", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Play media Western Europe is the region comprising the western part of Europe. Though the term Western Europe is commonly used, there is no consensus on which countries comprise it." }, "Depala Vas-2": { "title": "Depala Vas", "section": "Name", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Depala Vas was first mentioned in 1309 under the German name Diepoltsdorf (and in 1539 under the Slovene name ex Depolia vas). The Slovene name Depala vas is derived from the Slavic personal name Depal (probably of German origin, derived from Dietpald or a similar name). The name therefore literally means 'Depal's village' and likely refers to an early inhabitant of the place. In the past the German name was Depelsdorf." }, "Count Dracula-1": { "title": "Count Dracula", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Count Dracula (/\u02c8dr\u00e6kj\u028al\u0259, -j\u0259l\u0259/) is the title character of Bram Stoker's 1897 gothic horror novel Dracula. He is considered to be both the prototypical and the archetypal vampire in subsequent works of fiction. He is also depicted in the novel to be the origin of werewolf legends. Some aspects of the character are believed to have been inspired by the 15th-century Wallachian Prince Vlad the Impaler, who was also known as Dracula, and by Sir Henry Irving, an actor for whom Stoker was a personal assistant." }, "USB flash drive-7": { "title": "USB flash drive", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Technology improvements" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Flash drives are often measured by the rate at which they transfer data. Transfer rates may be given in megabytes per second (MB/s), megabits per second (Mbit/s), or in optical drive multipliers such as \"180X\" (180 times 150\u00a0KiB/s). File transfer rates vary considerably among devices. Second generation flash drives have claimed to read at up to 30\u00a0MB/s and write at about half that rate, which was about 20 times faster than the theoretical transfer rate achievable by the previous model, USB\u00a01.1, which is limited to 12\u00a0Mbit/s (1.5\u00a0MB/s) with accounted overhead. The effective transfer rate of a device is significantly affected by the data access pattern." }, "Equator-4": { "title": "Equator", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The latitude of the Earth's equator is, by definition, 0\u00b0 (zero degrees) of arc. The equator is one of the five notable circles of latitude on Earth; the other four are both polar circles (the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle) and both tropical circles (the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn). The equator is the only line of latitude which is also a great circle\u2014that is, one whose plane passes through the center of the globe. The plane of Earth's equator, when projected outwards to the celestial sphere, defines the celestial equator." }, "Almond-3": { "title": "Almond", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "Tree" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The almond is a deciduous tree, growing 4\u201310\u00a0m (13\u201333\u00a0ft) in height, with a trunk of up to 30\u00a0cm (12\u00a0in) in diameter. The young twigs are green at first, becoming purplish where exposed to sunlight, then grey in their second year. The leaves are 8\u201313\u00a0cm (3\u20135\u00a0in) long, with a serrated margin and a 2.5\u00a0cm (1\u00a0in) petiole. The flowers are white to pale pink, 3\u20135\u00a0cm (1\u20132\u00a0in) diameter with five petals, produced singly or in pairs and appearing before the leaves in early spring. Almond grows best in Mediterranean climates with warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The optimal temperature for their growth is between 15 and 30\u00a0\u00b0C (59 and 86\u00a0\u00b0F) and the tree buds have a chilling requirement of 300 to 600 hours below 7.2\u00a0\u00b0C (45.0\u00a0\u00b0F) to break dormancy." }, "Red Sea-2": { "title": "Red Sea", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000\u00a0km2 (169,100\u00a0mi2), is about 2250\u00a0km (1398\u00a0mi) long and, at its widest point, 355\u00a0km (220.6\u00a0mi) wide. It has a maximum depth of 3,040\u00a0m (9,970\u00a0ft) in the central Suakin Trough, and an average depth of 490\u00a0m (1,608\u00a0ft). However, there are also extensive shallow shelves, noted for their marine life and corals. The sea is the habitat of over 1,000 invertebrate species, and 200 soft and hard corals. It is the world's northernmost tropical sea." }, "Bromine-26": { "title": "Bromine", "section": "Chemistry and compounds", "headers": [ "Bromine halides" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "At room temperature, bromine trifluoride (BrF3) is a straw-coloured liquid. It may be formed by directly fluorinating bromine at room temperature and is purified through distillation. It reacts explosively with water and hydrocarbons, but is a less violent fluorinating reagent than chlorine trifluoride. It reacts vigorously with boron, carbon, silicon, arsenic, antimony, iodine, and sulfur to give fluorides, and also reacts with most metals and their oxides: as such, it is used to oxidise uranium to uranium hexafluoride in the nuclear industry. Refractory oxides tend to be only partially fluorinated, but here the derivatives KBrF4 and BrF2SbF6 remain reactive. Bromine trifluoride is a useful nonaqueous ionising solvent, since it readily dissociates to form BrF+ 2 and BrF\u2212 4 and thus conducts electricity." }, "Christianity in China-35": { "title": "Christianity in China", "section": "History", "headers": [ "19th to 20th centuries", "Expanding beyond the port cities" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "The China Inland Mission, based in London with a strong appeal to fundamentalist and evangelical Anglicans. was the largest mission agency in China and it is estimated that Taylor was responsible for more people being converted to Christianity than at any other time since The days of the apostles. Out of the 8,500 Protestant missionaries that were at one time at work in China, 1000 of them were from the China Inland Mission. Dixon Edward Hoste, the successor to Hudson Taylor, originally expressed the self-governing principles of the Three-Self Church, at the time he was articulating the goal of the China Inland Mission to establish an indigenous Chinese Church that was free from foreign control." }, "Amy Winehouse-92": { "title": "Amy Winehouse", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 92, "content": "A coroner's inquest reached a verdict of misadventure. The report released on 26 October 2011 explained that Winehouse's blood alcohol content was 416\u00a0mg per 100\u00a0ml (0.416%) at the time of her death, more than five times the legal drink-drive limit. According to the coroner, \"The unintended consequences of such potentially fatal levels was her sudden death.\"" }, "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon-2": { "title": "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The program airs weeknights at 11:35 p.m. ET/PT. The show opens with Fallon's topical monologue, then transitions into comedic sketches/games, concluding with guest interviews and musical performance. The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon attracted high ratings from its 2014 premiere. Many moments from the show have generated viral videos. The show has been nominated for nine Primetime Emmy Awards, winning two." }, "Great Recession-43": { "title": "Great Recession", "section": "Effects", "headers": [ "Effects on the United States" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "The Great Recession had a significant economic and political impact on the United States. While the recession technically lasted from December 2007\u00a0\u2013 June 2009 (the nominal GDP trough), many important economic variables did not regain pre-recession (November or Q4 2007) levels until 2011\u20132016. For example, real GDP fell $650 billion (4.3%) and did not recover its $15 trillion pre-recession level until Q3 2011. Household net worth, which reflects the value of both stock markets and housing prices, fell $11.5 trillion (17.3%) and did not regain its pre-recession level of $66.4 trillion until Q3 2012. The number of persons with jobs (total non-farm payrolls) fell 8.6 million (6.2%) and did not regain the pre-recession level of 138.3 million until May 2014. The unemployment rate peaked at 10.0% in October 2009 and did not return to its pre-recession level of 4.7% until May 2016." }, "Short circuit-9": { "title": "Short circuit", "section": "Examples", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "A short circuit may lead to formation of an electric arc. The arc, a channel of hot ionized plasma, is highly conductive and can persist even after significant amounts of original material from the conductors has evaporated. Surface erosion is a typical sign of electric arc damage. Even short arcs can remove significant amounts of material from the electrodes. The temperature of the resulting electrical arc is very high (tens of thousands of degrees), causing the metal on the contact surfaces to melt, pool and migrate with the current, as well as to escape into the air as fine particulate matter." }, "Diwali-4": { "title": "Diwali", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Some other faiths in India also celebrate their respective festivals alongside Diwali. The Jains observe their own Diwali which marks the final liberation of Mahavira, the Sikhs celebrate Bandi Chhor Divas to mark the release of Guru Hargobind from a Mughal Empire prison, while Newar Buddhists, unlike other Buddhists, celebrate Diwali by worshipping Lakshmi, while the Bengali Hindus generally celebrate Diwali, by worshipping Goddess Kali. The main day of the festival of Diwali (the day of Lakshmi Puja) is an official holiday in Fiji, Guyana, India, Malaysia (except Sarawak), Mauritius, Myanmar, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago." }, "Sea turtle-13": { "title": "Sea turtle", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "As a result of the COVID-19 virus, human activity on all beaches has virtually ceased, resulting in an increase in sea turtle nesting. In Thailand, the highest number of nests in the last 20 years have been found over the last month. Turtles are thriving across the United States as well, as there is less noise and pollution." }, "\u00c9omer-6": { "title": "\u00c9omer", "section": "Fictional account", "headers": [ "Appearances" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "\u00c9omer accompanied Aragorn to the Gates of Mordor for the final stand against Sauron. This distracted Sauron long enough for the One Ring to be destroyed in Mount Doom, leading to his downfall. Theoden was taken back to Edoras to be buried, and \u00c9omer became King of the Mark." }, "Autumn leaf color-1": { "title": "Autumn leaf color", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Autumn leaf color is a phenomenon that affects the normal green leaves of many deciduous trees and shrubs by which they take on, during a few weeks in the autumn season, various shades of yellow, orange, red, purple, and brown. The phenomenon is commonly called autumn colours or autumn foliage in British English and fall colors, fall foliage, or simply foliage in American English." }, "Thal, Styria-1": { "title": "Thal, Styria", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Thal (German pronunciation: [\u02c8ta\u02d0l]) is a village in the Austrian state of Styria, about 3.2 kilometres (2.0\u00a0mi) west from the edge of Graz, Austria's second largest city. Its population in the 2014 census was 2,240." }, "Primary school-17": { "title": "Primary school", "section": "Theoretical framework of primary school design", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Elementary schools also known as Board Schools were first established in England and Wales in 1870 by the Forster Act (Elementary Education Act 1870). Most of these schools became primary schools in the late 1940s, following the historic compromise in the 1944 Education Act. Elementary school (United States): were first promoted in 1647 in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Today, there are currently approximately 92,858 elementary schools (68,173 public, 24,685 private). In the United States, elementary schools usually have six grades with pupils aged between 6 and 13 years old, but the upper age limit can also be 10 or 14 years. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 was designed to fund primary and secondary education. It also emphasized equal access to education and established high standards and accountability. Elementary schools in Japan were first established by 1875. In Japan, the age of pupils in elementary school ranges from 6 to 12, after which the pupils enter junior high school. School building design does not happen in isolation. The building (or school campus) needs to accommodate:" }, "Goblin shark-1": { "title": "Goblin shark", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The goblin shark (Mitsukurina owstoni) is a rare species of deep-sea shark. Sometimes called a \"living fossil\", it is the only extant representative of the family Mitsukurinidae, a lineage some 125 million years old. This pink-skinned animal has a distinctive profile with an elongated, flattened snout, and highly protrusible jaws containing prominent nail-like teeth. It is usually between 3 and 4\u00a0m (10 and 13\u00a0ft) long when mature, though it can grow considerably larger. Goblin sharks inhabit upper continental slopes, submarine canyons, and seamounts throughout the world at depths greater than 100\u00a0m (330\u00a0ft), with adults found deeper than juveniles." }, "Florida-45": { "title": "Florida", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "Due to its subtropical and tropical climate, Florida rarely receives measurable snowfall. However, on rare occasions, a combination of cold moisture and freezing temperatures can result in snowfall in the farthest northern regions like Jacksonville, Gainesville or Pensacola. Frost, which is more common than snow, sometimes occurs in the panhandle. The USDA Plant hardiness zones for the state range from zone 8a (no colder than 10\u00a0\u00b0F or \u221212\u00a0\u00b0C) in the inland western panhandle to zone 11b (no colder than 45\u00a0\u00b0F or 7\u00a0\u00b0C) in the lower Florida Keys. Fog also occurs all over the state or climate of Florida." }, "Magdalena Villaruz-2": { "title": "Magdalena Villaruz", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In February 1986, Villaruz was awarded the WIPO Gold Medal in Metro Manila for her inventions of the turtle hand tractor (also known as the power cultivator) and several others. In July 1995, she was awarded another WIPO Gold Medal in Cebu, Philippines for various inventions, including the screen type thresher. Her inventions have helped the advancement of Philippine agricultural technology." }, "The Exorcist (film)-1": { "title": "The Exorcist (film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Exorcist is a 1973 American supernatural horror film directed by William Friedkin and produced and written for the screen by William Peter Blatty, based on the 1971 novel of the same name by Blatty. The film stars Ellen Burstyn, Max von Sydow, Lee J. Cobb, Kitty Winn, Jack MacGowran (in his final film role), Jason Miller, and Linda Blair. It is the first installment in The Exorcist film series, and follows the demonic possession of a 12-year-old girl and her mother's attempt to rescue her through an exorcism conducted by two priests." }, "Climate of Texas-3": { "title": "Climate of Texas", "section": "Characteristics by region", "headers": [ "Northern area" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Northern Plains' climate is semi-arid and is prone to drought, annually receiving between 16 and 32 inches (810\u00a0mm) of precipitation, and average annual snowfall ranging between 15 and 30 inches, with the greatest snowfall amounts occurring in the Texas panhandle and areas near the border with New Mexico. During the summer, this area of state sees the most clear days. Winter nights commonly see temperatures fall below the freezing mark, or 32\u00a0\u00b0F (0\u00a0\u00b0C). The wettest months of the year are April and May. Tornadoes, caused by the convergence of westerly and southerly prevailing winds during the late spring, are common, making the region part of Tornado Alley. Poor land management, drought, and high wind speeds can cause large dust storms, minimized in modern times by improved land-management practices, but most troublesome in the 1930s during the Dust Bowl period. The panhandle region, farthest from the Gulf of Mexico, experiences colder winters than the other regions of Texas, where occasional wintertime Arctic blasts can cause temperatures to plunge to well below freezing and bring snowy conditions." }, "Kelly Clarkson-33": { "title": "Kelly Clarkson", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "2016\u20132018: Children's books, Meaning of Life and The Voice" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "Clarkson lent her voice in the computer-animated film, The Star alongside Oprah Winfrey, Steven Yeun, Tyler Perry and others, which is based on the Nativity of Jesus. Developed by Sony Pictures Animation, the film was released on November 17, 2017. This was the first film in which Clarkson performed a voice role. Clarkson also had a guest voice role in the Netflix animated series Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh, portraying herself in the series' 2017 animated Christmas special, Home for the Holidays, alongside Ben Schwartz. In March 2018, Clarkson released \"I've Loved You Since Forever\", a ballad version of the children's book by Hoda Kotb. On May 10, 2018, Clarkson's return to The Voice for the series' fifteenth season was announced. Clarkson hosted and performed at the 2018 Billboard Music Awards on May 20, 2018. In the fourteenth season of The Voice, Brynn Cartelli was crowned the winner, giving Clarkson her first victory. In the fifteenth season of The Voice, Chevel Shepherd was crowned the winner, giving Clarkson her second consecutive victory and making her the first female coach to win multiple seasons." }, "Friendly's-4": { "title": "Friendly's", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In 1979, the Blake brothers retired and sold Friendly to Hershey Foods Corporation, which operated the chain as a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1988, Donald N. Smith purchased Friendly from the Hershey corporation, with Friendly becoming part of Tennessee Foods. In 1989, Smith added the 's to Friendly, making its colloquial name official." }, "Lactobacillus-2": { "title": "Lactobacillus", "section": "Metabolism", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Many lactobacilli operate using homofermentative metabolism (they produce only lactic acid from sugars), and some species use heterofermentative metabolism (they can produce either alcohol or lactic acid from sugars). They are aerotolerant despite the complete absence of a respiratory chain. This aerotolerance is manganese-dependent and has been explored (and explained) in Lactobacillus plantarum. Many species of this genus do not require iron for growth and have an extremely high hydrogen peroxide tolerance." }, "Calcium-3": { "title": "Calcium", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Calcium is the most abundant metal and the fifth-most abundant element in the human body. As electrolytes, calcium ions play a vital role in the physiological and biochemical processes of organisms and cells: in signal transduction pathways where they act as a second messenger; in neurotransmitter release from neurons; in contraction of all muscle cell types; as cofactors in many enzymes; and in fertilization. Calcium ions outside cells are important for maintaining the potential difference across excitable cell membranes, protein synthesis, and bone formation." }, "Van Gogh syndrome-4": { "title": "Van Gogh syndrome", "section": "Risk factors", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Criteria A: the person must be involved in at least 5 days of self-mutilation without suicidal intention in the past year. However, this number has been reported to be relatively low when compared to realistic rate for adolescents, which was 11 days in one year. Criteria B: persons must commit self-injure behaviors due to interpersonal problems, whether it is to alleviate unpleasant feelings and stress from such problems, or to seek positive feelings and relief. Studies have shown that females tend to expect relief from negative feelings and stress more than males. Criteria C: persons must be struggling from negative feelings and thoughts prior to NSSI, thoughts of NSSI are premeditated and constantly occupied in their minds. Criteria D: self-injure behaviors must be not socially sanctioned or minor wounds. This means that tattoos, piercings, or scab-picking are not considered as NSSI. Criteria E: NSSI-related emotional issues must be interfering with daily tasks like school/work relationships, or performances. Criteria F: NSSI must not overlap other dysfunctional episodes from other mental conditions, like withdrawal symptoms from drug abuse or eating disorders, psychosis, delirium, or substance intoxication. This criteria serves to rule out any consequential characteristics of self-injury behaviors as result of these episodes. Adolescents are the most prevalent age group for NSSI, the average age of onset is around 13\u201314 years old. Studies showed that adolescents are vulnerable to NSSI due to the sensitive transitional period in life that happens during adolescent years. NSSI is usually induced by stress and feelings of uncontrollable stress and anxiety, while adolescents and young adults face a wide range of challenging life events, different changes, along with limited mental control to protect them from self-harm decisions. Thus, a high percentage of NSSI participants admits to carrying out self-injure behaviors as a mean of coping mechanism. Adolescents also harbor external and internal factors that put them in the at-risk age group. External factors include childhood events, parenting condition, or peers. Children that went through childhood adversities are more prone to cognitive distortion that tend to permit NSSI behaviors. Severity of such adversities also play a major role in increasing risk for adolescents. Those who grew up with child maltreatment like physical/sexual or emotional abuse, household with drug-use problems, negligence, poverty, exposure to parental violence,... are more likely to develop psychopathology in later years. Women with NSSI tendency are shown to have experienced emotion negligence from both parents and insecure paternal bonding, while men with NSSI tendency are predicted to have gone through parental abandonment, mostly from father. Non physically abusive parenting can also place high susceptibility on adolescents. Parental control refers to when parents want to influence their child either by physical or emotional manipulation, while parental support implies behaviors that are encouraging, accepting, and supportive. Households with heavy use of parental control, and lack thereof of parental support, usually lead to high tendency of NSSI. Internal issues stem from emotional dysregulation and psychological distress also push individuals towards NSSI tendency." }, "Julius Caesar-75": { "title": "Julius Caesar", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Rumors of passive homosexuality" ], "para_index": 75, "content": "Parents Father Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder (proconsul of Asia in 90s BC) Mother Aurelia (one of the Aurelii Cottae) Sisters Julia Major Julia Minor Wives First marriage to Cornelia (Cinnilla), from 84\u00a0BC until her death in 69 or 68\u00a0BC Second marriage to Pompeia, from 67\u00a0BC until he divorced her around 61\u00a0BC over the Bona Dea scandal Third marriage to Calpurnia, from 59\u00a0BC until Caesar's death Children Julia, by Cornelia, born in 83 or 82 BC Caesarion, by Cleopatra VII, born 47 BC, and killed at age 17 by Caesar's adopted son Octavianus. Posthumously adopted: Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, his great-nephew by blood (grandson of Julia, his sister), who later became Emperor Augustus. Suspected Children Marcus Junius Brutus (born 85 BC): The historian Plutarch notes that Caesar believed Brutus to have been his illegitimate son, as his mother Servilia had been Caesar's lover during their youth. Caesar would have been 15 years old when Brutus was born. Junia Tertia (born ca. 60s BC), the daughter of Caesar's lover Servilia was believed by Cicero among other contemporaries, to be Caesar's natural daughter. Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus (born ca. 85\u201381 BC): On several occasions Caesar expressed how he loved Decimus Brutus like a son. This Brutus was also named an heir of Caesar in case Octavius had died before the latter. Ronald Syme argued that if a Brutus was the natural son of Caesar, Decimus was more likely than Marcus. Grandchildren Grandchild from Julia and Pompey, dead at several days, unnamed. Lovers Cleopatra VII, mother of Caesarion Servilia, mother of Brutus Euno\u00eb, queen of Mauretania and wife of Bogudes Notable relatives Gaius Marius (married to his paternal aunt Julia) Mark Antony (his relative through Antony's mother Julia) Lucius Julius Caesar (his third-cousin) Roman society viewed the passive role during sexual activity, regardless of gender, to be a sign of submission or inferiority. Indeed, Suetonius says that in Caesar's Gallic triumph, his soldiers sang that, \"Caesar may have conquered the Gauls, but Nicomedes conquered Caesar.\" According to Cicero, Bibulus, Gaius Memmius, and others (mainly Caesar's enemies), he had an affair with Nicomedes IV of Bithynia early in his career. The stories were repeated, referring to Caesar as the Queen of Bithynia, by some Roman politicians as a way to humiliate him. Caesar himself denied the accusations repeatedly throughout his lifetime, and according to Cassius Dio, even under oath on one occasion. This form of slander was popular during this time in the Roman Republic to demean and discredit political opponents." }, "Cable television-2": { "title": "Cable television", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A \"cable channel\" (sometimes known as a \"cable network\") is a television network available via cable television. When available through satellite television, including direct broadcast satellite providers such as DirecTV, Dish Network and Sky, as well as via IPTV providers such as Verizon FIOS and AT&T U-verse is referred to as a \"satellite channel\". Alternative terms include \"non-broadcast channel\" or \"programming service\", the latter being mainly used in legal contexts. Examples of cable/satellite channels/cable networks available in many countries are HBO, Cinemax, MTV, Cartoon Network, AXN, E!, FX, Discovery Channel, Canal+, Eurosport, Fox Sports, Disney Channel, Nickelodeon, CNN International, and ESPN." }, "Peppa Pig-8": { "title": "Peppa Pig", "section": "Film and \"cinema experience\"", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "A 15-minute film called Peppa Pig: The Golden Boots was released on 14 February 2015 alongside several episodes of the TV series. As of December 2015, it had grossed \u00a32,326,328." }, "Tomoyuki Tanaka-1": { "title": "Tomoyuki Tanaka", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tomoyuki Tanaka (\u7530\u4e2d \u53cb\u5e78, Tanaka Tomoyuki) was a Japanese film producer, most famous for creating the Godzilla franchise. He was born in Kashiwara, Osaka, Japan on April 26, 1910, and died in Tokyo on April 2, 1997. Tanaka was married to the actress Chieko Nakakita (1926 \u2013 2005). He died of a stroke at the age of 86." }, "Polar bear-9": { "title": "Polar bear", "section": "Population and distribution", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and adjacent land masses as far south as Newfoundland. Due to the absence of human development in its remote habitat, it retains more of its original range than any other extant carnivore. While they are rare north of 88\u00b0, there is evidence that they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. Their southernmost range is near the boundary between the subarctic and humid continental climate zones. They can occasionally drift widely with the sea ice, and there have been anecdotal sightings as far south as Berlev\u00e5g on the Norwegian mainland and the Kuril Islands in the Sea of Okhotsk. It is difficult to estimate a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been poorly studied; however, biologists use a working estimate of about 20\u201325,000 or 22\u201331,000 polar bears worldwide." }, "Mason bee-2": { "title": "Mason bee", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Species of the genus include the orchard mason bee Osmia lignaria, the blueberry bee O. ribifloris, and the hornfaced bee O. cornifrons. The former two are native to the Americas and the latter to eastern Asia, although O. lignaria and O. cornifrons have been moved from their native ranges for commercial purposes. The red mason bee, Osmia bicornis, is found across the European continent. Over 300 species are found across the Northern Hemisphere. Most occur in temperate habitats within the Palearctic and Neartic zones, and are active from spring through late summer." }, "Chupacabra-1": { "title": "Chupacabra", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The chupacabra or chupacabras (Spanish pronunciation:\u00a0[t\u0283upa\u02c8ka\u03b2\u027eas], literally \"goat-sucker\"; from chupar, \"to suck\", and cabra, \"goat\") is a legendary creature in the folklore of parts of the Americas, with its first purported sightings reported in Puerto Rico. The name comes from the animal's reported habit of attacking and drinking the blood of livestock, including goats." }, "Birdwatching-8": { "title": "Birdwatching", "section": "The history of birdwatching", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The early interest in observing birds for their aesthetic rather than utilitarian (mainly food) value is traced to the late 18th century in the works of Gilbert White, Thomas Bewick, George Montagu and John Clare. The study of birds and natural history in general became increasingly prevalent in Britain during the Victorian Era, often associated with collection, eggs and later skins being the artifacts of interest. Wealthy collectors made use of their contacts in the colonies to obtain specimens from around the world. It was only in the late 19th century that the call for bird protection began leading to the rising popularity of observations on living birds. The Audubon Society was started to protect birds from the growing trade in feathers in the United States while the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds began in Britain." }, "Pax Romana-1": { "title": "Pax Romana", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Pax Romana (Latin for \"Roman Peace\") is a roughly 200-year-long period in Roman history which is identified with increased and sustained inner hegemonial peace and stability (though not meaning without wars, expansion and revolts). It is traditionally dated as commencing from the accession of Caesar Augustus, founder of the Roman principate, in 27 BC and concluding in 180 AD with the death of Marcus Aurelius, the last of the \"good emperors\". Since it was inaugurated by Augustus with the end of the Final War of the Roman Republic, it is sometimes called the Pax Augusta. During this period of approximately 206 years, the Roman Empire achieved its greatest territorial extent and its population reached a maximum of up to 70 million people. According to Cassius Dio, the dictatorial reign of Commodus, later followed by the Year of the Five Emperors and the crisis of the third century, marked the descent \"from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust\"." }, "Nazareth-14": { "title": "Nazareth", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Roman period" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "citation needed] According to the Gospel of Luke, Nazareth was the home village of Mary as well as the site of the Annunciation (when the angel Gabriel informed Mary that she would give birth to Jesus). According to the Gospel of Matthew, Joseph and Mary resettled in Nazareth after returning from the flight from Bethlehem to Egypt. According to the Bible, Jesus grew up in Nazareth from some point in his childhood. However, some modern scholars also regard Nazareth as the birthplace of Jesus." }, "7 Wonders (board game)-21": { "title": "7 Wonders (board game)", "section": "Expansions", "headers": [ "7 Wonders: Armada (October 2018)" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Armada adds a naval board for each player and four ships: red, blue, yellow, and green. When playing a card of one of these colors, players may pay an additional cost to advance the corresponding ship along the board. Advancing each ship grants different bonuses: the red ship grants naval strength, which is compared to all players at the end of the Age, not just neighbors; the yellow ship grants money; the blue ship grants victory points; and the green ship allows players to discover islands, which grant extra bonuses." }, "The Hague-19": { "title": "The Hague", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Cityscape" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "The city is becoming more student friendly with the introduction of a new campus in 2012 of Leiden University as well as Leiden University College The Hague, which was established in 2010. The Royal Conservatory of The Hague and the Royal Academy of Art are also located there, as well as The Hague University, a vocational university and a branch of The Open University of the Netherlands. The city has many civil servants and diplomats. In fact, the number and variety of foreign residents (especially the expatriates) make the city quite culturally diverse, with many foreign pubs, shops and cultural events." }, "Desert-4": { "title": "Desert", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "People have struggled to live in deserts and the surrounding semi-arid lands for millennia. Nomads have moved their flocks and herds to wherever grazing is available and oases have provided opportunities for a more settled way of life. The cultivation of semi-arid regions encourages erosion of soil and is one of the causes of increased desertification. Desert farming is possible with the aid of irrigation, and the Imperial Valley in California provides an example of how previously barren land can be made productive by the import of water from an outside source. Many trade routes have been forged across deserts, especially across the Sahara Desert, and traditionally were used by caravans of camels carrying salt, gold, ivory and other goods. Large numbers of slaves were also taken northwards across the Sahara. Some mineral extraction also takes place in deserts, and the uninterrupted sunlight gives potential for the capture of large quantities of solar energy." }, "Egg as food-35": { "title": "Egg as food", "section": "Culinary properties", "headers": [ "Storage" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "Refrigeration also preserves the taste and texture, however, intact eggs (unwashed and unbroken) may be left unrefrigerated for several months without spoiling. In Europe, eggs are not usually washed, and the shells are dirtier, however the cuticle is undamaged, and they do not require refrigeration. In the UK in particular, hens are immunized against salmonella and generally, their eggs are safe for 21 days." }, "Pyrenees-13": { "title": "Pyrenees", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Physiographical divisions", "Foothills" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Most foothills of the Pyrenees are on the Spanish side, where there is a large and complex system of ranges stretching from Spanish Navarre, across northern Aragon and into Catalonia, almost reaching the Mediterranean coast with summits reaching 2,600\u00a0m (8,500\u00a0ft). At the eastern end on the southern side lies a distinct area known as the Sub-Pyrenees." }, "Phileas Fogg-2": { "title": "Phileas Fogg", "section": "Fictional biography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Fogg makes a wager of \u00a320,000 (\u00a32 million in 2017) with members of London's Reform Club that he can circumnavigate the world in 80 days or less. He sets out with his French servant Jean Passepartout to win the wager, unaware that he is being followed by a detective named Fix, who suspects Fogg of having robbed the Bank of England. In the second half of the book Fix helps Fogg in order to get him back to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, where he will be under British jurisdiction and Fix can arrest him." }, "Blue House-1": { "title": "Blue House", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cheongwadae (Korean: \uccad\uc640\ub300; Hanja: \u9751\u74e6\u81fa; literally \"pavilion of blue tiles\"), also known as the Blue House informally, is the executive office and official residence of the Republic of Korea's head of state, the President of the Republic of Korea, located in Jongno-gu of the capital Seoul. Cheongwadae is in fact a complex of multiple buildings, built largely in the traditional Korean architectural style with some modern architectural elements and facilities." }, "Angus G. Wynne-1": { "title": "Angus G. Wynne", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Angus Gilchrist Wynne Jr. (January 9, 1914 in Dallas, Texas \u2013 March 12, 1979 in Dallas, Texas) was an American businessman. He is the founder of Wynnewood Shopping Center and community development in Oak Cliff, a residential and commercial district south of downtown Dallas. He also developed the Six Flags Over Texas, Six Flags Over Georgia, and Six Flags St. Louis theme parks in Texas, Georgia, and Missouri. He was CEO of Great Southwest Corp and Great Southwest Industrial District in Arlington, Texas. Angus Wynne Jr. later started Wynne Enterprises, conceptualizing one of the first water amusement parks in Galveston, Texas, but died before his dream could be developed." }, "Pacific War-14": { "title": "Pacific War", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "Theaters" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "citation needed] Between 1942 and 1945, there were four main areas of conflict in the Pacific War: China, the Central Pacific, South-East Asia and the South West Pacific. US sources refer to two theaters within the Pacific War: the Pacific theater and the China Burma India Theater (CBI). However these were not operational commands." }, "Greek alphabet-2": { "title": "Greek alphabet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In Archaic and early Classical times, the Greek alphabet existed in many different local variants, but, by the end of the fourth century BC, the Euclidean alphabet, with twenty-four letters, ordered from alpha to omega, had become standard and it is this version that is still used to write Greek today. These twenty-four letters (each in uppercase and lowercase forms) are: \u0391 \u03b1, \u0392 \u03b2, \u0393 \u03b3, \u0394 \u03b4, \u0395 \u03b5, \u0396 \u03b6, \u0397 \u03b7, \u0398 \u03b8, \u0399 \u03b9, \u039a \u03ba, \u039b \u03bb, \u039c \u03bc, \u039d \u03bd, \u039e \u03be, \u039f \u03bf, \u03a0 \u03c0, \u03a1 \u03c1, \u03a3 \u03c3/\u03c2, \u03a4 \u03c4, \u03a5 \u03c5, \u03a6 \u03c6, \u03a7 \u03c7, \u03a8 \u03c8, and \u03a9 \u03c9. The Greek alphabet is the ancestor of the Latin and Cyrillic scripts. Like Latin and Cyrillic, Greek originally had only a single form of each letter; it developed the letter case distinction between uppercase and lowercase in parallel with Latin during the modern era. Sound values and conventional transcriptions for some of the letters differ between Ancient and Modern Greek usage, because the pronunciation of Greek has changed significantly between the fifth century BC and today. Modern and Ancient Greek also use different diacritics. Apart from its use in writing the Greek language, in both its ancient and its modern forms, the Greek alphabet today also serves as a source of technical symbols and labels in many domains of mathematics, science and other fields." }, "Copyright infringement-4": { "title": "Copyright infringement", "section": "Terminology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The terms piracy and theft are often associated with copyright infringement. The original meaning of piracy is \"robbery or illegal violence at sea\", but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement. Theft, meanwhile, emphasizes the potential commercial harm of infringement to copyright holders. However, copyright is a type of intellectual property, an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft, offenses related only to tangible property. Not all copyright infringement results in commercial loss, and the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1985 that infringement does not easily equate with theft." }, "Fluoxetine-1": { "title": "Fluoxetine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fluoxetine, sold under the brand names Prozac and Sarafem among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. It is used for the treatment of major depressive disorder, obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD), bulimia nervosa, panic disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. It may decrease the risk of suicide in those over the age of 65. It has also been used to treat premature ejaculation. Fluoxetine is taken by mouth." }, "Rio de Janeiro-31": { "title": "Rio de Janeiro", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "The city reputedly has had rare frosts in the past, but this has never been decisively confirmed. Some areas within Rio de Janeiro state occasionally have falls of snow grains and ice pellets (popularly called granizo, or \"hail\", although it is in fact melted and refrozen snow falling in the form of hail, rather than just icy snow). These phenomena are definitely not rare or limited to a few regions,[original research?] having already happened in the metropolitan area (including western suburbs of the city itself) several times in the 21st century." }, "Jehovah's Witnesses practices-42": { "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses practices", "section": "Celebrations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Other common celebrations and religious or national holidays such as birthdays, Halloween, Easter and Christmas are not celebrated because they believe that these continue to involve \"false religious beliefs or activities.\" Watch Tower Society publications rule out the celebration of Mother's Day because of a claimed link with pagan gods and concerns that giving \"special honor and worship\" to mothers is a form of \"creature worship\" that could turn people away from God. The Society also directs Witnesses to shun May Day, New Year's Day and Valentine's Day celebrations because of their pagan origins." }, "Sahara-20": { "title": "Sahara", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "Precipitation" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "The average annual rainfall ranges from very low in the northern and southern fringes of the desert to nearly non-existent over the central and the eastern part. The thin northern fringe of the desert receives more winter cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of low pressure systems over the Mediterranean Sea along the polar front, although very attenuated by the rain shadow effects of the mountains and the annual average rainfall ranges from 100 millimetres (4\u00a0in) to 250 millimetres (10\u00a0in). For example, Biskra, Algeria, and Ouarzazate, Morocco, are found in this zone. The southern fringe of the desert along the border with the Sahel receives summer cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of the Intertropical Convergence Zone from the south and the annual average rainfall ranges from 100 millimetres (4\u00a0in) to 250 millimetres (10\u00a0in). For example, Timbuktu, Mali and Agadez, Niger are found in this zone. The vast central hyper-arid core of the desert is virtually never affected by northerly or southerly atmospheric disturbances and permanently remains under the influence of the strongest anticyclonic weather regime, and the annual average rainfall can drop to less than 1 millimetre (0.04\u00a0in). In fact, most of the Sahara receives less than 20 millimetres (0.8\u00a0in). Of the 9,000,000 square kilometres (3,500,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) of desert land in the Sahara, an area of about 2,800,000 square kilometres (1,100,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) (about 31% of the total area) receives an annual average rainfall amount of 10 millimetres (0.4\u00a0in) or less, while some 1,500,000 square kilometres (580,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) (about 17% of the total area) receives an average of 5 millimetres (0.2\u00a0in) or less. The annual average rainfall is virtually zero over a wide area of some 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) in the eastern Sahara comprising deserts of: Libya, Egypt and Sudan (Tazirbu, Kufra, Dakhla, Kharga, Farafra, Siwa, Asyut, Sohag, Luxor, Aswan, Abu Simbel, Wadi Halfa) where the long-term mean approximates 0.5 millimetres (0.02\u00a0in) per year. Rainfall is very unreliable and erratic in the Sahara as it may vary considerably year by year. In full contrast to the negligible annual rainfall amounts, the annual rates of potential evaporation are extraordinarily high, roughly ranging from 2,500 millimetres (100\u00a0in) per year to more than 6,000 millimetres (240\u00a0in) per year in the whole desert. Nowhere else on Earth has air been found as dry and evaporative as in the Sahara region. However, at least two instances of snowfall have been recorded in Sahara, in February 1979 and December 2016, both in the town of Ain Sefra." }, "Adam Mickiewicz-1": { "title": "Adam Mickiewicz", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Adam Bernard Mickiewicz ([mit\u0361s\u02c8k\u02b2\u025bvit\u0361\u0282] (listen); 24 December 1798\u00a0\u2013 26 November 1855) was a Polish poet, dramatist, essayist, publicist, translator, professor of Slavic literature, and political activist. He is regarded as national poet in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. A principal figure in Polish Romanticism, he is counted as one of Poland's \"Three Bards\" (\"Trzej Wieszcze\") and is widely regarded as Poland's greatest poet. He is also considered one of the greatest Slavic and European poets and has been dubbed a \"Slavic bard\". A leading Romantic dramatist, he has been compared in Poland and Europe to Byron and Goethe." }, "Christianity and Judaism-13": { "title": "Christianity and Judaism", "section": "Covenant theology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "citation needed] Christians refer to the biblical books about Jesus as the New Testament, and to the canon of Hebrew books as the Old Testament. Judaism does not accept the retronymic labeling of its sacred texts as the \"Old Testament\", and some Jews[who?] refer to the New Testament as the Christian Testament or Christian Bible. Judaism rejects all claims that the Christian New Covenant supersedes, abrogates, fulfills, or is the unfolding or consummation of the covenant expressed in the Written and Oral Torahs. Therefore, just as Christianity does not accept that Mosaic law has any authority over Christians, Judaism does not accept that the New Testament has any religious authority over Jews." }, "Doctor Who-53": { "title": "Doctor Who", "section": "Characters", "headers": [ "The Doctor", "Revelations about the Doctor" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "The programme's first serial, An Unearthly Child, shows that the Doctor has a granddaughter, Susan Foreman. In the 1967 serial, Tomb of the Cybermen, when Victoria Waterfield doubts the Doctor can remember his family because of, \"being so ancient\", the Doctor says that he can when he really wants to\u2014\"The rest of the time they sleep in my mind\". The 2005 series reveals that the Ninth Doctor thought he was the last surviving Time Lord, and that his home planet had been destroyed; in \"The Empty Child\" (2005), Dr. Constantine states that, \"Before the war even began, I was a father and a grandfather. Now I am neither.\" The Doctor remarks in response, \"Yeah, I know the feeling.\" In \"Smith and Jones\" (2007), when asked if he had a brother, he replied, \"No, not any more.\" In both \"Fear Her\" (2006) and \"The Doctor's Daughter\" (2008), he states that he had, in the past, been a father." }, "United Airlines Flight 175-1": { "title": "United Airlines Flight 175", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "United Airlines Flight 175 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Logan International Airport, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Los Angeles International Airport, in Los Angeles, California. On September 11, 2001, the Boeing 767-200 operating the route was hijacked by five al-Qaeda terrorists and was deliberately crashed into the South Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing all 65 people aboard and an unconfirmed number in the building's impact zone." }, "Reiki-1": { "title": "Reiki", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Reiki (\u970a\u6c17, /\u02c8re\u026aki\u02d0/) is a form of alternative medicine called energy healing. Reiki practitioners use a technique called palm healing or hands-on healing through which a \"universal energy\" is said to be transferred through the palms of the practitioner to the patient in order to encourage emotional or physical healing." }, "Final Fantasy VI-2": { "title": "Final Fantasy VI", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Final Fantasy VI was released to critical acclaim and is seen as a landmark title for the role-playing genre; for instance, it was ranked as the 2nd best RPG of all time by IGN in 2017. Its SNES and PlayStation versions have sold over 3.48 million copies worldwide to date as a stand-alone game, as well as over 750,000 copies as part of the Japanese Final Fantasy Collection and the North American Final Fantasy Anthology. Final Fantasy VI has won numerous awards and is considered by many to be one of the greatest video games of all time." }, "Marshall Applewhite-1": { "title": "Marshall Applewhite", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Marshall Herff Applewhite Jr. (May\u00a017, 1931\u00a0\u2013 March 26, 1997), also known as Do, among other names, was an American cult leader who founded what became known as the Heaven's Gate religious group and organized their mass suicide in 1997, claiming the lives of 39 people." }, "Terence Tao-2": { "title": "Terence Tao", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Tao has made breakthrough contributions to harmonic analysis, combinatorics, partial differential equations and analytic number theory. He was a recipient of the 2006 Fields Medal and the 2014 Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics. He is also a 2006 MacArthur Fellow. Tao has been the author or co-author of 275 research papers." }, "Certified Public Accountant-16": { "title": "Certified Public Accountant", "section": "CPA exam", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Assurance and attestation services Corporate finance (merger and acquisition, initial public offerings, share and debt issuings) Corporate governance Estate planning Financial accounting Governmental accounting Financial analysis Financial planning Forensic accounting (preventing, detecting, and investigating financial frauds) Income tax Information technology, especially as applied to accounting and auditing Management consulting and performance management Tax preparation and planning Venture capital Financial reporting Regulatory compliance To become a CPA in the United States, the candidate must sit for and pass the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination (Uniform CPA Exam), which is set by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and administered by the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy (NASBA). The Uniform CPA Exam consists of the following sections: Auditing and Attestation (AUD), Financial Accounting and Reporting (FAR), Regulation (REG), and Business Environment Concepts (BEC). The CPA designation was first established in law in New York State on April 17, 1896." }, "Badminton-28": { "title": "Badminton", "section": "Equipment", "headers": [ "Racquets" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Badminton racquets are lightweight, with top quality racquets weighing between 70 and 95 grams (2.5 and 3.4 ounces) not including grip or strings. They are composed of many different materials ranging from carbon fibre composite (graphite reinforced plastic) to solid steel, which may be augmented by a variety of materials. Carbon fibre has an excellent strength to weight ratio, is stiff, and gives excellent kinetic energy transfer. Before the adoption of carbon fibre composite, racquets were made of light metals such as aluminium. Earlier still, racquets were made of wood. Cheap racquets are still often made of metals such as steel, but wooden racquets are no longer manufactured for the ordinary market, because of their excessive mass and cost. Nowadays, nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and fullerene are added to racquets giving them greater durability." }, "American football-11": { "title": "American football", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Evolution of the game" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The legal forward pass was introduced in 1906, although its impact was initially minimal due to the restrictions placed on its use. The idea of a 40-yard-wider field was opposed by Harvard due to the size of the new Harvard Stadium. Other rule changes introduced that year included the reduction of playing time from 70 to 60 minutes and an increase of the distance required for a first down from 5 to 10 yards (4.6 to 9.1\u00a0m). To reduce infighting and dirty play between teams, the neutral zone was created along the width of the football before the snap. Scoring was also adjusted: points awarded for field goals were reduced to three in 1909 and points for touchdowns were raised to six in 1912. The field was also shortened to 100 yards (91\u00a0m) long, but two 10-yard-long (9.1\u00a0m) end zones were created, and teams were given four downs instead of three to advance the ball 10 yards (9.1\u00a0m). The roughing the passer penalty was implemented in 1914, and eligible players were first allowed to catch the ball anywhere on the field in 1918." }, "Elijah Cummings-24": { "title": "Elijah Cummings", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Cummings died on October 17, 2019, at Johns Hopkins Hospital at the age of 68 from \"complications concerning longstanding health challenges\", his spokeswoman stated. Before his funeral service on October 25 at Baltimore's New Psalmist Baptist Church, where he was a member for 40\u00a0years, Cummings lay in state at the U.S. Capitol Building's Statuary Hall on October 24." }, "Fever-37": { "title": "Fever", "section": "Management", "headers": [ "Medications" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "Medications that lower fevers are called antipyretics. The antipyretic ibuprofen is effective in reducing fevers in children. It is more effective than acetaminophen (paracetamol) in children. Ibuprofen and acetaminophen may be safely used together in children with fevers. The efficacy of acetaminophen by itself in children with fevers has been questioned. Ibuprofen is also superior to aspirin in children with fevers. Additionally, aspirin is not recommended in children and young adults (those under the age of 16 or 19 depending on the country) due to the risk of Reye's syndrome." }, "Royal Rumble (2004)-19": { "title": "Royal Rumble (2004)", "section": "Event", "headers": [ "Main event matches" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "att Hardy entered at #7 but was quickly tossed over the top rope by Benoit but Hardy landed on the apron. Rhyno tried to eliminate Hardy but Hardy stayed in the ring. Scott Steiner entered at #8 and started dominating all of the participants of the match. Hardy and Orton battled in the corner, where Hardy had nearly eliminated Orton until Benoit attacked Hardy and Orton was saved from being eliminated. Matt Morgan entered at #9 and he performed a Sitout Powerbomb on Benoit and a Big Boot on Hardy. The Hurricane entered at #10 and performed a Diving Crossbody on Hardy. Hurricane then began fighting Morgan, who dominated Hurricane and eliminated him by tossing him over the top rope. Morgan then tried to eliminate Hardy in the same way, but Hardy landed on the apron and stayed in the ring. Benoit began fighting Rhyno, Steiner battled Orton and Hardy battled Morgan until Booker T entered at #11. Booker attacked Steiner and then performed a Scissors Kick on Orton. Booker then eliminated Steiner from the match. Kane entered at #12. Morgan started attacking Kane but Kane performed a Chokeslam on Morgan. Kane performed a Big Boot on Rhyno and then Kane chokeslammed Orton. Eventually, The Undertaker's entrance theme music began playing in the arena and the lights went out. When the lights came back, Kane was distracted and Booker eliminated Kane from behind. Following Kane's elimination, Spike Dudley entered at #13. Kane was angered at it and he thought that it was Dudley, who played Undertaker's gong. An enraged Kane performed a Chokeslam on Dudley on the ramp and Dudley was knocked out which meant that he was unable to participate in the Royal Rumble. Rikishi entered at #14. Along with Rikishi's entrance, Benoit backdropped Rhyno over the top rope, eliminating him. Rikishi started attacking Hardy and performed a Stink Face on Morgan. Ren\u00e9 Dupr\u00e9e entered at #15 and started battling Hardy before dropkicking him over the top rope to eliminate him. However, after eliminating Hardy, Dupr\u00e9e was eliminated himself by Rikishi when Rikishi performed a Savate Kick on Dupr\u00e9e, causing him to fall over the top rope. A-Train entered at #16 and began attacking Rikishi. Benoit eventually eliminated Morgan. Orton began dominating the match as he eliminated Rikishi and then backdropped Booker over the top rope to eliminate him. Benoit battled A-Train, while Shelton Benjamin entered at #17. Benoit eliminated A-Train and Benjamin tried to perform a Superkick on Orton, but Orton ducked the move and eliminated Benjamin. The first two entrants of the match, Benoit and Orton were left remaining. Ernest Miller entered at #18, along with his manager Lamont. Instead of using the opportunity of eliminating the knocked out Benoit and Orton, Miller and his manager Lamont danced to Miller's entrance theme. However, Benoit and Orton recovered and ruined the dance as Benoit tossed Lamont over the top rope and Orton eliminated Miller from the match. Following Miller's elimination, Benoit and Orton continued to battle each other. Kurt Angle entered at #19 and began fighting Benoit while Orton recovered in the corner. Rico entered at #20 and began battling Orton. Rico performed a Roundhouse Kick on Orton while Benoit performed three consecutive German Suplexes on Angle in a row. Orton recovered and backdropped Rico over the top rope, eliminating him. Test's music began playing at #21 but Test did not appear, as he was found knocked out at backstage by some doctors and the Raw Sheriff Stone Cold Steve Austin. Austin ordered someone to replace Test and gave him the #21 entry number. This person was revealed to be Mick Foley who immediately started attacking Orton. Foley performed a Flying Clothesline on Orton, eliminating Orton and himself in the process. Foley and Orton continued to fight each other after their eliminations. Christian entered at #22 and started battling Benoit and Angle. Foley and Orton numerously attacked each other, where Foley was about to perform a Mandible Claw on Orton until Nunzio entered at #23 and Foley turned his focus on Nunzio and performed a Mandible Claw on Nunzio, knocking him down. Orton attacked Foley and then retreated to the backstage. Angle battled Christian and Benoit in the ring while Nunzio sat in the ringside, instead of entering the ring. Big Show entered at #24 and began dominating the participants in the match. Chris Jericho entered at #25 and started fighting Angle. Big Show knocked the heads of Jericho and Christian together before battling Jericho. Christian started attacking Big Show. Benoit, Angle, Christian and Jericho tried to eliminate Big Show but failed. Charlie Haas entered at #26 and was double-teamed by Jericho and Christian. Jericho eventually eliminated Christian. Billy Gunn entered at #27 and performed a Legdrop Bulldog, which he called Fameasser on Angle. Gunn then performed a Fameasser on Jericho and fought Big Show and Haas. John Cena entered at #28 but instead of entering the ring, he focused on Nunzio, who was sitting in the ringside. Cena tossed Nunzio into the ring and began attacking him until Big Show started attacking Cena. Big Show and Nunzio double-teamed Cena until Nunzio attempted to eliminate Big Show but failed. Cena started attacking Big Show and tried to eliminate him while Nunzio tried to eliminate Benoit. Rob Van Dam entered at #29 and started dominating all the participants of the match. Nunzio tried to eliminate RVD but Haas battled Nunzio. Big Show battled Gunn and Cena performed a Fireman's Carry Takeover, which he called F-U, on Angle. Goldberg entered at #30 and performed a Spear on Big Show and then speared Gunn. Goldberg punched several wrestlers including Angle, Jericho, RVD, Cena and Haas. Nunzio jumped on Goldberg's back while Goldberg eliminated Haas from the match. RVD kicked Goldberg. Goldberg speared Nunzio and then clotheslined Gunn over the top rope, eliminating him. Goldberg picked up Nunzio in a Military Press and threw him over the top rope, eliminating him from the match. Goldberg started attacking Big Show, until Brock Lesnar interfered in the match and performed a F5 on Goldberg and left the ring. Goldberg was distracted and when he recovered, Angle eliminated him from behind. Benoit, Angle, Jericho, Cena and RVD all teamed up against Big Show when Big Show picked up Cena and Angle performed a Chop Block on Big Show. RVD performed a Slingshot Legdrop and followed it with a Five-Star Frog Splash on Big Show. All the five participants tried to eliminate Big Show, but Big Show shoved all of them and eliminated Cena. RVD attempted to perform a Monkey Flip on Big Show, but Big Show tossed him over the top rope, eliminating RVD, leaving Big Show, Benoit, Angle and Jericho as the final four competitors. Big Show backdropped Jericho over the top rope but Jericho landed on the apron and entered the ring. Jericho applied an Elevated Boston Crab, which he calls Walls of Jericho on Big Show. Angle attacked Jericho and Big Show picked up Jericho and eliminated him. Big Show chokeslammed Benoit and fought Angle. Angle performed an Olympic Slam, which he calls \"Angle Slam\" on Big Show and then performed an Angle Slam on Benoit. Big Show eventually tried to perform a Chokeslam on Angle but Angle rolled it into an Ankle Lock. Big Show was near the ropes, and he flipped out of the Ankle Lock, causing Angle to get eliminated. Big Show landed on the apron. Benoit climbed the top rope and performed a Flying Forearm on the back of Big Show's neck, sending Big Show back into the ring. Big Show tried to perform a Chokeslam on Benoit, but Benoit countered it into a Crippler Crossface. Benoit eventually landed on the apron while applying a front headlock on Big Show. He dragged Big Show over the top rope, who flipped over and got tossed on the floor over the top rope, getting eliminated. As a result, Benoit won the Royal Rumble match and became the second person in history to win the match from the #1 spot (after Shawn Michaels in 1995). He also broke Bob Backlund's longevity record in 1993 by staying in the match for 1:01:30." }, "Religious views on smoking-6": { "title": "Religious views on smoking", "section": "Abrahamic religions", "headers": [ "Christianity" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The virtue of temperance disposes us to avoid every kind of excess: the abuse of food, alcohol, tobacco, or medicine. Jehovah's Witnesses have not permitted any active members to smoke since 1973, and their literature has warned about physical and spiritual dangers of smoking." }, "Cyanosis-5": { "title": "Cyanosis", "section": "Forms and causes", "headers": [ "Central cyanosis" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Central cyanosis is often due to a circulatory or ventilatory problem that leads to poor blood oxygenation in the lungs. It develops when arterial oxygen saturation drops below 85% or 75%." }, "Moss-1": { "title": "Moss", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mosses, or the taxonomic division Bryophyta, are small, non-vascular flowerless plants that typically form dense green clumps or mats, often in damp or shady locations. The individual plants are usually composed of simple leaves that are generally only one cell thick, attached to a stem that may be branched or unbranched and has only a limited role in conducting water and nutrients. Although some species have conducting tissues, these are generally poorly developed and structurally different from similar tissue found in vascular plants. Mosses do not have seeds and after fertilisation develop sporophytes with unbranched stalks topped with single capsules containing spores. They are typically 0.2\u201310\u00a0cm (0.1\u20133.9\u00a0in) tall, though some species are much larger. Dawsonia, the tallest moss in the world, can grow to 50\u00a0cm (20\u00a0in) in height." }, "Jean-Paul Sartre-4": { "title": "Jean-Paul Sartre", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Early life" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Jean-Paul Sartre was born on 21 June 1905 in Paris as the only child of Jean-Baptiste Sartre, an officer of the French Navy, and Anne-Marie (Schweitzer). His mother was of Alsatian origin and the first cousin of Nobel Prize laureate Albert Schweitzer, whose father Louis Th\u00e9ophile was the younger brother of Anne-Marie's father." }, "Starbucks-16": { "title": "Starbucks", "section": "Products", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "In 1994, Starbucks bought The Coffee Connection, gaining the rights to use, make, market, and sell the \"Frappuccino\" beverage. The beverage was introduced under the Starbucks name in 1995 and as of 2012, Starbucks had annual Frappuccinos sales of over $2 billion. The company began a \"skinny\" line of drinks in 2008, offering lower-calorie and sugar-free versions of the company's offered drinks that use skim milk, and can be sweetened by a choice of natural sweeteners (such as raw sugar, agave syrup, or honey), artificial sweeteners (such as Sweet'N Low, Splenda, Equal), or one of the company's sugar-free syrup flavors. Starbucks stopped using milk originating from rBGH-treated cows in 2007. In June 2009, the company overhauled its menu and began to sell salads and baked goods without high fructose corn syrup or artificial ingredients. This move was expected to attract health- and cost-conscious consumers and will not affect prices." }, "Adhesive-28": { "title": "Adhesive", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "By reactiveness", "Non-reactive", "Contact" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Contact adhesives must be applied to both surfaces and allowed some time to dry before the two surfaces are pushed together. Some contact adhesives require as long as 24 hours to dry before the surfaces are to be held together. Once the surfaces are pushed together, the bond forms very quickly. It is usually not necessary to apply pressure for a long time, so there is less need for clamps." }, "Common carp-16": { "title": "Common carp", "section": "Common carp aquaculture", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Common carp contributed around 4.67 million tons (Mt) on a global scale during 2015\u20132016, roughly accounting for 7.4% of the total global inland fisheries production. In Europe, common carp contributed 1.8% (0.17 Mt) of the total inland fisheries production (9.42 Mt) during 2015\u20132016. It is a major farmed species in European freshwater aquaculture with production localized in central and eastern European countries. The Russian Federation (0.06 Mt) followed by Poland (0.02 Mt), Czech Republic (0.02 Mt), Hungary (0.01 Mt) and Ukraine (0.01 Mt) represents about 70% of carp production in Europe during 2016. In fact, the land\u2010locked central European countries rely heavily on common carp aquaculture in fishponds. The average productivity of carp culture systems in central European countries ranges between 0.3 and 1 ton ha\u22121. The European common carp production, in terms of volume, reached its peak (0.18 Mt) during 2009\u20132010 and has been declining since. Carp farming is often criticized as an anthropogenic driver of eutrophication of inland freshwater bodies - especially in the Central Eastern European Region (CEER). There has been some debate between environmentalists and carp farmers concerning eutrophication of water bodies, manifested into lobbying at ministry levels surrounding fishpond legislations." }, "Plessy v. Ferguson-2": { "title": "Plessy v. Ferguson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The decision involved a case that originated in 1892 when Homer Plessy, an \"octoroon\" (person of seven-eighths white and one-eighth black ancestry) resident of New Orleans, deliberately violated Louisiana's Separate Car Act of 1890, which required \"equal, but separate\" train car accommodations for white and non-white passengers. Upon being charged, Plessy's lawyers defended him by arguing that the law was unconstitutional. He lost at trial, and his conviction was affirmed on his appeal to the Louisiana Supreme Court. Plessy then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which agreed to hear his case." }, "Religion and sexuality-16": { "title": "Religion and sexuality", "section": "Abrahamic faiths", "headers": [ "Christianity", "Catholicism" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "The Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches that \"the flesh is the hinge of salvation\". The Catechism indicates that sexual relationships in marriage is \"a way of imitating in the flesh the Creator's generosity and fecundity\" and lists fornication as one of the \"offenses against chastity\", calling it \"an intrinsically and gravely disordered action\" because \"use of the sexual faculty, for whatever reason, outside of marriage is essentially contrary to its purpose\". The \"conjugal act\" aims \"at a deeply personal unity, a unity that, beyond union in one flesh, leads to forming one heart and soul\" since the marriage bond is to be a sign of the love between God and humanity." }, "Wheel of Fortune (American game show)-13": { "title": "Wheel of Fortune (American game show)", "section": "Gameplay", "headers": [ "Bonus round" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Since season 35, the winning contestant chooses one of three puzzle categories before the round begins (prior to season 35, the category and puzzle were predetermined). After doing so, the contestant spins a smaller wheel with 24 envelopes to determine the prize. The puzzle is revealed, as is every instance of the letters R, S, T, L, N, and E. The contestant provides three more consonants (four if he/she is holding the Wild Card) and one more vowel. After any instances of those letters are revealed, the contestant has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle. The contestant can offer multiple guesses, as long as the contestant begins the correct answer before time expires. Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle, the host opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake. Prizes in the bonus round include various cash amounts (with the lowest being the season number multiplied by $1,000), a vehicle (or two vehicles during weeks with two-contestant teams), and a top prize of $100,000." }, "Richard III of England-71": { "title": "Richard III of England", "section": "Discovery of remains", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 71, "content": "In November 2014, the results of the testing were announced, confirming that the maternal side was as previously thought. The paternal side, however, demonstrated some variance from what had been expected, with the DNA showing no links to the purported descendants of Richard's great-great-grandfather Edward III of England through Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort. This could be the result of covert illegitimacy that does not reflect the accepted genealogies between Richard and Edward III or between Edward III and the 5th Duke of Beaufort." }, "Season-3": { "title": "Season", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Seasons often held special significance for agrarian societies, whose lives revolved around planting and harvest times, and the change of seasons was often attended by ritual. In temperate and sub-polar regions, four seasons based on the Gregorian calendar are generally recognized: spring, summer, autumn or fall, and winter. The definition of seasons is also cultural. In India from the ancient times, six seasons or Ritu based on south Asian religious or cultural calendars are recognised and identified even today for the purposes such as agriculture and trade. Ecologists often use a six-season model for temperate climate regions which are not tied to any fixed calendar dates: prevernal, vernal, estival, serotinal, autumnal, and hibernal. Many tropical regions have two seasons: the rainy, wet, or monsoon season and the dry season. Some have a third cool, mild, or harmattan season." }, "Christopher Hitchens-33": { "title": "Christopher Hitchens", "section": "Criticism of religion", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "In his bestseller God Is Not Great, Hitchens expanded his criticism to include all religions, including those rarely criticised by Western secularists, such as Buddhism and neo-paganism. Hitchens said that organised religion is \"the main source of hatred in the world\", calling it \"[v]iolent, irrational, intolerant, allied to racism, tribalism, and bigotry, invested in ignorance and hostile to free inquiry, contemptuous of women and coercive toward children: [it] ought to have a great deal on its conscience\". In the same work Hitchens says that humanity is therefore in need of a renewed Enlightenment. The book received mixed responses, ranging from praise in The New York Times for his \"logical flourishes and conundrums\" to accusations of \"intellectual and moral shabbiness\" in the Financial Times. God Is Not Great was nominated for a National Book Award on 10 October 2007." }, "Sweet potato-2": { "title": "Sweet potato", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The plant is a herbaceous perennial vine, bearing alternate heart-shaped or palmately lobed leaves and medium-sized sympetalous flowers. The edible tuberous root is long and tapered, with a smooth skin whose color ranges between yellow, orange, red, brown, purple, and beige. Its flesh ranges from beige through white, red, pink, violet, yellow, orange, and purple. Sweet potato cultivars with white or pale yellow flesh are less sweet and moist than those with red, pink or orange flesh." }, "Syllabary-1": { "title": "Syllabary", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent the syllables or (more frequently) moras which make up words." }, "Zazzle-3": { "title": "Zazzle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Zazzle.com offers digital printing, and embroidered decoration on their retail apparel items, as well as other personalization techniques and items." }, "Switzerland during the World Wars-20": { "title": "Switzerland during the World Wars", "section": "World War II", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "During the war, detailed invasion plans were drawn up by the German military command, such as Operation Tannenbaum, but Switzerland was never attacked. Switzerland was able to remain independent through a combination of military deterrence, economic concessions to Germany and good fortune as larger events during the war delayed an invasion. Attempts by the Swiss Nazi party to effect an Anschluss with Germany failed, largely as a result of Switzerland's sense of national identity and tradition of democracy and civil liberties. The Swiss press criticized the Third Reich, often infuriating its leadership. In turn, Berlin denounced Switzerland as a medieval remnant and its people renegade Germans. Swiss military strategy was changed from one of static defence at the borders to a strategy of attrition and withdrawal to strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps known as the National Redoubt. This controversial strategy was essentially one of deterrence. The idea was to render the cost of invading too high. During an invasion, the Swiss Army would cede control of the economic heartland and population centres but retain control of crucial rail links and passes in the National Redoubt." }, "Freemasonry-3": { "title": "Freemasonry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Regular Freemasonry insists that a volume of scripture be open in a working lodge, that every member profess belief in a Supreme Being, that no women be admitted (although, in some jurisdictions, those who transition to women after being initiated may stay; see below), and that the discussion of religion and politics be banned. Continental Freemasonry is now the general term for the jurisdictions which have removed some, or all, of these restrictions. Freemasonry has been subject to numerous conspiracy theories throughout the years." }, "Bombyx mori-1": { "title": "Bombyx mori", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bombyx mori, the domestic silk moth, is an insect from the moth family Bombycidae. It is the closest relative of Bombyx mandarina, the wild silk moth. The silkworm is the larva or caterpillar of a silk moth. It is an economically important insect, being a primary producer of silk. A silkworm's preferred food is white mulberry leaves, though they may eat other mulberry species and even Osage orange. Domestic silk moths are closely dependent on humans for reproduction, as a result of millennia of selective breeding. Wild silk moths are different from their domestic cousins as they have not been selectively bred; they are thus not as commercially viable in the production of silk." }, "Chives-4": { "title": "Chives", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Chives are a commonly used herb and can be found in grocery stores or grown in home gardens. In culinary use, the green stalks (scapes) and the unopened, immature flower buds are diced and used as an ingredient for omelettes, fish, potatoes, soups, and many other dishes. The edible flowers can be used in salads. Chives have insect-repelling properties that can be used in gardens to control pests." }, "Hand-1": { "title": "Hand", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A hand is a prehensile, multi-fingered appendage located at the end of the forearm or forelimb of primates such as humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs. A few other vertebrates such as the koala (which has two opposable thumbs on each \"hand\" and fingerprints extremely similar to human fingerprints) are often described as having \"hands\" instead of paws on their front limbs. The raccoon is usually described as having \"hands\" though opposable thumbs are lacking." }, "Swahili language-1": { "title": "Swahili language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Swahili, also known by its native name Kiswahili, is a Bantu language and the first language of the Swahili people. It is a lingua franca of the African Great Lakes region and other parts of eastern and south-eastern Africa, including Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, some parts of Malawi, Somalia, Zambia, Mozambique and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Comorian, spoken in the Comoros Islands, is sometimes considered to be a dialect of Swahili, though other authorities consider it a distinct language." }, "Audi S8-5": { "title": "Audi S8", "section": "(D4) Third generation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The top speed is electronically limited to 155\u00a0mph (250\u00a0km/h)." }, "Bitcoin-44": { "title": "Bitcoin", "section": "Design", "headers": [ "Wallets" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "A wallet stores the information necessary to transact bitcoins. While wallets are often described as a place to hold or store bitcoins, due to the nature of the system, bitcoins are inseparable from the blockchain transaction ledger. A wallet is more correctly defined as something that \"stores the digital credentials for your bitcoin holdings\" and allows one to access (and spend) them.:ch. 1, glossary Bitcoin uses public-key cryptography, in which two cryptographic keys, one public and one private, are generated. At its most basic, a wallet is a collection of these keys." }, "1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War-9": { "title": "1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "This situation caused the United States to withdraw its support for the Partition plan, thus encouraging the Arab League to believe that the Palestinian Arabs, reinforced by the Arab Liberation Army, could put an end to the plan for partition. The British, on the other hand, decided on 7 February 1948, to support the annexation of the Arab part of Palestine by Transjordan." }, "Amazon basin-10": { "title": "Amazon basin", "section": "Wildlife", "headers": [ "Mammals" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "More than 1,400 species of mammals are found in the Amazon, the majority of which are species of bats and rodents. Its larger mammals include the jaguar, ocelot, capybara, puma and South American tapir." }, "Immersion baptism-2": { "title": "Immersion baptism", "section": "Terminology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Baptism by immersion is understood by some to imply submersion of the whole body beneath the surface of the water." }, "Atlantic hurricane season-2": { "title": "Atlantic hurricane season", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest. However, each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns. On a worldwide scale, May is the least active month, while September is the most active. In the Northern Atlantic Ocean, a distinct hurricane season occurs from June 1 to November 30, sharply peaking from late August through September; the season's climatological peak of activity occurs around September 10 each season. This is the norm, but in 1938, the Atlantic hurricane season started as early as January 3." }, "Othello-20": { "title": "Othello", "section": "Date and context", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "\"Trag\u0153dy of Othello, The Moore of Venice. As it hath beene diuerse times acted at the Globe, and at the Black-Friers, by his Maiesties Seruants. Written by William Shakespeare. London. Printed by N. O. [Nicholas Okes] for Thomas Walkley, and are to be sold at his shop, at the Eagle and Child, in Brittans Bursse, 1622.\" One year later, the play was included among the plays in the First Folio of Shakespeare's collected plays. However, the version in the Folio is rather different in length, and in wording: as the editors of the Folger edition explain: \"The Folio play has about 160 lines that do not appear in the Quarto. Some of these cluster together in quite extensive passages. The Folio also lacks a scattering of about a dozen lines or part-lines that are to be found in the Quarto. These two versions also differ from each other in their readings of numerous words. Scholars differ in their explanation of these differences, and no consensus has emerged. Kerrigan suggests that the 1623 Folio version of Othello and a number of other plays may have been cleaned-up relative to the Quarto to conform with the 1606 Act to Restrain Abuses, which made it an offence 'in any Stage-play, Interlude, Shew, Maygame, or Pageant, iestingly, and prophanely [to] speake, or vse the holy Name of God, or of Christ Iesus, or of the holy Ghost, or of the Trinitie'. This is not incompatible with the suggestion that the Quarto is based on an early version of the play, whilst the Folio represents Shakespeare's revised version. It may also be that the Quarto was cut in the printing house to meet a fixed number of pages. Most modern editions are based on the longer Folio version, but often incorporate Quarto readings of words when the Folio text appears to be in error. Quartos were also published in 1630, 1655, 1681, 1695, 1699 and 1705." }, "Member states of NATO-3": { "title": "Member states of NATO", "section": "Founding and changes in membership", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "NATO has added new members eight times since its foundation, in 1949, with a total of 30 members. Twelve countries took part in the founding of NATO: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In 1952, Greece and Turkey became members of the Alliance, joined later by West Germany (in 1955) and Spain (in 1982). In 1990, with the reunification of Germany, NATO grew to include the former country of East Germany. Between 1994 and 1997, wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbors were set up, including the Partnership for Peace, the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. In 1997, three former Warsaw Pact countries, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland, were invited to join NATO. After this fourth enlargement in 1999, the Vilnius group of the Baltics and seven East European countries formed in May 2000 to cooperate and lobby for further NATO membership. Seven of these countries joined in the fifth enlargement in 2004. The Adriatic States Albania and Croatia joined in the sixth enlargement in 2009, Montenegro in 2017 and North Macedonia in 2020." }, "Dr. Seuss-20": { "title": "Dr. Seuss", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "Later years" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Geisel's wife Helen had a long struggle with illnesses. On October 23, 1967, Helen died by suicide; Geisel married Audrey Dimond on June 21, 1968. Although he devoted most of his life to writing children's books, Geisel had no children of his own, saying of children: \"You have 'em; I'll entertain 'em.\" Dimond added that Geisel \"lived his whole life without children and he was very happy without children.\" Audrey oversaw Geisel's estate until her death on December 19, 2018, at the age of 97." }, "Cantonese-1": { "title": "Cantonese", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cantonese is a variety of Chinese originating from the city of Guangzhou (also known as Canton) and its surrounding area in Southeastern China. It is the traditional prestige variety of the Yue Chinese dialect group, which has about 68 million native speakers. While the term Cantonese specifically refers to the prestige variety, it is often used to refer to the entire Yue subgroup of Chinese, including related but largely mutually unintelligible languages and dialects such as Taishanese." }, "Supreme Court of the United States-31": { "title": "Supreme Court of the United States", "section": "Composition", "headers": [ "Tenure" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "The Constitution provides that justices \"shall hold their offices during good behavior\" (unless appointed during a Senate recess). The term \"good behavior\" is understood to mean justices may serve for the remainder of their lives, unless they are impeached and convicted by Congress, resign, or retire. Only one justice has been impeached by the House of Representatives (Samuel Chase, March 1804), but he was acquitted in the Senate (March 1805). Moves to impeach sitting justices have occurred more recently (for example, William O. Douglas was the subject of hearings twice, in 1953 and again in 1970; and Abe Fortas resigned while hearings were being organized in 1969), but they did not reach a vote in the House. No mechanism exists for removing a justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury, but unable (or unwilling) to resign." }, "Atopy-1": { "title": "Atopy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Atopy is the tendency to produce an exaggerated IgE immune response to otherwise harmless environmental substances, while an allergic disease can be defined as the clinical manifestation of this inappropriate IgE immune response." }, "Mass (liturgy)-13": { "title": "Mass (liturgy)", "section": "Catholic Church", "headers": [ "Liturgy of the Word" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "On Sundays and solemnities, three Scripture readings are given. On other days there are only two. If there are three readings, the first is from the Old Testament (a term wider than \"Hebrew Scriptures\", since it includes the Deuterocanonical Books), or the Acts of the Apostles during Eastertide. The first reading is followed by a psalm, recited or sung responsorially. The second reading is from the New Testament, typically from one of the Pauline epistles. A Gospel acclamation is then sung as the Book of the Gospels is processed, sometimes with incense and candles, to the ambo. The final reading and high point of the Liturgy of the Word is the proclamation of the Gospel by the deacon or priest. On all Sundays and Holy Days of Obligation, and preferably at all Masses, a homily, a sermon that draws upon some aspect of the readings or the liturgy itself, is then given. Finally, the Nicene Creed or, especially from Easter to Pentecost, the Apostles' Creed is professed on Sundays and solemnities, and it is desirable that the Universal Prayer or Prayer of the Faithful should usually follow. The designation \"of the faithful\" comes from when catechumens did not remain for this prayer or for what follows." }, "Indian brown mongoose-2": { "title": "Indian brown mongoose", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Indian brown mongoose appears large compared to the other mongoose species in southern Western Ghats. This species has a dark brown body and its legs are noticeably in black colour. The tail length is two third of its body length and more furry than that of the small Indian mongoose. A pointed tail and fur beneath the hind leg help to distinguish this species from others." }, "Hinduism-1": { "title": "Hinduism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hinduism is an Indian religion and dharma, or way of life, widely practiced in the Indian subcontinent and parts of Southeast Asia. Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world, and some practitioners and scholars refer to it as San\u0101tana Dharma, \"the eternal tradition\", or the \"eternal way\", beyond human history. Scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures, with diverse roots and no founder. This \"Hindu synthesis\" started to develop between 500 BCE and 300 CE, after the end of the Vedic period (1500 to 500 BCE), and flourished in the medieval period, with the decline of Buddhism in India." }, "Carrot cake-1": { "title": "Carrot cake", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Carrot cake is cake that contains carrots mixed into the batter. Most modern carrot cake recipes have a white cream cheese frosting." }, "Passive smoking-61": { "title": "Passive smoking", "section": "Smoke-free laws", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "As a consequence of the health risks associated with secondhand smoke, smoke-free regulations in indoor public places, including restaurants, caf\u00e9s, and nightclubs have been introduced in a number of jurisdictions, at national or local level, as well as some outdoor open areas. Ireland was the first country in the world to institute a comprehensive national smoke-free law on smoking in all indoor workplaces on 29 March 2004. Since then, many others have followed suit. The countries which have ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) have a legal obligation to implement effective legislation \"for protection from exposure to tobacco smoke in indoor workplaces, public transport, indoor public places and, as appropriate, other public places.\" (Article 8 of the FCTC) The parties to the FCTC have further adopted Guidelines on the Protection from Exposure to secondhand Smoke which state that \"effective measures to provide protection from exposure to tobacco smoke ... require the total elimination of smoking and tobacco smoke in a particular space or environment in order to create a 100% smoke-free environment.\"" }, "Daisuke Inoue-3": { "title": "Daisuke Inoue", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Daisuke Inoue was born in Osaka, Japan on May 10, 1940. He was raised in Nishinomiya, the son of a pancake vendor with a stall behind a train station. He started playing drums in high school, but was not particularly skillful, as a result of which he took on the business management of his band, which provided back-up music in a club for businessmen who wanted to take the stage. He developed the basic idea of karaoke, which means \"empty orchestra\", when one client wanted Inoue to back him during a business trip that Inoue could not attend. He supplied the businessman with taped accompaniment instead. Thinking that the idea might have widespread appeal, he began in 1971 renting to bars in Kobe eleven machines outfitted with tapes and amplifiers which he had assembled along with some friends. They proved popular, and a trend was born." }, "Kentucky Derby-1": { "title": "Kentucky Derby", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Kentucky Derby /\u02c8d\u025c\u02d0rbi/ is a horse race held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States, almost always on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. The competition is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbreds at a distance of one and a quarter miles (2.0\u00a0km) at Churchill Downs. Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds (57 kilograms) and fillies 121 pounds (55 kilograms)." }, "Compact disc-1": { "title": "Compact disc", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed by Philips and Sony and released in 1982. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings (CD-DA) but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, Compact Disc-Interactive (CD-i), and Enhanced Music CD. The first commercially available audio CD player, the Sony CDP-101, was released October 1982 in Japan." }, "Quiet (Metal Gear)-7": { "title": "Quiet (Metal Gear)", "section": "Conception and design", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Quiet was modeled after, motion captured and voiced by Dutch model Stefanie Joosten. She received a phone call from her agency to audition as a motion capture actress for an unspecified video game. However, being a big fan of video games she recognized game director Hideo Kojima at the audition and suspected it was for a new Metal Gear game. After getting the role and beginning the motion capture and 3D scanning process, Joosten was shown artwork of the character, which she said looked almost exactly the same as the finished product, but was not told specifically what character she would be playing. The process took two years and, having never held a gun before, she received professional combat training in order to handle several weapons. Although the character does not speak during most of the game, Kojima was so satisfied with Joosten's work that he asked her to 'voice' the character by expressing range of emotions through only groans and hums. \"Quiet's Theme\", a humming vocal piece composed by Akihiro Honda and written by Ludvig Forrsell, was sung by Joosten for the game's original soundtrack; she also performed it on stage at The Game Awards 2015." }, "Random Fibonacci sequence-4": { "title": "Random Fibonacci sequence", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 8 , 13 , 21 , 34 , 55 , \u2026 . {\\displaystyle 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,\\ldots .} If the signs alternate in minus-plus-plus-minus-plus-plus-... pattern, the result is the sequence" }, "Don't ask, don't tell-23": { "title": "Don't ask, don't tell", "section": "Court challenges", "headers": [ "Log Cabin Republicans v. United States of America" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "On September 9, 2010, Judge Virginia A. Phillips ruled in Log Cabin Republicans v. United States of America that the ban on service by openly gay service members was an unconstitutional violation of the First and Fifth Amendments. On October 12, 2010, she granted an immediate worldwide injunction prohibiting the Department of Defense from enforcing the \"Don't Ask Don't Tell\" policy and ordered the military to suspend and discontinue any investigation or discharge, separation, or other proceedings based on it. The Department of Justice appealed her decision and requested a stay of her injunction, which Phillips denied but which the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals granted on October 20" }, "Amazon River-19": { "title": "Amazon River", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Scientific exploration" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Early scientific, zoological and botanical exploration of the Amazon River and basin took place from the 18th century through the first half of the 19th century." }, "Human brain-66": { "title": "Human brain", "section": "Function", "headers": [ "Cognition" ], "para_index": 66, "content": "The brain is responsible for cognition, which functions through numerous processes and executive functions. Executive functions include the ability to filter information and tune out irrelevant stimuli with attentional control and cognitive inhibition, the ability to process and manipulate information held in working memory, the ability to think about multiple concepts simultaneously and switch tasks with cognitive flexibility, the ability to inhibit impulses and prepotent responses with inhibitory control, and the ability to determine the relevance of information or appropriateness of an action. Higher order executive functions require the simultaneous use of multiple basic executive functions, and include planning and fluid intelligence (i.e., reasoning and problem solving)." }, "Brooklyn Bridge-5": { "title": "Brooklyn Bridge", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "Deck" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "To provide sufficient clearance for shipping in the East River, the Brooklyn Bridge incorporates long approach viaducts on either end to raise it from low ground on both shores. Including approaches, the Brooklyn Bridge is a total of 6,016 feet (1,834\u00a0m) long when measured between the curbs at Park Row in Manhattan and Sands Street in Brooklyn. A separate measurement of 5,989 feet (1,825\u00a0m) is sometimes given; this is the distance from the curb at Centre Street in Manhattan." }, "Blue-2": { "title": "Blue", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Blue has been an important colour in art and decoration since ancient times. The semi-precious stone lapis lazuli was used in ancient Egypt for jewellery and ornament and later, in the Renaissance, to make the pigment ultramarine, the most expensive of all pigments. In the eighth century Chinese artists used cobalt blue to colour fine blue and white porcelain. In the Middle Ages, European artists used it in the windows of cathedrals. Europeans wore clothing coloured with the vegetable dye woad until it was replaced by the finer indigo from America. In the 19th century, synthetic blue dyes and pigments gradually replaced mineral pigments and synthetic dyes. Dark blue became a common colour for military uniforms and later, in the late 20th century, for business suits. Because blue has commonly been associated with harmony, it was chosen as the colour of the flags of the United Nations and the European Union." }, "Accountant-2": { "title": "Accountant", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Accountants who have demonstrated competency through their professional associations' certification exams are certified to use titles such as Chartered Accountant, Chartered Certified Accountant or Certified Public Accountant. Such professionals are granted certain responsibilities by statute, such as the ability to certify an organization's financial statements, and may be held liable for professional misconduct. Non-qualified accountants may be employed by a qualified accountant, or may work independently without statutory privileges and obligations." }, "Artery-2": { "title": "Artery", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The arteries are part of the circulatory system, which is responsible for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to all cells, as well as the removal of carbon dioxide and waste products, the maintenance of optimum blood pH, and the circulation of proteins and cells of the immune system." }, "Vitamin C-21": { "title": "Vitamin C", "section": "Side effects", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin, with dietary excesses not absorbed, and excesses in the blood rapidly excreted in the urine, so it exhibits remarkably low acute toxicity. More than two to three grams may cause indigestion, particularly when taken on an empty stomach. However, taking vitamin C in the form of sodium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate may minimize this effect. Other symptoms reported for large doses include nausea, abdominal cramps and diarrhea. These effects are attributed to the osmotic effect of unabsorbed vitamin C passing through the intestine. In theory, high vitamin C intake may cause excessive absorption of iron. A summary of reviews of supplementation in healthy subjects did not report this problem but left as untested the possibility that individuals with hereditary hemochromatosis might be adversely affected." }, "Cancer-99": { "title": "Cancer", "section": "Prognosis", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 99, "content": "Predicting short- or long-term survival depends on many factors. The most important are the cancer type and the patient's age and overall health. Those who are frail with other health problems have lower survival rates than otherwise healthy people. Centenarians are unlikely to survive for five years even if treatment is successful. People who report a higher quality of life tend to survive longer. People with lower quality of life may be affected by depression and other complications and/or disease progression that both impairs quality and quantity of life. Additionally, patients with worse prognoses may be depressed or report poorer quality of life because they perceive that their condition is likely to be fatal." }, "Black rhinoceros-8": { "title": "Black rhinoceros", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "An adult black rhinoceros stands 140\u2013180\u00a0cm (55\u201371\u00a0in) high at the shoulder and is 3\u20133.75\u00a0m (9.8\u201312.3\u00a0ft) in length. An adult typically weighs from 800 to 1,400\u00a0kg (1,760 to 3,090\u00a0lb), however unusually large male specimens have been reported at up to 2,896\u00a0kg (6,385\u00a0lb). The females are smaller than the males. Two horns on the skull are made of keratin with the larger front horn typically 50\u00a0cm (20\u00a0in) long, exceptionally up to 140\u00a0cm (55\u00a0in)." }, "Cheering-1": { "title": "Cheering", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Play media Cheering involves the uttering or making of sounds and may be used to encourage, excite to action, indicate approval, or welcome." }, "Kobe beef-3": { "title": "Kobe beef", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Cattle were brought to Japan from China at the same time as the cultivation of rice, in about the second century AD, in the Yayoi period.:209 Until about the time of the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were used only as draught animals, in agriculture, forestry, mining and for transport, and as a source of fertiliser. Milk consumption was unknown, and \u2013 for cultural and religious reasons \u2013 meat was not eaten." }, "Cucumber beetle-1": { "title": "Cucumber beetle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cucumber beetle is a common name given to members of two genera of beetles, Diabrotica and Acalymma, both in the family Chrysomelidae. The adults can be found on cucurbits such as cucumbers and a variety of other plants. Many are notorious pests of agricultural crops. The larvae of several cucumber beetles are known as corn rootworms." }, "Metropolitan Museum of Art-1": { "title": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially \"the Met\", is the largest art museum in the United States. With 6,479,548 visitors to its three locations in 2019, it was the fourth most visited art museum in the world. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 Fifth Avenue, along the Museum Mile on the eastern edge of Central Park in Manhattan's Upper East Side, is by area one of the world's largest art galleries. A much smaller second location, The\u00a0Cloisters at Fort Tryon Park in Upper Manhattan, contains an extensive collection of art, architecture, and artifacts from medieval Europe. On March 18, 2016, the museum opened the Met Breuer museum along Madison Avenue on the Upper East Side; it extends the museum's modern and contemporary art program." }, "Canary Islands-1": { "title": "Canary Islands", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Canary Islands (/k\u0259\u02c8n\u025b\u0259ri/; Spanish: Islas Canarias, pronounced\u00a0[\u02c8islas ka\u02c8na\u027ejas]), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish archipelago and the southernmost autonomous community of Spain located in the Atlantic Ocean, in a region known as Macaronesia, 100 kilometres (62 miles) west of Morocco at the closest point. It is one of eight regions with special consideration of historical nationality as recognized by the Spanish government. Canary Islands are geographically located in the African Tectonic Plate, even though the archipielago is economically and politically European, as it is part of the European Union." }, "Double Duty-9": { "title": "Double Duty", "section": "Logistics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "According to NASCAR rules all drivers are required, without exception, to attend in person the pre-race drivers' meeting or suffer a grid penalty. If a driver misses the meeting for any reason, they are forced to start from last position on the grid. The meeting normally takes place approximately two hours before the start of the race (Coca-Cola 600), and under the circumstances of \"Double Duty\", the driver would have little or no opportunity to attend in-person. Despite attempts over the years to lobby officials, including garage area petitions, and use of a video-conference device, drivers attempting \"Double Duty\" have all been required to start at the back of the grid for the Coca-Cola 600." }, "North Andover High School-14": { "title": "North Andover High School", "section": "Budget cuts", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "citation needed] While school officials attempted to create a balanced budget, it became apparent sometime in 2004/2005 that cuts would soon have to be made.[citation needed] The arts programs were among the first major changes made in the budget. While the programs were not completely cut, opponents of the cuts complained that there weren\u2019t enough art and music faculty to serve the entire student body and that expensive user fees would have to be instituted to pay for band and drama performances. They contended that an effective education includes art and music. Proponents of the cuts argue that both band and drama are extra-curricular activities and thus the user fees are justified (athletes also pay user fees) and that core subjects such as English and Mathematics are required fields of study for aspiring college students and need to be given priority." }, "Odin-2": { "title": "Odin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Norse mythology, the source of most surviving information about him, associates Odin with wisdom, healing, death, royalty, the gallows, knowledge, war, battle, victory, sorcery, poetry, frenzy, and the runic alphabet, and portrays him as the husband of the goddess Frigg. In wider Germanic mythology and paganism, the god was known in Old English as W\u014dden, in Old Saxon as W\u014ddan, in Old Dutch as Wuodanand in Old High German as Wuotan. Odin appears as a prominent god throughout the recorded history of Europe, from the Roman occupation of regions of Germania (from c.\u2009 12 BCE) through the tribal expansions of the Migration Period (4th to 6th centuries CE) and the Viking Age (8th to 11th centuries CE). In the modern period the rural folklore of Germanic Europe continued to acknowledge Odin. References to him appear in place names throughout regions historically inhabited by the ancient Germanic peoples, and the day of the week Wednesday bears his name in many Germanic languages, including in English." }, "Breast cancer screening-3": { "title": "Breast cancer screening", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The use of mammography in universal screening for breast cancer is controversial as it may not reduce all-cause mortality and for causing harms through unnecessary treatments and medical procedures. Many national organizations recommend it for most older women. In the United States screening mammography women at normal risk for breast cancer, is only recommended every two years in women between the ages of 50 and 74. Several tools are available to help target breast cancer screening to older women with longer life expectancies. Similar imaging studies can be performed with magnetic resonance imaging but evidence is lacking." }, "American football-52": { "title": "American football", "section": "Leagues and tournaments", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 52, "content": "The National Football League (NFL) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) are the most popular football leagues in the United States. The National Football League was founded in 1920 and has since become the largest and most popular sport in the United States. The NFL has the highest average attendance of any sporting league in the world, with an average attendance of 66,960 during the 2011 NFL season. The NFL championship game is called the Super Bowl, and is among the biggest events in club sports worldwide. It is played between the champions of the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC), and its winner is awarded the Vince Lombardi Trophy." }, "Kimchi-13": { "title": "Kimchi", "section": "Ingredients", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Kimchi varieties are determined by the main vegetable ingredients and the mix of seasoning used to flavor the kimchi." }, "Ice-48": { "title": "Ice", "section": "Role in human activities", "headers": [ "Cooling", "Harvesting" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "There were thriving industries in 16th\u201317th century England whereby low-lying areas along the Thames Estuary were flooded during the winter, and ice harvested in carts and stored inter-seasonally in insulated wooden houses as a provision to an icehouse often located in large country houses, and widely used to keep fish fresh when caught in distant waters. This was allegedly copied by an Englishman who had seen the same activity in China. Ice was imported into England from Norway on a considerable scale as early as 1823." }, "Account manager-1": { "title": "Account manager", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An account manager (AM) is a person who works for a company and is responsible for the management of sales and relationships with particular customers. An account manager maintains the company's existing relationships with a client or group of clients, so that they will continue using the company for business. The account manager does not manage the daily running of the account itself. They manage the relationship with the client of the account(s) they are assigned to. Generally, a client will remain with one account manager throughout the duration of hiring the company. Account managers serve as the interface between the customer service and the sales team in a company. They are assigned a company's existing client accounts. The purpose of being assigned particular clients is to create long term relationships with the portfolio of assigned clients. The account manager serves to understand the customer's demands, plan how to meet these demands, and generate sales for the company as a result." }, "Brussels sprout-12": { "title": "Brussels sprout", "section": "Nutrients, phytochemicals and research", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Raw Brussels sprouts are 86% water, 9% carbohydrates, 3% protein, and contain negligible fat. In a 100 gram reference amount, they supply high levels (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin C (102% DV) and vitamin K (169% DV), with more moderate amounts of B vitamins, such as folate and vitamin B6 (USDA nutrient table, right); essential minerals and dietary fiber exist in moderate to low amounts (table)." }, "Twin-16": { "title": "Twin", "section": "Types and zygosity", "headers": [ "Monozygotic (identical) twins", "Mechanism" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Monozygotic twins may also be created artificially by embryo splitting. It can be used as an expansion of in vitro fertilization (IVF) to increase the number of available embryos for embryo transfer." }, "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse-5": { "title": "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse", "section": "White Horse", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Then I saw when the Lamb broke one of the seven seals, and I heard one of the four living creatures saying as with a voice of thunder, \"Come.\" I looked, and behold, a white horse, and he who sat on it had a bow; and a crown was given to him, and he went out conquering and to conquer. \u2014\u2009Revelation 6:1\u20132 New American Standard Bible (NASB) Based on the above passage, a common translation into English is the rider of the White Horse (sometimes referred to as the White Rider). He is thought to carry a bow and wear a victor's crown." }, "Antelope-12": { "title": "Antelope", "section": "Morphology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Antelopes vary greatly in size. For example, a male common eland can measure 178\u00a0cm (70\u00a0in) at the shoulder and weigh almost 950\u00a0kg (2,090\u00a0lb), whereas an adult royal antelope may stand only 24\u00a0cm (9." }, "Nigella Lawson-1": { "title": "Nigella Lawson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Nigella Lucy Lawson (born 6 January 1960) is an English food writer, chef and cooking show host. She is the daughter of Nigel Lawson, a former Conservative Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Vanessa (n\u00e9e Salmon) Lawson, whose family owned the J. Lyons and Co. food and catering business." }, "Ammonia-32": { "title": "Ammonia", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "The fermentation of urine by bacteria produces a solution of ammonia; hence fermented urine was used in Classical Antiquity to wash cloth and clothing, to remove hair from hides in preparation for tanning, to serve as a mordant in dying cloth, and to remove rust from iron." }, "Darth Vader-3": { "title": "Darth Vader", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The character has been portrayed by numerous actors: David Prowse physically portrayed Vader while James Earl Jones voiced him in the original trilogy, and Sebastian Shaw portrayed the unmasked Vader in Return of the Jedi, as well as the character's ghost in the original release of that film. Jake Lloyd and Hayden Christensen played the character in the prequel trilogy in the first and next two films, respectively, with Christensen also portraying the character's ghost in the re-release of Jedi in 2004. His cinematic appearances span the first six Star Wars films, as well as Rogue One. He is referenced in both The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi, and makes vocal cameos as both Vader and Anakin in The Rise of Skywalker. He also appears in television series (most substantially The Clone Wars) and numerous iterations of the Star Wars Expanded Universe, including video games, novels, and comic books." }, "Marriner S. Eccles-8": { "title": "Marriner S. Eccles", "section": "Legacy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "citation needed] The Eccles Building that houses the headquarters of the Federal Reserve in Washington, D.C. was named after Eccles in 1982. The naming was a component of the Garn-St. Germain Depository Institutions Act lead-sponsored by Senator Jake Garn (R, UT) and Congressman Fernand St. Germain (D, RI)." }, "Parachuting-1": { "title": "Parachuting", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Parachuting is a method of transiting from a high point to Earth with the aid of gravity, involving the control of speed during the descent using a parachute or parachutes. It may involve more or less free-falling (the skydiving segment) which is a period when the parachute has not yet been deployed and the body gradually accelerates to terminal velocity." }, "Chopsticks-18": { "title": "Chopsticks", "section": "Use", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "They [the Chinese] eat with two sticks and the earthenware or china bowl in their left hand close to the mouth, with the two sticks to suck in. This is the Chinese way. To use chopsticks, the lower chopstick is stationary, and rests at the base of the thumb, and between the ring finger and middle finger. The second chopstick is held like a pencil, using the tips of the thumb, index finger, and middle finger, and it is moved while eating, to pull food into the grasp of the chopsticks. Chopsticks, when not in use, are placed either to the right or below one's plate in a Chinese table setting. Some Chinese people feel that using serving chopsticks is more sanitary." }, "Kinetic energy-1": { "title": "Kinetic energy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In physics, the kinetic energy (KE) of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion." }, "NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship-4": { "title": "NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship", "section": "Title history", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "On December 26, 1986, Ron Garvin, after winning JCP's version of the NWA United States Tag Team Championship with Barry Windham, vacated the NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship and handed the belt to Crockett, Jr. on a taping of World Championship Wrestling. Crockett, Jr. deactivated the championship for unknown reasons, and eventually, JCP was sold to Ted Turner in 1988, thus becoming the new promotion, World Championship" }, "Black and white-5": { "title": "Black and white", "section": "Media", "headers": [ "Television" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) settled on a color NTSC standard in 1953, and the NBC network began broadcasting a limited color television schedule in January 1954. Color television became more widespread in the U.S. between 1963 and 1967, when major networks like CBS and ABC joined NBC in broadcasting full color schedules. Some TV stations (small and medium) in the US were still broadcasting in B&W until the late 80s to early 90s, depending on network. Canada began airing color television in 1966 while the United Kingdom began to use an entirely different color system from July 1967 known as PAL. The Republic of Ireland followed in 1970. Australia experimented with color television in 1967 but continued to broadcast in black-and-white until 1975, and New Zealand experimented with color broadcasting in 1973 but did not convert until 1975. In China, black-and-white television sets were the norm until as late as the 1990s, color TVs not outselling them until about 1989. In 1969, Japanese electronics manufacturers standardized the first format for industrial/non-broadcast videotape recorders (VTRs) called EIAJ-1, which initially offered only black-and-white video recording and playback. While seldom used professionally now, many consumer camcorders have the ability to record in black-and-white." }, "Tex-Mex-1": { "title": "Tex-Mex", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tex-Mex cuisine (from Texan and Mexican) is an American regional cuisine that derives from the culinary creations of the Tejano people of Texas. It has spread from border states such as Texas and others in the Southwestern United States to the rest of the country as well as Canada. Tex-Mex is most popular in Texas and neighboring areas, especially nearby states in both the US and Mexico." }, "Kim Kardashian-4": { "title": "Kim Kardashian", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Time magazine included Kardashian on their list of 2015's 100 most influential people, while Vogue described her in 2016 as a \"pop culture phenomenon.\" Both critics and admirers have described her as exemplifying the notion of being famous for being famous. She was reported to be the highest-paid reality television personality of 2015, with her estimated total earnings exceeding US$53 million." }, "Martius (month)-1": { "title": "Martius (month)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Martius or mensis Martius (\"March\") was the first month of the ancient Roman year until possibly as late as 153 BC. After that time, it was the third month, following Februarius (February) and preceding Aprilis (April). Martius was one of the few Roman months named for a deity, Mars, who was regarded as an ancestor of the Roman people through his sons Romulus and Remus." }, "Alfa Romeo-46": { "title": "Alfa Romeo", "section": "Logos", "headers": [ "Original logo", "Post-war evolution" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "The addition of the wreath had enlarged the badge to 75\u00a0mm (3.0\u00a0in) diameter; in 1930 it was reduced back to 60\u00a0mm (2.4\u00a0in). In 1946, after the abolition of the monarchy and proclamation of the Italian Republic, the figure-eight knots of the Savoy were replaced with two curvy lines. Concurrently the badge was completely redesigned, and further reduced in size to 54\u00a0mm (2.1\u00a0in), a diameter unchanged ever since. Made of stamped steel, the new badge bore the traditional elements\u2014the scripts, the cross, a newly stylized biscione and a thin laurel wreath\u2014embossed in antique silver, over a uniform Alfa Red background, which had replaced the blue, white and light blue fields. This red-and-metal badge was used until 1950, when the company switched back to a traditionally enamelled and coloured one; in 1960 the badge was changed from brass to plastic, without substantial differences in design." }, "MF Doom-1": { "title": "MF Doom", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Daniel Dumile /\u02c8du\u02d0m\u026ale\u026a/ DOOM-ee-lay (born January 9, 1971), better known by several stage names, most notably MF Doom (often stylized MF DOOM), is a British rapper, songwriter, and record producer raised in Long Island, New York. Best known for his \"super villain\" stage persona and rhyme-dense, humorous lyrical style, Dumile has taken on several stage names in his career." }, "Salmonella-18": { "title": "Salmonella", "section": "Nontyphoidal Salmonella", "headers": [ "Non-invasive" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Infection with nontyphoidal serotypes of Salmonella generally results in food poisoning. Infection usually occurs when a person ingests foods that contain a high concentration of the bacteria. Infants and young children are much more susceptible to infection, easily achieved by ingesting a small number of bacteria. In infants, infection through inhalation of bacteria-laden dust is possible." }, "Electric car-20": { "title": "Electric car", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Modern electric cars" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "As of September\u00a02019[update], the two best selling electric cars were the Nissan Leaf and the Tesla Model S, which have EPA-rated ranges reaching up to 243\u00a0km (151 miles) and 600\u00a0km (370 miles) respectively. The Leaf is the best-selling highway-capable electric car ever with more than 400,000 units sold, followed by the Tesla Model S with over 400,000 units sold worldwide by June 2019." }, "Pharaoh-2": { "title": "Pharaoh", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In Egyptian society, religion was central to everyday life. One of the roles of the pharaoh was as an intermediary between the gods and the people. The pharaoh thus deputised for the gods; his role was both as civil and religious administrator. He owned all of the land in Egypt, enacted laws, collected taxes, and defended Egypt from invaders as the commander-in-chief of the army. Religiously, the pharaoh officiated over religious ceremonies and chose the sites of new temples. He was responsible for maintaining Maat (m\ua723\ua725t), or cosmic order, balance, and justice, and part of this included going to war when necessary to defend the country or attacking others when it was believed that this would contribute to Maat, such as to obtain resources." }, "Richard III of England-5": { "title": "Richard III of England", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Richard was born on 2 October 1452 at Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire, the eleventh of the twelve children of Richard, Duke of York, and Cecily Neville, and the youngest to survive infancy. His childhood coincided with the beginning of what has traditionally been labelled the 'Wars of the Roses', a period of political instability and periodic open civil war in England during the second half of the fifteenth century, between the Yorkists, who supported Richard's father (a potential claimant to the throne of King Henry VI from birth), and opposed the regime of Henry VI and his wife, Margaret of Anjou, and the Lancastrians, who were loyal to the crown. In 1459, his father and the Yorkists were forced to flee England, whereupon Richard and his older brother George were placed in the custody of their aunt the Duchess of Buckingham, and possibly of the Archbishop of Canterbury." }, "Ocean sunfish-21": { "title": "Ocean sunfish", "section": "Range and behavior", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Ocean sunfish are native to the temperate and tropical waters of every ocean in the world. Mola genotypes appear to vary widely between the Atlantic and Pacific, but genetic differences between individuals in the Northern and Southern hemispheres are minimal." }, "Sojourner Truth-1": { "title": "Sojourner Truth", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sojourner Truth (/so\u028a\u02c8d\u0292\u025c\u02d0rn\u0259r \u02c8tru\u02d0\u03b8/; born Isabella [Belle] Baumfree; c.\u20091797 \u2013 November 26, 1883) was an American abolitionist and women's rights activist. Truth was born into slavery in Swartekill, New York, but escaped with her infant daughter to freedom in 1826. After going to court to recover her son in 1828, she became the first black woman to win such a case against a white man." }, "World Wide Web-2": { "title": "World Wide Web", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989. He wrote the first web browser in 1990 while employed at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland. The browser was released outside CERN in 1991, first to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and then to the general public in August 1991. The World Wide Web has been central to the development of the Information Age and is the primary tool billions of people use to interact on the Internet." }, "Melissa McCarthy-2": { "title": "Melissa McCarthy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "McCarthy began appearing in television and film in the late 1990s, and first gained recognition for her role as Sookie St. James on the television series Gilmore Girls (2000\u20132007). She played Dena on the ABC sitcom Samantha Who? (2007\u20132009) before starring as Molly Flynn on the CBS sitcom Mike & Molly (2010\u20132016), for which she received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2011. McCarthy's appearances as a host on Saturday Night Live led to a win for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2017." }, "Hurricane Harvey-5": { "title": "Hurricane Harvey", "section": "Meteorological history", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Hurricane Harvey originated from a westward-moving tropical wave that emerged from Africa over the eastern Atlantic Ocean, on August\u00a012, 2017. A surface circulation slowly developed and convection consolidated around the low over the subsequent days; the system became a tropical depression on August\u00a017, roughly 505\u00a0mi (815\u00a0km) east of Barbados. Maintaining its brisk westward motion, the system strengthened slightly and became a tropical storm later that day, at which time it was assigned the name Harvey. With maximum sustained winds of 45\u00a0mph (75\u00a0km/h), Harvey made landfalls in Barbados and St. Vincent on August\u00a018 before entering the Caribbean Sea. Hostile environmental conditions, namely wind shear, imparted weakening and caused Harvey to degenerate into a tropical wave by August\u00a019. Though it lacked an organized surface low, the remnants of Harvey continued to produce significant convection as it traversed the Caribbean Sea and Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula. The system reached the Bay of Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico on August\u00a023 and soon consolidated around a new surface low." }, "Melinda Clarke-3": { "title": "Melinda Clarke", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Clarke appeared on the daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives as Faith Taylor (where her father was a senior cast member), and starred on Soldier of Fortune, Inc. for both of its seasons. She also guest starred on Xena: Warrior Princess as the Amazon chieftain Velasca, Firefly as the brothel madam Nandi, Charmed as the Siren, and has had six appearances on CSI where she played the dominatrix, Lady Heather. She also appeared in the Seinfeld episode \"The Muffin Tops\", playing Jerry's girlfriend who likes anything hairless. She also played a lead role in the 1993 horror film Return of the Living Dead 3." }, "Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-11": { "title": "Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act", "section": "Titles", "headers": [ "Title II: Preventing Health Care Fraud and Abuse; Administrative Simplification; Medical Liability Reform" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "These rules apply to \"covered entities\", as defined by HIPAA and the HHS. Covered entities include health plans, health care clearinghouses (such as billing services and community health information systems), and health care providers that transmit health care data in a way regulated by HIPAA." }, "Methemoglobinemia-2": { "title": "Methemoglobinemia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Methemoglobinemia can be due to certain medications, chemicals, or food or it can be inherited from a person's parents. Substances involved may include benzocaine, nitrates, or dapsone. The underlying mechanism involves some of the iron in hemoglobin being converted from the ferrous [Fe2+] to the ferric [Fe3+] form. The diagnosis is often suspected based on symptoms and a low blood oxygen that does not improve with oxygen therapy. Diagnosis is confirmed by a blood gas." }, "Kate Gosselin-1": { "title": "Kate Gosselin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Katie Irene \"Kate\" Gosselin (n\u00e9e Kreider; born March 28, 1975) is an American television personality. She achieved national and international recognition on the US reality TV show Jon & Kate Plus 8, in which she and Jon Gosselin were profiled as they raised their atypical family of sextuplets and twins." }, "Pickled cucumber-7": { "title": "Pickled cucumber", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Bread-and-butter" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Bread-and-butter pickles are a marinated pickle produced with sliced cucumbers in a solution of vinegar, sugar, and spices which may be processed either by canning or simply chilled as refrigerator pickles. The origin of the name and the spread of their popularity in the United States is attributed to Omar and Cora Fanning, a pair of Illinois cucumber farmers who started selling sweet and sour pickles in the 1920s and filed for the trademark \"Fanning's Bread and Butter Pickles\" in 1923 (though the recipe and similar ones are probably much older). The story attached to the name is that the Fannings survived rough years by making the pickles with their surplus of undersized cucumbers and bartering them with their grocer for staples such as bread and butter." }, "Britney Spears-61": { "title": "Britney Spears", "section": "Public image", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "Spears's erratic behavior and personal struggles during 2006\u20142008 were highly publicized and affected both her career and public image. Erlewine reflected on that time of her life by saying that \"each new disaster [was] stripping away any residual sexiness in her public image\". In a 2008 article, Rolling Stone's Vanessa Grigoriadis described her much-publicized personal issues as \"the most public downfall of any star in history\". Spears later received favorable media attention. Billboard claimed that her appearance at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards \"was a picture of professionalism and poise\" after her \"disastrous\" 2007 performance at the show, while Business Insider published an article about how Spears \"lost control of her life [...] and then made an incredible career comeback\". Spears later reflected on that tumultuous time of her life and career: \"I think I had to give myself more breaks through my career and take responsibility for my mental health. [...] I wrote back then, that I was lost and didn't know what to do with myself. I was trying to please everyone around me because that\u2019s who I am deep inside. There are moments where I look back and think: 'What the hell was I thinking?'\"" }, "Flour-26": { "title": "Flour", "section": "Composition", "headers": [ "Plain or all-purpose flour" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "All-purpose, or \"AP flour\", or plain flour is medium in gluten protein content at 9.5-11.5%(10-12% from second source) protein content. It has adequate protein content for many bread and pizza bases, though bread flour and special 00 grade Italian flour are often preferred for these purposes, respectively, especially by artisan bakers. Some biscuits are also prepared using this type of flour. \"Plain\" refers not only to AP flour's middling gluten content but also to its lack of any added leavening agent (as in self-rising flour)." }, "Justin Timberlake-32": { "title": "Justin Timberlake", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "In early 1999, Timberlake began dating fellow former The All-New Mickey Mouse Club cast member and singer Britney Spears. Their relationship ended abruptly in March 2002. Both Spears and Timberlake graduated high school via distance learning from the University of Nebraska High School; Timberlake received his diploma onstage during a concert in Memphis in 2000. In 2003, he was briefly linked to British singer Emma Bunton. In April 2003, he began dating actress Cameron Diaz soon after they met at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards. After much speculation of breakups throughout their relationship, the couple split in December 2006 shortly after she introduced him as a musical guest on Saturday Night Live." }, "Cutlery-6": { "title": "Cutlery", "section": "Composition", "headers": [ "Metallic" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Steel was always used for more utilitarian knives, and pewter was used for some cheaper items, especially spoons. From the nineteenth century, electroplated nickel silver (EPNS) was used as a cheaper substitute for sterling silver." }, "Bible-2": { "title": "Bible", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Those books included in the Bible by a tradition or group are called canonical, indicating that the tradition/group views the collection as the true representation of God's word and will. A number of Biblical canons have evolved, with overlapping and diverging contents from denomination to denomination. The Hebrew Bible overlaps with the Greek Septuagint and the Christian Old Testament. The Christian New Testament is a collection of writings by early Christians, believed to be mostly Jewish disciples of Christ, written in first-century Koine Greek. Among Christian denominations there is some disagreement about what should be included in the canon, primarily about the biblical apocrypha, a list of works that are regarded with varying levels of respect." }, "Determination of the day of the week-14": { "title": "Determination of the day of the week", "section": "Concepts", "headers": [ "Corresponding years" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Moreover: the year 2021 will be a common year starting on Friday: its first 2 months will correspond, apart from February 29, to those of the 2016 calendar year and its subsequent 10 months will correspond to the 2010 calendar year; the year 2022 will be a common year starting on Saturday: its first 2 months will correspond to those of the 2011 calendar year and its subsequent 10 months will correspond to the 2016 calendar year; the year 2023 will be a common year starting on Sunday: the year as a whole will correspond to the 2017 calendar year. the year 2024 will be a leap year starting on Monday: its first 2 months, except 29 February, will correspond to those of the 2018 calendar year and its subsequent 10 months will correspond to the 2019 calendar year. The year as a whole will correspond to the 1996 calendar year. 29 February will be a Thursday. For details see the table below." }, "Cactus-29": { "title": "Cactus", "section": "Adaptations for water conservation", "headers": [ "Leaves and spines" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "Spines, which are modified leaves, are present on even those cacti with true leaves, showing the evolution of spines preceded the loss of leaves. Although spines have a high surface area-to-volume ratio, at maturity they contain little or no water, being composed of fibers made up of dead cells. Spines provide protection from herbivores and camouflage in some species, and assist in water conservation in several ways. They trap air near the surface of the cactus, creating a moister layer that reduces evaporation and transpiration. They can provide some shade, which lowers the temperature of the surface of the cactus, also reducing water loss. When sufficiently moist air is present, such as during fog or early morning mist, spines can condense moisture, which then drips onto the ground and is absorbed by the roots." }, "Compass-1": { "title": "Compass", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A compass is an instrument used for navigation and orientation that shows direction relative to the geographic cardinal directions (or points). Usually, a diagram called a compass rose shows the directions north, south, east, and west on the compass face as abbreviated initials. When the compass is used, the rose can be aligned with the corresponding geographic directions; for example, the \"N\" mark on the rose points northward. Compasses often display markings for angles in degrees in addition to (or sometimes instead of) the rose. North corresponds to 0\u00b0, and the angles increase clockwise, so east is 90\u00b0 degrees, south is 180\u00b0, and west is 270\u00b0. These numbers allow the compass to show magnetic North azimuths or true North azimuths or bearings, which are commonly stated in this notation. If magnetic declination between the magnetic North and true North at latitude angle and longitude angle is known, then direction of magnetic North also gives direction of true North." }, "Taste-1": { "title": "Taste", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The gustatory system or sense of taste is the sensory system that is partially responsible for the perception of taste (flavor). Taste is the perception produced or stimulated when a substance in the mouth reacts chemically with taste receptor cells located on taste buds in the oral cavity, mostly on the tongue. Taste, along with smell (olfaction) and trigeminal nerve stimulation (registering texture, pain, and temperature), determines flavors of food and other substances. Humans have taste receptors on taste buds and other areas including the upper surface of the tongue and the epiglottis. The gustatory cortex is responsible for the perception of taste." }, "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone-8": { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "section": "Synopsis", "headers": [ "Plot" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "As classes begin at Hogwarts, Harry discovers his innate talent for flying on broomsticks despite no prior experience, and is recruited into his House's team for Quidditch (a competitive wizards' sport sharing similarities to football, but played on flying broomsticks) as a Seeker. He also comes to dislike the school's Potions master, Severus Snape, who is also the Head of Slytherin House who acts with bias in favour of members of his House while perpetually looking for opportunities to fail Harry and his friends. Malfoy tricks Harry and Ron into a duel in the trophy room to get them out of their rooms at night and secretly tells Filch, the school's caretaker, where they will be. Hermione unintentionally is forced to come along after her failed attempts to stop them, and they find Gryffindor student Neville Longbottom asleep outside the common area because he had forgotten the password to get in. After realizing the duel was a set-up to get them in trouble, they run away. They then discover a huge three-headed dog standing guard over a trapdoor in a forbidden corridor. The school's Halloween celebrations are interrupted by the entrance of a troll into the school, which enters the girls' bathroom where Hermione was. However, she is saved by Harry and Ron and, as a result, Hermione is grateful and the three become best friends. Coupled with Snape's recent leg injury as well as behaviour, the recent events prompt Harry, Hermione and Ron to suspect him to be looking for a way to enter the trapdoor." }, "Wardenclyffe Tower-1": { "title": "Wardenclyffe Tower", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Wardenclyffe Tower (1901\u20131917), also known as the Tesla Tower, was an early experimental wireless transmission station designed and built by Nikola Tesla in Shoreham, New York in 1901\u20131902. Tesla intended to transmit messages, telephony and even facsimile images across the Atlantic to England and to ships at sea based on his theories of using the Earth to conduct the signals. His decision to scale up the facility and add his ideas of wireless power transmission to better compete with Guglielmo Marconi's radio based telegraph system was met with refusal to fund the changes by the project's primary backer, financier J. P. Morgan. Additional investment could not be found, and the project was abandoned in 1906, never to become operational." }, "Quran-1": { "title": "Quran", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Quran (/k\u0254\u02d0r\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n/ kor-AHN; Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u200e, romanized:\u00a0al-Qur\u02bc\u0101n Arabic pronunciation:\u00a0[alqur'\u0294a\u02d0n], literally meaning \"the recitation\"), also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God (Allah). It is widely regarded as the finest work in classical Arabic literature. Slightly shorter than the New Testament, it is organized in 114 chapters (Arabic: \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 s\u016brah, plural \u0633\u0648\u0631 suwar) \u2014 not according to chronology or subject matter, but according to length of surahs (with some exceptions). Surah are subdivided into verses (Arabic: \u0622\u064a\u0629 \u0101yah, plural \u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0101y\u0101t)." }, "Puerto Rico-1": { "title": "Puerto Rico", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Puerto Rico (Spanish for 'Rich Port'; abbreviated PR), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit.\u00a0'Free Associated State of Puerto Rico') and in previous centuries called Porto Rico in English, is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea, approximately 1,000 miles (1,600\u00a0km) southeast of Miami, Florida." }, "Easy Rider-1": { "title": "Easy Rider", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Easy Rider is a 1969 American independent road drama film written by Peter Fonda, Dennis Hopper, and Terry Southern, produced by Fonda, and directed by Hopper. Fonda and Hopper played two bikers who travel through the American Southwest and South, carrying the proceeds from a cocaine deal. The success of Easy Rider helped spark the New Hollywood era of filmmaking during the early 1970s." }, "Daemonologie-15": { "title": "Daemonologie", "section": "Structure", "headers": [ "Newes from Scotland" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Spectra: Used to describe spirits that trouble houses or solitary places Obsession: Used to describe spirits that follow upon certain people to outwardly trouble them at various times of the day. Referencing incubi and succubae Possession: Used to describe spirits that enter inwardly into a person to trouble them. Faries: Used to describe illusionary spirits that prophesy, consort, and transport their servants. Newes from Scotland - declaring the damnable life and death of Dr. Fian, a notable sorcerer is a pamphlet originally printed in London in 1591 that details the infamous North Berwick witch trials in Scotland and the confessions given before the King." }, "Smoking-5": { "title": "Smoking", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Perception surrounding smoking has varied over time and from one place to another: holy and sinful, sophisticated and vulgar, a panacea and deadly health hazard. In the 20th century, smoking came to be viewed in a decidedly negative light, especially in Western countries. This is due to smoking tobacco being among the leading causes of many diseases such as lung cancer, heart attack, COPD, erectile dysfunction, and birth defects. The health hazards of smoking have caused many countries to institute high taxes on tobacco products, run ads to discourage use, limit ads that promote use, and provide help with quitting for those who do smoke." }, "Constitution of the United States-2": { "title": "Constitution of the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Since the Constitution came into force in 1789, it has been amended 27 times, including one amendment that repealed a previous one, in order to meet the needs of a nation that has profoundly changed since the eighteenth century. In general, the first ten amendments, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, offer specific protections of individual liberty and justice and place restrictions on the powers of government. The majority of the seventeen later amendments expand individual civil rights protections. Others address issues related to federal authority or modify government processes and procedures. Amendments to the United States Constitution, unlike ones made to many constitutions worldwide, are appended to the document. All four pages of the original U.S. Constitution are written on parchment." }, "University of Houston-11": { "title": "University of Houston", "section": "History", "headers": [ "University beginnings" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "citation needed] In March 1947, the regents authorized creation of a law school at the university. In 1949, the M.D. Anderson Foundation made a $1.5 million gift to UH for the construction of a dedicated library building on the campus. By 1950, the educational plant at UH consisted of 12 permanent buildings. Enrollment was more than 14,000 with a full-time faculty of more than 300. KUHF, the university radio station, signed on in November. By 1951, UH had achieved the feat of being the second-largest university in the State of Texas." }, "Pronghorn-12": { "title": "Pronghorn", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "The pronghorn is the fastest land mammal in the Western Hemisphere, being built for maximum predator evasion through running. The top speed is very hard to measure accurately and varies between individuals; it can run 35\u00a0mph for 4\u00a0mi (56\u00a0km/h for 6\u00a0km), 42\u00a0mph for 1\u00a0mi (67\u00a0km/h for 1.6\u00a0km), and 55\u00a0mph for 0.5\u00a0mi (88.5\u00a0km/h for 0.8\u00a0km). While it is often cited as the second-fastest land animal, second only to the African cheetah, it can sustain high speeds longer than cheetahs. University of Idaho zoologist John Byers has suggested the pronghorn evolved its running ability to escape from now-extinct predators such as the American cheetah, since its speed greatly exceeds that of all extant North American predators. Compared to its body size, the pronghorn has a large windpipe, heart, and lungs to allow it to take in large amounts of air when running. Additionally, pronghorn hooves have two long, cushioned, pointed toes which help absorb shock when running at high speeds. They also have an extremely light bone structure and hollow hair." }, "Blanching (cooking)-1": { "title": "Blanching (cooking)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Blanching is a cooking process in which a food, usually a vegetable or fruit, is scalded in boiling water, removed after a brief, timed interval, and finally plunged into iced water or placed under cold running water (shocking or refreshing) to halt the cooking process. Blanching foods helps reduce quality loss over time. People often use blanching as a treatment prior to freezing, drying, or canning\u2014heating vegetables or fruits to inactivate enzymes, modify texture, remove the peel, and wilt tissue. Blanching is also utilized to preserve color, flavor, and nutritional value. The process has three stages: preheating, blanching, and cooling. The most common blanching methods for vegetables/fruits are hot water and steam, while cooling is either done using cold water or cool air. Other benefits of blanching include removing pesticide residues and decreasing microbial load. Drawbacks to the blanching process can include leaching of water-soluble and heat sensitive nutrients and the production of effluent." }, "Sloth-1": { "title": "Sloth", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sloths of the present day are arboreal mammals noted for slowness of movement and for spending most of their lives hanging upside down in the trees of the tropical rain forests of South America and Central America. The six species are in two families: two-toed sloths and three-toed sloths. Despite this traditional naming, all sloths actually have three toes on each rear limb, although two-toed sloths have only two digits on each forelimb." }, "Lewis Morris (governor)-1": { "title": "Lewis Morris (governor)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lewis Morris (October 15, 1671 \u2013 May 21, 1746), chief justice of New York and British governor of New Jersey, was the first lord of the manor of Morrisania in New York (in what is now the Bronx)." }, "Demographics of the United States-1": { "title": "Demographics of the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The United States is the third-most populous country in the world, with an estimated population of 329,227,746 as of January\u00a028, 2020[update]. The United States Census Bureau shows a population increase of 0.75% for the twelve-month period ending in July 2012. Though high by industrialized country standards, this is below the world average annual rate of 1.1%. The total fertility rate in the United States estimated for 2018 is 1.73 children per woman, which is below the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.1." }, "Billionaire-3": { "title": "Billionaire", "section": "Current U.S. dollar billionaires", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "According to the UBS/PwC Billionaires Report 2019 report released in November 2019, there are currently 2,101 U.S. dollar billionaires worldwide, from 66 countries, with a combined net worth of $8.5 trillion. The majority of billionaires are male, as fewer than 11% (197 of 1,826) on the 2015 list were female billionaires. In 2015, there were ten openly LGBT billionaires. The United States has the largest number of billionaires of any country, with 536 as of 2015, while China, India and Russia are home to 213, 90 and 88 billionaires respectively. As of 2015, only 46 billionaires were under the age of 40, while the list of American-only billionaires, as of 2010, had an average age of 66." }, "Cucumber-3": { "title": "Cucumber", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "Flowering and pollination" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "A tendril emerges from cucumber vines to facilitate climbing A string lattice supports vine growth A bulb shaped cucumber hanging on the vine Organic Gardener Holding a Fresh Salad Cucumber A few cultivars of cucumber are parthenocarpic, the blossoms creating seedless fruit without pollination. Pollination for these cultivars degrades the quality. In the United States, these are usually grown in greenhouses, where bees are excluded. In Europe, they are grown outdoors in some regions, and bees are excluded from these areas." }, "Albanian language-1": { "title": "Albanian language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Albanian /\u00e6l\u02c8be\u026ani\u0259n/ (shqip [\u0283c\u0361\u00e7ip] or gjuha shqipe [\u025f\u0361\u029duha \u02c8\u0283c\u0361\u00e7ip\u025b]) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Albanians in the Balkans and the Albanian diaspora in the Americas, Europe and Oceania. With about 7.5 million speakers, it comprises an independent branch within the Indo-European languages and is not closely related to any other language." }, "Sloth-2": { "title": "Sloth", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The sloth is so named because of its very low metabolism and deliberate movements, sloth being related to the word slow. This supports their low-energy diet of leaves and avoids detection by predatory hawks and cats that hunt by sight. Sloths are almost helpless on the ground but are able to swim. The shaggy coat has grooved hair that is host to symbiotic green algae which camouflages the animal in the trees and provides it nutrients. The algae also nourishes sloth moths, some species of which exist solely on sloths." }, "Jukebox musical-1": { "title": "Jukebox musical", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A jukebox musical is a stage musical or musical film in which a majority of the songs are well-known popular music songs, rather than original music. Many jukebox musicals confine themselves to songs performed by one singer or band, or songs written by one songwriter. In such cases, the plot is often a biography of the artist(s) in question. In other jukebox musicals, the plot is purely fictional. For musicals about a musician or musical act, some of the songs can be diegetic, meaning that they are performed within the world of the play or film. Works in which all of the music is diegetic, however, such as a biographical film about a singer who is at times shown performing their songs, are generally not considered jukebox musicals." }, "Coin-2": { "title": "Coin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Coins are usually metal or an alloy, or sometimes made of manmade materials. They are usually disc shaped. Coins made of valuable metal are stored in large quantities as bullion coins. Other coins are used as money in everyday transactions, circulating alongside banknotes. Usually the highest value coin in circulation (excluding bullion coins) is worth less than the lowest-value note. In the last hundred years, the face value of circulation coins has occasionally been lower than the value of the metal they contain, for example due to inflation. If the difference becomes significant, the issuing authority may decide to withdraw these coins from circulation, possibly issuing new equivalents with a different composition, or the public may decide to melt the coins down or hoard them (see Gresham's law)." }, "Clint Eastwood-65": { "title": "Clint Eastwood", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Relationships, marriages, affairs and children" ], "para_index": 65, "content": "Eastwood has had numerous casual and serious relationships of varying length and intensity over his life, many of which overlapped. Shortly after he met future wife Maggie Johnson on a blind date in spring 1953, Eastwood had a relationship that resulted in a daughter, Laurie (born 1954), who was adopted by Clyde and Helen Warren of Seattle. Although the identity of Laurie's biological mother is not publicly known, biographer Patrick McGilligan said she belonged to a theatre group Eastwood participated in. Eastwood continued having affairs while married to Johnson, including a 1959 to 1973 liaison with stuntwoman Roxanne Tunis that produced a daughter, Kimber (born 1964)." }, "Gravity-1": { "title": "Gravity", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Play media Gravity (from Latin gravitas, meaning 'weight'), or gravitation, is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass or energy\u2014including planets, stars, galaxies, and even light\u2014are brought toward (or gravitate toward) one another. On Earth, gravity gives weight to physical objects, and the Moon's gravity causes the ocean tides. The gravitational attraction of the original gaseous matter present in the Universe caused it to begin coalescing and forming stars and caused the stars to group together into galaxies, so gravity is responsible for many of the large-scale structures in the Universe. Gravity has an infinite range, although its effects become increasingly weaker as objects get further away." }, "Cancer cell-5": { "title": "Cancer cell", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Life cycle of a cancer cell. Cancer cells are created when the genes responsible for regulating cell division are damaged. Carcinogenesis is caused by mutation and epimutation of the genetic material of normal cells, which upsets the normal balance between proliferation and cell death. This results in uncontrolled cell division and the evolution of those cells by natural selection in the body. The uncontrolled and often rapid proliferation of cells can lead to benign or malignant tumours (cancer). Benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body or invade other tissues. Malignant tumors can invade other organs, spread to distant locations (metastasis) and become life-threatening." }, "Rice-17": { "title": "Rice", "section": "Food", "headers": [ "Nutrition" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Cooked, unenriched, white, long-grained rice is composed of 68% water, 28% carbohydrates, 3% protein, and negligible fat (table). In a 100 gram serving, it provides 130 calories and contains no micronutrients in significant amounts, with all less than 10% of the Daily Value (DV) (table). Cooked, white, short-grained rice also provides 130 calories and contains moderate amounts of B vitamins, iron, and manganese (10\u201317% DV) per 100 gram amount (table)." }, "Banana-55": { "title": "Banana", "section": "Pests, diseases, and natural disasters", "headers": [ "Banana bunchy top virus" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is a plant virus of the genus Babuvirus, family Nanonviridae affecting Musa spp. (including banana, abaca, plantain and ornamental bananas) and Ensete spp. in the family Musaceae. Banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) symptoms include dark green streaks of variable length in leaf veins, midribs and petioles. Leaves become short and stunted as the disease progresses, becoming 'bunched' at the apex of the plant. Infected plants may produce no fruit or the bunch may not emerge from the pseudostem. The virus is transmitted by the banana aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa and is widespread in SE Asia, Asia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Oceania and parts of Africa. There is no cure for BBTD, but it can be effectively controlled by the eradication of diseased plants and the use of virus-free planting material. No resistant cultivars have been found, but varietal differences in susceptibility have been reported. The commercially important Cavendish subgroup is severely affected." }, "United States presidential election-24": { "title": "United States presidential election", "section": "Procedure", "headers": [ "Decentralized election system and voter eligibility" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "The eligibility of an individual for voting is set out in the Constitution and regulated at state level. The 15th, 19th and 26th Amendments to the Constitution state that suffrage cannot be denied on grounds of race or color, sex, or age for citizens eighteen years or older, respectively. Beyond these basic qualifications, it is the responsibility of state legislatures to regulate voter eligibility and registration. And the specific requirements for voter eligibility and registration also vary by state, e.g. some states ban convicted felons from voting." }, "Bohai Sea-1": { "title": "Bohai Sea", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Bohai Sea or Bo Sea, also known as Bohai Gulf, Bo Gulf or Pohai Bay (Chinese: \u6e24\u6d77; literally: 'Bo Sea'), is a marginal sea approximately 78,000\u00a0km2 (30,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) in area in the east coast of mainland China. It is the northwestern and innermost extension of the Yellow Sea, to which it communicates to the east via the Bohai Strait." }, "Sandro Botticelli-5": { "title": "Sandro Botticelli", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Botticelli was born in the city of Florence in a house in the street still called Via Borgo Ognissanti. He was to live within a minute or two's walk of this all his life, and to be buried in the Ognissanti (\"All Saints\") parish church. His father was Mariano di Vanni d'Amedeo Filipepi, and Sandro was the youngest of his four children to survive into adulthood, all boys. The date of his birth is not known, but his father's tax returns in following years give his age as two in 1447 and thirteen in 1458 so, allowing for arguments as to what these statements really meant, dates between 1444 and 1446 are given." }, "American comic book-39": { "title": "American comic book", "section": "History", "headers": [ "The Modern Age" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "The growing popularity of antiheroes such as Wolverine and the Punisher exemplified this change, as did the darker tone of some independent publishers such as First Comics, Dark Horse Comics, and (founded in the 1990s) Image Comics. This tendency towards darkness and nihilism was manifested in DC's production of heavily promoted comic book stories such as \"A Death in the Family\" in the Batman series (in which The Joker brutally murdered Batman's sidekick Robin), while at Marvel the continuing popularity of the various X-Men books led to storylines involving the genocide of superpowered \"mutants\" in allegorical stories about religious and ethnic persecution." }, "House of Stuart-4": { "title": "House of Stuart", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "After the loss of the throne, the descendants of James VII and II came to be known as the Jacobites and continued for several generations to attempt to reclaim the English (and later British) throne as the rightful heirs, though since the early 19th century there have been no more active claimants from the Stuart family. The current Jacobite heir to the claims of the historical Stuart monarchs is Franz, Duke of Bavaria of the House of Wittelsbach. The senior living member of the royal Stewart family, descended in a legitimate male line from Robert II of Scotland is Arthur Stuart, 8th Earl Castle Stewart." }, "Monarchy-1": { "title": "Monarchy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication. The legitimation and governing power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic (crowned republic), to restricted (constitutional monarchy), to fully autocratic (absolute monarchy), combining executive, legislative and judicial power." }, "Oldest people-2": { "title": "Oldest people", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "According to this criterion, the longest human lifespan is that of Jeanne Calment of France (1875\u20131997), who lived to age 122 years, 164 days. She supposedly met Vincent van Gogh when she was 12 or 13. She received news media attention in 1985, after turning 110. Subsequent investigation found documentation for Calment's age, beyond any reasonable question, in the records of her native city, Arles, France. More evidence of Calment's lifespan has been produced than for any other supercentenarian, such that her case serves as an archetype in the methodology for verifying the ages of the world's oldest people. However, Calment's age was nevertheless disputed in a 2018 study which hypothesized that Calment's daughter Yvonne, born in 1898 and who is reported to have died in 1934, usurped Jeanne's identity upon her mother's death,[undue weight? \u2013 discuss] and which still is not resolved almost a year later. Other researchers have dismissed this hypothesis on the basis of extensive prior research into Calment's life." }, "Lil Wayne-3": { "title": "Lil Wayne", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Following the success of Tha Carter III, Wayne decided to record a rock-influenced album titled Rebirth. In March 2010, Lil Wayne began serving an 8-month jail sentence in New York after being convicted of criminal possession of a weapon stemming from an incident in July 2007. His eighth studio album I Am Not a Human Being (2010) was released during his incarceration, while his 2011 album Tha Carter IV was released following his release. Tha Carter IV sold 964,000 copies in its first week in the United States, and included the singles \"6 Foot 7 Foot\", \"How to Love\" and \"She Will\". His twelfth studio album Tha Carter V was released in 2018 after multiple delays. It went on to be certified Platinum by the RIAA. Wayne's thirteenth album, Funeral, was released in early 2020." }, "Citric acid-14": { "title": "Citric acid", "section": "Chemical characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "On the other hand, the pH of a 1\u00a0mM solution of citric acid will be about 3.2. The pH of fruit juices from citrus fruits like oranges and lemons depends on the citric acid concentration, being lower for higher acid concentration and conversely." }, "Italian cuisine-17": { "title": "Italian cuisine", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Early modern era" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "In 1662, Bartolomeo Stefani, chef to the Duchy of Mantua, published L'Arte di Ben Cucinare. He was the first to offer a section on vitto ordinario (\"ordinary food\"). The book described a banquet given by Duke Charles for Queen Christina of Sweden, with details of the food and table settings for each guest, including a knife, fork, spoon, glass, a plate (instead of the bowls more often used), and a napkin." }, "Edward II of England-9": { "title": "Edward II of England", "section": "Early life (1284\u20131307)", "headers": [ "Childhood, personality and appearance" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Spending increased on Edward's personal household as he grew older and, in 1293, William of Blyborough took over as its administrator. Edward was probably given a religious education by the Dominican friars, whom his mother invited into his household in 1290. He was assigned one of his grandmother's followers, Guy Ferre, as his magister, who was responsible for his discipline, training him in riding and military skills. It is uncertain how well educated Edward was; there is little evidence for his ability to read and write, although his mother was keen that her other children be well educated, and Ferre was himself a relatively learned man for the period. Edward likely mainly spoke Anglo-Norman French in his daily life, in addition to some English and possibly Latin." }, "Christmas Sunday-2": { "title": "Christmas Sunday", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In the United Kingdom, if Christmas Day falls on a Saturday, 26 December is sometimes referred to as \"Christmas Sunday\", and Boxing Day moves to 27 December, although this practice has now fallen out of common usage and 26 December is usually referred to as Boxing Day even when it falls on a Sunday. This change is believed to result from the legalisation of Sunday trading in England and Wales in 1994." }, "Ferromagnetism-1": { "title": "Ferromagnetism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets. In physics, several different types of magnetism are distinguished. Ferromagnetism (along with the similar effect ferrimagnetism) is the strongest type and is responsible for the common phenomenon of magnetism in magnets encountered in everyday life. Substances respond weakly to magnetic fields with three other types of magnetism\u2014paramagnetism, diamagnetism, and antiferromagnetism\u2014but the forces are usually so weak that they can be detected only by sensitive instruments in a laboratory. An everyday example of ferromagnetism is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. The attraction between a magnet and ferromagnetic material is \"the quality of magnetism first apparent to the ancient world, and to us today\"." }, "William Jennings Bryan-1": { "title": "William Jennings Bryan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "William Jennings Bryan (March 19, 1860 \u2013 July 26, 1925) was an American orator and politician from Nebraska. Beginning in 1896, he emerged as a dominant force in the Democratic Party, running three times as the party's nominee for President of the United States in the 1896, 1900, and 1908 elections. He also served in the United States House of Representatives and as the United States Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson. Just before his death, he gained national attention for attacking the teaching of evolution in the Scopes Trial. Because of his faith in the wisdom of the common people, he was often called \"The Great Commoner\"." }, "Better Together (campaign)-2": { "title": "Better Together (campaign)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Better Together was formed with the support of the three main pro-union political parties in Scotland: Scottish Labour, the Scottish Conservative Party, and the Scottish Liberal Democrats, with each represented on its management board. It also represented a range of organisations and individuals who supported a No vote. From its commencement, it was chaired by former UK Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling and the Campaign Director was the Scottish Labour adviser and activist Blair McDougall." }, "Kublai Khan-5": { "title": "Kublai Khan", "section": "Early years", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Kublai Khan was the fourth son of Tolui, and his second son with Sorghaghtani Beki. As his grandfather Genghis Khan advised, Sorghaghtani chose a Buddhist Tangut woman as her son's nurse, whom Kublai later honored highly. On his way home after the Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia, Genghis Khan performed a ceremony on his grandsons M\u00f6ngke and Kublai after their first hunt in 1224 near the Ili River. Kublai was nine years old and with his eldest brother killed a rabbit and an antelope. After his grandfather smeared fat from killed animals onto Kublai's middle finger in accordance with a Mongol tradition, he said \"The words of this boy Kublai are full of wisdom, heed them well \u2013 heed them all of you.\" The elderly Khagan (Mongol emperor) Genghis Khan would die three years after this event in 1227, when Kublai was 12. Kublai's father Tolui would serve as regent for two years until Genghis' successor, Kublai's third uncle Ogedei, was enthroned as Khagan in 1229." }, "Breast cancer-4": { "title": "Breast cancer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Outcomes for breast cancer vary depending on the cancer type, the extent of disease, and the person's age. The five-year survival rates in England and the United States are between 80 and 90%. In developing countries, five-year survival rates are lower. Worldwide, breast cancer is the leading type of cancer in women, accounting for 25% of all cases. In 2018 it resulted in 2 million new cases and 627,000 deaths. It is more common in developed countries and is more than 100 times more common in women than in men." }, "English language-105": { "title": "English language", "section": "Vocabulary", "headers": [ "Word formation processes" ], "para_index": 105, "content": "Formation of new words, called neologisms, based on Greek and/or Latin roots (for example television or optometry) is a highly productive process in English and in most modern European languages, so much so that it is often difficult to determine in which language a neologism originated. For this reason, lexicographer Philip Gove attributed many such words to the \"international scientific vocabulary\" (ISV) when compiling Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1961). Another active word-formation process in English is acronyms, words formed by pronouncing as a single word abbreviations of longer phrases (e.g. NATO, laser)." }, "Gremlins-2": { "title": "Gremlins", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It was followed by a sequel, Gremlins 2: The New Batch, in 1990. Unlike the more satirical tone of the sequel (which parodies Hollywood sequels), Gremlins opts for more black comedy, balanced against a Christmastime setting. Both films were the center of large merchandising campaigns." }, "Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex-2": { "title": "Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The complex includes the Pioneer Deep Space Station (aka DSS 11), which is a U.S. National Historic Landmark. The station is one of three satellite communication stations in the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN), whose mission is to provide the vital two-way communications link that tracks and controls interplanetary spacecraft and receives the images and scientific information they collect. The others are the Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex in Spain and the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex in Australia. These three stations are located at separations of approximately 120\u00b0 longitude so that as the Earth rotates a spacecraft will always be in sight of at least one station." }, "Chuck Norris-1": { "title": "Chuck Norris", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Carlos Ray \"Chuck\" Norris (born March 10, 1940) is an American martial artist, actor, film producer and screenwriter. After serving in the United States Air Force, Norris won many martial arts championships and later founded his own discipline, Chun Kuk Do. Norris is a black belt in Tang Soo Do, Brazilian jiu jitsu and Judo. Shortly after, in Hollywood, Norris trained celebrities in martial arts. Norris went on to appear in a minor role in the spy film The Wrecking Crew (1969). Friend and fellow actor Bruce Lee invited him to play one of the main villains in Way of the Dragon (1972). While Norris continued acting, friend and student Steve McQueen suggested to him to take it seriously. Norris took the starring role in the action film Breaker! Breaker! (1977) which turned a profit. His second lead Good Guys Wear Black (1978) became a hit, and Norris became a popular action film star." }, "Happy Madison Productions-1": { "title": "Happy Madison Productions", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Happy Madison Productions is an American film and television production company founded in 1999 by Adam Sandler which is best known for its comedy films. Happy Madison takes its name from the films Happy Gilmore and Billy Madison, two box office successes starring Sandler himself, both produced by Robert Simonds, written by Sandler and Tim Herlihy, and distributed Universal Pictures. The elderly man depicted in the production logo is Sandler's late father, Stanley (who had died in 2003), who also says the accompanying audio, \"Terrific.\"" }, "Infant-2": { "title": "Infant", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A newborn is, in colloquial use, an infant who is only hours, days, or up to one month old. In medical contexts, newborn or neonate (from Latin, neonatus, newborn) refers to an infant in the first 28 days after birth; the term applies to premature, full term, and postmature infants; before birth, the term \"fetus\" is used. The term \"infant\" is typically applied to young children under one year of age; however, definitions may vary and may include children up to two years of age. When a human child learns to walk, the term \"toddler\" may be used instead." }, "Toyota Supra-1": { "title": "Toyota Supra", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Toyota Supra (Japanese: \u30c8\u30e8\u30bf\u30fb\u30b9\u30fc\u30d7\u30e9, Toyota S\u016bpura) is a sports car and grand tourer manufactured by Toyota Motor Corporation beginning in 1978. The initial four generations of the Supra were produced from 1978 to 2002. The fifth generation has been produced since March 2019 and went on sale in May 2019. The styling of the original Supra was derived from the Toyota Celica, but it was both longer and wider. Starting in mid-1986, the A70 Supra became a separate model from the Celica. In turn, Toyota also stopped using the prefix Celica and named the car Supra. Owing to the similarity and past of the Celica's name, it is frequently mistaken for the Supra, and vice versa. The first, second and third generations of the Supra were assembled at the Tahara plant in Tahara, Aichi, while the fourth generation was assembled at the Motomachi plant in Toyota City. The fifth generation of the Supra is assembled alongside the G29 BMW Z4 in Graz, Austria by Magna Steyr." }, "Monogamy-1": { "title": "Monogamy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Monogamy (/m\u0259\u02c8n\u0252\u0261\u0259mi/ m\u0259-NOG-\u0259-mee) is a form of dyadic relationship in which an individual has only one partner during their lifetime\u2014alternately, only one partner at any one time (serial monogamy)\u2014as compared to non-monogamy (e.g., polygamy or polyamory). The term is also applied to the social behavior of some animals, referring to the state of having only one mate at any one time." }, "Yeti-28": { "title": "Yeti", "section": "History", "headers": [ "21st century" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "A yeti was reportedly captured in Russia in December 2011. Initially the story claimed that a hunter reported having seen a bear-like creature, trying to kill one of his sheep, but after he fired his gun, the creature ran into a forest on two legs. The story then claimed that border patrol soldiers captured a hairy two-legged female creature similar to a gorilla that ate meat and vegetation. This was later revealed as a hoax or possibly a publicity stunt for charity." }, "Charles Darwin-1": { "title": "Charles Darwin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Charles Robert Darwin, FRS FRGS FLS FZS (/\u02c8d\u0251\u02d0rw\u026an/; 12 February 1809\u00a0\u2013 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science. In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding. Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history, and he was honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey." }, "Laptop-7": { "title": "Laptop", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The portable micro computer Portal of the French company R2E Micral CCMC officially appeared in September 1980 at the Sicob show in Paris. It was a portable microcomputer designed and marketed by the studies and developments department of R2E Micral at the request of company CCMC specializing in payroll and accounting. It was based on an Intel 8085 processor, 8-bit, clocked at 2\u00a0MHz. It was equipped with a central 64 KB RAM, a keyboard with 58 alpha numeric keys and 11 numeric keys ( separate blocks ), a 32-character screen, a floppy disk\u00a0: capacity = 140 00 characters, of a thermal printer\u00a0: speed = 28 characters / second, an asynchronous channel, a synchronous channel, a 220 V power supply. It weighed 12\u00a0kg and its dimensions were 45 x 45 x 15\u00a0cm. It provided total mobility. Its operating system was the aptly named Prologue." }, "Republic of Korea Navy-81": { "title": "Republic of Korea Navy", "section": "Equipment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 81, "content": "There are about 150 commissioned ships with the ROK Navy (a total displacement of about 215,000 tonnes). The naval aviation force consists of about 70 fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft." }, "Ring (jewellery)-1": { "title": "Ring (jewellery)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A ring is a round band, usually of metal, worn as ornamental jewellery. The term \"ring\" by itself always denotes jewellery worn on the finger; when worn as an ornament elsewhere, the body part is specified, e.g. earrings, neck rings, arm rings, and toe rings. Rings always fit snugly around or in the part of the body they ornament, so bands worn loosely, like a bracelet, are not rings. Rings may be made of almost any hard material: wood, bone, stone, metal, glass, gemstone or plastic. They may be set with gemstones (diamond, ruby, sapphire or emerald) or with other types of stone or glass." }, "Pharaoh-5": { "title": "Pharaoh", "section": "Etymology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Sometime during the era of the New Kingdom, Second Intermediate Period, pharaoh became the form of address for a person who was king. The earliest confirmed instance where pr \ua725\ua723 is used specifically to address the ruler is in a letter to Akhenaten (reigned c. 1353\u20131336 BCE) which is addressed to \"Great House, L, W, H, the Lord\". However, there is a possibility that the title pr \ua725\ua723 was applied to Thutmose III (c. 1479\u20131425 BCE), depending on whether an inscription on the Temple of Armant can be confirmed to refer to that king. During the Eighteenth Dynasty (16th to 14th centuries BCE) the title pharaoh was employed as a reverential designation of the ruler. About the late Twenty-first Dynasty (10th century BCE), however, instead of being used alone as before, it began to be added to the other titles before the ruler's name, and from the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (eighth to seventh centuries BCE) it was, at least in ordinary usage, the only epithet prefixed to the royal appellative." }, "Diwali-15": { "title": "Diwali", "section": "Religious significance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Diwali is celebrated by Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, and Newar Buddhists, although for each faith it marks different historical events and stories, but nonetheless the festival represents the same symbolic victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, and good over evil." }, "Stimulant-21": { "title": "Stimulant", "section": "Notable stimulants", "headers": [ "Ephedrine" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine similar in molecular structure to the well-known drugs phenylpropanolamine and methamphetamine, as well as to the important neurotransmitter epinephrine (adrenaline). Ephedrine is commonly used as a stimulant, appetite suppressant, concentration aid, and decongestant, and to treat hypotension associated with anaesthesia." }, "Frigatebird-1": { "title": "Frigatebird", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Frigatebirds (also listed as \"frigate bird\", \"frigate-bird\", \"frigate\", \"frigate-petrel\") are a family of seabirds called Fregatidae which are found across all tropical and subtropical oceans. The five extant species are classified in a single genus, Fregata. All have predominantly black plumage, long, deeply forked tails and long hooked bills. Females have white underbellies and males have a distinctive red gular pouch, which they inflate during the breeding season to attract females. Their wings are long and pointed and can span up to 2.3 metres (7.5\u00a0ft), the largest wing area to body weight ratio of any bird." }, "Human skin color-56": { "title": "Human skin color", "section": "Social status, colorism and racism", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 56, "content": "In North India, society regards pale skin as more attractive and associates dark skin with lower class status; this results in a massive market for skin-whitening creams. Fairer skin-tones also correlate to higher caste-status in the Hindu social order\u2014although the system is not based on skin tone. Actors and actresses in Indian cinema tend to have light skin tones, and Indian cinematographers have used graphics and intense lighting to achieve more \"desirable\" skin tones. Fair skin tones are advertised as an asset in Indian marketing." }, "Potato-13": { "title": "Potato", "section": "Genetics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Most modern potatoes grown in North America arrived through European settlement and not independently from the South American sources, although at least one wild potato species, Solanum fendleri, naturally ranges from Peru into Texas, where it is used in breeding for resistance to a nematode species that attacks cultivated potatoes. A secondary center of genetic variability of the potato is Mexico, where important wild species that have been used extensively in modern breeding are found, such as the hexaploid Solanum demissum, as a source of resistance to the devastating late blight disease. Another relative native to this region, Solanum bulbocastanum, has been used to genetically engineer the potato to resist potato blight." }, "Pompey-2": { "title": "Pompey", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In 60 BC, Pompey joined Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gaius Julius Caesar in the unofficial military-political alliance known as the First Triumvirate, which Pompey's marriage to Caesar's daughter Julia helped secure. After Crassus and Julia's deaths, Pompey sided with the Optimates, the conservative faction of the Roman Senate. Pompey and Caesar then contended for the leadership of the Roman state, leading to a civil war. When in that war Pompey was defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus, in 48 BC, he sought refuge in Egypt, where he was assassinated." }, "Terence Tao-8": { "title": "Terence Tao", "section": "Research and awards", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Within the field of mathematics, Tao is known for his collaboration with British mathematician Ben J. Green of Oxford University; together they proved the Green\u2013Tao theorem. Known for his collaborative mindset, by 2006, Tao had worked with over 30 others in his discoveries, reaching 68 co-authors by October 2015." }, "Christianity-37": { "title": "Christianity", "section": "Practices", "headers": [ "Communal worship" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "And on the day called Sunday, all who live in cities or in the country gather together to one place, and the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read, as long as time permits; then, when the reader has ceased, the president verbally instructs, and exhorts to the imitation of these good things. Then we all rise together and pray, and, as we before said, when our prayer is ended, bread and wine and water are brought, and the president in like manner offers prayers and thanksgivings, according to his ability, and the people assent, saying Amen; and there is a distribution to each, and a participation of that over which thanks have been given, and to those who are absent a portion is sent by the deacons. And they who are well to do, and willing, give what each thinks fit; and what is collected is deposited with the president, who succours the orphans and widows and those who, through sickness or any other cause, are in want, and those who are in bonds and the strangers sojourning among us, and in a word takes care of all who are in need. Thus, as Justin described, Christians assemble for communal worship on Sunday, the day of the resurrection, though other liturgical practices often occur outside this setting. Scripture readings are drawn from the Old and New Testaments, but especially the gospel accounts. Often these are arranged on an annual cycle, using a book called a lectionary. Instruction is given based on these readings, called a sermon, or homily. There are a variety of congregational prayers, including thanksgiving, confession, and intercession, which occur throughout the service and take a variety of forms including recited, responsive, silent, or sung. The Lord's Prayer, or Our Father, is regularly prayed." }, "Soy milk-1": { "title": "Soy milk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Soy milk, also known as soymilk, is a plant-based drink produced by soaking and grinding soybeans, boiling the mixture, and filtering out remaining particulates. It is a stable emulsion of oil, water, and protein. Its original form is a natural by-product of the manufacture of tofu. Originating in East Asia, it became a common beverage in Europe and North America in the later half of the 20th century, especially as production techniques were developed to give it a taste and consistency more closely resembling that of dairy milk. Along with similar vegetable-based \"milks\", like almond and rice milk, soy milk may be used as a substitute for dairy milk by individuals who are vegan or lactose intolerant, while others may consume it for environmental or health reasons." }, "Cryptanalysis of the Enigma-1": { "title": "Cryptanalysis of the Enigma", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cryptanalysis of the Enigma ciphering system enabled the western Allies in World War II to read substantial amounts of Morse-coded radio communications of the Axis powers that had been enciphered using Enigma machines. This yielded military intelligence which, along with that from other decrypted Axis radio and teleprinter transmissions, was given the codename Ultra. This was considered by western Supreme Allied Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower to have been \"decisive\" to the Allied victory." }, "Aircraft-41": { "title": "Aircraft", "section": "Design and construction", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "Rocket-powered aircraft have occasionally been experimented with, and the Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet fighter even saw action in the Second World War. Since then, they have been restricted to research aircraft, such as the North American X-15, which traveled up into space where air-breathing engines cannot work (rockets carry their own oxidant). Rockets have more often been used as a supplement to the main power plant, typically for the rocket-assisted take off of heavily loaded aircraft, but also to provide high-speed dash capability in some hybrid designs such as the Saunders-Roe SR.53. The ornithopter obtains thrust by flapping its wings. It has found practical use in a model hawk used to freeze prey animals into stillness so that they can be captured, and in toy birds. Aircraft are designed according to many factors such as customer and manufacturer demand, safety protocols and physical and economic constraints. For many types of aircraft the design process is regulated by national airworthiness authorities." }, "Incubator (culture)-1": { "title": "Incubator (culture)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other conditions such as the CO2 and oxygen content of the atmosphere inside. Incubators are essential for much experimental work in cell biology, microbiology and molecular biology and are used to culture both bacterial and eukaryotic cells." }, "Controlled Substances Act-14": { "title": "Controlled Substances Act", "section": "Treaty obligations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "The Congressional findings in 21 USC \u00a7\u00a7 801(7), 801a(2), and 801a(3) state that a major purpose of the CSA is to \"enable the United States to meet all of its obligations\" under international treaties. The CSA bears many resemblances to these Conventions. Both the CSA and the treaties set out a system for classifying controlled substances in several schedules in accordance with the binding scientific and medical findings of a public health authority. Under 21 U.S.C.\u00a0\u00a7\u00a0811 of the CSA, that authority is the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS). Under Article 3 of the Single Convention and Article 2 of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, the World Health Organization is that authority." }, "Spider behavior-2": { "title": "Spider behavior", "section": "Diet", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Almost all known spider species are predators, mostly preying on insects and on other spiders, although a few species also take vertebrates such as frogs, lizards, fish, and even birds and bats. Spiders' guts are too narrow to take solids, and they liquidize their food by flooding it with digestive enzymes and grinding it with the bases of their pedipalps, as they do not have true jaws." }, "Ku Klux Klan-74": { "title": "Ku Klux Klan", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Second Klan: 1915\u20131944", "Political role" ], "para_index": 74, "content": "Catholic and liberal Democrats\u2014who were strongest in northeastern cities\u2014decided to make the Klan an issue at the 1924 Democratic National Convention in New York City. Their delegates proposed a resolution indirectly attacking the Klan; it was defeated by one vote out of 1,100. The leading presidential candidates were William Gibbs McAdoo, a Protestant with a base in the South and West where the Klan was strong, and New York Governor Al Smith, a Catholic with a base in the large cities. After weeks of stalemate and bitter argumentation, both candidates withdrew in favor of a compromise candidate." }, "Gluttony-2": { "title": "Gluttony", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In Christianity, it is considered a sin if the excessive desire for food causes it to be withheld from the needy. Some Christian denominations consider gluttony one of the seven deadly sins." }, "Gandalf-23": { "title": "Gandalf", "section": "Fictional biography", "headers": [ "The Lord of the Rings", "Gandalf the Grey" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Gwaihir sets Gandalf down in Rohan, where Gandalf appeals to King Th\u00e9oden for a horse. Th\u00e9oden, under the evil influence of Gr\u00edma Wormtongue, Saruman's spy and servant, tells Gandalf to take any horse he pleases, but to leave quickly. It is then that Gandalf meets the great horse Shadowfax, one of the mearas, who will be his mount and companion for much of the Lord of the Rings. Gandalf then rides hard for the Shire, but does not reach it until Frodo has already set out. Knowing that Frodo and his companions will be heading for Rivendell, Gandalf makes his own way there. He learns at Bree that the Hobbits have fallen in with Aragorn. He faces the Nazg\u00fbl at Weathertop but escapes after an all-night battle, drawing four of them northward. Frodo, Aragorn and company face the remaining five on Weathertop a few nights later. Gandalf reaches Rivendell just before Frodo's arrival." }, "European anchovy-7": { "title": "European anchovy", "section": "Life cycle", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The species spawn multiply in warm periods from about April to November, depending on when the temperatures are warm enough. At least some local subpopulations have separate spawning grounds, and are thus genetically distinct, although spawning grounds shift. Some spawn in fresh water. The shape of the eggs is ellipsoidal to oval. The eggs float as plankton in the upper 50m of the water column for about 24\u201365 hours before hatching. The hatched larvae are transparent and grow rapidly; a year later, in the unlikely event that they survive, they will be 9\u201310\u00a0cm long. The females are larger than the males. When they reach a length of 12\u201313\u00a0cm, they spawn for the first time. A survey in southwestern Africa found no specimens older than three years." }, "Mona Lisa-2": { "title": "Mona Lisa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The painting is likely of the Italian noblewoman Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo, and is in oil on a white Lombardy poplar panel. It had been believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506; however, Leonardo may have continued working on it as late as 1517. Recent academic work suggests that it would not have been started before 1513. It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic itself, on permanent display at the Louvre Museum in Paris since 1797." }, "Constitution of the Philippines-1": { "title": "Constitution of the Philippines", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Constitution of the Philippines (Filipino: Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas or Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas, Spanish: Constituci\u00f3n de la Rep\u00fablica de Filipinas) is the constitution or supreme law of the Republic of the Philippines. Its final draft was completed by the Constitutional Commission on October 12, 1986 and was ratified by a nationwide plebiscite on February 2, 1987." }, "Chinese Lunar Exploration Program-3": { "title": "Chinese Lunar Exploration Program", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The first spacecraft of the program, the Chang'e 1 lunar orbiter, was launched from Xichang Satellite Launch Center on 24 October 2007, having been delayed from the initial planned date of 17\u201319 April 2007. A second orbiter, Chang'e 2, was launched on 1 October 2010. Chang'e 3, which includes a lander and rover, was launched on 1 December 2013 and successfully soft-landed on the Moon on 14 December 2013. Chang'e 4, which includes a lander and rover, was launched on 7 December 2018 and landed on 3 January 2019 on the South Pole-Aitken Basin, on the far side of the Moon. A sample return mission, Chang'e 5, is scheduled for December 2020." }, "Wandering albatross-4": { "title": "Wandering albatross", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The wandering albatross has the longest wingspan of any living bird, typically ranging from 2.51 to 3.5\u00a0m (8\u00a0ft 3\u00a0in to 11\u00a0ft 6\u00a0in), with a mean span of 3.1\u00a0m (10\u00a0ft 2\u00a0in) in the Bird Island, South Georgia colony and an average of exactly 3\u00a0m (9\u00a0ft 10\u00a0in) in 123 birds measured off the coast of Malabar, New South Wales. On the Crozet Islands, adults averaged 3.05\u00a0m (10\u00a0ft 0\u00a0in) in wingspan. The longest-winged examples verified have been about 3.7\u00a0m (12\u00a0ft 2\u00a0in). Even larger examples have been claimed, with two giants reportedly measuring 4.22\u00a0m (13\u00a0ft 10\u00a0in) and 5.3\u00a0m (17\u00a0ft 5\u00a0in) but these reports remain unverified. As a result of its wingspan, it is capable of remaining in the air without flapping its wings for several hours at a time (travelling 22\u00a0m for every metre of drop). The length of the body is about 107 to 135\u00a0cm (3\u00a0ft 6\u00a0in to 4\u00a0ft 5\u00a0in) with females being slightly smaller than males. Adults can weigh from 5.9 to 12.7\u00a0kg (13 to 28\u00a0lb), although most will weigh 6.35 to 11.91\u00a0kg (14.0 to 26.3\u00a0lb). On Macquarie Island, three males averaged 8.4\u00a0kg (19\u00a0lb) and three females averaged 6.2\u00a0kg (14\u00a0lb). In the Crozet Islands, males averaged 9.44\u00a0kg (20.8\u00a0lb) while females averaged 7.84\u00a0kg (17.3\u00a0lb). However, 10 unsexed adults from the Crozets averaged 9.6\u00a0kg (21\u00a0lb). On South Georgia, 52 males were found to average 9.11\u00a0kg (20.1\u00a0lb) while 53 females were found to average 7.27\u00a0kg (16.0\u00a0lb). Immature birds have been recorded weighing as much as 16.1\u00a0kg (35\u00a0lb) during their first flights (at which time they may still have fat reserves that will be shed as they continue to fly). On South Georgia, fledglings were found to average 10.9\u00a0kg (24\u00a0lb). Albatrosses from outside the \"snowy\" wandering albatross group (D. exulans) are smaller but are now generally deemed to belong to different species. The plumage varies with age, with the juveniles starting chocolate brown. As they age they become whiter. The adults have white bodies with black and white wings. Males have whiter wings than females with just the tips and trailing edges of the wings black. They also show a faint peach spot on the side of the head. The wandering albatross is the whitest of the wandering albatross species complex, the other species having a great deal more brown and black on the wings and body as breeding adults, very closely resembling immature wandering albatrosses. The large bill is pink, as are the feet. They also have a salt gland that is situated above the nasal passage and helps desalinate their bodies, due to the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe. They excrete a high saline solution from their nose." }, "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial-6": { "title": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Despite his family's disbelief, Elliott leaves Reese's Pieces candy to lure the alien to his house. Before going to sleep, Elliott realizes the alien is imitating his movements. He feigns illness the next morning to stay home from school and play with him. Later that day, Michael and their five-year-old sister, Gertie, meet the alien. They decide to keep him hidden from their mother, Mary. When they ask him about his origin, he levitates several balls to represent his planetary system and then demonstrates his powers by reviving dead chrysanthemums. Already starting to pick up the English language he demonstrates his signature power, revealed through his glowing fingertip by healing a minor flesh wound on Elliot's finger." }, "Article Two of the United States Constitution-1": { "title": "Article Two of the United States Constitution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Article Two of the United States Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government, which carries out and enforces federal laws. Article Two vests the power of the executive branch in the office of the president of the United States, lays out the procedures for electing and removing the president, and establishes the president's powers and responsibilities." }, "Catholic Church-38": { "title": "Catholic Church", "section": "Doctrine", "headers": [ "Nature of God" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "The Catholic Church holds that there is one eternal God, who exists as a perichoresis (\"mutual indwelling\") of three hypostases, or \"persons\": God the Father; God the Son; and God the Holy Spirit, which together are called the \"Holy Trinity\"." }, "Peer review-2": { "title": "Peer review", "section": "Professional", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Professional peer review focuses on the performance of professionals, with a view to improving quality, upholding standards, or providing certification. In academia, peer review is used to inform in decisions related to faculty advancement and tenure. Henry Oldenburg (1619\u20131677) was a German-born British philosopher who is seen as the 'father' of modern scientific peer review." }, "Popular music-1": { "title": "Popular music", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Popular music is music with wide appeal that is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry. These forms and styles can be enjoyed and performed by people with little or no musical training. It stands in contrast to both art music and traditional or \"folk\" music. Art music was historically disseminated through the performances of written music, although since the beginning of the recording industry, it is also disseminated through recordings. Traditional music forms such as early blues songs or hymns were passed along orally, or to smaller, local audiences." }, "Biology of depression-1": { "title": "Biology of depression", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Scientific studies have found that different brain areas show altered activity in people with major depressive disorder, and this has encouraged advocates of various theories that seek to identify a biochemical origin of the disease, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes. Factors spanning these causative groups include nutritional deficiencies in magnesium, vitamin D, and tryptophan with situational origin but biological impact. Several theories concerning the biologically based cause of depression have been suggested over the years, including theories revolving around monoamine neurotransmitters, neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, inflammation and the circadian rhythm. Physical illnesses, including hypothyroidism and mitochondrial disease, can also trigger depressive symptoms." }, "Bill Gates-3": { "title": "Bill Gates", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Since 1987, he has been included in the Forbes list of the world's wealthiest people. From 1995 to 2017, he held the Forbes title of the richest person in the world all but four of those years. In October 2017, he was surpassed by Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos, who had an estimated net worth of US$90.6\u00a0billion compared to Gates' net worth of US$89.9\u00a0billion at the time. As of November\u00a02019[update], Gates had an estimated net worth of US$107.1\u00a0billion, making him the second-wealthiest person in the world, behind Bezos." }, "Salt-5": { "title": "Salt", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Sodium is an essential nutrient for human health via its role as an electrolyte and osmotic solute. Excessive salt consumption may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, in children and adults. Such health effects of salt have long been studied. Accordingly, numerous world health associations and experts in developed countries recommend reducing consumption of popular salty foods. The World Health Organization recommends that adults should consume less than 2,000\u00a0mg of sodium, equivalent to 5\u00a0grams of salt per day." }, "Koala-25": { "title": "Koala", "section": "Ecology and behaviour", "headers": [ "Reproduction and development" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "As the young koala approaches six months, the mother begins to prepare it for its eucalyptus diet by predigesting the leaves, producing a faecal pap that the joey eats from her cloaca. The pap is quite different in composition from regular faeces, resembling instead the contents of the caecum, which has a high concentration of bacteria. Eaten for about a month, the pap provides a supplementary source of protein at a transition time from a milk to a leaf diet. The joey fully emerges from the pouch for the first time at six or seven months of age, when it weighs 300\u2013500\u00a0g (11\u201318\u00a0oz). It explores its new surroundings cautiously, clinging to its mother for support. By nine months, it weighs over 1\u00a0kg (2.2\u00a0lb) and develops its adult fur colour. Having permanently left the pouch, it rides on its mother's back for transportation, learning to climb by grasping branches. Gradually, it spends more time away from its mother, and at 12 months it is fully weaned, weighing around 2.5\u00a0kg (5.5\u00a0lb). When the mother becomes pregnant again, her bond with her previous offspring is permanently severed. Newly weaned young are encouraged to disperse by their mothers' aggressive behaviour towards them." }, "Jehovah's Witnesses-30": { "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "section": "Beliefs", "headers": [ "Life after death" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Witnesses believe that a \"little flock\" of 144,000 selected humans go to heaven, but that the majority (the \"other sheep\") are to be resurrected by God to a cleansed earth after Armageddon. They interpret Revelation 14:1\u20135 to mean that the number of Christians going to heaven is limited to exactly 144,000, who will rule with Jesus as kings and priests over earth. They believe that baptism as one of Jehovah's Witnesses is vital for salvation and that only they meet scriptural requirements for surviving Armageddon, but that God is the final judge. During Christ's millennial reign, most people who died prior to Armageddon will be resurrected with the prospect of living forever; they will be taught the proper way to worship God to prepare them for their final test at the end of the millennium." }, "Teenage Time Killers-1": { "title": "Teenage Time Killers", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Teenage Time Killers is a rock supergroup formed in February 2014 by My Ruin guitarist Mick Murphy and Corrosion of Conformity drummer Reed Mullin. Guests include Dave Grohl (former drummer of Nirvana and current lead singer of the Foo Fighters), Stephen O'Malley (of Sunn O))) and Burning Witch), Corey Taylor (lead vocalist of Slipknot and founder of Stone Sour), Nick Oliveri (former bassist for Queens of the Stone Age, currently with The Dwarves), Jello Biafra (former front man of Dead Kennedys, currently with The Guantanamo School Of Medicine), Matt Skiba (vocalist and guitarist of Alkaline Trio and current guitarist and vocalist for Blink-182) and Randy Blythe (lead vocalist of Lamb of God). The band's name refers to the Rudimentary Peni song of the same name. Their debut album, titled Teenage Time Killers: Greatest Hits Vol. 1, was recorded at Grohl's Studio 606, and was released July 28, 2015. through Rise Records, with whom the group signed in December 2014. The album contains a version of John Cleese's poem \"Ode to Hannity,\" sung by Biafra. Mullin has stated that he isn't sure whether the group will tour, but that they are considering a live appearance on a show such as Jimmy Kimmel Live!, possibly with \"three or four singers [coming] out at a time\"." }, "Modafinil-12": { "title": "Modafinil", "section": "Adverse effects and contraindications", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Rare occurrences have been reported of more serious adverse effects, including severe skin rashes and other symptoms that are probably allergy-related. From the date of initial marketing, December 1998, to January 30, 2007, the US Food and Drug Administration received six cases of severe cutaneous adverse reactions associated with modafinil, including erythema multiforme (EM), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and DRESS syndrome, involving adult and pediatric patients. The FDA issued a relevant alert. In the same alert, the FDA also noted that angioedema and multi-organ hypersensitivity reactions have also been reported in postmarketing experiences. In 2007, the FDA ordered Cephalon to modify the Provigil leaflet in bold-face print of several serious and potentially fatal conditions attributed to modafinil use, including TEN, DRESS syndrome, and SJS." }, "Children in the military-1": { "title": "Children in the military", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Children in the military are children (defined by the Convention on the Rights of the Child as people under the age of 18) who are associated with military organisations, such as state armed forces and non-state armed groups. Throughout history and in many cultures, children have been involved in military campaigns. For example, thousands of children participated on all sides of the First World War and the Second World War. Children may be trained and used for combat, assigned to support roles such as porters or messengers, or used for tactical advantage as human shields or for political advantage in propaganda." }, "B\u00f6rek-3": { "title": "B\u00f6rek", "section": "Origin and name", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "It may have been invented in the homeland of wheat, what is now modern Turkey, in the Anatolian Provinces of the Ottoman Empire. It became a popular element of Ottoman cuisine, or it may date back earlier to the Classical era of the eastern Mediterranean region." }, "Paul the Apostle-54": { "title": "Paul the Apostle", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Biblical narrative", "Death" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "A legend later[when?] developed that his martyrdom occurred at the Aquae Salviae, on the Via Laurentina. According to this legend, after Paul was decapitated, his severed head rebounded three times, giving rise to a source of water each time that it touched the ground, which is how the place earned the name \"San Paolo alle Tre Fontane\" (\"St Paul at the Three Fountains\"). Also according to legend, Paul's body was buried outside the walls of Rome, at the second mile on the Via Ostiensis, on the estate owned by a Christian woman named Lucina. It was here, in the fourth century, that the Emperor Constantine the Great built a first church. Then, between the fourth and fifth centuries it was considerably enlarged by the Emperors Valentinian I, Valentinian II, Theodosius I, and Arcadius. The present-day Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls was built there in 1800." }, "Porsche-2": { "title": "Porsche", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Origin" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Ferdinand Porsche founded the company called \"Dr. Ing. h. c. F. Porsche GmbH\" in 1931, with main offices at Kronenstra\u00dfe 24 in the centre of Stuttgart. Initially, the company offered motor vehicle development work and consulting, but did not build any cars under its own name. One of the first assignments the new company received was from the German government to design a car for the people, that is a \"Volkswagen\". This resulted in the Volkswagen Beetle, one of the most successful car designs of all time. The Porsche 64 was developed in 1939 using many components from the Beetle." }, "The Voice (franchise)-6": { "title": "The Voice (franchise)", "section": "Original format", "headers": [ "Blind auditions" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Contestants are aspiring singers drawn from public auditions, which are not broadcast. Unlike Idols and The X Factor, the producers pick fewer contestants (usually from 100, up to 200 contestants), which are deemed \"the best artists\", to perform in the broadcast auditions. The first televised stage is the blind auditions, in which the four coaches, all noteworthy recording artists, listen to the contestants in chairs facing away from the stage so as to avoid seeing them. If a coach likes what they hear from that contestant, they press a button to rotate their chairs to signify that they are interested in working with that contestant. If more than one coach presses their button, the contestant chooses the coach he or she wants to work with. The blind auditions end when each coach has a set number of contestants to work with. Coaches will dedicate themselves to developing their singers mentally, musically and in some cases physically, giving them advice, and sharing the secrets of their success." }, "The Social Network-6": { "title": "The Social Network", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "While competing in the Henley Royal Regatta for Harvard against the Hollandia Roeiclub, the Winklevoss twins discover that Facebook has expanded to Europe with Oxford, Cambridge and LSE, and decide to sue the company for theft of intellectual property. Meanwhile, Saverin objects to Parker making business decisions for Facebook and freezes the company's bank account in the resulting dispute. He relents when Zuckerberg reveals that they have secured $500,000 from angel investor Peter Thiel. Saverin becomes enraged when he discovers that the new investment deal allows his share of Facebook to be diluted from 34% to 0.03%, while maintaining the ownership percentage of all other parties. He confronts Zuckerberg and Parker, and Saverin vows to sue Zuckerberg before being ejected from the building. Saverin's name is removed from the masthead as co-founder. Later, Parker is apprehended for cocaine possession at a party celebrating the 1 millionth user. He attempts to blame Saverin, so Zuckerberg cuts ties with him." }, "Evander Holyfield-4": { "title": "Evander Holyfield", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Holyfield was forced to retire in 1994 upon medical advice, only to return a year later with a clean bill of health. In 1996 he defeated Mike Tyson and reclaimed the WBA title, in what was named by The Ring magazine as the Fight of the Year and Upset of the Year. This made Holyfield the first boxer since Muhammad Ali to win a world heavyweight title three times. Holyfield won a 1997 rematch against Tyson, which saw the latter disqualified in round three for biting off part of Holyfield's ear. During this reign as champion, he also avenged his loss to Michael Moorer and reclaimed the IBF title." }, "Presidency of Warren G. Harding-2": { "title": "Presidency of Warren G. Harding", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Harding took office after defeating Democrat James M. Cox in the 1920 presidential election. Running against the policies of incumbent Democratic President Woodrow Wilson, Harding won the popular vote by a margin of 26.2 percentage points, which remains the largest popular-vote percentage margin in presidential elections since the end of the Era of Good Feelings in the 1820s. Upon taking office, Harding instituted conservative policies designed to minimize the government's role in the economy. Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon won passage of the Revenue Act of 1921, a major tax cut that primarily reduced taxes on the wealthy. Harding also signed the Budget and Accounting Act, which established the country's first formal budgeting process and created the Bureau of the Budget. Another major aspect of his domestic policy was the Fordney\u2013McCumber Tariff, which greatly increased tariff rates." }, "Estonia-1": { "title": "Estonia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Estonia (Estonian: Eesti [\u02c8e\u02d0s\u02b2ti] (listen)), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side, to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side, to the south by Latvia (343\u00a0km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6\u00a0km). The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea, covering a total area of 45,227\u00a0km2 (17,462\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), water 2,839\u00a0km2 (1,096\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), land area 42,388\u00a0km2 (16,366\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), and is influenced by a humid continental climate. The official language of the country, Estonian, is the second-most-spoken Finnic language." }, "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)-1": { "title": "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\" is a popular song by \"two hit wonders\" Edison Lighthouse, originally recorded by Jefferson. The single reached the number one spot on the UK Singles Chart on the week ending on 31 January 1970, where it remained for a total of five weeks." }, "Mass (liturgy)-1": { "title": "Mass (liturgy)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mass is the main eucharistic liturgical service in many forms of Western Christianity. The term Mass is commonly used in the Catholic Church and the Lutheran Church, as well as in Anglican, Methodist, Western Rite Orthodox, and Old Catholic churches." }, "Starbucks-26": { "title": "Starbucks", "section": "Locations", "headers": [ "Retail expansion" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "In December 2010, Starbucks debuted their first-ever Starbucks at sea, wherewith a partnership with Royal Caribbean International; Starbucks opened a shop aboard their Allure of the Seas Royal Caribbean's second-largest ship, and also the second-largest ship in the world. A partnership with Algerian food company Cevital will see Starbucks open its first Algerian store in Algiers. In January 2011, Starbucks and Tata Coffee, Asia's largest coffee plantation company, announced plans for a strategic alliance to bring Starbucks to India and also to source and roast coffee beans at Tata Coffee's Kodagu facility. Despite a false start in 2007, in January 2012, Starbucks created a 50:50 joint venture with Tata Global Beverages called Tata Starbucks. Tata Starbucks owned and operated Starbucks outlets in India as Starbucks Coffee \"A Tata Alliance.\" Starbucks opened its first store in India in Mumbai on October 19, 2012." }, "Media (communication)-1": { "title": "Media (communication)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Media are the communication outlets or tools used to store and deliver information or data. The term refers to components of the mass media communications industry, such as print media, publishing, the news media, photography, cinema, broadcasting (radio and television), and advertising." }, "June-4": { "title": "June", "section": "Etymology and history", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "citation needed] The Latin name for June is Junius. Ovid offers multiple etymologies for the name in the Fasti, a poem about the Roman calendar. The first is that the month is named after the Roman goddess Juno, the goddess of marriage and the wife of the supreme deity Jupiter; the second is that the name comes from the Latin word iuniores, meaning \"younger ones\", as opposed to maiores (\"elders\") for which the preceding month May (Maius) may be named." }, "Horus-1": { "title": "Horus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Horus or Her, Heru, Hor, Har in Ancient Egyptian, is one of the most significant ancient Egyptian deities who served many functions, most notably god of kingship and the sky. He was worshipped from at least the late prehistoric Egypt until the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Roman Egypt. Different forms of Horus are recorded in history and these are treated as distinct gods by Egyptologists. These various forms may possibly be different manifestations of the same multi-layered deity in which certain attributes or syncretic relationships are emphasized, not necessarily in opposition but complementary to one another, consistent with how the Ancient Egyptians viewed the multiple facets of reality. He was most often depicted as a falcon, most likely a lanner falcon or peregrine falcon, or as a man with a falcon head." }, "Acupuncture-11": { "title": "Acupuncture", "section": "Clinical practice", "headers": [ "Needling technique", "Insertion" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The skin is sterilized and needles are inserted, frequently with a plastic guide tube. Needles may be manipulated in various ways, including spinning, flicking, or moving up and down relative to the skin. Since most pain is felt in the superficial layers of the skin, a quick insertion of the needle is recommended. Often the needles are stimulated by hand in order to cause a dull, localized, aching sensation that is called de qi, as well as \"needle grasp,\" a tugging feeling felt by the acupuncturist and generated by a mechanical interaction between the needle and skin. Acupuncture can be painful. The skill level of the acupuncturist may influence how painful the needle insertion is, and a sufficiently skilled practitioner may be able to insert the needles without causing any pain." }, "Enlargement of NATO-2": { "title": "Enlargement of NATO", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "After its formation in 1949 with twelve founding members, NATO grew by including Greece and Turkey in 1952 and West Germany in 1955, and then later Spain in 1982. After the Cold War ended, and Germany reunited in 1990, there was a debate in NATO about continued expansion eastward. In 1999, Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic joined NATO, amid much debate within the organization and Russian opposition. Another expansion came with the accession of seven Central and Eastern European countries: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. These nations were first invited to start talks of membership during the 2002 Prague summit, and joined NATO shortly before the 2004 Istanbul summit. Albania and Croatia joined on 1 April 2009, prior to the 2009 Strasbourg\u2013Kehl summit. The most recent member states to be added to NATO are Montenegro on 5 June 2017 and North Macedonia on 27 March 2020." }, "Mother-11": { "title": "Mother", "section": "Non-biological mother", "headers": [ "Surrogate mother" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "A surrogate mother is a woman who bears a child that came from another woman's fertilized ovum on behalf of a couple unable to give birth to children. Thus the surrogate mother carries and gives birth to a child that she is not the biological mother of. Surrogate motherhood became possible with advances in reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization." }, "Nancy Drew (2007 film)-1": { "title": "Nancy Drew (2007 film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Nancy Drew is a 2007 American mystery comedy film loosely based on the popular series of mystery novels about the titular teen detective of the same name by Edward Stratemeyer. It stars Emma Roberts as Nancy Drew, with Josh Flitter and Max Thieriot. Set in Los Angeles, it was directed by Andrew Fleming. Critical reactions were mixed, but the film grossed $30 million worldwide on a $20 million budget." }, "Solar eclipse of July 22, 2009-1": { "title": "Solar eclipse of July 22, 2009", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A total solar eclipse occurred on July 22, 2009 with a magnitude of 1.0799. It was the longest total solar eclipse during the 21st century, the longest total solar eclipse during the 3rd millennium will be on 16 July 2186. It lasted a maximum of 6 minutes and 38.86 seconds off the coast of Southeast Asia, causing tourist interest in eastern China, Pakistan, Japan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh. Its greatest magnitude was 1.07991, occurring only 6 hours, 18 minutes after perigee, with greatest eclipse totality lasting 6 minutes, 38.86 seconds during the Total Solar Eclipse of July 22, 2009." }, "Soulseek-22": { "title": "Soulseek", "section": "Copyright issues", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Soulseek\u00ae does not endorse nor condone the sharing of copyrighted materials. You should only share and download files which you are legally allowed to, or have otherwise received permission to, share. Soulseek was taken to court in 2008 by two French music industry groups. The groups alleged that Soulseek is designed to permit unauthorized access to copyrighted works." }, "Red hair-2": { "title": "Red hair", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Red hair varies in hue from a deep burgundy or bright copper, or auburn, to burnt orange or red-orange to strawberry blond. Characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin, it is associated with fair skin color, lighter eye color, freckles, and sensitivity to ultraviolet light." }, "Watermelon-8": { "title": "Watermelon", "section": "Taxonomy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The sweet watermelon was formally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and given the name Cucurbita citrullus. It was reassigned to the genus Citrullus in 1836, under the replacement name Citrullus vulgaris, by the German botanist Heinrich Adolf Schrader. (The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants does not allow names like \"Citrullus citrullus\".)" }, "Thor-3": { "title": "Thor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Due to the nature of the Germanic corpus, narratives featuring Thor are only attested in Old Norse, where Thor appears throughout Norse mythology. Norse mythology, largely recorded in Iceland from traditional material stemming from Scandinavia, provides numerous tales featuring the god. In these sources, Thor bears at least fifteen names, is the husband of the golden-haired goddess Sif, is the lover of the j\u00f6tunn J\u00e1rnsaxa, and is generally described as fierce eyed, red haired and red bearded. With Sif, Thor fathered the goddess (and possible valkyrie) \u00der\u00fa\u00f0r; with J\u00e1rnsaxa, he fathered Magni; with a mother whose name is not recorded, he fathered M\u00f3\u00f0i, and he is the stepfather of the god Ullr. By way of Odin, Thor has numerous brothers, including Baldr. Thor has two servants, \u00dej\u00e1lfi and R\u00f6skva, rides in a cart or chariot pulled by two goats, Tanngrisnir and Tanngnj\u00f3str (that he eats and resurrects), and is ascribed three dwellings (Bilskirnir, \u00der\u00fa\u00f0heimr, and \u00der\u00fa\u00f0vangr). Thor wields the mountain-crushing hammer, Mj\u00f6lnir, wears the belt Megingj\u00f6r\u00f0 and the iron gloves J\u00e1rngreipr, and owns the staff Gr\u00ed\u00f0arv\u00f6lr. Thor's exploits, including his relentless slaughter of his foes and fierce battles with the monstrous serpent J\u00f6rmungandr\u2014and their foretold mutual deaths during the events of Ragnar\u00f6k\u2014are recorded throughout sources for Norse mythology." }, "Gallows-1": { "title": "Gallows", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A gallows (or scaffold) is a frame, typically wooden, from which objects can be hung or \u201cweighed\u201d. Gallows were thus widely used for public weighing scales for large objects such as sacks of grain or minerals, usually positioned in markets or toll gates. The term was also used for a framework from which a ship\u2019s anchor might be raised so that it no longer sitting on the bottom, i.e., \u201cweighing [the] anchor\u201d. In modern usage it has come to mean almost exclusively a scaffold or gibbet used for execution by hanging." }, "Eastern Orthodox Church-207": { "title": "Eastern Orthodox Church", "section": "Present", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 207, "content": "The main traditional historical communion is divided into two groups\u2014those who use the Revised Julian calendar for calculating fixed feasts and the Julian calendar for calculating movable feasts, and those who use the Julian calendar for all purposes. This second group may include congregations whose church allows them to choose, with the proviso that the choice remains in effect at least until the end of the church year. Also in communion are the Estonian and Finnish Orthodox churches who have a dispensation to use the Gregorian calendar for all purposes. Another group is referred to as True Orthodoxy (or Old Calendarists); they are those who, without authority from their parent churches, have continued to use the old Julian calendar, claiming that the calendar reform in the 1920s is in contravention of the ecumenical councils. Similarly, another group called the Old Believers, separated in 1666 from the official Russian Orthodox Church as a protest against church rite reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon of Moscow. As Eastern Orthodox Christianity is both collegial and local in structure, there is no single organization called the \"True Orthodox Church\" nor is there official recognition among the \"True Orthodox\" as to who is properly included among them. While some unions have taken place even up to the present, the majority of True Orthodox are only secondarily concerned with reunion as opposed to preservation of Eastern Orthodox teaching." }, "Constitution of the United States-1": { "title": "Constitution of the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government. Its first three articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress (Article One); the executive, consisting of the president (Article Two); and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts (Article Three). Articles Four, Five and Six embody concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments, the states in relationship to the federal government, and the shared process of constitutional amendment. Article Seven establishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen States to ratify it. It is regarded as the oldest written and codified national constitution in force." }, "Stillbirth-18": { "title": "Stillbirth", "section": "Treatment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Fetal death in utero does not present an immediate health risk to the woman, and labour will usually begin spontaneously after two weeks, so the woman may choose to wait and bear the fetal remains vaginally. After two weeks, the woman is at risk of developing blood clotting problems, and labor induction is recommended at this point. In many cases, the woman will find the idea of carrying the dead fetus traumatizing and will elect to have labor induced. Caesarean birth is not recommended unless complications develop during vaginal birth. How the diagnosis of stillbirth is communicated by healthcare workers may have a long-lasting and deep impact on parents. Women need to heal physically after a stillbirth just as they do emotionally. In Ireland women are offered a 'cuddle cot', a cooled cot which allows them to spend a number of days with the child before burial or cremation." }, "NES Classic Edition-17": { "title": "NES Classic Edition", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "One of many \"plug-n-play\" consoles on the market, the demand for NES Classic Edition was notably large, with various retailers collectively selling approximately 196,000 units in its first month, remarkably selling out within hours of availability. Nintendo reported 1.5 million units had been sold by the end of 2016. On April 28, 2017, Nintendo revealed that 2.3 million consoles were sold in total. Following the rerelease of the console, Nintendo had sold about 1.3 million additional units through June 30, 2018." }, "Osteoporosis-1": { "title": "Osteoporosis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Osteoporosis is a disease in which bone weakening increases the risk of a broken bone. It is the most common reason for a broken bone among the elderly. Bones that commonly break include the vertebrae in the spine, the bones of the forearm, and the hip. Until a broken bone occurs there are typically no symptoms. Bones may weaken to such a degree that a break may occur with minor stress or spontaneously. After a broken bone, Chronic pain and a decreased ability to carry out normal activities may occur." }, "Inside 9/11-1": { "title": "Inside 9/11", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Inside 9/11 is a three-part television documentary film produced by Towers Productions that premiered on August 21 and August 22, 2005, on the National Geographic Channel. The program covers the September 11, 2001 attack, the events that led to it, and its aftermath. The first part consisted of examining, event by event, the build-up towards September 11. The second part consisted of the events of 9/11 itself and the aftermath. Experts and eyewitnesses provide their accounts of the attacks, and the events are covered in chronological order." }, "Godfrey of Bouillon-10": { "title": "Godfrey of Bouillon", "section": "First Crusade", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "In 1095 Pope Urban II called for a Crusade to liberate Jerusalem from Muslim forces and also to aid the Byzantine Empire, which was under Muslim attack. Godfrey took out loans on most of his lands, or sold them, to the bishop of Li\u00e8ge and the bishop of Verdun. With this money he gathered thousands of knights to fight in the Holy Land as the Army of Godfrey of Bouillon. In this he was joined by his older brother, Eustace, and his younger brother, Baldwin, who had no lands in Europe. He was not the only major nobleman to gather such an army. Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, also known as Raymond of Saint-Gilles, created the largest army. At age 55, Raymond was also the oldest and perhaps the best known of the Crusader nobles. Because of his age and fame, Raymond expected to be the leader of the entire First Crusade. Adhemar, the papal legate and bishop of Le Puy, travelled with him. There was also the fiery Bohemond, a Norman knight from southern Italy, and a fourth group under Robert II, Count of Flanders." }, "Leafhopper-1": { "title": "Leafhopper", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A leafhopper is the common name for any species from the family Cicadellidae. These minute insects, colloquially known as hoppers, are plant feeders that suck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees. Their hind legs are modified for jumping, and are covered with hairs that facilitate the spreading of a secretion over their bodies that acts as a water repellent and carrier of pheromones. They undergo a partial metamorphosis, and have various host associations, varying from very generalized to very specific. Some species have a cosmopolitan distribution, or occur throughout the temperate and tropical regions. Some are pests or vectors of plant viruses and phytoplasmas. The family is distributed all over the world, and constitutes the second-largest hemipteran family, with at least 20,000 described species." }, "Al-Qaeda-2": { "title": "Al-Qaeda", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Al-Qaeda operates as a network of Islamic extremists and Salafist jihadists. The organization has been designated as a terrorist group by the United Nations Security Council, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, India, and various other countries (see below). Al-Qaeda has mounted attacks on non-military and military targets in various countries, including the 1998 United States embassy bombings, the September 11 attacks, and the 2002 Bali bombings." }, "Fram Strait-4": { "title": "Fram Strait", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Within Fram Strait, the sill connecting the Arctic and Fram Strait is 2545 m deep. The Knipovich Ridge, the northernmost section of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, extends northward through the strait to connect to the Nansen-Gakkel Ridge of the Arctic Ocean. A rift valley, caused by sea-floor spreading, runs adjacent and parallel to the Knipovich Ridge. The Molloy Deep within Fram Strait is the deepest point of the Arctic. This small basin at 79\u00b08.5\u2032N and 2\u00b047\u2032E has a maximum depth of 5,550\u00a0m (18,210\u00a0ft) \u00b114\u00a0m (46\u00a0ft)(See also: Litke Deep). The Yermak Plateau, with a mean depth of about 650 m, lies to the northwest of Spitsbergen." }, "Cactus-34": { "title": "Cactus", "section": "Adaptations for water conservation", "headers": [ "Metabolism" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "Schematic illustration of CAM Photosynthesis requires plants to take in carbon dioxide gas (CO 2). As they do so, they lose water through transpiration. Like other types of succulents, cacti reduce this water loss by the way in which they carry out photosynthesis. \"Normal\" leafy plants use the C3 mechanism: during daylight hours, CO 2 is continually drawn out of the air present in spaces inside leaves and converted first into a compound containing three carbon atoms (3-phosphoglycerate) and then into products such as carbohydrates. The access of air to internal spaces within a plant is controlled by stomata, which are able to open and close. The need for a continuous supply of CO 2 during photosynthesis means the stomata must be open, so water vapor is continuously being lost. Plants using the C3 mechanism lose as much as 97% of the water taken up through their roots in this way. A further problem is that as temperatures rise, the enzyme that captures CO 2 starts to capture more and more oxygen instead, reducing the efficiency of photosynthesis by up to 25%." }, "Giant armadillo-6": { "title": "Giant armadillo", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The typical length of the species is 75\u2013100\u00a0cm (30\u201339\u00a0in), with the tail adding another 50\u00a0cm (20\u00a0in). Giant armadillos are found throughout much of northern South America east of the Andes, except for eastern Brazil and Paraguay. In the south, they reach the northernmost provinces of Argentina, including Salta, Formosa, Chaco, and Santiago del Estero. There are no recognised geographic subspecies. They primarily inhabit open habitats, with cerrado grasslands covering about 25% of their range, but they can also be found in lowland forests." }, "Moulin Rouge! (musical)-3": { "title": "Moulin Rouge! (musical)", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In 2002\u20132003, there was speculation about the possibility of a stage musical based on Moulin Rouge!, possibly in Las Vegas, but there had been no public talks in the years since. Some sources claimed in 2006 that the director, Baz Luhrmann, had approached the leads of the film, Nicole Kidman and Ewan McGregor, to star in the potential stage version." }, "Descent from Genghis Khan-2": { "title": "Descent from Genghis Khan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Genghis Khan's four sons and other immediate descendants are famous by names and by deeds. Later Asian rulers attempted to claim descent from the Borjigin even on weak grounds, such as Mongol matrilineal descent.[citation needed] In the 14th century, valid sources (heavily dependent on Rashid-al-Din Hamadani and other Muslim historians) all but dried up." }, "Harley Quinn-2": { "title": "Harley Quinn", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Harley Quinn is a frequent accomplice and lover of the Joker, who was her patient when she worked as an intern psychologist at Gotham City's Arkham Asylum. Her alias is a play on the name \"Harlequin\", a character that originated in commedia dell'arte. She has also teamed up with fellow villains Poison Ivy and Catwoman, the trio being known as the Gotham City Sirens; Ivy is a close friend and occasional girlfriend of Harley. Since The New 52 comics, she has been depicted as an antihero and a recurring core member of the Suicide Squad who has left her abusive relationship with the Joker behind." }, "Goldfish-22": { "title": "Goldfish", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "Behavior", "Reproduction" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Breeding goldfish by the hobbyist is the process of selecting adult fish to reproduce, allowing them to reproduce and then raising the resulting offspring while continually removing fish that do not approach the desired pedigree." }, "Linus Torvalds-1": { "title": "Linus Torvalds", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Linus Benedict Torvalds (/\u02c8li\u02d0n\u0259s \u02c8t\u0254\u02d0rv\u0254\u02d0ldz/ LEE-n\u0259s TOR-vawldz, Finland Swedish:\u00a0[\u02c8li\u02d0n\u0289s \u02c8tu\u02d0rv\u0251lds] (listen); born 28 December 1969) is a Finnish-American software engineer who is the creator and, historically, the principal developer of the Linux kernel, which is the kernel for Linux operating systems (distributions) and other operating systems such as Android and Chrome OS. He also created the distributed version control system Git and the scuba dive logging and planning software Subsurface." }, "Flag of Nepal-1": { "title": "Flag of Nepal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The national flag of Nepal (Nepali: \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b \u091d\u0923\u094d\u0921\u093e) is the world's only non-quadrilateral flag that acts as both the state flag and civil flag of a sovereign nation. The flag is a simplified combination of two single pennons (or pennants), known as a double-pennon. Its crimson red is the symbol of bravery and it also represents the color of the rhododendron, Nepal's national flower, while the blue border is the color of peace. Until 1962, the flag's emblems, the sun and the crescent moon, had human faces, but they were removed to modernize the flag." }, "Scar (The Lion King)-1": { "title": "Scar (The Lion King)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Scar is an animated character who appears as the main antagonist in Disney's The Lion King franchise. He was created in 1989 by screenwriters Irene Mecchi, Jonathan Roberts, and Linda Woolverton, and animated by Andreas Deja. The Pride Lands' reclusive heir presumptive, Scar is introduced in the first film as Simba's uncle and Mufasa's younger brother. Originally first-in-line to Mufasa's throne until he is suddenly replaced by Simba, Scar decides to lead an army of hyenas in his plot to take the throne by killing Mufasa and exiling Simba, ultimately blaming his brother's death on his nephew. Loosely based on King Claudius, the main antagonist of William Shakespeare's play Hamlet, Scar's villainy was additionally inspired by Adolf Hitler. As the character's supervising animator, Deja based Scar's appearance on that of original voice actor Jeremy Irons himself, as well as the actor's Academy Award-winning performance as Claus von B\u00fclow in Reversal of Fortune (1990). Before Irons was cast, the directors had considered offering the role to actors Tim Curry and Malcolm McDowell. Chiwetel Ejiofor voices the photorealistic version of the character in the CGI remake of the 1994 film." }, "John Adams-6": { "title": "John Adams", "section": "Early life and education", "headers": [ "Childhood" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Though raised in modest surroundings, Adams felt pressured to live up to his heritage. His was a family of Puritans, who profoundly affected their region's culture, laws, and traditions. By the time of John Adams's birth, Puritan tenets such as predestination had waned and many of their severe practices moderated, but Adams still \"considered them bearers of freedom, a cause that still had a holy urgency.\" Adams recalled that his parents \"held every Species of Libertinage in\u00a0... Contempt and horror,\" and detailed \"pictures of disgrace, or baseness and of Ruin\" resulting from any debauchery. Adams later noted that \"As a child I enjoyed perhaps the greatest of blessings that can be bestowed upon men \u2013 that of a mother who was anxious and capable to form the characters of her children.\"" }, "Horchata-9": { "title": "Horchata", "section": "Varieties", "headers": [ "or" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Horchata de arroz is made of rice, sometimes with vanilla and typically with canella or cinnamon." }, "Member of Congress-3": { "title": "Member of Congress", "section": "United States", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Members of Congress in both houses are elected by direct popular vote. Senators are elected via a statewide vote and representatives by voters in each congressional district. Congressional districts are apportioned to the states, once every ten years, based on population figures from the most recent nationwide census. Each of the 435 members of the House of Representatives is elected to serve a two-year term representing the people of their district. Each state, regardless of its size, has at least one congressman or congresswoman. Each of the 100 members of the Senate is elected to serve a six-year term representing the people of their state. Each state, regardless of its size, has two senators. Senatorial terms are staggered, so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election. Each staggered group of one-third of the senators is called a 'class'. No state has both its senators in the same class. One senator is a class above the other, or vice versa." }, "Adhesive-2": { "title": "Adhesive", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The use of adhesives offers many advantages over binding techniques such as sewing, mechanical fastening, thermal bonding, etc. These include the ability to bind different materials together, to distribute stress more efficiently across the joint, the cost effectiveness of an easily mechanized process, an improvement in aesthetic design, and increased design flexibility. Disadvantages of adhesive use include decreased stability at high temperatures, relative weakness in bonding large objects with a small bonding surface area, and greater difficulty in separating objects during testing. Adhesives are typically organized by the method of adhesion. These are then organized into reactive and non-reactive adhesives, which refers to whether the adhesive chemically reacts in order to harden. Alternatively they can be organized by whether the raw stock is of natural or synthetic origin, or by their starting physical phase." }, "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66-1": { "title": "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66\" is a popular rhythm and blues standard, composed in 1946 by American songwriter Bobby Troup. The song uses a twelve-bar blues arrangement and the lyrics follow the path of U.S. Route 66 (US\u00a066), which traversed the western two-thirds of the U.S. from Chicago, Illinois, to Los Angeles, California." }, "Black Lives Matter-14": { "title": "Black Lives Matter", "section": "Structure and organization", "headers": [ "Guiding principles" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "According to the Black Lives Matter website, there are thirteen guiding principles that should apply to those who choose to become involved under the Black Lives Matter banner, among them Diversity, Globalism, Empathy, Restorative justice and Intergenerationality." }, "Portfolio (finance)-2": { "title": "Portfolio (finance)", "section": "Definition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The term \u201cportfolio\u201d refers to any combination of financial assets such as stocks, bonds and cash. Portfolios may be held by individual investors or managed by financial professionals, hedge funds, banks and other financial institutions. It is a generally accepted principle that a portfolio is designed according to the investor's risk tolerance, time frame and investment objectives. The monetary value of each asset may influence the risk/reward ratio of the portfolio." }, "Trilogy of Error-1": { "title": "Trilogy of Error", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Trilogy of Error\" is the eighteenth episode of The Simpsons' twelfth season, and the 266th episode overall. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 29, 2001. In the episode, Homer's rush to the hospital to re-attach his severed thumb, Lisa's rush to school to win the science fair, and Bart's run-in with an illegal fireworks scheme are interconnected as each act tells the events of the same day, but from a different point of view." }, "Rabies-31": { "title": "Rabies", "section": "Treatment", "headers": [ "After exposure" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "People who have previously been vaccinated against rabies do not need to receive the immunoglobulin, only the postexposure vaccinations on days 0 and 3. The side effects of modern cell-based vaccines are similar to flu shots. The old nerve-tissue-based vaccination required multiple injections into the abdomen with a large needle but is inexpensive. It is being phased out and replaced by affordable World Health Organization intradermal-vaccination regimens. Intramuscular vaccination should be given into the deltoid, not the gluteal area, which has been associated with vaccination failure due to injection into fat rather than muscle. In children less than a year old, the lateral thigh is recommended. Thoroughly washing the wound as soon as possible with soap and water for approximately five minutes is effective in reducing the number of viral particles. Povidone-iodine or alcohol is then recommended to reduce the virus further." }, "Parsley-1": { "title": "Parsley", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Parsley or garden parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae that is native to the central and eastern Mediterranean region (Lebanon, Israel, Cyprus, southern Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain, Malta, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia), but has naturalized elsewhere in Europe, and is widely cultivated as a herb, and a vegetable." }, "Shoe size-13": { "title": "Shoe size", "section": "Common sizing systems", "headers": [ "United Kingdom" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Shoe size in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India, Pakistan and South Africa is based on the length of the last used to make the shoes, measured in barleycorns (\u200b1\u20443 inch) starting from the smallest size deemed practical, which is called size zero. It is not formally standardised. Note that the last is typically longer than the foot heel to toe length by about 1\u20442 to 2\u20443 inch (13 to 17\u00a0mm)." }, "Ethanol fermentation-1": { "title": "Ethanol fermentation", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ethanol fermentation, also called alcoholic fermentation, is a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products. Because yeasts perform this conversion in the absence of oxygen, alcoholic fermentation is considered an anaerobic process. It also takes place in some species of fish (including goldfish and carp) where (along with lactic acid fermentation) it provides energy when oxygen is scarce." }, "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart-1": { "title": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 1756\u00a0\u2013 5 December 1791), baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period." }, "Anxiety-1": { "title": "Anxiety", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behavior such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints, and rumination. It is the subjectively unpleasant feelings of dread over anticipated events." }, "Retail clerk-2": { "title": "Retail clerk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A retail clerk obtains or receives merchandise, totals bills, accepts payment, takes orders and makes change for customers in retail stores such as drug stores, candy stores, or liquor stores (thus, the position may partially overlap with that of cashier and teller). They clean shelves, counters, or tables; stock shelves, or tables with merchandise; set up advertising displays or arrange merchandise on counters or tables to promote sales; stamp, mark, or tag prices on merchandise; and obtain merchandise requested by customers or receive merchandise selected by customers. They are expected to answer customers' questions concerning location, price, and use of merchandise; to total price and tax on merchandise purchased by customers to determine bill; and to accept payment, make change, and wrap or bag the merchandise for customers. They may remove and record the amount of cash in register at end of shift. A retail clerk, particularly in a smaller store, may keep record of sales, prepare inventory of stock, or order merchandise." }, "Menthol-23": { "title": "Menthol", "section": "Applications", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "In nonprescription products for short-term relief of minor sore throat and minor mouth or throat irritation. Examples: lip balms and cough medicines. As an antipruritic to reduce itching. As a topical analgesic, it is used to relieve minor aches and pains, such as muscle cramps, sprains, headaches and similar conditions, alone or combined with chemicals such as camphor, eucalyptus oil or capsaicin. In Europe, it tends to appear as a gel or a cream, while in the U.S., patches and body sleeves are very frequently used. Examples: Tiger Balm, or IcyHot patches or knee/elbow sleeves. As a penetration enhancer in transdermal drug delivery. In decongestants for chest and sinuses (cream, patch or nose inhaler). Examples: Vicks VapoRub, Mentholatum, VapoRem, Mentisan. In certain medications used to treat sunburns, as it provides a cooling sensation (then often associated with aloe). In aftershave products to relieve razor burn. As a smoking tobacco additive in some cigarette brands, for flavor, and to reduce throat and sinus irritation caused by smoking. Menthol also increases nicotine receptor density, increasing the addictive potential of tobacco products. Commonly used in oral hygiene products and bad-breath remedies, such as mouthwash, toothpaste, mouth and tongue sprays, and more generally as a food flavor agent; such as in chewing gum and candy. As a pesticide against tracheal mites of honey bees. In perfumery, menthol is used to prepare menthyl esters to emphasize floral notes (especially rose). In first aid products such as \"mineral ice\" to produce a cooling effect as a substitute for real ice in the absence of water or electricity (pouch, body patch/sleeve or cream). In various patches ranging from fever-reducing patches applied to children's foreheads to \"foot patches\" to relieve numerous ailments (the latter being much more frequent and elaborate in Asia, especially Japan: some varieties use \"functional protrusions\", or small bumps to massage one's feet as well as soothing them and cooling them down). In some beauty products such as hair conditioners, based on natural ingredients (e.g., St.\u200a\u2060Ives). As an antispasmodic and smooth muscle relaxant in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. In organic chemistry, menthol is used as a chiral auxiliary in asymmetric synthesis. For example, sulfinate esters made from sulfinyl chlorides and menthol can be used to make enantiomerically pure sulfoxides by reaction with organolithium reagents or Grignard reagents. Menthol reacts with chiral carboxylic acids to give diastereomic menthyl esters, which are useful for chiral resolution." }, "NPF (firewall)-1": { "title": "NPF (firewall)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Free and open-source software portal NPF is a BSD licensed stateful packet filter, a central piece of software for firewalling. It is comparable to iptables, ipfw, ipfilter and PF. NPF is developed on NetBSD." }, "Mickey Mouse-49": { "title": "Mickey Mouse", "section": "Portrayal", "headers": [ "Design" ], "para_index": 49, "content": "Besides Mickey's gloves and shoes, he typically wears only a pair of shorts with two large buttons in the front. Before Mickey was seen regularly in color animation, Mickey's shorts were either red or a dull blue-green. With the advent of Mickey's color films, the shorts were always red. When Mickey is not wearing his red shorts, he is often still wearing red clothing such as a red bandmaster coat (The Band Concert, The Mickey Mouse Club), red overalls (Clock Cleaners, Boat Builders), a red cloak (Fantasia, Fun and Fancy Free), a red coat (Squatter's Rights, Mickey's Christmas Carol), or a red shirt (Mickey Down Under, The Simple Things)." }, "Refrigeration-23": { "title": "Refrigeration", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Commercial use" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "By the middle of the 20th century, refrigeration units were designed for installation on trucks or lorries. Refrigerated vehicles are used to transport perishable goods, such as frozen foods, fruit and vegetables, and temperature-sensitive chemicals. Most modern refrigerators keep the temperature between \u201340 and \u201320\u00a0\u00b0C, and have a maximum payload of around 24,000\u00a0kg gross weight (in Europe)." }, "Nicotine-11": { "title": "Nicotine", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Recreational" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Nicotine is used as a recreational drug. It is widely used because it is highly addictive and hard to discontinue using it. Nicotine is often used compulsively, and dependence can develop within days. Recreational drug users commonly use nicotine for its mood-altering effects. Other recreational nicotine products include chewing tobacco,[citation needed] cigars, cigarettes, e-cigarettes, snuff,[citation needed] pipe tobacco, and snus." }, "Oxy-fuel welding and cutting-30": { "title": "Oxy-fuel welding and cutting", "section": "Fuels", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Oxy-fuel processes may use a variety of fuel gases, the most common being acetylene. Other gases that may be used are propylene, liquified petroleum gas (LPG), propane, natural gas, hydrogen, and MAPP gas. Many brands use different kinds of gases in their mixes." }, "Peach-18": { "title": "Peach", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Another climate constraint is spring frost. The trees flower fairly early (in March in western Europe) and the blossom is damaged or killed if temperatures drop below about \u22124\u00a0\u00b0C (25\u00a0\u00b0F). However, if the flowers are not fully open, they can tolerate a few degrees colder." }, "ROYGBIV-1": { "title": "ROYGBIV", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "ROYGBIV or Roy G. Biv is an acronym for the sequence of hues commonly described as making up a rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. The initialism is sometimes referred to in reverse order, as VIBGYOR." }, "Apollo-25": { "title": "Apollo", "section": "Origins", "headers": [ "Dorian origin" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "The connection with the Dorians and their initiation festival apellai is reinforced by the month Apellaios in northwest Greek calendars. The family-festival was dedicated to Apollo (Doric: \u1f08\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd). Apellaios is the month of these rites, and Apellon is the \"megistos kouros\" (the great Kouros). However it can explain only the Doric type of the name, which is connected with the Ancient Macedonian word \"pella\" (Pella), stone. Stones played an important part in the cult of the god, especially in the oracular shrine of Delphi (Omphalos)." }, "University of Houston-1": { "title": "University of Houston", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The University of Houston (UH) is a public research university in Houston, Texas and the main institution of the University of Houston System. Founded in 1927, UH is the third-largest university in Texas with over 46,000 students. Its campus spans 667 acres in southeast Houston, and was known as University of Houston\u2013University Park from 1983 to 1991. The university is classified among \"R1: Doctoral Universities \u2013 Very high research activity.\"" }, "Mexican Revolution-1": { "title": "Mexican Revolution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Mexican Revolution (Spanish: Revoluci\u00f3n Mexicana) was a major armed struggle, lasting roughly from 1910 to 1920, that transformed Mexican culture and government. Although recent research has focused on local and regional aspects of the revolution, it was a genuinely national revolution. Its outbreak in 1910 resulted from the failure of the 31-year-long regime of Porfirio D\u00edaz to find a managed solution to presidential succession. This meant there was a political crisis among competing elites and the opportunity for agrarian insurrection. Wealthy landowner Francisco I. Madero challenged D\u00edaz in the 1910 presidential election, and following the rigged results, revolted under the Plan of San Luis Potos\u00ed. Armed conflict broke out in northern Mexico and D\u00edaz was forced out. In the Treaty of Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez, D\u00edaz resigned and went into exile, new elections were to occur in the fall, and an interim presidency under Francisco Le\u00f3n de la Barra was installed. A new election was held in 1911, bringing Madero to the presidency." }, "2 euro coin-1": { "title": "2 euro coin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The 2 euro coin (\u20ac2) is the highest value euro coin and has been used since the introduction of the euro (in its cash form) in 2002. The coin is used in 22 countries (with 20 legally adopting it) with a collective population of about 341\u00a0million. The coin is made of two alloys: the inner part of nickel brass, the outer part of copper-nickel. All coins have a common reverse side and country-specific national sides. The coin has been used since 2002, with the present common side design dating from 2007." }, "Hatmaking-1": { "title": "Hatmaking", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hat-making or millinery is the design, manufacture and sale of hats and head-wear. A person engaged in this trade is called a milliner or hatter." }, "Amish-6": { "title": "Amish", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Members who do not conform to these community expectations and who cannot be convinced to repent are excommunicated. In addition to excommunication, members may be shunned, a practice that limits social contacts to shame the wayward member into returning to the church. Almost 90 percent of Amish teenagers choose to be baptized and join the church. During an adolescent period of rumspringa (dialectal [Pennsylvania] German for \"springing around\", \u2033hopping around\u2033) in some communities, nonconforming behavior that would result in the shunning of an adult who had made the permanent commitment of baptism, may be met with a degree of forbearance. Amish church groups seek to maintain a degree of separation from the non-Amish world. Non-Amish people are generally referred to as \"English\". Generally, a heavy emphasis is placed on church and family relationships. The Amish typically operate their own one-room schools and discontinue formal education after grade eight, at age 13 or 14. Until the children turn 16, they have vocational training under the tutelage of their parents, community, and the school teacher. Higher education is generally discouraged, as it can lead to social segregation and the unraveling of the community. However, some Amish women have used higher education to obtain a nursing certificate so that they may provide midwifery services to the community." }, "United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine-1": { "title": "United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was a proposal by the United Nations, which recommended a partition of Mandatory Palestine at the end of the British Mandate. On 29 November 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted the Plan as Resolution 181 (II)." }, "Daniel Myron LeFever-1": { "title": "Daniel Myron LeFever", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Daniel Myron Lefever (August 27, 1835 \u2013 October 29, 1906) was an American gun maker, popularly known as \"Uncle Dan Lefever\". He is best known[citation needed] as the inventor of the hammerless shotgun, first introduced in 1878." }, "Maryland in the American Civil War-55": { "title": "Maryland in the American Civil War", "section": "Assassination of President Lincoln", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "The issue of slavery may have been settled by the new constitution, and the legality of secession by the war, but this did not end the debate. On April 14, 1865 the actor John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. Booth was born in Harford County, Maryland, a northern county on the Pennsylvania border, which had few slaves. After he shot Lincoln, Booth shouted \"Sic semper tyrannis\" (\"Thus always to tyrants\"). Other witnesses \u2014 including Booth himself \u2014 claimed that he only yelled \"Sic semper!\" Some didn't recall hearing Booth shout anything in Latin. Some witnesses said he shouted \"The South is avenged!\" Others thought they heard him say \"Revenge for the South!\" or \"The South shall be free!\" Two said Booth yelled \"I have done it!\" After shooting the President, Booth galloped on his horse into Southern Maryland, where he was sheltered and helped by sympathetic residents and smuggled at night across the Potomac River into Virginia a week later." }, "The Isley Brothers-5": { "title": "The Isley Brothers", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The Isley Brothers have sold over 18 million units in the United States alone.[1] They have had several hit songs including four Top 10 singles on the United States Billboard chart. With their first major hit charting in 1959 (\"Shout\"), and their last one in 2001 (\"Contagious\"), they are among the few groups ever to have hit the Billboard Hot 100 with new music in five different decades. Sixteen of their albums charted in the Top 40 and thirteen of those albums have been certified gold, platinum or multi-platinum by the RIAA. The brothers have been honored by several musical institutions, including the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, which inducted them in 1992. Five years later, they were added to Hollywood's Rockwalk, and in 2003 they were inducted to the Vocal Group Hall of Fame. They received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2014." }, "United 93 (film)-1": { "title": "United 93 (film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "United 93 is a 2006 biographical drama-thriller film written, co-produced and directed by Paul Greengrass, that chronicles events aboard United Airlines Flight 93, which was hijacked during the September 11 attacks of 2001. The film attempts to recount the hijacking and subsequent events in the flight with as much veracity as possible (there is a disclaimer that some imagination had to be used) and in real time (from the flight's takeoff). The passengers' response to the hijacking has come to be invested with great moral significance." }, "999 (emergency telephone number)-2": { "title": "999 (emergency telephone number)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Countries and territories using 999 include Bahrain, Bangladesh, Botswana, Eswatini, Ghana, Hong Kong, Ireland, Kenya, Macau, Malaysia, Mauritius, Poland, Qatar, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Trinidad and Tobago, the Seychelles, Uganda, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and Zimbabwe." }, "Emmanuel Macron-1": { "title": "Emmanuel Macron", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Emmanuel Jean-Michel Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Macron (French:\u00a0[eman\u0265\u025bl \u0292\u0251\u0303 mi\u0283\u025bl f\u0281ede\u0281ik mak\u0281\u0254\u0303]; born 21 December 1977) is a French politician who has been President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra since 14 May 2017." }, "Bonanza-1": { "title": "Bonanza", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bonanza is an American western television series that ran on NBC from September 12, 1959, to January 16, 1973. Lasting 14 seasons and 431 episodes, Bonanza is NBC's longest-running western, and ranks overall as the second-longest-running western series on U.S. network television (behind CBS's Gunsmoke), and within the top 10 longest-running, live-action American series. The show continues to air in syndication. The show is set in the 1860s and it centers on the wealthy Cartwright family who live in the vicinity of Virginia City, Nevada, bordering Lake Tahoe. The series initially starred Lorne Greene, Pernell Roberts, Dan Blocker and Michael Landon and later featured (at various times) Guy Williams, David Canary, Mitch Vogel and Tim Matheson. The show is known for presenting pressing moral dilemmas." }, "Easter Bunny-1": { "title": "Easter Bunny", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Easter Bunny (also called the Easter Rabbit or Easter Hare) is a folkloric figure and symbol of Easter, depicted as a rabbit bringing Easter eggs. Originating among German Lutherans, the \"Easter Hare\" originally played the role of a judge, evaluating whether children were good or disobedient in behavior at the start of the season of Eastertide. The Easter Bunny is sometimes depicted with clothes. In legend, the creature carries colored eggs in his basket, candy, and sometimes also toys to the homes of children, and as such shows similarities to Santa Claus or the Christkind, as they both bring gifts to children on the night before their respective holidays. The custom was first[unreliable source?] mentioned in Georg Franck von Franckenau's De ovis paschalibus ('About Easter Eggs') in 1682, referring to a German tradition of an Easter Hare bringing Easter eggs for the children." }, "New Year's Eve-36": { "title": "New Year's Eve", "section": "Americas", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "citation needed] In the United States, New Year's Eve is celebrated with formal parties and concerts, family-oriented activities, and large public events such as firework shows and \"drops\". Americans often wish each other a happy new year before and after the countdown. President Richard Nixon wished then-UN Ambassador George H. W. Bush a happy new year from the White House at about 9:22 PM on December 31, 1971." }, "Mercury (element)-1": { "title": "Mercury (element)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum (/ha\u026a\u02c8dr\u0251\u02d0rd\u0292\u0259r\u0259m/ hy-DRAR-j\u0259r-\u0259m). A heavy, silvery d-block element, mercury is the only metallic element that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure; the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is the halogen bromine, though metals such as caesium, gallium, and rubidium melt just above room temperature." }, "Frost-1": { "title": "Frost", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Frost is a thin layer of ice on a solid surface, which forms from water vapor in an above freezing atmosphere coming in contact with a solid surface whose temperature is below freezing, and resulting in a phase change from water vapor (a gas) to ice (a solid) as the water vapor reaches the freezing point. In temperate climates, it most commonly appears on surfaces near the ground as fragile white crystals; in cold climates, it occurs in a greater variety of forms. The propagation of crystal formation occurs by the process of nucleation." }, "French Defence-46": { "title": "French Defence", "section": "ECO codes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings includes an alphanumeric classification system for openings that is widely used in chess literature. Codes C00 to C19 are the French Defence, broken up in the following way (all apart from C00 start with the moves 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5):" }, "Wittenberg-7": { "title": "Wittenberg", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "On 31 October 1517, according to legend, Luther nailed his 95 theses against the selling of indulgences at the door of the All Saints', the Castle Church \u2013 an event taken as marking the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. The Anabaptist movement had one of its earliest homes in Wittenberg, when the Zwickau prophets moved there in late 1521, only to be suppressed by Luther when he returned from the Wartburg in spring 1522. The Capitulation of Wittenberg (1547) is the name given to the treaty by which John Frederick the Magnanimous was compelled to resign the electoral dignity and most of his territory to the Albertine branch of the House of Wettin." }, "Surf culture-28": { "title": "Surf culture", "section": "Big wave culture", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "The non-competitive adventure activity of riding the biggest waves possible (known as \"rhino hunting\") is popular with some surfers. A practice popularized in the 1990s has seen big wave surfing revolutionized, as surfers use personal watercraft to tow them out to a position where they can catch waves previously unrideable because of the speed at which they travel (see tow-in surfing). Some waves reach speeds of over 60\u00a0km/h; personal watercraft enable surfers to catch up to the speed of the wave, thereby making them rideable. Personal watercraft also allow surfers to survive wipeouts. In many instances surfers would not otherwise survive the battering of the \"sets\" (groups of waves together). This spectacular activity is extremely popular with television crews, but because such waves rarely occur in heavily populated regions, and usually only a very long way out to sea on outer reefs, few spectators see such events directly." }, "Lavandula-5": { "title": "Lavandula", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Flowers are borne in whorls, held on spikes rising above the foliage, the spikes being branched in some species. Some species produce coloured bracts at the apices. The flowers may be blue, violet or lilac in the wild species, occasionally blackish purple or yellowish. The calyx is tubular. The corolla is also tubular, usually with five lobes (the upper lip often cleft, and the lower lip has two clefts)." }, "Eddie Murphy-41": { "title": "Eddie Murphy", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Family" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "Following his divorce from Mitchell, in 2006, Murphy began dating former Spice Girl Melanie Brown, who became pregnant and stated that the child was Murphy's. When questioned about the pregnancy in December 2006, by RTL Boulevard, Murphy told Dutch reporter Matthijs Kleyn, \"I don't know whose child that is until it comes out and has a blood test. You shouldn't jump to conclusions, sir\". Brown gave birth to a baby girl, Angel Iris Murphy Brown, on Murphy's 46th birthday, April 3, 2007. On June 22, 2007, representatives for Brown announced that a DNA test had confirmed that Murphy was the father. Brown had stated in an interview that Murphy has not sought a relationship with Angel, although it was later reported in 2010 that Murphy was getting to know her." }, "George Soros-1": { "title": "George Soros", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "George Soros, Hon FBA (born Schwartz Gy\u00f6rgy; August 12, 1930) is a Hungarian-American billionaire investor and philanthropist. As of February\u00a02018[update], he had a net worth of $8 billion, having donated more than $32 billion to his philanthropic agency, the Open Society Foundations." }, "Porsche 911-133": { "title": "Porsche 911", "section": "911 GT1", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 133, "content": "Porsche 911 GT1 on display at the Porsche Museum The Porsche 911 GT1 is a race car that was developed in 1996 for the GT1 class in the 24 Hours of Le Mans. In order to qualify for GT racing, 25 road-going models were built to achieve type homologation. The engine in the GT1 is rated at 608\u00a0PS (447\u00a0kW; 600\u00a0hp) (544\u00a0PS (400\u00a0kW; 537\u00a0hp) for the road version) and accelerated from 0\u201397\u00a0km/h in 3.3 seconds. The top speed stood at 330\u00a0km/h (205\u00a0mph). Both the road and race cars carried the same twin-turbocharged engine as used in the 962, and the race car was a match for the then dominant McLaren F1 GTRs. A redeveloped version of the 911 GT1 race car was later built, winning outright at the 1998 24 Hours of Le Mans. The car is not considered to be a real 911[citation needed], as it is derived from the 962 with the 993 and later the 996 911's front section. It was the most powerful and fastest road-going Porsche until the introduction of the Carrera GT in 2004 and later the 918 Spyder in 2013." }, "Amiens-1": { "title": "Amiens", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Amiens (/\u02c8\u00e6mi\u0259nz/ AM-ee-\u0259nz, also US: /\u00e6\u02c8mj\u00e6\u0303/; French:\u00a0[amj\u025b\u0303]; Picard: Anmien) is a city and commune in northern France, 120\u00a0km (75\u00a0mi) north of Paris and 100\u00a0km (62\u00a0mi) south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme department in Hauts-de-France. The city had a population of 136,105 according to the 2006 census, and has one of the biggest university hospitals in France with a capacity of 1,200 beds. Amiens Cathedral is the tallest of the large, classic, Gothic churches of the 13th century and the largest in France of its kind. It is also a World Heritage Site. The author Jules Verne lived in Amiens from 1871 until his death in 1905, and served on the city council for 15 years." }, "Olympic medal-1": { "title": "Olympic medal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An Olympic medal is awarded to successful competitors at one of the Olympic Games. There are three classes of medal: gold, awarded to the winner; silver, awarded to the first runner-up; and bronze, awarded to the second runner-up. The granting of awards is laid out in detail in the Olympic protocols." }, "Rhinoceros-3": { "title": "Rhinoceros", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Rhinoceros are killed by some humans for their horns, which are bought and sold on the black market, and used by some cultures for ornaments or traditional medicine. East Asia, specifically Vietnam, is the largest market for rhino horns. By weight, rhino horns cost as much as gold on the black market. People grind up the horns and consume them, believing the dust has therapeutic properties. The horns are made of keratin, the same type of protein that makes up hair and fingernails. Both African species and the Sumatran rhinoceros have two horns, while the Indian and Javan rhinoceros have a single horn. The IUCN Red List identifies the Black, Javan, and Sumatran rhinoceros as critically endangered." }, "Ankle-1": { "title": "Ankle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The ankle, or the talocrural region, is the region where the foot and the leg meet. The ankle includes three joints: the ankle joint proper or talocrural joint, the subtalar joint, and the inferior tibiofibular joint. The movements produced at this joint are dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot. In common usage, the term ankle refers exclusively to the ankle region. In medical terminology, \"ankle\" (without qualifiers) can refer broadly to the region or specifically to the talocrural joint." }, "Aesop-19": { "title": "Aesop", "section": "Depictions", "headers": [ "Art and literature" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "The Fables are gathering about Aesop, being fond of him because he devotes himself to them. For... he checks greed and rebukes insolence and deceit, and in all this some animal is his mouthpiece \u2014 a lion or a fox or a horse... and not even the tortoise is dumb \u2014 that through them children may learn the business of life. So the Fables, honoured because of Aesop, gather at the doors of the wise man to bind fillets about his head and to crown him with a victor's crown of wild olive. And Aesop, methinks, is weaving some fable; at any rate his smile and his eyes fixed on the ground indicate this. The painter knows that for the composition of fables relaxation of the spirit is needed. And the painting is clever in representing the persons of the Fables. For it combines animals with men to make a chorus about Aesop, composed of the actors in his fables; and the fox is painted as leader of the chorus. With the advent of printing in Europe, various illustrators tried to recreate this scene. One of the earliest was in Spain's La vida del Ysopet con sus fabulas historiadas (1489, see above). In France there was I. Baudoin's Fables d'\u00c9sope Phrygien (1631) and Matthieu Guillemot's Les images ou tableaux de platte peinture des deux Philostrates (1637). In England there was Francis Cleyn's frontispiece to John Ogilby's The Fables of Aesop and the much later frontispiece to Godwin's Fables Ancient and Modern mentioned above in which the swarthy fabulist points out three of his characters to the children seated about him." }, "One Thousand and One Nights-1": { "title": "One Thousand and One Nights", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "One Thousand and One Nights (Arabic: \u0623\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0641\u064f \u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629\u064d \u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629\u064c\u200e, \u02beAlf Laylah wa-Laylah) is a collection of Middle Eastern folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age. It is often known in English as the Arabian Nights, from the first English-language edition (c. 1706\u20131721), which rendered the title as The Arabian Nights' Entertainment." }, "Asian black bear-6": { "title": "Asian black bear", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "An Asian black bear with broken hind legs can still climb effectively. In contrast to polar bears, Asian black bears have powerful upper bodies for climbing trees, and relatively weak hind legs which are shorter than those in brown bears and American black bears. They are the most bipedal of all bears, and have been known to walk upright for over a quarter mile. The heel pads on the forefeet are larger than those of most other bear species. Their claws, which are primarily used for climbing and digging, are slightly longer on the fore foot (30\u201345\u00a0mm) than the back (18\u201336\u00a0mm), and are larger and more hooked than those of the American black bear." }, "San Tropez (song)-1": { "title": "San Tropez (song)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"San Tropez\" is the fourth track from the album Meddle by the band Pink Floyd. This song was one of several to be considered for the band's \"best of\" album, Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd." }, "Poseidon-43": { "title": "Poseidon", "section": "In literature and art", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "Male lovers Nerites Pelops Patroclus In Greek art, Poseidon rides a chariot that was pulled by a hippocampus or by horses that could ride on the sea. He was associated with dolphins and three-pronged fish spears (tridents). He lived in a palace on the ocean floor, made of coral and gems." }, "Cricket-1": { "title": "Cricket", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a 20-metre (22-yard) pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled at the wicket with the bat, while the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this and dismiss each player (so they are \"out\"). Means of dismissal include being bowled, when the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails, and by the fielding side catching the ball after it is hit by the bat, but before it hits the ground. When ten players have been dismissed, the innings ends and the teams swap roles. The game is adjudicated by two umpires, aided by a third umpire and match referee in international matches. They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match's statistical information." }, "Instant noodle-23": { "title": "Instant noodle", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Packaging" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "The shelf life of instant noodles ranges from 4\u201312 months, depending on environmental factors. Their stability comes from the high sodium content with low moisture, and low water activity. Instant noodles can be served after 1\u20132 minutes in boiled water or soaked in hot water for 3\u20134 minutes." }, "Cat-29": { "title": "Cat", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "Size" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "Adult domestic cats typically weigh between 4 and 5\u00a0kg (8." }, "Blast beat-6": { "title": "Blast beat", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "A blast beat is traditionally played as an alternating single-stroke roll broken up between the kick drum and the snare drum. Blast beats are counted in 32nd or 16th notes. In a modern musical context blast beats are usually regarded as such when played at a minimum of above 90 beats per minute 32nd notes, or 180 bpm 16th notes. Early blast beats were generally quite slow and less precise compared to today's standards. Nowadays, a blast beat is normally played from 180 bpm 16th notes up to such high tempos as in the range of 250-280 bpm 16th notes (or even higher). There is also the \"gravity blast\", not to be confused with the one-handed gravity roll (see below). This technique uses the rim of the snare drum as a fulcrum, allowing two snare hits with one downward motion (essentially doing the work of two hands with only one)." }, "Guitar-1": { "title": "Guitar", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The guitar is a fretted musical instrument that usually has six strings. It is typically played with both hands by strumming or plucking the strings with either a guitar pick or the fingers/fingernails of one hand, while simultaneously fretting (pressing the strings against the frets) with the fingers of the other hand. The sound of the vibrating strings is projected either acoustically, by means of the hollow chamber of the guitar (for an acoustic guitar), or through an electrical amplifier and a speaker." }, "Turkey-1": { "title": "Turkey", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Turkey (Turkish: T\u00fcrkiye [\u02c8ty\u027ecije]), officially the Republic of Turkey (Turkish: T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti [\u02c8ty\u027ecije d\u0292um\u02c8hu\u02d0\u027eijeti] (listen)), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe. East Thrace, the part of Turkey in Europe, is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus and the Dardanelles (collectively called the Turkish Straits). Istanbul, which straddles Europe and Asia, is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital. Turkey is bordered on its northwest by Greece and Bulgaria; north by the Black Sea; northeast by Georgia; east by Armenia, the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran; southeast by Iraq and Syria; south by the Mediterranean Sea; and west by the Aegean Sea. Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country's citizens identify as Turkish, while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population." }, "Revolutionary Road-1": { "title": "Revolutionary Road", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Revolutionary Road is American author Richard Yates's debut novel about 1950s suburban life in the East Coast. It was a finalist for the National Book Award in 1962, along with Catch-22 and The Moviegoer. When published by Atlantic-Little, Brown in 1961, it received critical acclaim, and The New York Times reviewed it as \"beautifully crafted... a remarkable and deeply troubling book.\" In 2005, the novel was chosen by TIME as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to the present." }, "Camden Military Academy-1": { "title": "Camden Military Academy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Camden Military Academy (CMA) is a private, all-male, military boarding school located in Camden, South Carolina, United States. The State of South Carolina has recognized the institution as the official state military academy of South Carolina. Camden Military Academy accepts male students in grades 7 through 12, also offering a post-graduate year." }, "Salsa-1": { "title": "Salsa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Salsa usually refers to: Salsa (sauce), a spicy sauce of chopped, usually uncooked vegetables or fruit, especially tomatoes, onions, and chili peppers, used as a condiment Salsa music, a lively, vigorous type of contemporary Latin American popular music, blending predominantly Afro Cuban rhythms with elements of jazz, rock, and soul music Salsa (dance), a type of Cuban dance music incorporating elements of jazz and rock Salsa or SALSA may also refer to:" }, "Computer cooling-15": { "title": "Computer cooling", "section": "Air cooling", "headers": [ "Fans" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Fans are used when natural convection is insufficient to remove heat. Fans may be fitted to the computer case or attached to CPUs, GPUs, chipset, power supply unit (PSU), hard drives, or as cards plugged into an expansion slot. Common fan sizes include 40, 60, 80, 92, 120, and 140\u00a0mm. 200, 230, 250 and 300\u00a0mm fans are sometimes used in high-performance personal computers." }, "Quetiapine-17": { "title": "Quetiapine", "section": "Adverse effects", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Sources for incidence lists: Very common (>10% incidence) adverse effects Dry mouth Dizziness Headache Somnolence (drowsiness; of 15 antipsychotics quetiapine causes the 5th most sedation. Extended release (XR) formulations tend to produce less sedation, dose-by-dose than the immediate release formulations) Common (1\u201310% incidence) adverse effects High blood pressure Orthostatic hypotension High pulse rate High blood cholesterol Elevated serum triglycerides Abdominal pain Constipation Increased appetite Vomiting Increased liver enzymes Backache Asthenia Insomnia Lethargy Tremor Agitation Nasal congestion Pharyngitis Fatigue Pain Dyspepsia (Indigestion) Peripheral oedema Dysphagia Extrapyramidal disease: quetiapine and clozapine are noted for their relative lack of extrapyramidal side effects Weight gain: SMD 0.43\u00a0kg when compared to placebo. Produces roughly as much weight gain as risperidone, less weight gain than clozapine, olanzapine and zotepine and more weight gain than ziprasidone, lurasidone, aripiprazole and asenapine. As with many other atypical antipsychotics, this action is likely due to its actions at the H1 histamine receptor and 5-HT2C receptor. Rare (<1% incidence) adverse effects Prolonged QT interval (had an odds ratio for prolonging the QT interval over placebo of 0.17) Sudden cardiac death Syncope Diabetic ketoacidosis Restless legs syndrome Hyponatraemia, low blood sodium. Jaundice, yellowing of the eyes, skin and mucous membranes due to an impaired ability of the body to clear bilirubin, a by product of haem breakdown. Pancreatitis, pancreas swelling. Agranulocytosis, a potentially fatal drop in white blood cell count. Leukopenia, a drop in white blood cell count, not as severe as agranulocytosis. Neutropenia, a drop in neutrophils, the cell of the immune cells that defends the body against bacterial infections. Eosinophilia Anaphylaxis, a potentially fatal allergic reaction. Seizure Hypothyroidism, underactive thyroid gland. Myocarditis, swelling of the myocardium. Cardiomyopathy Hepatitis, swelling of the liver. Suicidal ideation Priapism. A prolonged and painful erection. Stevens-Johnson syndrome. A potentially fatal skin reaction. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome a rare and potentially fatal complication of antipsychotic drug treatment. It is characterised by the following symptoms: tremor, rigidity, hyperthermia, tachycardia, mental status changes (e.g. confusion), etc. Tardive Dyskinesia. A rare and often irreversible neurological condition characterised by involuntary movements of the face, tongue, lips and rest of the body. Most commonly occurs after prolonged treatment with antipsychotics. It is believed to be particularly uncommon with atypical antipsychotics, especially quetiapine and clozapine Both typical and atypical antipsychotics can cause tardive dyskinesia. According to one study, rates are lower with the atypicals at 3.9% as opposed to the typicals at 5.5%. Although quetiapine and clozapine are atypical antipsychotics, switching to these atypicals is an option to minimize symptoms of tardive dyskinesia caused by other atypicals." }, "Kola nut-1": { "title": "Kola nut", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The kola nut is the fruit of the kola tree, a genus (Cola) of trees that are native to the tropical rainforests of Africa. The caffeine-containing fruit of the tree is used as a flavoring ingredient in beverages, and is the origin of the term \"cola\"." }, "Parachute-36": { "title": "Parachute", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Round" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Forward speed (5\u201313\u00a0 km/h) and steering can be achieved by cuts in various sections (gores) across the back, or by cutting four lines in the back thereby modifying the canopy shape to allow air to escape from the back of the canopy, providing limited forward speed. Other modifications sometimes used are cuts in various sections (gores) to cause some of the skirt to bow out. Turning is accomplished by forming the edges of the modifications, giving the parachute more speed from one side of the modification than the other. This gives the jumpers the ability to steer the parachute (such as the United States Army MC series parachutes), enabling them to avoid obstacles and to turn into the wind to minimize horizontal speed at landing." }, "National School Lunch Act-35": { "title": "National School Lunch Act", "section": "Current challenges", "headers": [ "Rising costs" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "The additional cost must then be supplemented by school district general funds, and this puts a strain on school district budgets. Additional costs also make it difficult to meet federally mandated nutrition requirements because using the best palatable foods for students becomes too expensive." }, "European Fair Trade Association-1": { "title": "European Fair Trade Association", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The European Fair Trade Association is a Dutch association established informally in 1987. It gained formal status in 1990. It regroups 11 fair trade importers in 9 European countries: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. EFTA members include Ctm altromercato, Gepa3 Fair Handelshaus and Traidcraft. EFTA's aim is to support its member organizations in their work and encourage cooperation and coordination." }, "Veljko Rogo\u0161i\u0107-1": { "title": "Veljko Rogo\u0161i\u0107", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Veliko Rogo\u0161i\u0107 (21 July 1941 \u2013 7 August 2012) was a Croatian long-distance swimmer who competed at the Olympics for SFR Yugoslavia and won numerous awards since the start of his swimming career in 1959. Veliko Rogo\u0161i\u0107 also holds the world record for longest distance ever swum in open ocean without flippers. He swum a total of 225 km (139.8 miles) across the Adriatic sea in a time of 50 hours and 10 minutes." }, "Password strength-13": { "title": "Password strength", "section": "Password guess validation", "headers": [ "Random passwords" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "The strength of random passwords depends on the actual entropy of the underlying number generator; however, these are often not truly random, but pseudorandom. Many publicly available password generators use random number generators found in programming libraries that offer limited entropy. However most modern operating systems offer cryptographically strong random number generators that are suitable for password generation. It is also possible to use ordinary dice to generate random passwords. See stronger methods. Random password programs often have the ability to ensure that the resulting password complies with a local password policy; for instance, by always producing a mix of letters, numbers and special characters." }, "Mesopotamia-6": { "title": "Mesopotamia", "section": "Etymology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The Aramaic term biritum/birit narim corresponded to a similar geographical concept. Later, the term Mesopotamia was more generally applied to all the lands between the Euphrates and the Tigris, thereby incorporating not only parts of Syria but also almost all of Iraq and southeastern Turkey. The neighbouring steppes to the west of the Euphrates and the western part of the Zagros Mountains are also often included under the wider term Mesopotamia." }, "Commencement at Central Connecticut State University-18": { "title": "Commencement at Central Connecticut State University", "section": "CCSU undergraduate commencement speakers since 1994", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "CCSU's commencement speakers are often successful alumni such as Congressman John B. Larson (D-1st), CitiFinancial CEO Michael Knapp, and CCSU professor Kristine Larsen. In 2018 two ceremonies were held on May 19, each honoring both graduate and undergraduate students: a morning session for the liberal arts, social and natural sciences, engineering, and technology majors; and an afternoon session for those majoring in business, education, and other professional studies. The table below lists speakers since the event was moved to Hartford." }, "Snow White-3": { "title": "Snow White", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The fairy tale features such elements as the magic mirror, the poisoned apple, the glass coffin, and the characters of the Evil Queen and the Seven Dwarfs. The seven dwarfs were first given individual names in the 1912 Broadway play Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and then given different names in Walt Disney's 1937 film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. The Grimm story, which is commonly referred to as \"Snow White\", should not be confused with the story of \"Snow-White and Rose-Red\" (in German \"Schneewei\u00dfchen und Rosenrot\"), another fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm." }, "Suleman octuplets-1": { "title": "Suleman octuplets", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Suleman octuplets are six male and two female children conceived via in vitro fertilization (IVF) and subsequently born to Nadya Suleman on January 26, 2009, in Bellflower, California. Residing in Lancaster, California as of 2020, they comprise only the second full set of octuplets to be born alive in the United States and, having survived more than a week, surpassed the previous worldwide survival rate for a complete set of octuplets set by the Chukwu octuplets of 1998. The extremely controversial circumstances of their high-order multiple birth has led to debate in the field of assisted reproductive technology and an investigation by the Medical Board of California of the fertility specialist involved in the case." }, "Prussia-2": { "title": "Prussia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In 1871, most German states (notably excluding Austria and Switzerland) united to create the German Empire under Prussian leadership. In November 1918, the monarchies were abolished and the nobility lost its political power during the German Revolution of 1918\u201319. The Kingdom of Prussia was thus abolished in favour of a republic\u2014the Free State of Prussia, a state of Germany from 1918 until 1933. From 1933, Prussia lost its independence as a result of the Prussian coup, when the Nazi regime was successfully establishing its Gleichschaltung laws in pursuit of a unitary state. With the end of the Nazi regime, in 1945, the division of Germany into Allied occupation zones and the separation of its territories east of the Oder\u2013Neisse line, which were incorporated into Poland and the Soviet Union, the State of Prussia ceased to exist de facto. Prussia existed de jure until its formal abolition by the Allied Control Council Enactment No. 46 of 25 February 1947." }, "Parasitic drag-3": { "title": "Parasitic drag", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In flight, lift\u2013induced drag results from the lift force that must be produced so that the craft can maintain level flight. Induced drag is greater at lower speeds where a high angle of attack is required. As speed increases, the induced drag decreases, but parasitic drag increases because the fluid is striking the object with greater force, and is moving across the object's surfaces at higher speed. As speed continues to increase into the transonic and supersonic regimes, wave drag grows in importance. Each of these drag components changes in proportion to the others based on speed. The combined overall drag curve therefore shows a minimum at some airspeed; an aircraft flying at this speed will be close to its optimal efficiency. Pilots will use this speed to maximize the gliding range in case of an engine failure. However, to maximize the gliding endurance (minimum sink), the aircraft's speed would have to be at the point of minimum drag power, which occurs at lower speeds than minimum drag." }, "Frost-5": { "title": "Frost", "section": "Formation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "If a solid surface is chilled below the dew point of the surrounding humid air and the surface itself is colder than freezing, ice will form on it. If the water deposits as a liquid that then freezes, it forms a coating that may look glassy, opaque, or crystalline, depending on its type. Depending on context, that process also may be called atmospheric icing. The ice it produces differs in some ways from crystalline frost, which consists of spicules of ice that typically project from the solid surface on which they grow." }, "Watermelon-15": { "title": "Watermelon", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Watermelons are plants grown in climates from tropical to temperate, needing temperatures higher than about 25\u00a0\u00b0C (77\u00a0\u00b0F) to thrive. On a garden scale, seeds are usually sown in pots under cover and transplanted into well-drained sandy loam with a pH between 5.5 and 7, and medium levels of nitrogen." }, "Hyperglycemia-21": { "title": "Hyperglycemia", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "Critical illness" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "The following conditions can also cause hyperglycemia in the absence of diabetes. 1) Dysfunction of the thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands 2) Numerous diseases of the pancreas 3) Severe increases in blood glucose may be seen in sepsis and certain infections 4) Intracranial diseases (frequently overlooked) can also cause hyperglycemia. Encephalitis, brain tumors (especially those located near the pituitary gland), brain bleeds, and meningitis are prime examples. 5) Mild to high blood sugar levels are often seen in convulsions and terminal stages of many diseases. Prolonged, major surgeries can temporarily increase glucose levels.[citation needed] Certain forms of severe stress and physical trauma can increase levels for a brief time as well yet rarely exceeds 6.6 mmol/l (120 mg/dl)." }, "Yucatan woodpecker-5": { "title": "Yucatan woodpecker", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "M. p. pygmaeus (Ridgway, 1885): Cozumel. M. p. rubricomus (Peters, JL, 1948): Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula south to central Belize. M. p. tysoni (Bond, 1936): Guanaja I. (off northern Honduras). The Yucat\u00e1n woodpecker is endemic to Central America. Its range includes the Yucatan Peninsula and adjoining offshore islands, Cozumel Island, Belize, northeastern Guatemala and Guanaja Island off the coast of Honduras. It is mostly found in clearings and near the edges of dry woodland and in coastal scrub, but also sometimes inhabits damper woodland and degraded habitats." }, "Jumping spider-3": { "title": "Jumping spider", "section": "Distinguishing characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The jumping spiders, unlike the other families, have faces that are roughly rectangular surfaces perpendicular to their direction of motion. In effect this means that their forward-looking, anterior eyes are on \"flat faces\", as shown in the photographs. Their eye pattern is the clearest single identifying characteristic. They have eight eyes, as illustrated. Most diagnostic are the front row of four eyes, in which the anterior median pair are more dramatically prominent than any other spider eyes apart from the posterior median eyes of the Deinopidae. There is, however, a radical functional difference between the major (AME) eyes of Salticidae and the major (PME) eyes of the Deinopidae; the large posterior eyes of Deinopidae are adapted mainly to vision in dim light, whereas the large anterior eyes of Salticidae are adapted to detailed, three-dimensional vision for purposes of estimating the range, direction, and nature of potential prey, permitting the spider to direct its attacking leaps with great precision. The anterior lateral eyes, though large, are smaller than the AME and provide a wider forward field of vision." }, "Robert Stack-1": { "title": "Robert Stack", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Robert Stack (born Charles Langford Modini Stack, January 13, 1919 \u2013 May 14, 2003) was an American actor, sportsman, and television host. Known for his deep, commanding voice and presence, he appeared in over 40 feature films. He starred in the landmark ABC-TV television series The Untouchables (1959\u20131963), for which he won the 1960 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Series, and later hosted/narrated the true crime series Unsolved Mysteries (1987\u20132002). He was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in the film Written on the Wind (1956)." }, "The Beatles-1": { "title": "The Beatles", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960. With a line-up comprising John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, they are regarded as the most influential band of all time. The group were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music's recognition as an art form. Rooted in skiffle, beat and 1950s rock and roll, their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways; the band later explored music styles ranging from ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock. As pioneers in recording, songwriting and artistic presentation, the group revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era's youth and sociocultural movements." }, "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles-19": { "title": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", "section": "Television series", "headers": [ "First animated series (1987\u20131996)" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "When little-known Playmates Toys was approached about producing a TMNTs action figure line, they were cautious of the risk and requested that a television deal be acquired first. On December 28, 1987, the TMNT's first cartoon series began, starting as a five-part miniseries and becoming a regular Saturday-morning syndicated series on October 1, 1988, with 13 more episodes. The series was produced by Murakami-Wolf-Swenson Film Productions, Inc. (later Fred Wolf Films). Mirage Studios does not own the rights to this cartoon series. The show is more lighthearted than the comics. Here, the Turtles are portrayed as four funny but serious superheroes that fight the forces of evil from their sewer hideout. They love pizza and put weird toppings on it. They make their first appearance in masks color-coded to each turtle, where previously they had all worn red. The turtles were also well known for their use of idiomatic expressions characteristic of the surfer lingo of the time, especially by Michelangelo. Words and phrases included \"bummer\", \"dude\", \"bogus\", \"radical\", \"far-out\", \"tubuloso\", \"bodacious\", and possibly the most recognized, \"cowabunga\"." }, "Missionary-4": { "title": "Missionary", "section": "Missionaries by religion", "headers": [ "Christian missions", "Historic" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The Christian Church expanded throughout the Roman Empire already in New Testament times and is said by tradition to have reached even further, to Persia (Church of the East) and to India (Saint Thomas Christians). During the Middle Ages, the Christian monasteries and missionaries such as Saint Patrick (5th century), and Adalbert of Prague (ca 956-997) propagated learning and religion beyond the European boundaries of the old Roman Empire. In 596, Pope Gregory the Great (in office 590-604) sent the Gregorian Mission (including Augustine of Canterbury) into England. In their turn, Christians from Ireland (the Hiberno-Scottish mission) and from Britain (Saint Boniface (ca 675-754), and the Anglo-Saxon mission, for example) became prominent in converting the inhabitants of central Europe." }, "Harry S. Truman-1": { "title": "Harry S. Truman", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 \u2013 December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as vice president. He implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO." }, "Prime number-7": { "title": "Prime number", "section": "Definition and examples", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "For example, among the numbers 1 through 6, the numbers 2, 3, and 5 are the prime numbers, as there are no other numbers that divide them evenly (without a remainder)." }, "Drow-28": { "title": "Drow", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "The drow made their first statistical appearance in Hall of the Fire Giant King in the Hellfurnace Mountains of the Dungeons & Dragons World of Greyhawk campaign setting at the end of the module, and received a lengthy writeup. The history of the drow within the game is revealed; in ages past, the elves were torn by discord and warfare, driving out from their surface lands their selfish and cruel members, who sought safety in the underworld. These creatures, later known as the \"dark elvenfolk\" or drow, grew strong in the arcane arts over the centuries and content with their gloomy fairyland beneath the earth, though they still bear enmity towards and seek revenge against their distant kin, the elves and faeries who drove them down. They are described as chaotic evil in alignment, and highly intelligent. They are described as black-skinned and pale haired in appearance, around 5-feet tall and slight of build with somewhat sharp features, with large eyes and large pointed ears. Their equipment (magical boots and cloaks, and fine mesh armor similar to chainmail) is black in color and described as being empowered by exposure to the strange radiations of the Drow homeland, losing this power and eventually falling apart when exposed to direct sunlight and kept from the radiation for too long. Females are inherently more powerful than males, and only females may be clerics or fighter/clerics; male drow are commonly fighters, magic-users, or both classes at once. Drow move silently and with a graceful quickness, even when wearing their armor, and blend into shadows with ease. They carry long daggers and short swords of an adamantite alloy and small one-handed crossbows which shoot darts carrying a poison that causes unconsciousness. Drow are difficult to surprise as they are able to see very well in the dark, have an intuitive sense about their underground world similar to that of dwarves, and can detect hidden or secret doors as easily as other elves do. Drow are highly resistant to magic, while all drow have the ability to use some inherent magical abilities even if they are not strictly spellcasters. The module also reveals that there are rumors of vast caverns housing whole cities of drow which exist somewhere deep beneath the earth, and now that the drow have dwelled in these dark labyrinthe places they dislike daylight and other forms of bright light as it hampers their abilities. They are able to communicate using a silent language composed of hand movements, and when coupled with facial and body expression, movement, and posture, this form of communication is the equal of any spoken language." }, "Citric acid-1": { "title": "Citric acid", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Citric acid is a weak organic acid that has the chemical formula C 6H 8O 7. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms." }, "Bill Clinton-61": { "title": "Bill Clinton", "section": "Presidency (1993\u20132001)", "headers": [ "Second term (1997\u20132001)", "Impeachment and acquittal" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "Clinton was impeached on December 19, 1998 by the House of Representatives. The House voted 228\u2013206 to impeach him for perjury to a grand jury and voted 221\u2013212 to impeach him for obstruction of justice. Clinton was only the second U.S. president (after Andrew Johnson) to be impeached. Impeachment proceedings were based on allegations that Clinton had illegally lied about and covered up his relationship with 22-year-old White House (and later Department of Defense) employee Monica Lewinsky. After the Starr Report was submitted to the House providing what it termed \"substantial and credible information that President Clinton Committed Acts that May Constitute Grounds for an Impeachment\", the House began impeachment hearings against Clinton before the mid-term elections. To hold impeachment proceedings, the Republican leadership called a lame-duck session in December 1998." }, "Microwave oven-3": { "title": "Microwave oven", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Microwave ovens are a common kitchen appliance and are popular for reheating previously cooked foods and cooking a variety of foods. They are also useful for rapid heating of otherwise slowly prepared foodstuffs, which can easily burn or turn lumpy when cooked in conventional pans, such as hot butter, fats, chocolate or porridge. Unlike conventional ovens, microwave ovens usually do not directly brown or caramelize food, since they rarely attain the necessary temperatures to produce Maillard reactions. Exceptions occur in rare cases where the oven is used to heat frying-oil and other very oily items (such as bacon), which attain far higher temperatures than that of boiling water." }, "Big Ben-50": { "title": "Big Ben", "section": "Bells", "headers": [ "Chimes" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "Along with the Great Bell, the belfry houses four quarter bells which play the Westminster Quarters on the quarter hours. The four quarter bells sound G\u266f, F\u266f, E, and B. They were cast by John Warner & Sons at their Crescent Foundry in 1857 (G\u266f, F\u266f and B) and 1858 (E). The Foundry was in Jewin Crescent, in what is now known as The Barbican, in the City of London. The bells are sounded by hammers pulled by cables coming from the link room\u2014a low-ceiling space between the clock room and the belfry\u2014where mechanisms translate the movement of the quarter train into the sounding of the individual bells." }, "Dopamine-6": { "title": "Dopamine", "section": "Structure", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Like most amines, dopamine is an organic base. As a base, it is generally protonated in acidic environments (in an acid-base reaction). The protonated form is highly water-soluble and relatively stable, but can become oxidized if exposed to oxygen or other oxidants. In basic environments, dopamine is not protonated. In this free base form, it is less water-soluble and also more highly reactive. Because of the increased stability and water-solubility of the protonated form, dopamine is supplied for chemical or pharmaceutical use as dopamine hydrochloride\u2014that is, the hydrochloride salt that is created when dopamine is combined with hydrochloric acid. In dry form, dopamine hydrochloride is a fine powder which is white to yellow in color." }, "Louvre Pyramid-3": { "title": "Louvre Pyramid", "section": "Design and construction", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "reaches a height of 21.6 metres (71\u00a0ft). Its square base has sides of 34 metres (112\u00a0ft) and a base surface area of 1,000 square metres (11,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft). It consists of 603 rhombus-shaped and 70 triangular glass segments." }, "Hugh Jackman-4": { "title": "Hugh Jackman", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Jackman went to primary school at Pymble Public School and later attended the all-boys Knox Grammar School on Sydney's Upper North Shore, where he starred in its production of My Fair Lady in 1985 and became the school captain in 1986. Following graduation, he spent a gap year working at Uppingham School in England as a Physical Education teacher. On his return, he studied at the University of Technology, Sydney, graduating in 1991 with a BA in Communications. In his final year of university, he took a drama course to make up additional credits. The class did V\u00e1clav Havel's The Memorandum with Jackman as the lead. He later commented, \"In that week I felt more at home with those people than I did in the entire three years [at university]\"." }, "Kale-11": { "title": "Kale", "section": "Nutritional value", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Raw kale is composed of 84% water, 9% carbohydrates, 4% protein, and 1% fat (table). In a 100 gram serving, raw kale provides 49 calories and a large amount of vitamin K at 3.7 times the Daily Value (DV) (table). It is a rich source (20% or more of the DV) of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B6, folate, and manganese (see table \"Kale, raw\"). Kale is a good source (10\u201319% DV) of thiamin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamin E and several dietary minerals, including iron, calcium, potassium, and phosphorus (see table \"Kale, raw\"). Boiling raw kale diminishes most of these nutrients, while values for vitamins A, C, and K, and manganese remain substantial (see table \"Kale, cooked\")." }, "Treaty of Versailles-1": { "title": "Treaty of Versailles", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Treaty of Versailles (French: Trait\u00e9 de Versailles) was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which had directly led to the war. The other Central Powers on the German side signed separate treaties. Although the armistice, signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919." }, "Heath Ledger-29": { "title": "Heath Ledger", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "Autopsy and toxicology report" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "On 6 February 2008, the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of New York released its conclusions. Those conclusions were based on an initial autopsy that occurred 23 January 2008 and a subsequent complete toxicological analysis. The report concluded that Ledger died \"as the result of acute intoxication by the combined effects of oxycodone, hydrocodone, diazepam, temazepam, alprazolam and doxylamine\". It added: \"We have concluded that the manner of death is accident, resulting from the abuse of prescribed medications.\"" }, "Meatball-8": { "title": "Meatball", "section": "Various cultures", "headers": [ "Middle East and South Asia" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "In Brazil, meatballs are called alm\u00f4ndegas, derived from Italian influences. These are usually served with tomato sauce and pasta. In the Canadian province of Quebec, meatballs are the main component of a traditional dish called rago\u00fbt de boulettes (meatballs stew). The meatballs are made with ground pork, onions, spices like cinnamon, cloves and nutmeg and are simmered in a gravy that's thickened with toasted flour. The dish is normally served with boiled or mashed potatoes and pickled beets. It is so popular that a factory-processed version of the dish is available canned in most supermarkets throughout the province. In Mexico, alb\u00f3ndigas are commonly served with a light broth and vegetables, or with a mild chipotle sauce. In the United States, meatballs are commonly derived from European cuisine influence. Usually, they are served with spaghetti, on pizza, or on a sub (i.e., spaghetti and meatballs, meatball pizza, and meatball sandwiches). In the Southern United States, venison or beef is also often mixed with spices and baked into large meatballs that can be served as an entree. Another variation, called \"porcupine meatballs\" are basic meatballs often with rice in them. Several varieties of meatball pizza exist, such as Tex Mex and Greek-style lamb sweet and sour. The meatballs on meatball pizzas may be sliced to reduce their size, sliced in half, or broken-up and spread out on them. Kofta is a type of meatball or dumpling that is widely distributed in Iranian, Middle Eastern, South Asian, Mediterranean and Balkan (Central and Eastern Europe) cuisines. The word kofta is derived from Persian k\u016bfta: In Persian, \u06a9\u0648\u0641\u062a\u0646 (kuftan) means \"to beat\" or \"to grind\" or meatball. In the simplest form, koftas consist of balls or fingers of minced or ground meat \u2013 usually beef or lamb \u2013 mixed with spices and/or onions and other ingredients. The vegetarian variety is popular in India. They can be grilled, fried, steamed, poached, baked or marinated, and may be served with a rich spicy sauce." }, "San Antonio-18": { "title": "San Antonio", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "One profound impact on the city that has been almost forgotten was the German immigrants who settled in the region. The German immigrants founded smaller towns such as New Braunfels, Castroville, Boerne, Comfort, Fredericksburg, and Bulverde, all towns far out from San Antonio. However, the Germans were then drawn to San Antonio for work, and many buildings and streets still bear German names such as Wurzbach, Huebner, and Jones Maltsberger, and Weiderstein. The German impact on San Antonio was great, in the early 1900s it is estimated that at least 1/3 of San Antonio was ethnically German. Many ancestors of German immigrants in San Antonio spoke Texas German up to the 5th or 6th generations. Texas German is a dialect of German that evolved when the German language was separated from Germany. Texas German is best described as an anglicized-German dialect with a Texas twang. Many older generations in New Braunels and Fredericksburg still speak Texas-German to this day." }, "Passover Seder-1": { "title": "Passover Seder", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Passover Seder /\u02c8se\u026ad\u0259r/ (Hebrew: \u05e1\u05b5\u05d3\u05b6\u05e8 [\u02c8sede\u0281] 'order, arrangement'; Yiddish: \u05e1\u05d3\u05e8\u200e seyder) is a ritual feast that marks the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. It is conducted throughout the world on the eve of the 15th day of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar (i.e., at the start of the 15th; a Hebrew day begins at sunset). The day falls in late March or in April of the Gregorian calendar and the Passover lasts for seven days in Israel and eight days outside Israel. Jews generally observe one or two seders: in Israel, one seder is observed on the first night of Passover; many Diaspora communities hold a seder also on the second night. The Seder is a ritual performed by a community or by multiple generations of a family, involving a retelling of the story of the liberation of the Israelites from slavery in ancient Egypt. This story is in the Book of Exodus (Shemot) in the Hebrew Bible. The Seder itself is based on the Biblical verse commanding Jews to retell the story of the Exodus from Egypt: \"You shall tell your child on that day, saying, 'It is because of what the LORD did for me when I came out of Egypt.'\" (Exodus 13:8) Traditionally, families and friends gather in the evening to read the text of the Haggadah, an ancient work derived from the Mishnah (Pesahim 10). The Haggadah contains the narrative of the Israelite exodus from Egypt, special blessings and rituals, commentaries from the Talmud, and special Passover songs." }, "Squid-20": { "title": "Squid", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "Nervous system and sense organs" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Cephalopods have the most highly developed nervous systems among invertebrates. Squids have a complex brain in the form of a nerve ring encircling the oesophagus, enclosed in a cartilaginous cranium. Paired cerebral ganglia above the oesophagus receive sensory information from the eyes and statocysts, and further ganglia below control the muscles of the mouth, foot, mantle and viscera. Giant axons up to 1\u00a0mm (0.039\u00a0in) in diameter convey nerve messages with great rapidity to the circular muscles of the mantle wall, allowing a synchronous, powerful contraction and maximum speed in the jet propulsion system." }, "Practice of law-1": { "title": "Practice of law", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In its most general sense, the practice of law involves giving legal advice to clients, drafting legal documents for clients, and representing clients in legal negotiations and court proceedings such as lawsuits, and is applied to the professional services of a lawyer or attorney at law, barrister, solicitor, or civil law notary. However, there is a substantial amount of overlap between the practice of law and various other professions where clients are represented by agents. These professions include real estate, banking, accounting, and insurance. Moreover, a growing number of legal document assistants (LDAs) are offering services which have traditionally been offered only by lawyers and their employee paralegals. Many documents may now be created by computer-assisted drafting libraries, where the clients are asked a series of questions that are posed by the software in order to construct the legal documents. In addition, regulatory consulting firms also provide advisory services on regulatory compliance that were traditionally provided exclusively by law firms." }, "Martin Luther-12": { "title": "Martin Luther", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "Early and academic life" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Luther dedicated himself to the Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession. Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair. He said, \"I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul.\" Johann von Staupitz, his superior, pointed Luther's mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of Christ. He taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart." }, "New Year's Eve-39": { "title": "New Year's Eve", "section": "Americas", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "Other notable celebrations include the Las Vegas Strip's \"America's Party\", which consists of a ticketed concert event at the Fremont Street Experience, and a public fireworks show at midnight that is launched from multiple casinos on the Strip. Los Angeles, a city long without a major public New Year celebration, held an inaugural gathering in Downtown's newly-completed Grand Park to celebrate the beginning of 2014. The event included food trucks, art installations, and culminating with a projection mapping show on the side of Los Angeles City Hall near midnight. The inaugural event drew over 25,000 spectators and participants. For 2016, Chicago introduced an event known as Chi-Town Rising. Alongside the festivities in Times Square, New York's Central Park hosts a \"Midnight Run\" event organized by the New York Road Runners, which features a fireworks show and a footrace around the park that begins at the stroke of midnight. Since 2014\u201315, musician Pitbull has hosted a New Year's Eve concert at Miami's Bayfront Park (which was initially televised as a New Year's special on Fox, Pitbull's New Year's Revolution, until 2017\u201318)." }, "The Old Regime and the Revolution-3": { "title": "The Old Regime and the Revolution", "section": "L'Ancien R\u00e9gime and the French Revolution", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The aim of the French Revolution (1789\u20131799), while demonstrably anti-clerical, was not so much to destroy the sovereignty of religious faith as to tear down all forms of the Ancien R\u00e9gime, of which the established church was a foremost symbol, nor to create a state of permanent disorder. It was essentially a movement for political and social reform. Contrary to the views expressed by the participants in the Revolution themselves, there was an increase in neither the power nor the jurisdiction of the central authority. Instead, control of these forms was wrested from the monarchy and transferred in quick succession first to the People themselves and from there to a powerful autocracy. The Revolution never intended to change the whole nature of the traditional society. The chief permanent achievement of the French Revolution was the suppression of those political institutions, commonly described as feudal, which for many centuries had held unquestioned sway in most European countries. The Revolution set out to replace them with a new social and political order, based on the concepts of freedom and equality. In France, both before and after the Revolution, people relied on central authority instead of becoming economically or politically active themselves. By contrast, in the United States, political action permeated to even the lower levels of society. There, private individuals formed the basis of economic and political life, but, in France, the centre of political gravity resided in a chaotic bureaucracy answerable only to the monarchy form of government." }, "Mosquito-68": { "title": "Mosquito", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "Climate and global distribution", "Seasonality" ], "para_index": 68, "content": "In order for a mosquito to transmit a disease to the host there must be favorable conditions, referred to as transmission seasonality. Seasonal factors that impact the prevalence of mosquitos and mosquito-borne diseases are primarily humidity, temperature, and precipitation. A positive correlation between malaria outbreaks and these climatic variables has been demonstrated in China; and El Ni\u00f1o has been shown to impact the location and number of outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases observed in East Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia and India. Climate change impacts each of these seasonal factors and in turn impacts the dispersal of mosquitos." }, "Atari video game burial-17": { "title": "Atari video game burial", "section": "Excavation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Excavation started on April 26, 2014 as an open event to the public. E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial designer Howard Scott Warshaw, Ready Player One author Ernest Cline and film director Zak Penn attended the event as part of a documentary about the burial, as did local residents such as Armando Ortega, a city official who was reportedly one of the original children to raid the dump in 1983. Ortega stated that although he and his friends found dozens of quality games, they gave the E.T. cartridges away because the \"game sucked ... you couldn't finish it\". James Heller, the former Atari manager in charge of the original burial, was also on hand at the excavation. Heller revealed that he had originally ordered the site to be covered in concrete. Contrary to the urban legend that claims millions of cartridges were buried there, Heller stated that only 728,000 cartridges were buried." }, "Breakfast-63": { "title": "Breakfast", "section": "Europe", "headers": [ "United Kingdom and Ireland" ], "para_index": 63, "content": "The traditional breakfast most associated with Britain and Ireland remains, however, the full breakfast of eggs (fried, scrambled, or poached) with bacon and sausages, usually with mushrooms, tomatoes, baked beans, fried bread, black pudding or white pudding, and toast. Dating from a time when hard labour was more common, calorie intakes were necessarily higher, and servant labour was more available, it is nowadays regarded as a meal for the weekend or holidays when time is available for preparation, prepared by parents to welcome children, or as a special occasion such as a birthday or anniversary, or following a night of drinking. A healthy and nutritious version consists of grilling the protein and using poached, rather than fried, eggs, and variations based on one egg, one protein, and toast abound. It remains by far the most common choice on brunch menus and breakfast cafes across the region. The \"full Scottish breakfast\" tends to omit pork sausages and have beef sausages or lamb haggis instead. At its most extensive it consists of eggs, square sausage, fried dumpling, potato scone, tomato, mushrooms, bacon beef links, and fried bread. Originating in the British isles during the Victorian era, the full breakfast is among the most internationally recognised British dishes." }, "Westside (Los Angeles County)-6": { "title": "Westside (Los Angeles County)", "section": "Population", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Bel Air Beverly Crest Beverlywood Beverly Grove Brentwood Century City Cheviot Hills Mar Vista Pacific Palisades La Cienega Heights Palms Pico-Robertson Playa del Rey Playa Vista Rancho Park Sawtelle Venice West Los Angeles Westchester Westwood Beverly Hills Culver City Malibu Santa Monica West Hollywood Ladera Heights Marina del Rey In the 2000 census, the Westside (as defined by the Los Angeles Times Mapping Project) had a population of 529,427. In 2000, non-Hispanic whites made up 63% of the population. The areas within the city of Los Angeles that Los Angeles Almanac recognized as part of the Westside had a population of 413,351." }, "Parent-7": { "title": "Parent", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Grandparent" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Grandparents are the parents of a person's own parent, whether that be a father or a mother. Every sexually reproducing creature who is not a genetic chimera has a maximum of four genetic grandparents, eight genetic great-grandparents, sixteen genetic great-great-grandparents and so on. Rarely, such as in the case of sibling or half-sibling incest, these numbers are lower." }, "Marshall Applewhite-10": { "title": "Marshall Applewhite", "section": "Introduction to Nettles and first travels", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "In 1972, Applewhite met Bonnie Nettles, a nurse with an interest in theosophy and Biblical prophecy. The two quickly became close friends; he later recalled that he felt like he had known her for a long time and concluded that they had met in a past life. She told him their meeting had been foretold to her by extraterrestrials, persuading him that he had a divine assignment. By that time, he had begun to investigate alternatives to traditional Christian doctrine, including astrology. He also had several visions, including one in which he was told that he was chosen for a role like that of Jesus. In her 2005 profile of Applewhite, Susan Raine speculates that he had a schizophrenic episode around this time." }, "Bachelor's degree-37": { "title": "Bachelor's degree", "section": "Variations", "headers": [ "The Americas", "United States" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "Bachelor's degrees in the United States are typically designed to be completed in four years of full-time study, although some programs (such as engineering or architecture) usually take five, and some universities and colleges allow ambitious students (usually with the help of summer school, who are taking many classes each semester or who have existing credit from high school Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate course exams) to complete them in as little as three years. Some US colleges and universities have a separate academic track known as an \"honors\" or \"scholars\" program, generally offered to the top percentile of students (based on GPA), that offers more challenging courses or more individually directed seminars or research projects instead or in addition to the standard core curriculum. Those students are awarded the same bachelor's degree as students completing the standard curriculum but with the notation in cursu honorum on the transcript and the diploma. Usually, the above Latin honors are separate from the notation for this honors course, but a student in the honours course generally must maintain grades worthy of at least the cum laude notation anyway. Hence, a graduate might receive a diploma Artium Baccalaureatum rite or Artium Baccalaureatum summa cum laude in the regular course or Artium Baccalaureatum summa cum laude in cursu honorum in the honors course." }, "Music in psychological operations-2": { "title": "Music in psychological operations", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Music and sound have been usually used as part of a combination of interrogation methods, today recognized by international bodies as amounting to torture. Attacking all senses without leaving any visible traces, they have formed the basis of the widely discussed torture in Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib. They were, however, devised much earlier in the 1950s and early 1960s, as a way to counter so-called Soviet \"brainwashing\". Methods of \"noise torture\" or \"sound torture\", which include the continuous playing of music or noise, have been paired with sensory deprivation, sleep deprivation, food and drink deprivation, and stress positions." }, "Medical thermometer-1": { "title": "Medical thermometer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A medical thermometer (also called clinical thermometer) is used for measuring human or animal body temperature. The tip of the thermometer is inserted into the mouth under the tongue (oral or sub-lingual temperature), under the armpit (axillary temperature), into the rectum via the anus (rectal temperature), into the ear (tympanic temperature), or on the forehead (temporal temperature)." }, "United Nations Conference on Trade and Development-7": { "title": "United Nations Conference on Trade and Development", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Currently, UNCTAD has 195 member states and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. UNCTAD has 400 staff members and a bi-annual (2010\u20132011) regular budget of $138\u00a0million in core expenditures and $72\u00a0million in extra-budgetary technical assistance funds. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group. There are non-governmental organizations participating in the activities of UNCTAD." }, "Wanda Nevada-1": { "title": "Wanda Nevada", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Wanda Nevada is a 1979 American western comedy film starring Peter Fonda and Brooke Shields as the title character. It was also directed by Peter Fonda." }, "Alfred Worden-1": { "title": "Alfred Worden", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Alfred Merrill \"Al\" Worden (February 7, 1932\u00a0\u2013 March 18, 2020; Col, USAF) was an American astronaut and engineer who was the command module pilot for the Apollo 15 lunar mission in 1971. One of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, he orbited it 74 times in the command module (CM) Endeavour." }, "Monty Python's Flying Circus-16": { "title": "Monty Python's Flying Circus", "section": "Series overview", "headers": [ "Monty Python's Fliegender Zirkus" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "The first episode, advertised as Monty Python\u2019s Fliegender Zirkus: Bl\u00f6deln f\u00fcr Deutschland (\"Monty Python's Flying Circus: Clowning around for Germany\"), was produced in 1971 and performed in German. The second episode, advertised as Monty Python\u2019s Fliegender Zirkus: Bl\u00f6deln auf die feine englische Art (\"Monty Python's Flying Circus: Clowning around in the distinguished English way\"), produced in 1972, was recorded in English and dubbed into German for its broadcast in Germany. The original English recording was transmitted by the BBC in October 1973." }, "SeaWorld-1": { "title": "SeaWorld", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "SeaWorld is a United States theme park chain with headquarters in Orlando, Florida. It is a proprietor of marine mammal parks, oceanariums, animal theme parks, and rehabilitation centers owned by SeaWorld Entertainment (one park will be owned and operated by Miral under a license). The parks feature orcas, sea lion, and dolphin shows and zoological displays featuring various other marine animals. There are operations located within the United States in Orlando, Florida; San Diego, California; San Antonio, Texas; later outside the United States such as Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; and previously Aurora, Ohio. On March 5, 2007, SeaWorld Orlando announced addition of the Aquatica water park to its adventure park, which already includes SeaWorld and Discovery Cove." }, "Embalming-1": { "title": "Embalming", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Embalming is the art and science of preserving human or animal remains by treating them (in its modern form with chemicals) to forestall decomposition. The intention is usually to make the deceased suitable for public or private viewing as part of the funeral ceremony, or keep them preserved for medical purposes in an anatomical laboratory. The three goals of embalming are sanitization, presentation, and preservation, with restoration being an important additional factor in some instances. Performed successfully, embalming can help preserve the body for a duration of many years. Embalming has a very long and cross-cultural history, with many cultures giving the embalming processes a greater religious meaning." }, "Healthy diet-8": { "title": "Healthy diet", "section": "Recommendations", "headers": [ "American Heart Association / World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "It is recommended that children consume less than 25 grams of added sugar (100 calories) per day. Other recommendations include no extra sugars in those under 2 years old and less than one soft drink per week. As of 2017, decreasing total fat is no longer recommended, but instead, the recommendation to lower risk of cardiovascular disease is to increase consumption of monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats, while decreasing consumption of saturated fats." }, "Coca-4": { "title": "Coca", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Coca is known throughout the world for its psychoactive alkaloid, cocaine. The alkaloid content of coca leaves is relatively low, between 0.25% and 0.77%. The native people use it as a stimulant. Coca-Cola used coca leaf extract in its products from 1885 until about 1903. Extraction of cocaine from coca requires several solvents and a chemical process known as an acid-base extraction, which can fairly easily extract the alkaloids from the plant." }, "Billboard 200-25": { "title": "Billboard 200", "section": "Artist milestones", "headers": [ "Most top-10 albums" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Sources: The Beatles (132) Garth Brooks (52) Michael Jackson (51) Whitney Houston (46) Taylor Swift (40) Elton John (39) Fleetwood Mac (38) (tie) The Rolling Stones (38) (tie) The Monkees (37) Prince (34) (tie) Adele (34) (tie) The following artists are the only ones with 30 or more top-10 albums:" }, "Green Party of England and Wales-1": { "title": "Green Party of England and Wales", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Green Party of England and Wales (GPEW), also known as the Green Party or simply the Greens (Welsh: Plaid Werdd Cymru a Lloegr), is a green, left-wing political party in England and Wales. Headquartered in London, its co-leaders have been Si\u00e2n Berry and Jonathan Bartley since September 2018. The Green Party has one representative in the House of Commons and, two in the House of Lords. It also has various councillors in the UK local government and two members of the London Assembly." }, "Hurricane Harvey-24": { "title": "Hurricane Harvey", "section": "Impacts in the United States", "headers": [ "Texas", "Houston metropolitan area flooding" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Late on August\u00a027, a mandatory evacuation was issued for all of Bay City as model projections indicated the downtown area would be inundated by 10\u00a0ft (3.0\u00a0m) of water. Flooding was anticipated to cut off access to the city around 1:00\u00a0p.m. CDT on August\u00a028." }, "Natural-born-citizen clause-1": { "title": "Natural-born-citizen clause", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Status as a natural-born citizen of the United States is one of the eligibility requirements established in the United States Constitution for holding the office of president or vice president. This requirement was intended to protect the nation from foreign influence." }, "Boeing B-52 Stratofortress-6": { "title": "Boeing B-52 Stratofortress", "section": "Development", "headers": [ "Origins" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Subsequently, in November 1946, the Deputy Chief of Air Staff for Research and Development, General Curtis LeMay, expressed the desire for a cruising speed of 400\u00a0miles per hour (345 kn, 645\u00a0km/h), to which Boeing responded with a 300,000\u00a0lb (136,000\u00a0kg) aircraft. In December 1946, Boeing was asked to change their design to a four-engine bomber with a top speed of 400\u00a0miles per hour, range of 12,000\u00a0miles (10,000\u00a0nmi, 19,300\u00a0km), and the ability to carry a nuclear weapon; in total, the aircraft could weigh up to 480,000\u00a0pounds (220,000\u00a0kg). Boeing responded with two models powered by T35 turboprops. The Model 464-16 was a \"nuclear only\" bomber with a 10,000\u00a0pound (4,500\u00a0kg) payload, while the Model 464-17 was a general purpose bomber with a 9,000\u00a0pound (4,000\u00a0kg) payload. Due to the cost associated with purchasing two specialized aircraft, the Air Force selected Model 464-17 with the understanding that it could be adapted for nuclear strikes." }, "Bing (search engine)-54": { "title": "Bing (search engine)", "section": "Marketing and advertisements", "headers": [ "Debut" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Amazon's A9 search service and the experimental Ms. Dewey interactive search site syndicated all search results from Microsoft's then search engine, Live Search. This tie-in started on May 1, 2006. Search and Give \u2013 a promotional website launched on January 17, 2007 where all searches done from a special portal site would lead to a donation to the UNHCR's organization for refugee children, ninemillion.org. Reuters AlertNet reported in 2007 that the amount to be donated would be $0.01 per search, with a minimum of $100,000 and a maximum of $250,000 (equivalent to 25 million searches). According to the website the service was decommissioned on June 1, 2009, having donated over $500,000 to charity and schools. Club Bing \u2013 a promotional website where users can win prizes by playing word games that generate search queries on Microsoft's then search service Live Search. This website began in April 2007 as Live Search Club. Big Snap Search \u2013 a promotional website similar to Live Search Club. This website began in February 2008, but was discontinued shortly after. Live Search SearchPerks! - a promotional website which allowed users to redeem tickets for prizes while using Microsoft's search engine. This website began on October 1, 2008 and was decommissioned on April 15, 2009. Bing's debut featured an $80 to $100 million online, TV, print, and radio advertising campaign in the US. The advertisements do not mention other search engine competitors, such as Google and Yahoo!, directly by name; rather, they attempt to convince users to switch to Bing by focusing on Bing's search features and functionality. The ads claim that Bing does a better job countering \"search overload\"." }, "Crucifixion-2": { "title": "Crucifixion", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The crucifixion of Jesus is central to Christianity, and the cross (sometimes depicting Jesus nailed to it) is the main religious symbol for many Christian churches." }, "Petroleum product-4": { "title": "Petroleum product", "section": "Petroleum by-products", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Gaseous like propane, methane are stored in the petroleum . Liquid fuels blending (producing automotive and aviation grades of gasoline, kerosene, various aviation turbine fuels, and diesel fuels, adding dyes, detergents, antiknock additives, oxygenates, and anti-fungal compounds as required). Shipped by barge, rail, and tanker ship. May be shipped regionally in dedicated pipelines to point consumers, particularly aviation jet fuel to major airports, or piped to distributors in multi-product pipelines using product separators called pipeline inspection gauges (\"pigs\"). Lubricants (produces light machine oils, motor oils, and greases, adding viscosity stabilizers as required), usually shipped in bulk to an offsite packaging plant. Paraffin wax, used in illumination (candle wax) and other uses. May be shipped in bulk to a site to prepare as packaged blocks. Slack wax, a raw refinery output comprising a mixture of oil and wax used as a precursor for scale wax and paraffin wax and as-is in non-food products such as wax emulsions, construction board, matches, candles, rust protection, and vapour barriers. Sulfur, byproduct of sulfur removal from petroleum, which contain percent of organosulfur compounds. Bulk tar shipping for offsite unit packaging for use in tar-and-gravel roofing or similar uses. Asphalt - used as a binder for gravel to form asphalt concrete, which is used for paving roads, lots, etc. An asphalt unit prepares bulk asphalt for shipment. Petroleum coke, used in specialty carbon products such as certain types of electrodes, or as solid fuel. Petrochemicals or petrochemical feedstocks. Petrochemical are organic compounds that are the ingredients for the chemical industry, ranging from polymers and pharmaceuticals. Representative petrochemicals are ethylene and benzene-toluene-xylenes (\"BTX\"). Over 6,000 items are made from petroleum waste by-products, including: fertilizer, flooring (floor covering), perfume, insecticide, petroleum jelly, soap, vitamins and some essential amino acids. Out of all petroleum waste by-products, some are hazardous to health like toluene: a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive smell." }, "Hunting-16": { "title": "Hunting", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Lower to Middle Paleolithic" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "It has nevertheless often been assumed that at least occasional hunting behavior may have been present well before the emergence of Homo." }, "Euro-23": { "title": "Euro", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Introduction" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "The currency was introduced in non-physical form (traveller's cheques, electronic transfers, banking, etc.) at midnight on 1 January 1999, when the national currencies of participating countries (the eurozone) ceased to exist independently. Their exchange rates were locked at fixed rates against each other. The euro thus became the successor to the European Currency Unit (ECU). The notes and coins for the old currencies, however, continued to be used as legal tender until new euro notes and coins were introduced on 1 January 2002." }, "Anesthesia-12": { "title": "Anesthesia", "section": "Techniques", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "One part of the risk assessment is based on the patients' health. The American Society of Anesthesiologists has developed a six-tier scale that stratifies the patient's pre-operative physical state. It is called the ASA physical status. The scale assesses risk as the patient's general health relates to an anesthetic." }, "Stuart Buchanan-1": { "title": "Stuart Buchanan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Stuart Buchanan (March 18, 1894 \u2013 February 4, 1974) was an American voice actor and announcer, who was the casting director for the Walt Disney Company, best known for voicing The Huntsman in the 1937 Disney animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. He also made cameo voiceover roles as a flight attendant in Saludos Amigos (1942) and in Super-Speed (1935). He also voiced Goofy in The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air in 1938." }, "Bern-39": { "title": "Bern", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "Population" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "As of 2008[update], the population was 47.5% male and 52.5% female. The population was made up of 44,032 Swiss men (35.4% of the population) and 15,092 (12.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 51,531 Swiss women (41.4%) and 13,726 (11.0%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 39,008 or about 30.3% were born in Bern and lived there in 2000. There were 27,573 or 21.4% who were born in the same canton, while 25,818 or 20.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 27,812 or 21.6% were born outside of Switzerland." }, "Eye color-11": { "title": "Eye color", "section": "Classification of color", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Normal eye colors range from the darkest shades of brown to the lightest tints of blue. To meet the need for standardized classification, at once simple yet detailed enough for research purposes, Seddon et al. developed a graded system based on the predominant iris color and the amount of brown or yellow pigment present. There are three pigment colors that determine, depending on their proportion, the outward appearance of the iris, along with structural color. Green irises, for example, have blue and some yellow. Brown irises contain mostly brown. Some eyes have a dark ring around the iris, called a limbal ring." }, "New Hampshire Fisher Cats-1": { "title": "New Hampshire Fisher Cats", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The New Hampshire Fisher Cats are a Minor League Baseball team based in Manchester, New Hampshire. The team, which plays in the Eastern League, is the Double-A affiliate of the Toronto Blue Jays major league club." }, "Sandal-2": { "title": "Sandal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Usually, people wear sandals in warmer climates or during warmer parts of the year in order to keep their feet cool and dry. The risk of developing athlete's foot is lower than with enclosed shoes, and the wearing of sandals may be part of the treatment regimen for such an infection." }, "Miami River (New York)-1": { "title": "Miami River (New York)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Miami River is a 13.7-mile-long (22.0\u00a0km) stream in upstate New York and is a part of the Hudson River watershed. The river's headwaters rise in the Adirondack Mountains at 43\u00b036\u203211\u2033N 74\u00b030\u203212\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff43.60306\u00b0N 74.50333\u00b0W\ufeff / 43.60306; -74.50333 about 10 miles (16\u00a0km) northwest of Speculator and flows southeast for about 3 miles (5\u00a0km) with Pillsbury Mountain on the southwest and Page Mountain to the northeast. It turns sharply southwest for about one mile and then turns sharply east for about a mile, after which it flows mostly northeast for about 8 miles (13\u00a0km) before flowing into Lewey Lake at 43\u00b037\u203258\u2033N 74\u00b024\u203217\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff43.63278\u00b0N 74.40472\u00b0W\ufeff / 43.63278; -74.40472. Lewey Lake empties into Indian Lake, which is drained by the Indian River, which then flows into the Hudson River approximately 17 miles (27\u00a0km) to the northeast of Lewey Lake." }, "Greek sea gods-6": { "title": "Greek sea gods", "section": "The three types of sea gods", "headers": [ "Poseidon and the heroes" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Poseidon, as god of the sea, was an important Olympian power; he was the chief patron of Corinth, many cities of Magna Graecia, and also of Plato's legendary Atlantis. He controls the oceans and the seas, and he also created horses. As such, he was intimately connected with the pre-historic office of king - whose chief emblem of power and primary sacrificial animal was the horse. Thus, on the Mycenean Linear B tablets found at Pylos, the name Poseidon occurs frequently in connection with the wanax (\"king\"), whose power and wealth were increasingly maritime rather than equestrian in nature. Surprisingly, Poseidon's name is found with greater frequency than that of Zeus, and is commonly linked (often in a secondary role) with Demeter. Poseidon is a brother Zeus along with Hades and his father was Cronus, the leader of the Titans." }, "Richard Nixon-122": { "title": "Richard Nixon", "section": "Legacy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 122, "content": "Some historians say Nixon's Southern Strategy turned the Southern United States into a Republican stronghold, while others deem economic factors more important in the change. Throughout his career, Nixon moved his party away from the control of isolationists, and as a Congressman he was a persuasive advocate of containing Soviet communism. According to his biographer Herbert Parmet, \"Nixon's role was to steer the Republican party along a middle course, somewhere between the competitive impulses of the Rockefellers, the Goldwaters, and the Reagans.\"" }, "The Tonight Show-30": { "title": "The Tonight Show", "section": "Hosting history", "headers": [ "Conan O'Brien (2009\u20132010)", "2010 timeslot conflict and Leno's return" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "On January 7, 2010, multiple media outlets reported that beginning March 1, 2010, Leno would move from his 10\u00a0p.m. weeknight time slot back to the traditional Tonight Show slot at 11:35. Under this proposal, Leno's show would be shortened from an hour to 30 minutes, which would make the monologue, Leno's most popular segment, the essence of the program. This would move The Tonight Show to 12:05\u00a0a.m., a post-midnight start for the first time in its sixty-year history, while Late Night with Jimmy Fallon would be pushed to 1:05am, and Last Call with Carson Daly would likely be cancelled. Under NBC's (later contested) interpretation of O\u2019Brien's contract, the host was only guaranteed The Tonight Show in name rather than the 11:35pm slot with which it was synonymous." }, "The Social Network-7": { "title": "The Social Network", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In depositions, the Winklevoss twins claim that Zuckerberg stole their idea, while Saverin claims his shares of Facebook were unfairly diluted when the company was incorporated. Marylin Delpy, a junior lawyer for the defense, informs Zuckerberg that they will settle with Saverin, since the sordid details of Facebook's founding and Zuckerberg's callous attitude will make him unsympathetic to a jury. Alone, Zuckerberg sends a Facebook friend request to Albright and repeatedly refreshes the page." }, "Dollar Tree-2": { "title": "Dollar Tree", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Dollar Tree competes in the dollar store and low-end retail markets. Each Dollar Tree stocks a variety of products including national, regional, and private-label brands. Departments found in a Dollar Tree store include health and beauty, food and snacks, party, seasonal d\u00e9cor, housewares, glassware, dinnerware, household cleaning supplies, candy, toys, gifts, gift bags and wrap, stationery, craft supplies, teaching supplies, automotive, electronics, pet supplies, and books. Most Dollar Tree stores also sell frozen foods and dairy items such as milk, eggs, pizza, ice cream, frozen dinners, and pre-made baked goods. In August 2012, the company began accepting manufacturer's coupons at all of its store locations." }, "Petroleum jelly-23": { "title": "Petroleum jelly", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Other", "Explosives" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Petroleum jelly is mixed with a high proportion of strong inorganic chlorates due to it acting as a plasticizer and a fuel source. An example of this is Cheddite C which consists of a ratio of 9:1, KClO3 to petroleum jelly. This mixture is unable to detonate without the use of a blasting cap. It is also used as a stabiliser in the manufacture of the propellant Cordite." }, "Freyja-1": { "title": "Freyja", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Norse mythology, Freyja (/\u02c8fre\u026a\u0259/; Old Norse for \"(the) Lady\") is a goddess associated with love, beauty, fertility, gold, and sei\u00f0r. Freyja is the owner of the necklace Br\u00edsingamen, rides a chariot pulled by two cats, is accompanied by the boar Hildisv\u00edni, and possesses a cloak of falcon feathers. By her husband \u00d3\u00f0r, she is the mother of two daughters, Hnoss and Gersemi. Along with her brother Freyr, her father Nj\u00f6r\u00f0r, and her mother (Nj\u00f6r\u00f0r's sister, unnamed in sources), she is a member of the Vanir. Stemming from Old Norse Freyja, modern forms of the name include Freya, Freyia, and Freja." }, "Swiss Guard-9": { "title": "Swiss Guard", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Italian Wars" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "citation needed] The expedition failed, in part thanks to new alliances made by Alexander VI against the French. When Cardinal della Rovere became Pope Julius II in 1503, he asked the Swiss Diet to provide him with a constant corps of 200 Swiss mercenaries. This was made possible through the financing of the German merchants from Augsburg, Bavaria, Ulrich and Jacob Fugger, who had invested in the Pope and saw it fit to protect their investment." }, "Eel-1": { "title": "Eel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An eel is any ray-finned fish belonging to theorder Anguilliformes (/\u00e6\u014b\u02cc\u0261w\u026al\u026a\u02c8f\u0254\u02d0rmi\u02d0z/), which consists of eight suborders, 19 families, 111 genera, and about 800 species. Eels undergo considerable development from the early larval stage to the eventual adult stage, and most are predators." }, "Library of Alexandria-1": { "title": "Library of Alexandria", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Great Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world. The Library was part of a larger research institution called the Mouseion, which was dedicated to the Muses, the nine goddesses of the arts. The idea of a universal library in Alexandria may have been proposed by Demetrius of Phalerum, an exiled Athenian statesman living in Alexandria, to Ptolemy I Soter, who may have established plans for the Library, but the Library itself was probably not built until the reign of his son Ptolemy II Philadelphus. The Library quickly acquired many papyrus scrolls, due largely to the Ptolemaic kings' aggressive and well-funded policies for procuring texts. It is unknown precisely how many such scrolls were housed at any given time, but estimates range from 40,000 to 400,000 at its height." }, "Home run-35": { "title": "Home run", "section": "Specific situation home runs", "headers": [ "Back-to-back" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "Simple back-to-back home runs are a relatively frequent occurrence. If a pitcher gives up a homer, he might have his concentration broken and might alter his normal approach in an attempt to \"make up for it\" by striking out the next batter with some fastballs. Sometimes the next batter will be expecting that and will capitalize on it. A notable back-to-back home run of that type in World Series play involved \"Babe Ruth's called shot\" in 1932, which was accompanied by various Ruthian theatrics, yet the pitcher, Charlie Root, was allowed to stay in the game. He delivered just one more pitch, which Lou Gehrig drilled out of the park for a back-to-back shot, after which Root was removed from the game." }, "Carl Friedrich Gauss-1": { "title": "Carl Friedrich Gauss", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (/\u0261a\u028as/; German: Gau\u00df [\u02c8ka\u0281l \u02c8f\u0281i\u02d0d\u0281\u026a\u00e7 \u02c8\u0261a\u028as] (listen); Latin: Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 1777\u00a0\u2013 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to many fields in mathematics and science. Sometimes referred to as the Princeps mathematicorum (Latin for '\"the foremost of mathematicians\"') and \"the greatest mathematician since antiquity\", Gauss had an exceptional influence in many fields of mathematics and science, and is ranked among history's most influential mathematicians." }, "Bruce Gandy-1": { "title": "Bruce Gandy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bruce Gandy (born August 10, 1962) is a Canadian bagpipe player and composer." }, "Veterans Day-10": { "title": "Veterans Day", "section": "Observance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "citation needed] Because it is a federal holiday, some American workers and many students have Veterans Day off from work or school. When Veterans Day falls on a Saturday then either Saturday or the preceding Friday may be designated as the holiday, whereas if it falls on a Sunday it is typically observed on the following Monday. When it falls on the weekend many private companies offer it as a floating holiday where employee can choose some other day. A Society for Human Resource Management poll in 2010 found that 21 percent of employers planned to observe the holiday in 2011." }, "Weather-5": { "title": "Weather", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "On Earth, the common weather phenomena include wind, cloud, rain, snow, fog and dust storms. Less common events include natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, typhoons and ice storms. Almost all familiar weather phenomena occur in the troposphere (the lower part of the atmosphere). Weather does occur in the stratosphere and can affect weather lower down in the troposphere, but the exact mechanisms are poorly understood." }, "Olympiastadion (Berlin)-2": { "title": "Olympiastadion (Berlin)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Since renovations in 2004, the Olympiastadion has a permanent capacity of 74,475 seats and is the largest stadium in Germany for international football matches. Olympiastadion is a UEFA category four stadium and one of the world's most prestigious venues for sporting and entertainment events." }, "Clark Gable-14": { "title": "Clark Gable", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "1924\u20131930: Stage and silent films" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Gable and Dillon separated, filing for divorce in March 1929, while he began working on the play Hawk Island in New York which ran for 24 performances.In April 1930, Gable's divorce became final and a few days later, he married Texas socialite Maria Franklin Prentiss Lucas Langham, nicknamed \"Rhea\". After moving to California, they were married again in 1931, possibly due to differences in state legal requirements." }, "Rings of Saturn-16": { "title": "Rings of Saturn", "section": "Physical characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "The dense main rings extend from 7,000\u00a0km (4,300\u00a0mi) to 80,000\u00a0km (50,000\u00a0mi) away from Saturn's equator, whose radius is 60,300\u00a0km (37,500\u00a0mi) (see Major subdivisions). With an estimated local thickness of as little as 10 m and as much as 1\u00a0km, they are composed of 99.9% pure water ice with a smattering of impurities that may include tholins or silicates. The main rings are primarily composed of particles ranging in size from 1\u00a0cm to 10 m." }, "David Lynch-1": { "title": "David Lynch", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "David Keith Lynch (born January 20, 1946) is an American filmmaker, painter, musician, singer, sound designer, photographer, and actor. He is best known for writing and directing films such as Eraserhead (1977), The Elephant Man (1980), Blue Velvet (1986), and Mulholland Drive (2001), which are often regarded by critics as among the best films of their respective decades, and for his television series Twin Peaks (1990\u20131991). These works led to him being labeled \"the first popular Surrealist\" by film critic Pauline Kael. A recipient of an Academy Honorary Award in 2019, he has received three Academy Award nominations for Best Director, and has won the C\u00e9sar Award for Best Foreign Film twice, as well as the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and a Golden Lion award for lifetime achievement at the Venice Film Festival. He has been described by The Guardian as \"the most important director of this era\", while AllMovie called him \"the Renaissance man of modern American filmmaking\"." }, "La Femme Nikita (film)-3": { "title": "La Femme Nikita (film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "and she is given the choice of becoming an assassin, or being killed. After intense training, she becomes a talented killer. Her career as an assassin goes well until a mission in an embassy goes awry." }, "Jean-Paul Sartre-1": { "title": "Jean-Paul Sartre", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (/\u02c8s\u0251\u02d0rtr\u0259/, US also /\u02c8s\u0251\u02d0rt/; French:\u00a0[sa\u0281t\u0281]; 21 June 1905 \u2013 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism and phenomenology, and one of the leading figures in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. His work has also influenced sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory, and literary studies, and continues to influence these disciplines." }, "Dale Earnhardt Jr.-1": { "title": "Dale Earnhardt Jr.", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ralph Dale Earnhardt Jr. (born October 10, 1974) is an American semi-retired, professional stock car racing driver. He is a team owner, author, and an analyst for NASCAR on NBC. Earnhardt competes part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 8 Chevrolet Camaro for his team JR Motorsports. He is the son of the late Dale Earnhardt Sr., who was inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame. He is also the grandson of NASCAR driver Ralph Earnhardt, the brother of Kelley Earnhardt-Miller, the half-brother of former driver Kerry Earnhardt, the uncle of driver Jeffrey Earnhardt, and the stepson of Teresa Earnhardt." }, "Fuel injection-62": { "title": "Fuel injection", "section": "Various injection schemes", "headers": [ "Direct injection" ], "para_index": 62, "content": "In a direct injection engine, fuel is injected into the combustion chamber as opposed to injection before the intake valve (petrol engine) or a separate pre-combustion chamber (diesel engine)." }, "JPMorgan Chase-1": { "title": "JPMorgan Chase", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "JPMorgan Chase & Co. is an American multinational investment bank and financial services holding company headquartered in New York City. JPMorgan Chase is ranked by S&P Global as the largest bank in the United States and the sixth largest bank in the world by total assets, with total assets of US$2.687 trillion. It is also the world's most valuable bank by market capitalization. JPMorgan Chase is incorporated in Delaware." }, "2+2 (car body style)-1": { "title": "2+2 (car body style)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The 2+2 is a version of the coup\u00e9 car-body style that has two small rear seats for children or occasional usage, along with two front seats for the driver and front passenger. Manufacturers which sell coup\u00e9s both with and without rear seats often market the versions that include rear seats as \"2+2\"" }, "Aloe vera-21": { "title": "Aloe vera", "section": "Toxicity", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Use of topical aloe vera is not associated with significant side effects. Oral ingestion of aloe vera is potentially toxic, and may cause abdominal cramps and diarrhea which in turn can decrease the absorption of drugs." }, "Adenoviridae-1": { "title": "Adenoviridae", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Adenoviruses (members of the family Adenoviridae) are medium-sized (90\u2013100 nm), nonenveloped (without an outer lipid bilayer) viruses with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double stranded DNA genome. Their name derives from their initial isolation from human adenoids in 1953." }, "Moscow Kremlin-18": { "title": "Moscow Kremlin", "section": "Buildings", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The existing Kremlin walls and towers were built by Italian masters from 1485 to 1495. The irregular triangle of the Kremlin wall encloses an area of 275,000 square metres (2,960,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft). Its overall length is 2,235 metres (2,444 yards), but the height ranges from 5 to 19 metres (16 to 62\u00a0ft), depending on the terrain. The wall's thickness is between 3. and 6.5 metres (11 and 21\u00a0ft). Originally there were eighteen Kremlin towers, but their number increased to twenty in the 17th century. All but three of the towers are square in plan. The highest tower is the Troitskaya, which was built up to its present height of 80 metres (260\u00a0ft) in 1495. Most towers were originally crowned with wooden tents; the extant brick tents with strips of colored tiles go back to the 1680s." }, "Lieutenant (navy)-10": { "title": "Lieutenant (navy)", "section": "\"First lieutenant\" in naval usage", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The first lieutenant (1st Lt or 1LT) in the Royal Navy and other Commonwealth navies, is a post or appointment, rather than a rank. Historically, the lieutenants in a ship were ranked in accordance with seniority, with the most senior being termed the first lieutenant and acting as the second-in-command. Although lieutenants are no longer numbered by seniority, the post of \"first lieutenant\" remains." }, "Bugs Bunny-41": { "title": "Bugs Bunny", "section": "Voice actors", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "Mel Blanc Mel Blanc voiced the character for almost 50 years, from Bugs' debut in the 1940 short A Wild Hare until Blanc's death in 1989. Blanc described the voice as a combination of Bronx and Brooklyn accents; however, Tex Avery claimed that he asked Blanc to give the character not a New York accent per se, but a voice like that of actor Frank McHugh, who frequently appeared in supporting roles in the 1930s and whose voice might be described as New York Irish. In Bugs' second cartoon Elmer's Pet Rabbit, Blanc created a completely new voice for Bugs, which sounded like a Jimmy Stewart impression, but the directors decided the previous voice was better. Though Blanc's best known character was the carrot-chomping rabbit, munching on the carrots interrupted the dialogue. Various substitutes, such as celery, were tried, but none of them sounded like a carrot. So, for the sake of expedience, Blanc munched and then spit the carrot bits into a spittoon, rather than swallowing them, and continued with the dialogue. One often-repeated story, which dates back to the 1940s, is that Blanc was allergic to carrots and had to spit them out to minimize any allergic reaction \u2014 but his autobiography makes no such claim. In fact, in a 1984 interview with Tim Lawson, co-author of The Magic Behind The Voices: A Who's Who of Voice Actors, Blanc emphatically denied being allergic to carrots." }, "1980 Summer Olympics-1": { "title": "1980 Summer Olympics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad (Russian: \u0418\u0301\u0433\u0440\u044b XXII \u041e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0438\u0430\u0301\u0434\u044b, tr. Igry XXII Olimpiady), was an international multi-sport event held in Moscow, Soviet Union, in present-day Russia." }, "Trap music (EDM)-1": { "title": "Trap music (EDM)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Trap EDM is a style of electronic dance music (EDM) that originated in the mid-2000s and early 2010s. It blends elements of trap music, an offshoot of Southern hip hop, with elements of EDM like build-ups, drops, and breakdowns. A variety of artists[who?] spurred trap's move into pop and EDM." }, "Jehovah's Witnesses-1": { "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The group reports a worldwide membership of approximately 8.68\u00a0million adherents involved in evangelism and an annual Memorial attendance of over 20\u00a0million. Jehovah's Witnesses are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of elders in Warwick, New York, United States, which establishes all doctrines based on its interpretations of the Bible. They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and that the establishment of God's kingdom over the earth is the only solution for all problems faced by humanity." }, "Stomach-1": { "title": "Stomach", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates. The stomach has a dilated structure and functions as a vital digestive organ. In the digestive system the stomach is involved in the second phase of digestion, following chewing. It performs a chemical breakdown due to enzymes and hydrochloric acid." }, "Incest-18": { "title": "Incest", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Biblical references" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The earliest Biblical reference to incest involved Cain. It was cited that he knew his wife and she conceived and bore Enoch. During this period, there was no other woman except Eve or there was an unnamed sister and so this meant Cain had incestuous relationship with his mother or his sister. According to the Book of Jubilees, Cain married his sister Awan. Later, in Genesis 20:12 of the Hebrew Bible, the Patriarch Abraham married his half-sister Sarah. Other references include the passage in Samuel where Amnon, King David's son, raped his half-sister, Tamar. According to Michael D. Coogan, it would have been perfectly all right for Amnon to have married her, the Bible being inconsistent about prohibiting incest." }, "Pound sterling-12": { "title": "Pound sterling", "section": "Subdivisions and other units", "headers": [ "Decimal coinage" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Since decimalisation on Decimal Day in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence (denoted on coinage, until 1981, as \"new pence\"). The symbol for the penny is \"p\"; hence an amount such as 50p (\u00a30.50) properly pronounced \"fifty pence\" is more colloquially, quite often, pronounced \"fifty pee\" /f\u026afti pi/. This also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system. A decimal halfpenny was issued until 1984 but was removed due to having a higher cost to manufacture than its face value." }, "Ringo Starr-13": { "title": "Ringo Starr", "section": "1957\u20131961: First bands", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "In November 1959, Starkey joined Al Caldwell's Texans, a skiffle group who were looking for someone with a proper drum kit so that the group could transition from one of Liverpool's best-known skiffle acts to a full-fledged rock and roll band. They had begun playing local clubs as the Raging Texans, then Jet Storm and the Raging Texans before settling on Rory Storm and the Hurricanes shortly before recruiting Starkey. About this time he adopted the stage name Ringo Starr; derived from the rings he wore and also because it implied a country and western influence. His drum solos were billed as Starr Time." }, "Spoken language-1": { "title": "Spoken language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A spoken language is a language produced by articulate sounds, as opposed to a written language. Many languages have no written form and so are only spoken. An oral language or vocal language is a language produced with the vocal tract, as opposed to a sign language, which is produced with the hands and face. The term \"spoken language\" is sometimes used to mean only vocal languages, especially by linguists, making all three terms synonyms by excluding sign languages. Others refer to sign language as \"spoken\", especially in contrast to written transcriptions of signs." }, "Bill Gates-1": { "title": "Bill Gates", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American business magnate, software developer, investor, and philanthropist. He is best known as the co-founder of Microsoft Corporation. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of chairman, chief executive officer (CEO), president and chief software architect, while also being the largest individual shareholder until May 2014. He is one of the best-known entrepreneurs and pioneers of the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s." }, "Pancreatic cancer-1": { "title": "Pancreatic cancer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pancreatic cancer arises when cells in the pancreas, a glandular organ behind the stomach, begin to multiply out of control and form a mass. These cancerous cells have the ability to invade other parts of the body. There are a number of types of pancreatic cancer. The most common, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, accounts for about 90% of cases, and the term \"pancreatic cancer\" is sometimes used to refer only to that type. These adenocarcinomas start within the part of the pancreas which makes digestive enzymes. Several other types of cancer, which collectively represent the majority of the non-adenocarcinomas, can also arise from these cells. One to two percent of cases of pancreatic cancer are neuroendocrine tumors, which arise from the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas. These are generally less aggressive than pancreatic adenocarcinoma." }, "Knights Hospitaller-3": { "title": "Knights Hospitaller", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "After the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade, the organisation became a military religious order under its own papal charter, charged with the care and defence of the Holy Land. Following the conquest of the Holy Land by Islamic forces, the knights operated from Rhodes, over which they were sovereign, and later from Malta, where they administered a vassal state under the Spanish viceroy of Sicily. The Hospitallers were one of the smallest groups to briefly colonise parts of the Americas: they acquired four Caribbean islands in the mid-17th century, which they turned over to France in the 1660s." }, "Jean-Baptiste Lamarck-1": { "title": "Jean-Baptiste Lamarck", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 \u2013 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (/l\u0259\u02c8m\u0251\u02d0rk/; French:\u00a0[\u0292\u0251\u0303batist lama\u0281k]), was a French naturalist. He was a soldier, biologist, and academic, and an early proponent of the idea that biological evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws." }, "Middle Ages-7": { "title": "Middle Ages", "section": "Terminology and periodisation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is around 500, with the date of 476 first used by Bruni. Later starting dates are sometimes used in the outer parts of Europe. For Europe as a whole, 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages, but there is no universally agreed upon end date. Depending on the context, events such as the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas in 1492, or the Protestant Reformation in 1517 are sometimes used. English historians often use the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 to mark the end of the period. For Spain, dates commonly used are the death of King Ferdinand II in 1516, the death of Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1504, or the conquest of Granada in 1492." }, "Jack Black-16": { "title": "Jack Black", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Music career" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "In 2015, Black played a fictional version of real-life author R. L. Stine for Goosebumps, and provided the voices of two of Stine's creations, Slappy the Dummy and The Invisible Boy. He reprised the Stine role in the film's 2018 sequel, Goosebumps 2: Haunted Halloween. Black is the lead singer and guitarist for the comedy rock/hard rock band Tenacious D along with Kyle Gass. They have released four albums, a self-titled debut, The Pick of Destiny, Rize of the Fenix, and Post-Apocalypto. One of their songs from their album The Pick of Destiny, titled \"The Metal,\" was used in the music video games Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock and Br\u00fctal Legend. \"Rock Your Socks,\" from the album Tenacious D, was played in the music video game Rock Band Unplugged as well. \"Master Exploder\" from The Pick Of Destiny went on to be used in music video games Guitar Hero Van Halen, Rock Band 2, and Br\u00fctal Legend, along with their song \"Tribute\" from Tenacious D. \"Master Exploder\" and \"The Metal\" featured in the comedy film Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny. The film, directed by Tenacious D veteran Liam Lynch, featured recurring characters from Black's comedy such as Lee the super-fan and the Sasquatch. Several celebrities had roles in the film; actor Tim Robbins cameos as does Dave Grohl as Satan. Ben Stiller also makes an appearance as a worker at a Guitar Center, even having a role in the music video for \"Tribute.\"" }, "Hibernation-3": { "title": "Hibernation", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Hibernation functions to conserve energy when sufficient food is unavailable. To achieve this energy saving, an endothermic animal decreases its metabolic rate and thereby its body temperature. Hibernation may last days, weeks, or months - depending on the species, ambient temperature, time of year, and the individual's body-condition. Before entering hibernation, animals need to store enough energy to last through the duration of their dormant period, possibly as long as an entire winter. Larger species become hyperphagic, eating a large amount of food and storing the energy in fat deposits. In many small species, food caching replaces eating and becoming fat." }, "Metal-9": { "title": "Metal", "section": "Properties", "headers": [ "Form and structure" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Although most elemental metals have higher densities than most nonmetals, there is a wide variation in their densities, lithium being the least dense (0.534\u00a0g/cm3) and osmium (22.59\u00a0g/cm3) the most dense. Magnesium, aluminium and titanium are light metals of significant commercial importance. Their respective densities of 1.7, 2.7 and 4.5\u00a0g/cm3 can be compared to those of the older structural metals, like iron at 7.9 and copper at 8.9\u00a0g/cm3. An iron ball would thus weigh about as much as three aluminium balls." }, "Game engine-27": { "title": "Game engine", "section": "Game engines as an industry", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Unreal Engine 4, one of the major game engines and used to create several notable games such as Fortnite, PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, and Life Is Strange 2, adopted a free-to-use structure with a royalty on all game sales using this engine. Although the differences among the different game engines blur as they are built upon during the game creation process, different game developers may either be too used to a system to change, or attracted by the huge benefits of such engines regardless of pay-walls." }, "Al Capone-1": { "title": "Al Capone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Alphonse Gabriel Capone (/\u02c8k\u0259\u02c8po\u028an/, Italian:\u00a0[ka\u02c8po\u02d0ne]; January 17, 1899\u00a0\u2013 January 25, 1947), sometimes known by the nickname \"Scarface\", was an American gangster and businessman who attained notoriety during the Prohibition era as the co-founder and boss of the Chicago Outfit. His seven-year reign as a crime boss ended when he went to prison at the age of 33." }, "Grammy Award-3": { "title": "Grammy Award", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4, 1959, to honor and respect the musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1958. Following the 2011 ceremony, the Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012." }, "Constitution of the United States-51": { "title": "Constitution of the United States", "section": "Original frame", "headers": [ "Article Four" ], "para_index": 51, "content": "Article Four outlines the relations among the states and between each state and the federal government. In addition, it provides for such matters as admitting new states and border changes between the states. For instance, it requires states to give \"full faith and credit\" to the public acts, records, and court proceedings of the other states. Congress is permitted to regulate the manner in which proof of such acts may be admitted. The \"privileges and immunities\" clause prohibits state governments from discriminating against citizens of other states in favor of resident citizens. For instance, in criminal sentencing, a state may not increase a penalty on the grounds that the convicted person is a non-resident." }, "Abitur-4": { "title": "Abitur", "section": "In Germany", "headers": [ "Overview" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The official term in Germany for this certificate of education is Allgemeine Hochschulreife; the contraction Abi is common in colloquial usage. In 2005, a total of 231,465 students passed the Abitur exam in Germany. The numbers have risen steadily and in 2012, a total of 305,172 students obtained the Allgemeine Hochschulreife. This number, reflecting those who pass the traditional Abitur at their high school, is, however, lower than the total count. Adding (for 2012) the 51,912 students who obtained the Hochschulreife at vocational training schools, that total number increases to 357,084. If those who obtain the Fachhochschulreife (144,399 in 2012) are also added, then the total of those who obtained the right to study at a university or a Fachhochschule is 501,483 (2012)." }, "Greek alphabet-35": { "title": "Greek alphabet", "section": "Other uses", "headers": [ "In mathematics and science" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "Most of the alphabets of Asia Minor, in use c. 800\u2013300 BC to write languages like Lydian and Phrygian, were the early Greek alphabet with only slight modifications \u2013 as were the original Old Italic alphabets. It was used in some Paleo-Balkan languages, including Thracian. For other neighboring languages or dialects, such as Ancient Macedonian, isolated words are preserved in Greek texts, but no continuous texts are preserved. The Greco-Iberian alphabet was used for writing the ancient Iberian language in parts of modern Spain. Gaulish inscriptions (in modern France) used the Greek alphabet until the Roman conquest The Hebrew and Aramaic text of the Bible was written in Greek letters in Origen's Hexapla. The Bactrian language, an Iranian language spoken in what is now Afghanistan, was written in the Greek alphabet during the Kushan Empire (65\u2013250 AD). It adds an extra letter \u27e8\u00fe\u27e9 for the sh sound [\u0283]. The Coptic alphabet adds eight letters derived from Demotic. It is still used today, mostly in Egypt, to write Coptic, the liturgical language of Egyptian Christians. Letters usually retain an uncial form different from the forms used for Greek today. An 8th-century Arabic fragment preserves a text in the Greek alphabet. An Old Ossetic inscription of the 10th\u201312th centuries found in Arxyz, the oldest known attestation of an Ossetic language. The Old Nubian language of Makuria (modern Sudan) adds three Coptic letters, two letters derived from Meroitic script, and a digraph of two Greek gammas used for the velar nasal sound. Various South Slavic dialects, similar to the modern Bulgarian and Macedonian languages, have been written in Greek script. The modern South Slavic languages now use modified Cyrillic alphabets. Turkish spoken by Orthodox Christians (Karamanlides) was often written in Greek script, and called Karamanlidika. Tosk Albanian was often written using the Greek alphabet, starting in about 1500. The printing press at Moschopolis published several Albanian texts in Greek script during the 18th century. It was only in 1908 that the Monastir conference standardized a Latin orthography for both Tosk and Gheg. Greek spelling is still occasionally used for the local Albanian dialects (Arvanitika) in Greece. Gagauz, a Turkic language of the northeast Balkans, was apparently written in Greek characters in the late 19th century. In 1957, it was standardized on Cyrillic, and in 1996, a Gagauz alphabet based on Latin characters was adopted (derived from the Turkish alphabet). Surguch, a Turkic language, was spoken by a small group of Orthodox Christians in northern Greece. It is now written in Latin or Cyrillic characters. Urum or Greek Tatar used the Greek alphabet. Judaeo-Spanish language, a Jewish dialect of Spanish, has occasionally been published in Greek characters in Greece. Greek symbols are used as symbols in mathematics, physics and other sciences. Many symbols have traditional uses, such as lower case epsilon (\u03b5) for an arbitrarily small positive number, lower case pi (\u03c0) for the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, capital sigma (\u03a3) for summation, and lower case sigma (\u03c3) for standard deviation." }, "Sodium chloride-12": { "title": "Sodium chloride", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Miscellaneous industrial uses" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Salt also is added to secure the soil and to provide firmness to the foundation on which highways are built. The salt acts to minimize the effects of shifting caused in the subsurface by changes in humidity and traffic load." }, "USS Iwo Jima (LPH-2)-13": { "title": "USS Iwo Jima (LPH-2)", "section": "Pacific recovery forces (Task Force 130)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "On 17 April 1970, Iwo Jima was the flagship of Task Force 130 that waited for the Apollo 13 spaceship's astronauts after their memorable \"successful failure\" mission and splashdown near American Samoa. In the 1995 film Apollo 13, Iwo Jima was played by her sister ship, New Orleans\u00a0(LPH-11). Iwo Jima's skipper, Captain Leland E. Kirkemo, is portrayed by the film's central protagonist, Captain Jim Lovell." }, "Felidae-1": { "title": "Felidae", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Felidae is a family of mammals in the order Carnivora, colloquially referred to as cats, and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a felid. The term \"cat\" refers both to felids in general and specifically to the domestic cat (Felis catus)." }, "Code of Hammurabi-1": { "title": "Code of Hammurabi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Code of Hammurabi is a well-preserved Babylonian code of law of ancient Mesopotamia, dated to about 1754 BC (Middle Chronology). It is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world. The sixth Babylonian king, Hammurabi, enacted the code. A partial copy exists on a 2.25-metre-tall (7.5\u00a0ft) stone stele. It consists of 282 laws, with scaled punishments, adjusting \"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth\" (lex talionis) as graded based on social stratification depending on social status and gender, of slave versus free, man versus woman." }, "Taco Bell-21": { "title": "Taco Bell", "section": "Menu and advertising", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "In March 2012, Taco Bell teamed up with Frito-Lay and created the Doritos Locos Tacos, which is a taco with a Dorito Nacho Cheese flavored taco shell. In early 2012, Taco Bell announced they would be launching a new line of breakfast menu items including a Johnsonville Foods sausage and egg wrap, breakfast burritos, hash browns, Cinnabon Delights, Seattle's Best Coffee, and orange juice. Taco Bell is releasing a Mountain Dew infused drink called Mountain Dew A.M." }, "Western honey bee-5": { "title": "Western honey bee", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The western honey bee can be found on every continent except Antarctica. The species is believed to have originated in Africa or Asia, and it spread naturally through Africa, the Middle East and Europe. Humans are responsible for its considerable additional range, introducing European subspecies into North America (early 1600s), South America, Australia, New Zealand, and eastern Asia." }, "Crane (bird)-5": { "title": "Crane (bird)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Most species of cranes have been affected by human activities and are at the least classified as threatened, if not critically endangered. The plight of the whooping cranes of North America inspired some of the first US legislation to protect endangered species." }, "Lamarckism-1": { "title": "Lamarckism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lamarckism, or Lamarckian inheritance, also known as \"Neo-Lamarckism\", is the notion that an organism can pass on to its offspring physical characteristics that the parent organism acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime. This idea is also called the inheritance of acquired characteristics or soft inheritance. It is inaccurately named after the French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744\u20131829), who incorporated the action of soft inheritance into his evolutionary theories as a supplement to his concept of orthogenesis, a drive towards complexity. The theory is cited in textbooks to contrast with Darwinism. This paints a false picture of the history of biology, as Lamarck did not originate the idea of soft inheritance, which was known from the classical era onwards, and it was not the primary focus of Lamarck's theory of evolution. Further, in On the Origin of Species (1859), Charles Darwin supported the idea of \"use and disuse inheritance\", though rejecting other aspects of Lamarck's theory. Darwin's own concept of pangenesis implied soft inheritance." }, "Frozen (2013 film)-44": { "title": "Frozen (2013 film)", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Scandinavian and S\u00e1mi inspiration" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "The setting was principally based on Norway, and the cultural influences in the film come from Scandinavian culture. Several landmarks in Norway appear in the film, including the Akershus Fortress in Oslo, the Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, and Bryggen in Bergen. Numerous other typical cultural Scandinavian elements are also included in the film, such as stave churches, trolls, Viking ships, a hot spring, Fjord horses, clothes, and food such as lutefisk. A maypole is also present in the film, as well as the brief appearance of runes in a book that Anna and Elsa's father opens to figure out where the trolls live. A scene where two men argue over whether to stack firewood bark up or bark down is a reference to the perennial Norwegian debate over how to stack firewood properly. The film also contains several elements specifically drawn from S\u00e1mi culture, such as the usage of reindeer for transportation and the equipment used to control these, clothing styles (the outfits of the ice cutters), and parts of the musical score. Decorations, such as those on the castle pillars and Kristoff's sled, are also in styles inspired by S\u00e1mi duodji decorations. During their field work in Norway, Disney's team, for inspiration, visited R\u00f8rosrein, a S\u00e1mi family-owned company in the village Plassje that produces reindeer meat and arranges tourist events. Arendelle was inspired by N\u00e6r\u00f8yfjord, a branch of Norway's longest fjord Sognefjorden, which has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site; while a castle in Oslo with beautiful hand-painted patterns on all four walls served as the inspiration for the kingdom's royal castle interior." }, "Mixed-sex sports-12": { "title": "Mixed-sex sports", "section": "Mixed doubles or pairs", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Mixed doubles are events where two mixed-sex pairs directly compete (that is, all four competitors are in open play as two teams). This is particularly found in racket sports (which rarely have larger teams), including tennis, table tennis, badminton, squash and racquetball." }, "Drag (physics)-1": { "title": "Drag (physics)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called air resistance, a type of friction, or fluid resistance, another type of friction or fluid friction) is a force acting opposite to the relative motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid. This can exist between two fluid layers (or surfaces) or a fluid and a solid surface. Unlike other resistive forces, such as dry friction, which are nearly independent of velocity, drag forces depend on velocity." }, "Eastern religions-1": { "title": "Eastern religions", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Eastern religions are the religions that originated in East, South and Southeast Asia and thus have dissimilarities with Western religions. This includes the East Asian religions (Shintoism, Sindoism, Taoism and Confucianism), Indian religions (Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism) as well as animistic indigenous religions." }, "Hanuman-1": { "title": "Hanuman", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hanuman (/\u02c8h\u028cn\u028a\u02ccm\u0251\u02d0n/; Sanskrit: \u0939\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d, IAST: Hanum\u0101n) is a Hindu god and divine monkey (vanara) companion of the god Rama. Hanuman is one of the central characters of the Hindu epic Ramayana. He is a Brahmachari (life long celibate) and one of the chiranjeevi. He is also mentioned in several other texts, such as the epic Mahabharata and the various Puranas. Hanuman is the son of Anjani and Kesari and is also son of the wind-god Vayu, who according to several stories, played a role in his birth." }, "Superhero-1": { "title": "Superhero", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A superhero is a heroic stock character, typically possessing supernatural or superhuman powers, who is dedicated to fighting the evil of their universe, protecting the public, and battling supervillains. A female superhero is sometimes called a superheroine, although the word superhero is also commonly used for females. Superhero fiction is the genre of fiction that is centered on such characters, especially in American comic books since the 1930s (and later Hollywood films), as well as in Japanese media (including kamishibai, tokusatsu, manga and anime) since the 1930s." }, "Carrie Underwood-3": { "title": "Carrie Underwood", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Underwood has sold 70 million records worldwide. She is the fifth highest-certified female artist of all time on the RIAA's Top Artists (Digital Singles) ranking, the highest-certified country album artist to debut in the twenty-first century and the woman with the most number-one singles on the Billboard Country Airplay chart, with 15. Her accolades include seven Grammy Awards, 11 Billboard Music Awards, 15 American Music Awards, a Guinness world record and inductions into the Hollywood Walk of Fame and the Grand Ole Opry. Billboard named her the top female country artist of both the 2000s and 2010s, and Some Hearts the top country album of the 2000s. She ranks, as per Pollstar, among the thirteen all-genre top female touring artists of the twenty-first century, having sold over 4.3 million concert tickets. Acclaimed by Rolling Stone as \"the female vocalist of her generation of any genre\", she was listed by Time as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2014. Forbes has declared her the most successful American Idol winner. She has further ventured into fashion\u2014creating a fitness clothing line named CALIA by Carrie in 2015, and into writing\u2014releasing the New York Times best-selling fitness/lifestyle book Find Your Path in 2020." }, "Kayak-4": { "title": "Kayak", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The kayak was first used by the indigenous Aleut, Inuit, Yupik and possibly Ainu hunters in subarctic regions of the world." }, "Eugene Allen-6": { "title": "Eugene Allen", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Allen finally attained the most prestigious rank of butlers serving in the White House, Ma\u00eetre d'h\u00f4tel, in 1981, during the presidency of Ronald Reagan. Reagan invited Allen and his wife Helene to a state dinner in honor of Helmut Kohl at the White House. Allen was the first White House butler ever to be invited as a guest to a state dinner. He retired in 1986." }, "Freedom of speech in the United States-34": { "title": "Freedom of speech in the United States", "section": "Types of speech restrictions", "headers": [ "Time, place, and manner restrictions" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "The First Amendment of the United States Constitution declares, \"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.\" It is easy to mistakenly interpret the First Amendment as granting people the right to say whatever they want, whenever, and wherever they want. However, the United States Supreme Court has interpreted that the First Amendment was never intended to provide such power, because it does not protect speech at all times and in all places. The Court has consistently ruled that the government has the power to impose limits on free speech in regard to its time, place, and manner of delivery. As noted in Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence (1984), \"... [time, place, and manner] restrictions ... are valid provided that they are justified without reference to the content of the regulated speech, that they are narrowly tailored to serve a significant governmental interest, and that they leave open ample alternative channels for communication of the information.\" These restrictions are proved constitutional time and time again, in many Supreme Court cases. It is important to understand the limits to the protection of freedom of speech by learning about time, place, and manner restrictions." }, "Folk music-8": { "title": "Folk music", "section": "Traditional folk music", "headers": [ "Definitions", "Characteristics" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "verification needed] It was transmitted through an oral tradition. Before the 20th century, ordinary people were usually illiterate; they acquired songs by memorizing them. Primarily, this was not mediated by books or recorded or transmitted media. Singers may extend their repertoire using broadsheets or song books, but these secondary enhancements are of the same character as the primary songs experienced in the flesh. The music was often related to national culture. It was culturally particular; from a particular region or culture. In the context of an immigrant group, folk music acquires an extra dimension for social cohesion. It is particularly conspicuous in immigrant societies, where Greek Australians, Somali Americans, Punjabi Canadians, and others strive to emphasize their differences from the mainstream. They learn songs and dances that originate in the countries their grandparents came from. They commemorate historical and personal events. On certain days of the year, including such holidays as Christmas, Easter, and May Day, particular songs celebrate the yearly cycle. Birthdays, weddings, and funerals may also be noted with songs, dances and special costumes. Religious festivals often have a folk music component. Choral music at these events brings children and non-professional singers to participate in a public arena, giving an emotional bonding that is unrelated to the aesthetic qualities of the music. The songs have been performed, by custom, over a long period of time, usually several generations. As a side-effect, the following characteristics are sometimes present:" }, "Swiss Cheese Union-9": { "title": "Swiss Cheese Union", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Rebellion" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "A rebel cheesemaker, Sepp Barmettler, strove against this near-universal acceptance of cheese restrictions and aimed to add the Parmesan-like Sbrinz cheese to the list of allowed cheeses. After eight years of applications and appeals to the Swiss Cheese Union, his request was denied. In a letter to Barmettler, no specific reason was given for the denial, but it was noted to Barmettler that \"you do not fit into the envisaged structures.\" Nevertheless, Barmettler continued to produce small, soft cheeses stanser fladen, selling them directly to small vendors like hotels and small restaurants rather than larger distributors that would have caught the attention of the cartel. After the collapse of the cartel, an explosion of new cheeses from Switzerland came onto the market, from recreactions of old recipes to continuations of classics like Sepp helped keep alive." }, "Masaharu Morimoto-2": { "title": "Masaharu Morimoto", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Morimoto received practical training in sushi and traditional Kaiseki cuisine in Hiroshima, and opened his own restaurant in that city in 1980. Influenced by Western cooking styles, he decided to sell his restaurant in 1985 to travel around the United States. His travels further influenced his fusion style of cuisine. He established himself in New York City and worked in some of Manhattan's prestigious restaurants, including the dining area for Sony Corporation's executive staff and visiting VIPs, the Sony Club, where he was executive chef, and at the exclusive Japanese restaurant Nobu, where he was head chef." }, "Assassination of Julius Caesar-1": { "title": "Assassination of Julius Caesar", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator, was assassinated by a group of senators on the Ides of March (15 March) of 44 BC during a meeting of the Senate at the Theatre of Pompey in Rome. The perpetrators stabbed Caesar 23 times. The act was undertaken ostensibly over fears that Caesar's unprecedented concentration of power during his dictatorship was undermining the Roman Republic. The conspirators, who styled themselves the \"Liberators\" (Latin: Liberatores), presented the deed as an act of tyrannicide. Altogether at least 60 senators were party to the conspiracy; they were led by Marcus Brutus, Gaius Cassius and Decimus Brutus Albinus." }, "Movement for Black Lives-7": { "title": "Movement for Black Lives", "section": "Major protests and demonstrations", "headers": [ "Cleveland State University" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The conference gained even more national media attention when, on the last day of the convention, a Cleveland Regional Transit Authority (RTA) officer maced a crowd of primarily African-American activists just blocks away from Cleveland State University. The crowd had gathered in response to an RTA officer's detention of an African-American teen for intoxication. According to authorities, the teenager was unable to \"care for himself\" due to his level of intoxication, and thus the authorities thought it was necessary to take him into custody. During the teenager's detention a crowd gathered around the police cruiser to protest the detention of the teen; in order to clear the crowd from the path of the police cruiser, \"a Transit Police officer used a general burst of pepper spray\" directed toward the activists. The incident drew criticism as interest groups, such as the ACLU of Ohio, believed \"the use of pepper spray by law enforcement as a means of crowd control is questionable.\"" }, "Bernard Sumner-3": { "title": "Bernard Sumner", "section": "Musical career", "headers": [ "Joy Division" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Sumner was a founding member of Joy Division, a Salford band formed in 1976. He and childhood friend Peter Hook both attended the fabled Sex Pistols concert at Manchester's Free Trade Hall on 4 June 1976 and were inspired to form a band. The band is widely considered one of the most influential of the era. Primarily known as the band's lead guitarist (his main guitars were a Gibson SG and a custom Shergold Masquerader),[citation needed] Sumner also played keyboards for synthesizer parts and made his first vocal appearance on record singing the chorus of \"Walked In Line\" on the Warsaw album.[citation needed] In May 1980, the band's singer, Ian Curtis, committed suicide, resulting in Joy Division's end." }, "Comedy film-1": { "title": "Comedy film", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor. These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect. Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending (black comedy being an exception). One of the oldest genres in film\u2014and derived from the classical comedy in theatre\u2014some of the very first silent movies were comedies, as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions, without requiring sound. When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s, comedy films took another swing, as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue." }, "Ball python-9": { "title": "Ball python", "section": "Behavior and ecology", "headers": [ "Diet" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The diet of the ball python in the wild consists mostly of small mammals such as Natal multimammate mouse, shrews, gerbils, and striped mice, and birds. Young pythons less than 70\u00a0cm (28\u00a0in) total length and males prey almost exclusively on small bird nestlings and immature young. Pythons greater than 70 cm total length and females prey almost exclusively on small mammals." }, "Suzuki Baleno (2015)-4": { "title": "Suzuki Baleno (2015)", "section": "Indian market", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "2017 Suzuki Baleno SZ3 DualJet 1.2 (UK) 2016 Suzuki Baleno SZ-T BoosterJet 1.0 (UK) 2016 Suzuki Baleno SZ5 BoosterJet 1.0 (UK) 2016 Suzuki Baleno SZ5 BoosterJet 1.0 (UK) 2019 Suzuki Baleno (Indonesia), which uses the Indian Maruti Suzuki Baleno RS styling with 1.4 L petrol engine. 2017 Suzuki Baleno (Indonesia), which uses the Indian Maruti Suzuki Baleno RS styling with 1.4 L petrol engine. Interior Suzuki iK-2 concept car that previews the 2015 Baleno. The Baleno was introduced in India on 24 October 2015. Slots above the Swift, the hatchback was built to maximize interior space while retaining Indian tax benefit for vehicles with length dimension under 4 meters. The Baleno is exclusively sold through Maruti Suzuki\u2019s premium NEXA outlets across India. This car has been one of the best selling car model in India. In India, the Baleno is available in four trim levels - Sigma, Delta, Zeta and Alpha." }, "Big Ben-46": { "title": "Big Ben", "section": "Clock", "headers": [ "Breakdowns and other incidents", "21st century" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "21 August 2017: Start of 4-year silencing of the chimes during maintenance and repair work to the clock mechanism, and repairs and improvements to the clock tower building. During this time, dials, hands, and lights will be removed for restoration, with at least one dial\u2014with hands driven by an electric motor\u2014left intact, functioning, and visible at any given time. Plans also include installing a lift. The bells, however, will still chime for events such as New Year's Eve and Remembrance Day." }, "Maroon V Tour-1": { "title": "Maroon V Tour", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Maroon V Tour (also known as M5 On the Road Tour) was the fifth headlining concert tour by American band Maroon 5 in support of their fifth album V (pronounced: \"five\"). The tour began on February 16, 2015, in Dallas and concluded on May 12, 2018 in Zapopan, Mexico, comprising 128 concerts." }, "Frost-30": { "title": "Frost", "section": "Frost-free areas", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Frost-free areas are found mainly in the tropics, where they cover almost all land except at altitudes above about 3,000 metres or 9,800 feet near the equator and around 2,000 metres or 6,600 feet in the semi-arid middle tropics, but also in areas with subtropical climates that have winters tempered by strong oceanic influences. The most poleward frost-free areas are the lower altitudes of the Azores, \u00cele Amsterdam, \u00cele Saint-Paul, and Tristan da Cunha." }, "Bitcoin-1": { "title": "Bitcoin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bitcoin (\u20bf) is a cryptocurrency. It is a decentralized digital currency without a central bank or single administrator that can be sent from user to user on the peer-to-peer bitcoin network without the need for intermediaries." }, "Julian calendar-82": { "title": "Julian calendar", "section": "Modern usage", "headers": [ "Eastern Orthodox" ], "para_index": 82, "content": "Although most Eastern Orthodox countries (most of them in eastern or southeastern Europe) had adopted the Gregorian calendar by 1924, their national churches had not. The \"Revised Julian calendar\" was endorsed by a synod in Constantinople in May 1923, consisting of a solar part which was and will be identical to the Gregorian calendar until the year 2800, and a lunar part which calculated Easter astronomically at Jerusalem. All Orthodox churches refused to accept the lunar part, so all Orthodox churches continue to celebrate Easter according to the Julian calendar, with the exception of the Finnish Orthodox Church, which uses the Gregorian Paschalion." }, "Jean Valjean-7": { "title": "Jean Valjean", "section": "In the novel", "headers": [ "Part One: Fantine" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "During the night, he awakens and steals the bishop's silverware and silver plates, and runs off. He is arrested and brought back to the bishop. However, the Bishop admonishes Valjean (in front of the police) for forgetting to also take the silver candlesticks that he'd given Valjean, reminding Valjean of his \"promise\" to use the silver to become an honest man, claiming to have bought Valjean's soul with it, withdrawing it from evil and giving it to God. Despite the Bishop's words, it is later revealed that the police marked the event down in Valjean's permanent record." }, "Amateur astronomy-1": { "title": "Amateur astronomy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Amateur astronomy is a hobby where participants enjoy observing or imaging celestial objects in the sky using the unaided eye, binoculars, or telescopes. Even though scientific research may not be their primary goal, some amateur astronomers make contributions in doing citizen science, such as by monitoring variable stars, double stars sunspots, or occultations of stars by the Moon or asteroids, or by discovering transient astronomical events, such as comets, galactic novae or supernovae in other galaxies." }, "Benito Mussolini-8": { "title": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Benito Mussolini's father, Alessandro Mussolini, was a blacksmith and a socialist, while his mother, Rosa (n\u00e9e Maltoni), was a devout Catholic schoolteacher. Given his father's political leanings, Mussolini was named Benito after liberal Mexican president Benito Ju\u00e1rez, while his middle names, Andrea and Amilcare, were for Italian socialists Andrea Costa and Amilcare Cipriani. Benito was the eldest of his parents' three children. His siblings Arnaldo and Edvige followed." }, "Pregnancy-1": { "title": "Pregnancy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as with twins. Pregnancy can occur by sexual intercourse or assisted reproductive technology. A pregnancy may end in a live birth, miscarriage, or abortion. Childbirth typically occurs around 40\u00a0weeks from the start of the last menstrual period (LMP). This is just over nine\u00a0months, where each month averages 31 days. When measured from fertilization it is about 38 weeks. An embryo is the developing offspring during the first eight weeks following fertilization, after which, the term fetus is used until birth. Symptoms of early pregnancy may include missed periods, tender breasts, nausea and vomiting, hunger, and frequent urination. Pregnancy may be confirmed with a pregnancy test." }, "Keyboard layout-52": { "title": "Keyboard layout", "section": "QWERTY-based Latin-script keyboard layouts", "headers": [ "\u0104\u017dERTY (Lithuanian)" ], "para_index": 52, "content": "A and Q are swapped, Z and W are swapped, M is moved to the right of L, (taking place of the :/; or colon/semicolon key on a US keyboard), The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters, Caps lock is replaced by Shift lock, thus affecting non-letter keys as well. However, there is an ongoing evolution towards a Caps lock key instead of a Shift lock. Lithuanian keyboards use a layout known as \u0104\u017dERTY, where \u0104 appears in place of Q above A, \u017d in place of W above S, and \u016a in place of X below S, with Q, W, and X being available either on the far right-hand side or by use of the AltGr key. Besides \u0104\u017dERTY, the Lithuanian QWERTY keyboard is also used." }, "Laxative-1": { "title": "Laxative", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Laxatives, purgatives, or aperients are substances that loosen stools and increase bowel movements. They are used to treat and prevent constipation." }, "Betty White-1": { "title": "Betty White", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Betty Marion White Ludden (n\u00e9e White; born January 17, 1922) is an American actress and comedian, with the longest television career of any entertainer, spanning more than 80 years. Regarded as a pioneer of television, she was one of the first women to exert control both in front of and behind the camera and is recognized as the first woman to produce a sitcom (Life with Elizabeth), which contributed to her receiving the honorary title Mayor of Hollywood in 1955." }, "Disneyland Resort-1": { "title": "Disneyland Resort", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Disneyland Resort, commonly known as Disneyland, is an entertainment resort in Anaheim, California. It is owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks, Experiences and Products division and is home to two theme parks (Disneyland Park and Disney California Adventure), three hotels, and a shopping, dining, and entertainment complex known as Downtown Disney." }, "Pantheon (religion)-1": { "title": "Pantheon (religion)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A pantheon (from Greek \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd pantheon, literally \"(a temple) of all gods\", \"of or common to all gods\" from \u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd pan- \"all\" and \u03b8\u03b5\u03cc\u03c2 theos \"god\") is the particular set of all gods of any polytheistic religion, mythology, or tradition." }, "Chupacabra-5": { "title": "Chupacabra", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The first reported attack eventually attributed to the creatures occurred in March 1995 in Puerto Rico. Eight sheep were discovered dead, each with three puncture wounds in the chest area and reportedly completely drained of blood. A few months later, in August, an eyewitness, Madelyne Tolentino, reported seeing the creature in the Puerto Rican town of Can\u00f3vanas, when as many as 150 farm animals and pets were reportedly killed. In 1975, similar killings in the small town of Moca were attributed to El Vampiro de Moca (\"The Vampire of Moca\"). Initially, it was suspected that the killings were committed by a Satanic cult; later more killings were reported around the island, and many farms reported loss of animal life. Each of the animals was reported to have had its body bled dry through a series of small circular incisions." }, "Guam-3": { "title": "Guam", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The indigenous Chamorros settled the island approximately 4,000 years ago. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, while in the service of Spain, was the first European to visit the island, on March 6, 1521. Guam was colonized by Spain in 1668 with settlers, including Diego Luis de San Vitores, a Catholic Jesuit missionary. Between the 16th century and the 18th century, Guam was an important stopover for the Spanish Manila Galleons. During the Spanish\u2013American War, the United States captured Guam on June 21, 1898. Under the Treaty of Paris, Spain ceded Guam to the United States on December 10, 1898. Guam is among the 17 non-self-governing territories listed by the United Nations." }, "MLB International-1": { "title": "MLB International", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "MLB International is a division of Major League Baseball primarily responsible for international broadcasts of games. Prominently, in partnership with DirecTV and MLB Network, it produces and syndicates the All-Star Game, NLCS, ALCS, and the World Series, as well as the Caribbean Series, the Australian Baseball League Championship Series and the World Baseball Classic to broadcasters in over 200 countries, and the American Forces Network for U.S. military troops abroad." }, "Roy Rogers Restaurants-1": { "title": "Roy Rogers Restaurants", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Roy Rogers Franchise Company, LLC is a chain of fast food restaurants primarily located in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States. The chain originated as the rebranding of the RoBee's House of Beef chain of Fort Wayne, Indiana acquired by the Marriott Corporation in February 1968. However, Marriott first used the Roy Rogers Roast Beef name on conversions of the company's Junior Hot Shoppes in the Washington D.C. area in April 1968, then the existing RoBee's stores. An aggressive nationwide franchising campaign was launched. At its peak, the chain included over 600 locations. Currently, the chain has 48 locations." }, "Cattle-1": { "title": "Cattle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cattle, or cows (female) and bulls (male), are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos taurus." }, "System of a Down-32": { "title": "System of a Down", "section": "Musical style, influences, and lyrical themes", "headers": [ "Lyrical themes" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "System of a Down's lyrics are often oblique or dadaist, and have discussed topics such as drug abuse, politics and suicide. \"Prison Song\" criticizes the War on Drugs whereas Rolling Stone describes \"Roulette\" as a \"scared, wounded love letter\". \"Boom!\", among the band's most straightforward and unambiguous songs, lambasts globalization and spending on bombs and armament. Commenting on the track \"I-E-A-I-A-I-O\", drummer John Dolmayan said it was inspired by an encounter he had with Knight Rider's actor David Hasselhoff in a liquor store in Los Angeles when he was around 12. On Mezmerize, \"Cigaro\" makes explicit references to phallic imagery and bureaucracy, while \"Violent Pornography\" harshly views television and degradation of women. System of a Down's discontent towards the controversial Iraq War arises in \"B.Y.O.B.\", which includes a double entendre reference to both beer and bombs, containing the forthright lyric \"Why don't presidents fight the war? Why do they always send the poor?\" \"Old School Hollywood\" describes a celebrity baseball game. On their album \"Hypnotize\", \"Tentative\" describes war, \"Hypnotize\" refers to the Tiananmen Square events and \"Lonely Day\" describes angst. The album title Steal This Album! is a play on the book Steal This Book by left-wing political activist Abbie Hoffman. System of a Down's firm commitment for the recognition of the Armenian Genocide emerges in two songs: \"P.L.U.C.K.\" and \"Holy Mountains\", which rank among the band's most political songs." }, "J. D. Salinger-12": { "title": "J. D. Salinger", "section": "World War II", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Salinger was assigned to a counter-intelligence unit also known as the Ritchie Boys for which he used his proficiency in French and German to interrogate prisoners of war. In April 1945 he entered Kaufering IV concentration camp, a subcamp of Dachau. Salinger earned the rank of Staff Sergeant and served in five campaigns. Salinger's experiences in the war affected him emotionally. He was hospitalized for a few weeks for combat stress reaction after Germany was defeated, and he later told his daughter: \"You never really get the smell of burning flesh out of your nose entirely, no matter how long you live.\" Both of his biographers speculate that Salinger drew upon his wartime experiences in several stories, such as \"For Esm\u00e9\u2014with Love and Squalor,\" which is narrated by a traumatized soldier. Salinger continued to write while serving in the army, publishing several stories in slick magazines such as Collier's and The Saturday Evening Post. He also continued to submit stories to The New Yorker, but with little success; it rejected all of his submissions from 1944 to 1946, including a group of 15\u00a0poems in 1945 alone." }, "M60 tank-64": { "title": "M60 tank", "section": "Development", "headers": [ "Foreign upgrades", "M60A3 SLEP" ], "para_index": 64, "content": "citation needed] Suspension and mobility upgrades include an upgraded AVCR-1790-2C engine producing 950\u00a0hp and improved hydropneumatic suspension. The installation of an Automatic Fire and Explosion Sensing and Suppressing system (AFSS) that improves soldier survivability and protects the engine compartment as standard. Upgraded armor protection with STANAG 4569 Level 6 protection plates to the frontal arc and side skirts and slat armor added to the bustle, protecting the rear of the turret from RPG attack. These changes increased the vehicle weight to 62-63 tons." }, "Helen Keller-45": { "title": "Helen Keller", "section": "Later life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "Keller devoted much of her later life to raising funds for the American Foundation for the Blind. She died in her sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, Connecticut, a few weeks short of her eighty-eighth birthday. A service was held in her honor at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C." }, "Alexander the Great-1": { "title": "Alexander the Great", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Alexander III of Macedon (Greek: \u0391\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u0393\u02b9 \u1f41 \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd, Al\u00e9xandros III ho Maked\u020fn; 20/21 July 356 BC \u2013 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: \u1f08\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 \u039c\u03ad\u03b3\u03b1\u03c2, Al\u00e9xandros ho M\u00e9gas), was a king (basileus) of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty. He was born in Pella in 356 BC and succeeded his father Philip II to the throne at the age of 20. He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through western Asia and northeast Africa, and by the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to northwestern India. He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history's most successful military commanders." }, "Minotaur-1": { "title": "Minotaur", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Greek mythology, the Minotaur (Ancient Greek: \u039c\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 [mi\u02d0n\u0254\u030c\u02d0tau\u032fros]; in Latin as Minotaurus [mi\u02d0no\u02d0\u02c8tau\u032fr\u028as]) is a mythical creature portrayed in Classical times with the head and tail of a bull and the body of a man or, as described by Roman poet Ovid, a being \"part man and part bull\". He dwelt at the center of the Labyrinth, which was an elaborate maze-like construction designed by the architect Daedalus and his son Icarus, on the command of King Minos of Crete. The Minotaur was eventually killed by the Athenian hero Theseus." }, "Leninism-1": { "title": "Leninism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Leninism is a political theory developed by Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin that proposes the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat, led by a revolutionary vanguard party, as the political prelude to the establishment of socialism. The function of the Leninist vanguard party is to provide the working classes with the political consciousness (education and organisation) and revolutionary leadership necessary to depose capitalism in the Russian Empire (1721\u20131917). Leninist revolutionary leadership is based upon The Communist Manifesto (1848) identifying the communist party as \"the most advanced and resolute section of the working class parties of every country; that section which pushes forward all others.\" As the vanguard party, the Bolsheviks viewed history through the theoretical framework of dialectical materialism, which sanctioned political commitment to the successful overthrow of capitalism, and then to instituting socialism; and, as the revolutionary national government, to realize the socio-economic transition by all means." }, "Coronis (lover of Apollo)-3": { "title": "Coronis (lover of Apollo)", "section": "Mythology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "One day Apollo saw Coronis and became enamoured of her. He lay with her in her home, and consequently Coronis got pregnant. One time when Apollo was away to perform his godly duties, Coronis fell in love with Ischys, son of Elatus. Going against her father's warnings, she slept with him in secret. Apollo, however, came to know of this affair through his prophetic powers. In anger, he killed Ischys with his arrows, but couldn't bring himself to kill Coronis. However Artemis, Apollo's sister, killed Coronis with her arrows for the disrespect she had shown towards her brother. Alternatively, Apollo sent Artemis to kill Coronis. Coronis dies, accepting that her punishment was just, but expresses her sorrow for the untimely death of her unborn child." }, "Axis powers-24": { "title": "Axis powers", "section": "Origins and creation", "headers": [ "Development of German\u2013Italian\u2013Japanese alliance" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "The \"Axis powers\" formally took the name after the Tripartite Pact was signed by Germany, Italy, and Japan on 27 September 1940, in Berlin. The pact was subsequently joined by Hungary (20 November 1940), Romania (23 November 1940), Slovakia (24 November 1940), and Bulgaria (1 March 1941)." }, "Simon Cowell-1": { "title": "Simon Cowell", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Simon Phillip Cowell (/\u02c8ka\u028a\u0259l/; born 7 October 1959) is an English television personality, entrepreneur, producer, and record executive. He has judged on the British television talent competition series Pop Idol (2001\u20132003), The X Factor (2004\u20132010, 2014\u2013present) and Britain's Got Talent (2007\u2013present), and the American television talent competition series American Idol (2002\u20132010), The X Factor (2011\u20132013), and America's Got Talent (2016\u2013present). Cowell is the principal, founder and chief executive of the British entertainment company Syco." }, "Roberto del Rosario-1": { "title": "Roberto del Rosario", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Roberto L. del Rosario is a Filipino entrepreneur who served as the president of the Trebel Music Corporation. He is also the patent holder of the Sing Along System, a karaoke system he developed in 1975." }, "Tearjerker-1": { "title": "Tearjerker", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tearjerker is something that provokes sadness or pathos, as the name suggests." }, "Star Trek: The Next Generation-1": { "title": "Star Trek: The Next Generation", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG) is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry. It originally aired from September 28, 1987 to May 23, 1994, in syndication, spanning 178 episodes over seven seasons. The third series in the Star Trek franchise, it is the second sequel to Star Trek: The Original Series. Set in the 24th century, when Earth is part of the United Federation of Planets, it follows the adventures of a Starfleet starship, the USS Enterprise-D, in its exploration of the Milky Way galaxy." }, "Peanut-1": { "title": "Peanut", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The peanut, also known as the groundnut, goober (US), or monkey nut (UK), and taxonomically classified as Arachis hypogaea, is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible seeds. It is widely grown in the tropics and subtropics, being important to both small and large commercial producers. It is classified as both a grain legume and, due to its high oil content, an oil crop. World annual production of shelled peanuts was 44 million tonnes in 2016, led by China with 38% of the world total. Atypically among legume crop plants, peanut pods develop underground (geocarpy) rather than above ground. With this characteristic in mind, the botanist Carl Linnaeus named the species hypogaea, which means \"under the earth\"." }, "Black belt (martial arts)-9": { "title": "Black belt (martial arts)", "section": "Higher grades", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In judo and some forms of karate, a sixth dan will wear a red and white belt. The red and white belt is often reserved only for ceremonial occasions, and a regular black belt is still worn during training. At 9th or 10th dan some schools award red. In some schools of Jujutsu, the Shihan rank and higher wear purple belts. These other colors are often still referred to collectively as \"black belts\"." }, "Peter Fonda-1": { "title": "Peter Fonda", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Peter Henry Fonda (February 23, 1940\u00a0\u2013 August 16, 2019) was an American actor, director, and screenwriter. He was the son of Henry Fonda, younger brother of Jane Fonda, and father of Bridget Fonda. He was a part of the counterculture of the 1960s." }, "Sand cat-49": { "title": "Sand cat", "section": "Behaviour and ecology", "headers": [ "Hunting and diet" ], "para_index": 49, "content": "In Israel, remains of Egyptian spiny-tailed lizards (Uromastyx aegyptia) were found near burrows used by sand cats. They were observed preying on jirds (Meriones), Cairo spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus), desert lark (Ammomanes deserti), and small reptiles." }, "Ballet-2": { "title": "Ballet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A ballet, a work, consists of the choreography and music for a ballet production. Ballets are choreographed and performed by trained ballet dancers. Traditional classical ballets are usually performed with classical music accompaniment and use elaborate costumes and staging, whereas modern ballets, such as the neoclassical works of American choreographer George Balanchine, are often performed in simple costumes (e.g., leotards and tights) and without the use of elaborate sets or scenery." }, "Persecution of Muslims-33": { "title": "Persecution of Muslims", "section": "Modern era", "headers": [ "Southeastern Europe (Balkans)" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "Between 10,000 and 30,000 Turks were killed in Tripolitsa by Greek rebels in the summer of 1821, including the entire Jewish population of the city. Similar events as these occurred elsewhere during the Greek Revolution resulting in the eradication and expulsion of virtually the entire Turkish population of the Morea. These acts ensured the ethnic homogenization of the area under the rule of the future modern Greek state. According to claims by Turkish delegations, in 1878 the Muslim inhabitants in Thessaly are estimated to be 150,000 and in 1897 the Muslims numbered 50,000 in Crete. By 1919 there were virtually no Muslims left in Thessaly and only 20,000 in Crete." }, "Carnation Revolution-1": { "title": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Carnation Revolution (Portuguese: Revolu\u00e7\u00e3o dos Cravos), also known as the 25 April (Portuguese: 25 de Abril), was initially a 25 April 1974 military coup in Lisbon which overthrew the authoritarian Estado Novo regime. The revolution began as a coup organised by the Armed Forces Movement (Portuguese: Movimento das For\u00e7as Armadas, MFA), composed of military officers who opposed the regime, but it was soon coupled with an unanticipated, popular civil resistance campaign. The revolution led to the fall of the Estado Novo, terminated the Portuguese Colonial War, and started a revolutionary process that would result in a democratic Portugal." }, "Black Sea-28": { "title": "Black Sea", "section": "Hydrology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "The Black Sea only experiences water transfer with the Mediterranean Sea, so all inflow and outflow occurs in the Bosporus and Dardanelles. Inflow from the Mediterranean has a higher salinity and density than the outflow, creating the classical estuarine circulation. This means that the inflow of dense water from the Mediterranean occurs at the bottom of the basin while the outflow of fresher Black Sea surface-water into the Marmara Sea occurs near the surface. The outflow is 16 000 m3/s (around 500\u00a0km3/year) and the inflow is 11 000 m3/s (around 350\u00a0km3/year), acc to" }, "Matt Groening-1": { "title": "Matt Groening", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Matthew Abraham Groening (/\u02c8\u0261re\u026an\u026a\u014b/ (listen) GRAY-ning; born February 15, 1954) is an American cartoonist, writer, producer, and animator. He is the creator of the comic strip Life in Hell (1977\u20132012) and the television series The Simpsons (1989\u2013present), Futurama (1999\u20132003, 2008\u20132013), and Disenchantment (2018\u2013present). The Simpsons is the longest-running U.S. primetime-television series in history and the longest-running U.S. animated series and sitcom." }, "Nuclear weapons debate-1": { "title": "Nuclear weapons debate", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The nuclear weapons debate refers to the controversies surrounding the threat, use and stockpiling of nuclear weapons. Even before the first nuclear weapons had been developed, scientists involved with the Manhattan Project were divided over the use of the weapon. The only time nuclear weapons have been used in warfare was during the final stages of World War II when United States Army Air Forces B-29 Superfortress bombers dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in early August 1945. The role of the bombings in Japan's surrender and the U.S.'s ethical justification for them have been the subject of scholarly and popular debate for decades." }, "Vietnam War-58": { "title": "Vietnam War", "section": "Johnson's escalation, 1963\u20131969", "headers": [ "American ground war" ], "para_index": 58, "content": "On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines were landed near Da Nang, South Vietnam. This marked the beginning of the American ground war. U.S. public opinion overwhelmingly supported the deployment. The Marines' initial assignment was the defense of Da Nang Air Base. The first deployment of 3,500 in March 1965 was increased to nearly 200,000 by December. The U.S. military had long been schooled in offensive warfare. Regardless of political policies, U.S. commanders were institutionally and psychologically unsuited to a defensive mission." }, "Existential crisis-1": { "title": "Existential crisis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Existential crises are moments when individuals question whether their lives have meaning, purpose, or value. It may be commonly, but not necessarily, tied to depression or inevitably negative speculations on purpose in life (e.g., \"if one day I will be forgotten, what is the point of all of my work?\"). This issue of the meaning and purpose of human existence is a major focus of the philosophical tradition of existentialism." }, "Gameplay of World of Warcraft-5": { "title": "Gameplay of World of Warcraft", "section": "Characters", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Once a player has selected a realm, an option to create a character is available. A player can select one of two opposing factions to place their character in: the Horde or the Alliance. Characters can only communicate and group with other characters of the same faction. Each faction has seven (including the Pandaren, that are neutral at the beginning) races to choose from. Race determines the character's appearance, starting location, and initial skill set, called \"racial traits\". The Alliance currently consists of humans, night elves, dwarves, gnomes, draenei and worgen; the Horde currently consists of orcs, tauren, Forsaken, trolls, blood elves and goblins. The draenei and blood elves were added as part of the Burning Crusade expansion. Worgen and goblins were added for the Alliance and Horde respectively in the following expansion pack, Cataclysm. In Mists of Pandaria, the pandaren were added as World of Warcraft's first ever \"neutral\" race. At the conclusion of the beginner zone quests for pandaren (around level 12), the player must choose to permanently join either the Alliance or the Horde. In Battle for Azeroth there will be six additional allied races for players to use. Further options to customize the appearance, such as hairstyles, skin tones, etc. are also available. Once set, the face and skin tone are not able to be changed; however the hair style, color, and other decorations, such as earrings and facial hair, can be changed by visiting barbershops within capital cities. The entire appearance of a character (including face, skin tone, gender) can be changed via Blizzard's paid character re-customization service." }, "Stone Cold Steve Austin-4": { "title": "Stone Cold Steve Austin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Austin has main evented multiple pay-per-view events for the WWE, including three WrestleManias (XIV, XV and X-Seven). He was forced to retire from in-ring competition in 2003 due to a series of knee injuries and a serious neck injury. Throughout the rest of 2003 and 2004, he was featured as the Co-General Manager and Sheriff of Raw. Since 2005, he has continued to make occasional appearances and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2009 by Vince McMahon. In 2011, Austin returned to WWE to host the reboot of the reality series Tough Enough." }, "Central Intelligence Agency-1": { "title": "Central Intelligence Agency", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA [/sia\u026a\u02c8e\u026a/]) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT). As one of the principal members of the United States Intelligence Community (IC), the CIA reports to the Director of National Intelligence and is primarily focused on providing intelligence for the President and Cabinet of the United States." }, "Ant-31": { "title": "Ant", "section": "Behaviour and ecology", "headers": [ "Defence" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Ants attack and defend themselves by biting and, in many species, by stinging, often injecting or spraying chemicals, such as formic acid in the case of formicine ants, alkaloids and piperidines in fire ants, and a variety of protein components in other ants. Bullet ants (Paraponera), located in Central and South America, are considered to have the most painful sting of any insect, although it is usually not fatal to humans. This sting is given the highest rating on the Schmidt sting pain index." }, "Monty Python and the Holy Grail-4": { "title": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In AD 932, King Arthur and his squire, Patsy, travel throughout Britain searching for men to join the Knights of the Round Table. Along the way, he recruits Sir Bedevere the Wise, Sir Lancelot the Brave, Sir Galahad the Pure, Sir Robin the Not-Quite-So-Brave-as-Sir-Lancelot, and Sir Not-Appearing-in-this-Film, along with their squires and Robin's troubadours. Arthur leads the men to Camelot, but upon further consideration (thanks to a musical number) he decides not to go there because it is \"a silly place\". As they turn away, God (an image of W. G. Grace) speaks to them and gives Arthur the task of finding the Holy Grail." }, "Dolce & Gabbana-1": { "title": "Dolce & Gabbana", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dolce & Gabbana (Italian pronunciation:\u00a0[\u02c8dolt\u0283e e \u0261ab\u02c8ba\u02d0na]) is an Italian luxury fashion house founded in 1985 in Legnano by Italian designers Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana." }, "Leap year-1": { "title": "Leap year", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A leap year (also known as an intercalary year or bissextile year) is a calendar year that contains an additional day (or, in the case of a lunisolar calendar, a month) added to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical year or seasonal year. Because astronomical events and seasons do not repeat in a whole number of days, calendars that have the same number of days in each year drift over time with respect to the event that the year is supposed to track. By inserting (called intercalating in technical terminology) an additional day or month into the year, the drift can be corrected. A year that is not a leap year is a common year." }, "Cattle-2": { "title": "Cattle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Cattle are commonly raised as livestock for meat (beef or veal, see beef cattle), for milk (see dairy cattle), and for hides, which are used to make leather. They are used as riding animals and draft animals (oxen or bullocks, which pull carts, plows and other implements). Another product of cattle is dung, which can be used to create manure or fuel. In some regions, such as parts of India, cattle have significant religious meaning. Cattle, mostly small breeds such as the Miniature Zebu, are also kept as pets." }, "Statue of Freedom-1": { "title": "Statue of Freedom", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Statue of Freedom, also known as Armed Freedom or simply Freedom, is a bronze statue designed by Thomas Crawford (1814\u20131857) that, since 1863, has crowned the dome of the U.S. Capitol building in Washington, D.C. Originally named Freedom Triumphant in War and Peace, a U.S. government publication now states that the statue \"is officially known as the Statue of Freedom\". The statue depicts a female figure bearing a military helmet and holding a sheathed sword in her right hand and a laurel wreath and shield in her left." }, "Nativity scene-20": { "title": "Nativity scene", "section": "Components", "headers": [ "Animals in nativity scenes" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "A donkey (or ass) and an ox typically appear in nativity scenes. Besides the necessity of animals for a manger, this is an allusion to the Book of Isaiah: \"the ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master's crib; but Israel doth not know, my people doth not consider\" Isaiah 1:3. The Gospels do not mention an ox and donkey Another source for the tradition may be the extracanonical text, the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew of the 7th century. (The translation in this text of Habakkuk 3:2 is not taken from the Septuagint.): \"And on the third day after the birth of our Lord Jesus Christ, Mary went out of the cave, and, entering a stable, placed the child in a manger, and an ox and an ass adored him. Then was fulfilled that which was said by the prophet Isaiah, \"The ox knows his owner, and the ass his master's crib.\" Therefore, the animals, the ox and the ass, with him in their midst incessantly adored him. Then was fulfilled that which was said by Habakkuk the prophet, saying, \"Between two animals you are made manifest.\"" }, "Palace of Westminster-29": { "title": "Palace of Westminster", "section": "Exterior", "headers": [ "Towers" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "At the north end of the Palace rises the most famous of the towers, Elizabeth Tower, commonly known as Big Ben. At 96 metres (315\u00a0ft), it is only slightly shorter than Victoria Tower but much slimmer. Originally known simply as the Clock Tower (the name Elizabeth Tower was conferred on it in 2012 to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II), it houses the Great Clock of Westminster, built by Edward John Dent on designs by amateur horologist Edmund Beckett Denison. Striking the hour to within a second of the time, the Great Clock achieved standards of accuracy considered impossible by 19th-century clockmakers, and it has remained consistently reliable since it entered service in 1859. The time is shown on four dials 7 metres (23\u00a0ft) in diameter, which are made of milk glass and are lit from behind at night; the hour hand is 2.7 metres (8\u00a0ft 10\u00a0in) long and the minute hand 4.3 metres (14\u00a0ft). The Clock Tower was designed by Augustus Pugin and built after his death. Charles Barry asked Pugin to design the clock tower because Pugin had previously helped Barry design the Palace. In the 2012 BBC Four documentary, Richard Taylor gives a description of Pugin's Clock Tower: \"It rises up from the ground in this stately rhythm, higher and higher, before you reach the clock face, picked out as a giant rose, its petals fringed with gold. Medieval windows above that and then it hits the grey cast iron roof, its greyness relieved by those delicate little windows again picked out in gold leaf. And then rises up again in a great jet of gold to the higher roof that curves gracefully upwards to a spire with a crown and flowers and a cross. It's elegant and grand and has fairy tale qualities.\"" }, "Kurt Cobain-49": { "title": "Kurt Cobain", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Health" ], "para_index": 49, "content": "His heroin use began to affect the band's Nevermind supporting tour. One such example came the day of the band's 1992 performance on Saturday Night Live, where Nirvana had a photographic session with Michael Levine. Having used heroin beforehand, Cobain fell asleep several times during the shoot. Cobain divulged to biographer Michael Azerrad, \"I mean, what are they supposed to do? They're not going to be able to tell me to stop. So I really didn't care. Obviously to them it was like practicing witchcraft or something. They didn't know anything about it so they thought that any second, I was going to die\"." }, "Brexit-3": { "title": "Brexit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "On 29 March 2017, the UK government formally began the withdrawal process by invoking Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union with permission from Parliament. May called a snap general election in June 2017, which resulted in a Conservative minority government supported by the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). UK\u2013EU withdrawal negotiations began later that month. The UK negotiated to leave the EU customs union and single market. This resulted in the November 2018 withdrawal agreement, but the British parliament voted against ratifying it three times. The Labour Party wanted any agreement to maintain a customs union, while many Conservatives opposed the agreement's financial settlement, as well as the \"Irish backstop\" designed to prevent border controls between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The Liberal Democrats, Scottish National Party (SNP), and others sought to reverse Brexit through a proposed second referendum." }, "National Hockey League-1": { "title": "National Hockey League", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The National Hockey League (NHL; French: Ligue nationale de hockey\u2014LNH) is a professional ice hockey league in North America, currently comprising 31 teams: 24 in the United States and seven in Canada. The NHL is considered to be the premier professional ice hockey league in the world, and one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. The Stanley Cup, the oldest professional sports trophy in North America, is awarded annually to the league playoff champion at the end of each season." }, "The Rockettes-2": { "title": "The Rockettes", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Early years" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Rockettes were originally inspired by the Tiller Girls, a precision dance company of the United Kingdom established by John Tiller in the 1890s. Tiller sent the first troupe of Tiller Girls to perform in the United States in 1900, and eventually there were three lines of them working on Broadway. In 1922, choreographer Russell Markert saw one of these troupes, known as the Tiller Rockets, perform in the Ziegfeld Follies and was inspired to create his own version with American dancers. As Markert would later recall, \"If I ever got a chance to get a group of American girls who would be taller and have longer legs and could do really complicated tap routines and eye-high kicks, they'd really knock your socks off.\"" }, "Vlog-14": { "title": "Vlog", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Personal Vlogs" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "The personal vlog is an online video which records an individual to deliver information that they intend to introduce to people. The audience is not as varied as one's from corporation or organization." }, "Kate Plus 8-1": { "title": "Kate Plus 8", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Kate Plus 8, formerly Jon & Kate Plus 8, was an American reality television series starring Kate Gosselin and her eight children, which premiered on April 4, 2007." }, "Bipolar disorder-44": { "title": "Bipolar disorder", "section": "Management", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "The aim of management is to treat acute episodes safely with medication and work with the patient in long-term maintenance to prevent further episodes and optimise function using a combination of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic techniques. Hospitalization may be required especially with the manic episodes present in bipolar I. This can be voluntary or (local legislation permitting) involuntary. Long-term inpatient stays are now less common due to deinstitutionalization, although these can still occur. Following (or in lieu of) a hospital admission, support services available can include drop-in centers, visits from members of a community mental health team or an Assertive Community Treatment team, supported employment, patient-led support groups, and intensive outpatient programs. These are sometimes referred to as partial-inpatient programs." }, "Kurt Cobain-55": { "title": "Kurt Cobain", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "On April 8, Cobain's body was discovered at his Lake Washington Boulevard home by electrician Gary Smith, who had arrived to install a security system. Apart from a minor amount of blood coming out of Cobain's ear, the electrician reported seeing no visible signs of trauma and initially believed that Cobain was asleep until he saw the shotgun pointing at his chin. A suicide note was found, addressed to Cobain's childhood imaginary friend Boddah, that stated that Cobain had not \"felt the excitement of listening to as well as creating music, along with really writing ... for too many years now\". A high concentration of heroin and traces of diazepam were also found in his body. Cobain's body had been lying there for days; the coroner's report estimated Cobain to have died on April 5, 1994 at the age of 27." }, "Southern Hemisphere-1": { "title": "Southern Hemisphere", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Southern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is south of the Equator. It contains all or parts of five continents (Antarctica, Australia, about 90% of South America, one third of Africa, and several islands off the continental mainland of Asia), four oceans (Indian, South Atlantic, Southern, and South Pacific) and most of the Pacific Islands in Oceania. Its surface is 80.9% water, compared with 60.7% water in the case of the Northern Hemisphere, and it contains 32.7% of Earth's land." }, "The Gentleman's Magazine-1": { "title": "The Gentleman's Magazine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Gentleman's Magazine was a monthly magazine founded in London, England, by Edward Cave in January 1731. It ran uninterrupted for almost 200 years, until 1922. It was the first to use the term magazine (from the French magazine, meaning \"storehouse\") for a periodical. Samuel Johnson's first regular employment as a writer was with The Gentleman's Magazine." }, "New York metropolitan area-1": { "title": "New York metropolitan area", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The New York metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass, at 3,450.2\u00a0sq\u00a0mi (8,936\u00a0km2). The metropolitan area includes New York City (the most populous city in the United States), Long Island, and the Mid and Lower Hudson Valley in the state of New York; the five largest cities in New Jersey: Newark, Jersey City, Paterson, Elizabeth, and Edison, and their vicinities; and six of the seven largest cities in Connecticut: Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, and Danbury, and their vicinities. The New York metropolitan area is part of the larger Northeast Megalopolis." }, "Auditing (Scientology)-2": { "title": "Auditing (Scientology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Auditing began as an integral part of the Dianetics movement and has since, by the use of the E-Meter, become a core practice in Scientology. Auditing is defined by the Church as \"the application of Dianetics or Scientology processes and procedures by a trained auditor. One formal definition of auditing is the action of asking a person a question (which he can understand and answer), getting an answer to that question and acknowledging him or her for that answer.\" Auditing is considered \"a technical measure\" that, according to the Church, \"lifts the burdened individual, the 'preclear', from a level of spiritual distress to a level of insight and inner self-realization.\" The process is meant to bring the individual to Clear status." }, "Melissa McCarthy-8": { "title": "Melissa McCarthy", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "2011\u20132015: Mike and Molly, Bridesmaids and success" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "On September 20, 2010, McCarthy was cast in a leading role on the CBS sitcom Mike\u00a0& Molly. In 2011, McCarthy had a breakout performance in the comedy movie Bridesmaids alongside Kristen Wiig, Maya Rudolph, Rose Byrne, Wendi McLendon-Covey and Ellie Kemper. McCarthy received an Academy Award nomination for her performance. In fall 2011, after achieving fame from Bridesmaids, she received her first Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for her role on Mike\u00a0& Molly. In June 2011, she hosted the Women in Film Crystal\u00a0+ Lucy Awards. McCarthy later had supporting roles in This Is 40 (2012), the spinoff to Judd Apatow's film Knocked Up, and The Hangover Part III (2013). She was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in June 2012 along with 175 others. McCarthy hosted Saturday Night Live on October 1, 2011, April 6, 2013, February 1, 2014, February 13, 2016, and May 12, 2017. She was nominated five times for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her appearances on the television show from 2011\u20132017, winning in 2017." }, "Femur-7": { "title": "Femur", "section": "Structure", "headers": [ "Upper part" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The head of the femur, which articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic bone, comprises two-thirds of a sphere. It has a small groove, or fovea, connected through the round ligament to the sides of the acetabular notch. The head of the femur is connected to the shaft through the neck or collum. The neck is 4\u20135\u00a0cm. long and the diameter is smallest front to back and compressed at its middle. The collum forms an angle with the shaft in about 130 degrees. This angle is highly variant. In the infant it is about 150 degrees and in old age reduced to 120 degrees on average. An abnormal increase in the angle is known as coxa valga and an abnormal reduction is called coxa vara. Both the head and neck of the femur is vastly embedded in the hip musculature and can not be directly palpated. In skinny people with the thigh laterally rotated, the head of the femur can be felt deep as a resistance profound (deep) for the femoral artery." }, "Crucifixion-1": { "title": "Crucifixion", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Crucifixion is a method of punishment or capital punishment in which the victim is tied or nailed to a large wooden beam and left to hang, perhaps for several days, until eventual death from exhaustion and asphyxiation.It has been used as a punishment in parts of the world as recently as the twentieth century." }, "Ethiopia-91": { "title": "Ethiopia", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 91, "content": "Ethiopia is an ecologically diverse country, ranging from the deserts along the eastern border to the tropical forests in the south to extensive Afromontane in the northern and southwestern parts. Lake Tana in the north is the source of the Blue Nile. It also has many endemic species, notably the gelada, the walia ibex and the Ethiopian wolf (\"Simien fox\"). The wide range of altitude has given the country a variety of ecologically distinct areas, and this has helped to encourage the evolution of endemic species in ecological isolation." }, "Philippines-1": { "title": "Philippines", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Philippines (/\u02c8f\u026al\u0259pi\u02d0nz/ (listen); Filipino: Pilipinas [\u02ccp\u026al\u026a\u02c8pin\u0250s] or [f\u026al\u026a\u02c8pin\u0250s]), officially the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas), is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Situated in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both within the single urban area of Metro Manila. Bounded by the South China Sea on the west, the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest, the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia and Brunei to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest." }, "United States presidential inauguration-23": { "title": "United States presidential inauguration", "section": "Ceremony elements", "headers": [ "Oaths of office" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Bibles of historical significance have sometimes been used at inaugurations. George H. W. Bush, Jimmy Carter and Dwight D. Eisenhower used the George Washington Inaugural Bible. Barack Obama placed his hand upon the Lincoln Bible for his oaths in 2009 and 2013, as did Donald Trump in 2017." }, "2 euro coin-8": { "title": "2 euro coin", "section": "Design", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The coins are composed of two alloys. The inner circle is composed of three layers (nickel brass, nickel, nickel brass) and the outer ring of copper-nickel giving them a two colour (silver outer and gold inner) appearance. The diameter of the coins is 25.75\u00a0mm, the thickness is 2.20\u00a0mm and the mass is 8.5\u00a0grams. The coins' edges are finely milled with lettering, though the exact design of the edge can vary between states with some choosing to write the issuing state's name or denomination around the edge (see \"edges\" below). The coins have been used from 2002, though some are dated 1999 which is the year the euro was created as a currency, but not put into general circulation." }, "Arnold Schwarzenegger-23": { "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "section": "Bodybuilding career", "headers": [ "Powerlifting/weightlifting" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "In 1967, Schwarzenegger won the Munich stone-lifting contest, in which a stone weighing 508 German pounds (254\u00a0kg / 560\u00a0lb) is lifted between the legs while standing on two footrests." }, "American Idol (season 4)-1": { "title": "American Idol (season 4)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The fourth season of American Idol premiered on January 18, 2005 and continued until May 25, 2005. It was hosted by Ryan Seacrest. Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell also returned to judge. Carrie Underwood won the season with approximately 500\u00a0million votes cast in the season and 37 million for the finale. Underwood has since gone on to become a seven-time Grammy-winning country megastar. It was also the first season of the series to be aired in high definition." }, "Hearing loss-38": { "title": "Hearing loss", "section": "Pathophysiology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "Play media Sound waves reach the outer ear and are conducted down the ear canal to the eardrum, causing it to vibrate. The vibrations are transferred by the 3 tiny ear bones of the middle ear to the fluid in the inner ear. The fluid moves hair cells (stereocilia), and their movement generates nerve impulses which are then taken to the brain by the cochlear nerve. The auditory nerve takes the impulses to the brainstem, which sends the impulses to the midbrain. Finally, the signal goes to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe to be interpreted as sound." }, "Thomas Greenhill (surgeon)-5": { "title": "Thomas Greenhill (surgeon)", "section": "Elizabeth Greenhill", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "According to a letter in the Gentleman's Magazine in 1805 there exist preserved on the back of a small portrait identified as that of Mrs Greenhill, mother of Thomas Greenhill, the following words. Similar words according to Notes and Queries in 1852 are also inscribed in a copy of Thomas Greenhill's The Art of Embalming." }, "Guitar controller-1": { "title": "Guitar controller", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A guitar controller is a video game controller designed to simulate the playing of the guitar, a string musical instrument. Guitar controllers are often used for music games such as UmJammer Lammy: NOW!, GuitarFreaks, Guitar Hero, and the Rock Band series. The controllers are played by holding down a colored fret button that matches a colored, on-screen note, while pressing the strum bar as the note passes through the target. The controllers also feature a whammy bar, which is used to bend notes and collect each game's equivalent of bonus energy. Different games and models of controllers have introduced additional features, such as effects switches, additional fret buttons, and fret touch pads. The fret buttons are colored usually in the order of (from lowest to highest pitch) green, red, yellow, blue, and orange." }, "Great Pyramid of Giza-8": { "title": "Great Pyramid of Giza", "section": "Materials", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3\u00a0million blocks which most believe to have been transported from nearby quarries. The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river. The largest granite stones in the pyramid, found in the \"King's\" chamber, weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported from Aswan, more than 800\u00a0km (500\u00a0mi) away.[citation needed] Ancient Egyptians cut stone into rough blocks by hammering grooves into natural stone faces, inserting wooden wedges, then soaking these with water. As the water was absorbed, the wedges expanded, breaking off workable chunks. Once the blocks were cut, they were carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid. It is estimated that 5.5\u00a0million tonnes of limestone, 8,000 tonnes of granite (imported from Aswan), and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid." }, "History of the Forbidden City-12": { "title": "History of the Forbidden City", "section": "Qing Dynasty", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "After being home to twenty-four emperors, fourteen of the Ming Dynasty and ten of the Qing Dynasty, the Forbidden City ceased to be the political centre of China in 1912, with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. However, under an agreement signed between the Qing imperial house and the new Republic of China government, Puyi was allowed, in fact required, to live within the walls of the Forbidden City. Puyi and his family retained the use of the Inner Court, while the Outer Court was handed over to the Republican authorities. A museum was established in the Outer Court in 1914." }, "Reconstruction era-1": { "title": "Reconstruction era", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Reconstruction era was the period in American history which lasted from 1863 to 1877. It was a significant chapter in the history of American civil rights." }, "WWE Heat-11": { "title": "WWE Heat", "section": "History", "headers": [ "2005-2008" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Heat was still shown internationally to fulfill international programming commitments. When WWE went high definition in January 2008, Heat began using the same HD set as Raw, SmackDown, and ECW. After 10 years of programming and 513 episodes, the final episode of WWE Heat was uploaded to WWE.com on May 30, 2008. It was the most watched episode of Heat since it debuted on WWE.com. The show was replaced internationally with a new show featuring classic matches, called WWE Vintage Collection." }, "Caffeine-44": { "title": "Caffeine", "section": "Pharmacology", "headers": [ "Pharmacodynamics", "Receptor and ion channel targets" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "Antagonism of adenosine receptors by caffeine also stimulates the medullary vagal, vasomotor, and respiratory centers, which increases respiratory rate, reduces heart rate, and constricts blood vessels. Adenosine receptor antagonism also promotes neurotransmitter release (e.g., monoamines and acetylcholine), which endows caffeine with its stimulant effects; adenosine acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter that suppresses activity in the central nervous system. Heart palpitations are caused by blockade of the A1 receptor." }, "Disc brake-63": { "title": "Disc brake", "section": "Calipers", "headers": [ "Pistons and cylinders" ], "para_index": 63, "content": "Brake failure can result from failure of the piston to retract, which is usually a consequence of not operating the vehicle during prolonged storage outdoors in adverse conditions. On high-mileage vehicles, the piston seals may leak, which must be promptly corrected." }, "Office of Migrant Education-1": { "title": "Office of Migrant Education", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Office of Migrant Education (OME) is a program within the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Elementary and Secondary Education (OESE) that administers grant programs that provide academic and supportive services to the children of families who migrate to find work in the agricultural and fishing industries. OME also administers several contracts and special initiatives." }, "Tumulus-1": { "title": "Tumulus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds or kurgans, and may be found throughout much of the world. A cairn, which is a mound of stones built for various purposes, may also originally have been a tumulus." }, "Brewing-36": { "title": "Brewing", "section": "Fermenting", "headers": [ "Fermentation methods", "Warm fermentation" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "In general, yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae are fermented at warm temperatures between 15 and 20\u00a0\u00b0C (59 and 68\u00a0\u00b0F), occasionally as high as 24\u00a0\u00b0C (75\u00a0\u00b0F), while the yeast used by Brasserie Dupont for saison ferments even higher at 29 to 35\u00a0\u00b0C (84 to 95\u00a0\u00b0F). They generally form a foam on the surface of the fermenting beer, which is called barm, as during the fermentation process its hydrophobic surface causes the flocs to adhere to CO2 and rise; because of this, they are often referred to as \"top-cropping\" or \"top-fermenting\" \u2013 though this distinction is less clear in modern brewing with the use of cylindro-conical tanks. Generally, warm-fermented beers, which are usually termed ale, are ready to drink within three weeks after the beginning of fermentation, although some brewers will condition or mature them for several months." }, "Quetiapine-2": { "title": "Quetiapine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Common side effects include sleepiness, constipation, weight gain, and dry mouth. Other side effects include low blood pressure with standing, seizures, a prolonged erection, high blood sugar, tardive dyskinesia, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. In older people with dementia, its use increases the risk of death. Use in the third trimester of pregnancy may result in a movement disorder in the baby for some time after birth. Quetiapine is believed to work by blocking a number of receptors including serotonin and dopamine." }, "Chimera (mythology)-3": { "title": "Chimera (mythology)", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Homer's brief description in the Iliad is the earliest surviving literary reference: \"a thing of immortal make, not human, lion-fronted and snake behind, a goat in the middle, and snorting out the breath of the terrible flame of bright fire.\" Elsewhere in the Iliad, Homer attributes the rearing of Chimera to Amisodorus. Hesiod's Theogony follows the Homeric description: he makes the Chimera the issue of Echidna: \"She was the mother of Chimaera who breathed raging fire, a creature fearful, great, swift-footed and strong, who had three heads, one of a grim-eyed lion; in her hinderpart, a dragon; and in her middle, a goat, breathing forth a fearful blast of blazing fire. Her did Pegasus and noble Bellerophon slay.\" The author of the Bibliotheca concurs: Descriptions agree that she breathed fire. The Chimera is generally considered to have been female (see the quotation from Hesiod above) despite the mane adorning her head, the inclusion of a close mane was often depicted on lionesses, but the ears were always visible (that does not occur with depictions of male lions)." }, "Cronus-1": { "title": "Cronus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Greek mythology, Cronus, Cronos, or Kronos (/\u02c8kro\u028an\u0259s/ or /\u02c8kro\u028an\u0252s/, US: /-o\u028as/, from Greek: \u039a\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, Kr\u00f3no\u03c2), was the leader and youngest of the first generation of Titans, the divine descendants of Uranus, the sky, and Gaia, the earth. He overthrew his father and ruled during the mythological Golden Age, until he was overthrown by his own son Zeus and imprisoned in Tartarus. According to Plato, however, the deities Phorcys, Cronus, and Rhea were the eldest children of Oceanus and Tethys." }, "Xena: Warrior Princess-14": { "title": "Xena: Warrior Princess", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Casting" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "The show features a wide assortment of recurring characters, many of them portrayed by New Zealand actors. Ted Raimi became a core member of the cast from the second season as Joxer. Actor Kevin Tod Smith played popular character Ares, God of War, and Alexandra Tydings played his counterpart Aphrodite, Goddess of Love. Marton Csokas portrayed both Borias and Krafstar. Other notables included Karl Urban in a variety of roles such as Cupid and Caesar, Hudson Leick as Xena's nemesis Callisto (Leick also played a body-switched Xena in the episode \"Intimate Stranger\"), Claire Stansfield as the evil shamaness Alti; and a number of trusted friends \u2013 Jennifer Sky as feisty sidekick Amarice, Danielle Cormack as Amazon regent Ephiny, Bruce Campbell as Autolycus King of Thieves, Robert Trebor as dodgy entrepreneur Salmoneus, William Gregory Lee as the warrior-poet Virgil and Tim Omundson as the spiritual healer Eli." }, "Drink-1": { "title": "Drink", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A drink (or beverage) is a liquid intended for human consumption. In addition to their basic function of satisfying thirst, drinks play important roles in human culture. Common types of drinks include plain drinking water, milk, coffee, tea, hot chocolate, juice and soft drinks. In addition, alcoholic drinks such as wine, beer, and liquor, which contain the drug ethanol, have been part of human culture for more than 8,000 years." }, "Chessboard-3": { "title": "Chessboard", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In western chess the board has a square shape, with its side being divided into eight parts, resulting in a total of sixty-four squares. For variants, the total number of squares may range from nine to one hundred and twelve. Each individual square of the board can be identified using chess notation, which may be descriptive, algebraic, or numeric. For two-dimensional boards, each horizontal row of squares is called a rank, each vertical column of squares is called a file, and each oblique line of squares of the same colour is called a diagonal." }, "Location-5": { "title": "Location", "section": "Types of location and places", "headers": [ "Absolute location" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Absolute locations are also relative locations, since even absolute locations are expressed relative to something else. For example, longitude is the number of degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian, a line arbitrarily chosen to pass through Greenwich, England. Similarly, latitude is the number of degrees north or south of the Equator. Because latitude and longitude are expressed relative to these lines, a position expressed in latitude and longitude is also a relative location." }, "Magdalena Villaruz-1": { "title": "Magdalena Villaruz", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Magdalena Smith Villaruz (born 1934) is an entrepreneur and inventor from the Philippines. Originally a rice farmer, she went on to transform agricultural technology by creating the turtle hand tractor and many other ground-breaking inventions." }, "Naomi Watts-19": { "title": "Naomi Watts", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Rise to fame (2001\u20132002)" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Also in 2001, she starred in two short films, Never Date an Actress and Ellie Parker, and the horror film The Shaft, director Dick Maas' remake of his 1983 film De Lift. In 2002, she starred in one of the biggest box office hits of that year, The Ring, the English language remake of the Japanese horror film Ringu. Directed by Gore Verbinski, the film, which also starred Martin Henderson and Brian Cox, received favourable reviews and grossed around US$129\u00a0million domestically (equivalent to US$183.4 million in 2020). Watts portrayed Rachel Keller, a journalist investigating the strange deaths of her niece and other teenagers after watching a mysterious videotape, and receiving a phone call announcing their deaths in seven days. Her performance was praised by critics, including Paul Clinton of CNN.com, who stated that she \"is excellent in this leading role, which proves that her stellar performance in Mulholland Drive was not a fluke. She strikes a perfect balance between scepticism and the slow realisation of the truth in regard to the deadly power of the videotape.\" That year, she also starred in Rabbits, a series of short films directed by David Lynch; alongside several other famous British actors in the black comedy Plots with a View; and with Tim Daly in the western The Outsider." }, "Raphael-1": { "title": "Raphael", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (Italian:\u00a0[raffa\u02c8\u025bllo \u02c8santsjo da ur\u02c8bi\u02d0no]; March 28 or April 6, 1483\u00a0\u2013 April 6, 1520), known as Raphael (/\u02c8r\u00e6fe\u026a\u0259l/, US: /\u02c8r\u00e6fi\u0259l, \u02c8re\u026af-, \u02ccr\u0251\u02d0fa\u026a\u02c8\u025bl, \u02ccr\u0251\u02d0fi\u02c8\u025bl/), was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur. Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period." }, "Gladiator-40": { "title": "Gladiator", "section": "The games", "headers": [ "Combat" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "Trained gladiators were expected to observe professional rules of combat. Most matches employed a senior referee (summa rudis) and an assistant, shown in mosaics with long staffs (rudes) to caution or separate opponents at some crucial point in the match. Referees were usually retired gladiators whose decisions, judgement and discretion were, for the most part, respected; they could stop bouts entirely, or pause them to allow the combatants rest, refreshment and a rub-down." }, "Political positions of Rand Paul-63": { "title": "Political positions of Rand Paul", "section": "Domestic policy", "headers": [ "Healthcare" ], "para_index": 63, "content": "Paul, a medical doctor who practiced ophthalmology prior to seeking political office, opposes federal government involvement in healthcare. He has stated that he would repeal the HMO Act of 1973 that \"drives a wedge between the patient and his doctor\". He believes that government has driven up the cost of healthcare and causes the quality and coverage to decrease. Paul would support a free-market approach to health care, including tax deductions for medical expenses. He opposes federal regulations discouraging businesses from providing coverage. He supports Health Savings Accounts (HSAs). On Medicare, Paul has suggested higher deductibles as well as changes to premiums or eligibility rules as ways to address what he sees as the program's looming financial problems, saying \"You want to have more participation by the person who's receiving the entitlement... by that I mean that they need to be more involved with some sort of economic transaction every time they use their entitlement, and that means they have to bear more of the burden.\" Paul also stated that he does not support such changes for current retirees or people nearing retirement." }, "Alaska Statehood Act-3": { "title": "Alaska Statehood Act", "section": "History", "headers": [ "The First Organic Act" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In 1884, the Department of Alaska was organized into the District of Alaska, when Congress passed the Organic Act allowing for Alaska to become a judicial district as well as a civil one, with judges, clerks, marshals, and limited government officials appointed by the federal government to run the territory. Furthermore, during the Gold Rush Era (1890\u20131900), over 100,000 people traveled north into the Yukon Territory and Alaska in search of gold. Several industries flourished as a result, such as fishing, trapping, mining and mineral production. Alaska's resources were depleted to the extent that it came to be considered a \"colonial economy\". Alaska was still just a district, however, and the local government had little control over local affairs." }, "Sheriff of Nottingham-5": { "title": "Sheriff of Nottingham", "section": "Character", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In some versions, the Sheriff is a cowardly schemer while his assistant, Sir Guy of Gisbourne, is a more competent and determined physical threat to Robin. In other versions, the Sheriff answers to Prince John." }, "Primates (journal)-1": { "title": "Primates (journal)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Primates is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal of primatology. It publishes original papers that cover all aspects of the study of primates. The journal publishes original research articles, reviews, short communications, book reviews, and notes. It was established in 1957. Although the first volume contained only articles written in Japanese, subsequent volumes were published in English, thanks to a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. It is now published by Springer Science+Business Media and the current editor-in-chief is Juichi Yamagiwa (Kyoto University)." }, "IUCN Red List-1": { "title": "IUCN Red List", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the (IUCN) Red List or Red Data List), founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity. A series of Regional Red Lists are produced by countries or organizations, which assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit." }, "The Exorcist (film)-78": { "title": "The Exorcist (film)", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "Since release" ], "para_index": 78, "content": "Since its release, The Exorcist's critical reputation has grown considerably. According to the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 85% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 75 reviews, with an average rating of 8.07/10. The site's critics consensus states, \"The Exorcist rides its supernatural theme to magical effect, with remarkable special effects and an eerie atmosphere, resulting in one of the scariest films of all time.\" At Metacritic, which assigns and normalizes scores of critic reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 82 out of 100 based on 20 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\". Chicago Tribune film critic Gene Siskel placed it in the top five films released that year. BBC film critic Mark Kermode believes the film to be the best film ever made, saying: \"There's a theory that great films give back to you whatever it is you bring to them. It's absolutely true with The Exorcist\u2014it reflects the anxieties of the audience. Some people think it's an outright horror-fest, but I don't. It was written by a devout Catholic who hoped it would make people think positively about the existence of God. William Peter Blatty, who wrote the book, thought that if there are demons then there are also angels and life after death. He couldn't see why people thought it was scary. I've seen it about 200 times and every time I see something I haven't seen before.\"" }, "Punk rock-1": { "title": "Punk rock", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Punk rock (or simply punk) is a music genre that emerged in the mid-1970s. Rooted in 1960s garage rock, punk bands rejected the perceived excesses of mainstream 1970s rock. They typically produced short, fast-paced songs with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic; many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through independent record labels." }, "Apollo 15-6": { "title": "Apollo 15", "section": "Crew and key Mission Control personnel", "headers": [ "Crew" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Scott was born in 1932 in San Antonio, Texas, and had graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1954. Serving in the Air Force, Scott had received two advanced degrees from MIT in 1962 before being selected as one of the third group of astronauts the following year. He flew in Gemini 8 in 1966 alongside Neil Armstrong and as command module pilot of Apollo 9 in 1969. Worden was born in 1932 in Jackson, Michigan, and like his commander, had attended West Point (class of 1955) and served in the Air Force. Worden earned two master's degrees in engineering from the University of Michigan in 1963. Irwin had been born in 1930 in Pittsburgh, and had attended the United States Naval Academy, graduating in 1951 and serving in the Air Force, receiving a master's degree from Michigan in 1957. Both Worden and Irwin were selected in the fifth group of astronauts (1966), and Apollo 15 would be their only spaceflight." }, "Mercury poisoning-1": { "title": "Mercury poisoning", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mercury poisoning is a type of metal poisoning due to exposure to mercury. Symptoms depend upon the type, dose, method, and duration of exposure. They may include muscle weakness, poor coordination, numbness in the hands and feet, skin rashes, anxiety, memory problems, trouble speaking, trouble hearing, or trouble seeing. High-level exposure to methylmercury is known as Minamata disease. Methylmercury exposure in children may result in acrodynia (pink disease) in which the skin becomes pink and peels. Long-term complications may include kidney problems and decreased intelligence. The effects of long-term low-dose exposure to methylmercury are unclear." }, "Tendinopathy-1": { "title": "Tendinopathy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tendinopathy, also known as tendinitis or tendonitis, is a type of tendon disorder that results in pain, swelling, and impaired function. The pain is typically worse with movement. It most commonly occurs around the shoulder (rotator cuff tendinitis, biceps tendinitis), elbow (tennis elbow, golfer's elbow), wrist, hip, knee (jumper's knee), or ankle (Achilles tendinitis)." }, "Hole punch-10": { "title": "Hole punch", "section": "Standards", "headers": [ "North America", "3-hole system" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "In regions that use the US Letter paper format (8\u00a01\u20442 by 11 inches, 220 by 280\u00a0mm); United States, Canada, and in part Mexico and the Philippines), a three-hole standard is widely used. The holes are positioned symmetrically, with the centers 4\u00a01\u20444 inches (108\u00a0mm) apart. The diameter of the holes varies between manufacturers, with typical values being 1\u20444 to 5\u204416 inch (6 to 8\u00a0mm). The \u200b5\u204416 value is most commonly used, as it allows for looser tolerances in both ring binder and paper punching. The distance of the hole center to the paper edge also varies, with 1\u20442 inch (13\u00a0mm) being a typical value. Unlike ISO 838, this 3-hole system appears to have no well-established official specification, and is a de facto standard established by custom and tradition. It can only be applied to paper formats that are at least 9\u00a01\u20442 inches (241\u00a0mm) high." }, "Person-1": { "title": "Person", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A person (plural people or persons) is a being that has certain capacities or attributes such as reason, morality, consciousness or self-consciousness, and being a part of a culturally established form of social relations such as kinship, ownership of property, or legal responsibility. The defining features of personhood and consequently what makes a person count as a person differ widely among cultures and contexts." }, "Star Wars: The Last Jedi-1": { "title": "Star Wars: The Last Jedi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Star Wars: The Last Jedi (also known as Star Wars: Episode VIII \u2013 The Last Jedi) is a 2017 American epic space opera film written and directed by Rian Johnson. It is the second installment of the Star Wars sequel trilogy, following The Force Awakens (2015), and it is the eighth episode of the nine-part \"Skywalker saga\". It was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The film's ensemble cast includes Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Andy Serkis, Lupita Nyong'o, Domhnall Gleeson, Anthony Daniels, Gwendoline Christie, and Frank Oz in returning roles, with Kelly Marie Tran, Laura Dern, and Benicio del Toro joining the cast. It features the first posthumous film performance by Fisher, who died in December 2016, and the film is dedicated to her memory." }, "The Lion King-24": { "title": "The Lion King", "section": "Music", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "John and Rice wrote five original songs for the film (\"Circle of Life\", \"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\", \"Be Prepared\", \"Hakuna Matata\" and \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\"), with John's performance of \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" playing over the end credits. The IMAX and DVD releases added another song, \"The Morning Report\", based on a song discarded during development that eventually featured in the live musical version of The Lion King. The score was composed by Hans Zimmer, who was hired based on his work in two films in African settings, The Power of One and A World Apart, and supplemented the score with traditional African music and choir elements arranged by Lebo M. Zimmer's partners Mark Mancina and Jay Rifkin helped with arrangements and song production." }, "Spirit (rover)-1": { "title": "Spirit (rover)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Spirit, also known as MER-A (Mars Exploration Rover \u2013 A) or MER-2, is a robotic rover on Mars, active from 2004 to 2010. It was one of two rovers of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Mission. It landed successfully within the impact crater Gusev on Mars at 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004, three weeks before its twin, Opportunity (MER-B), which landed on the other side of the planet. Its name was chosen through a NASA-sponsored student essay competition. The rover became stuck in a \"sand trap\" in late 2009 at an angle that hampered recharging of its batteries; its last communication with Earth was sent on March 22, 2010." }, "Heracles-21": { "title": "Heracles", "section": "Mythology", "headers": [ "Youth" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Later in Thebes, Heracles married King Creon's daughter, Megara. In a fit of madness, induced by Hera, Heracles killed his children and Megara. After his madness had been cured with hellebore by Antikyreus, the founder of Antikyra, he realized what he had done and fled to the Oracle of Delphi. Unbeknownst to him, the Oracle was guided by Hera. He was directed to serve King Eurystheus for ten years and perform any task Eurystheus required of him. Eurystheus decided to give Heracles ten labours, but after completing them, Heracles was cheated by Eurystheus when he added two more, resulting in the Twelve Labors of Heracles." }, "Full-rigged ship-5": { "title": "Full-rigged ship", "section": "Masts", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Foremast, which is the second tallest mast Mainmast, the tallest Mizzenmast, the third tallest Jiggermast, which may not be present but will be fourth tallest if so There is no standard name for a fifth mast on a ship-rigged vessel (though this may be called the spanker mast on a barque, schooner or barquentine). Only one five-masted full-rigged ship (the Flying P-Liner Preussen) had ever been built until recent years, when a few modern five-masted cruise sailing ships have been launched. Even a fourth mast is relatively rare for full-rigged ships. Ships with five and more masts are not normally fully rigged and their masts may be numbered rather than named in extreme cases." }, "Fair trade-4": { "title": "Fair trade", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The fair trade movement is popular in the UK, where there are 500 Fairtrade towns, 118 universities, over 6,000 churches, and over 4,000 UK schools registered in the Fairtrade Schools Scheme. In 2011, over 1.2 million farmers and workers in more than 60 countries participated in Fairtrade International's fair trade system, which included \u20ac65 million in fairtrade premium paid to producers for use developing their communities. According to Fairtrade International, nearly six out of ten consumers have seen the Fairtrade mark and almost nine in ten of them trust it." }, "Tahiti-75": { "title": "Tahiti", "section": "Economy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 75, "content": "Tahiti's currency, the French Pacific Franc (CFP, also known as XPF), is pegged to the euro at 1 CFP = EUR .0084 (1 EUR = 119.05 CFP, approx. 113 CFP to the United States dollar in March 2017). Hotels and financial institutions offer exchange services." }, "Dustin Hoffman-5": { "title": "Dustin Hoffman", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In the 21st Century he has appeared in films such as Finding Neverland (2004), I Heart Huckabees (2004), Stranger than Fiction (2006), as well as the Meet the Fockers (2004) and Little Fockers (2010). Hoffman has done voice work for the Kung Fu Panda film series and The Tale of Despereaux. In 2012, He made his directorial debut with Quartet starring Maggie Smith and Tom Courtney which premeired at the Toronto International Film Festival. In 2017, Hoffman starred in Noah Baumbach's critically acclaimed family drama The Meyerowitz Stories. He is the recipient of numerous accolades including two Academy Awards, six Golden Globe Awards (including the Cecil B. DeMille Award), four British Academy Film Awards, three Drama Desk Awards, and two Emmy Awards. Hoffman received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1999 and the Kennedy Center Honors Award in 2012." }, "Teri Hatcher-1": { "title": "Teri Hatcher", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Teri Lynn Hatcher (born December 8, 1964) is an American actress, writer, presenter and singer. She is best known for her portrayal of Lois Lane on the television series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (1993\u20131997), as Paris Carver in the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies, and as Susan Mayer on the television series Desperate Housewives (2004\u20132012) amongst numerous other television and film roles. For her portrayal of Susan Mayer, she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy, three Screen Actors Guild Awards (one as lead female actor and the other two as part of the best ensemble), and a Primetime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series." }, "Gavel-8": { "title": "Gavel", "section": "Use in meetings", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The gavel is used in courts of law in the United States and, by metonymy, is used there to represent the entire judiciary system, especially of judgeship. On the other hand, in the Commonwealth of Nations, gavels have never been used by judges, despite many American-influenced TV programmes depicting them." }, "Science fiction-1": { "title": "Science fiction", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Science fiction (sometimes shortened to sci-fi or SF) is a genre of speculative fiction that typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology, space exploration, time travel, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial life. It has been called the \"literature of ideas\", and often explores the potential consequences of scientific, social, and technological innovations." }, "Sonic boom-5": { "title": "Sonic boom", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "These waves travel at the speed of sound and, as the speed of the object increases, the waves are forced together, or compressed, because they cannot get out of each other's way quickly enough. Eventually they merge into a single shock wave, which travels at the speed of sound, a critical speed known as Mach 1, and is approximately 1,235\u00a0km/h (767\u00a0mph) at sea level and 20\u00a0\u00b0C (68\u00a0\u00b0F). In smooth flight, the shock wave starts at the nose of the aircraft and ends at the tail. Because the different radial directions around the aircraft's direction of travel are equivalent (given the \"smooth flight\" condition), the shock wave forms a Mach cone, similar to a vapour cone, with the aircraft at its tip. The half-angle between direction of flight and the shock wave \u03b1 {\\displaystyle \\alpha } is given by:" }, "Richard Dawkins-32": { "title": "Richard Dawkins", "section": "Work", "headers": [ "Political views" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "Play media Dawkins has expressed concern about the growth of human population and about the matter of overpopulation. In The Selfish Gene, he briefly mentions population growth, giving the example of Latin America, whose population, at the time the book was written, was doubling every 40\u00a0years. He is critical of Roman Catholic attitudes to family planning and population control, stating that leaders who forbid contraception and \"express a preference for 'natural' methods of population limitation\" will get just such a method in the form of starvation." }, "Trillion-2": { "title": "Trillion", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "1,000,000,000,000, i.e. one million million, or 1012 (ten to the twelfth power), as defined on the short scale. This is now the meaning in both American and British English. 1,000,000,000,000,000,000, i.e. 1018 (ten to the eighteenth power), as defined on the long scale. This is one million times larger than the short scale trillion. This is the former meaning in British English and the current use in many non-English-speaking countries. Originally, the United Kingdom used the long scale trillion but since 1974, official UK statistics have used the short scale. Since the 1950s, the short scale has been increasingly used in technical writing and journalism, although the long scale definition still has some limited usage." }, "Tiny house movement-3": { "title": "Tiny house movement", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The small house movement is a return to houses of less than 1,000 square feet (93\u00a0m2). Frequently, the distinction is made between small (between 400 square feet (37\u00a0m2) and 1,000 square feet (93\u00a0m2)), and tiny houses (less than 400 square feet (37\u00a0m2)), with some as small as 80 square feet (7.4\u00a0m2). Sarah Susanka started the \"counter movement\" for smaller houses which she details in her book The Not So Big House (1997). Earlier pioneers include Lloyd Kahn, author of Shelter (1973) and Lester Walker, author of Tiny Houses (1987). Henry David Thoreau and the publication of his book Walden is also quoted as early inspiration." }, "Harry Houdini-71": { "title": "Harry Houdini", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 71, "content": "Throughout the evening, Houdini performed in great pain. He was unable to sleep and remained in constant pain for the next two days, but did not seek medical help. When he finally saw a doctor, he was found to have a fever of 102\u00a0\u00b0F (39\u00a0\u00b0C) and acute appendicitis, and was advised to have immediate surgery. He ignored the advice and decided to go on with the show. When Houdini arrived at the Garrick Theater in Detroit, Michigan, on October 24, 1926, for what would be his last performance, he had a fever of 104\u00a0\u00b0F (40\u00a0\u00b0C). Despite the diagnosis, Houdini took the stage. He was reported to have passed out during the show, but was revived and continued. Afterwards, he was hospitalized at Detroit's Grace Hospital." }, "Girolamo Savonarola-2": { "title": "Girolamo Savonarola", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In September 1494, when Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and threatened Florence, such prophecies seemed on the verge of fulfilment. While Savonarola intervened with the French king, the Florentines expelled the ruling Medicis and, at the friar's urging, established a \"popular\" republic. Declaring that Florence would be the New Jerusalem, the world centre of Christianity and \"richer, more powerful, more glorious than ever\", he instituted an extreme puritanical campaign, enlisting the active help of Florentine youth." }, "Chrome OS-5": { "title": "Chrome OS", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Chrome OS is only available pre-installed on hardware from Google manufacturing partners, but there are unofficial methods that allow it to be installed in other equipment. Its open-source upstream, Chromium OS, can be compiled from downloaded source code. Early on, Google provided design goals for Chrome OS, but has not otherwise released a technical description." }, "Dog anatomy-114": { "title": "Dog anatomy", "section": "Senses", "headers": [ "Hearing" ], "para_index": 114, "content": "The frequency range of dog hearing is between 16-40\u00a0Hz (compared to 20\u201370\u00a0Hz for humans) and up to 45\u201360\u00a0kHz (compared to 13\u201320\u00a0kHz for humans), which means that dogs can detect sounds far beyond the upper limit of the human auditory spectrum." }, "Human leg-1": { "title": "Human leg", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The human leg, in the general word sense, is the entire lower limb of the human body, including the foot, thigh and even the hip or gluteal region. However, the definition in human anatomy refers only to the section of the lower limb extending from the knee to the ankle, also known as the crus." }, "Lieutenant-11": { "title": "Lieutenant", "section": "Army ranks", "headers": [ "Lieutenant" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "There is great variation in the insignia used worldwide. In most English-speaking and Arabic-speaking countries, as well as a number of European and South American nations, full lieutenants (and equivalents) usually wear two stars (pips) and second lieutenants (and equivalents) one. An example of an exception is the United States, whose armed forces distinguish their lieutenant ranks with one silver bar for first lieutenant and one gold (brass) bar for second lieutenant." }, "Ronald Reagan-120": { "title": "Ronald Reagan", "section": "Death and funeral", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 120, "content": "Reagan died of pneumonia, complicated by Alzheimer's disease, at his home in the Bel Air district of Los Angeles, California, on the afternoon of June 5, 2004. A short time after his death, Nancy Reagan released a statement saying, \"My family and I would like the world to know that President Ronald Reagan has died after 10 years of Alzheimer's disease at 93 years of age. We appreciate everyone's prayers.\" Speaking in Paris, France, President George W. Bush called Reagan's death \"a sad hour in the life of America\". He also declared June 11 a national day of mourning." }, "Storm cell-1": { "title": "Storm cell", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A storm cell is an air mass that contains up and down drafts in convective loops and that moves and reacts as a single entity, functioning as the smallest unit of a storm-producing system. An organized grouping of thunder clouds will thus be considered as a series of storm cells with their up/downdrafts being independent or interfering one with the other." }, "Scarsdale diet-1": { "title": "Scarsdale diet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Scarsdale diet is a high-protein low-carbohydrate fad diet designed for weight loss created in the 1970s by Herman Tarnower, named for the town in New York where he practiced cardiology, described in the book The Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet plus Dr. Tarnower's Lifetime Keep-Slim Program, which Tarnower wrote with self-help author Samm Sinclair Baker." }, "Tenerife airport disaster-3": { "title": "Tenerife airport disaster", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The collision occurred when the KLM airliner initiated its takeoff run while the Pan Am airliner, shrouded in fog, was still on the runway and about to turn off onto the taxiway. The impact and resulting fire killed everyone on board KLM 4805 and most of the occupants of Pan Am 1736, with only 61 survivors in the front section of the aircraft." }, "Bachelor's degree-1": { "title": "Bachelor's degree", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A bachelor's degree (from Middle Latin baccalaureus) or baccalaureate (from Modern Latin baccalaureatus) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years (depending on institution and academic discipline). In some institutions and educational systems, some bachelor's degrees can only be taken as graduate or postgraduate degrees after a first degree has been completed. In countries with qualifications frameworks, bachelor's degrees are normally one of the major levels in the framework (sometimes two levels where non-honours and honours bachelor's degrees are considered separately), although some qualifications titled bachelor's degrees may be at other levels (e.g., MBBS) and some qualifications with non-bachelor's titles may be classified as bachelor's degrees (e.g. the Scottish MA and Canadian MD)." }, "Sable-4": { "title": "Sable", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Males measure 38\u201356 centimetres (15\u201322\u00a0in) in body length, with a tail measuring 9\u201312 centimetres (3.5\u20134.7\u00a0in), and weigh 880\u20131,800 grams (1.94\u20133.97\u00a0lb). Females have a body length of 35\u201351 centimetres (14\u201320\u00a0in), with a tail length of 7.2\u201311.5 centimetres (2.8\u20134.5\u00a0in). The winter pelage is longer and more luxurious than the summer coat. Different subspecies display geographic variations of fur colour, which ranges from light to dark brown, with individual coloring being lighter ventrally and darker on the back and legs. Japanese sables (known locally as \u30af\u30ed\u30c6\u30f3 or kuroten) in particular are marked with black on their legs and feet. Individuals also display a light patch of fur on their throat which may be gray, white, or pale yellow. The fur is softer and silkier than that of American martens. Sables greatly resemble pine martens in size and appearance, but have more elongated heads, longer ears and proportionately shorter tails. Their skulls are similar to those of pine martens, but larger and more robust with more arched zygomatic arches." }, "Gladius-16": { "title": "Gladius", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Gladii were two-edged for cutting and had a tapered point for stabbing during thrusting. A solid grip was provided by a knobbed hilt added on, possibly with ridges for the fingers. Blade strength was achieved by welding together strips, in which case the sword had a channel down the center, or by fashioning a single piece of high-carbon steel, rhomboidal in cross-section. The owner's name was often engraved or punched on the blade." }, "Learning disability-17": { "title": "Learning disability", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "The causes for learning disabilities are not well understood, and sometimes there is no apparent cause for a learning disability. However, some causes of neurological impairments include:" }, "Uppsala Cathedral-29": { "title": "Uppsala Cathedral", "section": "Interred notables", "headers": [ "Dag Hammarskj\u00f6ld memorial" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "Gustav Vasa, 16th-century King of Sweden. Nearly a decade before his death, he had expressed a wish to be buried in the cathedral. He is buried with his three wives, although only two are depicted on the sarcophagus designed by Willem Boy. The king and his wives are interred in what was once the Chapel of the Virgin Mary. The only remaining indication of the original intention of the chapel are the painted yellow stars against a blue background on its vaulted ceiling, symbols of Saint Mary in Catholic tradition. John III (died 1592), the second son of Gustav Vasa, and his second wife Gunilla Bielke are also buried in the Virgin Mary Chapel. His first wife, Catherine Jagiellon from Poland, has a burial chapel of her own on the north side of the chancel. Princess Elizabeth (died 1597), Gustav Vasa's youngest daughter is buried in the Finsta Chapel adjacent to Virgin Mary's Chapel. The noblemen Svante Sture (1517\u20131567) and his sons Nils (1543\u20131567) and Erik (1546\u20131567) who were all killed by Erik XIV in the Sture Murders are entombed in the Sture Chapel. The clothes they were wearing at the time of their death are displayed in the Treasury Museum. Carl Linnaeus (1707\u20131778), the 18th-century world-famous botanist and professor at Uppsala University, has a memorial designed by Tobias Sergel next to the Chapel of Remembrance. Olaus Rudbeck, Swedish polymath and one of the discoverers of the lymphatic system. Emanuel Swedenborg, 18th-century scientist and mystic. He was not originally interred here, but his remains were transported to Uppsala from England in 1908. Nathan S\u00f6derblom (1866\u20131931), archbishop of Uppsala and Nobel Peace Prize recipient. His tomb is at the foot of the steps to the high altar. Eric the Saint, 12th-century king and national saint, whose relics are in the Finsta Chapel. Laurentius Petri (1499\u20131573), Sweden's first Lutheran archbishop, buried at the foot of the altar steps. Relics of Saint Bridget or Heliga Birgitta (1303\u20131373) have been placed in a shrine in the Finsta Chapel inspired by the clothing of the Saint Bridget Order. Folke Johansson \u00c4ngel, Archbishop of Uppsala (1267\u20131277) In the cathedral there is a small memorial to Dag Hammarskj\u00f6ld, former Secretary-General of the United Nations, who was posthumously awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. A stone bears the inscription:" }, "Koala-3": { "title": "Koala", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Koalas were hunted by Indigenous Australians and depicted in myths and cave art for millennia. The first recorded encounter between a European and a koala was in 1798, and an image of the animal was published in 1810 by naturalist George Perry. Botanist Robert Brown wrote the first detailed scientific description of the koala in 1814, although his work remained unpublished for 180 years. Popular artist John Gould illustrated and described the koala, introducing the species to the general British public. Further details about the animal's biology were revealed in the 19th century by several English scientists. Because of its distinctive appearance, the koala is recognised worldwide as a symbol of Australia. Koalas are listed as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The animal was hunted heavily in the early 20th century for its fur, and large-scale cullings in Queensland resulted in a public outcry that initiated a movement to protect the species. Sanctuaries were established, and translocation efforts moved to new regions koalas whose habitat had become fragmented or reduced. Among the many threats to their existence are habitat destruction caused by agriculture, urbanisation, droughts and associated bushfires, some related to climate change. Increased habitat loss may also increase risks from vehicle traffic, dog attacks, pesticides in waterways, and increased food competition." }, "Edward Heath-1": { "title": "Edward Heath", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG MBE (9 July 1916 \u2013 17 July 2005), often known as Ted Heath, was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1974 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1965 to 1975. Heath served 51 years as a Member of Parliament from 1950 to 2001. He was a strong supporter of the European Communities (EC), and after winning the decisive vote in the House of Commons by 336 to 244, he led the negotiations that culminated in Britain's entry into the EC on 1 January 1973. It was, says biographer John Campbell, \"Heath's finest hour\". Although he planned to be an innovator as Prime Minister, his government foundered on economic difficulties, including high inflation and major strikes. He became an embittered critic of Margaret Thatcher, who supplanted him as party leader." }, "Europa (consort of Zeus)-1": { "title": "Europa (consort of Zeus)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Greek mythology, Europa (/j\u028a\u0259\u02c8ro\u028ap\u0259, j\u0259-/; Ancient Greek: \u0395\u1f50\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7, Eur\u1e53p\u0113, Attic Greek pronunciation:\u00a0[eu\u032f.r\u0254\u030c\u02d0.p\u025b\u02d0]) was the mother of King Minos of Crete, a Phoenician princess of Argive origin, after whom the continent Europe is named. The story of her abduction by Zeus in the form of a bull was a Cretan story; as classicist K\u00e1roly Ker\u00e9nyi points out, \"most of the love-stories concerning Zeus originated from more ancient tales describing his marriages with goddesses. This can especially be said of the story of Europa.\"" }, "Dr DisRespect-1": { "title": "Dr DisRespect", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Herschel \"Guy\" Beahm IV (born March 10, 1982), commonly known by his online alias Dr DisRespect, is an American Twitch streamer and internet personality." }, "Six-Day War-1": { "title": "Six-Day War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Six-Day War (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b4\u05dc\u05b0\u05d7\u05b6\u05de\u05b6\u05ea \u05e9\u05b5\u05c1\u05e9\u05b6\u05c1\u05ea \u05d4\u05b7\u05d9\u05b8\u05bc\u05de\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd, Milhemet Sheshet Ha Yamim; Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0629, an-Naksah, \"The Setback\" or \u062d\u0631\u0628 1967, \u1e24arb 1967, \"War of 1967\"), also known as the June War, 1967 Arab\u2013Israeli War, or Third Arab\u2013Israeli War, was fought between 5 and 10 June 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt (known at the time as the United Arab Republic), Jordan, and Syria." }, "Titanic (1997 film)-1": { "title": "Titanic (1997 film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Titanic is a 1997 American epic romance and disaster film directed, written, co-produced, and co-edited by James Cameron. Incorporating both historical and fictionalized aspects, the film is based on accounts of the sinking of the RMS Titanic, and stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet as members of different social classes who fall in love aboard the ship during its ill-fated maiden voyage." }, "M\u0101ori people-1": { "title": "M\u0101ori people", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The M\u0101ori (/\u02c8ma\u028ari/; M\u0101ori pronunciation:\u00a0[\u02c8ma\u02d0\u0254\u027ei] (listen)) are the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand. M\u0101ori originated with settlers from eastern Polynesia, who arrived in New Zealand in several waves of waka (canoe) voyages roughly between 1320 and 1350. Over several centuries in isolation, these settlers developed their own distinctive culture, whose language, mythology, crafts and performing arts evolved independently from those of other eastern Polynesian cultures." }, "Chili pepper-1": { "title": "Chili pepper", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The chili pepper (also chile, chile pepper, chilli pepper, or chilli), from Nahuatl ch\u012blli (Nahuatl pronunciation:\u00a0[\u02c8t\u0361\u0283i\u02d0l\u02d0i] (listen)), is the fruit of plants from the genus Capsicum which are members of the nightshade family, Solanaceae. Chili peppers are widely used in many cuisines as a spice to add heat to dishes. The substances giving chili peppers their intensity when ingested or applied topically are capsaicin and related compounds known as capsaicinoids." }, "Human head-18": { "title": "Human head", "section": "Society and culture", "headers": [ "Anthropometry" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "One study in the United States estimated the average human head circumference to be 57 centimetres (22\u00a01\u20442\u00a0in) in males and 55 centimetres (21\u00a03\u20444\u00a0in) in females.[dubious \u2013 discuss] A British study by Newcastle University showed an average size of 57.2\u00a0cm for males and 55.2\u00a0cm for females with average size varying proportionally with height" }, "Clorox-2": { "title": "Clorox", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Clorox products are sold primarily through mass merchandisers, retail outlets, e-commerce channels, distributors and medical supply providers. Clorox brands include its namesake bleach and cleaning products, as well as Burt's Bees, Formula 409, Glad, Hidden Valley, Kingsford, Kitchen Bouquet, KC Masterpiece, Liquid-Plumr, Brita (in the Americas), Mistolin, Pine-Sol, Poett, Soy Vay, RenewLife, Rainbow Light, Natural Vitality, Neocell, Tilex, S.O.S., and Fresh Step, Scoop Away and Ever Clean pet products." }, "Christopher-1": { "title": "Christopher", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Christopher is the English version of a Europe-wide name derived from the Greek name \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (Christ\u00f3foros). The constituent parts are \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 (Christ\u00f3s), \"Christ\" or \"Anointed\", and \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (f\u00e9rein), \"bear\": the \"Christ-bearer\"." }, "History of the hippie movement-8": { "title": "History of the hippie movement", "section": "Precursors", "headers": [ "Beat Generation" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "citation needed] According to Ed Sanders, the change in the public label from \"beatnik\" to \"hippie\" occurred after the 1967 Human Be-In in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, where Ginsberg, Gary Snyder, and Michael McClure led the crowd in chanting \"Om\". Ginsberg was also at the infamous 1968 Democratic National Convention, and was friends with Abbie Hoffman and other members of the Chicago Seven. Stylistic differences between beatniks, marked by somber colors, dark shades and goatees, gave way to colorful psychedelic clothing and long hair worn by hippies. While the beats were known for \"playing it cool\" and keeping a low profile, hippies became known for displaying their individuality." }, "Winemaking-7": { "title": "Winemaking", "section": "Process", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "To start primary fermentation yeast may be added to the must for red wine or may occur naturally as ambient yeast on the grapes or in the air. Yeast may be added to the juice for white wine. During this fermentation, which often takes between one and two weeks, the yeast converts most of the sugars in the grape juice into ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is lost to the atmosphere." }, "Daemonologie-8": { "title": "Daemonologie", "section": "Structure", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "He also reasons scholastically what kinds of things are possible in the performance of these arts, and the natural causes of the Devil's power with the use of philosophical reasoning. King James sought to prove the existence of witchcraft to other Christians through biblical teachings. As such, his work is separated into three books based on the different arguments the philosophers discuss, with citations of biblical scripture throughout the text." }, "Joan of Arc-37": { "title": "Joan of Arc", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Cross-dressing charge" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "Her resumption of male military clothing was labeled a relapse into heresy for cross-dressing, although this would later be disputed by the inquisitor who presided over the appeals court that examined the case after the war. Medieval Catholic doctrine held that cross-dressing should be evaluated based on context, as stated in the Summa Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas, which says that necessity would be a permissible reason for cross-dressing. This would include the use of clothing as protection against rape if the clothing would offer protection. In terms of doctrine, she had been justified in disguising herself as a pageboy during her journey through enemy territory, and she was justified in wearing armor during battle and protective clothing in camp and then in prison. The Chronique de la Pucelle states that it deterred molestation while she was camped in the field. When her soldiers' clothing was not needed while on campaign, she was said to have gone back to wearing a dress. Clergy who later testified at the posthumous appellate trial affirmed that she continued to wear male clothing in prison to deter molestation and rape." }, "Persian Gulf-3": { "title": "Persian Gulf", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Persian Gulf was a battlefield of the 1980\u20131988 Iran\u2013Iraq War, in which each side attacked the other's oil tankers. It is the namesake of the 1991 Gulf War, the largely air- and land-based conflict that followed Iraq's invasion of Kuwait." }, "Great Pyramid of Giza-1": { "title": "Great Pyramid of Giza", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering present-day Giza in Greater Cairo, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact." }, "Tendinopathy-5": { "title": "Tendinopathy", "section": "Cause", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Causes may include an injury or repetitive activities. Groups at risk include people who do manual labor, musicians, and athletes. Less common causes include infection, arthritis, gout, thyroid disease, and diabetes. Despite the injury of the tendon there is poor healing." }, "Spanish\u2013American War-55": { "title": "Spanish\u2013American War", "section": "Caribbean theater", "headers": [ "Cuba", "Land campaign" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "On July 1, a combined force of about 15,000 American troops in regular infantry and cavalry regiments, including all four of the army's \"Colored\" Buffalo soldier regiments, and volunteer regiments, among them Roosevelt and his \"Rough Riders\", the 71st New York, the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry, and 1st North Carolina, and rebel Cuban forces attacked 1,270 entrenched Spaniards in dangerous Civil War-style frontal assaults at the Battle of El Caney and Battle of San Juan Hill outside of Santiago. More than 200 U.S. soldiers were killed and close to 1,200 wounded in the fighting, thanks to the high rate of fire the Spanish put down range at the Americans. Supporting fire by Gatling guns was critical to the success of the assault. Cervera decided to escape Santiago two days later. First Lieutenant John J. Pershing, nicknamed \"Black Jack\", oversaw the 10th Cavalry Unit during the war. Pershing and his unit fought in the Battle of San Juan Hill. Pershing was cited for his gallantry during the battle." }, "Lusophone-1": { "title": "Lusophone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lusophones (Portuguese: Lus\u00f3fonos) are an ethno-linguistic group of peoples and nations across the world that speak the Portuguese language. The Lusofonia, also known as the Lusophone World (Mundo Lus\u00f3fono), is the corresponding community of Lusophone nations, which exist in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Lusophone nations make up more than 270 million people globally." }, "Deepwater Horizon oil spill-72": { "title": "Deepwater Horizon oil spill", "section": "Consequences", "headers": [ "Economy" ], "para_index": 72, "content": "Local officials in Louisiana expressed concern that the offshore drilling moratorium imposed in response to the spill would further harm the economies of coastal communities as the oil industry directly or indirectly employs about 318,000 Louisiana residents (17% of all jobs in the state). NOAA had closed 86,985 square miles (225,290\u00a0km2), or approximately 36% of Federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico, for commercial fishing causing $2.5\u00a0billion cost for the fishing industry. The U.S. Travel Association estimated that the economic impact of the oil spill on tourism across the Gulf Coast over a three-year period could exceed approximately $23\u00a0billion, in a region that supports over 400,000\u00a0travel industry jobs generating $34\u00a0billion in revenue annually." }, "Mental disorder-6": { "title": "Mental disorder", "section": "Definition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "According to DSM-IV, a mental disorder is a psychological syndrome or pattern which is associated with distress (e.g. via a painful symptom), disability (impairment in one or more important areas of functioning), increased risk of death, or causes a significant loss of autonomy; however it excludes normal responses such as grief from loss of a loved one, and also excludes deviant behavior for political, religious, or societal reasons not arising from a dysfunction in the individual." }, "Supreme Court of the United States-2": { "title": "Supreme Court of the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Established by Article III of the Constitution, the composition and procedures of the Supreme Court were initially established by the 1st Congress through the Judiciary Act of 1789. As later set by the Judiciary Act of 1869, the Court consists of the chief justice of the United States and eight associate justices. Each justice has lifetime tenure, meaning they remain on the Court until they resign, retire, die, or are removed from office. When a vacancy occurs, the president, with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoints a new justice. Each justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it. When in majority, the chief justice decides who writes the opinion of the court; otherwise, the most senior justice in the majority assigns the task of writing the opinion." }, "Argyria-6": { "title": "Argyria", "section": "Pathophysiology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "While silver is potentially toxic to humans at high doses, the risk of serious harm from low doses, given over a short term, is small. Silver is used in some medical appliances because of its anti-microbial nature, which stems from the oligodynamic effect. Chronic ingestion or inhalation of silver preparations (especially colloidal silver) can lead to argyria in the skin and other organs. This is not life-threatening, but is considered by most to be cosmetically undesirable." }, "New York City Police Department Auxiliary Police-31": { "title": "New York City Police Department Auxiliary Police", "section": "Specialized Auxiliary Police units", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Undercover Vice Ops: Officers that have not reached the age of 21 years old (18-20 1/2) can be utilized to assist the NYPD Vice Unit Narcotics Division for \"Quality of Life enforcement\" stings which address illegal alcohol, knife, and spray paint sales. Other than this exception, NYPD Auxiliary Police officers are never undercover (*unless authorized by the Police Commissioner or Commanding Officer of the Auxiliary Police) and always patrol in uniform. Officers who have received the necessary \"Vice Training\" may be used by their command in surveillance operations." }, "Pope-1": { "title": "Pope", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The pope (Latin: papa from Greek: \u03c0\u03ac\u03c0\u03c0\u03b1\u03c2 pappas, \"father\"), also known as the supreme pontiff (Pontifex Maximus), or the Roman pontiff (Romanus Pontifex), is the bishop of Rome, head of the worldwide Catholic Church, and head of state or sovereign of the Vatican City State. Since 1929, the pope has official residence in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican City, a city-state enclaved within Rome, Italy. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI." }, "Christmas-1": { "title": "Christmas", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Christmas (or Feast of the Nativity) is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world. A feast central to the Christian liturgical year, it is preceded by the season of Advent or the Nativity Fast and initiates the season of Christmastide, which historically in the West lasts twelve days and culminates on Twelfth Night; in some traditions, Christmastide includes an octave. Christmas Day is a public holiday in many of the world's nations, is celebrated religiously by a majority of Christians, as well as culturally by many non-Christians, and forms an integral part of the holiday season centered around it." }, "Grammy Award-6": { "title": "Grammy Award", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The first award ceremony was held simultaneously in two locations on May 4, 1959 - Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills California, and Park Sheraton Hotel in New York City, and 28 Grammys were awarded. The number of awards given grew and fluctuated over the years with categories added and removed, at one time reaching over 100. The second Grammy Awards, also held in 1959, was the first ceremony to be televised, but the ceremony was not aired live until the 13th Annual Grammy Awards in 1971." }, "Solid-1": { "title": "Solid", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Solid is one of the Four fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas and plasma). The atoms in a solid are closely packed together and contain the least amount of kinetic energy. A solid is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to a force applied to the surface. Unlike a liquid, a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire available volume like a gas. The atoms in a solid are bound to each other, either in a regular geometric lattice (crystalline solids, which include metals and ordinary ice), or irregularly (an amorphous solid such as common window glass). Solids cannot be compressed with little pressure whereas gases can be compressed with little pressure because the molecules in a gas are loosely packed." }, "Basket-1": { "title": "Basket", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A basket is a container that is traditionally constructed from stiff fibers and can be made from a range of materials, including wood splints, runners, and cane. While most baskets are made from plant materials, other materials such as horsehair, baleen, or metal wire can be used. Baskets are generally woven by hand. Some baskets are fitted with a lid, while others are left open on top." }, "Flag of the United States-1": { "title": "Flag of the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American flag or U.S. flag, is the national flag of the United States. It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the \"union\") bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows, where rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternate with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America, and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and became the first states in the U.S. Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and the Star-Spangled Banner." }, "Bodybuilding-37": { "title": "Bodybuilding", "section": "Muscle growth", "headers": [ "Weight training" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "Weight training aims to build muscle by prompting two different types of hypertrophy: sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar. Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy leads to larger muscles and so is favored by bodybuilders more than myofibrillar hypertrophy, which builds athletic strength. Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy is triggered by increasing repetitions, whereas myofibrillar hypertrophy is triggered by lifting heavier weight. In either case, there is an increase in both size and strength of the muscles (compared to what happens if that same individual does not lift weights at all), however, the emphasis is different." }, "Skid Row (American band) discography-2": { "title": "Skid Row (American band) discography", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Skid Row is an American heavy metal band, formed in 1986 in Toms River, New Jersey. They are not named after Phil Lynott and Gary Moore's first band. They were most successful in the late eighties and early nineties when their first two albums with lead singer Sebastian Bach and drummer Rob Affuso were multi-platinum successes. Their current line-up consists of ZP Theart (vocals), Dave \"The Snake\" Sabo, Scotti Hill (guitar), Rachel Bolan (bass) and Rob Hammersmith (drums). As of the end of 1996 the band has sold over 20 million albums worldwide." }, "Jyoti Amge-2": { "title": "Jyoti Amge", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Following Amge's 18th birthday on 16 December 2011, she was officially declared the world's smallest woman by Guinness World Records with a height of 62.8\u00a0centimetres (2 ft 0.6 in). Her restricted height is due to a genetic disorder called achondroplasia." }, "National Zoological Park (United States)-26": { "title": "National Zoological Park (United States)", "section": "Exhibits", "headers": [ "The American Trail" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "The American Trail exhibit houses a variety of North American species. These include California sea lions, grey seals, harbor seals, North American beavers, North American river otters, bald eagles, common ravens, brown pelicans, and wolves. After facing severe threats, the majority of American Trail species have rebounded thanks to conservation efforts. Many of the residents of American Trail have been listed as endangered. All of plants in the animal enclosures on American Trail exhibit are native to North America." }, "World of Warcraft-2": { "title": "World of Warcraft", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "and Shadowlands. World of Warcraft was the world's most popular MMORPG by player count of nearly 10 million in 2009. The game had a total of over a hundred million registered accounts by 2014. By 2017, the game had grossed over $9.23 billion in revenue, making it one of the highest-grossing video game franchises of all time. At BlizzCon 2017, a vanilla version of the game titled World of Warcraft Classic was announced, which planned to provide a way to experience the base game before any of its expansions launched. It was released in August 2019." }, "Shin splints-2": { "title": "Shin splints", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Shin splints typically occur due to excessive physical activity. Groups that are commonly affected include runners, dancers, and military personnel. The underlying mechanism is not entirely clear. Diagnosis is generally based on the symptoms, with medical imaging done to rule out other possible causes." }, "Death from laughter-1": { "title": "Death from laughter", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Death from laughter is a rare form of death, usually resulting from cardiac arrest or asphyxiation, caused by a fit of laughter. Instances of death by laughter have been recorded from the times of ancient Greece to the modern day." }, "Britney Spears-24": { "title": "Britney Spears", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "2006\u20132007: Personal struggles and Blackout" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "In February 2006, pictures surfaced of Spears driving with her son, Sean, on her lap instead of in a car seat. Child advocates were horrified by the photos of her holding the wheel with one hand and Sean with the other. Spears claimed that the situation happened because of a frightening encounter with paparazzi, and that it was a mistake on her part. The following month, she guest-starred on the Will & Grace episode \"Buy, Buy Baby\" as closeted lesbian Amber Louise. She announced she no longer studied Kabbalah in June 2006, explaining, \"my baby is my religion.\" Two months later, Spears posed nude for the cover of Harper's Bazaar. The picture was heavily compared to Demi Moore's August 1991 Vanity Fair cover. In September 2006, she gave birth to her second child, a son. In November 2006, Spears filed for divorce from Federline, citing irreconcilable differences. Their divorce was finalized in July 2007, when the couple reached a global settlement and agreed to share joint custody of their children." }, "Jeff Bergman-1": { "title": "Jeff Bergman", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jeffrey Allen Bergman (born July 10, 1960) is an American voice actor, comedian and impressionist. He has provided the modern-day voices of various classic cartoon characters, most notably with Looney Tunes and Hanna-Barbera characters. Bergman was the first to replace Mel Blanc as the voice of Bugs Bunny and several other Warner Bros. cartoon characters following Blanc's death in 1989. Bergman alternated with Joe Alaskey and Greg Burson in voicing several of Blanc's characters for various Warner Bros. productions." }, "Bar and bat mitzvah-2": { "title": "Bar and bat mitzvah", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "According to Jewish law, when a Jewish boy is 13 years old, he becomes accountable for his actions and becomes a bar mitzvah. A girl becomes a bat mitzvah at the age of 12 according to Orthodox and Conservative Jews, and at the age of 13 according to Reform Jews. Before the child reaches bar mitzvah age, parents hold the responsibility for their child's actions. After this age, the boys and girls bear their own responsibility for Jewish ritual law, tradition, and ethics, and are able to participate in all areas of Jewish community life. Traditionally, the father of the bar mitzvah gives thanks to God that he is no longer punished for the child's sins. In addition to being considered accountable for their actions from a religious perspective, a thirteen-year-old male may be counted towards an Orthodox prayer quorum and may lead prayer and other religious services in the family and the community." }, "Bing (search engine)-57": { "title": "Bing (search engine)", "section": "Marketing and advertisements", "headers": [ "Bing Rewards" ], "para_index": 57, "content": "Bing Rewards provided credits to users through regular Bing searches and special promotions. These credits were then redeemed for various products including electronics, gift cards, sweepstakes, and charitable donations. Initially, participants were required to download and use the Bing Bar for Internet Explorer in order to earn credits; but later the service was made to work with all desktop browsers." }, "Mule deer-6": { "title": "Mule deer", "section": "Description For Mule Deer", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The mule deer is the larger of the two Odocoileus species on average, with a height of 80\u2013106\u00a0cm (31\u201342\u00a0in) at the shoulders and a nose-to-tail length ranging from 1. to 2.1\u00a0m (3.9 to 6.9\u00a0ft). Of this, the tail may comprise 11.6 to 23\u00a0cm (4.6 to 9.1\u00a0in). Adult bucks normally weigh 55\u2013150\u00a0kg (121\u2013331\u00a0lb), averaging around 92\u00a0kg (203\u00a0lb), although trophy specimens may weigh up to 210\u00a0kg (460\u00a0lb). Does (female deer) are rather smaller and typically weigh from 43 to 90\u00a0kg (95 to 198\u00a0lb), with an average of around 68\u00a0kg (150\u00a0lb). Unlike the whitetail, the mule deer does not generally show marked size variation across its range, although environmental conditions can cause considerable weight fluctuations in any given population. An exception to this is the subspecies the Sitka deer (O. h. sitkensis). This race is markedly smaller than other mule deer, with an average weight of 54.5\u00a0kg (120\u00a0lb) and 36\u00a0kg (79\u00a0lb) in males and females, respectively." }, "Pasteurization-1": { "title": "Pasteurization", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pasteurization or pasteurisation is a process in which water and certain packaged and non-packaged foods (such as milk and fruit juice) are treated with mild heat, usually to less than 100\u00a0\u00b0C (212\u00a0\u00b0F), to eliminate pathogens and extend shelf life. The process is intended to destroy or deactivate organisms and enzymes that contribute to spoilage or risk of disease, including vegetative bacteria, but not bacterial spores. Since pasteurization is not sterilization, and does not kill spores, a second \"double\" pasteurization will extend the quality by killing spores that have germinated." }, "Death Eater-1": { "title": "Death Eater", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Death Eaters are characters featured in the Harry Potter series of novels and films. They are a terrorist group of wizards and witches, led by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who seek to purify the wizarding community by eliminating wizards and witches born to non-magical parents. They attempt to create a new order within the Ministry of Magic by spreading fear through the wizarding community and murdering those who speak out against them. Their primary opposition are the members of the Order of the Phoenix." }, "Mike Patton-1": { "title": "Mike Patton", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Michael Allan Patton (born January 27, 1968) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, actor, record producer, multi-instrumentalist and film composer, best known as the lead vocalist of the alternative metal band Faith No More. Patton is also the founder and lead singer of Mr. Bungle, and has played with Tomahawk, Fant\u00f4mas, Dead Cross, Lovage, The Dillinger Escape Plan, Mondo Cane, and Peeping Tom." }, "Lord Voldemort-33": { "title": "Lord Voldemort", "section": "Family", "headers": [ "Riddle family" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "The Riddle family, an old gentry family, consisted of old Thomas and Mary Riddle and their son, Tom Riddle, Esq. They owned over half of the valley that the town of Little Hangleton lay in, and Thomas was the most prominent inhabitant of that town. They lived in a large house with fine gardens, but were unpopular amongst the local residents due to their snobbish attitudes. Tom, apparently the only child of Thomas and Mary, indulged in the typical pursuits of the upper class in the first half of the twentieth century, socialising with attractive women of his class, riding horses, and enjoying his status in the town." }, "Millard Fillmore-1": { "title": "Millard Fillmore", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 \u2013 March 8, 1874) was the 13th president of the United States (1850\u20131853), the last to be a member of the Whig Party while in the White House. A former U.S. representative from New York, Fillmore was elected the nation's 12th vice president in 1848, and succeeded to the presidency in July 1850 upon the death of President Zachary Taylor. He was instrumental in the passing of the Compromise of 1850, a bargain that led to a brief truce in the battle over slavery. He failed to win the Whig nomination for president in 1852, but he gained the endorsement of the nativist Know Nothing Party four years later, finishing third in the 1856 presidential election." }, "Lemonade-2": { "title": "Lemonade", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Most lemonade varieties can be separated into two distinct types: cloudy and clear; each is known simply as \"lemonade\" (or a cognate) in countries where dominant.[self-published source?] Cloudy lemonade, generally found in North America and South Asia, is traditionally a homemade drink using lemon juice, water, and a sweetener such as cane sugar, a simple syrup (white sugar and water) or honey. In the United Kingdom and Australia, clear lemonade, which is typically also carbonated, dominates." }, "M\u00e1ni\u010dka-4": { "title": "M\u00e1ni\u010dka", "section": "Persecution", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "From the mid-1960s, the long-haired and \"untidy\" persons (so called \"m\u00e1ni\u010dky\" or \"vlasatci\" (in English: Mops)) were banned from entering pubs, cinema halls, theatres and using public transportation in several Czech cities and towns. In 1964, the public transportation regulations in Most and Litv\u00ednov excluded long-haired \"m\u00e1ni\u010dky\" as displeasure-evoking persons. Two years later, the municipal council in Pod\u011bbrady banned \"m\u00e1ni\u010dky\" from entering cultural institutions in the town. In August 1966, Rud\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo informed that \"m\u00e1ni\u010dky\" in Prague were banned from visiting restaurants of the I. and II. price category." }, "Carlos Gracie-1": { "title": "Carlos Gracie", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Carlos Gracie (September 14, 1902\u00a0\u2013 October 7, 1994) was a Brazilian martial artist who is credited with being one of the primary developers of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. Along with his younger brother H\u00e9lio Gracie and fellow students Luis Franca and Oswaldo Fadda, he helped develop Brazilian jiu-jitsu based on knowledge from Mitsuyo Maeda, and is widely considered to be the martial-arts patriarch of the Gracie family. He acquired his knowledge of Jiu-Jitsu by studying in Belem under Maeda and his students. As he taught the techniques to his brothers, he created a martial arts family with H\u00e9lio and with other members of the Gracie family who provided key contributions to the style." }, "Bernard Sumner-2": { "title": "Bernard Sumner", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Sumner has also been credited with advancing UK dance music and popularising the use of sequencers. In the early 1990s, he collaborated with former Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr as Electronic." }, "Cat-13": { "title": "Cat", "section": "Taxonomy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "In 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ruled that the domestic cat is a distinct species, namely Felis catus." }, "Starbucks-1": { "title": "Starbucks", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Starbucks Corporation is an American multinational chain of coffeehouses and roastery reserves headquartered in Seattle, Washington. As the largest coffeehouse in the world, Starbucks is seen to be the main representation of the United States' second wave of coffee culture. Since the 2000s, third wave coffee makers have targeted quality-minded coffee drinkers with hand-made coffee based on lighter roasts, while Starbucks nowadays uses automatic espresso machines for efficiency. The company operates 30,000 locations worldwide in over 77 countries, as of early 2020. Starbucks locations serve hot and cold drinks, whole-bean coffee, microground instant coffee known as VIA, espresso, caffe latte, full- and loose-leaf teas including Teavana tea products, Evolution Fresh juices, Frappuccino beverages, La Boulange pastries, and snacks including items such as chips and crackers; some offerings (including their annual fall launch of the Pumpkin Spice Latte) are seasonal or specific to the locality of the store." }, "Eucharist-1": { "title": "Eucharist", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Eucharist (/\u02c8ju\u02d0k\u0259r\u026ast/; also called Holy Communion or the Lord's Supper among other names) is a Christian rite that is considered a sacrament in most churches, and as an ordinance in others. According to the New Testament, the rite was instituted by Jesus Christ during the Last Supper; giving his disciples bread and wine during a Passover meal, Jesus commanded his disciples to \"do this in memory of me\" while referring to the bread as \"my body\" and the cup of wine as \"the new covenant in my blood\". Through the eucharistic celebration Christians remember both Christ's sacrifice of himself on the cross and his commission of the apostles at the Last Supper." }, "Social Democratic Party of Germany-3": { "title": "Social Democratic Party of Germany", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Established in 1863, the SPD is by far the oldest existing political party represented in the German parliament and was one of the first Marxist-influenced parties in the world. Banned under the Anti-Socialist Laws from 1878 to 1890, the SPD was Europe's largest Marxist party and consistently won the largest popular vote in German elections between 1890 and 1930. During the First World War, the party split into a pro-war mainstream and the pacifist Independent Social Democratic Party, a part of which went on to form the Communist Party of Germany. The Social Democrats came to power during the German Revolution of 1918\u20131919. During the Weimar Republic, the SPD was the strongest party until 1932 and Friedrich Ebert served as the first President of Germany. During the Nazi era from 1933 to 1945, the SPD was again banned." }, "Lady Rose (song)-1": { "title": "Lady Rose (song)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Lady Rose\" is a song by British group Mungo Jerry, released as a single in 1971." }, "Olive wreath-1": { "title": "Olive wreath", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Olive wreath also known as kotinos (Greek: \u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2), was the prize for the winner at the ancient Olympic Games. It was a branch of the wild olive tree Kallistefanos Elea (also referred to as Elaia Kallistephanos) that grew at Olympia, intertwined to form a circle or a horse-shoe. The branches of the sacred wild-olive tree near the temple of Zeus were cut by a pais amphithales (Ancient Greek: \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2, a boy whose parents were both alive) with a pair of golden scissors. Then he took them to the temple of Hera and placed them on a gold-ivory table. From there, the Hellanodikai (the judges of the Olympic Games) would take them, make the wreaths and crown the winners of the Games." }, "Mumbai-1": { "title": "Mumbai", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mumbai (English: /m\u028am\u02c8ba\u026a/, Marathi:\u00a0[\u02c8mumb\u0259i]; also known as Bombay /b\u0252m\u02c8be\u026a/, the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. According to United Nations, as of 2018, Mumbai was the second most populous city in India after Delhi and the seventh most populous city in the world with a population of 19.98\u00a0million. As per Indian government population census of 2011, Mumbai was the most populous city in India with an estimated city proper population of 12.5\u00a0million living under Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. Mumbai is the centre of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, the sixth most populous metropolitan area in the world with a population of over 23.64\u00a0million. Mumbai lies on the Konkan coast on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named an alpha world city. It has the highest number of millionaires and billionaires among all cities in India. Mumbai is home to three UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Elephanta Caves, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, and the city's distinctive ensemble of Victorian and Art Deco buildings." }, "Computer-3": { "title": "Computer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Early computers were only conceived as calculating devices. Since ancient times, simple manual devices like the abacus aided people in doing calculations. Early in the Industrial Revolution, some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms. More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th century. The first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II. The first semiconductor transistors in the late 1940s were followed by the silicon-based MOSFET (MOS transistor) and monolithic integrated circuit (IC) chip technologies in the late 1950s, leading to the microprocessor and the microcomputer revolution in the 1970s. The speed, power and versatility of computers have been increasing dramatically ever since then, with MOS transistor counts increasing at a rapid pace (as predicted by Moore's law), leading to the Digital Revolution during the late 20th to early 21st centuries." }, "Death-1": { "title": "Death", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Phenomena which commonly bring about death include aging, predation, poisoning, malnutrition, disease, suicide, homicide, drug intoxication, starvation, dehydration, and accidents or major trauma resulting in fatal injury. The remains of a living organism begin to decompose shortly after death. It is an inevitable process eventually occurring in all living organisms." }, "Cynthia Lennon-31": { "title": "Cynthia Lennon", "section": "Kenwood", "headers": [ "Divorce" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Lennon seemed absolutely normal when she returned home the next day, and steadfastly maintained his love for her and their son, saying: \"It's you I love Cyn ... I love you now more than ever before\". Lennon went to New York with McCartney shortly after, but as Cynthia was specifically not invited, a trip to Pesaro, in Italy, was arranged with her mother. After an evening with Italian hotelier Roberto Bassanini, Mardas was waiting at the hotel to break the news that Lennon was planning to sue for divorce on grounds of adultery, seek sole custody of Julian, and \"send her back to Hoylake\". She said in 2005: \"The mere fact that 'Magic Alex' [Mardas] arrived in Italy in the middle of the night without any prior knowledge of where I was staying made me extremely suspicious. I was being coerced into making it easy\" ... [for Lennon and Ono] \"to accuse me of doing something that would make them not look so bad.\" As Lennon had initiated divorce proceedings, it prompted her to exclaim: \"Suing me for divorce? On what grounds is he suing me?\" When the news of Ono's pregnancy broke, Cynthia started her own divorce proceedings against Lennon on 22 August 1968. The financial settlement was hampered by Lennon's refusing to offer any more than \u00a375,000 (equivalent to \u00a31,310,300 in 2020), telling her on the phone that the payment was akin to winning the football pools and that she was not worth any more. The settlement was then raised to \u00a3100,000 (equivalent to \u00a31,747,000 in 2020), \u00a32,400 annually (equivalent to \u00a341,900 in 2020), and custody of Julian. Another \u00a3100,000 (equivalent to \u00a31,747,000 in 2020) was put into a trust fund which Julian would inherit when he was 21. Until that time, his mother would receive the interest payments. Their decree nisi was granted on 8 November 1968. The trust fund had one codicil, which provided for any further children by Lennon, so when Sean Lennon was born in 1975, Julian's inheritance was cut to \u00a350,000 (equivalent to \u00a3422,500 in 2020)." }, "Long John Silver's-1": { "title": "Long John Silver's", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Long John Silver's LLC (also formerly known as Long John Silver's Seafood Shop and sometimes abbreviated as LJS) is an American fast food restaurant chain that specializes in seafood. The brand's name is derived from the novel Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson, in which the pirate \"Long John\" Silver is one of the main characters." }, "Queen Victoria-6": { "title": "Queen Victoria", "section": "Birth and family", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after the four eldest sons of George\u00a0III: the Prince Regent (later George\u00a0IV); Frederick, Duke of York; William, Duke of Clarence (later William\u00a0IV); and Victoria's father, Edward, Duke of Kent. The Prince Regent had no surviving children, and the Duke of York had no children; further, both were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further legitimate children. William and Edward married on the same day in 1818, but both of William's legitimate daughters died as infants. The first of these was Princess Charlotte, who was born and died on 27 March 1819, two months before Victoria was born. Victoria's father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old. A week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son as George\u00a0IV. Victoria was then third in line to the throne after Frederick and William. William's second daughter, Princess Elizabeth of Clarence, lived for twelve weeks from 10 December 1820 to 4 March 1821, and for that period Victoria was fourth in line." }, "Prosciutto-5": { "title": "Prosciutto", "section": "Manufacture", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Prosciutto is made from either a pig's or a wild boar's hind leg or thigh, and the base term prosciutto specifically refers to this product. Prosciutto may also be made using the hind leg of other animals, in which case the name of the animal is included in the name of the product, for example \"prosciutto cotto d'agnello\" (\"lamb prosciutto\"). The process of making prosciutto can take from nine months to two years, depending on the size of the ham." }, "Desk-12": { "title": "Desk", "section": "Student models", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In homes, the term \"student desk\" designates a small pedestal desk, Surfboard or writing table constructed for use by a teenager or a pre-teen in their room. It often is a pedestal desk, with only one of the two pedestals and about two-thirds of the desk surface. Such desks are sometimes called \"left-pedestal desks\" and \"right-pedestal desks\", depending on the position of the single pedestal. These desks are not as tall as normal adult desks. In some cases, the desk is connected from the seat to the table." }, "Opiate-1": { "title": "Opiate", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Opiate is a term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from opium. Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors in the brain (including antagonists). Opiates are alkaloid compounds naturally found in the opium poppy plant Papaver somniferum." }, "Shallot-1": { "title": "Shallot", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The shallot is a type of onion, specifically a botanical variety of the species Allium cepa." }, "Silver Snoopy award-1": { "title": "Silver Snoopy award", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Silver Snoopy award is a special honor awarded to NASA employees and contractors for outstanding achievements related to human flight safety or mission success. The award certificate states that it is \"In Appreciation\" \"For professionalism, dedication and outstanding support that greatly enhanced space flight safety and mission success.\" The award depicts Snoopy, a character from the Peanuts comic strip created by Charles M. Schulz." }, "Pineapple-27": { "title": "Pineapple", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "Cultivars" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "citation needed] \"Hilo\" is a compact, 1.0- to 1.5-kg (2\u2013 to 3-lb) Hawaiian variant of smooth cayenne; the fruit is more cylindrical and produces many suckers, but no slips. \"Kona sugarloaf\", at 2.5 to 3.0\u00a0kg (5\u20136\u00a0lb), has white flesh with no woodiness in the center, is cylindrical in shape, and has a high sugar content but no acid; it has an unusually sweet fruit. \"Natal queen\", at 1.0 to 1.5\u00a0kg (2 to 3\u00a0lb), has golden yellow flesh, crisp texture, and delicate mild flavor; well-adapted to fresh consumption, it keeps well after ripening. It has spiny leaves, and is grown in Australia, Malaysia, and South Africa. \"Pernambuco\" (\"eleuthera\") weighs 1\u20132\u00a0kg (2\u20134\u00a0lb), and has pale yellow to white flesh. It is sweet, melting in texture, and excellent for eating fresh; it is poorly adapted for shipping, has spiny leaves, and is grown in Latin America. \"Red Spanish\", at 1\u20132\u00a0kg (2\u20134\u00a0lb), has pale yellow flesh with a pleasant aroma, is squarish in shape, and well-adapted for shipping as fresh fruit to distant markets; it has spiny leaves and is grown in Latin America and the Philippines. It was the original pineapple cultivar in the Philippines grown for their leaf fibers (pi\u00f1a) in the traditional Philippine textile industry. \"Smooth cayenne\", a 2.5- to 3.0-kg (5- to 6-lb), pale yellow\u2013 to yellow-fleshed, cylindrical fruit with high sugar and acid content, is well-adapted to canning and processing; its leaves are without spines. It is an ancient cultivar developed by Amerind peoples. In some parts of Asia, this cultivar is known as Sarawak, after an area of Malaysia in which it is grown. It is one of the ancestors of cultivars \"73-50\" (also called \"MD-1\" and \"CO-2\") and \"73\u2013114\" (also called \"MD-2\"). Smooth cayenne was previously the variety produced in Hawaii, and the most easily obtainable in U.S. grocery stores, but was replaced over the course of the mid-1990s and 2000s by MD-2. Some Ananas species are grown as ornamentals for color, novel fruit size, and other aesthetic qualities. In the US, in 1986, the Pineapple Research Institute was dissolved and its assets divided between Del Monte and Maui Land and Pineapple. Del Monte took cultivar '73\u2013114', dubbed 'MD-2', to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well-suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996 as 'Gold Extra Sweet', while Del Monte also began marketing '73\u201350', dubbed 'CO-2', as 'Del Monte Gold'." }, "Sweden-56": { "title": "Sweden", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 56, "content": "However, Sweden is much warmer and drier than other places at a similar latitude, and even somewhat farther south, mainly because of the combination of the Gulf Stream and the general west wind drift, caused by the direction of planet Earth's rotation. Continental west-coasts (to which all of Scandinavia belongs, as the westernmost part of the Eurasian continent), are notably warmer than continental east-coasts; this can also be seen by comparing e.g. the Canadian cities of Vancouver and Halifax, Nova Scotia with each other, the winter in west coast Vancouver is much milder; also, for example, central and southern Sweden has much milder winters than many parts of Russia, Canada, and the northern United States. Because of Sweden's high latitude, the length of daylight varies greatly. North of the Arctic Circle, the sun never sets for part of each summer, and it never rises for part of each winter. In the capital, Stockholm, daylight lasts for more than 18 hours in late June but only around 6 hours in late December. Sweden receives between 1,100 and 1,900 hours of sunshine annually. During July there is not much difference in temperature between the north and south of the country. With the exception of in the mountains, the whole country has a July-average temperature within the range of 15\u00a0\u00b0C (59\u00a0\u00b0F) to 17.5\u00a0\u00b0C (63.5\u00a0\u00b0F) (a difference of 2.5 degrees Celsius), while the January-average temperatures vary from freezing point down to below \u221215\u00a0\u00b0C (5\u00a0\u00b0F) along the border with Finland (a difference of 15 degrees Celsius)" }, "Canis Major-1": { "title": "Canis Major", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Canis Major is a constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere. In the second century, it was included in Ptolemy's 48 constellations, and is counted among the 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for \"greater dog\" in contrast to Canis Minor, the \"lesser dog\"; both figures are commonly represented as following the constellation of Orion the hunter through the sky. The Milky Way passes through Canis Major and several open clusters lie within its borders, most notably M41." }, "Head-3": { "title": "Head", "section": "Human head", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The human head is an anatomical unit that consists of the skull, hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae. The term \"skull\" collectively denotes the mandible (lower jaw bone) and the cranium (upper portion of the skull that houses the brain). The skull can also be described as being composed of the cranium, which encloses the cranial cavity, and the facial skeleton (includes the mandible). There are eight bones in the cranium and fourteen in the facial skeleton." }, "Black Sea-64": { "title": "Black Sea", "section": "Modern use", "headers": [ "Commercial and civic use", "Fishing" ], "para_index": 64, "content": "Anchovy: the Turkish commercial fishing fleet catches around 300,000 tons per year on average, and fishery carried out mainly in winter and the highest portion of the stock is caught between November and December." }, "Eugene Allen-1": { "title": "Eugene Allen", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Eugene Allen (July 14, 1919 \u2013 March 31, 2010) was an American waiter and butler who worked for the US government at the White House for 34 years until he retired as the head butler in 1986." }, "Gladius-2": { "title": "Gladius", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A fully equipped Roman legionary after the reforms of Gaius Marius was armed with a shield (scutum), one or two javelins (pila), a sword (gladius), often a dagger (pugio), and, perhaps in the later empire period, darts (plumbatae). Conventionally, soldiers threw pila to disable the enemy's shields and disrupt enemy formations before engaging in close combat, for which they drew the gladius. A soldier generally led with the shield and thrust with the sword." }, "New Testament-137": { "title": "New Testament", "section": "In the liturgy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 137, "content": "Despite the wide variety among Christian liturgies, texts from the New Testament play a role in almost all forms of Christian worship. In addition to some language derived from the New Testament in the liturgy itself (e.g., the Trisagion may be based on Apocalypse 4:8, and the beginning of the \"Hymn of Praise\" draws upon Luke 2:14), the reading of extended passages from the New Testament is a practice common to almost all Christian worship, liturgical or not." }, "United States Department of Defense-2": { "title": "United States Department of Defense", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Department of Defense is headed by the Secretary of Defense, a cabinet-level head who reports directly to the President of the United States. Beneath the Department of Defense are three subordinate military departments: the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Air Force. In addition, four national intelligence services are subordinate to the Department of Defense: the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), the National Security Agency (NSA), the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), and the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). Other Defense agencies include the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the Strategic Capabilities Office (SCO), the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA), the Missile Defense Agency (MDA), the Defense Health Agency (DHA), Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), the Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency (formerly the DSS), and the Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA), all of which are subordinate to the Secretary of Defense. Additionally, the Defense Contract Management Agency (DCMA) delivers actionable acquisition intelligence, from factory floor to the warfighter. Military operations are managed by eleven regional or functional Unified combatant commands. The Department of Defense also operates several joint services schools, including the Eisenhower School (ES) and the National War College (NWC)." }, "Woodrow Wilson-1": { "title": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856\u00a0\u2013 February 3, 1924) was an American politician, lawyer, and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of Princeton University and as the 34th governor of New Jersey before winning the 1912 presidential election. As president, he oversaw the passage of progressive legislative policies unparalleled until the New Deal in 1933. He also led the United States into World War I in 1917, establishing an activist foreign policy known as \"Wilsonianism.\" He was the leading architect of the League of Nations." }, "Shri Yogendra-1": { "title": "Shri Yogendra", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Quotation No gift is greater than the gift of knowledge. Manibhai Haribhai Desai (1897 \u2013 1989), known as (Shri) Yogendra was an Indian Yoga guru, author, poet, researcher and was one of the important figures in the modern revival of Hatha Yoga, both in India and United States. He was the founder of The Yoga Institute, the oldest organized yoga center in the world, established in 1918. He is often referred as the Father of Modern Yoga Renaissance. He was one of the figures responsible for reviving the practice of asanas and making yoga accessible to people other than renunciates." }, "The Pit and the Pendulum (1991 film)-1": { "title": "The Pit and the Pendulum (1991 film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Pit and the Pendulum (released on DVD in the United States as The Inquisitor) is a 1991 American horror film directed by Stuart Gordon and based on the 1842 short story by Edgar Allan Poe. The film is an amalgamation of the aforementioned story with Poe's \"The Cask of Amontillado\", and it also appropriates the anecdote of \"The Sword of Damocles\", reassigning it to the character of Torquemada." }, "Climate of Los Angeles-5": { "title": "Climate of Los Angeles", "section": "Temperatures and seasons", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The summer dry season normally runs from May through October, when clear skies, hot temperatures, and very little change in sensible weather occur from day to day. Average high temperatures are in the lower 80's F (26-28 C) with overnight lows in the lower 60's F (15-17 C). During this season, there is essentially no rainfall, and both July and August average less than 0.05 of an inch (1.27\u00a0mm) of monthly precipitation." }, "Executive compensation in the United States-5": { "title": "Executive compensation in the United States", "section": "Levels of compensation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Since the 1990s, CEO compensation in the U.S. has outpaced corporate profits, economic growth and the average compensation of all workers. Between 1980 and 2004, Mutual Fund founder John Bogle estimates total CEO compensation grew 8.5 percent/year compared to corporate profit growth of 2.9 percent/year and per capita income growth of 3.1 percent. By 2006 CEOs made 400 times more than average workers\u2014a gap 20 times bigger than it was in 1965. As a general rule, the larger the corporation the larger the CEO compensation package." }, "United States Census Bureau-4": { "title": "United States Census Bureau", "section": "Legal mandate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Article One of the United States Constitution (section II) directs the population be enumerated at least once every ten years and the resulting counts used to set the number of members from each state in the House of Representatives and, by extension, in the Electoral College. The Census Bureau now conducts a full population count every 10 years in years ending with a zero and uses the term \"decennial\" to describe the operation. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections." }, "Sharanga-1": { "title": "Sharanga", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sharanga is the celestial bow of the Hindu God Lord Vishnu. Other weapons of Vishnu include the Sudarshana Chakra, the Narayanastra, the Vaishnavastra, the Kaumodaki mace, Nandaka sword. In South India, (Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala) Sharanga is also called as Kodanda. In poems written by Ramadasa, the poet used words like Kodandapani to refer to Lord Rama. Even Mirabai referred to Lord Krishna as Kodandadhari." }, "James Watson-3": { "title": "James Watson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "From 1968 Watson served as director of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL), greatly expanding its level of funding and research. At CSHL, he shifted his research emphasis to the study of cancer, along with making it a world-leading research center in molecular biology. In 1994, he started as president and served for 10 years. He was then appointed chancellor, serving until he resigned in 2007 after making comments claiming a genetic link between intelligence and race. In 2019, following the broadcast of a documentary in which Watson reiterated his views on race and genetics, CSHL revoked his honorary titles and severed all ties with him." }, "Every Rose Has Its Thorn-1": { "title": "Every Rose Has Its Thorn", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Every Rose Has Its Thorn\" is a power ballad by American glam metal band Poison. It was released in October 1988 as the third single from Poison's second album Open Up and Say... Ahh!. The band's signature song, it is also their only number-one hit in the U.S., reaching the top spot on December 24, 1988, for three weeks (carrying over into 1989) and it also charted at #11 on the Mainstream Rock chart. It was a number 13 hit in the UK. \"Every Rose Has Its Thorn\" was named number 34 on VH1's \"100 Greatest Songs of the 80s\", #100 on their \"100 Greatest Love Songs\" and #7 on MTV and VH1 \"Top 25 Power Ballads\"." }, "Meatball-2": { "title": "Meatball", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Chinese recipe \"Four Joy Meatballs\" (\u56db\u559c\u4e38\u5b50\u2014S\u00ec x\u01d0 w\u00e1nzi) is derived from Shandong cuisine, which originated in the native cooking styles of Shandong. Its history dates back to the Qin dynasty (221 BC to 207 BC)." }, "Solar System-6": { "title": "Solar System", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The solar wind, a stream of charged particles flowing outwards from the Sun, creates a bubble-like region in the interstellar medium known as the heliosphere. The heliopause is the point at which pressure from the solar wind is equal to the opposing pressure of the interstellar medium; it extends out to the edge of the scattered disc. The Oort cloud, which is thought to be the source for long-period comets, may also exist at a distance roughly a thousand times further than the heliosphere. The Solar System is located in the Orion Arm, 26,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way galaxy." }, "Rapture-40": { "title": "Rapture", "section": "Views of eschatological timing", "headers": [ "Premillennialist views", "Post-tribulational premillennialism" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "In the post-tribulation premillennial position, the rapture would be identical to the second coming of Jesus or as a meeting in the air with Jesus that immediately precedes his return to the Earth before a literal millennium. The post-tribulation position places the rapture at the end of the tribulation period. Post-tribulation writers define the tribulation period in a generic sense as the entire present age, or in a specific sense of a period of time preceding the second coming of Christ. The emphasis in this view is that the church will undergo the tribulation. Matthew 24:29\u201331 - \"Immediately after the Tribulation of those days...they shall gather together his elect...\" - is cited as a foundational scripture for this view. Post-tribulationists perceive the rapture as occurring simultaneously with the second coming of Christ. Upon Jesus' return, believers will meet him in the air and will then accompany him in his return to the Earth. In the Epistles of Paul, most notably in 1 Thessalonians 4:16-17 (\"the dead in Christ shall rise first\") and 1 Corinthians 15:51-52, a trumpet is described as blowing at the end of the tribulation to herald the return of Christ; Revelation 11:15 further supports this view. Moreover, after chapters 6\u201319, and after 20:1-3 when Satan is bound, Revelation 20:4-6 says, \"and they lived, and reigned with Christ a thousand years. But the rest of the dead lived not again until the thousand years were finished. This is the first resurrection. Blessed and holy is he that hath part in the first resurrection.\"" }, "Barzakh-9": { "title": "Barzakh", "section": "Interpretations", "headers": [ "Sufism" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Modern Muslim thinkers de-emphasize Barzakh, and focus instead on a person's individual life and the Day of Judgment. In this view, the state of Barzakh is simply looked past and skipped once a person dies. Muslim scholars who do believe in Barzakh still have varying interpretations of this intermediate state based on different traditions. Some traditions suggest that a person's deeds in their life will affect their experience in Barzakh. In these traditions, there are two states of Barzakh. In the state known as \"Azaabul-Qabr,\" a person will be punished for his or her deeds in their past life. In the other state known as \"Tan'eemu Ahlit-Taa'ah Fil Qabr,\" a person will receive the blessings and bounties of Allah because of his or her faith and good deeds. Other traditions suggest that people in Barzakh are given temporary bodies. In this view, a person is either given a bright body or a dark body. These bodies are believed to be prepared from either the light or darkness of their deeds. If a person is given a bright body then this indicates that a person will go to heaven, while a dark body represents hell. In these traditions, Muslim scholars believe that once a person is given their body in Barzakh, they will already know their fate for the Day of Judgment. It is worth noting that in these traditions where Muslim scholars believe in Barzakh, they are basically saying that a person will be familiar with his or her fate prior to the Day of Judgment. This is based on what a person experiences in this intermediate state. Al-Ghaz\u0101l\u012b states, \"After the First Blast, all created beings shall abide for forty (it is unknown if it is a year or month or etc.) in the Intermediate Realm barzakh. Then shall God quicken Seraphiel, and command him to deliver the Second Blast, as He has said (Exalted is He!): Then shall it be blown again, and lo! they stand, beholding\u00a0: they shall be on their feet, watching the Resurrection.\" Al-Zamakhshari explains Barzakh to mean h\u0101'il, \"an obstacle.\" His adaptation of the meaning of the word coincides with mentions of Barzakh in Quran literature: 25:53. Abdullah Yusuf Ali referred to a Barzakh state as a \"quiescent state.\" The soul lies in a resting state until Yawm al-Qiy\u0101mah. In Sufism the Barzakh or Alam-e-Araf is not only where the human soul resides after death but it is also a place that the soul can visit during sleep and meditation." }, "Space Needle-1": { "title": "Space Needle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Space Needle is an observation tower in Seattle, Washington, United States. It is a city landmark and is considered an icon of Seattle. It was built in the Seattle Center for the 1962 World's Fair, which drew over 2.3 million visitors. Nearly 20,000 people a day used its elevators during the event." }, "Helium-1": { "title": "Helium", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Helium (from Greek: \u1f25\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, romanized:\u00a0Helios, lit.\u00a0'Sun') is a chemical element with the symbol He and atomic number 2. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas, the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling point is the lowest among all the elements. Helium is the second lightest and second most abundant element in the observable universe (hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant). It is present at about 24% of the total elemental mass, which is more than 12 times the mass of all the heavier elements combined. Its abundance is similar to this in both the Sun and in Jupiter. This is due to the very high nuclear binding energy (per nucleon) of helium-4, with respect to the next three elements after helium. This helium-4 binding energy also accounts for why it is a product of both nuclear fusion and radioactive decay. Most helium in the universe is helium-4, the vast majority of which was formed during the Big Bang. Large amounts of new helium are being created by nuclear fusion of hydrogen in stars." }, "Tom Cruise-4": { "title": "Tom Cruise", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Cruise has been married to actresses Mimi Rogers, Nicole Kidman, and Katie Holmes. He has three children, two of whom were adopted during his marriage to Kidman and the other of whom is a biological daughter he had with Holmes. Cruise is an outspoken advocate for the Church of Scientology and its associated social programs, and credits it with helping him overcome dyslexia. In the 2000s, he sparked controversy with his Church-affiliated criticisms of psychiatry and anti-depressant drugs, his efforts to promote Scientology as a religion in Europe, and a leaked video interview of him promoting Scientology." }, "Amasya-1": { "title": "Amasya", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Amasya (Greek: \u1f08\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1) is a city in northern Turkey and is the capital of Amasya Province, in the Black Sea Region. Tokat from east, Tokat and Yozgat from south, \u00c7orum from west, Samsun from north." }, "Android (operating system)-1": { "title": "Android (operating system)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Android is developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance, with the main contributor and commercial marketer being Google." }, "Copper-2": { "title": "Copper", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Copper is one of the few metals that can occur in nature in a directly usable metallic form (native metals). This led to very early human use in several regions, from c. 8000 BC. Thousands of years later, it was the first metal to be smelted from sulfide ores, c. 5000 BC; the first metal to be cast into a shape in a mold, c. 4000 BC; and the first metal to be purposefully alloyed with another metal, tin, to create bronze, c. 3500 BC." }, "Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church-31": { "title": "Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Soviet annexation of the Eastern Poland and liquidation of the Church" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "The Solidarity movement in Poland and Pope John Paul II supported the Ukrainian Catholics. The state media attacked John Paul II. The antireligious journal Liudyna i Svit (Man and the World) published in Kiev wrote:" }, "Two-cent piece (United States)-21": { "title": "Two-cent piece (United States)", "section": "Production and collecting", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "R.S. Yeoman's 2018 edition of A Guide Book of United States Coins lists the 1864 large motto and the 1865 as the least expensive two-cent pieces, in good (G-4) condition at $15, though every issue by year through 1871 lists for $40 or less in that condition. The reason for the relatively flat prices, even in top grades, is a lack of collectors who seek the entire series (it is most popularly collected with a single specimen as part of a \"type set\" of the various issues of American coins). Despite the high mintage, it is the 1864 date that has one of the more highly valued varieties, the \"small motto\". Yeoman lists the 1864 small motto in Proof condition, at $20,000 and in Very Fine (VF-20) it is $600." }, "Leonardo da Vinci-27": { "title": "Leonardo da Vinci", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "Old age and death" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Some 20 years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benvenuto Cellini as saying: \"There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher.\"" }, "Star Wars-23": { "title": "Star Wars", "section": "Television", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "The Star Wars franchise has been spun off to various television productions, including two animated series released in the mid-1980s. Further animated series began to be released in the 2000s, the first two of which focused on the Clone Wars. After Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm, only the later one remained canon. Three live-action Star Wars series will be released on Disney+. The first, The Mandalorian, premiered on November 12, 2019." }, "Christopher Reeve-3": { "title": "Christopher Reeve", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "On May 27, 1995, Reeve was left quadriplegic after being thrown from a horse during an equestrian competition in Culpeper, Virginia. He used a wheelchair and needed a portable ventilator to breathe for the rest of his life. He lobbied on behalf of people with spinal cord injuries and for human embryonic stem cell research, founding the Christopher Reeve Foundation and co-founding the Reeve-Irvine Research Center." }, "Keith Richards-47": { "title": "Keith Richards", "section": "21st century", "headers": [ "Tributes for other artists" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "Richards made a cameo appearance as Captain Teague, the father of Captain Jack Sparrow (played by Johnny Depp), in Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, released in May 2007, and won the Best Celebrity Cameo award at the 2007 Spike Horror Awards for the role." }, "Rowing-1": { "title": "Rowing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rowing is the act of propelling a boat using the motion of oars in the water by displacing water to propel the boat forward. Rowing and paddling are similar but the difference is that rowing requires oars to have a mechanical connection with the boat, while paddles (used for paddling) are hand-held and have no mechanical connection." }, "Shiva-1": { "title": "Shiva", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Shiva (/\u02c8\u0283i\u02d0v\u0259/; Sanskrit: \u0936\u093f\u0935, ISO: \u015aiva, lit.\u2009''the auspicious one'') also known as Mahadeva (lit.\u2009''great god'') is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. He is the supreme being within Shaivism, one of the major traditions within contemporary Hinduism." }, "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)-1": { "title": "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is a 1937 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and originally released by RKO Radio Pictures. Based on the 1812 German fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm, it is the first full-length cel animated feature film and the earliest Disney animated feature film. The story was adapted by storyboard artists Dorothy Ann Blank, Richard Creedon, Merrill De Maris, Otto Englander, Earl Hurd, Dick Rickard, Ted Sears and Webb Smith. David Hand was the supervising director, while William Cottrell, Wilfred Jackson, Larry Morey, Perce Pearce, and Ben Sharpsteen directed the film's individual sequences." }, "Onion-25": { "title": "Onion", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Non-culinary uses" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Onions are toxic to dogs, cats, guinea pigs, and many other animals." }, "Asian black bear-2": { "title": "Asian black bear", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Asian black bear is black, has a light brown muzzle and a distinct white patch on the chest, which sometimes has the shape of a V. Its ears are bell shaped, proportionately longer than those of other bears, and stick out sideways from the head. Its tail is 11\u00a0cm (4.3\u00a0in) long." }, "Public image of Mike Huckabee-17": { "title": "Public image of Mike Huckabee", "section": "Criticism from gay rights groups", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "In July 2012, After Chick-fil-A COO Dan Cathy made several public statements supporting what he believes to be \"the traditional family,\" saying about same-sex marriage that those who \"have the audacity to define what marriage is about\" were \"inviting God's judgment on our nation\". Several prominent politicians expressed disapproval. Boston Mayor Thomas Menino, and Chicago Alderman Proco \"Joe\" Moreno said they hoped to block franchise expansion into their areas. The proposed bans drew criticism from liberal pundits, legal experts, and the American Civil Liberties Union. The Jim Henson Company, which had a Pajanimals kids' meal toy licensing arrangement with Chick-fil-A, said it would cease its business relationship, and donate the payment to the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. Chick-fil-A stopped distributing the toys, citing unrelated safety concerns that had arisen prior to the controversy. In response to criticism of the Cathy family's support for \"traditional In response to criticism of the Cathy family's support for \"traditional marriage,\". Politician Mike Huckabee created the counter-protest for August 1 called \"Chick-fil-A Appreciation Day.\"" }, "Genghis Khan-22": { "title": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Wives, concubines, and children", "headers": [ "M\u00f6ge Khatun" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "M\u00f6ge Khatun was a concubine of Genghis Khan and she later became a wife of his son \u00d6gedei Khan. The Persian historian Ata-Malik Juvayni records that M\u00f6ge Khatun \"was given to Chinggis Khan by a chief of the Bakrin tribe, and he loved her very much.\" \u00d6gedei favored her as well and she accompanied him on his hunting expeditions. She is not recorded as having any children." }, "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory-4": { "title": "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Eleven-year-old Charlie Bucket is very poor and lives in a small house with his parents and four grandparents. One day, Grandpa Joe tells him about the legendary and eccentric chocolatier Willy Wonka and all the wonderful sweets and chocolates he made until the other chocolatiers sent in spies to steal his secret recipes, which led him to close the factory to outsiders. The next day, the newspaper announces that Wonka is re-opening the factory and has invited five lucky children to come on a tour, if they find a Golden Ticket inside a Wonka Bar. The first four golden tickets are found by four ill-mannered children: the gluttonous Augustus Gloop, the spoiled and petulant Veruca Salt, the chewing gum-addicted Violet Beauregarde, and the television-obsessed Mike Teavee." }, "Game of Thrones (season 1)-26": { "title": "Game of Thrones (season 1)", "section": "Release", "headers": [ "Home media" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "The first season of Game of Thrones was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on March 6, 2012. The set includes extra background and behind-the-scenes material, but no deleted scenes, because almost all footage shot for the first season was used in the show." }, "Dyscalculia-1": { "title": "Dyscalculia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dyscalculia /\u02ccd\u026ask\u00e6l\u02c8kju\u02d0li\u0259/ is difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic, such as difficulty in understanding numbers, learning how to manipulate numbers, performing mathematical calculations and learning facts in mathematics. It is sometimes informally known as \"math dyslexia\", though this can be misleading as it is a different condition." }, "Parsifal-33": { "title": "Parsifal", "section": "Synopsis", "headers": [ "Act 2" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "Scene 1 Klingsor's magic castle. Klingsor conjures up Kundry, waking her from her sleep. He calls her by many names: First Sorceress (Urteufelin), Hell's Rose (H\u00f6llenrose), Herodias, Gundryggia and, lastly, Kundry. She is now transformed into an incredibly alluring woman, as when she once seduced Amfortas. She mocks Klingsor's mutilated condition by sarcastically inquiring if he is chaste (\"Ha ha! Bist du keusch?\"), but she cannot resist his power. Klingsor observes that Parsifal is approaching and summons his enchanted knights to fight the boy. Klingsor watches as Parsifal overcomes his knights, and they flee. Klingsor wishes destruction on their whole race." }, "Antarctica-42": { "title": "Antarctica", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. It used to be ice-free until about 34 million years ago, when it became covered with ice. The lowest natural air temperature ever recorded on Earth was \u221289.2\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212128.6\u00a0\u00b0F) at the Russian Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. For comparison, this is 10.7\u00a0\u00b0C (20\u00a0\u00b0F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial pressure, but since CO2 only makes up 0.039% of air, temperatures of less than \u2212140\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212220\u00a0\u00b0F) would be needed to produce dry ice snow in Antarctica. A lower air temperature of \u221294.7\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212138.5\u00a0\u00b0F) was recorded in 2010 by satellite\u2014however, it may be influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 7 feet (2\u00a0m) above the surface as required for the official air temperature records. Antarctica is a frozen desert with little precipitation; the South Pole receives less than 10\u00a0mm (0.4\u00a0in) per year, on average. Temperatures reach a minimum of between \u221280\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212112\u00a0\u00b0F) and \u221289.2\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212128.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in the interior in winter and reach a maximum of between 5\u00a0\u00b0C (41\u00a0\u00b0F) and 15\u00a0\u00b0C (59\u00a0\u00b0F) near the coast in summer. Northern Antarctica recorded a temperature of 20.75\u00a0\u00b0C (69.3\u00a0\u00b0F) on 9 February 2020, the highest recorded temperature in the continent. Sunburn is often a health issue as the snow surface reflects almost all of the ultraviolet light falling on it. Given the latitude, long periods of constant darkness or constant sunlight create climates unfamiliar to human beings in much of the rest of the world." }, "Carlos Ghosn-29": { "title": "Carlos Ghosn", "section": "Arrest in Tokyo and subsequent Nissan investigation", "headers": [ "Initial arrest" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "On the same day, Nissan chief executive Hiroto Saikawa announced at a press conference that Ghosn had been dismissed from Nissan's board and would be stripped of executive rights at a meeting to be held on 22 November. Saikawa stressed that the dismissal was the result of an internal inquiry by Nissan, and alleged that Ghosn and Kelly had under-reported their compensation (a violation of securities law) and used company assets for personal use. While the allegations remained unproven in court, with due legal process pending, at the same news conference, Saikawa \"expressed disappointment, indignation, and despair at Ghosn's conduct, which included using company funds for personal investments and misusing corporate assets\" and also said, \"This is an act that cannot be tolerated by the company... It is sufficient grounds for his dismissal.\"" }, "Sheriff of Nottingham-3": { "title": "Sheriff of Nottingham", "section": "Character", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The holder of the office of Nottingham's Sheriff, it is his task to capture outlaws such as Robin Hood, either to ensure the safety of trade routes through Sherwood Forest or to keep them from poaching the King's deer. In some stories, the Sheriff of Nottingham is portrayed as having a lecherous desire for Robin Hood's lady Maid Marian. He is widely considered to be the principal villain of the Robin Hood stories, appearing frequently alongside such enemies of Robin Hood as Sir Guy of Gisbourne or Prince John (though rarely both)." }, "QWERTY-6": { "title": "QWERTY", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Sholes struggled for the next five years to perfect his invention, making many trial-and-error rearrangements of the original machine's alphabetical key arrangement. The study of bigram (letter-pair) frequency by educator Amos Densmore, brother of the financial backer James Densmore, is believed to have influenced the array of letters, but the contribution was later called into question. Others suggest instead that the letter groupings evolved from telegraph operators' feedback." }, "Eating disorder-9": { "title": "Eating disorder", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by lack of maintenance of a healthy body weight, an obsessive fear of gaining weight or refusal to do so, and an unrealistic perception, or non-recognition of the seriousness, of current low body weight. Bulimia nervosa (BN) is characterized by recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as purging (self-induced vomiting, eating to the point of vomiting, excessive use of laxatives/diuretics, or excessive exercise). Fasting may also be used as a method of purging following a binge. Muscle dysmorphia is characterized by appearance preoccupation that one's own body is too small, too skinny, insufficiently muscular, or insufficiently lean. Muscle dysmorphia affects mostly males. Binge eating disorder (BED) is characterized by recurring binge eating at least once a week for over a period of 3 months while experiencing lack of control and guilt after overeating. The disorder can develop in individuals of a wide range of ages and socioeconomic classes. Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED) is an eating or feeding disorder that does not meet full DSM-5 criteria for AN, BN, or BED. Examples of otherwise-specified eating disorders include individuals with atypical anorexia nervosa, who meet all criteria for AN except being underweight despite substantial weight loss; atypical bulimia nervosa, who meet all criteria for BN except that bulimic behaviors are less frequent or have not been ongoing for long enough; purging disorder; and night eating syndrome. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), which is characterized by strict adherance to a limited repertoire of foods. This disorder was previously known as selective eating disorder (SED). Compulsive overeating, which may include habitual \"grazing\" of food or episodes of binge eating without feelings of guilt. Diabulimia, which is characterized by the deliberate manipulation of insulin levels by diabetics in an effort to control their weight. Drunkorexia, which is commonly characterized by purposely restricting food intake in order to reserve food calories for alcoholic calories, exercising excessively in order to burn calories from drinking, and over-drinking alcohol in order to purge previously consumed food. Food maintenance, which is characterized by a set of aberrant eating behaviors of children in foster care. Gourmand syndrome, a rare condition occurring after damage to the frontal lobe. Individuals develop an obsessive focus on fine foods. Orthorexia nervosa, a term used by Steven Bratman to describie an obsession with a \"pure\" diet, in which people develop an obsession with avoiding unhealthy foods to the point where it interferes with a person's life. Prader-Willi syndrome, a genetic disorder associated with insatiable appetite and morbid obesity. Pregorexia, which is characterized by extreme dieting and over-exercising in order to control pregnancy weight gain. Prenatal undernutrition is associated with low birth weight, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, hypertension, cardiovascular disease risk, and depression. Symptoms and complications vary according to the nature and severity of the eating disorder:" }, "Mixing (process engineering)-38": { "title": "Mixing (process engineering)", "section": "Industrial mixing equipment", "headers": [ "Turbines" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "The power number is an empirical measure of the amount of torque needed to drive different impellers in the same fluid at constant power per unit volume; impellers with higher power numbers require more torque but operate at lower speed than impellers with lower power numbers, which operate at lower torque but higher speeds." }, "English studies-1": { "title": "English studies", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "English studies (usually called simply English) is an academic discipline taught in primary, secondary, and post-secondary education in English-speaking countries; it is not to be confused with English taught as a foreign language, which is a distinct discipline. It involves the study and exploration of texts created in English literature. English studies include: the study of literature written in the English language (especially novels, plays, short stories, and poetry), the majority of which comes from Britain, the United States, and Ireland (although English-language literature from any country may be studied, and local or national literature is usually emphasized in any given country); English composition, including writing essays, short stories, and poetry; English language arts, including the study of grammar, usage, and style; and English sociolinguistics, including discourse analysis of written and spoken texts in the English language, the history of the English language, English language learning and teaching, and the study of World Englishes. English linguistics (syntax, morphology, phonetics, phonology, etc.) is usually treated as a distinct discipline, taught in a department of linguistics." }, "Basketball-1": { "title": "Basketball", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly of five players each, opposing one another on a rectangular court, compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball (approximately 9.4 inches (24\u00a0cm) in diameter) through the defender's hoop (a basket 18 inches (46\u00a0cm) in diameter mounted 10 feet (3.048\u00a0m) high to a backboard at each end of the court) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop. A field goal is worth two points, unless made from behind the three-point line, when it is worth three. After a foul, timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but if regulation play expires with the score tied, an additional period of play (overtime) is mandated." }, "Moray eel-8": { "title": "Moray eel", "section": "Feeding behavior", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Morays are opportunistic, carnivorous predators and feed primarily on smaller fish, octopuses, squid, cuttlefish and crustaceans. Groupers, barracudas and sea snakes are among their few known predators, making many morays (especially the larger species) apex predators in their ecosystems." }, "Boy-1": { "title": "Boy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A boy is a young male human. The term is usually used for a child or an adolescent. When a male human reaches adulthood, he is described as a man." }, "Robot Chicken: Star Wars-8": { "title": "Robot Chicken: Star Wars", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Green won the Annie Award for Best Directing in an Animated Television Production for the episode. It was also nominated for Best Animated Television Production. The episode was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour) in 2008, losing to the episode of The Simpsons \"Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind\". Dan Iverson of IGN praised the special, calling it \"head and shoulders above the hit and miss nature of the regular episodes of Robot Chicken.\" He concluded that \"it is tough to find anything wrong with [it]\" and \"Robot Chicken went all out in creating a humorous half hour which would have us [Star Wars] nerds rolling on the floor laughing.\" Variety reviewer Brian Lowry praised the episode adding that \"Lucas' fantasy has frequently sailed the smoothest when he takes a back seat and leaves the starship piloting to someone else.\" Aubry D'Arminio of Entertainment Weekly, in reviewing the DVD, stated \"Every adult cartoon, from Family Guy to The Simpsons, has spawned a Star Wars parody, but the stop-motion maniacs at Robot Chicken top them all with 23 guffaw-filled minutes.\" Noel Murray of The A.V. Club gave an overall positive review stating the episode has \"15 minutes of good gags\" and \"is pitched to anyone who grew up playing with the lesser-known Star Wars toys: the Ugnaughts, Bossks, and Dengars of the Kenner line.\"" }, "Drone (bee)-7": { "title": "Drone (bee)", "section": "Anatomy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "A drone is characterized by eyes that are twice the size of those of worker bees and queens, and a body size greater than that of worker bees, though usually smaller than the queen bee. His abdomen is stouter than the abdomen of workers or queen. Although heavy bodied, the drone must be able to fly fast enough to accompany the queen in flight. The average flight time for a drone is about 20 minutes." }, "Climate of New England-4": { "title": "Climate of New England", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Coastal Rhode Island and southern Connecticut are the broad transition zone from continental climates to the north, to temperate climates (called subtropical in some climate classifications) to the south. In this region, summers can be quite long and hot, with humid, tropical air masses being common between May and September. Convective thundershowers are common in summer. The coast of Connecticut from Stamford, through the New Haven area to the New London, and Westerly and Newport, Rhode Island area is usually the mildest area of New England in winter. Winter precipitation in this area falls mostly in the form of rain or a wintry mix of sleet, rain , and wet snow. Seasonal snowfall is far less across far southern Connecticut and coastal Rhode Island here than it is across interior and Northern coastal areas (only 24 to 30 inches (610 to 760\u00a0mm) of snow annually. Cold snaps in this far southern zone also tend to be shorter and less intense than points north. Winters also tend to be sunnier and warmer in southern Connecticut and southern Rhode Island compared to northern and central New England. The frost-free growing season approaches 200 days along the Connecticut coast." }, "Andy Warhol-4": { "title": "Andy Warhol", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Early life and beginnings (1928\u20131949)" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Warhol was born on August 6, 1928, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was the fourth child of Ondrej Warhola (Americanized as Andrew Warhola, Sr., 1889\u20131942) and Julia (n\u00e9e Zavack\u00e1, 1892\u20131972), whose first child was born in their homeland and died before their move to the U.S." }, "Tyrian purple-1": { "title": "Tyrian purple", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tyrian purple (Ancient Greek: \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1 porph\u00fara; Latin: purpura), also known as Phoenician red, Phoenician purple, royal purple, imperial purple, or imperial dye, is a reddish-purple natural dye; the name Tyrian refers to Tyre, Lebanon. It is a secretion produced by several species of predatory sea snails in the family [Muricidae], rock snails originally known by the name 'Murex'. In ancient times, extracting this dye involved tens of thousands of snails and substantial labor, and as a result, the dye was highly valued. The main chemical is '6,6\u2032-dibromoindigo." }, "Rand Paul-2": { "title": "Rand Paul", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Paul attended Baylor University and is a graduate of the Duke University School of Medicine. Paul began practicing ophthalmology in 1993 in Bowling Green, Kentucky, and established his own clinic in December 2007. In 2010, Paul entered politics by running for a seat in the United States Senate. A Republican, Paul has described himself as a Constitutional conservative and a supporter of the Tea Party movement. He has advocated for a balanced budget amendment, term limits, privacy reform, and criminal justice reform." }, "Thetan-1": { "title": "Thetan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Scientology, the concept of the thetan (/\u02c8\u03b8e\u026at\u0259n/) is similar to the concept of self, or the spirit or soul as found in several belief systems. This similarity is not total, though. The term is derived from the Greek letter \u0398, theta, which in Scientology beliefs represents \"the source of life, or life itself.\" In Scientology it is believed that it is the thetan, not the central nervous system, which commands the body through communication points." }, "Shades of gray-7": { "title": "Shades of gray", "section": "Achromatic grays", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Achromatic grays are colors in which the RGB (red, green, and blue) values are exactly equal. Since achromatic grays have no hue, the hue code (the h in the hsv values of the color) is indicated with a dash. Achromatic grays are the axis of the color sphere, with white at the north pole and black at the south pole of the color sphere. The various tones of achromatic gray are along the axis of the color sphere from white at the top of the axis to black at the bottom of the axis." }, "Deciduous-9": { "title": "Deciduous", "section": "Botany", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The beginnings of leaf drop starts when an abscission layer is formed between the leaf petiole and the stem. This layer is formed in the spring during active new growth of the leaf; it consists of layers of cells that can separate from each other. The cells are sensitive to a plant hormone called auxin that is produced by the leaf and other parts of the plant. When auxin coming from the leaf is produced at a rate consistent with that from the body of the plant, the cells of the abscission layer remain connected; in autumn, or when under stress, the auxin flow from the leaf decreases or stops, triggering cellular elongation within the abscission layer. The elongation of these cells break the connection between the different cell layers, allowing the leaf to break away from the plant. It also forms a layer that seals the break, so the plant does not lose sap." }, "Soured milk-1": { "title": "Soured milk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Soured milk denotes a range of food products produced by the acidification of milk. Acidification, which gives the milk a tart taste, is achieved either through bacterial fermentation or through the addition of an acid, such as lemon juice or vinegar. The acid causes milk to coagulate and thicken, inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria and improving the product's shelf life." }, "Richard Burton-57": { "title": "Richard Burton", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 57, "content": "Burton was married five times, twice consecutively to Taylor. From 1949 until 1963, he was married to Sybil Williams, with whom he had two daughters, Kate (born 1957) and Jessica Burton (born 1959). His marriages to Taylor lasted from 15 March 1964 to 26 June 1974 and from 10 October 1975 to 29 July 1976. Their first wedding was at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Montreal. Of their marriage, Taylor proclaimed, \"I'm so happy you can't believe it. This marriage will last forever.\" Their second wedding took place sixteen months after their divorce, in Chobe National Park in Botswana. Taylor and Eddie Fisher adopted a daughter from Germany, Maria Burton (born 1 August 1961), who was re-adopted by Burton after he and Taylor married. Burton also re-adopted Taylor and producer Mike Todd's daughter, Elizabeth Frances \"Liza\" Todd (born 6 August 1957), who had been first adopted by Fisher." }, "Genghis Khan-2": { "title": "Genghis Khan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Before Genghis Khan died he assigned \u00d6gedei Khan as his successor. Later his grandsons split his empire into khanates. Genghis Khan died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. By his request, his body was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia. His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states in all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and substantial portions of Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia. Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations. As a result, Genghis Khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories." }, "Princess Peach-3": { "title": "Princess Peach", "section": "Design and characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Princess Peach has long, blonde hair (except in Super Mario Bros. 2 and Super Mario Bros. 3, where she has brown hair), blue eyes, tall frame, an hourglass figure, and a rosy complexion. She generally wears a pink dress with a ruffled hemline, short puffy sleeves, a frilled collar, and a pannier-style overskirt. Her accessories are red high heels, opera-length white evening gloves, a sapphire brooch, sapphire earrings, and a gold crown adorned with sapphires and rubies. Her hair is sometimes pulled back into a ponytail, first in Super Mario Sunshine and later in the Mario Kart and Mario Sports games beginning with Mario Kart: Double Dash!! and Mario Golf: Toadstool Tour respectively. In sports games, she wears pink athletic clothing, ranging from shorts and a T-shirt to a set of armour to motorcycle leathers. She also wears a light pink sundress in Super Mario Sunshine. It is worn with a sapphire ring and a gold bracelet." }, "Reticulated python-27": { "title": "Reticulated python", "section": "As a pet", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "In early 20th-century Indonesia: On Salibabu island, North Sulawesi, a 14-year-old boy was killed and supposedly eaten by a specimen 5.17\u00a0m (17.0\u00a0ft) in length. Another incident involved a woman reputedly eaten by a \"large reticulated python\", but few details are known. In the early 1910s or in 1927, a jeweller went hunting with his friends and was apparently eaten by a 6\u00a0m (19.7\u00a0ft) python after he sought shelter from a rainstorm in or under a tree. Supposedly, he was swallowed feet-first, contrary to normal snake behaviour, but perhaps the easiest way for a snake to actually swallow a human. In 1932, Frank Buck wrote about a teenaged boy who was eaten by a pet 25\u00a0ft (7.6\u00a0m) reticulated python in the Philippines. According to Buck, the python escaped, and when it was found, a human child's shape was recognized inside the snake, and turned out to be the son of the snake's owner.[citation needed] Among a small group of Aeta negritos in the Philippines, six deaths by pythons were said to have been documented within a period of 40 years, plus one who died later of an infected bite. In September 1995, a 29-year-old rubber tapper from the southern Malaysian state of Johor, was reported to have been killed by a large reticulated python. The victim had apparently been caught unaware and was squeezed to death. The snake had coiled around the lifeless body with the victim's head gripped in its jaws when it was stumbled upon by the victim's brother. The python, reported as measuring 23\u00a0ft (7.0\u00a0m) long and weighing more than 300\u00a0lb, was killed soon after by the arriving police, who shot it four times. In October 2008, a 25-year-old woman appeared to have been killed by a 13-foot (4.0\u00a0m) pet reticulated python. The apparent cause of death was asphyxiation. The snake was later found in the bedroom in an agitated state. In January 2009, a 3-year-old boy was wrapped in the coils of a 18\u00a0ft (5.5\u00a0m) pet reticulated python, turning blue. The boy's mother, who had been petsitting the python on behalf of a friend, rescued the toddler by gashing the python with a knife. The snake was later euthanized because of its wounds. In December 2013, a 59-year-old security guard was strangled to death while trying to capture a python near the Bali Hyatt, a luxury hotel on Indonesia's resort island. The incident happened around 3 am as the 4.5-m (15-ft) python was crossing a road near the hotel. The victim had offered to help capture the snake, which had been spotted several times before near the hotel in the Sanur, Bali, area and escaped back into nearby bushes. In March 2017, the body of Akbar Salubiro, a 25-year-old farmer in Central Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi, Indonesia, was found inside the stomach of a 7\u00a0m (23\u00a0ft) reticulated python. He had been declared missing from his palm tree plantation, and the people searching for him found the python the next day with a large bulge in its stomach. They killed the python and found the whole body of the missing farmer inside. This was the first fully confirmed case of a person being eaten by a python. The process of retrieving the body from the python's stomach was documented by pictures and videos taken by witnesses. In June 2018, a 54-year-old Indonesian woman in Muna Island, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, was killed and eaten by a 23-ft python. The woman went missing one night while working in her garden, and the next day, a search party was organized after some of her belongings were found abandoned in the garden. The python was found near the garden with a large bulge in its body. The snake was killed and carried into town, where it was cut open, revealing the woman's body completely intact. A video of the snake being gutted was posted online. Increased popularity of the reticulated python in the pet trade is due largely to increased efforts in captive breeding and selectively bred mutations such as the \"albino\" and \"tiger\" strains. It can make a good captive, but keepers should have previous experience with large constrictors to ensure safety to both animal and keeper. Although its interactivity and beauty draws much attention, some feel it is unpredictable. It does not attack humans by nature, but will bite and possibly constrict if it feels threatened, or mistakes a hand for food. While not venomous, large pythons can inflict serious injuries, sometimes requiring stitches." }, "Chicago \"L\"-37": { "title": "Chicago \"L\"", "section": "Renovation and expansion plans", "headers": [ "Recent service improvements and capital projects", "2000-2010" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "In late 2007, trains were forced to operate at reduced speed over more than 22% of the system due to deteriorated track, structure, and other problems. By October 2008, system-wide slow zones had been reduced to 9.1% and by January 2010, total slow zones were reduced to 6.3%.[citation needed] CTA's Slow Zone Elimination Project is an ongoing effort to restore track work to conditions where trains no longer have to reduce speeds through deteriorating areas. The Loop received track work in 2012\u20132013. The Purple Line in Evanston received track work and viaduct replacement in 2011\u20132013. The Green Line Ashland branch received track work in 2013, prior to the Red Line Dan Ryan branch reconstruction." }, "1980 United States presidential election-4": { "title": "1980 United States presidential election", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Reagan won the election by a landslide, taking a large majority of the electoral vote and 50.7% of the popular vote. Reagan received the highest number of electoral votes ever won by a non-incumbent presidential candidate. In the simultaneous Congressional elections, Republicans won control of the United States Senate for the first time since 1955. Carter won 41% of the vote but carried just six states and Washington, D.C. Anderson won 6.6% of the popular vote, and he performed best among liberal Republican voters dissatisfied with Reagan. Reagan, then 69, was the oldest person to ever be elected to a first term until Donald Trump was elected president in 2016 at the age of 70." }, "Peanut butter, banana and bacon sandwich-1": { "title": "Peanut butter, banana and bacon sandwich", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Peanut Butter and banana sandwich, or peanut butter, banana and bacon sandwich, sometimes referred to as an Elvis sandwich or simply the Elvis, consists of toasted bread slices with peanut butter, sliced or mashed banana, and sometimes bacon. Honey is seen in some variations of the sandwich. The sandwich is frequently cooked in a pan or on a griddle. The recipe for the sandwich has been published in numerous cookbooks and newspaper stories. It is sold commercially in restaurants that specialize in peanut butter sandwiches, such as Peanut Butter & Co." }, "Franklin Pierce-1": { "title": "Franklin Pierce", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 \u2013 October 8, 1869) was the 14th president of the United States (1853\u20131857), a northern Democrat who saw the abolitionist movement as a fundamental threat to the unity of the nation. He alienated anti-slavery groups by supporting and signing the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act and enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act, yet he failed to stem conflict between North and South, setting the stage for Southern secession and the American Civil War." }, "Spam (food)-8": { "title": "Spam (food)", "section": "International usage", "headers": [ "United States and territories" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Domestically, Spam's chief advantages were affordability, accessibility, and extended shelf life. Statistics from the 1990s say that 3.8 cans of Spam were consumed every second in the United States, totaling nearly 122 million cans annually. It became part of the diet of almost 30% of American households, perceived differently in various regions of the country. It is also sometimes associated with economic hardship because of its relatively low cost." }, "Kings of Judah-14": { "title": "Kings of Judah", "section": "Chronology", "headers": [ "Co-regency" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Following the approach of Wellhausen, another set of calculations shows it is probable that Hezekiah did not ascend the throne before 722 BCE. By Albright's calculations, Jehu's initial year was 842 BC; and between it and Samaria's destruction the Books of Kings give the total number of the years the kings of Israel ruled as 143 7/12, while for the kings of Judah the number is 165. This discrepancy, amounting in the case of Judah to 45 years (165\u2212120), has been accounted for in various ways; each of those positions must allow for Hezekiah's first six years to have fallen before 722 BCE. (However, Hezekiah beginning to reign before 722 BCE is consistent with a co-regency of Ahaz and Hezekiah from 729 BC.) Nor is it clearly known how old Hezekiah was when called to the throne; although 2 Kings 18:2 states that he was twenty-five years of age, his father died at the age of thirty-six (2 Kings 16:2) and it is not likely that Ahaz had a son at the age of eleven. Hezekiah's son Manasseh ascended the throne twenty-nine years later, at the age of twelve. This places his birth in the seventeenth year of his father's reign, suggesting Hezekiah's age as forty-two, if he was twenty-five at his ascension. It is more probable that Ahaz was twenty-one or twenty-five when Hezekiah was born (suggesting an error in the text), and that the latter was thirty-two at the birth of his son and successor, Manasseh." }, "Canelo \u00c1lvarez-1": { "title": "Canelo \u00c1lvarez", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Santos Sa\u00fal \u00c1lvarez Barrag\u00e1n (American Spanish:\u00a0[sa\u02c8ul \u02c8al\u03b2a\u027ees]; born 18 July 1990), better known as \"Canelo\" \u00c1lvarez, is a Mexican professional boxer who is a three-division world champion. He has held the unified WBA (Super), WBC, The Ring and lineal middleweight titles since 2018, the IBF middleweight title from May to August 2019 and the WBA (Regular) super middleweight title since 2018. He previously held the WBA (Unified), WBC and Ring light middleweight titles between 2011 and 2013; the WBC, Ring and lineal middleweight titles between 2015 and 2018, the WBO light middleweight title from 2016 to 2017 and the WBO light heavyweight title from November to December 2019." }, "Monty Python and the Holy Grail-9": { "title": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "When Arthur and Bedevere reach the bridge's end, they cannot find Lancelot, unaware he has been arrested by the police investigating the historian's death. Arthur and Bedevere eventually reach the Castle of Aarrgh, only to find it occupied by the same French soldiers who taunted them before. After being driven to retreat by showers of manure, they amass a large army of knights and prepare to assault the castle. Just as they are charging in to attack, a large force of police shows up, arrests Arthur and Bedevere for the historian's death and shuts down the film's production. The movie ends with one of the officers breaking the camera." }, "Ice trade-1": { "title": "Ice trade", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The ice trade, also known as the frozen water trade, was a 19th-century and early-20th-century industry, centring on the east coast of the United States and Norway, involving the large-scale harvesting, transport and sale of natural ice, and later the making and sale of artificial ice, for domestic consumption and commercial purposes. Ice was cut from the surface of ponds and streams, then stored in ice houses, before being sent on by ship, barge or railroad to its final destination around the world. Networks of ice wagons were typically used to distribute the product to the final domestic and smaller commercial customers. The ice trade revolutionised the U.S. meat, vegetable and fruit industries, enabled significant growth in the fishing industry, and encouraged the introduction of a range of new drinks and foods." }, "Olive-73": { "title": "Olive", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "Pests, diseases, and weather" ], "para_index": 73, "content": "Rabbits eat the bark of olive trees and can do considerable damage, especially to young trees. If the bark is removed around the entire circumference of a tree, it is likely to die. Voles and mice also do damage by eating the roots of olives." }, "Michael (archangel)-3": { "title": "Michael (archangel)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In the New Testament, Michael leads God's armies against Satan's forces in the Book of Revelation, where during the war in heaven he defeats Satan. In the Epistle of Jude, Michael is specifically referred to as \"the archangel Michael\". Catholic sanctuaries to Michael appeared in the 4th century, when he was first seen as a healing angel, and then over time as a protector and the leader of the army of God against the forces of evil." }, "Uterus-1": { "title": "Uterus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The uterus (from Latin \"uterus\", plural uteri) or womb (/wu\u02d0m/) is a major female hormone-responsive secondary sex organ of the reproductive system in humans and most other mammals. In the human, the lower end of the uterus, the cervix, opens into the vagina, while the upper end, the fundus, is connected to the fallopian tubes. It is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation. In the human embryo, the uterus develops from the paramesonephric ducts which fuse into the single organ known as a simplex uterus. The uterus has different forms in many other animals and in some it exists as two separate uteri known as a duplex uterus." }, "IPhone (1st generation)-11": { "title": "IPhone (1st generation)", "section": "Post-release", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "A 16\u00a0GB model was released on February 5, 2008 for $499, the original launch price of the 4\u00a0GB model. Apple released an SDK on March 6, 2008, allowing developers to create the apps that would be available starting in iPhone OS version 2.0, a free upgrade for iPhone users. On June 9, Apple announced the iPhone 3G, which began shipping July 11. The original iPhone was discontinued on July 15; total sales volume came to 6,124,000 units." }, "Paul Verhoeven-4": { "title": "Paul Verhoeven", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Paul Verhoeven was born in Amsterdam on 18 July 1938, the son of a school teacher, Wim Verhoeven, and a hat maker, Nel van Schaardenburg. His family lived in the village of Slikkerveer." }, "Photography-1": { "title": "Photography", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Photography is the art, application and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. It is employed in many fields of science, manufacturing (e.g., photolithography), and business, as well as its more direct uses for art, film and video production, recreational purposes, hobby, and mass communication." }, "Pear-8": { "title": "Pear", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The fruit is composed of the receptacle or upper end of the flower-stalk (the so-called calyx tube) greatly dilated. Enclosed within its cellular flesh is the true fruit: five 'cartilaginous' carpels, known colloquially as the \"core\". From the upper rim of the receptacle are given off the five sepals,[vague] the five petals, and the very numerous stamens." }, "Mercury poisoning-27": { "title": "Mercury poisoning", "section": "Mechanism", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Mercury in its various forms is particularly harmful to fetuses as an environmental toxin in pregnancy, as well as to infants. Women who have been exposed to mercury in substantial excess of dietary selenium intakes during pregnancy are at risk of giving birth to children with serious birth defects. Mercury exposures in excess of dietary selenium intakes in young children can have severe neurological consequences, preventing nerve sheaths from forming properly." }, "Petroleum jelly-24": { "title": "Petroleum jelly", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Other", "Mechanical, barrier functions" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Petroleum jelly can be used to fill copper or fibre-optic cables using plastic insulation to prevent the ingress of water, see icky-pick." }, "United States Marine Corps-3": { "title": "United States Marine Corps", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore. In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare, advancing from island to island. As of 2017, the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve." }, "Large Electron\u2013Positron Collider-2": { "title": "Large Electron\u2013Positron Collider", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It was built at CERN, a multi-national centre for research in nuclear and particle physics near Geneva, Switzerland. LEP collided electrons with positrons at energies that reached 209 GeV. It was a circular collider with a circumference of 27 kilometres built in a tunnel roughly 100\u00a0m (300\u00a0ft) underground and passing through Switzerland and France. LEP was used from 1989 until 2000. Around 2001 it was dismantled to make way for the Large Hadron Collider, which re-used the LEP tunnel. To date, LEP is the most powerful accelerator of leptons ever built." }, "Alcatraz Island-4": { "title": "Alcatraz Island", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "According to a 1971 documentary on the history of Alcatraz, the island measures 1,675 feet (511\u00a0m) by 590 feet (180\u00a0m) and is 135 feet (41\u00a0m) at highest point during mean tide. The total area of the island is reported to be 22 acres (8.9\u00a0ha). Landmarks on the island include the Main Cellhouse, Dining Hall, Lighthouse, the ruins of the Warden's House and Social Hall, Parade Grounds, Building 64, Water Tower, New Industries Building, Model Industries Building, and the Recreation Yard." }, "Homer-1": { "title": "Homer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Homer (/\u02c8ho\u028am\u0259r/; Ancient Greek: \u1f4d\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 Greek pronunciation:\u00a0[h\u00f3m\u025b\u02d0ros], H\u00f3m\u0113ros) is the semi-legendary author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems that are the central works of ancient Greek literature. The Iliad is set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek kingdoms. It focuses on a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles lasting a few weeks during the last year of the war. The Odyssey focuses on the ten-year journey home of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, after the fall of Troy. Many accounts of Homer's life circulated in classical antiquity, the most widespread being that he was a blind bard from Ionia, a region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey. Modern scholars consider these accounts legendary." }, "John Key-5": { "title": "John Key", "section": "Early life and education", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Key was born in Auckland, New Zealand, to George Key (1914\u20131969) and Ruth Key (n\u00e9e Lazar; 1922\u20132000), on 9 August 1961. His father was an English immigrant and a veteran of the Spanish Civil War and World War II. Key and his two sisters were raised in a state house in the Christchurch suburb of Bryndwr, by his mother, an Austrian Jewish immigrant. Key is the third prime minister or premier of New Zealand to have Jewish ancestry, after Julius Vogel and Francis Bell." }, "New York Public Library Main Branch-1": { "title": "New York Public Library Main Branch", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Stephen A. Schwarzman Building, commonly known as the Main Branch or the New York Public Library, is the flagship building in the New York Public Library system and a landmark in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The branch, one of four research libraries in the library system, contains nine separate divisions. The structure contains four stories open to the public. The main entrance steps are at Fifth Avenue at its intersection with East 41st Street. As of 2015[update], the branch contains an estimated 2.5 million volumes in its stacks. The building was declared a National Historic Landmark, a National Register of Historic Places site, and a New York City designated landmark in the 1960s." }, "Eiffel Tower-3": { "title": "Eiffel Tower", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The tower is 324 metres (1,063\u00a0ft) tall, about the same height as an 81-storey building, and the tallest structure in Paris. Its base is square, measuring 125 metres (410\u00a0ft) on each side. During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was finished in 1930. It was the first structure to reach a height of 300 metres. Due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower in 1957, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres (17\u00a0ft). Excluding transmitters, the Eiffel Tower is the second tallest free-standing structure in France after the Millau Viaduct." }, "The Hague-20": { "title": "The Hague", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Cityscape" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "The Hague is the largest Dutch city on the North Sea and includes two distinct beach resorts. The main beach resort Scheveningen, in the northwestern part of the city is a popular destination for tourists as well as for inhabitants. With 10 million visitors a year, it is the most popular beach town in the Benelux area. Kijkduin, in the south west, is The Hague's other beach resort. It is significantly smaller and attracts mainly local residents." }, "Biochemistry-1": { "title": "Biochemistry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. Biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life." }, "French Riviera-4": { "title": "French Riviera", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The French Riviera has a total population of more than two million. It contains the seaside resorts of Cap-d'Ail, Beaulieu-sur-Mer, Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, Villefranche-sur-Mer, Antibes, Juan-les-Pins, Cannes, Saint-Rapha\u00ebl, Fr\u00e9jus, Sainte-Maxime and Saint-Tropez. It is also home to a high tech and science park (French: technopole) at Sophia-Antipolis (north of Antibes), and a research and technology center at the University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis. The region has 35,000 students, of whom 25 percent are working toward a doctorate." }, "Quetiapine-11": { "title": "Quetiapine", "section": "Medical uses", "headers": [ "Major depressive disorder" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Quetiapine is effective when used by itself and when used along with other medications in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, sedation is often an undesirable side effect." }, "Imam-2": { "title": "Imam", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It is most commonly used as the title of a worship leader of a mosque and Muslim community among Sunni Muslims. In this context, imams may lead Islamic worship services, serve as community leaders , and provide religious guidance. In Yemen, the title was formerly given to the king of the country." }, "1986 World Series-1": { "title": "1986 World Series", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The 1986 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 1986 season. The 83rd edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff played between the National League (NL) champion New York Mets and the American League (AL) champion Boston Red Sox. The Mets won the Series in the seventh game, after overcoming a deficit of two runs with two outs and no one on base in the bottom of the 10th inning of Game\u00a06. This was a game in which the Red Sox were twice one strike away from victory, and known for the famous error by Boston's first baseman Bill Buckner after their lead had already been blown. Game\u00a06 has been cited in the legend of the \"Curse of the Bambino\" to explain the major comeback. The 1986 World Series marked the second time in which that team lost the first two games of the series at home (it had first happened in the previous year's World Series). It was also the first World Series to use the designated hitter only in games played at the American League representative's stadium, a policy which has continued since (prior to this, since 1976, the DH would be used in all parks in the World Series for even-numbered years, but in odd-numbered years, the DH rule would not be in effect)." }, "Ariana Grande-34": { "title": "Ariana Grande", "section": "Public image", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "[N]o matter how much you are underestimated ... you are going to open your mouth and that unbelievable sound is going to come out. That extraordinary, versatile, limitless instrument that allows you to shut down every objection and every obstacle. That voice \u2013 powered by nothing but your remarkable empathy, your ravenous intelligence, your cool discipline and your voracious ambition. Grande cited Audrey Hepburn as her biggest style influence during her early years, but began to find imitating Hepburn's style \"a little boring\" as her career progressed. She also drew inspirations from actresses of the 1950s and 1960s, including Ann-Margret, Nancy Sinatra and Marilyn Monroe. Grande's modest look early in her career was described as \"age appropriate\", compared with other pop stars who grew up in the public eye. Jim Farber of New York Daily News wrote in 2014 that Grande received less attention \"for how little she wears or how graphically she moves than for how she sings.\" That year, she began to wear short skirts and crop tops with knee-high boots in performances and on red carpets. After years of dyeing her hair red to play Cat Valentine, Grande wore extensions. Anne T. Donahue of MTV News argued that her iconic ponytail receives more attention than her bold fashion choices." }, "Digital native-1": { "title": "Digital native", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The term digital native describes a person who has grown up in the digital age, rather than having acquired familiarity with digital systems as an adult, as a digital immigrant. Both terms were used as early as 1996 as part of the Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace. They are often used to describe the digital gap in terms of the ability of technological use among people born from 1980 onward and those born before." }, "Raw meat-4": { "title": "Raw meat", "section": "Beef, poultry and seafood", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "There are many disease-carrying pathogens found in raw meats, and they differ according to the source, whether it be mammalian, poultry or seafood. Some disease-carrying pathogens found in beef are Salmonellas, Escherichia coli, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. Different varieties of Salmonellas are often found in contaminated poultry. Seafood itself can also contain a wide variety of pathogens. The most common pathogen in raw oysters is Vibrio gastroenteritis, while Salmonella, Plesiomonsas shielloides, and staphylococcus are found in contaminated raw shrimp, and Vibrio cholerae has been found in raw crabmeat. Many of the symptoms that result from these diseases involve intestinal damage and can have potentially fatal effects for those at risk. The symptoms of an E. coli infection include bloody diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, and possible complications for the immune-compromised, elderly or children. These complications can include Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) and neurological problems. The symptoms of Vibrio gastroenteritis include frequent fevers, bloody diarrhea, long duration of illness and hospitalization. While most of these diseases are still most commonly found in raw meat, the instances of detection in other mediums are increasing. For instance, Salmonella is most commonly found in poultry, but has been recently identified in sources such as eggs, dairy, meat, fresh vegetables and fruits. E. coli has also been found in beef, lamb, lettuce, sprouts, fruit juices, vegetables, raw milk, and water. Possible reasons for the increase are the globalization of the food market, improper handling, and leakage." }, "Assyria-1": { "title": "Assyria", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Assyria (/\u0259\u02c8s\u026a\u0259ri\u0259/), also called the Assyrian Empire, was a Mesopotamian kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East and the Levant that existed as a state from perhaps as early as the 25th century BC (in the form of the Assur city-state) until its collapse between 612 BC and 609 BC \u2013 spanning the periods of the Early to Middle Bronze Age through to the late Iron Age. This vast span of time is divided in Early Period (2500 BC-2025 BC), Old Assyrian Empire (2025 BC - 1378 BC), Middle Assyrian Empire (1392 BC - 934 BC) and Neo-Assyrian Empire (911 BC - 609 BC)." }, "Richard Dawkins-24": { "title": "Richard Dawkins", "section": "Work", "headers": [ "Criticism of religion" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "On his spectrum of theistic probability, which has seven levels between 1 (100% certainty that a God or gods exist) and 7 (100% certainty that a God or gods do not exist), Dawkins has said he is a 6.9, which represents a \"de facto atheist\" who thinks \"I cannot know for certain but I think God is very improbable, and I live my life on the assumption that he is not there.\" When asked about his slight uncertainty, Dawkins quips, \"I am agnostic to the extent that I am agnostic about fairies at the bottom of the garden.\" In May 2014, at the Hay Festival in Wales, Dawkins explained that while he does not believe in the supernatural elements of the Christian faith, he still has nostalgia for the ceremonial side of religion. In addition to beliefs in deities, Dawkins has criticized religious beliefs as irrational, such as that Jesus turned water into wine, that an embryo starts as a blob, that magic underwear will protect you, that Jesus was resurrected, that semen comes from the spine, that Jesus walked on water, that the sun sets in a marsh, that the Garden of Eden existed in Missouri, that Jesus' mother was a virgin, that Muhammad split the moon, and that Lazarus was raised from the dead." }, "Ca' Vendramin Calergi-9": { "title": "Ca' Vendramin Calergi", "section": "Wagner Museum", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Wagner died of a heart attack in the palace on the afternoon of 13 February 1883 at age 69. A memorial plaque on a brick wall adjacent to the building is inscribed with a tribute by novelist and poet Gabriele d'Annunzio that reads:" }, "Nickel\u2013metal hydride battery-1": { "title": "Nickel\u2013metal hydride battery", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A nickel metal hydride battery, abbreviated NiMH or Ni\u2013MH, is a type of rechargeable battery. The chemical reaction at the positive electrode is similar to that of the nickel\u2013cadmium cell (NiCd), with both using nickel oxide hydroxide (NiOOH). However, the negative electrodes use a hydrogen-absorbing alloy instead of cadmium. A NiMH battery can have two to three times the capacity of an equivalent size NiCd, and its energy density can approach that of a lithium-ion battery." }, "Hippocratic Oath-1": { "title": "Hippocratic Oath", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Hippocratic Oath is an oath of ethics historically taken by physicians. It is one of the most widely known of Greek medical texts. In its original form, it requires a new physician to swear, by a number of healing gods, to uphold specific ethical standards. The oath is the earliest expression of medical ethics in the Western world, establishing several principles of medical ethics which remain of paramount significance today. These include the principles of medical confidentiality and non-maleficence. As the seminal articulation of certain principles that continue to guide and inform medical practice, the ancient text is of more than historic and symbolic value. Swearing a modified form of the oath remains a rite of passage for medical graduates in many countries." }, "Eggplant-46": { "title": "Eggplant", "section": "Cultivation and pests", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "Many of the pests and diseases that afflict other solanaceous plants, such as tomato, capsicum, and potato, are also troublesome to eggplants. For this reason, it should generally not be planted in areas previously occupied by its close relatives. However, since eggplants can be particularly susceptible to pests such as whiteflies, they are sometimes grown with slightly less susceptible plants, such as chili pepper, as a sacrificial trap crop. Four years should separate successive crops of eggplants to reduce pest pressure." }, "Catholic Bible-4": { "title": "Catholic Bible", "section": "Books included", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The Catholic Bible is composed of the 46 books of the Old Testament and the 27 books of the New Testament." }, "Dog anatomy-117": { "title": "Dog anatomy", "section": "Senses", "headers": [ "Smell" ], "para_index": 117, "content": "citation needed] While the human brain is dominated by a large visual cortex, the dog brain is dominated by a large olfactory cortex. Dogs have roughly forty times more smell-sensitive receptors than humans, ranging from about 125\u00a0million to nearly 300\u00a0million in some dog breeds, such as bloodhounds. This is thought to make its sense of smell up to 40 times more sensitive than human's. These receptors are spread over an area about the size of a pocket handkerchief (compared to 5\u00a0million over an area the size of a postage stamp for humans). Dogs' sense of smell also includes the use of the vomeronasal organ, which is used primarily for social interactions." }, "Indigestion-25": { "title": "Indigestion", "section": "Treatment", "headers": [ "Acid suppression" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Antacids and sucralfate were found to be no better than placebo in a literature review. H2-RAs have been shown to have marked benefit in poor quality trials (30% relative risk reduction), but only a marginal benefit in good quality trials. Prokinetic agents would empirically seem to work well since delayed gastric emptying is considered a major pathophysiological mechanism in functional dyspepsia. They have been shown in a meta-analysis to produce a relative risk reduction of up to 50%, but the studies evaluated to come to this conclusion used the drug cisapride which has since been removed from the market (now only available as an investigational agent) due to serious adverse events such as torsades, and publication bias has been cited as a potential partial explanation for such a high benefit. Modern prokinetic agents such as metoclopramide, erythromycin and tegaserod have little or no established efficacy and often result in substantial side effects. Simethicone is of some value, as one trial suggests potential benefit over placebo and another shows equivalence with cisapride. So, with the somewhat recent advent of the proton pump inhibitor (PPI) class of medications, the question of whether these new agents are superior to traditional therapy has arisen." }, "Evergreen-1": { "title": "Evergreen", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In botany, an evergreen is a plant that has leaves throughout the year and are always green. This is true even if the plant retains its foliage only in warm climates, and contrasts with deciduous plants, which completely lose their foliage during the winter or dry season." }, "Closed-circuit television-3": { "title": "Closed-circuit television", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In industrial plants, CCTV equipment may be used to observe parts of a process from a central control room, for example when the environment is not suitable for humans. CCTV systems may operate continuously or only as required to monitor a particular event. A more advanced form of CCTV, utilizing digital video recorders (DVRs), provides recording for possibly many years, with a variety of quality and performance options and extra features (such as motion detection and email alerts). More recently, decentralized IP cameras, perhaps equipped with megapixel sensors, support recording directly to network-attached storage devices, or internal flash for completely stand-alone operation." }, "Computer-23": { "title": "Computer", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Digital computers", "Electromechanical" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22\u00a0bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5\u201310\u00a0Hz. Program code was supplied on punched film while data could be stored in 64 words of memory or supplied from the keyboard. It was quite similar to modern machines in some respects, pioneering numerous advances such as floating point numbers. Rather than the harder-to-implement decimal system (used in Charles Babbage's earlier design), using a binary system meant that Zuse's machines were easier to build and potentially more reliable, given the technologies available at that time. The Z3 was Turing complete." }, "Marilyn Manson (band)-1": { "title": "Marilyn Manson (band)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Marilyn Manson is an American industrial metal band formed by namesake lead singer Marilyn Manson and guitarist Daisy Berkowitz in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, in 1989. Originally named Marilyn Manson & the Spooky Kids, they gained a local cult following in South Florida in the early 1990s with their theatrical live performances. In 1993, they were the first act signed to Trent Reznor's Nothing Records label. Until 1996, the name of each member was created by combining the first name of a female sex symbol and the last name of a serial killer, for example Marilyn Monroe and Charles Manson. Their lineup has changed between many of their album releases; the eponymous lead singer is the only remaining original member." }, "Metropolitan Museum of Art-50": { "title": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "In 2012, following the earlier appointment of Daniel Brodsky as chairman of the board at the Met, the by-laws of the museum were formally amended to recognize the office of the chairman as having authority over the assignment and review of the both the offices of president and director of the museum. The office of chairman was first introduced relatively late in the museum's history in the 1960s in contemplation of the anticipated donation of the Lehman collection to the museum and has since that time, under Brodsky, become the most senior administrative position at the museum. In January 2018, Daniel Weiss as president of the museum announced that the century-old policy of free admission to the museum would be replaced by a new admission policy which would require a charge of $25 to out-of-state and foreign visitors to the museum effective March 2018." }, "Vatia, American Samoa-17": { "title": "Vatia, American Samoa", "section": "Population", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Vatia has an estimated population of 640 as of late 2010. This is an increase of around 60% since 1980. Vatia had a median age of 22, and over 60% of the village's population was between 0 and 45 years old. Many residents work for the government of American Samoa and the private sector. Many are also employed with the canneries in the Pago Pago area." }, "Linux-3": { "title": "Linux", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Popular Linux distributions include Debian, Fedora, and Ubuntu. Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland, and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma. Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether, or include a solution stack such as LAMP. Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any purpose.." }, "HMS Ocean-1": { "title": "HMS Ocean", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Six ships that were built for the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Ocean. The name Ocean entered the list from which names are selected for British ships in 1759, when the Royal Navy captured the French ship named Oc\u00e9an. The British studied the French technology of this ship and admired it, but the ship had to be in bad shape before it would be replaced by a new-build." }, "Hippolytus of Rome-1": { "title": "Hippolytus of Rome", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hippolytus (c. 170\u2013235 AD) was one of the most important second-third century Christian theologians, whose provenance, identity and corpus remain elusive to scholars and historians. Suggested communities include Palestine, Egypt, Anatolia, Rome and regions of the mideast. The best historians of literature in the ancient church, including Eusebius of Caesarea and Jerome, openly confess they cannot name where Hippolytus the biblical commentator and theologian served in leadership. They had read his works but did not possess evidence of his community. Photios I of Constantinople describes him in his Bibliotheca (cod. 121) as a disciple of Irenaeus, who was said to be a disciple of Polycarp, and from the context of this passage it is supposed that he suggested that Hippolytus so styled himself. This assertion is doubtful. One older theory asserts he came into conflict with the popes of his time and seems to have headed a schismatic group as a rival to the Bishop of Rome, thus becoming an Antipope. In this view, he opposed the Roman Popes who softened the penitential system to accommodate the large number of new pagan converts. However, he was reconciled to the Church before he died as a martyr." }, "Skype-4": { "title": "Skype", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "First released in August 2003, Skype was created by the Swede Niklas Zennstr\u00f6m and the Dane Janus Friis, in cooperation with Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, and Jaan Tallinn, Estonians who developed the backend that was also used in the music-sharing application Kazaa. In September 2005, eBay acquired Skype for $2.6\u00a0billion. In September 2009, Silver Lake, Andreessen Horowitz, and the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board announced the acquisition of 65% of Skype for $1.9\u00a0billion from eBay, which attributed to the enterprise a market value of $2.92\u00a0billion. Microsoft bought Skype in May 2011 for $8.5\u00a0billion. Skype's division headquarters are in Luxembourg, but most of the development team and 44% of all the division's employees are still situated in Tallinn and Tartu, Estonia." }, "Member states of NATO-2": { "title": "Member states of NATO", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Of the 30 member countries, two are located in North America (Canada and the United States), 28 are in Europe, one of which (Turkey) is in both Europe and Asia. All members have militaries, except for Iceland, which does not have a typical army (but it does have a coast guard and a small unit of civilian specialists for NATO operations). Three of NATO's members are nuclear weapons states: France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. NATO has 12 original founding member nation states, and from 18 February 1952 to 6 May 1955, it added three more member nations, and a fourth on 30 May 1982. After the end of the Cold War, NATO added 14 more member nations (10 former Warsaw Pact members and four former Yugoslav republics) from 12 March 1999 to 27 March 2020." }, "Serfdom-2": { "title": "Serfdom", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "As with slaves, serfs could be bought, sold, or traded, with some limitations: they generally could be sold only together with land (with the exception of the kholops in Russia and villeins in gross in England who could be traded like regular slaves), could be abused with no rights over their own bodies, could not leave the land they were bound to, and could marry only with their lord's permission. Serfs who occupied a plot of land were required to work for the lord of the manor who owned that land. In return they were entitled to protection, justice, and the right to cultivate certain fields within the manor to maintain their own subsistence. Serfs were often required not only to work on the lord's fields, but also in his mines and forests and to labor to maintain roads. The manor formed the basic unit of feudal society, and the lord of the manor and the villeins, and to a certain extent the serfs, were bound legally: by taxation in the case of the former, and economically and socially in the latter." }, "Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex-4": { "title": "Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Harry was born in the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London, on 15 September 1984 at 4:20\u00a0pm as the second child of Charles, Prince of Wales\u2014heir apparent to Queen Elizabeth II\u2014and Diana, Princess of Wales. He was baptised with the names Henry Charles Albert David, on 21 December 1984, at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie." }, "Grapefruit-18": { "title": "Grapefruit", "section": "Drug interactions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "One whole grapefruit, or a glass of 200\u00a0mL (6.8\u00a0US\u00a0fl\u00a0oz) of grapefruit juice may cause drug overdose toxicity. Typically, drugs that are incompatible with grapefruit are so labeled on the container or package insert. People taking drugs should ask their health care provider or pharmacist questions about grapefruit and drug interactions." }, "Immanuel Kant-1": { "title": "Immanuel Kant", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Immanuel Kant (UK: /k\u00e6nt/, US: /k\u0251\u02d0nt/; German: [\u026a\u02c8ma\u02d0nu\u032fe\u02d0l \u02c8kant, -nu\u032f\u025bl -]; 22 April 1724\u00a0\u2013 12 February 1804) was an influential German philosopher in the Age of Enlightenment. In his doctrine of transcendental idealism, he argued that space, time, and causation are mere sensibilities; \"things-in-themselves\" exist, but their nature is unknowable. In his view, the mind shapes and structures experience, with all human experience sharing certain structural features. In one of his major works, the Critique of Pure Reason (1781; second edition 1787), he drew a parallel to the Copernican revolution in his proposition that worldly objects can be intuited a priori ('beforehand'), and that intuition is therefore independent from objective reality." }, "Axis powers-225": { "title": "Axis powers", "section": "German, Italian and Japanese World War II cooperation", "headers": [ "Germany's and Italy's declaration of war against the United States" ], "para_index": 225, "content": "On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the US naval bases in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. According to the stipulation of the Tripartite Pact, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy were required to come to the defense of their allies only if they were attacked. Since Japan had made the first move, Germany and Italy were not obliged to aid her until the United States counterattacked. Nevertheless, expecting the US to declare war on Germany in any event, Hitler ordered the Reichstag to formally declare war on the United States. Hitler had agreed that Germany would almost certainly declare war when the Japanese first informed him of their intention to go to war with the United States on 17 November 1941. Italy also declared war on the U.S.." }, "Shia\u2013Sunni relations-1": { "title": "Shia\u2013Sunni relations", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Shia and Sunni Islam are the two major denominations of Islam. They chose sides following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in AD 632. A dispute over succession to Islamic prophet Muhammad as a caliph of the Islamic community spread across various parts of the world, which led to the Battle of Jamal and Battle of Siffin. The dispute intensified greatly after the Battle of Karbala, in which Hussein ibn Ali and his household were killed by the ruling Umayyad Caliph Yazid\u00a0I, and the outcry for revenge divided the early Islamic community, which is known today as Islamic schism to differ from Christian schism that happened later." }, "Bugs Bunny-1": { "title": "Bugs Bunny", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character, created in the late 1930s by Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and voiced originally by Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. Though a similar character called Happy Rabbit debuted in the WB cartoon Porky's Hare Hunt (1938) and appeared in a few subsequent shorts, the definitive character of Bugs is widely credited to have made his debut in director Tex Avery's Oscar-nominated film A Wild Hare (1940)." }, "FAST (stroke)-2": { "title": "FAST (stroke)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Facial drooping: A section of the face, usually only on one side, that is drooping and hard to move. This can be recognized by a crooked smile. Arm weakness: The inability to raise one's arm fully, or the inability to hold something or squeeze i.e. someone's hand. Speech difficulties: An inability or difficulty to understand or produce speech, slurred speech or having difficulty repeating even a basic sentence such as \"The sky is blue\". Time: If any of the symptoms above are showing, time is of the essence; call the emergency services and go to the hospital immediately. It is also important to check the time so that you'll know when the first symptoms appeared (time is brain) The FAST acronym was developed in the UK in 1998 by a group of stroke physicians, ambulance personnel, and an emergency department physician and was designed to be an integral part of a training package for ambulance staff. The acronym was created to expedite administration of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator to patients within 3 hours of acute stroke symptom onset. The instruments at this time with most evidence of validity were the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (CPSS) and the Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen (LAPSS)." }, "Alloy-13": { "title": "Alloy", "section": "Theory", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "By adding another element to a metal, differences in the size of the atoms create internal stresses in the lattice of the metallic crystals; stresses that often enhance its properties. For example, the combination of carbon with iron produces steel, which is stronger than iron, its primary element. The electrical and thermal conductivity of alloys is usually lower than that of the pure metals. The physical properties, such as density, reactivity, Young's modulus of an alloy may not differ greatly from those of its base element, but engineering properties such as tensile strength, ductility, and shear strength may be substantially different from those of the constituent materials. This is sometimes a result of the sizes of the atoms in the alloy, because larger atoms exert a compressive force on neighboring atoms, and smaller atoms exert a tensile force on their neighbors, helping the alloy resist deformation. Sometimes alloys may exhibit marked differences in behavior even when small amounts of one element are present. For example, impurities in semiconducting ferromagnetic alloys lead to different properties, as first predicted by White, Hogan, Suhl, Tian Abrie and Nakamura." }, "Joan Crawford-64": { "title": "Joan Crawford", "section": "Death and legacy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 64, "content": "On May 6, 1977, Crawford gave away her Shih Tzu, Princess Lotus Blossom, because she was too weak to continue to care for her. Crawford died on May 10, 1977 at her New York apartment of a myocardial infarction. A funeral was held at Campbell Funeral Home, New York, on May 13, 1977. In her will, which was signed on October 28, 1976, Crawford bequeathed to her two youngest children, Cindy and Cathy, $77,500 each from her $2 million estate." }, "Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon-10": { "title": "Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon", "section": "Bacon numbers", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The Bacon number of an actor is the number of degrees of separation he or she has from Bacon, as defined by the game. This is an application of the Erd\u0151s number concept to the Hollywood movie industry. The higher the Bacon number, the greater the separation from Kevin Bacon the actor is." }, "World population-1": { "title": "World population", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In demographics, the world population is the total number of humans currently living, and was estimated to have reached 7.8 billion people as of March 2020[update]. It took over 200,000 years of human history for the world's population to reach 1 billion, and only 200 years more to reach 7 billion." }, "Papaya-21": { "title": "Papaya", "section": "Culinary uses", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "The ripe fruit of the papaya is usually eaten raw, without skin or seeds. The unripe green fruit can be eaten cooked, and is used as an ingredient in salads and stews." }, "Sodium chloride-22": { "title": "Sodium chloride", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Food industry and agriculture" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Salt is added to food, either by the food producer or by the consumer, as a flavor enhancer, preservative, binder, fermentation-control additive, texture-control agent and color developer. The salt consumption in the food industry is subdivided, in descending order of consumption, into other food processing, meat packers, canning, baking, dairy and grain mill products. Salt is added to promote color development in bacon, ham and other processed meat products. As a preservative, salt inhibits the growth of bacteria. Salt acts as a binder in sausages to form a binding gel made up of meat, fat, and moisture. Salt also acts as a flavor enhancer and as a tenderizer." }, "Queen Victoria-53": { "title": "Queen Victoria", "section": "Later years", "headers": [ "Death and succession" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her lame, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts. Through early January, she felt \"weak and unwell\", and by mid-January she was \"drowsy\u00a0... dazed, [and] confused\". She died on Tuesday 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, at the age of 81. Her son and successor, King Edward VII, and her eldest grandson, Emperor Wilhelm II, were at her deathbed. Her favourite pet Pomeranian, Turi, was laid upon her deathbed as a last request." }, "Maize-77": { "title": "Maize", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Nutritional value" ], "para_index": 77, "content": "Maize has suboptimal amounts of the essential amino acids tryptophan and lysine, which accounts for its lower status as a protein source. The indigenous Americans overcame this deficiency with the inclusion of beans in their diet." }, "Somalia-158": { "title": "Somalia", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "Religion" ], "para_index": 158, "content": "According to the Pew Research Center, 99.8% of Somalia's population is Muslim. The majority belong to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence. Sufism, the mystical sect of Islam, is also well established, with many local jama'a (zawiya) or congregations of the various tariiqa or Sufi orders. The constitution of Somalia likewise defines Islam as the state religion of the Federal Republic of Somalia, and Islamic sharia law as the basic source for national legislation. It also stipulates that no law that is inconsistent with the basic tenets of Shari'a can be enacted." }, "Paleolithic diet-3": { "title": "Paleolithic diet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "While there is wide variability in the way the paleo diet is interpreted, the diet typically includes vegetables, fruits, nuts, roots, and meat and typically excludes foods such as dairy products, grains, sugar, legumes, processed oils, salt, alcohol, and coffee.[additional citation(s) needed] The diet is based on avoiding not just processed foods, but rather the foods that humans began eating after the Neolithic Revolution when humans transitioned from hunter-gatherer lifestyles to settled agriculture. The ideas behind the diet can be traced to Walter L. Voegtlin during the 1970s. In the 21st century, the paleo diet was popularized in the best-selling books of Loren Cordain." }, "Clark Gable-39": { "title": "Clark Gable", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "Marriage to Carole Lombard" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "Gable returned to their Encino ranch and carried out her funeral wishes as she had requested in her will. A month later, he returned to the studio to work with Lana Turner in their second movie together, Somewhere I'll Find You. Having lost 20 pounds since the tragedy, Gable evidently was emotionally and physically devastated, but Turner stated that Gable remained a \"consummate professional\" for the duration of filming. He acted in 27 more films, and remarried twice more. \"But he was never the same\", according to Esther Williams. \"He had been devastated by Carole's death.\"" }, "Joker (character)-59": { "title": "Joker (character)", "section": "Cultural impact and legacy", "headers": [ "In other media" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "The Joker has appeared in a variety of media, including television series, animated and live-action films. WorldCat (a catalog of libraries in 170 countries) records over 250 productions featuring the Joker as a subject, including films, books, and video games, and Batman films featuring the character are typically the most successful. The character's earliest on-screen adaptation was in the 1966 television series Batman and its film adaptation Batman, in which he was played as a cackling prankster by Cesar Romero (reflecting his contemporary comic counterpart). The Joker then appeared in the animated television series The Adventures of Batman (1968, voiced by Larry Storch), The New Adventures of Batman (1977, voiced by Lennie Weinrib) and The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians (1985, voiced by Frank Welker)." }, "Huma Abedin-1": { "title": "Huma Abedin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Huma Mahmood Abedin (born July 28, 1976) is an American political staffer who was vice chair of Hillary Clinton's 2016 campaign for President of the United States. Prior to that, Abedin was deputy chief of staff to Clinton, who was U.S. Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013. She was also the traveling chief of staff and former assistant for Clinton during Clinton's campaign for the Democratic nomination in the 2008 presidential election." }, "Norse mythology-2": { "title": "Norse mythology", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The source texts mention numerous gods, such as the hammer-wielding, humanity-protecting thunder-god Thor, who relentlessly fights his foes; the one-eyed, raven-flanked god Odin, who craftily pursues knowledge throughout the worlds and bestowed among humanity the runic alphabet; the beautiful, sei\u00f0r-working, feathered cloak-clad goddess Freyja who rides to battle to choose among the slain; the vengeful, skiing goddess Ska\u00f0i, who prefers the wolf howls of the winter mountains to the seashore; the powerful god Nj\u00f6r\u00f0r, who may calm both sea and fire and grant wealth and land; the god Freyr, whose weather and farming associations bring peace and pleasure to humanity; the goddess I\u00f0unn, who keeps apples that grant eternal youthfulness; the mysterious god Heimdallr, who is born of nine mothers, can hear grass grow, has gold teeth, and possesses a resounding horn; the j\u00f6tunn Loki, who brings tragedy to the gods by engineering the death of the goddess Frigg's beautiful son Baldr; and numerous other deities." }, "Romance of the Three Kingdoms-1": { "title": "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Romance of the Three Kingdoms (simplified Chinese: \u4e09\u56fd\u6f14\u4e49; traditional Chinese: \u4e09\u570b\u6f14\u7fa9; pinyin: S\u0101ngu\u00f3 Y\u01ceny\u00ec) is a 14th-century historical novel attributed to Luo Guanzhong. It is set in the turbulent years towards the end of the Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history, starting in 169 AD and ending with the reunification of the land in 280." }, "All Hallows' Eve (disambiguation)-1": { "title": "All Hallows' Eve (disambiguation)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "All Hallows' Eve, known in popular culture as Halloween, is a celebration observed in a number of countries on 31 October." }, "La Marseillaise-1": { "title": "La Marseillaise", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"La Marseillaise\" (/\u02ccm\u0251\u02d0rs\u0259\u02c8le\u026az, \u02ccm\u0251\u02d0rse\u026a\u02c8(j)\u025bz/ MAR-s\u0259-LAYZ, MAR-say-(Y)EZ, French:\u00a0[la ma\u0281s\u025bj\u025b\u02d0z]) is the national anthem of France. The song was written in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg after the declaration of war by France against Austria, and was originally titled \"Chant de guerre pour l'Arm\u00e9e du Rhin\" (\"War Song for the Army of the Rhine\")." }, "Skeleton-1": { "title": "Skeleton", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The skeleton is the body part that forms the supporting structure of an organism. It can also be seen as the bony frame work of the body which provides support, shape and protection to the soft tissues and delicate organs in animals. There are several different skeletal types: the exoskeleton, which is the stable outer shell of an organism, the endoskeleton, which forms the support structure inside the body, the hydroskeleton, a flexible skeleton supported by fluid pressure, and the cytoskeleton present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including bacteria, and archaea. The term comes from Greek \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 (skelet\u00f3s), meaning 'dried up'." }, "Black swan-22": { "title": "Black swan", "section": "Behaviour", "headers": [ "Nesting and reproduction" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Like other swans, the black swan is largely monogamous, pairing for life (about 6% divorce rate). Recent studies have shown that around a third of all broods exhibit extra-pair paternity. An estimated one-quarter of all pairings are homosexual, mostly between males. They steal nests, or form temporary threesomes with females to obtain eggs, driving away the female after she lays the eggs." }, "Crustacean-2": { "title": "Crustacean", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The crustacean group can be treated as a subphylum under the clade Mandibulata; because of recent molecular studies it is now well accepted that the crustacean group is paraphyletic, and comprises all animals in the clade Pancrustacea other than hexapods. Some crustaceans are more closely related to insects and other hexapods than they are to certain other crustaceans." }, "Gandalf-28": { "title": "Gandalf", "section": "Fictional biography", "headers": [ "The Lord of the Rings", "Gandalf the White" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Gandalf is \"sent back\" as Gandalf the White, and returns to life on the mountain top. Gwaihir, lord of eagles, carries him to Lothl\u00f3rien, where he is healed of his injuries and re-clothed in white robes by Galadriel. He travels to Fangorn Forest, where he encounters Aragorn, Gimli, and Legolas (who are tracking Merry and Pippin). They mistake him for Saruman, but he stops their attacks and reveals himself." }, "Lefty Grove-1": { "title": "Lefty Grove", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Robert Moses \"Lefty\" Grove (March 6, 1900 \u2013 May 22, 1975) was an American professional baseball pitcher. After having success in the minor leagues during the early 1920s, Grove became a star in Major League Baseball with the American League's Philadelphia Athletics and Boston Red Sox. One of the greatest pitchers in history, Grove led the American League in wins in four separate seasons, in strikeouts seven years in a row, and had the league's lowest earned run average a record nine times. Over the course of the three years from 1929 to 1931, he twice won the pitcher's Triple Crown, leading the league in wins, strikeouts, and ERA, while amassing a 79-15 record and leading the Athletics to three straight AL championships. Overall, Grove won 300 games in his 17-year MLB career. He was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1947." }, "Numerology-1": { "title": "Numerology", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Numerology is any belief in the divine or mystical relationship between a number and one or more coinciding events. It is also the study of the numerical value of the letters in words, names, and ideas. It is often associated with the paranormal, alongside astrology and similar divinatory arts." }, "Portrayal of James Bond in film-4": { "title": "Portrayal of James Bond in film", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Seven actors in total have portrayed Bond in film. Following Connery's portrayal, David Niven, George Lazenby, Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton, Pierce Brosnan and Daniel Craig have assumed the role. These screen versions have retained many traits from Fleming's depiction, although some of Bond's less fashionable attitudes have been dropped, such as racism, homophobia, retaining the services of a maid, and in the more recent films, smoking. Despite their depicting the same character, there have been notable differences among the portrayals. Daniel Craig is the incumbent Bond in the long-running Eon series, and will play the part for a fifth time in the latest film, No Time to Die, to be released in November 2020." }, "Pope Callixtus III-2": { "title": "Pope Callixtus III", "section": "Family", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Alfonso de Borgia was born in La Torreta in 1378. La Torreta was at the time in the Se\u00f1or\u00edo de Torre de Canals (but is now a neighborhood of Canals in Valencia). At the time he was born in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon. He was the eldest child of Juan Domingo de Borja y Doncel and Francina Llan\u00e7ol. His sister Isabel married Jofr\u00e9 Llan\u00e7ol i Escriv\u00e0 (son of Rodrigo Gil de Borja y Fennolet), and become the mother of Pedro Luis de Borja and Pope Alexander VI. His other sister Catalina became of the mother of Luis de Mil\u00e0 y de Borja." }, "Royal Air Force-1": { "title": "Royal Air Force", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's aerial warfare force. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918. Following the Allied victory over the Central Powers in 1918, the RAF emerged as the largest air force in the world at the time. Since its formation, the RAF has taken a significant role in British military history. In particular, it played a large part in the Second World War where it fought its most famous campaign, the Battle of Britain." }, "Neville Chamberlain-1": { "title": "Neville Chamberlain", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Arthur Neville Chamberlain FRS (/\u02c8t\u0283e\u026amb\u0259rl\u026an/; 18 March 1869\u00a0\u2013 9 November 1940) was a British Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940. He is best known for his foreign policy of appeasement, and in particular for his signing of the Munich Agreement on 30 September 1938, conceding the German-speaking Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Germany. Following the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, which marked the beginning of World War II, Chamberlain announced the declaration of war on Germany two days later and led Great Britain through the first eight months of the war until his resignation as prime minister on 10 May 1940." }, "Paleolithic diet-11": { "title": "Paleolithic diet", "section": "Foods", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "\"vegetables, fruits, nuts, roots, meat, and organ meats\"; \"vegetables (including root vegetables), fruit (including fruit oils, e.g., olive oil, coconut oil, and palm oil), nuts, fish, meat, and eggs, and it excluded dairy, grain-based foods, legumes, extra sugar, and nutritional products of industry (including refined fats and refined carbohydrates)\"; and \"avoids processed foods, and emphasizes eating vegetables, fruits, nuts and seeds, eggs, and lean meats\". The diet forbids the consumption of all dairy products. This is because milking did not exist until animals were domesticated after the Paleolithic era." }, "Mercury (element)-5": { "title": "Mercury (element)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Mercury poisoning can result from exposure to water-soluble forms of mercury (such as mercuric chloride or methylmercury), by inhalation of mercury vapor, or by ingesting any form of mercury." }, "Bruce Lee-2": { "title": "Bruce Lee", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The son of Cantonese opera star Lee Hoi-chuen, Lee was born in the Chinatown area of San Francisco, California, on November 27, 1940, to parents from Hong Kong, and was raised with his family in Kowloon, Hong Kong. He was introduced to the film industry by his father and appeared in several films as a child actor. Lee moved to the United States at the age of 18 to receive his higher education at the University of Washington in Seattle, and it was during this time that he began teaching martial arts. His Hong Kong and Hollywood-produced films elevated the traditional Hong Kong martial arts film to a new level of popularity and acclaim, sparking a surge of interest in Chinese martial arts in the West in the 1970s. The direction and tone of his films dramatically changed and influenced martial arts and martial arts films in Hollywood, Hong Kong, and the rest of the world." }, "Dr. Seuss-3": { "title": "Dr. Seuss", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "After the war, Geisel returned to writing children's books, writing classics like If I Ran the Zoo (1950), Horton Hears a Who! (1955), If I Ran the Circus (1956), The Cat in the Hat (1957), How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1957), and Green Eggs and Ham (1960). He published over 60 books during his career, which have spawned numerous adaptations, including 11 television specials, five feature films, a Broadway musical, and four television series." }, "Homelessness-1": { "title": "Homelessness", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Homelessness is defined as living in housing that is below the minimum standard or lacks secure tenure. People can be categorized as homeless if they are: living on the streets (primary homelessness); moving between temporary shelters, including houses of friends, family and emergency accommodation (secondary homelessness); living in private boarding houses without a private bathroom or security of tenure (tertiary homelessness). The legal definition of homeless varies from country to country, or among different jurisdictions in the same country or region. According to the UK homelessness charity Crisis, a home is not just a physical space: it also provides roots, identity, security, a sense of belonging and a place of emotional wellbeing. United States government homeless enumeration studies also include people who sleep in a public or private place not designed for use as a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings.People who are homeless are most often unable to acquire and maintain regular, safe, secure and adequate housing due to an unsteady or lack of income. Homelessness and poverty are interrelated. There is no methodological consent on counting the homeless and identifying their special needs; thus in most cities only estimated homeless populations are known." }, "Fly-9": { "title": "Fly", "section": "Taxonomy and phylogeny", "headers": [ "Diversity" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Abbreviations used in the cladogram: Cal=Calyptratae Cyc=Cyclorrhapha Ere=Eremoneura Mus=Muscomorpha Sch=Schizophora Tab=Tabanomorpha Flies are often abundant and are found in almost all terrestrial habitats in the world apart from Antarctica. They include many familiar insects such as house flies, blow flies, mosquitoes, gnats, black flies, midges and fruit flies. More than 150,000 have been formally described and the actual species diversity is much greater, with the flies from many parts of the world yet to be studied intensively. The suborder Nematocera include generally small, slender insects with long antennae such as mosquitoes, gnats, midges and crane-flies, while the Brachycera includes broader, more robust flies with short antennae. Many nematoceran larvae are aquatic. There are estimated to be a total of about 19,000 species of Diptera in Europe, 22,000 in the Nearctic region, 20,000 in the Afrotropical region, 23,000 in the Oriental region and 19,000 in the Australasian region. While most species have restricted distributions, a few like the housefly (Musca domestica) are cosmopolitan. Gauromydas heros (Asiloidea), with a length of up to 7\u00a0cm (2.8\u00a0in), is generally considered to be the largest fly in the world, while the smallest is Euryplatea nanaknihali, which at 0.4\u00a0mm (0.016\u00a0in) is smaller than a grain of salt." }, "Haemophilia-1": { "title": "Haemophilia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Haemophilia is a mostly inherited genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process needed to stop bleeding. This results in people bleeding for a longer time after an injury, easy bruising, and an increased risk of bleeding inside joints or the brain. Those with a mild case of the disease may have symptoms only after an accident or during surgery. Bleeding into a joint can result in permanent damage while bleeding in the brain can result in long term headaches, seizures, or a decreased level of consciousness." }, "Tendinopathy-4": { "title": "Tendinopathy", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Symptoms includes tenderness on palpation and pain, often when exercising or with movement." }, "Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)-9": { "title": "Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "At Alice's trial, the Mad Hatter, March Hare, and Dormouse are called to the stand as witnesses, briefly celebrating the Queen's unbirthday and giving her a headpiece as a present, which turns into the Cat. Chaos ensues when the Dormouse, frightened when Alice points out the Cat, runs around the courtroom. As the Queen orders Alice's execution, Alice eats the pieces of the Caterpillar's mushroom she saved and grows large again. The King and Queen order her to leave the courthouse, but she refuses and insults the Queen. As she does so, she returns to her normal size, and the Queen orders her execution. Alice flees, and the Queen, King, card guards and other characters give chase. When she reaches the small door she encountered at the beginning of the film, he shows her that she is actually already outside, asleep. She yells at herself to wake up; she does thanks to her sister, and they return home for tea." }, "Esperanza Base-1": { "title": "Esperanza Base", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Esperanza Base (Spanish: Base Esperanza, 'Hope Base') is a permanent, all-year-round Argentine research station in Hope Bay, Trinity Peninsula (in Graham Land on the Antarctic Peninsula). It is one of only two civilian settlements in Antarctica (the other being the Chilean Villa Las Estrellas). The base's motto is Permanencia, un acto de sacrificio ('Permanence, an act of sacrifice')." }, "Computer-26": { "title": "Computer", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Digital computers", "Vacuum tubes and digital electronic circuits" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Colossus was the world's first electronic digital programmable computer. It used a large number of valves (vacuum tubes). It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing-complete. Nine Mk II Colossi were built (The Mk I was converted to a Mk II making ten machines in total). Colossus Mark I contained 1,500 thermionic valves (tubes), but Mark II with 2,400 valves, was both 5 times faster and simpler to operate than Mark I, greatly speeding the decoding process." }, "Bruiser Brody-3": { "title": "Bruiser Brody", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Goodish died in 1988 from stab wounds suffered backstage in a shower during a wrestling event in Puerto Rico. The killer was Jos\u00e9 Huertas Gonz\u00e1lez, the wrestler known as Invader I. A jury acquitted Gonz\u00e1lez of murder, ruling that Gonz\u00e1lez killed Goodish in self-defence. Key witnesses to the killing did not give testimony at Gonz\u00e1lez's trial due to their summons only being received after the trial had concluded." }, "Louvre-21": { "title": "Louvre", "section": "History", "headers": [ "12th\u201320th centuries", "Grand Louvre Pyramids" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "By 1874, the Louvre Palace had achieved its present form of an almost rectangular structure with the Sully Wing to the east containing the Cour Carr\u00e9e (Square Court) and the oldest parts of the Louvre; and two wings which wrap the Cour Napol\u00e9on, the Richelieu Wing to the north and the Denon Wing, which borders the Seine to the south. In 1983, French President Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand proposed, as one of his Grands Projets, the Grand Louvre plan to renovate the building and relocate the Finance Ministry, allowing displays throughout the building. Architect I. M. Pei was awarded the project and proposed a glass pyramid to stand over a new entrance in the main court, the Cour Napol\u00e9on. The pyramid and its underground lobby were inaugurated on 15 October 1988 and the Louvre Pyramid was completed in 1989. The second phase of the Grand Louvre plan, the Pyramide Invers\u00e9e (Inverted Pyramid), was completed in 1993. As of 2002, attendance had doubled since completion." }, "Lorem ipsum-1": { "title": "Lorem ipsum", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In publishing and graphic design, Lorem ipsum is a placeholder text commonly used to demonstrate the visual form of a document or a typeface without relying on meaningful content. Lorem ipsum may be used before final copy is available, but it may also be used to temporarily replace copy in a process called greeking, which allows designers to consider form without the meaning of the text influencing the design." }, "Jean Harris-1": { "title": "Jean Harris", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jean Struven Harris (April 27, 1923 \u2013 December 23, 2012) was the headmistress of The Madeira School for girls in McLean, Virginia, who made national news in the early 1980s when she was tried and convicted of the murder of her ex-lover, Herman Tarnower, a well-known cardiologist and author of the best-selling book The Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet. The case is featured on the TV show Murder Made Me Famous." }, "Final Fantasy-1": { "title": "Final Fantasy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Final Fantasy is a Japanese science fantasy media franchise created by Hironobu Sakaguchi, and developed and owned by Square Enix (formerly Square). The franchise centers on a series of fantasy and science fantasy role-playing video games. The first game in the series was released in 1987, with 14 other main-numbered entries being released since then. The franchise has since branched into other video game genres such as tactical role-playing, action role-playing, massively multiplayer online role-playing, racing, third-person shooter, fighting, and rhythm, as well as branching into other media, including CGI films, anime, manga, and novels. Final Fantasy is one of the highest-grossing video game franchises of all time, having grossed $10.9 billion in lifetime revenue, as of 2019." }, "Gothenburg-17": { "title": "Gothenburg", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "With the 19th century, Gothenburg evolved into a modern industrial city that continued on into the 20th century. The population increased tenfold in the century, from 13,000 (1800) to 130,000 (1900). In the 20th century, major companies that developed included SKF (1907) and Volvo (1927)." }, "Konnichi wa-1": { "title": "Konnichi wa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Konnichi wa (\u3053\u3093\u306b\u3061\u306f or in kanji \u4eca\u65e5\u306f) is a Japanese greeting, typically a mid-day to early evening greeting (10:00 AM to 7:59 PM). It is also used as an informal greeting, \"hello\"." }, "Year 2000 problem-10": { "title": "Year 2000 problem", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The acronym Y2K has been attributed to Massachusetts programmer David Eddy in an e-mail sent on 12 June 1995. He later said, \"People were calling it CDC (Century Date Change), FADL (Faulty Date Logic). There were other contenders. Y2K just came off my fingertips.\"" }, "Julio Gonz\u00e1lez (sculptor)-5": { "title": "Julio Gonz\u00e1lez (sculptor)", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Ironwork 1932\u20131937" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Gonz\u00e1lez created ironwork at this time that would establish him as \"the father of all iron sculpture of this century\". During the early 1930s, few artists utilized forged or welded metal as a potential medium for their art. This is because, at the time, many artists did not directly work with the medium. Rather, artists worked with a foundry and expert technicians to execute the works of art. Gonz\u00e1lez was unique in this instance because his work demanded an active interaction- something that required the skills shaped by a long and specialized apprenticeship. In 1937 he contributed to the Spanish Pavilion at the World Fair in Paris (La Montserrat, standing near Guernica), and to Cubism and Abstract Art at the Museum of Modern Art in New York." }, "Airplane-14": { "title": "Airplane", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Early powered flights" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "In 1906, Alberto Santos-Dumont made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by catapult and set the first world record recognized by the A\u00e9ro-Club de France by flying 220 meters (720\u00a0ft) in less than 22 seconds. This flight was also certified by the FAI." }, "New Year's Eve-97": { "title": "New Year's Eve", "section": "Europe", "headers": [ "Hungary" ], "para_index": 97, "content": "New Year's Eve (Szilveszter) in Hungary is celebrated with home parties and street parties, including a gathering in downtown Budapest. Fireworks and firecrackers are popular. Champagne, wine and traditional Hungarian New Year dishes\u2014frankfurter sausages with horseradish, lentil soup, fish, and roast pig\u2014are consumed. The national anthem is commonly sung at midnight." }, "Stanley Baldwin-14": { "title": "Stanley Baldwin", "section": "Prime Minister: First term (1923\u20131924)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "In May 1923 Bonar Law was diagnosed with terminal cancer and retired immediately; he died five months later. With many of the party's senior leading figures standing aloof and outside of the government, there were only two candidates to succeed him: Lord Curzon, the Foreign Secretary, and Baldwin. The choice formally fell to King George V acting on the advice of senior ministers and officials." }, "Klingon-2": { "title": "Klingon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Developed by screenwriter Gene L. Coon in 1967 for the original Star Trek (TOS) series, Klingons were swarthy humanoids characterized by prideful ruthlessness and brutality. Klingons practiced feudalism and authoritarianism, with a warrior caste relying on slave labor. With a greatly expanded budget for makeup and effects, the Klingons were completely redesigned for Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979), acquiring ridged foreheads. In subsequent television series and in later films, the militaristic traits of the Klingons were bolstered by an increased sense of honor and strict warrior code similar to those of bushido." }, "Numerology-3": { "title": "Numerology", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The term numerologist can be used for those who place faith in numerical patterns and draw pseudo-scientific inferences from them, even if those people do not practice traditional numerology. For example, in his 1997 book Numerology: Or What Pythagoras Wrought, mathematician Underwood Dudley uses the term to discuss practitioners of the Elliott wave principle of stock market analysis." }, "666 (number)-8": { "title": "666 (number)", "section": "In religion", "headers": [ "Number of the Beast" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "In modern popular culture, 666 has become one of the most widely recognized symbols for the Antichrist or, alternatively, the devil. The number 666 is purportedly used to invoke Satan.[citation needed] Earnest references to the number occur both among apocalypticist Christian groups and in explicitly anti-Christian subcultures." }, "Venus-23": { "title": "Venus", "section": "Physical characteristics", "headers": [ "Atmosphere and climate" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "The surface of Venus is effectively isothermal; it retains a constant temperature not only between the two hemispheres but between the equator and the poles. Venus's minute axial tilt\u2014less than 3\u00b0, compared to 23\u00b0 on Earth\u2014also minimises seasonal temperature variation. Altitude is one of the few factors that affect Venusian temperature. The highest point on Venus, Maxwell Montes, is therefore the coolest point on Venus, with a temperature of about 655\u00a0K (380\u00a0\u00b0C; 715\u00a0\u00b0F) and an atmospheric pressure of about 4.5\u00a0MPa (45\u00a0bar). In 1995, the Magellan spacecraft imaged a highly reflective substance at the tops of the highest mountain peaks that bore a strong resemblance to terrestrial snow. This substance likely formed from a similar process to snow, albeit at a far higher temperature. Too volatile to condense on the surface, it rose in gaseous form to higher elevations, where it is cooler and could precipitate. The identity of this substance is not known with certainty, but speculation has ranged from elemental tellurium to lead sulfide (galena)." }, "Sunday-1": { "title": "Sunday", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sunday is the day of the week between Saturday and Monday. Sunday is a day of rest in most Western countries, and a part of the weekend. In some Eastern countries such as Israel Sunday is part of the weekdays." }, "The Jackson 5-4": { "title": "The Jackson 5", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The Jackson 5 have sold more than 100 million records worldwide, making them one of the best-selling bands of all time. In 1980 the brothers were honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame as the Jacksons. They were inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997 and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1999. Two of the band's recordings (\"ABC\" and \"I Want You Back\") are among the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll and, alongside \"I'll Be There\", were also inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame." }, "Europa (consort of Zeus)-2": { "title": "Europa (consort of Zeus)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Europa's earliest literary reference is in the Iliad, which is commonly dated to the 8th century BC. Another early reference to her is in a fragment of the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women, discovered at Oxyrhynchus. The earliest vase-painting securely identifiable as Europa dates from mid-7th century BC." }, "Chris Benoit-2": { "title": "Chris Benoit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Benoit held 22 championships between WWF/WWE, WCW, NJPW, and ECW. He was a two-time world champion, having been a one-time WCW World Heavyweight Champion, and a one-time World Heavyweight Champion in WWE; he was booked to win a third world championship at a WWE event on the night of his death. Benoit was the twelfth WWE Triple Crown Champion and seventh WCW Triple Crown Champion, and the second of four men in history to achieve both the WWE and WCW Triple Crown Championships. He was also the 2004 Royal Rumble winner, joining Shawn Michaels as the only two men to win a Royal Rumble as the number one entrant. Benoit headlined multiple pay-per-views for WWE, including a victory in the World Heavyweight Championship main event match of WrestleMania XX in 2004." }, "Stoning-83": { "title": "Stoning", "section": "Human rights", "headers": [ "LGBT rights" ], "para_index": 83, "content": "Stoning also targets homosexuals and others who have same-sex relations in certain jurisdictions. In Mauritania, northern Nigeria, Somalia, Brunei, and Yemen, the legal punishment for sodomy is death by stoning." }, "Popemobile-1": { "title": "Popemobile", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A popemobile is a specially designed motor vehicle used by the Pope of the Catholic Church during public appearances. It is usually considered as the successor to the antiquated sedia gestatoria and was designed to allow the pope to be more visible when greeting large crowds." }, "Palace of Nations-1": { "title": "Palace of Nations", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Palace of Nations (French: Palais des Nations, pronounced\u00a0[pal\u025b de n\u0251sj\u0254\u0303]) is the home of the United Nations Office at Geneva, located in Geneva, Switzerland. It was built between 1929 and 1938 to serve as the headquarters of the League of Nations. It has served as the home of the United Nations Office at Geneva since 1946 when the Secretary-General of the United Nations signed a Headquarters Agreement with the Swiss authorities, although Switzerland did not become a member of the United Nations until 2002." }, "Ptolemy I Soter-1": { "title": "Ptolemy I Soter", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ptolemy I Soter (/\u02c8t\u0252l\u0259mi/; Greek: \u03a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1, Ptolema\u00eeos S\u014dt\u1e17r \"Ptolemy the Saviour\"; c. 367 BC \u2013 January 282 BC) was a companion and historian of Alexander the Great of the Kingdom of Macedon in northern Greece who became ruler of Egypt, part of Alexander's former empire. Ptolemy was pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt from 305/304 BC to his death. He was the founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty which ruled Egypt until the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, turning the country into a Hellenistic kingdom and Alexandria into a centre of Greek culture." }, "Pantheon, Rome-1": { "title": "Pantheon, Rome", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Pantheon (UK: /\u02c8p\u00e6n\u03b8i\u0259n/, US: /-\u0252n/; Latin: Pantheum, from Greek \u03a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd Pantheion, \"[temple] of all the gods\") is a former Roman temple, now a Catholic church (Basilica di Santa Maria ad Martyres or Basilica of St. Mary and the Martyrs), in Rome, Italy, on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus (27 BC \u2013 14 AD). It was completed by the emperor Hadrian and probably dedicated about 126\u00a0AD. Its date of construction is uncertain, because Hadrian chose not to inscribe the new temple but rather to retain the inscription of Agrippa's older temple, which had burned down." }, "Johann Strauss II-1": { "title": "Johann Strauss II", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Johann Strauss II (born Johann Baptist Strauss; 25 October 1825 \u2013 3 June 1899), also known as Johann Strauss Jr., the Younger, the Son (German: Sohn), son of Johann Strauss I, was an Austrian composer of light music, particularly dance music and operettas. He composed over 500 waltzes, polkas, quadrilles, and other types of dance music, as well as several operettas and a ballet. In his lifetime, he was known as \"The Waltz King\", and was largely responsible for the popularity of the waltz in Vienna during the 19th century. Some of Johann Strauss's most famous works include \"The Blue Danube\", \"Kaiser-Walzer\" (Emperor Waltz), \"Tales from the Vienna Woods\", and the \"Tritsch-Tratsch-Polka\". Among his operettas, Die Fledermaus and Der Zigeunerbaron are the best known." }, "Vincent van Gogh-4": { "title": "Vincent van Gogh", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Van Gogh was unsuccessful during his lifetime, and was considered a madman and a failure. He became famous after his suicide, and exists in the public imagination as the quintessential misunderstood genius, the artist \"where discourses on madness and creativity converge\". His reputation began to grow in the early 20th century as elements of his painting style came to be incorporated by the Fauves and German Expressionists. He attained widespread critical, commercial and popular success over the ensuing decades, and is remembered as an important but tragic painter, whose troubled personality typifies the romantic ideal of the tortured artist. Today, Van Gogh's works are among the world's most expensive paintings to have ever sold, and his legacy is honoured by a museum in his name, the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, which holds the world's largest collection of his paintings and drawings." }, "Charles Manson-66": { "title": "Charles Manson", "section": "Illness and death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 66, "content": "Three people stated their intention to claim Manson's estate and body. Manson's grandson Jason Freeman stated his intent to take possession of Manson's remains and personal effects. Manson's pen-pal Michael Channels claimed to have a Manson will dated February 14, 2002 which left Manson's entire estate and Manson's body to Channels. Manson's friend Ben Gurecki claimed to have a Manson will dated January 2017 which gives the estate and Manson's body to Matthew Roberts, another alleged son of Manson. In 2012, CNN ran a DNA match to see if Freeman and Roberts were related to each other and found that they were not. According to CNN, two prior attempts to DNA match Roberts with genetic material from Manson failed, but the results were reportedly contaminated. On March 12, 2018, the Kern County Superior Court in California decided in favor of Freeman in regard to Manson's body. Freeman had Manson cremated on March 20, 2018. As of February 7, 2020, Channels and Freeman still had petitions to California courts attempting to establish the heir of Manson's estate. At that time, Channels was attempting to force Freeman to submit DNA to the court for testing." }, "4-3": { "title": "4", "section": "In mathematics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "4 is the smallest squared prime (p2) and the only even number in this form. 4 is also the only square one more than a prime number." }, "Teri Hatcher-9": { "title": "Teri Hatcher", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "1993\u20131997: Breakthrough" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Hatcher landed a starring role in the ABC television series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman as the Daily Planet reporter Lois Lane (opposite Dean Cain) from 1993 to 1997. At the height of the show's popularity in 1995, a picture of Hatcher wrapped in a Superman cape was reportedly the most downloaded image on the Internet for several months. \"It's a great shot,\" she said. \"Not so much because it's me. It's just cool looking.\" Hatcher also co-wrote an episode for season three called \"It's A Small World After All\" about a former classmate who shrinks and kidnaps her classmate's spouses and traps them in a dollhouse." }, "Bob Marley-1": { "title": "Bob Marley", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Robert Nesta Marley, OM (6 February 1945\u00a0\u2013 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican singer, songwriter and musician. Considered one of the pioneers of reggae, his musical career was marked by fusing elements of reggae, ska, and rocksteady, as well as his distinctive vocal and songwriting style. Marley's contributions to music increased the visibility of Jamaican music worldwide, and made him a global figure in popular culture for over a decade. Over the course of his career Marley became known as a Rastafari icon, and he infused his music with a sense of spirituality. He is also considered a global symbol of Jamaican music and culture\u00a0and identity, and was controversial in his outspoken support for the legalization of marijuana, while he also advocated for Pan-Africanism." }, "Tricarboxylic acid-2": { "title": "Tricarboxylic acid", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Citric acid cycle" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Citric acid, a type of tricarboxylic acid, is used in the citric acid cycle \u2013 also known as tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or Krebs cycle \u2013 which is fundamental to all aerobic organisms." }, "Striking clock-8": { "title": "Striking clock", "section": "Counting the hours", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "During the great wave of tower clock building in 14th-century Europe, around the time of the invention of the mechanical clock itself, striking clocks were built that struck the bell multiple times, to count out the hours. The clock of the Beata Vergine (later San Gottardo) in Milan, built around 1330, was one of the earliest recorded that struck the hours. In 1335, Galvano Fiamma wrote:" }, "Etiquette in Japan-21": { "title": "Etiquette in Japan", "section": "Eating and drinking", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Many Japanese restaurants provide diners with single-use wooden/bamboo chopsticks that must be snapped apart near their tops (which are thicker than the bottoms). As a result, the attachment area may produce small splinters. Rubbing chopsticks together to remove splinters is considered impolite, implying that one thinks the utensils are cheap." }, "Microwave oven-1": { "title": "Microwave oven", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A microwave oven (commonly referred to as a microwave) is an electric oven that heats and cooks food by exposing it to electromagnetic radiation in the microwave frequency range. This induces polar molecules in the food to rotate and produce thermal energy in a process known as dielectric heating. Microwave ovens heat foods quickly and efficiently because excitation is fairly uniform in the outer 25\u201338 mm (1\u20131.5 inches) of a homogeneous, high water content food item." }, "Death of Ludwig van Beethoven-15": { "title": "Death of Ludwig van Beethoven", "section": "Funeral and burial", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The funeral was held on 29 March 1827 at the parish church in Alsergrund, and he was buried in the W\u00e4hring cemetery, northwest of Vienna. Many thousands of citizens lined the streets for the funeral procession. As with all crowds, estimates vary, with witnesses reporting anywhere from 10,000 to 30,000 onlookers. Theaters were closed, and many notable artists participated in the funeral procession as pallbearers or torch bearers, including Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Franz Grillparzer, Carl Czerny, and Franz Schubert. At a memorial mass in a Vienna church on 3 April, Mozart's Requiem was sung with an additional Libera me by Ignaz von Seyfried." }, "CD-ROM-21": { "title": "CD-ROM", "section": "CD-ROM discs", "headers": [ "Capacity" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "CD-ROM capacities are normally expressed with binary prefixes, subtracting the space used for error correction data. A standard 120\u00a0mm, 700 MB CD-ROM can actually hold about 737 MB (703 MiB) of data with error correction (or 847 MB total). In comparison, a single-layer DVD-ROM can hold 4.7 GB of error-protected data, more than 6 CD-ROMs." }, "Dominican Order-2": { "title": "Dominican Order", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Founded to preach the Gospel and to oppose heresy, the teaching activity of the order and its scholastic organisation placed the Preachers in the forefront of the intellectual life of the Middle Ages. The order is famed for its intellectual tradition, having produced many leading theologians and philosophers. In the year 2018 there were 5,747 Dominican friars, including 4,299 priests. The Dominican Order is headed by the Master of the Order, as of 2019, Gerard Timoner III. Mary Magdalene and Catherine of Alexandria are the co-patronesses of the Order." }, "Relay race-1": { "title": "Relay race", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A relay race is a racing competition where members of a team take turns completing parts of racecourse or performing a certain action. Relay races take the form of professional races and amateur games. Relay races are common in running, orienteering, swimming, cross-country skiing, biathlon, or ice skating (usually with a baton in the fist). In the Olympic Games, there are several types of relay races that are part of track and field. Relay race, also called Relay, a track-and-field sport consisting of a set number of stages (legs), usually four, each leg run by a different member of a team. The runner finishing one leg is usually required to pass on a baton to the next runner while both are running in a marked exchange zone. In most relays, team members cover equal distances: Olympic events for both men and women are the 400-metre (4 \u00d7 100-metre) and 1,600-metre (4 \u00d7 400-metre) relays. Some non-Olympic relays are held at distances of 800 m, 3,200 m, and 6,000 m. In the less frequently run medley relays, however, the athletes cover different distances in a prescribed order\u2014as in a sprint medley of 200, 200, 400, 800 metres or a distance medley of 1,200, 400, 800, 1,600 metres" }, "Friday the 13th (franchise)-2": { "title": "Friday the 13th (franchise)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Frank Mancuso, Jr., a producer of the films, also developed the television show Friday the 13th: The Series after Paramount released Jason Lives. The television series was not connected to the franchise by any character or setting, but was created based on the idea of \"bad luck and curses\", which the film series symbolized. While the franchise was owned by Paramount, four films were adapted into novels, with Friday the 13th Part III adapted by two separate authors. When the franchise was sold to New Line Cinema, Cunningham returned as a producer to oversee two additional films, in addition to a crossover film with character Freddy Krueger from A Nightmare on Elm Street film series. Under New Line Cinema, thirteen novellas and various comic book series featuring Jason were published." }, "Physician-1": { "title": "Physician", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A physician (American English), medical practitioner (Commonwealth English), medical doctor, or simply doctor, is a professional who practises medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining, or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments. Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients, and methods of treatment\u2014known as specialities\u2014or they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and communities\u2014known as general practice. Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines, such as anatomy and physiology, underlying diseases and their treatment\u2014the science of medicine\u2014and also a decent competence in its applied practice\u2014the art or craft of medicine." }, "Sea shanty-1": { "title": "Sea shanty", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A sea shanty, chantey, or chanty is a type of work song that was once commonly sung to accompany labor on board large merchant sailing vessels. The term shanty most accurately refers to a specific style of work song belonging to this historical repertoire. However, in recent, popular usage, the scope of its definition is sometimes expanded to admit a wider range of repertoire and characteristics, or to refer to a \"maritime work song\" in general." }, "Mona Lisa-55": { "title": "Mona Lisa", "section": "Fame", "headers": [ "Financial worth" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "Before the 1962\u20131963 tour, the painting was assessed for insurance at $100\u00a0million (equivalent to $650 million in 2018), making it, in practice, the most highly-valued painting in the world. The insurance was not purchased; instead, more was spent on security." }, "Pinocchio (1940 film)-9": { "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Upon returning home, Pinocchio and Jiminy find the workshop vacant. They soon get a letter from the blue fairy as a dove, stating that Geppetto had ventured out to sea to save Pinocchio from Pleasure Island, but was swallowed by a sperm whale named Monstro, and is now living in his belly. Determined to rescue his father, Pinocchio jumps into the sea accompanied by Jiminy. Pinocchio is soon swallowed by Monstro as well, where he is reunited with Geppetto. Pinocchio devises a scheme to make Monstro sneeze, giving them a chance to escape. The scheme works, but the enraged whale chases them and smashes their raft. Pinocchio pulls Geppetto to safety in a cave before Monstro crashes into it. Geppetto, Figaro, Cleo, and Jiminy are washed up safely on a beach, but Pinocchio is shown apparently lifeless in a rockpool." }, "Magic (supernatural)-2": { "title": "Magic (supernatural)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The term magic derives from the Old Persian magu, a word that applied to a form of religious functionary about which little is known. During the late sixth and early fifth centuries BCE, this term was adopted into Ancient Greek, where it was used with negative connotations to apply to rites that were regarded as fraudulent, unconventional, and dangerous. This meaning of the term was then adopted by Latin in the first century BCE. Via Latin, the concept was incorporated into Christian theology during the first century CE, where magic was associated with demons and thus defined against Christian religion. This concept was pervasive throughout the Middle Ages, when Christian authors categorised a diverse range of practices\u2014such as enchantment, witchcraft, incantations, divination, necromancy, and astrology\u2014under the label magic. In early modern Europe, Protestants often claimed that Roman Catholicism was magic rather than religion, and as Christian Europeans began colonising other parts of the world in the sixteenth century they labelled the non-Christian beliefs they encountered magical. In that same period, Italian humanists reinterpreted the term in a positive sense to create the idea of natural magic. Both negative and positive understandings of the term recurred in Western culture over the following centuries." }, "Male-4": { "title": "Male", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Accordingly, sex is defined operationally across species by the type of gametes produced (i.e.: spermatozoa vs. ova) and differences between males and females in one lineage are not always predictive of differences in another." }, "Floppy disk-3": { "title": "Floppy disk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The prevalence of floppy disks in late 20th century culture was such that many electronic and software programs still use the floppy disks as save icons. While floppy disk drives still have some limited uses, especially with legacy industrial computer equipment, they have been superseded by data storage methods with much greater capacity and transfer speeds, such as USB flash drives, memory cards, optical discs and storage available through computer networks such as cloud storage." }, "Gastric acid-2": { "title": "Gastric acid", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The main constituent of gastric acid is hydrochloric acid produced by parietal cells in the gastric glands in the stomach. Its secretion is a complex and relatively energetically expensive process. Parietal cells contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the hydrochloric acid is secreted into the lumen of the stomach. The pH of gastric acid is 1.5 to 3.5 in the human stomach lumen, a level maintained by the proton pump H+/K+ ATPase. The parietal cell releases bicarbonate into the bloodstream in the process, which causes a temporary rise of pH in the blood, known as an alkaline tide." }, "Bryan Cranston-12": { "title": "Bryan Cranston", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Career breakthrough and Malcolm in the Middle" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In 1998, he appeared in Steven Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan, as one-armed War Department Colonel I.W. Bryce, who reported to General George Marshall that Private Ryan was the last survivor of his brothers, and his assumed location. His theatrical credits include starring roles in The God of Hell, Chapter Two, The Taming of the Shrew, A Doll's House, Barefoot in the Park, Eastern Standard, Wrestlers and The Steven Weed Show, for which he won a Drama-Logue Award. In 2000, Cranston landed a leading role as Hal on the comedy series Malcolm in the Middle. He would remain with the show until its end in 2006. Cranston ended up directing several episodes of the show and received three Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his performance. Cranston reprised his role in a cutaway gag during the Family Guy episode \"I Take Thee Quagmire\", killing Lois (his wife on Malcolm in the Middle) with a refrigerator door, and in a leaked alternate ending of Breaking Bad with Jane Kaczmarek reprising her role as Lois." }, "Fiat S.p.A.-3": { "title": "Fiat S.p.A.", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Over the years, Fiat has acquired numerous other automakers: it acquired Lancia in 1968, became a shareholder of Ferrari in 1969, took control of Alfa Romeo from the Italian government in 1986, purchased Maserati in 1993, and became the full owner of Chrysler Group LLC in 2014. Fiat Group currently produces vehicles under twelve brands: Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Dodge, Ferrari, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia, Maserati, Ram Trucks, and SRT." }, "Elf (film)-10": { "title": "Elf (film)", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Development" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Will Ferrell as Buddy Hobbs, aka \"Buddy the Elf\", an eccentric human who was raised by Santa's elves. James Caan as Walter Hobbs, a children's book publisher and Buddy's biological father. Zooey Deschanel as Jovie, an unenthusiastic worker at Gimbels and Buddy's love interest. Mary Steenburgen as Emily Hobbs, Walter's wife, Michael's mother and Buddy's stepmother. Daniel Tay as Michael Hobbs, Walter and Emily's son and Buddy's younger half brother. Bob Newhart as Papa Elf, Buddy\u2019s adoptive father. Ed Asner as Santa Claus, who finds Buddy in his sack and gives him to Papa Elf to raise. Faizon Love as Wanda, the manager of Gimbels and Jovie's boss. Peter Dinklage as Miles Finch, a best-selling children's author who attacks Buddy for (mistakenly) calling him an elf. Amy Sedaris as Deb, Walter Hobbs' secretary. Michael Lerner as Mr. Greenway, Walter Hobbs' controlling and uncaring boss, the CEO of Greenway Press. Andy Richter as Morris, an associate of Walter Hobbs. Kyle Gass as Eugene Dupree, an associate of Walter Hobbs. Artie Lange as the Fake Santa, a Mall Santa who Buddy gets into an altercation with due to him not being the real Santa Claus. Jon Favreau as Dr. Ben Leonardo, the Hobbs family's pediatrician. Matt Walsh as Eye Witness. Peter Billingsley as Ming Ming (uncredited), the head elf of their workshop. Mark Acheson as a mailroom worker. David Paul Grove as Pom Pom, an elf who Buddy faints on when he discovers he's a human. Claire Lautier as Charlotte Dennon, NY 1 Reporter. Jane Bradbury as Susan Wells. (only in photograph) Patrick Ferrell as a security guard #1.[citation needed] Patrick McCartney as a security guard #2. Leon Redbone as Leon the Snowman, a snowman who lives at the North Pole. Ray Harryhausen as Polar Bear Cub. Jon Favreau as the Baby Walrus, Mr. Narwhal and the Arctic Puffin. Dallas McKennon as the Jack-in-the-Box (archive audio) Maurice LaMarche as Buddy's Burp (uncredited) David Berenbaum initially wrote the script in 1993 with Jim Carrey in mind to star. Berenbaum's screenplay underwent uncredited rewrites by Scot Armstrong, Chris Henchy, and the writing team of Adam McKay and Will Ferrell. According to Favreau, the script was initially \"much darker\" and did not interest him, although he was interested in working with Ferrell's first post-SNL movie. Asked to rewrite it, a turning point came when he realized he could make Buddy's world an homage to the Rankin Bass Christmas specials. This allowed him to conceive of a movie that could be PG rated as opposed to the original script, which he guessed would have been rated PG-13." }, "Music-1": { "title": "Music", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Music is an art form, and cultural activity, whose medium is sound. General definitions of music include common elements such as pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the \"color\" of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments. The word derives from Greek \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae (mousike; \"art of the Muses\")." }, "Taylor Swift-1": { "title": "Taylor Swift", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Taylor Alison Swift (born December 13, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter. She is known for narrative songs about her personal life, which have received widespread media coverage. At age 14, Swift became the youngest artist signed by the Sony/ATV Music publishing house and, at age 15, she signed her first record deal. Her 2006 eponymous debut album was the longest-charting album of the 2000s in the US. Its third single, \"Our Song\", made her the youngest person to single-handedly write and perform a number-one song on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. Swift's second album, Fearless, was released in 2008. Buoyed by the pop crossover success of the singles \"Love Story\" and \"You Belong with Me\", it became the US' best-selling album of 2009 and was certified diamond in the US. The album won four Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year." }, "Clark Gable-78": { "title": "Clark Gable", "section": "Personal life and family", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 78, "content": "Gable was married five times. He was engaged to actress Franz Dorfler when he lived in Astoria, Oregon. She referred him to the woman who would become his acting coach and manager, Josephine Dillon; they married in 1924 and divorced in 1930. Gable would say \"he owed her a debt of gratitude\", for the training he received from Dillon in the early years of his career. His second wife was Texas socialite Maria Franklin Prentiss Lucas Langham (nicknamed \"Rhea\"). The couple divorced on March 7, 1939. Only 13 days later, during a production break on Gone with the Wind, Gable married comedic actress Carole Lombard, who died in a plane crash less than three years later. In 1949, Gable married Sylvia Ashley, a British model and actress who was the widow of Douglas Fairbanks; the couple divorced in 1952. Throughout his film career, Gable had affairs with famous actresses, including Joan Crawford, Marion Davies, Loretta Young (mother of his daughter), Lana Turner, and Nancy Davis (later Ronald Reagan's wife)." }, "Chicken soup-45": { "title": "Chicken soup", "section": "In different cultures", "headers": [ "United States and Canada", "Canned chicken soup" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "Often (but not always) sold as a condensed soup, canned chicken soup such as Campbell's Chicken Noodle Soup, is notable for its high sodium content: 890\u00a0mg per 1/2 cup serving. This gives a 1 1/2 cup bowl of soup about 2,500\u00a0mg of sodium, a full day's allowance in the case of this mainstream brand. Other condensed chicken soups produced by Campbell's, such as Chicken with Rice or Chicken & Stars Soup, have similar amounts, as do generic versions of the product. Canned chicken soup with much less sodium than the traditional formulation is available, including many varieties produced by Campbell's, some with as little as 100\u00a0mg of sodium. Campbell's claims production of a chicken noodle soup that will find broad consumer acceptance\u2014in short, that will sell\u2014is very difficult, so it has to balance healthfulness with sodium content." }, "Tobacco 21-16": { "title": "Tobacco 21", "section": "National movements", "headers": [ "National Minimum Age Increase" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "On December 20, 2019, as a part of the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was amended, raising the federal minimum age for sale of tobacco products from 18 to 21. This legislation (known as \u201cTobacco 21\u201d or \u201cT21\u201d) is effective immediately, and it is now illegal for a retailer to sell any tobacco product\u2014including cigarettes, cigars, and e-cigarettes\u2014to anyone under 21 across the United States. The new federal minimum age of sale applies to all retail establishments and persons with no exceptions." }, "Pickling-2": { "title": "Pickling", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A distinguishing characteristic is a pH of 4.6 or lower, which is sufficient to kill most bacteria. Pickling can preserve perishable foods for months. Antimicrobial herbs and spices, such as mustard seed, garlic, cinnamon or cloves, are often added. If the food contains sufficient moisture, a pickling brine may be produced simply by adding dry salt. For example, sauerkraut and Korean kimchi are produced by salting the vegetables to draw out excess water. Natural fermentation at room temperature, by lactic acid bacteria, produces the required acidity. Other pickles are made by placing vegetables in vinegar. Like the canning process, pickling (which includes fermentation) does not require that the food be completely sterile before it is sealed. The acidity or salinity of the solution, the temperature of fermentation, and the exclusion of oxygen determine which microorganisms dominate, and determine the flavor of the end product." }, "Early childhood-4": { "title": "Early childhood", "section": "Psychology", "headers": [ "Physical growth and development" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "It is optimal that an environment is provided that encourages physical development and allows the children to explore and try out new things. The physical development in children follows a pattern. The large muscles develop before the small muscles. The large muscles are used for walking, running and other physical activities. These are known as gross motor skills. Small muscles are used for fine motor skills such as picking up objects, writing, drawing, throwing and catching." }, "In God We Trust-2": { "title": "In God We Trust", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The capitalized form \"IN GOD WE TRUST\" first appeared on the two-cent piece in 1864 and has appeared on paper currency since 1957. A law passed in a Joint Resolution by the 84th Congress (P.L. 84\u2013140) and approved by President Dwight Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, requires that \"In God We Trust\" appear on American currency. The following year, the phrase was used on paper money for the first time\u2014on the updated one-dollar silver certificate that entered circulation on October 1, 1957. The 84th Congress later passed legislation (P.L. 84\u2013851), also signed by President Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declaring the phrase to be the national motto." }, "Gunpowder-3": { "title": "Gunpowder", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Gunpowder is classified as a low explosive because of its relatively slow decomposition rate and consequently low brisance. Low explosives deflagrate (i.e., burn) at subsonic speeds, whereas high explosives detonate producing a supersonic shockwave." }, "Shrimp and prawn as food-11": { "title": "Shrimp and prawn as food", "section": "Preparation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Wet shrimp is commonly used as a flavoring and as a soup base in Asian cuisines while fried shrimp is popular in North America. In Europe, shrimp is very popular, forming a necessary ingredient in Spanish paella de marisco, Italian cacciucco, Portuguese caldeirada and many other seafood dishes. Shrimp curry is very popular in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Shrimp are also found in Latin and Caribbean dishes such as enchiladas and coconut shrimp. Other recipes include jambalaya, okonomiyaki, poon choi and bagoong. Shrimp are also consumed as salad, by frying, with rice, and as shrimp guvec (a dish baked in a clay pot) in the Western and Southern coasts of Turkey. In the subject of Japanese sushi, shrimp has long been valued as the \"king of sushi-dane\", as its composition can be either raw or cooked, and its latter preparation has often been considered a good introduction or choice for those unfamiliar to eating sushi, especially dishes involving raw fish." }, "Bicycle-30": { "title": "Bicycle", "section": "Parts", "headers": [ "Frame" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "The great majority of modern bicycles have a frame with upright seating that looks much like the first chain-driven bike. These upright bicycles almost always feature the diamond frame, a truss consisting of two triangles: the front triangle and the rear triangle. The front triangle consists of the head tube, top tube, down tube, and seat tube. The head tube contains the headset, the set of bearings that allows the fork to turn smoothly for steering and balance. The top tube connects the head tube to the seat tube at the top, and the down tube connects the head tube to the bottom bracket. The rear triangle consists of the seat tube and paired chain stays and seat stays. The chain stays run parallel to the chain, connecting the bottom bracket to the rear dropout, where the axle for the rear wheel is held. The seat stays connect the top of the seat tube (at or near the same point as the top tube) to the rear fork ends." }, "The Hunger Games (novel)-1": { "title": "The Hunger Games (novel)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Hunger Games is a 2008 dystopian novel by the American writer Suzanne Collins. It is written in the voice of 16-year-old Katniss Everdeen, who lives in the future, post-apocalyptic nation of Panem in North America. The Capitol, a highly advanced metropolis, exercises political control over the rest of the nation. The Hunger Games is an annual event in which one boy and one girl aged\u00a012\u201318 from each of the twelve districts surrounding the Capitol are selected by lottery to compete in a televised battle royale to the death." }, "Pope Leo IV-1": { "title": "Pope Leo IV", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pope Leo IV (790 \u2013 17 July 855) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 10 April 847 to his death. He is remembered for repairing Roman churches that had been damaged during Arab raids on Rome, and for building the Leonine Wall around Vatican Hill. Pope Leo organized a league of Italian cities who fought and won the sea Battle of Ostia against the Saracens." }, "LendingTree-8": { "title": "LendingTree", "section": "Acquisitions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "In June 2016, LendingTree kicked off a streak of several corporate development deals with the acquisition of SimpleTuition, a company in the student loans space. Subsequent acquisitions include CompareCards (2016), DepositAccounts.com (2017), MagnifyMoney (2017), SnapCap (2017), Student Loan Hero (2018), QuoteWizard (2018), and ValuePenguin (2018)." }, "Stinger-7": { "title": "Stinger", "section": "Arthropods", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In all stinging Hymenoptera the sting is a modified ovipositor. Unlike most other stings, honey bee workers' stings are strongly barbed and lodge in the flesh of mammals upon use, tearing free from the honey bee's body, killing the bee within minutes. The sting has its own ganglion, and it continues to saw into the target's flesh and release venom for several minutes. This trait is of obvious disadvantage to the individual but protects the hive from attacks by large animals; aside from the effects of the venom, the remnant also marks the stung animal with honey bee alarm pheromone. The barbs of a honey bee's attack are only suicidal if the skin is elastic, as is characteristic of vertebrates such as birds and mammals; honey bees can sting other insects repeatedly without dying." }, "Maya Angelou-1": { "title": "Maya Angelou", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Maya Angelou (/\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259lo\u028a/ (listen); born Marguerite Annie Johnson; April 4, 1928\u00a0\u2013 May 28, 2014) was an American poet, singer, memoirist, and civil rights activist. She published seven autobiographies, three books of essays, several books of poetry, and is credited with a list of plays, movies, and television shows spanning over 50 years. She received dozens of awards and more than 50 honorary degrees. Angelou is best known for her series of seven autobiographies, which focus on her childhood and early adult experiences. The first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), tells of her life up to the age of 17 and brought her international recognition and acclaim." }, "Atmosphere-14": { "title": "Atmosphere", "section": "Composition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "The composition of Earth's atmosphere is largely governed by the by-products of the life that it sustains. Dry air from Earth's atmosphere contains 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and traces of hydrogen, helium, and other \"noble\" gases (by volume), but generally a variable amount of water vapor is also present, on average about 1% at sea level." }, "The Colbert Report-17": { "title": "The Colbert Report", "section": "Format", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Typically, Colbert starts with the audience cheering and teasers regarding the show's topics and guest; each headline is structured to be a deliberate pun. The series of puns are followed by a verbal metaphor that promotes the show and is almost always finished with, \"This is the Colbert Report.\" The show's original opening title sequence began with an eagle diving past the host, following by images of Americana, stock footage of Colbert, and words describing Colbert flying by (some of which have been used as The Word). The first word used was \"Grippy\", and has changed to include, among others, \"Megamerican\", \"Lincolnish\", \"Superstantial\", \"Flagaphile\", and \"Factose Intolerant\". The May 4 episode in 2009 featured hints planted by J. J. Abrams about when and where Colbert would be in the Persian Gulf, and \"Farewellison\" for the final episode of former producer Allison Silverman. The show's opening credits depict the Colbert character clutching an American flag. On January 4, 2010, a new opening debuted. The opening begins and ends with an eagle as before, but features new background renderings, new shots of Stephen Colbert, and is now colored in an American, red white and blue motif. The show's theme music is \"Baby Mumbles\" by Cheap Trick. Colbert phoned guitarist Rick Nielsen during development of the show to discuss the theme, noting that he loved the band's song \"I Want You to Want Me\"; the show's theme music is largely that song's melody backwards." }, "Cheb Mami-1": { "title": "Cheb Mami", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mohamed Khelifati (Arabic: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u200e, mu\u1e25ammad khal\u012bf\u0101t\u012b), better known by his stage name Cheb Mami (Arabic: \u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u200e, sh\u0101bb m\u0101m\u012b, born 11 July 1966), is an Algerian musician and singer-songwriter. He sings and speaks in Algerian Arabic and sometimes in French or Eastern Arabic dialects." }, "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-59": { "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder", "section": "Management", "headers": [ "Diet" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "Dietary modifications are not recommended as of 2019 by the American Academy of Pediatrics due to insufficient evidence. Though some evidence supports benefit in a small proportion of children with ADHD. A 2013 meta-analysis found less than a third of children with ADHD see some improvement in symptoms with free fatty acid supplementation or decreased eating of artificial food coloring. These benefits may be limited to children with food sensitivities or those who are simultaneously being treated with ADHD medications. This review also found that evidence does not support removing other foods from the diet to treat ADHD. A 2014 review found that an elimination diet results in a small overall benefit. A 2016 review stated that the use of a gluten-free diet as standard ADHD treatment is not advised. A 2017 review showed that a few-foods elimination diet may help children too young to be medicated or not responding to medication, while free fatty acid supplementation or decreased eating of artificial food coloring as standard ADHD treatment is not advised. Chronic deficiencies of iron, magnesium and iodine may have a negative impact on ADHD symptoms. There is a small amount of evidence that lower tissue zinc levels may be associated with ADHD. In the absence of a demonstrated zinc deficiency (which is rare outside of developing countries), zinc supplementation is not recommended as treatment for ADHD. However, zinc supplementation may reduce the minimum effective dose of amphetamine when it is used with amphetamine for the treatment of ADHD. There is evidence of a modest benefit of omega 3 fatty acid supplementation, but it is not recommended in place of traditional medication." }, "Snake-85": { "title": "Snake", "section": "Interactions with humans", "headers": [ "Pets" ], "para_index": 85, "content": "In the Western world, some snakes (especially docile species such as the ball python and corn snake) are kept as pets. To meet this demand a captive breeding industry has developed. Snakes bred in captivity tend to make better pets and are considered preferable to wild caught specimens. Snakes can be very low maintenance pets, especially compared to more traditional species. They require minimal space, as most common species do not exceed 5 feet (1.5\u00a0m) in length. Pet snakes can be fed relatively infrequently, usually once every 5 to 14 days. Certain snakes have a lifespan of more than 40 years if given proper care." }, "City-state-6": { "title": "City-state", "section": "Historical background", "headers": [ "Ancient and medieval world" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Some of the most well-known examples of city-state culture in human history are the ancient Greek city-states and the merchant city-states of Renaissance Italy, which organised themselves as small independent centers. The success of small regional units coexisting as autonomous actors in loose geographical and cultural unity, as in Italy and Greece, often prevented their amalgamation into larger national units.[citation needed] However, such small political entities often survived only for short periods because they lacked the resources to defend themselves against incursions by larger states (such as Roman conquest of Greece). Thus they inevitably gave way to larger organisations of society, including the empire and the nation-state." }, "Abdastartus-1": { "title": "Abdastartus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Abdastartus (\u2018Abd-\u2018Ashtart) was a king of Tyre, son of Baal-Eser I (Beleazarus) and grandson of Hiram I. The only information available about Abdastartus comes from the following citation of the Phoenician author Menander of Ephesus, in Josephus\u2019s Against Apion i.18:" }, "War Horse (film)-2": { "title": "War Horse (film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Set before and during World War I, it tells of the journey of Joey, a bay Thoroughbred horse raised by British teenager Albert (Irvine), as he is bought by the British Army, leading him to encounter numerous individuals and owners throughout Europe, all the while experiencing the tragedies of the war happening around him." }, "Statue of Liberty-18": { "title": "Statue of Liberty", "section": "Design and construction process", "headers": [ "Design, style, and symbolism" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget, Gauthier & Co., Viollet-le-Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin, copper sheets, and the method used to shape it, repouss\u00e9, in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers. An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume, as the copper need be only 0.094 inches (2.4\u00a0mm) thick. Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet (46\u00a0m) for the statue, double that of Italy's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius, both made with the same method." }, "Bill Walton-5": { "title": "Bill Walton", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Walton was born and raised in La Mesa, California, the son of Gloria Anne (n\u00e9e Hickey) and William Theodore \"Ted\" Walton. He was raised with siblings Bruce, Cathy and Andy. The Waltons' La Mesa home was a hillside home on Colorado Avenue, just below Lake Murray. His listed adult playing height was 6\u00a0ft 11\u00a0in (2.11\u00a0m); it has been reported that Walton is actually taller (7\u00a0ft 2\u00a0in (2.18\u00a0m) or more), but does not like being categorized as a seven-footer." }, "Anxiety disorder-58": { "title": "Anxiety disorder", "section": "Treatment", "headers": [ "Medications" ], "para_index": 58, "content": "Medications include SSRIs or SNRIs are first line choices for generalized anxiety disorder. There is no good evidence for any member of the class being better than another, so cost often drives drug choice. If they are effective, it is recommend that they be continued for at least a year. Stopping these medications results in a greater risk of relapse." }, "Hurricane Maria-2": { "title": "Hurricane Maria", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Originating from a tropical wave, Maria became a tropical storm on September 16, east of the Lesser Antilles. Highly favorable environmental conditions allowed the storm to undergo explosive intensification as it approached the island arc. The hurricane reached Category\u00a05 strength on September 18 just before making landfall on Dominica, becoming the first Category\u00a05 hurricane on record to strike the island. After weakening slightly due to crossing Dominica, Maria achieved its peak intensity over the eastern Caribbean with maximum sustained winds of 175\u00a0mph (280\u00a0km/h) and a pressure of 908\u00a0mbar (hPa; 26.81\u00a0inHg). On September\u00a020, an eyewall replacement cycle took place, weakening Maria to a high-end Category\u00a04 hurricane by the time it struck Puerto Rico. Interaction with land further weakened the hurricane, though it regained some strength as it moved northeast of the Bahamas. Moving slowly to the north, Maria gradually degraded and weakened to a tropical storm on September 28. Embedded in the westerlies, Maria accelerated toward the east and later east-northeast over the open Atlantic, becoming extratropical on September 30 and dissipating by October 2." }, "Cheering-18": { "title": "Cheering", "section": "Chants in North American sports", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Organised chants in North American sports are rarer then in their European counterparts, but some teams have their special routines. Common chants include \"Let's go - [team name] -, let's go (clap-clap clap-clap-clap); or in case of a single syllable nickname, \"Go - [team name] - Go\". Spectators also use derivatives of these to chant the names of particular athletes. A notable example of this is the Derek Jeter chant, where fans chant the name of the then New York Yankees shortstop and employ a similar clapping rhythm. In some contexts, spectator chanting may also be used derisively to chide athletes or contestants." }, "Pound sterling-71": { "title": "Pound sterling", "section": "Coins", "headers": [ "Pre-decimal coins" ], "para_index": 71, "content": "During the First World War, production of the sovereign and half-sovereign was suspended, and although the gold standard was later restored, the coins saw little circulation thereafter. In 1920, the silver standard, maintained at .925 since 1552, was reduced to .500. In 1937, a nickel-brass 3d coin was introduced; the last silver 3d coins were issued seven years later. In 1947, the remaining silver coins were replaced with cupro-nickel, with the exception of Maundy coinage which was then restored to .925. Inflation caused the farthing to cease production in 1956 and be demonetised in 1960. In the run-up to decimalisation, the halfpenny and half-crown were demonetised in 1969." }, "Great Lakes-1": { "title": "Great Lakes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Great Lakes (French: les Grands Lacs), or the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes in the upper mid-east part of North America, on the Canada\u2013United States border, which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River. They comprise Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. Hydrologically, there are only four lakes, because Lakes Michigan and Huron join at the Straits of Mackinac. The lakes form the Great Lakes Waterway." }, "Jet fuel-1": { "title": "Jet fuel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jet fuel, aviation turbine fuel (ATF), or avtur, is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is colorless to straw-colored in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1, which are produced to a standardized international specification. The only other jet fuel commonly used in civilian turbine-engine powered aviation is Jet B, which is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance." }, "Southern Africa-2": { "title": "Southern Africa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The term southern Africa or Southern Africa, generally includes Angola, Botswana, Eswatini (also known as Swaziland), Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, though Angola may be included in Central Africa and Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe in East Africa. From a political perspective the region is said to be unipolar with South Africa as a first regional power." }, "Shooting sports-1": { "title": "Shooting sports", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Shooting sports is a collective group of competitive and recreational sporting activities involving proficiency tests of accuracy, precision and speed in shooting \u2014 the art of using various types of ranged weapons, mainly referring to man-portable guns (firearms and airguns, in forms such as handguns, rifles and shotguns) and bows/crossbows." }, "Chimera (mythology)-1": { "title": "Chimera (mythology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Chimera (/k\u026a\u02c8m\u026a\u0259r\u0259/ or /ka\u026a\u02c8m\u026a\u0259r\u0259/, also Chimaera (Chim\u00e6ra); Greek: \u03a7\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1, Ch\u00edmaira \"she-goat\") according to Greek mythology, was a monstrous fire-breathing hybrid creature of Lycia in Asia Minor, composed of the parts of more than one animal. It is usually depicted as a lion, with the head of a goat protruding from its back, and a tail that might end with a snake's head. It was one of the offspring of Typhon and Echidna and a sibling of such monsters as Cerberus and the Lernaean Hydra." }, "Largemouth bass-1": { "title": "Largemouth bass", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is a carnivorous freshwater gamefish in the Centrarchidae (sunfish) family, a species of black bass generally native to eastern and central North America, in Canada, United States and northern Mexico, but widely introduced elsewhere. It is known by a variety of regional names, such as the widemouth bass, bigmouth bass, black bass, bucketmouth, largies, Potter's fish, Florida bass, Florida largemouth, green bass, bucketmouth bass, Green trout, gilsdorf bass, Oswego bass, LMB, and southern largemouth and (paradoxically) northern largemouth. The largemouth bass is the state fish of Georgia and Mississippi, and the state freshwater fish of Florida and Alabama." }, "Rick and Morty-28": { "title": "Rick and Morty", "section": "Home media", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Uncensored versions of the show are also available to purchase on various digital platforms, including iTunes and Amazon, with the digital releases of each season containing bonus material. The digital release of the first season includes the 2013 Rick and Morty Comic-Con panel, the digital release of the second season includes the 2015 ATX Television Festival panel, and the digital release of the third season includes commentary on every episode, as well as seven more short videos featuring co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland." }, "Franklin D. Roosevelt-89": { "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "section": "Presidency (1933\u20131945)", "headers": [ "Third and fourth terms (1941\u20131945)", "Election of 1944" ], "para_index": 89, "content": "While some Democrats had opposed Roosevelt's nomination in 1940, the president faced little difficulty in securing his re-nomination at the 1944 Democratic National Convention. Roosevelt made it clear before the convention that he was seeking another term, and on the lone presidential ballot of the convention, Roosevelt won the vast majority of delegates, although a minority of Southern Democrats voted for Harry F. Byrd. Party leaders prevailed upon Roosevelt to drop Vice President Wallace from the ticket, believing him to be an electoral liability and a poor potential successor in case of Roosevelt's death. Roosevelt preferred Byrnes as Wallace's replacement but was convinced to support Senator Harry S. Truman of Missouri, who had earned renown for his investigation of war production inefficiency and was acceptable to the various factions of the party. On the second vice presidential ballot of the convention, Truman defeated Wallace to win the nomination." }, "Condition number-4": { "title": "Condition number", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "As a rule of thumb, if the condition number \u03ba ( A ) = 10 k {\\displaystyle \\kappa (A)=10^{k}} , then you may lose up to k {\\displaystyle k} digits of accuracy on top of what would be lost to the numerical method due to loss of precision from arithmetic methods. However, the condition number does not give the exact value of the maximum inaccuracy that may occur in the algorithm. It generally just bounds it with an estimate (whose computed value depends on the choice of the norm to measure the inaccuracy)." }, "Abraham Lincoln-1": { "title": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Abraham Lincoln (/\u02c8l\u026a\u014bk\u0259n/; February 12, 1809 \u2013 April 15, 1865) was an American statesman and lawyer who served as the 16th president of the United States (1861\u20131865). Lincoln led the nation through its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis in the American Civil War. He preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the U.S. economy." }, "Rose-25": { "title": "Rose", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Art and symbolism" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "The long cultural history of the rose has led to it being used often as a symbol. In ancient Greece, the rose was closely associated with the goddess Aphrodite. In the Iliad, Aphrodite protects the body of Hector using the \"immortal oil of the rose\" and the archaic Greek lyric poet Ibycus praises a beautiful youth saying that Aphrodite nursed him \"among rose blossoms\". The second-century AD Greek travel writer Pausanias associates the rose with the story of Adonis and states that the rose is red because Aphrodite wounded herself on one of its thorns and stained the flower red with her blood. Book Eleven of the ancient Roman novel The Golden Ass by Apuleius contains a scene in which the goddess Isis, who is identified with Venus, instructs the main character, Lucius, who has been transformed into a donkey, to eat rose petals from a crown of roses worn by a priest as part of a religious procession in order to regain his humanity." }, "New York City-1": { "title": "New York City", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "New York City (NYC), often called The City or simply New York (NY), is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over about 302.6 square miles (784\u00a0km2), New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States. Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York, the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass. With almost 20 million people in its metropolitan statistical area and approximately 23 million in its combined statistical area, it is one of the world's most populous megacities. New York City has been described as the cultural, financial, and media capital of the world, significantly influencing commerce, entertainment, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, art, fashion, and sports. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy." }, "People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals-11": { "title": "People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals", "section": "Philosophy and activism", "headers": [ "Profile" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "PETA is an animal rights organization and, as such, it rejects speciesism and also opposes the use and abuse of animals in any way, as food, clothing, entertainment, or research subjects. One oft-cited quote of Newkirk's is: \"When it comes to feelings like hunger, pain, and thirst, a rat is a pig is a dog is a boy.\" PETA lobbies government agencies to impose fines and/or confiscate animals when animal-welfare legislation has been violated, promotes a vegan lifestyle, tries to reform practices on factory farms and in slaughterhouses, sends undercover investigators into animal-research laboratories, farms, and circuses, initiates media campaigns against particular companies or practices, helps to find sanctuaries for animals formerly used by circuses and zoos, and initiates lawsuits against companies that refuse to change their practices. The group has been criticized by some animal rights advocates for its willingness to work with industries that use animals for the purpose of affecting gradual change. Newkirk rejects this criticism and has said the group exists to hold the radical line." }, "Incident management (ITSM)-1": { "title": "Incident management (ITSM)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Incident management (IM) is an IT service management (ITSM) process area. The first goal of the incident management process is to restore a normal service operation as quickly as possible and to minimize the impact on business operations, thus ensuring that the best possible levels of service quality and availability are maintained. 'Normal service operation' is defined here as service operation within service-level agreement (SLA). It is one process area within the broader ITIL and ISO 20000 environment." }, "Nissan-1": { "title": "Nissan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. (Japanese: \u65e5\u7523\u81ea\u52d5\u8eca\u682a\u5f0f\u4f1a\u793e, Hepburn: Nissan Jid\u014dsha Kabushiki-gaisha), usually shortened to Nissan (US: /\u02c8ni\u02d0s\u0251\u02d0n/, UK: /\u02c8n\u026as\u00e6n/ or AU/NZ: /\u02c8n\u026as\u0259n/; Japanese pronunciation: [\u0272issa\u0274]), is a Japanese multinational automobile manufacturer headquartered in Nishi-ku, Yokohama. The company sells its cars under the Nissan, Infiniti, and Datsun brands with in-house performance tuning products labelled Nismo. The company traces its name to the Nissan zaibatsu, now called Nissan Group." }, "Golden Rule-20": { "title": "Golden Rule", "section": "Religious context", "headers": [ "Abrahamic religions", "Christianity" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "The \"Golden Rule\" of Leviticus 19:18 was quoted by Jesus of Nazareth (Matthew 7:12; see also Luke 6:31) and described by him as the second great commandment. The common English phrasing is \"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you\". A similar form of the phrase appeared in a Catholic catechism around 1567 (certainly in the reprint of 1583)." }, "Sea shanty-4": { "title": "Sea shanty", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The shanty genre was typified by flexible lyrical forms, which in practice provided for much improvisation and the ability to lengthen or shorten a song to match the circumstances. Its hallmark was call and response, performed between a soloist and the rest of the workers in chorus. The leader, called the shantyman, was appreciated for his piquant language, lyrical wit, and strong voice. Shanties were sung without instrumental accompaniment and, historically speaking, they were only sung in work-based rather than entertainment-oriented contexts. Although most prominent in English, shanties have been created in or translated into other European languages." }, "Hippopotamus-43": { "title": "Hippopotamus", "section": "Hippos and humans", "headers": [ "In zoos" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "Hippos have long been popular zoo animals. The first zoo hippo in modern history was Obaysch, who arrived at the London Zoo on 25 May 1850, where he attracted up to 10,000 visitors a day and inspired a popular song, the \"Hippopotamus Polka\". Hippos generally breed well in captivity; birth rates are lower than in the wild, but this is attributed to zoos wanting to limit births, since hippos are relatively expensive to maintain." }, "Head of the Commonwealth-8": { "title": "Head of the Commonwealth", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Elizabeth II became Head of the Commonwealth on her accession in 1952, stating at the time, \"[t]he Commonwealth bears no resemblance to the empires of the past. It is an entirely new conception built on the highest qualities of the spirit of man: friendship, loyalty, and the desire for freedom and peace.\" The following year, a Royal Style and Titles Act was passed in each of the Commonwealth realms, adding for the first time the term Head of the Commonwealth to the monarch's titles." }, "Maria Barbara Bach-1": { "title": "Maria Barbara Bach", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Maria Barbara Bach (30 October\u00a0[O.S. 20 October]\u00a01684 \u2013 buried 7 July 1720) was the first wife of composer Johann Sebastian Bach. She was also the daughter of his father's cousin Johann Michael Bach." }, "United States-1": { "title": "United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or simply America, is a country consisting of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8\u00a0million square miles (9.8\u00a0million km2), it is the world's third- or fourth-largest country by total area. Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico. With an estimated population of over 328\u00a0million, the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world (after China and India). The capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city is New York City." }, "Battalion-21": { "title": "Battalion", "section": "United States", "headers": [ "United States Army" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "A U.S. Army battalion includes the battalion commander (lieutenant colonel), executive officer (major), command sergeant major (CSM), headquarters staff, and usually three to five companies, with a total of 300 to 1,000 (but typically 500 to 600) soldiers. A regiment consists of between two and six organic battalions, while a brigade consists of between three and seven separate battalions." }, "Morocco-41": { "title": "Morocco", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "The geography of Morocco spans from the Atlantic Ocean, to mountainous areas, to the Sahara desert. Morocco is a Northern African country, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and the annexed Western Sahara. It is one of only three nations (along with Spain and France) to have both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines." }, "Richard Nixon-94": { "title": "Richard Nixon", "section": "Presidency (1969\u20131974)", "headers": [ "Reelection, Watergate scandal, and resignation", "Watergate" ], "para_index": 94, "content": "Even with support diminished by the continuing series of revelations, Nixon hoped to fight the charges. But one of the new tapes, recorded soon after the break-in, demonstrated that Nixon had been told of the White House connection to the Watergate burglaries soon after they took place, and had approved plans to thwart the investigation. In a statement accompanying the release of what became known as the \"Smoking Gun Tape\" on August 5, 1974, Nixon accepted blame for misleading the country about when he had been told of White House involvement, stating that he had had a lapse of memory. Senate Minority Leader Hugh Scott, Senator Barry Goldwater, and House Minority Leader John Jacob Rhodes met with Nixon soon after. Rhodes told Nixon he faced certain impeachment in the House. Scott and Goldwater told the president that he had, at most, only 15 votes in his favor in the Senate, far fewer than the 34 needed to avoid removal from office." }, "Stainless steel-1": { "title": "Stainless steel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Stainless steel is a family of iron-based alloys that contain a minimum of approximately 11% chromium, a composition that prevents the iron from rusting, as well as providing heat-resistant properties. Different types of stainless steel include the elements carbon (from 0.03% to greater than 1.00%), nitrogen, aluminium, silicon, sulfur, titanium, nickel, copper, selenium, niobium, and molybdenum. Specific types of stainless steel are often designated by a three digit number, e.g., 304 stainless." }, "Indoor rowing at the 2017 World Games-1": { "title": "Indoor rowing at the 2017 World Games", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The indoor rowing event at the World Games 2017 was held at the Multifunctional Hall in Jelcz-Laskowice, Poland." }, "Picts-6": { "title": "Picts", "section": "Etymology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "What the Picts called themselves is unknown. It has been proposed that they called themselves Albidosi, a name found in the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba during the reign of M\u00e1el Coluim mac Domnaill, but this idea has been disputed. A unified \"Pictish\" identity may have consolidated with the Verturian hegemony established following the Battle of Dun Nechtain in 685 AD." }, "United States-142": { "title": "United States", "section": "Economy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 142, "content": "According to the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. GDP of $16.8 trillion constitutes 24% of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19% of the gross world product at purchasing power parity (PPP)." }, "Aloe vera-19": { "title": "Aloe vera", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Commodities" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Aloe vera is used on facial tissues where it is promoted as a moisturizer and anti-irritant to reduce chafing of the nose. Cosmetic companies commonly add sap or other derivatives from Aloe vera to products such as makeup, tissues, moisturizers, soaps, sunscreens, incense, shaving cream, or shampoos. A review of academic literature notes that its inclusion in many hygiene products is due to its \"moisturizing emollient effect\"." }, "Rose-1": { "title": "Rose", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A rose is a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa, in the family Rosaceae, or the flower it bears . There are over three hundred species and thousands of cultivars . They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing, or trailing, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles . Flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and northwestern Africa . Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Roses have acquired cultural significance in many societies . Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach seven meters in height. Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the development of the wide range of garden roses." }, "Holy Saturday-3": { "title": "Holy Saturday", "section": "Terminology", "headers": [ "Western traditions" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In Western traditions, the day is usually called Holy Saturday, although in the Moravian Church, the day is referred to as the Great Sabbath and in the Anglican Communion, the Book of Common Prayer refers to the day as Easter Even. Although the term Easter Saturday is usually applied to the Saturday in Easter week, in English-speaking countries it is sometimes applied to Holy Saturday, including in legislation in the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland, and by Australian government agencies. In the Catholic tradition, the Blessed Virgin Mary as Our Lady of Sorrows is on this day assigned the title Our Lady of Solitude, referring to her solace and grief at the death of her son Jesus. However, nowhere in Catholic liturgical documents is this day referred to as the feast of Our Lady of Solitude." }, "Placozoa-7": { "title": "Placozoa", "section": "Evolutionary relationships", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Traditionally, classification was based on their level of organization: i.e. they possess no tissues or organs. However this may be as a result of secondary loss, so is inadequate to demark a clade. More recent work has attempted to classify them based on the DNA sequences in their genome; this has placed the phylum between the sponges and the eumetazoa. In such a feature-poor phylum, molecular data are considered to provide the most reliable approximation of the placozoans' phylogeny." }, "Hudson Bay-1": { "title": "Hudson Bay", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hudson Bay (Inuktitut: Kangiqsualuk ilua, French: baie d'Hudson) (sometimes called Hudson's Bay, usually historically) is a large body of saltwater in northeastern Canada with a surface area of 1,230,000\u00a0km2 (470,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi). Although not geographically apparent, it is for climatic reasons considered to be a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It drains a very large area, about 3,861,400\u00a0km2 (1,490,900\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), that includes parts of southeastern Nunavut, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario, Quebec, all of Manitoba and indirectly through smaller passages of water parts of North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Montana. Hudson Bay's southern arm is called James Bay." }, "Ammonia-90": { "title": "Ammonia", "section": "Ammonia's role in biological systems and human disease", "headers": [ "Biosynthesis" ], "para_index": 90, "content": "Ammonia is also a metabolic product of amino acid deamination catalyzed by enzymes such as glutamate dehydrogenase 1. Ammonia excretion is common in aquatic animals. In humans, it is quickly converted to urea, which is much less toxic, particularly less basic. This urea is a major component of the dry weight of urine. Most reptiles, birds, insects, and snails excrete uric acid solely as nitrogenous waste." }, "USB flash drive-1": { "title": "USB flash drive", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A USB flash drive is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface. It is typically removable, rewritable and much smaller than an optical disc. Most weigh less than 30\u00a0g (1\u00a0oz). Since first appearing on the market in late 2000, as with virtually all other computer memory devices, storage capacities have risen while prices have dropped. As of March 2016[update], flash drives with anywhere from 8 to 256 gigabytes (GB) were frequently sold, while 512\u00a0GB and 1\u00a0terabyte (TB) units were less frequent. As of 2018, 2\u00a0TB flash drives were the largest available in terms of storage capacity. Some allow up to 100,000 write/erase cycles, depending on the exact type of memory chip used, and are thought to last between 10 and 100 years under normal circumstances (shelf storage time)." }, "Internet-10": { "title": "Internet", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks. TCP/IP network access expanded again in 1986 when the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNet) provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States for researchers, first at speeds of 56 kbit/s and later at 1.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. The NSFNet expanded into academic and research organizations in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Japan in 1988\u20139. Although other network protocols such as UUCP had global reach well before this time, this marked the beginning of the Internet as an intercontinental network. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) emerged in 1989 in the United States and Australia. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990." }, "Amazon (company)-3": { "title": "Amazon (company)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Amazon was founded by Jeff Bezos in Bellevue, Washington, in July 1994. The company started as an online marketplace for books but expanded to sell electronics, software, video games, apparel, furniture, food, toys, and jewelry. In 2015, Amazon surpassed Walmart as the most valuable retailer in the United States by market capitalization. In 2017, Amazon acquired Whole Foods Market for US$13.4 billion, substantially increasing Amazon's footprint as a physical retailer. In 2018, Bezos announced that its two-day delivery service, Amazon Prime, had surpassed 100 million subscribers worldwide." }, "Psychotherapy-16": { "title": "Psychotherapy", "section": "Regulation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "As sensitive and deeply personal topics are often discussed during psychotherapy, therapists are expected, and usually legally bound, to respect client or patient confidentiality. The critical importance of client confidentiality\u2014and the limited circumstances in which it may need to be broken for the protection of clients or others\u2014is enshrined in the regulatory psychotherapeutic organizations' codes of ethical practice. Examples of when it is typically accepted to break confidentiality include when the therapist has knowledge that a child or elder is being physically abused; when there is a direct, clear and imminent threat of serious physical harm to self or to a specific individual." }, "Developed country-3": { "title": "Developed country", "section": "Similar terms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Terms linked to the concept developed country include \"advanced country\", \"industrialized country\", \"'more developed country\" (MDC), \"more economically developed country\" (MEDC), \"Global North country\", \"first world country\", and \"post-industrial country\". The term industrialized country may be somewhat ambiguous, as industrialisation is an ongoing process that is hard to define. The first industrialized country was the United Kingdom, followed by Belgium. Later it spread further to Germany, United States, France and other Western European countries. According to some economists such as Jeffrey Sachs, however, the current divide between the developed and developing world is largely a phenomenon of the 20th century." }, "Vitamin C megadosage-7": { "title": "Vitamin C megadosage", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The single repeatable side effect of oral megadose vitamin C is a mild laxative effect if the practitioner attempts to consume too much too quickly. In the United States and Canada, a tolerable upper intake level (UL) was set at 2,000 mg/day, citing this mild laxative effect as the reason for establishing the UL. However, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reviewed the safety question in 2006 and reached the conclusion that there was not sufficient evidence to set a UL for vitamin C. The Japan National Institute of Health and Nutrition reviewed the same question in 2010 and also reached the conclusion that there was not sufficient evidence to set a UL." }, "Royal Air Force-4": { "title": "Royal Air Force", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Origins" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "While the British were not the first to make use of heavier-than-air military aircraft, the RAF is the world's oldest independent air force: that is, the first air force to become independent of army or navy control. Following publication of the \"Smuts report\" prepared by Jan Smuts the RAF was founded on 1 April 1918, with headquarters located in the former Hotel Cecil, during the First World War, by the amalgamation of the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS). At that time it was the largest air force in the world. After the war, the service was drastically cut and its inter-war years were relatively quiet, with the RAF taking responsibility for the control of Iraq and executing a number of minor actions in other parts of the British Empire. The RAF's naval aviation branch, the Fleet Air Arm, was founded in 1924 but handed over to Admiralty control on 24 May 1939." }, "Edwin E. Witte-1": { "title": "Edwin E. Witte", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Edwin Emil Witte (January 4, 1887 \u2013 May 20, 1960) was an economist who focused on social insurance issues for the state of Wisconsin and for the Committee on Economic Security. While the executive director of the President's Committee on Economic Security under U.S.\u00a0President Franklin D. Roosevelt, he developed during 1934 the policies and the legislation that became the Social Security Act of 1935. Because of this he is sometimes called \"the father of Social Security\"." }, "Perjury-2": { "title": "Perjury", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Perjury is considered a serious offense, as it can be used to usurp the power of the courts, resulting in miscarriages of justice. In the United States, for example, the general perjury statute under federal law classifies perjury as a felony and provides for a prison sentence of up to five years. The California Penal Code allows for perjury to be a capital offense in cases causing wrongful execution. Perjury which caused the wrongful execution of another or in the pursuit of causing the wrongful execution of another is respectively construed as murder or attempted murder, and is normally itself punishable by execution in countries that retain the death penalty. Perjury is considered a felony in most U.S. states as well as most Australian states. In Queensland, under Section 124 of the Queensland Criminal Code Act 1899, perjury is punishable by up to life in prison if it is committed to procure an innocent person for a crime that is punishable by life in prison. However, prosecutions for perjury are rare. In some countries such as France and Italy, suspects cannot be heard under oath or affirmation and so cannot commit perjury, regardless of what they say during their trial." }, "Sea of Japan-15": { "title": "Sea of Japan", "section": "Geography and geology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The sea has a surface area of about 978,000\u00a0km2 (378,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), a mean depth of 1,752\u00a0m (5,748\u00a0ft) and a maximum depth of 3,742\u00a0m (12,277\u00a0ft)." }, "White cockatoo-9": { "title": "White cockatoo", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Whilst the maximum lifespan of the white cockatoo is poorly documented; a few zoos report that they live 40\u201360 years in captivity. Anecdotal reports suggest it can live longer. Lifespan in the wild is unknown, but believed to be as much as ten years less." }, "United States Secretary of State-4": { "title": "United States Secretary of State", "section": "Duties and responsibilities", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The stated duties of the secretary of state are to supervise the United States foreign service, immigration policy, and administer the Department of State. They must also advise the president on U.S. foreign matters such as the appointment of diplomats and ambassadors. They also advise the president of the dismissal and recall of these individuals. The secretary of state can conduct negotiations, interpret, and terminate treaties relating to foreign policy. They also can participate in international conferences, organizations and agencies as a representative of the United States. The secretary of state communicates issues relating to the U.S. foreign policy to Congress and U.S. citizens. They also provide services to U.S. citizens living or traveling abroad such as providing credentials in the form of passports. Doing this, they also ensure the protection of U.S. citizens themselves, their property, and interests in foreign countries." }, "Florence (given name)-5": { "title": "Florence (given name)", "section": "Name variants", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Alternate forms include: Florance (English) Florentia (German) Fiorentina, Fiorenza (Italian) Florencia, Florencita, Floriana, Florinia (Spanish) English nicknames for Florence include:" }, "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)-9": { "title": "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The dwarfs return to their cottage and find Snow White seemingly dead, being kept in a deathlike slumber by the poison. Unwilling to bury her out of sight in the ground, they instead place her in a glass coffin trimmed with gold in a clearing in the forest. Together with the woodland creatures, they keep watch over her. A year later, the prince from the beginning of the movie learns of her eternal sleep and visits her coffin. Saddened by her apparent death, he kisses her, which breaks the spell and awakens her. The dwarfs and animals all rejoice as the Prince takes Snow White to his castle." }, "House of Borgia-2": { "title": "House of Borgia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Borgias became prominent in ecclesiastical and political affairs in the 15th and 16th centuries, producing two popes: Alfons de Borja, who ruled as Pope Callixtus III during 1455\u20131458, and Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia, as Pope Alexander VI," }, "Diamond-1": { "title": "Diamond", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Diamond is a solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. At room temperature and pressure, another solid form of carbon known as graphite is the chemically stable form, but diamond almost never converts to it. Diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any natural material, properties that are utilized in major industrial applications such as cutting and polishing tools. They are also the reason that diamond anvil cells can subject materials to pressures found deep in the Earth." }, "Birthday-1": { "title": "Birthday", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A birthday is the anniversary of the birth of a person, or figuratively of an institution. Birthdays of people are celebrated in numerous cultures, often with birthday gifts, birthday cards, a birthday party, or a rite of passage." }, "Martin Luther-19": { "title": "Martin Luther", "section": "Start of the Reformation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "According to one account, Luther nailed his Ninety-five Theses to the door of All Saints' Church in Wittenberg on 31 October 1517. Scholars Walter Kr\u00e4mer, G\u00f6tz Trenkler, Gerhard Ritter, and Gerhard Prause contend that the story of the posting on the door, even though it has settled as one of the pillars of history, has little foundation in truth. The story is based on comments made by Luther's collaborator Philipp Melanchthon, though it is thought that he was not in Wittenberg at the time." }, "Black Lives Matter-15": { "title": "Black Lives Matter", "section": "Structure and organization", "headers": [ "Broader movement" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Concurrently, a broader movement involving several other organizations and activists emerged under the banner of \"Black Lives Matter\" as well. For example, BLM is a member organization of the Movement for Black Lives established to respond to sustained and increasingly visible violence against black communities in the U.S. and globally. In 2015 Johnetta Elzie, DeRay Mckesson, Brittany Packnett, and Samuel Sinyangwe, initiated Campaign Zero, aimed at promoting policy reforms to end police brutality. The campaign released a ten-point plan for reforms to policing, with recommendations including: ending broken windows policing, increasing community oversight of police departments, and creating stricter guidelines for the use of force. New York Times reporter John Eligon reported that some activists had expressed concerns that the campaign was overly focused on legislative remedies for police violence." }, "Zoo-1": { "title": "Zoo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A zoo (short for zoological garden; also called an animal park or menagerie) is a facility in which animals are housed within enclosures, cared for, displayed to the public, and in some cases bred." }, "Jack Frost (TV special)-2": { "title": "Jack Frost (TV special)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The story is narrated by a groundhog named Pardon-Me-Pete, who has a deal with Jack Frost to extend winter by 6 weeks, letting him sleep that much longer. Pete starts to talk about the legend of Jack Frost." }, "Stone Cold Steve Austin-45": { "title": "Stone Cold Steve Austin", "section": "Professional wrestling career", "headers": [ "World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment/WWE", "Final feuds and retirement (2002\u20132003)" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "Austin confessed he had a major rift with Triple H's role in the company upon his return in 2002 but insisted as of 2003 they resolved their issues. Also, he claimed a brief dispute with The Rock was resolved quickly upon his return, and that none of his disputes with the talent roster continued or played the major part in his departure. In February, Austin returned at No Way Out by defeating Eric Bischoff. Austin would wrestle only one match between then and WrestleMania, in another short match against Bischoff on Raw. He entered a feud with The Rock, who returned about the same time as a smug, Hollywood sell-out heel. The Rock was offended that the WWE fans voted for Austin in a WWE Magazine poll to determine the 'Superstar of the Decade'. He expressed his frustration at having never defeated Austin at WrestleMania, and challenged Austin to a match at WrestleMania XIX. Austin was then defeated by The Rock at WrestleMania XIX, in Austin's final match." }, "Sex and gender distinction-1": { "title": "Sex and gender distinction", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The distinction between sex and gender differentiates a person's biological sex (the anatomy of an individual's reproductive system, and secondary sex characteristics) from that person's gender, which can refer to either social roles based on the sex of the person (gender role) or personal identification of one's own gender based on an internal awareness (gender identity). In some circumstances, an individual's assigned sex and gender do not align, and the person may be transgender. In other cases, an individual may have biological sex characteristics that complicate sex assignment, and the person may be intersex." }, "Pea-2": { "title": "Pea", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "P. sativum is an annual plant, with a life cycle of one year. It is a cool-season crop grown in many parts of the world; planting can take place from winter to early summer depending on location. The average pea weighs between 0.1 and 0.36\u00a0gram. The immature peas (and in snow peas the tender pod as well) are used as a vegetable, fresh, frozen or canned; varieties of the species typically called field peas are grown to produce dry peas like the split pea shelled from a matured pod. These are the basis of pease porridge and pea soup, staples of medieval cuisine; in Europe, consuming fresh immature green peas was an innovation of Early Modern cuisine." }, "Shiodome-2": { "title": "Shiodome", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Shiodome Sio-Site (\u30b7\u30aa\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8), a collection of skyscrapers containing mostly businesses, hotels, and restaurants. Its thirteen skyscrapers house the headquarters of All Nippon Airways, Dentsu, Fujitsu, JSR, Mitsui Chemicals, Nippon Express, Nippon Television, Sega Sammy Holdings and Softbank. The western district, located west of the JR tracks and populated by European-style buildings. The southern extension, east of the JR tracks from Hamamatsucho 1-chome. This area is for residential use, and there are three tall apartment buildings located there, along with a small park. Shiodome Station is a stop on the Yurikamome and Toei \u014cedo Line; the complex is also within walking distance of Shimbashi Station. The Shiodome could be likened with places like Canary Wharf of London." }, "Head-1": { "title": "Head", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A head is the part of an organism which usually includes the ears, brain, forehead, cheeks, chin, eyes, nose, and mouth, each of which aid in various sensory functions such as sight, hearing, smell, and taste, respectively. Some very simple animals may not have a head, but many bilaterally symmetric forms do, regardless of size." }, "Coast to Coast AM-2": { "title": "Coast to Coast AM", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In 1978, Art Bell created and hosted West Coast AM, a late-night political talk/call-in show on Las Vegas radio station KDWN. In 1988, Bell and Alan Corberth renamed the show Coast to Coast AM and moved its studios from the Plaza Hotel in Las Vegas to Bell's home in Pahrump. After Bell's retirements, the show was hosted by various personalities, including Mike Siegel, George Noory, and others." }, "Psylocke-4": { "title": "Psylocke", "section": "Publication history", "headers": [ "Origins" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "film X-Men: Apocalypse. Created by writer Chris Claremont, Elizabeth \"Betsy\" Braddock first appeared in Captain Britain #8 (Dec. 1976), published by the Marvel Comics' British imprint Marvel UK. The original spelling of the character's name was \"Elizabeth\", though relettering of the UK versions for American reprints would occasionally misspell it as \"Elisabeth\". This led to spelling inconsistencies throughout future publications. The inconsistency was resolved by Claremont 32 years later in 2008 in the series New Exiles, which reasserted the particular spelling of her name as \"Elizabeth\". In the Captain Britain series, Claremont introduced her as a supporting character, the sister of Brian Braddock, the eponymous Captain Britain, and established her career as a charter pilot. He also established that she had psychic abilities, the full extent of which were unknown, though no explanation is given for these powers. In Marvel UK's Super Spider-Man and Captain Britain #243 (Oct. 1977), Betsy Braddock is presented as a professional model." }, "Giant armadillo-5": { "title": "Giant armadillo", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Giant armadillos typically weigh around 18.7\u201332.5\u00a0kg (41\u201372\u00a0lb) when fully grown, however a 54\u00a0kg (119\u00a0lb) specimen has been weighed in the wild and captive specimens have been weighed up to 80\u00a0kg (180\u00a0lb)." }, "Harvey Milk-4": { "title": "Harvey Milk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Despite his short career in politics, Milk became an icon in San Francisco and a martyr in the gay community. In 2002, Milk was called \"the most famous and most significantly open LGBT official ever elected in the United States\". Anne Kronenberg, his final campaign manager, wrote of him: \"What set Harvey apart from you or me was that he was a visionary. He imagined a righteous world inside his head and then he set about to create it for real, for all of us.\" Milk was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009." }, "QWERTY-16": { "title": "QWERTY", "section": "Properties", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Alternating hands while typing is a desirable trait in a keyboard design. While one hand types a letter, the other hand can prepare to type the next letter, making the process faster and more efficient. However, when a string of letters is typed with the same hand, the chances of stuttering[clarification needed] are increased and a rhythm can be broken, thus decreasing speed and increasing errors and fatigue. In the QWERTY layout many more words can be spelled using only the left hand than the right hand. In fact, thousands of English words can be spelled using only the left hand, while only a couple of hundred words can be typed using only the right hand (the three most frequent letters in the English language, ETA, are all typed with the left hand). In addition, more typing strokes are done with the left hand in the QWERTY layout. This is helpful for left-handed people but disadvantages right-handed people." }, "Religion in India-1": { "title": "Religion in India", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Religion in India is characterised by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices. India is officially a secular state and has no state religion. The Indian subcontinent is the birthplace of four of the world's major religions; namely Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. According to the 2011 census, 79.8% of the population of India practices Hinduism, 14.2% adheres to Islam, 2.3% adheres to Christianity, 1.7% adheres to Sikhism, 0.7% adheres to Buddhism and 0.37% adheres to Jainism. Zoroastrianism, Sanamahism and Judaism also have an ancient history in India, and each has several thousands of Indian adherents. India has the largest population of people adhering to Zoroastrianism (i.e. Parsis and Iranis) and Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith in the world, even though these religions initially grew in Persia. Throughout India's history, religion has been an important part of the country's culture. Religious diversity and religious tolerance are both established in the country by the law and custom; the Constitution of India has declared the right to freedom of religion to be a fundamental right." }, "The Thin Ideal-21": { "title": "The Thin Ideal", "section": "Modeling", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "The top modeling and fashion industries often embrace the ultra-thin appearance. A majority of elite models are approximately 20% underweight, exceeding the anorexia nervosa indicator of 15% underweight. Fashion models and modeling agencies are often blamed for the societal pressures that cause young women to develop eating disorders. Others argue that modeling agencies and fashion cannot be blamed for the disordered eating behavior of easily influenced adolescents. However, after several incidents in which models died from anorexia nervosa, such as the case of Ana Carolina Reston, several major fashion modeling events have adopted new policies to encourage healthy body weights. For example, Madrid Fashion Week officials banned models with a body mass index lower than eighteen. Comparable guidelines have been adopted in similar fashion events in other countries, such as Brazil and Argentina." }, "Toyota Prius-53": { "title": "Toyota Prius", "section": "Design and technology", "headers": [ "Batteries" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "citation needed] There are two principal battery packs, the High Voltage (HV) battery, also known as the traction battery, and a 12 volt battery known as the Low Voltage (LV) battery. The traction battery of the first generation Prius update (2000 onwards) was a sealed 38-module nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery pack providing 273.6 volt, 6.5\u00a0Ah capacity and weighing 53.3\u00a0kg (118\u00a0lb) and is supplied by Japan's Panasonic EV Energy Co. They are normally charged between 40\u201360% of maximum capacity to prolong battery life as well as allow headroom for regenerative braking. Each battery pack uses 10\u201315\u00a0kg (22\u201333\u00a0lb) of lanthanum, and each Prius electric motor contains 1\u00a0kg (2\u00a0lb) of neodymium; production of the car is described as \"the biggest user of rare earths of any object in the world.\" The LV battery is essential to starting the car and providing initial power to the computer." }, "Kimchi-28": { "title": "Kimchi", "section": "Varieties", "headers": [ "Season" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Pyongan-do (North Korea, outside of Pyongyang) Non-traditional ingredients have been adapted in rural areas due to severe food shortages. Hamgyeong-do (Upper Northeast): Due to its proximity to the ocean, people in this particular region use fresh fish and oysters to season their kimchi. Hwanghae-do (Midwest): The taste of kimchi in Hwanghae-do is not bland but not extremely spicy. Most kimchi from this region has less color since red chili flakes are not used. The typical kimchi for Hwanghae-do is called hobakji (\ud638\ubc15\uc9c0). It is made with pumpkin (bundi). Gyeonggi-do (Lower Midwest of Hwanghae-do) Chungcheong-do (Between Gyeonggi-do and Jeolla-do): Instead of using fermented fish, people in the region rely on salt and fermentation to make savory kimchi. Chungcheong-do has the most varieties of kimchi. Gangwon-do (South Korea)/Kangwon-do (North Korea) (Mideast): In Gangwon-do, kimchi is stored for longer periods. Unlike other coastal regions in Korea, kimchi in this area does not contain much salted fish. Jeolla-do (Lower Southwest): Salted yellow corvina and salted butterfish are used in this region to create different seasonings for kimchi. Gyeongsang-do (Lower Southeast): This region's cuisine is saltier and spicier. The most common seasoning components include myeolchijeot (\uba78\uce58\uc813) which produce a briny and savory flavor. Foreign countries: In some places of the world people sometimes make kimchi with western cabbage and many other alternative ingredients such as broccoli. Different types of kimchi were traditionally made at different times of the year, based on when various vegetables were in season and also to take advantage of hot and cold seasons before the era of refrigeration. Although the advent of modern refrigeration \u2014 including kimchi refrigerators specifically designed with precise controls to keep different varieties of kimchi at optimal temperatures at various stages of fermentation \u2014 has made this seasonality unnecessary, Koreans continue to consume kimchi according to traditional seasonal preferences." }, "Sound barrier-2": { "title": "Sound barrier", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In dry air at 20\u00a0\u00b0C (68\u00a0\u00b0F), the speed of sound is 343 metres per second (about 767\u00a0mph, 1234\u00a0km/h or 1,125\u00a0ft/s). The term came into use during World War II when pilots of high-speed fighter aircraft experienced the effects of compressibility, a number of adverse aerodynamic effects that deterred further acceleration, seemingly impeding flight at speeds close to the speed of sound. These difficulties represented a barrier to flying at faster speeds. In 1947 it was demonstrated that safe flight at the speed of sound was achievable in purpose-designed aircraft thereby breaking the barrier. By the 1950s, new designs of fighter aircraft routinely reached the speed of sound, and faster." }, "IQ Award-1": { "title": "IQ Award", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The IQ Award is a prize donated by the high-IQ association Mensa to honor people and organisations who have made remarkable contributions to public welfare by an intelligent idea, scientific research about human intelligence or the positive image of intelligence in the public. Candidates can be nominated by Mensa members and former award winners. After being checked by an internal commission, all Mensa members can vote for which nominee to win the award." }, "Aaron Burr-35": { "title": "Aaron Burr", "section": "Duel with Alexander Hamilton", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "citation needed] He fled to South Carolina, where his daughter lived with her family, but soon returned to Philadelphia and then to Washington to complete his term as vice president. He avoided New York and New Jersey for a time, but all the charges against him were eventually dropped. In the case of New Jersey, the indictment was thrown out on the basis that, although Hamilton was shot in New Jersey, he died in New York." }, "The Matrix-36": { "title": "The Matrix", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "Box office" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "The film earned $171,479,930 (37.0%) in the United States and Canada and $292,037,453 (63.0%) in other countries, for a worldwide total of $463,517,383. In North America, it became the fifth highest grossing film of 1999 and the highest grossing R-rated film of 1999. Worldwide it was the fourth highest grossing film of the year. As of 2012[update] it was placed 122nd on the list of highest grossing films of all time, and the second highest grossing film in the Matrix franchise after The Matrix Reloaded ($742.1\u00a0million)." }, "Scar (The Lion King)-17": { "title": "Scar (The Lion King)", "section": "Appearances", "headers": [ "Film" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Scar debuted in The Lion King (1994). The jealous younger brother of Mufasa, Scar was next-in-line to take the throne until his nephew Simba, Mufasa's son, was born, replacing him. Determined to regain his birthright, Scar devises a plan to kill both Simba and Mufasa. Cleverly trapping Simba in a vast gorge, Scar signals his hyena minions, Shenzi, Banzai and Ed, to trigger a wildebeest stampede. Although Mufasa saves Simba, the king is weakened, and unable to climb out of the gorge to safety. When Mufasa begs Scar for help, Scar instead throws his brother to his death below. Convincing Simba that he is to blame for Mufasa's death, Scar advises the prince to run away and never return, then orders the hyenas to pursue and kill him. With his brother murdered and his nephew presumed dead, Scar returns to Pride Rock and tells the pride that both father and son died in the stampede before becoming king and allowing the hyenas into the Pride Lands." }, "Chiropractic-2": { "title": "Chiropractic", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Systematic reviews of controlled clinical studies of treatments used by chiropractors have not found evidence that chiropractic manipulation is effective, with the possible exception of treatment for back pain. A critical evaluation found that collectively, spinal manipulation was ineffective at treating any condition. Spinal manipulation may be cost-effective for sub-acute or chronic low back pain but the results for acute low back pain were insufficient. The efficacy and cost-effectiveness of maintenance chiropractic care are unknown. There is not sufficient data to establish the safety of chiropractic manipulations. It is frequently associated with mild to moderate adverse effects, with serious or fatal complications in rare cases. There is controversy regarding the degree of risk of vertebral artery dissection, which can lead to stroke and death, from cervical manipulation. Several deaths have been associated with this technique and it has been suggested that the relationship is causative, a claim which is disputed by many chiropractors." }, "Yeah! (Usher song)-7": { "title": "Yeah! (Usher song)", "section": "Composition and reception", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "\"Yeah!\" combines the genres of crunk and R&B genres, to form Crunk&B, which Lil Jon described as \"R&B songs that get you crunk, make you wanna wild out\". Entertainment Weekly's Jem Aswad found the song to contain crunk and transition between hip hop, soul and ballad genres. The song was co-written by Sean Garrett, Patrick J. Que Smith, Ludacris, Robert McDowell, and James Elbert \"LRoc\" Phillips. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, \"Yeah!\" is written in common time with a moderately slow tempo of 105 beats per minute, It is written in the key of G minor. Usher's vocal range spans from the low note of B\u266d3 to the high note" }, "Staten Island-42": { "title": "Staten Island", "section": "Geology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "The Palisades Sill has been designated a National Natural Landmark, being \"the best example of a thick diabase sill in the United States.\" It underlies a portion of northwest Staten Island, with a visible outcropping in Travis, off Travis Road in the William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge. This is the same formation which appears in New Jersey and upstate New York along the Hudson River in Palisades Interstate Park. The sill extends southward beyond the cliffs in Jersey City beneath the Upper New York Harbor and resurfaces on Staten Island. The Palisades sill date from the Early Jurassic period, 192 to 186\u00a0million years ago." }, "Rainbow flag-1": { "title": "Rainbow flag", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A rainbow flag is a multicolored flag consisting of the colors of the rainbow. The designs differ, but many of the colors are based on the seven spectral colors of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet that compose the visible light spectrum. The actual color attributed as \"blue\" is cyan." }, "San Andreas (film)-1": { "title": "San Andreas (film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "San Andreas is a 2015 American disaster film directed by Brad Peyton and written by Carlton Cuse, with Andre Fabrizio and Jeremy Passmore receiving story credit. The film stars Dwayne Johnson, Carla Gugino, Alexandra Daddario, Ioan Gruffudd, Kylie Minogue and Paul Giamatti. Its plot centers on an earthquake caused by the San Andreas Fault devastating Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area." }, "Emmanuel Macron-63": { "title": "Emmanuel Macron", "section": "President of France", "headers": [ "Domestic policy", "Migrant crisis" ], "para_index": 63, "content": "On 23 June 2018, President Macron said: \"The reality is that Europe is not experiencing a migration crisis of the same magnitude as the one it experienced in 2015\", \"A country like Italy has not at all the same migratory pressure as last year. The crisis we are experiencing today in Europe is a political crisis\". In November 2019, Macron introduced new immigration rules to restrict the number of refugees reaching France, while stating to \"take back control\u201d of the immigration policy." }, "James Callaghan-1": { "title": "James Callaghan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (/\u02c8k\u00e6l\u0259\u02cch\u00e6n/; 27 March 1912\u00a0\u2013 26 March 2005), often known as Jim Callaghan, was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1976 to 1980. To date, Callaghan is the only person to have held all four Great Offices of State, having also served as Chancellor of the Exchequer (1964\u20131967), Home Secretary (1967\u20131970) and Foreign Secretary (1974\u20131976), prior to his premiership. As Prime Minister, he had some successes, but is remembered chiefly for the \u2019Winter of Discontent\u2019 of 1978\u201379. During a very cold winter, his battle with trade unions led to immense strikes that seriously inconvenienced the public, leading to his defeat in the polls by Conservative leader Margaret Thatcher." }, "Grammy Award-2": { "title": "Grammy Award", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It is considered one of the four major annual American entertainment awards, along with the Academy Awards (film), the Emmy Awards (television), and the Tony Awards (theater and Broadway)." }, "Iron Man-24": { "title": "Iron Man", "section": "Fictional character biography", "headers": [ "Origins" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Back home, Stark discovers that the shrapnel fragment lodged in his chest cannot be removed without killing him, and he is forced to wear the armor's chestplate beneath his clothes to act as a regulator for his heart. He must recharge the chestplate every day or else risk the shrapnel killing him. The cover story that Stark tells the news media and general public is that Iron Man is his robotic personal bodyguard, and corporate mascot. To that end, Iron Man fights threats to his company (e.g., Communist opponents Black Widow, the Crimson Dynamo, and the Titanium Man), as well as independent villains like the Mandarin (who becomes his greatest enemy). No one suspects Stark of being Iron Man, as he cultivates a strong public image of being a rich playboy and industrialist. Two notable members of the series' supporting cast, at this point, are his personal chauffeur Harold \"Happy\" Hogan, and secretary Virginia \"Pepper\" Potts\u2014to both of whom he eventually reveals his dual identity. Meanwhile, James Rhodes finds his own niche as Stark's personal pilot, ultimately revealing himself to be a man of extraordinary skill and daring in his own right." }, "Hertz-5": { "title": "Hertz", "section": "Definition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In English, \"hertz\" is also used as the plural form. As an SI unit, Hz can be prefixed; commonly used multiples are kHz (kilohertz, 103\u00a0Hz), MHz (megahertz, 106\u00a0Hz), GHz (gigahertz, 109\u00a0Hz) and THz (terahertz, 1012\u00a0Hz). One hertz simply means \"one cycle per second\" (typically that which is being counted is a complete cycle); 100\u00a0Hz means \"one hundred cycles per second\", and so on. The unit may be applied to any periodic event\u2014for example, a clock might be said to tick at 1\u00a0Hz, or a human heart might be said to beat at 1.2\u00a0Hz." }, "Bernard Sumner-5": { "title": "Bernard Sumner", "section": "Musical career", "headers": [ "Electronic" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "citation needed] In 1989, Sumner joined up with former Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr to form Electronic.[citation needed] The Pet Shop Boys' Neil Tennant collaborated on two tracks on their debut eponymous album, providing vocals. Sumner was their singer, guitarist, keyboardist and lyricist." }, "French Defence-1": { "title": "French Defence", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The French Defence is a chess opening characterised by the moves:" }, "Opal Tometi-1": { "title": "Opal Tometi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Opal Tometi is a Nigerian-American human rights activist, writer, strategist, and community organizer. She is a co-founder of Black Lives Matter. She is currently the Executive Director at BAJI (Black Alliance for Just Immigration)." }, "APA Ethics Code-1": { "title": "APA Ethics Code", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (for short, the Ethics Code, as referred to by the APA) includes an introduction, preamble, a list of five aspirational principles and a list of ten enforceable standards that psychologists use to guide ethical decisions in practice, research, and education. The principles and standards are written, revised, and enforced by the APA. The code of conduct is applicable to psychologists in a variety of areas across a variety of contexts. In the event of a violation of the code of conduct, the APA may take action ranging from termination of the APA membership to the loss of licensure, depending on the violation. Other professional organizations and licensing boards may adopt and enforce the code." }, "Floppy disk-22": { "title": "Floppy disk", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Use in the early 21st century" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "External USB floppy drives function as a USB Mass Storage Device. They require no specific driver. Windows 10 removed the driver for internal floppy drives, which are a different device. External USB floppy drives continue to function." }, "Middle class-34": { "title": "Middle class", "section": "Middle-class shares by income and wealth", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "The numbers below reflect the middle, upper, and lower share of all adults by country by net wealth (not income). Middle class is defined here for the US as those adults with a net wealth of between US$50,000 and US$500,000 in mid 2015. Purchasing power parity is used to adjust these number for other countries. Unlike that of the upper class, wealth of the middle and lowest quintile consists substantially of non-financial assets, specifically home equity. Factors which explain differences in home equity include housing prices and home ownership rates. According to the OECD, the vast majority of financial assets in every country analysed is found in the top of the wealth distribution." }, "Goat-5": { "title": "Goat", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Goats are among the earliest animals domesticated by humans. The most recent genetic analysis confirms the archaeological evidence that the wild bezoar ibex of the Zagros Mountains is the likely original ancestor of probably all domestic goats today." }, "Prophet-23": { "title": "Prophet", "section": "Abrahamic religions", "headers": [ "Islam" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Although only twenty-five prophets are mentioned by name in the Quran, a hadith (no. 21257 in Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal) mentions that there were (more or less) 124,000 prophets in total throughout history. Other traditions place the number of prophets at 224,000. Some scholars hold that there are an even greater number in the history of mankind, and only God knows. The Quran says that God has sent a prophet to every group of people throughout time, and that Muhammad is the last of the prophets, sent for the whole of humankind. The message of all the prophets is believed to be the same. In Islam, all prophetic messengers are prophets (such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad) though not all prophets are prophetic messengers. The primary distinction is that a prophet is required to demonstrate God's law through his actions, character, and behavior without necessarily calling people to follow him, while a prophetic messenger is required to pronounce God's law (i.e. revelation) and call his people to submit and follow him. Muhammad is distinguished from the rest of the prophetic messengers and prophets in that he was commissioned by God to be the prophetic messenger to all of mankind. Many of these prophets are also found in the texts of Judaism (The Torah, the Prophets, and the Writings) and Christianity." }, "Carlos Ghosn-13": { "title": "Carlos Ghosn", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Nissan and the Renault\u2013Nissan Alliance" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "In March 1999, Renault and Nissan formed the Renault\u2013Nissan Alliance, and in May 1999 Renault purchased a 36.8% stake in Nissan. While maintaining his roles at Renault, Ghosn joined Nissan as its chief operating officer (COO) in June 1999, became its president in June 2000, and was named chief executive officer (CEO) in June 2001. When he joined the company, Nissan had a consolidated interest-bearing net automotive debt of more than $20 billion (more than 2 trillion yen), and only three of its 46 models sold in Japan were generating a profit. Reversing the company's sinking fortunes was considered nearly impossible." }, "The Isley Brothers-1": { "title": "The Isley Brothers", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Isley Brothers (/\u02c8a\u026azli\u02d0/) are an American musical group originally from Cincinnati, Ohio, that started as a vocal trio consisting of brothers O'Kelly Isley Jr., Rudolph Isley and Ronald Isley in the 1950s. With a career spanning over seven decades, the group has been cited as having enjoyed one of the \"longest, most influential, and most diverse careers in the pantheon of popular music\"." }, "Ivan the Terrible-2": { "title": "Ivan the Terrible", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Ivan was the son of Vasili III, the Rurikid ruler of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and was appointed Grand Prince at three years old after his father's death. A group of reformers, united around the young Ivan and known as the \"Chosen Council\", declared him Tsar (Emperor) of All Rus' in 1547 at the age of sixteen, establishing the Tsardom of Russia with Moscow as the predominant state. Ivan's reign was characterized by Russia's transformation from a medieval state into an empire under the Tsar, though at immense cost to its people and its broader, long-term economy. In the young years of Ivan, there was a conquest of the Khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan. After consolidating his power, Ivan got rid of the advisers from the \"Chosen Council\" and triggered the Livonian War, which ravaged Russia and resulted in the loss of Livonia and Ingria, but allowed him to establish greater autocratic control over Russia's nobility, whom he violently purged in the Oprichnina. The later years of Ivan's reign were also marked by the Massacre of Novgorod and the burning of Moscow by Tatars. Ivan was a patron of trade, giving a monopoly to the Muscovy Company, and the founder of Russia's first publishing house, the Moscow Print Yard." }, "Thesis-1": { "title": "Thesis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A thesis or dissertation is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings. In some contexts, the word \"thesis\" or a cognate is used for part of a bachelor's or master's course, while \"dissertation\" is normally applied to a doctorate, while in other contexts, the reverse is true. The term graduate thesis is sometimes used to refer to both master's theses and doctoral dissertations." }, "Belmont Stakes-1": { "title": "Belmont Stakes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Belmont Stakes is an American Grade I stakes Thoroughbred horse race held on the first or second Saturday in June at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York. Belmont Park is known as \"The Championship Track\" because nearly every major American champion in racing history has competed on the racetrack. Belmont Park, with its large, wide, sweeping turns and long homestretch, is considered one of the fairest racetracks. It is a 1.5-mile-long (2.4\u00a0km) horse race, open to three-year-old Thoroughbreds. Colts and geldings carry a weight of 126 pounds (57\u00a0kg); fillies carry 121 pounds (55\u00a0kg). The race, nicknamed The Test of the Champion, and The Run for the Carnations, is the traditional third and final leg of the Triple Crown, third of four majors in horse racing for 3-year old colts and is held five weeks after the Kentucky Derby and three weeks after the Preakness Stakes. The 1973 Belmont Stakes and Triple Crown winner Secretariat holds the mile and a half stakes record (which is also a track and world record on dirt) of 2:24." }, "Coeliac disease-2": { "title": "Coeliac disease", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Coeliac disease is caused by a reaction to gluten, a group of various proteins found in wheat and in other grains such as barley and rye. Moderate quantities of oats, free of contamination with other gluten-containing grains, are usually tolerated. The occurrence of problems may depend on the variety of oat. It occurs in people who are genetically predisposed. Upon exposure to gluten, an abnormal immune response may lead to the production of several different autoantibodies that can affect a number of different organs. In the small bowel, this causes an inflammatory reaction and may produce shortening of the villi lining the small intestine (villous atrophy). This affects the absorption of nutrients, frequently leading to anaemia." }, "Ribs (food)-4": { "title": "Ribs (food)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In American cuisine, ribs usually refers to barbecue pork ribs, or sometimes beef ribs, which are served with various barbecue sauces. They are served as a rack of meat which diners customarily tear apart by hand, then eat the meat from the bone. Slow roasting or barbecuing for as much as 10\u201312 hours creates a tender finished product." }, "Funeral march-1": { "title": "Funeral march", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A funeral march (Marche fun\u00e8bre in French, Marcia funebre in Italian, Trauermarsch in German), as a musical genre, is a march, usually in a minor key, in a slow \"simple duple\" metre, imitating the solemn pace of a funeral procession. Some such marches are often considered appropriate for use during funerals and other sombre occasions, the most well-known being that of Chopin. Handel uses the name dead march, also used for marches played by a military band at military funerals and executions." }, "Atmospheric chemistry-2": { "title": "Atmospheric chemistry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The composition and chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere is of importance for several reasons, but primarily because of the interactions between the atmosphere and living organisms. The composition of the Earth's atmosphere changes as result of natural processes such as volcano emissions, lightning and bombardment by solar particles from corona. It has also been changed by human activity and some of these changes are harmful to human health, crops and ecosystems. Examples of problems which have been addressed by atmospheric chemistry include acid rain, ozone depletion, photochemical smog, greenhouse gases and global warming. Atmospheric chemists seek to understand the causes of these problems, and by obtaining a theoretical understanding of them, allow possible solutions to be tested and the effects of changes in government policy evaluated." }, "Death Magnetic-45": { "title": "Death Magnetic", "section": "Commercial performance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "In Australia, Death Magnetic was the fastest selling album of 2008, selling 55,877 copies in its first full week of release. Death Magnetic was Australia's highest-selling record in one week since Australian Idol winner Damien Leith's The Winner's Journey, in December 2006. The same success was repeated in Germany, where Death Magnetic has become the fastest selling album of 2008. Within the first three days of the album's release, Death Magnetic sold over 100,000 copies and has been certified platinum. According to reports, Death Magnetic is outselling competitors in Russia and Turkey, two countries which do not have an official album chart." }, "Most common words in English-5": { "title": "Most common words in English", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Some lists of common words distinguish between word forms, while others rank all forms of a word as a single lexeme (the form of the word as it would appear in a dictionary). For example, the lexeme be (as in to be) comprises all its conjugations (is, was, am, are, were, etc.), and contractions of those conjugations. These top 100 lemmas listed below account for 50% of all the words in the Oxford English Corpus." }, "Animal-1": { "title": "Animal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Animals (also referred to as metazoa) are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that form the biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. Over 1.5 million living animal species have been described\u2014of which around 1 million are insects\u2014but it has been estimated there are over 7 million animal species in total. Animals range in length from 8.5\u00a0millionths of a metre to 33.6 metres (110\u00a0ft). They have complex interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The kingdom Animalia includes humans, but in colloquial use, the term animal often refers only to non-human animals. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology." }, "Alternative versions of Daredevil-33": { "title": "Alternative versions of Daredevil", "section": "Ruins", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "volume\u00a0&\u00a0issue\u00a0needed] In the two issue Warren Ellis limited series Ruins, a newspaper headline reveals that Matthew Murdock was fatally injured when an atom truck crashed spilling a radioactive substance in his face. Thus he never became Daredevil." }, "United States Bill of Rights-2": { "title": "United States Bill of Rights", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Due largely to the efforts of Representative James Madison, who studied the deficiencies of the Constitution pointed out by anti-federalists and then crafted a series of corrective proposals, Congress approved twelve articles of amendment on September 25, 1789, and submitted them to the states for ratification. Contrary to Madison's proposal that the proposed amendments be incorporated into the main body of the Constitution (at the relevant articles and sections of the document), they were proposed as supplemental additions (codicils) to it. Articles Three through Twelve were ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15, 1791, and became Amendments One through Ten of the Constitution. Article Two became part of the Constitution on May 5, 1992, as the Twenty-seventh Amendment. Article One is still pending before the states." }, "Web search engine-1": { "title": "Web search engine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A web search engine or Internet search engine is a software system that is designed to carry out web search (Internet search), which means to search the World Wide Web in a systematic way for particular information specified in a textual web search query. The search results are generally presented in a line of results, often referred to as search engine results pages (SERPs). The information may be a mix of links to web pages, images, videos, infographics, articles, research papers, and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike web directories, which are maintained only by human editors, search engines also maintain real-time information by running an algorithm on a web crawler." }, "Audio mixing (recorded music)-1": { "title": "Audio mixing (recorded music)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In sound recording and reproduction, audio mixing is the process of combining multitrack recordings into a final mono, stereo or surround sound product. In the process of combining the separate tracks, their relative levels (i.e volumes) are adjusted and balanced and various processes such as equalization and compression are commonly applied to individual tracks, groups of tracks, and the overall mix. In stereo and surround sound mixing, the placement of the tracks within the stereo (or surround) field are adjusted and balanced. Audio mixing techniques and approaches vary widely and have a significant influence on the final product." }, "Three-cent piece-4": { "title": "Three-cent piece", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Civil War-era silver shortages led to widespread hoarding of all silver coins, and most one- and five-cent coins, as well. Various alternatives were tried, including encapsulated postage and privately issued coinage. The Treasury eventually settled on issuing fractional currency. These small denomination (3 to 50 cent) notes were never popular, as they were easy to lose and unwieldy in large amounts. The answer to this issue was reached in 1865 with the introduction of the three-cent nickel coin, composed of copper and nickel and larger than the silver coin of the same denomination. The coin featured a Liberty head obverse and another Roman numeral III reverse. The three-cent nickel was never intended as a permanent issue, only as a stopgap measure until the wartime hoarding ceased. Production began to taper off in the 1870s (except for an anomalously large coinage in 1881), but mintage of the denomination did not finally end until 1889. One reason often given for the discontinuation of the three-cent nickel piece in 1889 is that this coin and the dime (10-cent silver coin) were identical in diameter. Another factor may have been that in 1883, the letter postage rate dropped to 2 cents, thus removing the justification for this coin." }, "Telephone-1": { "title": "Telephone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A telephone (derived from the Greek: \u03c4\u1fc6\u03bb\u03b5, t\u0113le, \"far\" and \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03ae, ph\u014dn\u0113, \"voice\", together meaning \"distant voice\"), or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly. A telephone converts sound, typically and most efficiently the human voice, into electronic signals that are transmitted via cables and other communication channels to another telephone which reproduces the sound to the receiving user." }, "Big Two Comics-1": { "title": "Big Two Comics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Big Two Comics in the American comic book industry refers to the two largest publishers: DC Comics, a subsidiary of Warner Bros., known as the publisher of books featuring Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, The Flash, Green Lantern and Green Arrow; and Marvel Comics, a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company, known as the publisher of books featuring Spider-Man, the X-Men, the Avengers, the Hulk, and the Fantastic Four." }, "Diseases and epidemics of the 19th century-10": { "title": "Diseases and epidemics of the 19th century", "section": "Cholera", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Cholera is transmitted primarily by drinking water or eating food that has been contaminated by the cholera bacterium. The bacteria multiply in the small intestine; the feces (waste product) of an infected person, including one with no apparent symptoms, can pass on the disease if it contacts the water supply by any means." }, "Scooby-Doo-1": { "title": "Scooby-Doo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Scooby-Doo is an American animated franchise comprising many animated television series produced from 1969 to the present, as well as its derivative media. Writers Joe Ruby and Ken Spears created the original series Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! for Hanna-Barbera Productions in 1969. This Saturday-morning cartoon series featured teenagers Fred Jones, Daphne Blake, Velma Dinkley, and Norville \"Shaggy\" Rogers and their talking brown Great Dane named Scooby-Doo who solve mysteries involving supposedly supernatural creatures through a series of antics and mis-steps." }, "Flip-flop (politics)-5": { "title": "Flip-flop (politics)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The term also was used extensively in the 2004 U.S. presidential election campaign. It was used by critics as a catch-phrase attack on John Kerry, claiming he was \"flip-flopping\" his stance on several issues, including the ongoing war in Iraq. Famously, on March 16, 2004, during an appearance at Marshall University Kerry tried to explain his vote for an $87 billion supplemental appropriation for military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan by telling the crowd, \"I actually did vote for the $87 billion, before I voted against it.\" After the remark became controversial, he explained that he had supported an earlier Democratic measure that would have paid for the $87 billion in war funding by reducing Bush's tax cuts." }, "The New Price Is Right (1994 game show)-1": { "title": "The New Price Is Right (1994 game show)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The New Price Is Right is a syndicated edition of the American game show The Price Is Right which aired from September 12, 1994 to January 27, 1995. Doug Davidson hosted, who also appears on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless, with Burton Richardson as the announcer. The prize models were Julie Lynn Cialini, Ferrari Farris and Lisa Stahl. Kathy Greco, then associate producer of the CBS version of The Price Is Right, served as this edition's producer while Jay Wolpert served as associate. The show was produced by Mark Goodson Productions and distributed by Paramount Domestic Television." }, "Doughnut-3": { "title": "Doughnut", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The two most common types are the ring doughnut and the filled doughnut, which is injected with fruit preserves, cream, custard, or other sweet fillings. Alternatively, small pieces of dough are sometimes cooked as doughnut holes. Once fried, doughnuts may be glazed with a sugar icing, spread with icing or chocolate on top, or topped with powdered sugar, cinnamon, sprinkles or fruit. Other shapes include rings, balls, flattened spheres, twists, and other forms. Doughnut varieties are also divided into cake (including the old-fashioned) and yeast-risen type doughnuts. Doughnuts are often accompanied by coffee purchased at doughnut shops, convenience stores, petrol stations, cafes or fast food restaurants, but can also be paired with milk." }, "In vitro fertilisation-32": { "title": "In vitro fertilisation", "section": "Complications", "headers": [ "Multiple births" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "The major complication of IVF is the risk of multiple births. This is directly related to the practice of transferring multiple embryos at embryo transfer. Multiple births are related to increased risk of pregnancy loss, obstetrical complications, prematurity, and neonatal morbidity with the potential for long term damage. Strict limits on the number of embryos that may be transferred have been enacted in some countries (e.g. Britain, Belgium) to reduce the risk of high-order multiples (triplets or more), but are not universally followed or accepted. Spontaneous splitting of embryos in the womb after transfer can occur, but this is rare and would lead to identical twins. A double blind, randomised study followed IVF pregnancies that resulted in 73 infants (33 boys and 40 girls) and reported that 8.7% of singleton infants and 54.2% of twins had a birth weight of less than 2,500 grams (5." }, "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone-35": { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "section": "Legacy", "headers": [ "Sequels" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was originally published in the UK on July 2, 1998 and later, in the US on June 2, 1999. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on July 8, 1999 and in the US on September 8, 1999. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version. It was published worldwide in English on June 21, 2003. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was published on July 16, 2005 and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release. The seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was published on July 21, 2007. The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release: 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US." }, "Bucharest-1": { "title": "Bucharest", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bucharest (UK: /\u02ccbu\u02d0k\u0259\u02c8r\u025bst/ BOO-k\u0259-REST, US: /\u02c8bu\u02d0k\u0259r\u025bst/ -\u2060rest; Romanian: Bucure\u0219ti [buku\u02c8re\u0283t\u02b2] (listen)) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, at 44\u00b025\u203257\u2033N 26\u00b006\u203214\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff44.43250\u00b0N 26.10389\u00b0E\ufeff / 44.43250; 26.10389Coordinates: 44\u00b025\u203257\u2033N 26\u00b006\u203214\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff44.43250\u00b0N 26.10389\u00b0E\ufeff / 44.43250; 26.10389, on the banks of the D\u00e2mbovi\u021ba River, less than 60\u00a0km (37.3\u00a0mi) north of the Danube River and the Bulgarian border." }, "Jack Dempsey-12": { "title": "Jack Dempsey", "section": "Early life and career", "headers": [ "Title fight and controversy" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "On July 4, 1919, Dempsey and World Heavyweight Champion Jess Willard met at Toledo for the world title. Pro lightweight fighter Benny Leonard predicted a victory for the 6\u20321\u2033, 187 pound Dempsey even though Willard, known as the \"Pottawatamie Giant\", was 6\u20326\u00bd\u2033 tall and 245 pounds. Ultimately, Willard was knocked down seven times by Dempsey in the first round." }, "No Code-1": { "title": "No Code", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "No Code is the fourth studio album by the American rock band Pearl Jam, released on August 27, 1996 through Epic Records. Following a troubled tour for its previous album, Vitalogy (1994), in which Pearl Jam engaged in a much-publicized boycott of Ticketmaster, the band went into the studio to record its follow-up. The music on the record was more diverse than what the band had done on previous releases, incorporating elements of garage rock and worldbeat." }, "Dog food-16": { "title": "Dog food", "section": "Commercial varieties", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Most commercially produced dog food is made with animal feed grade ingredients and comes dry in bags (also known in the US as kibble) or wet in cans. Dry food contains 6\u201310% moisture by volume, as compared to 60\u201390% in canned food. Semi-moist products typically run 25\u201335%. Isotopic analysis of dog food in the Brazilian market have found that they are basically made of maize and poultry by-products." }, "Jeff Bezos-28": { "title": "Jeff Bezos", "section": "Wealth", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "His wealth, in 2017\u201318 terms, equaled that of 2.7\u00a0million Americans. Bezos's net worth increased by $33.6\u00a0billion from January 2017 to January 2018. This increase outstripped the economic development (in GDP terms) of more than 96 countries around the world. During March 9, Bezos earned $230,000 every 60 seconds. The Motley Fool estimated that if Bezos had not sold any of his shares from its original public offering in 1997, his net worth would sit at $181\u00a0billion in 2018. According to Quartz, his net worth of $150\u00a0billion in July 2018 was enough to purchase the entire stock markets of Nigeria, Hungary, Egypt, Luxembourg, and Iran. Following the report by Quartz, Amazon workers in Poland, (Germany), and Spain participated in demonstrations and labor strikes to draw attention to his growing wealth and the lack of compensation, labor rights, and satisfactory working conditions of select Amazon workers. On July 17, 2018 he was designated the \"wealthiest person in modern history\" by the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, Fortune, MarketWatch, The Wall Street Journal, and Forbes." }, "Glass fusing-7": { "title": "Glass fusing", "section": "Techniques", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Most contemporary fusing methods involve stacking, or layering thin sheets of glass, often using different colors to create patterns or simple images. The stack is then placed inside the kiln (which is almost always electric, but can be heated by gas or wood) and then heated through a series of ramps (rapid heating) and soaks (holding the temperature at a specific point) until the separate pieces begin to bond together. The longer the kiln is held at the maximum temperature, the more thoroughly the stack will fuse, eventually softening and rounding the edges of the original shape. Once the desired effect has been achieved at the maximum desired temperature, the kiln temperature will be brought down quickly through the temperature range of 815\u00a0\u00b0C (1,499\u00a0\u00b0F) to 573\u00a0\u00b0C (1,063\u00a0\u00b0F) to avoid devitrification. The glass is then allowed to cool slowly over a specified time, soaking at specified temperature ranges which are essential to the annealing process. This prevents uneven cooling and breakage and produces a strong finished product." }, "Eurasian otter-8": { "title": "Eurasian otter", "section": "Conservation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The Eurasian otter declined across its range in the second half of the 20th century primarily due to pollution from pesticides such as organochlorine and polychlorinated biphenyls. Other threats included habitat loss and hunting, both legal and illegal. Eurasian otter populations are now recovering in many parts of Europe. In the United Kingdom, the number of sites with an otter presence increased by 55% between 1994 and 2002.[citation needed] In August, 2011, the Environment Agency announced that otters had returned to every county in England since vanishing from every county except the West Country and parts of Northern England. Recovery is partly due to a ban on the most harmful pesticides that has been in place across Europe since 1979, partly to improvements in water quality leading to increases in prey populations, and partly to direct legal protection under the European Union Habitats Directive and national legislation in several European countries. In Hong Kong, it is a protected species under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170. It is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List." }, "St. Bartholomew's Day massacre-1": { "title": "St. Bartholomew's Day massacre", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (French: Massacre de la Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence, directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Queen Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX, the massacre took place a few days after the wedding day (18 August) of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant Henry III of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France). Many of the most wealthy and prominent Huguenots had gathered in largely Catholic Paris to attend the wedding." }, "Commodus-1": { "title": "Commodus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Commodus (/\u02c8k\u0252m\u0259d\u0259s/; 31 August 161 \u2013 31 December 192), born Lucius Aurelius Commodus and died Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus, was Roman emperor with his father Marcus Aurelius from 177 until his father's death in 180, and solely until 192. His reign is commonly considered to mark the end of the golden period in the history of the Roman Empire known as the Pax Romana." }, "American Jewish cuisine-4": { "title": "American Jewish cuisine", "section": "Kosher food", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Kosher food is food that conforms to kashrut, i.e. Jewish dietary laws. Under these rules, some foods \u2013 for example, pork and shellfish \u2013 are forbidden. Any meat must come from an animal that was slaughtered using a process known as shechita. Jewish dietary law also prohibits the eating of meat and milk at the same meal. For this purpose, \"meat\" means the flesh of mammals and birds, and \"milk\" includes dairy products such as cheese and butter. Thus a kosher delicatessen selling corned beef sandwiches would not have any cheese, and a kosher bakery selling bagels and cream cheese would not have any meat. Many foods are classified as pareve (sometimes spelled \"parve\") \u2013 neither meat nor milk, and therefore acceptable at any meal. Pareve foods include fish, eggs, honey, and any edible plant. Kosher commercial establishments must be closed from Friday evening to Saturday evening, during the Jewish sabbath." }, "United Airlines Flight 811-29": { "title": "United Airlines Flight 811", "section": "In popular culture", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "The events of Flight 811 were featured in \"Unlocking Disaster\", a Season 1 (2003) episode of the Canadian TV series Mayday (called Air Emergency and Air Disasters in the U.S. and Air Crash Investigation in the UK and elsewhere around the world), which included interviews with survivors and a dramatization of the accident. The flight was also included in a Mayday Season 6 (2007) Science of Disaster special titled \"Ripped Apart\"." }, "Apple Watch-2": { "title": "Apple Watch", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Apple Watch operates primarily in conjunction with the user's iPhone for functions such as configuring the watch, calling and texting, and syncing data with iPhone apps, but can independently connect to a Wi-Fi network for some tasks. LTE-equipped models of the Series 3 and later can independently connect to a mobile network, substantially reducing the need for an iPhone after initial setup. Compatibility with the iPhone depends on the versions of the system software that each is running; as of February\u00a02020[update], new Apple Watches come with watchOS 6 preinstalled, and require an iPhone running iOS 13." }, "Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant-4": { "title": "Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "By 1989, it became apparent that not enough local communities would sign on to the evacuation plan for the plant ever to be able to open. On May 19, 1989, LILCO agreed not to operate the plant in a deal with the state under which most of the $6 billion cost of the unused plant was passed on to Long Island residents. In 1992, the Long Island Power Authority bought the plant from LILCO. The plant was fully decommissioned in 1994." }, "The Social Network-1": { "title": "The Social Network", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Social Network is a 2010 American biographical drama film directed by David Fincher and written by Aaron Sorkin. Adapted from Ben Mezrich's 2009 book The Accidental Billionaires, it portrays the founding of social networking website Facebook and the resulting lawsuits. It stars Jesse Eisenberg as founder Mark Zuckerberg, along with Andrew Garfield as Eduardo Saverin, Justin Timberlake as Sean Parker, Armie Hammer as Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss, and Max Minghella as Divya Narendra. Neither Zuckerberg nor any other Facebook staff were involved with the project, although Saverin was a consultant for Mezrich's book. The film was released in the United States by Columbia Pictures on October 1, 2010." }, "Zucchini-4": { "title": "Zucchini", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The zucchini, like all squash, originates in the Americas, specifically Mesoamerica. Its original name in Mexican language or Nahuatl is ayocotl, also with the variants ayo or ayocotzin (plural, ayococone). After this, the concept and use of zucchini was developed in northern Italy in the second half of the 19th century, long after the introduction of cucurbits from the Americas in the early 16th century." }, "The Good, the Bad & the Queen-1": { "title": "The Good, the Bad & the Queen", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Good, the Bad & the Queen were a supergroup composed of singer Damon Albarn of Blur and Gorillaz, bassist Paul Simonon of the Clash, guitarist Simon Tong of the Verve, and Fela Kuti drummer Tony Allen. They released their self-titled debut album in 2007. Their second album, Merrie Land, coproduced with Tony Visconti, was released in 2018." }, "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade-1": { "title": "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade is a 1989 American action-adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg, from a story co-written by executive producer George Lucas. It is the third installment in the Indiana Jones franchise. Harrison Ford reprises the title role, while his father is portrayed by Sean Connery. Other cast members featured include Alison Doody, Denholm Elliott, Julian Glover, River Phoenix, and John Rhys-Davies. In the film, set largely in 1938, Indiana searches for his father, a Holy Grail scholar, who has been kidnapped by Nazis." }, "Anthocyanin-17": { "title": "Anthocyanin", "section": "Occurrence of anthocyanins", "headers": [ "Autumn leaf color" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "The reds, purples, and their blended combinations responsible for autumn foliage are derived from anthocyanins. Unlike carotenoids, anthocyanins are not present in the leaf throughout the growing season, but are produced actively, toward the end of summer. They develop in late summer in the sap of leaf cells, resulting from complex interactions of factors inside and outside the plant. Their formation depends on the breakdown of sugars in the presence of light as the level of phosphate in the leaf is reduced. Orange leaves in autumn result from a combination of anthocyanins and carotenoids." }, "Sea otter-49": { "title": "Sea otter", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "Diet" ], "para_index": 49, "content": "Sea otters consume over 100 prey species. In most of its range, the sea otter's diet consists almost exclusively of marine benthic invertebrates, including sea urchins, fat innkeeper worms, a variety of bivalves such as clams and mussels, abalone, other mollusks, crustaceans, and snails. Its prey ranges in size from tiny limpets and crabs to giant octopuses. Where prey such as sea urchins, clams, and abalone are present in a range of sizes, sea otters tend to select larger items over smaller ones of similar type. In California, they have been noted to ignore Pismo clams smaller than 3\u00a0inches (7\u00a0cm) across." }, "Surrogacy-2": { "title": "Surrogacy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "People may seek a surrogacy arrangement when pregnancy is medically impossible, when pregnancy risks are too dangerous for the intended mother, or when a single man or a male couple wish to have a child. Surrogacy is considered one of many assisted reproductive technologies." }, "Lactobacillus-1": { "title": "Lactobacillus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lactobacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria. They are a major part of the lactic acid bacteria group (i.e., they convert sugars to lactic acid). In humans, they constitute a significant component of the microbiota at a number of body sites, such as the digestive system, urinary system[citation needed], and genital system. In women of European ancestry, Lactobacillus species are normally a major part of the vaginal microbiota. Lactobacillus forms biofilms in the vaginal and gut microbiota, allowing them to persist during harsh environmental conditions and maintain ample populations. Lactobacillus exhibits a mutualistic relationship with the human body, as it protects the host against potential invasions by pathogens, and in turn, the host provides a source of nutrients. Lactobacillus is the most common probiotic found in food such as yogurt, and it is diverse in its application to maintain human well-being, as it can help treat diarrhea, vaginal infections, and skin disorders such as eczema." }, "Helen Palmer (author)-8": { "title": "Helen Palmer (author)", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "Illness and suicide" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Ted later described his reaction to her death: \"I didn't know whether to kill myself, burn the house down, or just go away and get lost.\" About Helen's death, Ted's niece Peggy commented: \"Whatever Helen did, she did it out of absolute love for Ted.\" Secretary Julie Olfe called Helen's death \"her last and greatest gift to him.\"" }, "Water polo-9": { "title": "Water polo", "section": "Positions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "There are seven players in the water from each team at one time. There are six players that play out and one goalkeeper. Unlike most common team sports, there is little positional play; field players will often fill several positions throughout the game as situations demand. These positions usually consist of a center forward, a center back, the two wing players and the two drivers. Players who are skilled in all positions of offense or defense are called utility players. Utility players tend to come off of the bench, though this is not absolute. Certain body types are more suited for particular positions, and left-handed players are especially coveted on the right-hand side of the field, allowing teams to launch two-sided attacks." }, "Koala-2": { "title": "Koala", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Koalas typically inhabit open eucalypt woodlands, and the leaves of these trees make up most of their diet. Because this eucalypt diet has limited nutritional and caloric content, koalas are largely sedentary and sleep up to 20 hours a day. They are asocial animals, and bonding exists only between mothers and dependent offspring. Adult males communicate with loud bellows that intimidate rivals and attract mates. Males mark their presence with secretions from scent glands located on their chests. Being marsupials, koalas give birth to underdeveloped young that crawl into their mothers' pouches, where they stay for the first six to seven months of their lives. These young koalas, known as joeys, are fully weaned around a year old. Koalas have few natural predators and parasites, but are threatened by various pathogens, such as Chlamydiaceae bacteria and the koala retrovirus." }, "Toyota Stadium-1": { "title": "Toyota Stadium", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Toyota Stadium (\u8c4a\u7530\u30b9\u30bf\u30b8\u30a2\u30e0, Toyota Sutajiamu) is a 45,000 seat retractable roof stadium in Toyota, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. It was built in 2001 and is often used as home to the J1 League club Nagoya Grampus. The stadium is football-specific, which gives matches an authentic football aura; however, its location outside Nagoya city makes it impractical for consolidating the club's fan base in its billed hometown." }, "Metallica (album)-14": { "title": "Metallica (album)", "section": "Promotion", "headers": [ "Tours" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "In 1991, for the fourth time, Metallica played as part of the Monsters of Rock festival tour. The last concert of the tour was held on September 28, 1991, at Tushino Airfield in Moscow; it was described as \"the first free outdoor Western rock concert in Soviet history\" and was attended by an estimated 150,000 to 500,000 people. Some unofficial estimates put the attendance as high as 1,600,000. The first tour directly intended to support the album, the Wherever We May Roam Tour, included a performance at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert, at which Metallica performed a short set list, consisting of \"Enter Sandman\", \"Sad but True\" and \"Nothing Else Matters\", and Hetfield performed the Queen song \"Stone Cold Crazy\" with John Deacon, Brian May and Roger Taylor of Queen and Tony Iommi of Black Sabbath. At one of the tour's first gigs the floor of the stage collapsed. The January 13 and 14, 1992, shows in San Diego were later released in the box set Live Shit: Binge & Purge, while the tour and the album were documented in the documentary A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica." }, "Whole genome sequencing-3": { "title": "Whole genome sequencing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Whole genome sequencing should not be confused with DNA profiling, which only determines the likelihood that genetic material came from a particular individual or group, and does not contain additional information on genetic relationships, origin or susceptibility to specific diseases. In addition, whole genome sequencing should not be confused with methods that sequence specific subsets of the genome - such methods include whole exome sequencing (1-2% of the genome) or SNP genotyping (<0.1% of the genome). As of 2017 there were no complete genomes for any mammals, including humans. Between 4% to 9% of the human genome, mostly satellite DNA, had not been sequenced." }, "Hot dog-12": { "title": "Hot dog", "section": "General description", "headers": [ "Commercial preparation", "Natural-casing hot dogs" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "As with most sausages, hot dogs must be in a casing to be cooked. Traditional casing is made from the small intestines of sheep. The products are known as \"natural casing\" hot dogs or frankfurters. These hot dogs have firmer texture and a \"snap\" that releases juices and flavor when the product is bitten." }, "Mammal-53": { "title": "Mammal", "section": "Anatomy", "headers": [ "Endothermy" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "Nearly all mammals are endothermic (\"warm-blooded\"). Most mammals also have hair to help keep them warm. Like birds, mammals can forage or hunt in weather and climates too cold for ectothermic (\"cold-blooded\") reptiles and insects. Endothermy requires plenty of food energy, so mammals eat more food per unit of body weight than most reptiles. Small insectivorous mammals eat prodigious amounts for their size. A rare exception, the naked mole-rat produces little metabolic heat, so it is considered an operational poikilotherm. Birds are also endothermic, so endothermy is not unique to mammals." }, "Resonance-1": { "title": "Resonance", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In physics, resonance describes the phenomenon of amplification[citation needed] that occurs when the frequency of a periodically applied force is in harmonic proportion[citation needed] to a natural frequency of the system on which it acts. When an oscillating force is applied at a resonant frequency of a dynamical system, the system will oscillate at a higher amplitude than when the same force is applied at other, non-resonant frequencies." }, "Tom Jones (singer)-3": { "title": "Tom Jones (singer)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Jones made his acting debut playing the lead role in the 1979 television film Pleasure Cove. He played himself in Tim Burton's 1996 film Mars Attacks! In 1970 he received a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor \u2013 Television Series Musical or Comedy nomination for hosting the television series This Is Tom Jones. In 2012, he played a role in an episode of Playhouse Presents. Jones received a Grammy Award for Best New Artist in 1966, an MTV Video Music Award in 1989, as well as two Brit Awards: Best British Male in 2000 and the Outstanding Contribution to Music award in 2003. Jones was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1998 and knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for services to music in 2005. Jones experienced a resurgence in notability in the 2010s due to his coaching role on the television talent show The Voice UK from 2012 (with the exception of 2016)." }, "Coen brothers-13": { "title": "Coen brothers", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "1980s" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "After graduating from New York University, Joel worked as a production assistant on a variety of industrial films and music videos. He developed a talent for film editing and met Sam Raimi while assisting Edna Ruth Paul in editing Raimi's first feature film, The Evil Dead (1981)." }, "Milk-63": { "title": "Milk", "section": "Processing", "headers": [ "Creaming and homogenization" ], "para_index": 63, "content": "Homogenized milk tastes blander but feels creamier in the mouth than unhomogenized. It is whiter and more resistant to developing off flavors. Creamline (or cream-top) milk is unhomogenized. It may or may not have been pasteurized. Milk that has undergone high-pressure homogenization, sometimes labeled as \"ultra-homogenized\", has a longer shelf life than milk that has undergone ordinary homogenization at lower pressures." }, "Goldfish-21": { "title": "Goldfish", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "Behavior", "Reproduction" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Some highly selectively bred goldfish can no longer breed naturally due to their altered shape. The artificial breeding method called \"hand stripping\" can assist nature, but can harm the fish if not done correctly. In captivity, adults may also eat young that they encounter." }, "Ant-28": { "title": "Ant", "section": "Behaviour and ecology", "headers": [ "Communication" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Ants communicate with each other using pheromones, sounds, and touch. The use of pheromones as chemical signals is more developed in ants, such as the red harvester ant, than in other hymenopteran groups. Like other insects, ants perceive smells with their long, thin, and mobile antennae. The paired antennae provide information about the direction and intensity of scents. Since most ants live on the ground, they use the soil surface to leave pheromone trails that may be followed by other ants. In species that forage in groups, a forager that finds food marks a trail on the way back to the colony; this trail is followed by other ants, these ants then reinforce the trail when they head back with food to the colony. When the food source is exhausted, no new trails are marked by returning ants and the scent slowly dissipates. This behaviour helps ants deal with changes in their environment. For instance, when an established path to a food source is blocked by an obstacle, the foragers leave the path to explore new routes. If an ant is successful, it leaves a new trail marking the shortest route on its return. Successful trails are followed by more ants, reinforcing better routes and gradually identifying the best path." }, "Marist-2": { "title": "Marist", "section": "Sporting clubs", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Marist Brothers also known as the Little Brothers of Mary and the Marist Brothers of the Schools Society of Mary (Marists) also known as the Marist Fathers Marist Sisters, a Catholic religious congregation of women Missionary Sisters of the Society of Mary also known as The Marist Missionary Sisters In New Zealand and the South Pacific Marist Brothers of the Schools began football clubs that bear the name Marist. Over time these clubs have merged with other clubs and have become sporting clubs that now include other sports." }, "Cognitive development-23": { "title": "Cognitive development", "section": "Other theoretical perspectives on cognitive development", "headers": [ "Speculated core systems of cognition", "Space" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Very young children appear to have some skill in navigation. This basic ability to infer the direction and distance of unseen locations develops in ways that are not entirely clear. However, there is some evidence that it involves the development of complex language skills between 3 and 5 years. Also, there is evidence that this skill depends importantly on visual experience, because congenitally blind individuals have been found to have impaired abilities to infer new paths between familiar locations." }, "International Film Music Critics Association-1": { "title": "International Film Music Critics Association", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The International Film Music Critics Association (IFMCA) is a professional association for online, print and radio journalists who specialize in writing about original film and television music." }, "Gray whale-1": { "title": "Gray whale", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), also known as the grey whale, gray back whale, Pacific gray whale, or California gray whale, is a baleen whale that migrates between feeding and breeding grounds yearly. It reaches a length of 14.9 meters (49\u00a0ft), a weight of 36 tonnes (40 short tons), and lives between 55 and 70 years. The common name of the whale comes from the gray patches and white mottling on its dark skin. Gray whales were once called devil fish because of their fighting behavior when hunted. The gray whale is the sole living species in the genus Eschrichtius, which in turn is the sole living genus in the family Eschrichtiidae. This mammal descended from filter-feeding whales that appeared at the beginning of the Oligocene, over 30 million years ago." }, "Malebolge-2": { "title": "Malebolge", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In Dante\u2019s version of hell, categories of sin are punished in different circles, with the depth of the circle (and placement within that circle) symbolic of the amount of punishment to be inflicted. Sinners placed in the upper circles of hell are given relatively minor punishments, while sinners in the depths of hell endure far greater torments. As the eighth of nine circles, Malebolge is one of the worst places in hell to be. In it, sinners guilty of \"simple\" fraud are punished (that is, fraud that is committed without particularly malicious intent, whereas malicious or \"compound\" fraud\u2014fraud which goes against bond of love, blood, honor, or the bond of hospitality\u2014would be punished in the ninth circle). Sinners of this category include counterfeiters, hypocrites, grafters, seducers, sorcerers and simonists." }, "Hypertension-2": { "title": "Hypertension", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "High blood pressure is classified as primary (essential) hypertension or secondary hypertension. About 90\u201395% of cases are primary, defined as high blood pressure due to nonspecific lifestyle and genetic factors. Lifestyle factors that increase the risk include excess salt in the diet, excess body weight, smoking, and alcohol use. The remaining 5\u201310% of cases are categorized as secondary high blood pressure, defined as high blood pressure due to an identifiable cause, such as chronic kidney disease, narrowing of the kidney arteries, an endocrine disorder, or the use of birth control pills." }, "Richard Dawkins-1": { "title": "Richard Dawkins", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Richard Dawkins FRS FRSL (born Clinton Richard Dawkins; 26 March 1941) is an English ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and author. He is an emeritus fellow of New College, Oxford, and was the University of Oxford's Professor for Public Understanding of Science from 1995 until 2008." }, "Ramadan-1": { "title": "Ramadan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ramadan (/\u02ccr\u00e6m\u0259\u02c8d\u0251\u02d0n/, also US: /\u02ccr\u0251\u02d0m-, \u02c8r\u00e6m\u0259d\u0251\u02d0n, \u02c8r\u0251\u02d0m-/, UK: /\u02c8r\u00e6m\u0259d\u00e6n/;) or Ramazan (Arabic: \u0631\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0636\u064e\u0627\u0646\u200e, romanized:\u00a0Rama\u1e0d\u0101n [ra.ma.d\u02e4a\u02d0n]; also spelled Ramzan, Ramadhan, or Ramathan) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (sawm), prayer, reflection and community. A commemoration of Muhammad's first revelation, the annual observance of Ramadan is regarded as one of the Five Pillars of Islam and lasts twenty-nine to thirty days, from one sighting of the crescent moon to the next." }, "Durian-2": { "title": "Durian", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Named in some regions as the \"king of fruits\", the durian is distinctive for its large size, strong odour, and thorn-covered rind. The fruit can grow as large as 30 centimetres (12\u00a0in) long and 15 centimetres (6\u00a0in) in diameter, and it typically weighs one to three\u00a0kilograms (2 to 7\u00a0lb). Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale yellow to red, depending on the species." }, "PC game-22": { "title": "PC game", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Growth of IBM PC gaming" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "By spring 1994 an estimated 24 million US homes (27% of households) had a personal computer. 48% played games on their computer; 40% had the 486 CPU or higher; 35% had CD-ROM drives; and 20% had a sound card. Another survey found that an estimated 2.46 million multimedia computers had internal CD-ROM drives by the end of 1993, an increase of almost 2,000%. Computer Gaming World reported in April 1994 that some software publishers planned to only distribute on CD as of 1995. CD-ROM had much larger storage capacity than floppies, helped reduce software piracy, and was less expensive to produce. Chris Crawford warned that it was \"a data-intensive technology, not a process-intensive one\", tempting developers to emphasize the quantity of digital assets like art and music over the quality of gameplay; Computer Gaming World wrote in 1993 that \"publishers may be losing their focus\". While many companies used the additional storage to release poor-quality shovelware collections of older software, or \"enhanced\" versions of existing ones\u2014often with what the magazine mocked as \"amateur acting\" in the added audio and video\u2014new games such as Myst included many more assets for a richer game experience." }, "George Washington-107": { "title": "George Washington", "section": "Presidency (1789\u20131797)", "headers": [ "Second term" ], "para_index": 107, "content": "When the election of 1792 neared, Washington did not publicly announce his presidential candidacy but silently consented to run, to prevent a further political-personal rift in his cabinet. The Electoral College unanimously elected him president on February 13, 1793, and John Adams as vice president by a vote of 77 to 50. Washington, with nominal fanfare, arrived alone at his inauguration in his carriage. Sworn into office by Associate Justice William Cushing on March 4, 1793 in the Senate Chamber of Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Washington gave a brief address and then immediately retired to his Philadelphia presidential house, weary of office and in poor health." }, "Twin-39": { "title": "Twin", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "Predisposing factors" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "The risk of twin birth can vary depending on what types of fertility treatments are used. With in vitro fertilisation (IVF), this is primarily due to the insertion of multiple embryos into the uterus. Ovarian hyperstimulation without IVF has a very high risk of multiple birth. Reversal of anovulation with clomifene (trade names including Clomid) has a relatively less but yet significant risk of multiple pregnancy." }, "Chris Benoit-3": { "title": "Chris Benoit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In a double-murder and suicide, Benoit murdered his wife on June 22, 2007, his son on June 23, 2007, and hanged himself on June 24, 2007. Research suggests depression and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a condition of brain damage, from numerous concussions are likely contributing factors leading to the crimes." }, "National Diet Building-28": { "title": "National Diet Building", "section": "Main facilities in the National Diet Building", "headers": [ "Chambers of the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "There are currently 242 members of the House of Councillors but 460 seats in the Chamber as members of the House of Representatives also attend the opening ceremony held at the Chamber. The number of seats, however, is still not enough to accommodate the entire 722 members of the Diet, so at the opening ceremony Diet members are sometimes seen standing in the aisles or space in the back of the floor." }, "Barbas (Charmed)-1": { "title": "Barbas (Charmed)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Barbas, the Demon of Fear, is a fictional character cast as a major foe (an upper level demon in the Charmed universe) from the WB Television Network television series Charmed, who had the ability to sense the greatest fears of his opponent(s) and use it against them. He was played by Billy Drago and repeatedly plotted against the Charmed Ones\u2014the three sisters who happen to become powerful good witches." }, "Gratuity-18": { "title": "Gratuity", "section": "By region", "headers": [ "Asia", "Hong Kong" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "In Hong Kong, tipping is not typically expected at hotels or restaurant establishments, where a \"service charge\" of 10% is added to a bill instead of expecting a gratuity. Taxi drivers in Hong Kong may also charge the difference between a fare and a round sum as a \"courtesy fee\" to avoid making change for larger bills." }, "Pepin the Short-5": { "title": "Pepin the Short", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Pepin died in 768 and was succeeded by his sons Charlemagne and Carloman. Although unquestionably one of the most powerful and successful rulers of his time, Pepin's reign is largely overshadowed by that of his more famous son, Charlemagne." }, "Opuntia-31": { "title": "Opuntia", "section": "Other uses", "headers": [ "In dye production" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Dactylopius coccus is a scale insect from which cochineal dye is derived. D. coccus itself is native to tropical and subtropical South America and Mexico. This insect, a primarily sessile parasite, lives on cacti from the genus Opuntia, feeding on moisture and nutrients in the cactus sap. The insect produces carminic acid, which deters predation by other insects. The carminic acid can be extracted from the insect's body and eggs to make the red dye." }, "Vulcan (mythology)-1": { "title": "Vulcan (mythology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Vulcan (Latin: Volc\u0101nus [w\u0254\u026b\u02c8ka\u02d0n\u028as] or Vulc\u0101nus [w\u028a\u026b\u02c8ka\u02d0n\u028as]) is the god of fire including the fire of volcanoes, deserts, metalworking, and the forge in ancient Roman religion and myth. He is often depicted with a blacksmith's hammer. The Vulcanalia was the annual festival held August 23 in his honor. His Greek counterpart is Hephaestus, the god of fire and smithery. In Etruscan religion, he is identified with Sethlans." }, "Siegfried and Nightmare-17": { "title": "Siegfried and Nightmare", "section": "Design and gameplay", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "In his debut, Siegfried appeared as a young man with short blond hair and blue eyes, covered in simple knight armor. Following his redemption in Soulcalibur and beyond, he retains the armor but his hair has grown longer, past shoulder length. During Soulcalibur\" he also gains a long scar dashing over his right eye. In Soulcalibur III, he returns with armor bearing the motif of a phoenix as well as feathers on his pauldrons. As of Soulcalibur IV, his armor remains the same, but a second layer of crystalline armor covers with an intricate design and wields Soul Calibur instead of Requiem. He also gains a long blue scarf as well, completing the 'knight in shining armor' visage. His weapon in Soul Edge was originally Faust, a simple zweihander (two-handed sword) with a basic design, but swapped it for Requiem, a large blade with a flat end and a black lining in the center. He continues to use this sword from Soulcalibur all the way to Soulcalibur III and resumes its use in Soulcalibur V. In Soulcalibur V, Siegfried's appearance begins to take on the traits of his father, and has grown a stubble. His hair is swept up with a couple bangs hanging down and his scar still remains. In all games, he is left-handed." }, "Billie Eilish-3": { "title": "Billie Eilish", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The album contains six Billboard Hot 100 top 40 singles: \"When the Party's Over\", \"Bury a Friend\", \"Wish You Were Gay\", \"Xanny\", \"Everything I Wanted\", and \"Bad Guy\", the last of which became her first number-one single in the US. In 2020, she released the latest James Bond theme song with \"No Time to Die\", which became her first number one in the UK. Her accolades include five Grammy Awards, two American Music Awards, two Guinness World Records, three MTV Video Music Awards, and one Brit Award. She is the youngest person and second person ever to win the four main Grammy categories \u2013 Best New Artist, Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Album of the Year \u2013 in the same year. In 2019, Time placed her on their inaugural \"Time 100 Next\" list." }, "Japanese cuisine-2": { "title": "Japanese cuisine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The traditional cuisine of Japan, washoku (\u548c\u98df), lit. \"Japanese eating\" (or kapp\u014d (ja:\u5272\u70f9)), is based on rice with miso soup and other dishes; there is an emphasis on seasonal ingredients. Side dishes often consist of fish, pickled vegetables, and vegetables cooked in broth. Seafood is common, often grilled, but also served raw as sashimi or in sushi. Seafood and vegetables are also deep-fried in a light batter, as tempura. Apart from rice, staples include noodles, such as soba and udon. Japan also has many simmered dishes such as fish products in broth called oden, or beef in sukiyaki and nikujaga." }, "Hinduism-7": { "title": "Hinduism", "section": "Etymology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The word \"Hindu\" is much older, and it is believed that it was used as the name for the Indus River in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. According to Gavin Flood, \"The actual term Hindu first occurs as a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: Sindhu)\", more specifically in the 6th-century BCE inscription of Darius I (550\u2013486 BCE). The term Hindu in these ancient records is a geographical term and did not refer to a religion. Among the earliest known records of 'Hindu' with connotations of religion may be in the 7th-century CE Chinese text Record of the Western Regions by Xuanzang, and 14th-century Persian text Futuhu's-salatin by 'Abd al-Malik Isami." }, "Europe-29": { "title": "Europe", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Prehistory" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "The European Bronze Age began c. 3200 BC in Greece with the Minoan civilisation on Crete, the first advanced civilisation in Europe. The Minoans were followed by the Myceneans, who collapsed suddenly around 1200 BC, ushering the European Iron Age. Iron Age colonisation by the Greeks and Phoenicians gave rise to early Mediterranean cities. Early Iron Age Italy and Greece from around the 8th century BC gradually gave rise to historical Classical antiquity, whose beginning is sometimes dated to 776 BC, the year the first Olympic Games." }, "Voyages of Christopher Columbus-7": { "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus", "section": "Background to the voyages", "headers": [ "Funding campaign" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "He proposed the king equip three sturdy ships and grant Columbus one year's time to sail out west into the Atlantic, search for a western route to India, and return. Columbus also requested he be made \"Great Admiral of the Ocean Sea\" (Atlantic Ocean), appointed governor of any and all lands he discovered, and be given one-tenth of all revenue from those lands. The king submitted the proposal to his experts, who rejected it after several years. It was their considered opinion that Columbus's estimation of a travel distance of 2,400 miles (3,900\u00a0km) was far too short." }, "Pablo Escobar-28": { "title": "Pablo Escobar", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Family and relationships" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "A drug distributor, Griselda Blanco is also reported to have conducted a clandestine, but passionate, relationship with Escobar; several items in her diary link him with the nicknames \"Coque de Mi Rey\" (My Coke King) and \"Polla Blanca\" (White Dick)." }, "Composite number-1": { "title": "Composite number", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A composite number is a positive integer that can be formed by multiplying two smaller positive integers. Equivalently, it is a positive integer that has at least one divisor other than 1 and itself. Every positive integer is composite, prime, or the unit\u00a01, so the composite numbers are exactly the numbers that are not prime and not a unit." }, "Bernard Sumner-4": { "title": "Bernard Sumner", "section": "Musical career", "headers": [ "New Order" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Sumner and remaining band members Peter Hook and Stephen Morris started a new band named New Order, joined by keyboardist Gillian Gilbert in October 1980. Though Hook, Morris and Gilbert also contributed vocals on some early tracks, Sumner emerged as the band's permanent singer and lyricist, alongside playing guitar and keyboards. Through a series of splits and reformations, the band has released ten studio albums." }, "Voyages of Christopher Columbus-9": { "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus", "section": "Background to the voyages", "headers": [ "Funding campaign", "Spanish procurement" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "King Ferdinand II of Aragon married Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1469, uniting the two largest kingdoms into what would later be the Spanish Crown. They were known jointly as the Catholic Monarchs, and ruled their kingdoms independently, but had common internal and foreign policies." }, "Alaskan Malamute-1": { "title": "Alaskan Malamute", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Alaskan Malamute (/\u02c8m\u00e6l\u0259\u02ccmju\u02d0t/) is a large breed of domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) originally bred for their strength and endurance to haul heavy freight as a sled dog. They are similar to other arctic, husky, and spitz breeds such as the Greenland Dog, Canadian Eskimo Dog, the Siberian Husky, and the Samoyed." }, "Ariel (The Little Mermaid)-49": { "title": "Ariel (The Little Mermaid)", "section": "Reception and legacy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 49, "content": "Despite her mixed critical reception, Ariel remains popular with audiences and is considered one of Disney's most iconic animated characters, with her specific color combination of red hair, lavender seashells and green tail making her distinctly identifiable. A poll in the Internet Movie Database showed Ariel to be the second most alluring animated character after Jessica Rabbit. In August 2011, Jodi Benson was honored as a Disney Legend for her work as Ariel and her other projects at Disney." }, "Yeti-1": { "title": "Yeti", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Yeti (/\u02c8j\u025bti/) or Abominable Snowman is a folkloric ape-like creature taller than an average human, that is said to inhabit the Himalayan mountains. The names Yeti and Meh-Teh are commonly used by the people indigenous to the region, and are part of their history and mythology. Stories of the Yeti first emerged as a facet of Western popular culture in the 19th century. The scientific community has generally regarded the Yeti as a legend, given the lack of evidence of its existence." }, "Fear-4": { "title": "Fear", "section": "Physiological signs", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "better\u00a0source\u00a0needed] Many physiological changes in the body are associated with fear, summarized as the fight-or-flight response. An innate response for coping with danger, it works by accelerating the breathing rate (hyperventilation), heart rate, vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood vessels leading to blushing and sanskadania of the central vessels (pooling), increasing muscle tension including the muscles attached to each hair follicle to contract and causing \"goosebumps\", or more clinically, piloerection (making a cold person warmer or a frightened animal look more impressive), sweating, increased blood glucose (hyperglycemia), increased serum calcium, increase in white blood cells called neutrophilic leukocytes, alertness leading to sleep disturbance and \"butterflies in the stomach\" (dyspepsia). This primitive mechanism may help an organism survive by either running away or fighting the danger. With the series of physiological changes, the consciousness realizes an emotion of fear." }, "Mahatma Gandhi-90": { "title": "Mahatma Gandhi", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Death" ], "para_index": 90, "content": "At 5:17\u00a0pm on 30 January 1948, Gandhi was with his grandnieces in the garden of Birla House (now Gandhi Smriti), on his way to address a prayer meeting, when Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, fired three bullets into his chest from a pistol at close range. According to some accounts, Gandhi died instantly. In other accounts, such as one prepared by an eyewitness journalist, Gandhi was carried into the Birla House, into a bedroom. There he died about 30 minutes later as one of Gandhi's family members read verses from Hindu scriptures." }, "Christopher Reeve-55": { "title": "Christopher Reeve", "section": "Injury", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "On May 27, 1995, Reeve's horse made a refusal. Witnesses said that the horse began the third fence jump and suddenly stopped. Reeve fell forward off the horse, holding on to the reins. His hands somehow became tangled in the reins, and the bridle and bit were pulled off the horse. He landed head first on the far side of the fence, shattering his first and second vertebrae. This cervical spinal injury, which paralyzed him from the neck down, also halted his breathing. Paramedics arrived three minutes later and immediately took measures to get air into his lungs. He was taken first to the local hospital, before being flown by helicopter to the University of Virginia Medical Center. Afterwards, he had no recollection of the accident. Because of Reeve's injury, Armand Assante replaced him for the role of Alan Breck Stewart in Kidnapped." }, "The Jungle Book (2016 film)-1": { "title": "The Jungle Book (2016 film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Jungle Book is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film directed and produced by Jon Favreau, from a screenplay written by Justin Marks and produced by Walt Disney Pictures. Based on Rudyard Kipling's eponymous collective works and inspired by Walt Disney's 1967 animated film of the same name, The Jungle Book is a live-action/CGI film that tells the story of Mowgli, an orphaned human boy who, guided by his animal guardians, sets out on a journey of self-discovery while evading the threatening Shere Khan. The film introduces Neel Sethi as Mowgli, along with voice and motion capture performances from Ben Kingsley, Bill Murray, Idris Elba, Lupita Nyong'o, Scarlett Johansson, Giancarlo Esposito, and Christopher Walken." }, "African Americans-103": { "title": "African Americans", "section": "Culture", "headers": [ "Religion" ], "para_index": 103, "content": "The majority of African Americans are Protestant, many of whom follow the historically black churches. The term Black church refers to churches which minister to predominantly African-American congregations. Black congregations were first established by freed slaves at the end of the 17th century, and later when slavery was abolished more African Americans were allowed to create a unique form of Christianity that was culturally influenced by African spiritual traditions." }, "Blur (band)-1": { "title": "Blur (band)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Blur are an English alternative rock band. Formed in London in 1988 as Seymour, the group consists of singer Damon Albarn, guitarist Graham Coxon, bassist Alex James and drummer Dave Rowntree. Blur's debut album Leisure (1991) incorporated the sounds of Madchester and shoegazing. Following a stylistic change influenced by English guitar pop groups such as the Kinks, the Beatles and XTC, Blur released Modern Life Is Rubbish (1993), Parklife (1994) and The Great Escape (1995). As a result, the band helped to popularise the Britpop genre and achieved mass popularity in the UK, aided by a chart battle with rival band Oasis in 1995 dubbed \"The Battle of Britpop\"." }, "President of India-63": { "title": "President of India", "section": "Emoluments", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 63, "content": "I, (name), do swear in the name of God (or solemnly affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President (or discharge the functions of the President) of the Republic of India, and will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law, and that I will devote myself to the service and well-being of the people of the Republic of India. \u2014\u2009Article 60, Constitution of India The president of India used to receive \u20b910,000 (US$100) per month per the Second Schedule of the constitution. This amount was increased to \u20b950,000 (equivalent to \u20b9180,000 or US$2,500 in 2019) in 1998. On 11 September 2008, the Government of India increased the salary of the president to \u20b91.5 lakh (equivalent to \u20b93.4 lakh or US$4,700 in 2019). This amount was further increased to \u20b95 lakh (equivalent to \u20b95.4 lakh or US$7,500 in 2019) in the 2018 Union budget of India. However, almost everything that the president does or wants to do is taken care of by an annual \u20b9225 million (equivalent to \u20b9500\u00a0million or US$7.1\u00a0million in 2019) budget that the Government allots for his or her upkeep. Rashtrapati Bhavan, the president's official residence, is the largest Presidential palace in the world. The Rashtrapati Nilayam at Bolarum, Hyderabad and Retreat Building at Chharabra, Shimla are the official Retreat Residences of the president of India. The official state car of the president is a custom-built heavily armoured Mercedes Benz S600 (W221) Pullman Guard." }, "Kristina M. Johnson-1": { "title": "Kristina M. Johnson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Kristina M. Johnson (born May 7, 1957) is an American business executive, engineer, academic, and former government official, and 13th Chancellor of the State University of New York. She has been a leader in the development of optoelectronic processing systems, 3-D imaging, and color-management systems." }, "President of the United States-46": { "title": "President of the United States", "section": "Tenure", "headers": [ "Inauguration" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States. Presidents have traditionally placed one hand upon a Bible while taking the oath, and have added \"So help me God\" to the end of the oath. Although the oath may be administered by any person authorized by law to administer oaths, presidents are traditionally sworn in by the chief justice of the United States." }, "Jaguar F-Type-13": { "title": "Jaguar F-Type", "section": "Production variants", "headers": [ "2020 Facelift" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Available in both coup\u00e9 and convertible body styles along with having all-wheel-drive, it features the same 5.0-litre supercharged V8 engine from the V8 S and R, but has a maximum power output of 575\u00a0PS (567\u00a0hp; 423\u00a0kW) at 6,500 rpm and 700\u00a0N\u22c5m (516\u00a0lb\u22c5ft) of torque at 3,500-5,000 rpm, the car can accelerate from 0\u2013100\u00a0km/h (0\u201362\u00a0mph) in 3.5 seconds and can attain a top speed of 322\u00a0km/h (200\u00a0mph), making it the first Jaguar road car since the XJ220 to reach 322\u00a0km/h (200\u00a0mph). The SVR convertible can attain a top speed of 312\u00a0km/h (194\u00a0mph).[citation needed] The F-Type facelift was revealed in December 2019 with design and technological updates. On the exterior, it received new Pixel LED headlamps, new slender taillamps, new 10-spoke 20-inch wheels, and a choice of new exterior paint finishes. Features inside include a new 12.3-inch reconfigurable TFT instrument cluster and a 10-inch Touch Pro infotainment system." }, "Planetary hours-4": { "title": "Planetary hours", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "As each day is divided into 24 hours, the first hour of a day is ruled by the planet three places down in the Chaldean order from the planet ruling the first hour of the preceding day; i.e. a day with its first hour ruled by the Sun (\"Sunday\") is followed by a day with its first hour ruled by the Moon (\"Monday\"), followed by Mars (\"Tuesday\"), Mercury (\"Wednesday\"), Jupiter (\"Thursday\"), Venus (\"Friday\") and Saturn (\"Saturday\"), again followed by Sunday, yielding the familiar naming of the days of the week." }, "Chess-1": { "title": "Chess", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a checkered board with 64\u00a0squares arranged in an 8\u00d78 grid. Played by millions of people worldwide, chess is believed to be derived from the Indian game chaturanga sometime before the 7th\u00a0century. Chaturanga is also the likely ancestor of the Eastern strategy games xiangqi (Chinese chess), janggi (Korean chess), and shogi (Japanese chess). Chess reached Europe by the 9th\u00a0century, due to the Umayyad conquest of Hispania. The pieces assumed their current properties in Spain in the late 15th\u00a0century, and the modern rules were standardized in the 19th\u00a0century." }, "Newt-32": { "title": "Newt", "section": "As bioindicators", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "Newts, as with salamanders in general and other amphibians, serve as bioindicators because of their thin, sensitive skin and evidence of their presence (or absence) can serve as an indicator of the health of the environment. Most species are highly sensitive to subtle changes in the pH level of the streams and lakes where they live. Because their skin is permeable to water, they absorb oxygen and other substances they need through their skin. Scientists study the stability of the amphibian population when studying the water quality of a particular body of water." }, "Mike Tyson-1": { "title": "Mike Tyson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Michael Gerard Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American professional boxer who competed from 1985 to 2005, and then again in 2020. He reigned as the undisputed world heavyweight champion and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win a heavyweight title, at 20 years, four months, and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional fights by knockout, 12 of them in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after stopping Trevor Berbick in the second round, and added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker in 1987. This made Tyson the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold the WBA, WBC and IBF titles, and the only heavyweight to successively unify them." }, "Aristotle-10": { "title": "Aristotle", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Near the end of his life, Alexander and Aristotle became estranged over Alexander's relationship with Persia and Persians. A widespread tradition in antiquity suspected Aristotle of playing a role in Alexander's death, but the only evidence of this is an unlikely claim made some six years after the death. Following Alexander's death, anti-Macedonian sentiment in Athens was rekindled. In 322\u00a0BC, Demophilus and Eurymedon the Hierophant reportedly denounced Aristotle for impiety, prompting him to flee to his mother's family estate in Chalcis, on Euboea, at which occasion he was said to have stated: \"I will not allow the Athenians to sin twice against philosophy\" \u2013 a reference to Athens's trial and execution of Socrates. He died on Euboea of natural causes later that same year, having named his student Antipater as his chief executor and leaving a will in which he asked to be buried next to his wife." }, "Kingdom of Judah-1": { "title": "Kingdom of Judah", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Kingdom of Judah (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b7\u05de\u05b0\u05dc\u05b6\u05db\u05b6\u05ea \u05d9\u05b0\u05d4\u05d5\u05bc\u05d3\u05b8\u05d4 Maml\u00e9\u1e35e\u1e6f Yehud\u0101h; Akkadian: \ud808\udd40\ud808\udf11\ud808\udc55\ud808\udc00\ud808\udc00 Ya'uda; Aramaic: \ud802\udd01\u202c\ud802\udd09\u202c\ud802\udd15\u202c\ud802\udd03\ud802\udd05\u202c\ud802\udd03\u200e B\u0113yt D\u0101w\u012b\u1e0f) was an Iron Age kingdom of the Southern Levant. The Hebrew Bible depicts it as the successor to the United Monarchy, a term denoting the Kingdom of Israel under biblical kings Saul, David and Solomon and covering the territory of two historical kingdoms, Judah and Israel; but some scholars, including Israel Finkelstein and Alexander Fantalkin, believe that the existent archaeological evidence for an extensive Kingdom of Judah before the late 8th century BCE is too weak, and that the methodology used to obtain the evidence is flawed. Such scholars believe that, prior to this era, the kingdom was no more than a small tribal entity which was limited to Jerusalem and its immediate surroundings." }, "Psychiatry-1": { "title": "Psychiatry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. These include various maladaptations related to mood, behaviour, cognition, and perceptions. See glossary of psychiatry." }, "Samsung Galaxy-1": { "title": "Samsung Galaxy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Samsung Galaxy (stylised as SAMSUNG Galaxy since 2015, previously stylised as Samsung GALAXY) is a series of computing and mobile computing devices designed, manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronics. The product line includes the Samsung Galaxy S series of high-end smartphones, the Samsung Galaxy Tab series of tablets, the Samsung Galaxy Note series of tablets and phablets with the added functionality of a stylus, and smartwatches including the first version of the Samsung Galaxy Gear, with later versions dropping the Galaxy branding, until the release of the Samsung Galaxy Watch in 2018." }, "Hair-1": { "title": "Hair", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis. Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals." }, "Moon-48": { "title": "Moon", "section": "Earth\u2013Moon system", "headers": [ "Relative size" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "The Moon is an exceptionally large natural satellite relative to Earth: Its diameter is more than a quarter and its mass is 1/81 of Earth's. It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, though Charon is larger relative to the dwarf planet Pluto, at 1/9 Pluto's mass. The Earth and the Moon's barycentre, their common center of mass, is located 1,700\u00a0km (1,100\u00a0mi) (about a quarter of Earth's radius) beneath Earth's surface." }, "World of Warcraft-1": { "title": "World of Warcraft", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "World of Warcraft (WoW) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) released in 2004 by Blizzard Entertainment. It is the fourth released game set in the Warcraft fantasy universe. World of Warcraft takes place within the Warcraft world of Azeroth, approximately four years after the events at the conclusion of Blizzard's previous Warcraft release, Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne. The game was announced in 2001, and was released for the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise on November 23, 2004. Since launch, World of Warcraft has had eight major expansion packs produced for it: The Burning Crusade, Wrath of the Lich King, Cataclysm, Mists of Pandaria, Warlords of Draenor, Legion, Battle for Azeroth" }, "Christopher Nolan-1": { "title": "Christopher Nolan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Christopher Edward Nolan CBE (/\u02c8no\u028al\u0259n/; born 30 July 1970) is a British-American filmmaker known for making personal, distinctive films within the Hollywood mainstream. His ten films have grossed over US$4.7\u00a0billion worldwide and garnered a total of 34 Oscar nominations and ten wins." }, "Cannabis edible-11": { "title": "Cannabis edible", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Baked good" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "A cannabis-infused baked good is a common type of cannabis edible, which may include hash cookies, brownies, and \"space cakes\" (image). One may not be able to distinguish between regular baked goods and those containing cannabinoids which tend to have a slightly green tinge and often emit a faint cannabis smell. A mild grassy or cannabis flavor might be detectable if sufficient cannabis quantities are used." }, "New York (state)-43": { "title": "New York (state)", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "Summer daytime temperatures usually range from the upper 70s to mid-80s \u00b0F (25 to 29\u00a0\u00b0C), over much of the state. In the majority of winter seasons, a temperature of \u221213\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221225\u00a0\u00b0C) or lower can be expected in the northern highlands (Northern Plateau) and 5\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221215\u00a0\u00b0C) or colder in the southwestern and east-central highlands of the Southern Tier." }, "Honey badger-21": { "title": "Honey badger", "section": "Behaviour and ecology", "headers": [ "Diet" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "It favours honey and often searches for beehives. It is also feeds on insects, frogs, tortoises, turtles, lizards, rodents, snakes, birds and eggs. It also eats berries, roots and bulbs. When foraging for vegetables, it lifts stones or tears bark from trees. Some individuals have even been observed to chase away lion cubs from kills. It devours all parts of its prey, including skin, hair, feathers, flesh and bones, holding its food down with its forepaws. It feeds on a wide range of vertebrates and seems to subsist primarily on small vertebrates. Honey badgers studied in Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park preyed largely on geckos and skinks (47.9% of prey species), gerbils and mice (39.7% of prey). The bulk of its prey comprised species weighing more than 100\u00a0g (3.5\u00a0oz) such as cobras, young African rock python and South African springhare." }, "American black bear-19": { "title": "American black bear", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "Build" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "The skulls of American black bears are broad, with narrow muzzles and large jaw hinges. In Virginia, the total length of adult bear skulls was found to average 262 to 317\u00a0mm (10.3 to 12.5\u00a0in). Across its range, the greatest skull length for the species has been reportedly measured from 23.5 to 35\u00a0cm (9.3 to 13.8\u00a0in). Females tend to have slenderer and more pointed faces than males. Their claws are typically black or grayish-brown. The claws are short and rounded, being thick at the base and tapering to a point. Claws from both hind and front legs are almost identical in length, though the foreclaws tend to be more sharply curved. The paws of the species are relatively large, with a rear foot length of 13.7 to 22.5\u00a0cm (5.4 to 8.9\u00a0in), which is proportionately larger than other medium-sized bear species, but much smaller than the paws of large adult brown, and especially polar, bears. The soles of the feet are black or brownish and are naked, leathery and deeply wrinkled. The hind legs are relatively longer than those of Asian black bears. The vestigial tail is usually 4.8 inches (120\u00a0mm) long. The ears are small and rounded and are set well back on the head." }, "Public domain-2": { "title": "Public domain", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "As examples, the works of William Shakespeare and Ludwig van Beethoven, and most early silent films, are in the public domain either by virtue of their having been created before copyright existed, or by their copyright term having expired. Some works are not covered by copyright, and are therefore in the public domain\u2014among them the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes, and all computer software created prior to 1974. Other works are actively dedicated by their authors to the public domain (see waiver); some examples include reference implementations of cryptographic algorithms, the image-processing software ImageJ (created by the National Institutes of Health), and the CIA's World Factbook. The term public domain is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, in which case use of the work is referred to as \"under license\" or \"with permission\"." }, "Water skiing-5": { "title": "Water skiing", "section": "Basic technique", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "By leaning back and keeping the legs slightly bent, the skis will eventually plane out and the skier will start to glide over the water. The skier turns by shifting weight left or right. The skier's body weight should be balanced between the balls of the feet and the heels. While being towed, the skier's arms should be relaxed but still fully extended so as to reduce stress on the arms. The handle can be held vertically or horizontally, depending on whichever position is more comfortable for the skier." }, "Bitcoin-4": { "title": "Bitcoin", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Creation" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The domain name \"bitcoin.org\" was registered on 18 August 2008. On 31 October 2008, a link to a paper authored by Satoshi Nakamoto titled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System was posted to a cryptography mailing list. Nakamoto implemented the bitcoin software as open-source code and released it in January 2009. Nakamoto's identity remains unknown." }, "Islamophobia-1": { "title": "Islamophobia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Islamophobia is the fear, hatred of, or prejudice against the Islamic religion or Muslims generally, especially when seen as a geopolitical force or the source of terrorism." }, "Dale Earnhardt Jr.-4": { "title": "Dale Earnhardt Jr.", "section": "Racing career", "headers": [ "Early life and career" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Dale Earnhardt Jr. was born and raised in Kannapolis, North Carolina, the son of Brenda Lorraine Jackson and Dale Earnhardt Sr. His maternal grandfather, Robert Gee Sr., was a NASCAR car builder. He has an elder sister, Kelley; an elder half-brother, Kerry, from his father's first marriage; and a younger half-sister, Taylor Earnhardt-Putnam, from his father's third marriage. Earnhardt Jr. is of part German ancestry. His parents divorced shortly after he was born, and he and Kelley lived with Brenda until their house was destroyed in a fire when he was six years old. As Brenda had no financial support after the fire, she gave up custody of the two children to Earnhardt Sr. prior to his marriage to Teresa Houston. During Earnhardt Jr.'s childhood, Kelley took care of him while their father and Teresa were busy with the race seasons. When he became a delinquent at the age of 12, he was sent by his father and Teresa to a military school; three weeks later, Kelley quit high school to join him." }, "Living presidents of the United States-3": { "title": "Living presidents of the United States", "section": "Timeline", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Jimmy Carter (1977\u20131981) Born (1924-10-01)October 1, 1924 (age 95\u00a0years, 221\u00a0days) Donald Trump (2017\u2013present) Born (1946-06-14)June 14, 1946 (age 73\u00a0years, 330\u00a0days) George W. Bush (2001\u20132009) Born (1946-07-06)July 6, 1946 (age 73\u00a0years, 308\u00a0days) Bill Clinton (1993\u20132001) Born (1946-08-19)August 19, 1946 (age 73\u00a0years, 264\u00a0days) Barack Obama (2009\u20132017) Born (1961-08-04)August 4, 1961 (age 58\u00a0years, 279\u00a0days) Number of presidents alive at each moment in United States history:" }, "Ice hockey-43": { "title": "Ice hockey", "section": "Game", "headers": [ "Penalties" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "A two-minute minor penalty is often charged for lesser infractions such as tripping, elbowing, roughing, high-sticking, delay of the game, too many players on the ice, boarding, illegal equipment, charging (leaping into an opponent or body-checking him after taking more than two strides), holding, holding the stick (grabbing an opponent's stick), interference, hooking, slashing, kneeing, unsportsmanlike conduct (arguing a penalty call with referee, extremely vulgar or inappropriate verbal comments), \"butt-ending\" (striking an opponent with the knob of the stick\u2014a very rare penalty), \"spearing\", or cross-checking. As of the 2005\u20132006 season, a minor penalty is also assessed for diving, where a player embellishes or simulates an offence. More egregious fouls may be penalized by a four-minute double-minor penalty, particularly those that injure the victimized player. These penalties end either when the time runs out or when the other team scores during the power play. In the case of a goal scored during the first two minutes of a double-minor, the penalty clock is set down to two minutes upon a score, effectively expiring the first minor penalty. Five-minute major penalties are called for especially violent instances of most minor infractions that result in intentional injury to an opponent, or when a minor penalty results in visible injury (such as bleeding), as well as for fighting. Major penalties are always served in full; they do not terminate on a goal scored by the other team. Major penalties assessed for fighting are typically offsetting, meaning neither team is short-handed and the players exit the penalty box upon a stoppage of play following the expiration of their respective penalties. The foul of boarding (defined as \"check[ing] an opponent in such a manner that causes the opponent to be thrown violently in the boards\") is penalized either by a minor or major penalty at the discretion of the referee, based on the violent state of the hit. A minor or major penalty for boarding is often assessed when a player checks an opponent from behind and into the boards." }, "Book of Daniel-13": { "title": "Book of Daniel", "section": "Content", "headers": [ "Daniel in the lions' den (chapter 6)" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Darius elevates Daniel to high office, exciting the jealousy of other officials. Knowing of Daniel's devotion to his God, his enemies trick the king into issuing an edict forbidding worship of any other god or man for a 30-day period. Daniel continues to pray three times a day to God towards Jerusalem; he is accused and King Darius, forced by his own decree, throws Daniel into the lions' den. But God shuts up the mouths of the lions, and the next morning Darius rejoices to find him unharmed. The king casts Daniel's accusers into the lions' pit together with their wives and children to be instantly devoured, while he himself acknowledges Daniel's God as he whose kingdom shall never be destroyed." }, "Hodgkin lymphoma-6": { "title": "Hodgkin lymphoma", "section": "Diagnosis", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Lymphadenopathy: the most common symptom of Hodgkin is the painless enlargement of one or more lymph nodes. The nodes may also feel rubbery and swollen when examined. The nodes of the neck and shoulders (cervical and supraclavicular) are most frequently involved (80\u201390% of the time, on average). The lymph nodes of the chest are often affected, and these may be noticed on a chest radiograph. Systemic symptoms: about one-third of people with Hodgkin disease may also present with systemic symptoms, including: Itchy skin Night sweats. Unexplained weight loss of at least 10% of the person's total body mass in six months or less. Low-grade fever. Fatigue (lassitude). Systemic symptoms such as fever, night sweats, and weight loss are known as B symptoms; thus, presence of these indicate that the person's stage is, for example, 2B instead of 2A. Splenomegaly: enlargement of the spleen is often present in people with Hodgkin lymphoma. The enlargement, however, is seldom massive, and the size of the spleen may fluctuate during the course of treatment. Hepatomegaly: enlargement of the liver, due to liver involvement, is infrequent in people with Hodgkin Lymphoma. Hepatosplenomegaly: the enlargement of both the liver and spleen caused by the same disease. Pain following alcohol consumption: classically, involved nodes are painful after alcohol consumption, though this phenomenon is very uncommon, occurring in only two to three percent of people with Hodgkin lymphoma, thus having a low sensitivity. On the other hand, its positive predictive value is high enough for it to be regarded as a pathognomonic sign of Hodgkin lymphoma. The pain typically has an onset within minutes after ingesting alcohol, and is usually felt as coming from the vicinity where there is an involved lymph node. The pain has been described as either sharp and stabbing or dull and aching. Back pain: nonspecific back pain (pain that cannot be localised or its cause determined by examination or scanning techniques) has been reported in some cases of Hodgkin lymphoma. The lower back is most often affected.[citation needed] Cyclical fever: people may also present with a cyclical high-grade fever known as the Pel\u2013Ebstein fever, or more simply \"P-E fever\". However, there is debate as to whether the P-E fever truly exists. Nephrotic syndrome can occur in individuals with Hodgkin lymphoma and is most commonly caused by minimal change disease. Hodgkin lymphoma must be distinguished from non-cancerous causes of lymph node swelling (such as various infections) and from other types of cancer. Definitive diagnosis is by lymph node biopsy (usually excisional biopsy with microscopic examination). Blood tests are also performed to assess function of major organs and to assess safety for chemotherapy. Positron emission tomography (PET) is used to detect small deposits that do not show on CT scanning. PET scans are also useful in functional imaging (by using a radiolabeled glucose to image tissues of high metabolism). In some cases a Gallium scan may be used instead of a PET scan." }, "Elijah-44": { "title": "Elijah", "section": "Elijah in Judaism", "headers": [ "Elijah's cup" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "One such decision was whether the Passover Seder required four or five cups of wine. Each serving of wine corresponds to one of the \"four expressions of redemption\" in the Book of Exodus:" }, "Obstetrical dilemma-14": { "title": "Obstetrical dilemma", "section": "Evolution of human birth", "headers": [ "Adaptations to ensure live birth", "Malleable cranium" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Humans are born with a very malleable fetal head which is not fully developed when the infant exits the womb. This soft spot on the crown of the infant allows for the head to be compressed in order to better fit through the birth canal without obstructing it. This allows for the head to develop more after birth and for the cranium to continue growing without affecting the birthing process." }, "New Testament-11": { "title": "New Testament", "section": "Books", "headers": [ "The Gospels" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The Gospel of Matthew, ascribed to the Apostle Matthew. This gospel begins with a genealogy of Jesus and a story of his birth that includes a visit from magi and a flight into Egypt, and it ends with the commissioning of the disciples by the resurrected Jesus. The Gospel of Mark, ascribed to Mark the Evangelist. This gospel begins with the preaching of John the Baptist and the baptism of Jesus. Two different secondary endings were affixed to this gospel in the 2nd century. The Gospel of Luke, ascribed to Luke the Evangelist, who was not one of the Twelve Apostles, but was mentioned as a companion of the Apostle Paul and as a physician. This gospel begins with parallel stories of the birth and childhood of John the Baptist and Jesus and ends with appearances of the resurrected Jesus and his ascension into heaven. The Gospel of John, ascribed to John the Evangelist. This gospel begins with a philosophical prologue and ends with appearances of the resurrected Jesus. The first three gospels listed above are classified as the Synoptic Gospels. They contain similar accounts of the events in Jesus's life and his teaching, due to their literary interdependence. The Gospel of John is structured differently and includes stories of several miracles of Jesus and sayings not found in the other three." }, "Dissociative identity disorder-1": { "title": "Dissociative identity disorder", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dissociative identity disorder (DID), previously known as multiple personality disorder (MPD), is a mental disorder characterized by the maintenance of at least two distinct and relatively enduring personality states. This is accompanied by memory gaps beyond what would be explained by ordinary forgetfulness. The personalities alternately show in a person's behavior; presentations, however, are variable. Other problems that often occur in people with DID include borderline personality disorder (BPD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, substance use disorders, self-harm, and anxiety." }, "Siri-3": { "title": "Siri", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Siri supports a wide range of user commands, including performing phone actions, checking basic information, scheduling events and reminders, handling device settings, searching the Internet, navigating areas, finding information on entertainment, and is able to engage with iOS-integrated apps. With the release of iOS 10 in 2016, Apple opened up limited third-party access to Siri, including third-party messaging apps, as well as payments, ride-sharing, and Internet calling apps. With the release of iOS 11, Apple updated Siri's voices for more clear, human voices, started supporting follow-up questions and language translation, and additional third-party actions." }, "Federal Bureau of Investigation-59": { "title": "Federal Bureau of Investigation", "section": "Personnel", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "As of 31\u00a0December\u00a02009[update], the FBI had a total of 33,852 employees. That includes 13,412 special agents and 20,420 support professionals, such as intelligence analysts, language specialists, scientists, information technology specialists, and other professionals." }, "Valkyrie-2": { "title": "Valkyrie", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Valkyries are attested in the Poetic Edda (a book of poems compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources), the Prose Edda, the Heimskringla (both by Snorri Sturluson) and the Nj\u00e1ls saga (one of the Sagas of Icelanders), all written\u2014or compiled\u2014in the 13th century. They appear throughout the poetry of skalds, in a 14th-century charm, and in various runic inscriptions." }, "Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority-91": { "title": "Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority", "section": "Funding", "headers": [ "Budget" ], "para_index": 91, "content": "The Capital Investment Program is a rolling 5-year plan which programs capital expenses. The draft FY2009-2014 CIP allocates $3,795M, including $879M in projects funded from non-MBTA state sources (required for Clean Air Act compliance), and $299M in projects with one-time federal funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Capital projects are paid for by federal grants, allocations from the general budget of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (for legal commitments and expansion projects) and MBTA bonds (which are paid off through the operating budget). The FY2014 budget includes $1.422 billion for operating expenses and $443.8M in debt and lease payments." }, "Graduate science education in the United States-6": { "title": "Graduate science education in the United States", "section": "Course of study", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Depending on the specific field of study, completion of a PhD program usually takes four to eight years of study after the Bachelor's Degree; those students who begin a PhD program with a master's degree may complete their PhD degree a year or two sooner. As PhD programs typically lack the formal structure of undergraduate education or related professional degree education (JD, MD, DVM, MBA, etc.), there are significant individual differences in the time taken to complete the degree. Many U.S. universities have set a ten-year limit for students in PhD programs, or refuse to consider graduate credit older than ten years as counting towards a PhD degree. Similarly, students may be required to re-take the comprehensive exam if they do not defend their dissertations within five years after submitting it to their self-chosen dissertation advisors.[citation needed] Overall, 57% of students who begin a PhD program in the US will complete their degree within ten years, approximately 30% will drop out or be dismissed, and the remaining 13% of students will continue on past ten years." }, "Wives aboard Noah's Ark-6": { "title": "Wives aboard Noah's Ark", "section": "New Testament", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "1 Peter 3:20 (written in the late 1st century AD) states that there were eight people on the Ark." }, "Great Barrier Reef-7": { "title": "Great Barrier Reef", "section": "Geology and geography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The plate tectonic theory indicates Australia has moved northwards at a rate of 7\u00a0cm (2.8\u00a0in) per year, starting during the Cenozoic. Eastern Australia experienced a period of tectonic uplift, which moved the drainage divide in Queensland 400\u00a0km (250\u00a0mi) inland. Also during this time, Queensland experienced volcanic eruptions leading to central and shield volcanoes and basalt flows. Some of these became high islands. After the Coral Sea Basin formed, coral reefs began to grow in the Basin, but until about 25 million years ago, northern Queensland was still in temperate waters south of the tropics\u2014too cool to support coral growth. The Great Barrier Reef's development history is complex; after Queensland drifted into tropical waters, it was largely influenced by reef growth and decline as sea level changed." }, "Dwarfism-1": { "title": "Dwarfism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dwarfism, also known as short stature, occurs when an organism is extremely small. In humans, it is sometimes defined as an adult height of less than 147 centimetres (4\u00a0ft 10\u00a0in), regardless of sex, although some individuals with dwarfism are slightly taller. Disproportionate dwarfism is characterized by either short limbs or a short torso. In cases of proportionate dwarfism, both the limbs and torso are unusually small. Intelligence is usually normal, and most have a nearly normal life expectancy." }, "Coronavirus disease-8": { "title": "Coronavirus disease", "section": "Coronavirus diseases", "headers": [ "COVID-19" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which in December 2019 led to a pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China, which developed into the COVID-19 pandemic." }, "Samsung Electronics-1": { "title": "Samsung Electronics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (Korean:\u00a0\uc0bc\uc131\uc804\uc790; Hanja:\u00a0\u4e09\u661f\u96fb\u5b50; RR:\u00a0Samsung Jeonja; literally 'tristar electronics') is a South Korean multinational electronics company headquartered in Suwon, South Korea. Due to some circular ownership, it is the flagship company of the Samsung chaebol, accounting for 70% of the group's revenue in 2012. Samsung Electronics has assembly plants and sales networks in 80 countries and employs around 308,745 people. It is the world's largest manufacturer of consumer electronics and semiconductors by revenue. As of June\u00a02018,[update] Samsung Electronics' market capitalization stood at US$325.9\u00a0billion." }, "Russian Civil War-2": { "title": "Russian Civil War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Red Army eventually defeated the White Armed Forces of South Russia in Ukraine and the army led by Admiral Alexander Kolchak to the east in Siberia in 1919. The remains of the White forces commanded by Pyotr Wrangel were beaten in Crimea and evacuated in late 1920. Lesser battles of the war continued on the periphery for two more years, and minor skirmishes with the remnants of the White forces in the Far East continued well into 1923. The war ended in 1923, in the sense that Bolshevik communist control of the newly formed Soviet Union was now assured, although armed national resistance in Central Asia was not completely crushed until 1934. There were an estimated 7,000,000\u201312,000,000 casualties during the war, mostly civilians." }, "Year-4": { "title": "Year", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In astronomy, the Julian year is a unit of time; it is defined as 365.25 days of exactly 86,400 seconds (SI base unit), totalling exactly 31,557,600 seconds in the Julian astronomical year." }, "Ancient Egypt-1": { "title": "Ancient Egypt", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River, situated in the place that is now the country Egypt. Ancient Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3100\u00a0BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Menes (often identified with Narmer). The history of ancient Egypt occurred as a series of stable kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age." }, "Never Again (Kelly Clarkson song)-5": { "title": "Never Again (Kelly Clarkson song)", "section": "Composition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "According to the digital music sheet published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Publishing Company, Inc, it is written in the key of G minor. The song is set in common time a follows a moderately fast tempo of 138 beats per minute. Clarkson's vocals ranged from G3 to an E\u266d5. Many critics made comparisons to \"Since U Been Gone\" (Breakaway, 2004). Tina Mrazik of Yahoo! Music compared it to \"Since U Been Gone\", commenting its similarity in regard to vocals. Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine describes \"Never Again\" as a slightly harder and less immediate version of the entire Breakaway album." }, "New Testament-2": { "title": "New Testament", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The New Testament is a collection of Christian texts originally written in the Koine Greek language, at different times by various different authors. While the Old Testament canon varies somewhat between different Christian denominations, the 27-book canon of the New Testament has been almost universally recognized within Christianity since at least Late Antiquity. Thus, in almost all Christian traditions today, the New Testament consists of 27 books:" }, "Citrus-31": { "title": "Citrus", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "The trees thrive in a consistently sunny, humid environment with fertile soil and adequate rainfall or irrigation. Abandoned trees in valleys may suffer, yet survive, the dry summer of Central California's Inner Coast Ranges. At any age, citrus grows well enough with infrequent irrigation in partial shade, but the fruit crop is smaller. Being of tropical and subtropical origin, oranges, like all citrus, are broadleaved and evergreen. They do not drop leaves except when stressed. The stems of many varieties have large sharp thorns. The trees flower in the spring, and fruit is set shortly afterward. Fruit begins to ripen in fall or early winter, depending on cultivar, and develops increasing sweetness afterward. Some cultivars of tangerines ripen by winter. Some, such as the grapefruit, may take up to 18 months to ripen." }, "Apollo 11-1": { "title": "Apollo 11", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that first landed humans on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin formed the American crew that landed the Apollo Lunar Module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC. Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours and 39 minutes later on July 21 at 02:56 UTC; Aldrin joined him 19 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and they collected 47.5 pounds (21.5\u00a0kg) of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Command module pilot Michael Collins flew the Command Module Columbia alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moon's surface. Armstrong and Aldrin spent 21 hours, 36 minutes on the lunar surface at a site they named Tranquility Base before lifting off to rejoin Columbia in lunar orbit." }, "Tsar-6": { "title": "Tsar", "section": "Meaning in Slavic languages", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "From this ambiguity, the development has moved in different directions in the different Slavic languages. Thus, the Bulgarian language and Russian language no longer use \"tsar\" as an equivalent of the term imperator as it exists in the West European (Latin) tradition. Currently, the term \"tsar\" refers to native sovereigns, ancient and Biblical rulers, as well as monarchs in fairy tales and the like. The title \"king\" (Russian korol' , Bulgarian kral-, the origin of which is Charlemagne (Karl)) is sometimes perceived as alien and is by some Russian speakers reserved for (West) European royalty (and, by extension, for those modern monarchs outside of Europe whose titles are translated as \"king\" in English, roi in French etc.). Foreign monarchs of imperial status, both inside and outside of Europe, ancient as well as modern, are generally called imperator (\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440) rather than tsar." }, "Gymnastics-1": { "title": "Gymnastics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Gymnastics is a sport that includes exercises requiring balance, strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, and endurance. The movements involved in gymnastics contribute to the development of the arms, legs, shoulders, back, chest, and abdominal muscle groups. Alertness, precision, daring, self-confidence, and self-discipline are mental traits that can also be developed through gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the ancient Greeks that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse and from circus performance skills." }, "Tourism in Sweden-6": { "title": "Tourism in Sweden", "section": "Swedish nature", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Due to Sweden's northern location, the summer sun sets for only short periods of time (not at all north of the Arctic Circle). This phenomenon allows outdoor activities later in the evening than usual." }, "Aaron Burr-34": { "title": "Aaron Burr", "section": "Duel with Alexander Hamilton", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "citation needed] Each man took one shot, and Burr's shot fatally injured Hamilton, while Hamilton's shot missed. Burr's bullet entered Hamilton's abdomen above his right hip, piercing Hamilton's liver and spine. Hamilton was evacuated to the Manhattan home of a friend, William Bayard Jr., where he and his family received visitors including Episcopal bishop Benjamin Moore, who baptized Hamilton before he died the following day. Burr was charged with multiple crimes, including murder, in New York and New Jersey, but was never tried in either jurisdiction." }, "Christianity in Zambia-47": { "title": "Christianity in Zambia", "section": "The Church and the Christian Nation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "Chiluba had an understanding of how Pentecostal churches view his presidency as God appointed. Rev. Sky Banda as senior Pentecostal pastor in the nation says of Chiluba, \"when he finally got into the presidentship position we were very happy. We felt it was a God-ordained situation.\" Haynes proposes, \"independent churches\u2026 theologically towards the conservative end of the religious spectrum, regarded government as divinely sanctioned, that they rule because God allows them to.\" By using scriptures such as Romans 13:1a, \"Everyone must summit himself to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which God has established.\" Chiluba was confident he would be able to push his harsh economic policies through with little opposition from the Pentecostal wing of the church. An even more powerful inference in Pentecostal terms was that his presidency was like that of an Old Testament king. Using a scripture, \"the Lord forbid that I should do such a thing to my master the Lord's anointed, or lift my hand against him; for he is the anointed of the Lord\", 1 Sam 24:5, often appropriated by Pentecostal faith prosperity teachers to hide excesses in their ministry and prevent serious investigation, he and his supporters were able to fend off difficult questions from Pentecostal quarters, see also." }, "Super Mario 64-2": { "title": "Super Mario 64", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Producer/director and Mario creator Shigeru Miyamoto conceived a 3D Mario game during the production of Star Fox (1993). Super Mario 64's development, handled by Nintendo EAD, lasted approximately three years; one was spent on designing while the next two on direct work. The visuals were created using the Nichimen N-World toolkit and Miyamoto aimed to include more details than earlier games. The score was composed by Koji Kondo. A multiplayer mode featuring Luigi as a playable character was planned but cut. Along with Pilotwings 64, Super Mario 64 was one of the launch games for Nintendo 64. Nintendo released it in Japan on June 23, 1996, and later in North America, Europe, and Australia. A remake, Super Mario 64 DS, was released for the Nintendo DS in 2004, and the original version was re-released for Nintendo's Virtual Console service on the Wii and Wii U in 2006 and 2015, respectively." }, "Super Mario Bros.-4": { "title": "Super Mario Bros.", "section": "Gameplay", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In Super Mario Bros., the player takes on the role of Mario, the protagonist of the series. Mario's younger brother, Luigi, is controlled by the second player in the game's multiplayer mode and assumes the same plot role and functionality as Mario. The objective is to race through the Mushroom Kingdom, survive the main antagonist Bowser's forces, and save Princess Toadstool. The game is a side-scrolling platformer; the player moves from the left side of the screen to the right side in order to reach the flag pole at the end of each level." }, "Albany, Georgia-35": { "title": "Albany, Georgia", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "City" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "As of the census of 2010, there were 77,434 people, 29,781 households, and 18,515 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,385.5 people per square mile (535.0/km\u00b2). There were 33,436 housing units at an average density of 577.3 per square mile (222.9/km\u00b2)." }, "Ocean-3": { "title": "Ocean", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "As the world ocean is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, it is integral to life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. The World Ocean is the habitat of 230,000 known species, but because much of it is unexplored, the number of species that exist in the ocean is much larger, possibly over two million. The origin of Earth's oceans is unknown; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean eon and may have been the cause for the emergence of life." }, "September 11 attacks-63": { "title": "September 11 attacks", "section": "Aftermath", "headers": [ "Immediate response" ], "para_index": 63, "content": "The 9/11 attacks had immediate effects on the American people. Police and rescue workers from around the country took a leave of absence from their jobs and traveled to New York City to help recover bodies from the twisted remnants of the Twin Towers. Blood donations across the U.S. surged in the weeks after 9/11." }, "Damon Albarn-3": { "title": "Damon Albarn", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Albarn formed the virtual band Gorillaz in 1998 with comic book artist Jamie Hewlett. Drawing influences from hip hop, dub, pop, trip hop, and world music, Gorillaz released their self-titled debut album in 2001 to worldwide success, spawning successful follow-ups Demon Days (2005), Plastic Beach, The Fall (both released in 2010), Humanz (2017), and The Now Now (2018). Although Albarn is the only permanent musical contributor, Gorillaz albums typically feature collaborations from a range of artists. Gorillaz are cited by the Guinness Book of World Records as the \"Most Successful Virtual Band\". Albarn's other projects include two supergroups: The Good, the Bad & the Queen and Rocket Juice & the Moon, working with the non-profit organization Africa Express, which he co-founded, and composing film soundtracks. He has also scored stage productions, namely Monkey: Journey to the West (2008), Dr Dee (2012) and Wonder.land (2016). His debut solo studio album Everyday Robots was released in 2014." }, "Bruce Lee-14": { "title": "Bruce Lee", "section": "Career and education", "headers": [ "1959 to 1964: Continuous studies and martial arts breakthrough" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "citation needed] In March 1961, Lee enrolled at the University of Washington and studied dramatic arts, philosophy, psychology, and various other subjects. Despite what Lee himself and many others have stated, Lee's official major was drama rather than philosophy according to a 1999 article in the university's alumni publication." }, "Oculudentavis-1": { "title": "Oculudentavis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Oculudentavis is an extinct genus of saurian of uncertain taxonomic placement, originally identified as an avialan dinosaur (bird, in the broad sense). It contains a single known species, Oculudentavis khaungraae. The only known fossil of Oculudentavis comprises a complete skull preserved in Burmese amber. The skull was 1.4 centimetres (0.55\u00a0in) in length, indicating that Oculudentavis would have been comparable in size to the modern bee hummingbird if it were an avialan. The amber specimen was retrieved from 99-million-year-old deposits of the Hukawng Basin in Kachin State, northern Myanmar. The specimen is embroiled in controversy regarding its identity and the ethical issues surrounding the acquisition and study of Burmese amber." }, "Vitus-15": { "title": "Vitus", "section": "Veneration", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Vitus is one of the Fourteen Martyrs who give aid in times of trouble. He is specifically invoked against chorea, which is called St. Vitus Dance." }, "Spaghetti-1": { "title": "Spaghetti", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Spaghetti (Italian:\u00a0[spa\u02c8\u0261etti]) is a long, thin, solid, cylindrical pasta. It is a staple food of traditional Italian cuisine. Like other pasta, spaghetti is made of milled wheat and water and sometimes enriched with vitamins and minerals. Italian spaghetti is typically made from durum wheat semolina. Usually the pasta is white because refined flour is used, but whole wheat flour may be added. Spaghettoni is a thicker form of spaghetti, while capellini is a very thin spaghetti." }, "Climate of New England-2": { "title": "Climate of New England", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Interior northern Massachusetts have a humid continental climate (Dfb in K\u00f6ppen climate classification). In this region, the winters are long, cold, and heavy snow is common (most locations receive 60 to 120 inches (1,500 to 3,000\u00a0mm) of snow annually in this region). The summer months are moderately warm, though summer is rather short. Annual rainfall is spread evenly throughout the year. Cities like Bangor, Maine, Portland, Maine, Manchester, New Hampshire, Burlington, Vermont, and Pittsfield, Massachusetts average around 45 inches (1,100\u00a0mm) of rainfall and 60 to 90 inches (1,500 to 2,300\u00a0mm) of snow annually." }, "Santa Mar\u00eda (ship)-63": { "title": "Santa Mar\u00eda (ship)", "section": "Design of the ship", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 63, "content": "The other ships of the Columbus expedition were the smaller caravel-type ships Santa Clara (known as La Ni\u00f1a (\"The Girl\")), and La Pinta (\"The Painted\"). All these ships were second-hand (if not third- or more) and were not intended for exploration. Ni\u00f1a, Pinta, and the Santa Mar\u00eda were modest-sized merchant vessels comparable in size to a modern cruising yacht. The exact measurements of length and width of the three ships have not survived, but good estimates of their burden capacity can be judged from contemporary anecdotes written down by one or more of Columbus's crew members, and contemporary Spanish and Portuguese shipwrecks from the late 15th and early 16th centuries which are comparable in size to that of Santa Mar\u00eda. These include the ballast piles and keel lengths of the Molasses Reef Wreck and Highborn Cay Wreck in the Bahamas. Both were caravel vessels 19\u00a0m (62\u00a0ft) in length overall, 12.6\u00a0m (41\u00a0ft) keel length and 5 to 5.7\u00a0m (16 to 19\u00a0ft) in width, and rated between 100 and 150 tons burden. Santa Mar\u00eda, being Columbus' largest ship, was only about this size, and Ni\u00f1a and Pinta were smaller, at only 50 to 75 tons burden and perhaps 15 to 18 metres (49 to 59\u00a0ft) on deck (updated dimensional estimates are discussed below in the section entitled Replicas)." }, "Dominick Cruz-1": { "title": "Dominick Cruz", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dominick Rojelio Cruz (born March 9, 1985) is an American professional mixed martial artist, who is currently signed to the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). He is a two-time UFC Bantamweight Champion and was also the final bantamweight titleholder of World Extreme Cagefighting (WEC)." }, "Neville Chamberlain-8": { "title": "Neville Chamberlain", "section": "Early life and political career (1869\u20131918)", "headers": [ "Childhood and businessman" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "At forty, Chamberlain was expecting to remain a bachelor, but in 1910 he fell in love with Anne Cole, a recent connection by marriage, and married her the following year. They met through his Aunt Lilian, the Canadian-born widow of Joseph Chamberlain's brother Herbert, who in 1907 had married Anne Cole's uncle Alfred Clayton Cole, a director of the Bank of England." }, "Arthropods associated with sloths-12": { "title": "Arthropods associated with sloths", "section": "Coprophagous guild", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Lepidopteran moths of the snout moth families have evolved to inhabit sloth fur exclusively. Typically, sloth moths follow a life-style broadly on the lines of Cryptoses choloepi, a moth in the snout moth family that lives exclusively in the fur of the brown three-toed sloth Bradypus variegatus infuscatus. Adult female moths leave the fur of the sloth to lay eggs in the sloth droppings when the sloth descends, once a week, to the forest floor to defecate. The larvae of Cryptoses choloepi live in the dung and newly emerged moths later fly from the dung pile into the forest canopy to find a host sloth." }, "Surveying-2": { "title": "Surveying", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Surveyors work with elements of geometry, trigonometry, regression analysis, physics, engineering, metrology, programming languages, and the law. They use equipment, such as total stations, robotic total stations, theodolites, GNSS receivers, retroreflectors, 3D scanners, radios, clinometer, handheld tablets, digital levels, subsurface locators, drones, GIS, and surveying software." }, "Minor depressive disorder-2": { "title": "Minor depressive disorder", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A person is considered to have minor depressive disorder if they experience 2 to 4 depressive symptoms, with one of them being either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure, during a 2-week period. The person must not have experienced the symptoms for 2 years and there must not have been one specific event that caused the symptoms to arise. Although not all cases of minor depressive disorder are deemed in need of treatment, some cases are treated similarly to major depressive disorder. This treatment includes cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), anti-depressant medication, and combination therapy. A lot of research supports the notion that minor depressive disorder is an early stage of major depressive disorder, or that it is simply highly predictive of subsequent major depressive disorder." }, "Oriental magpie-1": { "title": "Oriental magpie", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Oriental magpie (Pica serica) is a species of magpie found from south-eastern Russia and Myanmar to eastern China, Taiwan and northern Indochina. It is also a common symbol of the Korean identity, and has been adopted as the \"official bird\" of numerous South Korean cities, counties and provinces. Other names for the Oriental magpie include Korean magpie and Asian magpie." }, "Paella-5": { "title": "Paella", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Paella valenciana is the traditional paella of the Valencia region, believed to be the original recipe, and consists of round grain rice, bajoqueta and tavella (varieties of green beans), rabbit, chicken, sometimes duck, garrof\u00f3 (a variety of lima or butter bean), and optionally snails. Artichoke hearts and stems may be used as seasonal ingredients. Olive oil is used as a base, and saffron and (sometimes) whole rosemary branches are used as seasoning." }, "Neanderthal-2": { "title": "Neanderthal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It is unclear when Neanderthals split from modern humans; studies have produced various intervals ranging from 315 kya to more than 800 kya. The time of divergence of Neanderthals from their ancestor H. heidelbergensis is also unclear. The oldest potential Neanderthal bones are dated to 430 kya, but the classification is uncertain. Neanderthals are known from numerous fossils, especially from after 130 kya. The type specimen, Neanderthal 1, was found in 1856 in the German Neander Valley. After much debate over their validity, Neanderthals were depicted as being primitive, stupid, and brutish for much of the early 20th century. Though knowledge and perception of them has markedly changed since then in the scientific community, the image of the unevolved caveman archetype remains prevalent in popular culture." }, "Drug overdose-1": { "title": "Drug overdose", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A drug overdose (overdose or OD) is the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities greater than are recommended. Typically it is used for cases when a risk to health will potentially result. An overdose may result in a toxic state or death." }, "Account manager-9": { "title": "Account manager", "section": "Work environment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Direct marketing consultancies and agencies Marketing departments Major commercial organizations Account managers usually work in an office setting and can work more than 40 hours weekly. Travel is usually included in the job description. National or global account managers will very likely experience extra travel." }, "Black swan-24": { "title": "Black swan", "section": "Relationship with humans", "headers": [ "Conservation" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "The black swan is protected in New South Wales, Australia under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (s.5). It is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species." }, "Silicon Valley-29": { "title": "Silicon Valley", "section": "History (post-1970)", "headers": [ "Venture capital" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "By the early 1970s, there were many semiconductor companies in the area, computer firms using their devices, and programming and service companies serving both. Industrial space was plentiful and housing was still inexpensive. Growth during this era was fueled by the emergence of venture capital on Sand Hill Road, beginning with Kleiner Perkins and Sequoia Capital in 1972; the availability of venture capital exploded after the successful $1.3\u00a0billion IPO of Apple Computer in December 1980. Since the 1980s, Silicon Valley has been home to the largest concentration of venture capital firms in the world." }, "Crab-2": { "title": "Crab", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Crabs are generally covered with a thick exoskeleton, composed primarily of highly mineralized chitin, and armed with a single pair of chelae (claws). Crabs are found in all of the world's oceans, while many crabs live in fresh water and on land, particularly in tropical regions. Crabs vary in size from the pea crab, a few millimeters wide, to the Japanese spider crab, with a leg span of up to 4 metres (13\u00a0ft)." }, "Tonsure-9": { "title": "Tonsure", "section": "Buddhism", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In Buddhism, tonsure is a part of the rite of pabbajja and also a part of becoming a monk (Skt. Bhikshu) or nun (Skt. Bhikshuni). This involves shaving the head and face. This tonsure is renewed as often as required to keep the head cleanly shaven." }, "Old English-6": { "title": "Old English", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Old English was not static, and its usage covered a period of 700 years, from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century to the late 11th century, some time after the Norman invasion. While indicating that the establishment of dates is an arbitrary process, Albert Baugh dates Old English from 450 to 1150, a period of full inflections, a synthetic language. Perhaps around 85% of Old English words are no longer in use, but those that survived are basic elements of Modern English vocabulary." }, "C++-2": { "title": "C++", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "C++ was designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded, resource-constrained software and large systems, with performance, efficiency, and flexibility of use as its design highlights. C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts, with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications, including desktop applications, video games, servers (e.g. e-commerce, Web search, or SQL servers), and performance-critical applications (e.g. telephone switches or space probes)." }, "Royal Rumble (2001)-2": { "title": "Royal Rumble (2001)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The main event was the Royal Rumble match, which Stone Cold Steve Austin won by last eliminating Kane to win the match, making it his third Royal Rumble win. The match also included comedian Drew Carey. On the undercard, Kurt Angle defended the WWF Championship against Triple H and Chris Jericho defeated Intercontinental Champion Chris Benoit in a ladder match." }, "Bear McCreary-1": { "title": "Bear McCreary", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bear McCreary (born February 17, 1979) is an American musician and composer of film, television, and video games scores based in Los Angeles, California. He is best known for his work on the reimagined Battlestar Galactica television series and for the TV series Outlander and The Walking Dead. He has also scored for the PlayStation 4 video game God of War." }, "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor-15": { "title": "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Election" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "He was crowned King of the Romans at Aachen several days later, on 9 March 1152. Frederick's father was from the Hohenstaufen family, and his mother was from the Welf family, the two most powerful families in Germany. The Hohenstaufens were often called Ghibellines, which derives from the Italianized name for Waiblingen castle, the family seat in Swabia; the Welfs, in a similar Italianization, were called Guelfs." }, "Second grade-8": { "title": "Second grade", "section": "France equivalent", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "In France, it would correspond to CE1 (Cours \u00c9l\u00e9mentaire 1), which is the second year of elementary school where children are 7\u20138 years old. Primary school is during 5 years. CP: Cours pr\u00e9paratoire, CE1, CE2, CM1 and CM2 (cours moyen)." }, "Joker (character)-1": { "title": "Joker (character)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Joker is a supervillain created by Bill Finger, Bob Kane, and Jerry Robinson who first appeared in the debut issue of the comic book Batman (April 25, 1940), published by DC Comics. Credit for the Joker's creation is disputed; Kane and Robinson claimed responsibility for the Joker's design while acknowledging Finger's writing contribution. Although the Joker was planned to be killed off during his initial appearance, he was spared by editorial intervention, allowing the character to endure as the archenemy of the superhero Batman." }, "Geographic coordinate system-15": { "title": "Geographic coordinate system", "section": "Horizontal coordinates", "headers": [ "Latitude and longitude" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a \"graticule\". The origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625\u00a0km (390\u00a0mi) south of Tema, Ghana." }, "William Shakespeare-17": { "title": "William Shakespeare", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "Later years and death" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52. He died within a month of signing his will, a document which he begins by describing himself as being in \"perfect health\". No extant contemporary source explains how or why he died. Half a century later, John Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: \"Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died of a fever there contracted\", not an impossible scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Of the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: \"We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon / From the world's stage to the grave's tiring room.\"" }, "Vietnam War-2": { "title": "Vietnam War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The conflict emerged from the First Indochina War against the communist-led Viet Minh. Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. After the French quit Indochina in 1954, the US assumed financial and military support for the South Vietnamese state. The Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng, also known as Front national de lib\u00e9ration du Sud-Vi\u00eat Nam or NLF (the National Liberation Front), a South Vietnamese common front under the direction of North Vietnam, initiated a guerrilla war in the south. North Vietnam had also invaded Laos in the mid-1950s in support of insurgents, establishing the Ho Chi Minh Trail to supply and reinforce the Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng. U.S. involvement escalated under President John F. Kennedy through the MAAG program from just under a thousand military advisors in 1959 to 16,000 in 1963. By 1963, the North Vietnamese had sent 40,000 soldiers to fight in South Vietnam. North Vietnam was heavily backed by the USSR and the People's Republic of China. China also sent hundreds of PLA servicemen to North Vietnam to serve in air-defense and support roles." }, "The Picture of Dorian Gray-4": { "title": "The Picture of Dorian Gray", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Dorian Gray is the subject of a full-length portrait in oil by Basil Hallward, an artist impressed and infatuated by Dorian's beauty; he believes that Dorian's beauty is responsible for the new mood in his art as a painter. Through Basil, Dorian meets Lord Henry Wotton, and he soon is enthralled by the aristocrat's hedonistic world view: that beauty and sensual fulfilment are the only things worth pursuing in life." }, "Madrid\u2013Barcelona high-speed rail line-1": { "title": "Madrid\u2013Barcelona high-speed rail line", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Madrid\u2013Barcelona high-speed rail line is a 621-kilometre (386\u00a0mi) standard gauge railway line inaugurated on 20 February 2008. Designed for speeds of 350\u00a0km/h (217\u00a0mph) and compatibility with neighbouring countries' rail systems, it connects the cities of Madrid and Barcelona in 2 hours 30 minutes. In Barcelona the line is connected with the Perpignan\u2013Barcelona high-speed rail line leading into France which connects it to the European high speed network." }, "Heel-1": { "title": "Heel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The heel is the prominence at the posterior end of the foot. It is based on the projection of one bone, the calcaneus or heel bone, behind the articulation of the bones of the lower leg." }, "Kane (wrestler)-3": { "title": "Kane (wrestler)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Within WWE, Kane is a three-time world champion (having held the WWF Championship, ECW Championship and World Heavyweight Championship once each) and a 12-time world tag team champion (having held the World Tag Team Championship, WCW Tag Team Championship and WWE Tag Team Championships with various partners). He is also a two-time Intercontinental Champion and a Money in the Bank winner, as well as the third man to complete WWE's Grand Slam. Kane holds the record for cumulative Royal Rumble match eliminations at 44. The last title Kane won was the 24/7 Championship on September 16, 2019, the only title won under his real name. Veteran wrestler Ric Flair described Kane as \"the best in the world\", while Big Show dubbed him \"the best big man ever\"." }, "Hattori Hanz\u014d-1": { "title": "Hattori Hanz\u014d", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hattori Hanz\u014d (\u670d\u90e8 \u534a\u8535, ~1542[better\u00a0source\u00a0needed] \u2014 December 23, 1596), also known as Hattori Masanari or Hattori Masashige (\u670d\u90e8 \u6b63\u6210)[citation needed] and nicknamed Oni no Hanz\u014d (\u9b3c\u306e\u534a\u8535, Demon Hanz\u014d), was a famous Samurai of the Sengoku era, credited with saving the life of Tokugawa Ieyasu and then helping him to become the ruler of united Japan. He is often a subject of varied portrayal in modern popular culture." }, "Nikola Motor Company-1": { "title": "Nikola Motor Company", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Nikola Motor Company is an American hybrid truck design company based in Phoenix, Arizona, where it also has its research and development operations. It was founded in 2012 in Salt Lake City, Utah. The company is named after inventor Nikola Tesla." }, "Diamond-15": { "title": "Diamond", "section": "Material properties", "headers": [ "Mechanical properties", "Hardness" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Diamond is the hardest known natural material on both the Vickers scale and the Mohs scale. Diamond's great hardness relative to other materials has been known since antiquity, and is the source of its name." }, "NASCAR-1": { "title": "NASCAR", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) is an American auto racing sanctioning and operating company that is best known for stock-car racing. The privately\u2013owned company was founded by Bill France Sr. in 1948, and his son, Jim France, has been the CEO since August 6, 2018. The company is headquartered in Daytona Beach, Florida. Each year, NASCAR sanctions over 1,500 races at over 100 tracks in 48 US states as well as in Canada, Mexico, and Europe." }, "Baptism-1": { "title": "Baptism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Baptism (from the Greek noun \u03b2\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 baptisma; see below) is a Christian rite of admission and adoption, almost invariably with the use of water, into Christianity. It may be performed by sprinkling or pouring water on the head, or by immersing in water either partially or completely. The synoptic gospels recount that John the Baptist baptised Jesus. Baptism is considered a sacrament in most churches, and as an ordinance in others. Baptism is also called christening, although some reserve the word \"christening\" for the baptism of infants. It has also given its name to the Baptist churches and denominations." }, "Oil paint-18": { "title": "Oil paint", "section": "Pigment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The color of oil paint is derived from small particles of colored pigments mixed with the carrier, the oil. Common pigment types include mineral salts such as white oxides: zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and the red to yellow cadmium pigments. Another class consists of earth types such as sienna or umber. Still another group of pigments comes from living organisms, such as madder root. Synthetic organic pigments are also now available. Natural pigments have the advantage of being well understood through centuries of use, but synthetics have greatly increased the spectrum of available colors, and many have attained a high level of lightfastness." }, "The Hobbit-2": { "title": "The Hobbit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Hobbit is set within Tolkien's fictional universe and follows the quest of home-loving Bilbo Baggins, the titular hobbit, to win a share of the treasure guarded by Smaug the dragon. Bilbo's journey takes him from light-hearted, rural surroundings into more sinister territory." }, "War Horse (film)-5": { "title": "War Horse (film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In 1912, a bay Thoroughbred is born in Devon, England. At auction, farmer Ted Narracott outbids his landlord Lyons for the colt, to the dismay of his wife Rose, because the family needs a working horse that can plough the field. Their son Albert, accompanied by his best friend Andrew, names the colt Joey, and teaches him to come when he imitates an owl's call. The pair form a close bond. Against all odds, the horse and boy successfully plough a rocky field, saving the family's farm." }, "Gluten-15": { "title": "Gluten", "section": "Disorders", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "\"Gluten-related disorders\" is the umbrella term for all diseases triggered by gluten, which include celiac disease (CD), non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), wheat allergy, gluten ataxia and dermatitis herpetiformis (DH)." }, "Carolingian Empire-1": { "title": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Carolingian Empire (800\u2013888) was a large Frankish-dominated empire in western and central Europe during the early Middle Ages. It was ruled by the Carolingian dynasty, which had ruled as kings of the Franks since 751 and as kings of the Lombards in Italy from 774. In 800, the Frankish king Charlemagne was crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III in an effort to transfer the Roman Empire from east to west. The Carolingian Empire is considered the first phase in the history of the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806." }, "Lee Sedol-3": { "title": "Lee Sedol", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Lee was born in South Korea in 1983 and studied at the Korea Baduk Association. He ranks second in international titles (18), behind only Lee Chang-ho (21). Despite this, he describes his opening play as \"very weak\". In February 2013, Lee announced that he planned to retire within three years and move to the U.S. to promote Go. He plays on Tygem as \"gjopok\". He is known as 'Bigeumdo Boy' because he was born and grew up on Bigeumdo Island." }, "Internet troll-37": { "title": "Internet troll", "section": "Troll sites", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "A The New York Times article discussed troll activity at 4chan and at Encyclopedia Dramatica, which it described as \"an online compendium of troll humor and troll lore\". 4chan's /b/ board is recognized as \"one of the Internet's most infamous and active trolling hotspots\". This site and others are often used as a base to troll against sites that their members can not normally post on. These trolls feed off the reactions of their victims because \"their agenda is to take delight in causing trouble\". Places like Reddit, 4chan, and other anonymous message boards are prime real-estate for online trolls. Because there\u2019s no way of tracing who someone is, trolls can post very inflammatory content without repercussion." }, "Pictish language-1": { "title": "Pictish language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pictish is the extinct language spoken by the Picts, the people of eastern and northern Scotland from the late Iron Age to the Early Middle Ages. Virtually no direct attestations of Pictish remain, short of a limited number of geographical and personal names found on monuments and the contemporary records in the area controlled by the Kingdom of the Picts. Such evidence, however, points to the language being an Insular Celtic language related to the Brittonic language spoken prior to Anglo-Saxon settlement in what is now southern Scotland, England, and Wales." }, "Slam dunk-5": { "title": "Slam dunk", "section": "Introduction", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "During the 1940s and 1950s, 7-foot center and Olympic gold medalist Bob Kurland was dunking regularly during games. Yet defenders viewed the execution of a slam dunk as a personal affront that deserved retribution; thus defenders often intimidated offensive players and thwarted the move. Satch Sanders, a career Boston Celtic from 1960 to 1973, said: \"...in the old days, [defenders] would run under you when you were in the air... ...trying to take people out of games so they couldn't play. It was an unwritten rule...\" Still, by the late 1950s and early 1960s players such as Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain had incorporated the move into their offensive arsenal. At this time, dunking was a practice most commonly used by the tallest and biggest men (usually standing close to the hoop) to show their reach and strength. Then through the 1970s, players like David Thompson, Julius Erving and Darryl Dawkins popularized the move with more athletically executed dunks (with high-flying jumps and turns). This transformed dunking into the standard fare it is today." }, "Margarine-36": { "title": "Margarine", "section": "Nutrition", "headers": [ "Market acceptance" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "citation needed] Regular margarine contains trace amounts of animal products such as whey or dairy casein extracts. However, margarine that strictly does not contain animal products also exists. Such margarines provide a vegan substitute for butter." }, "Albert Einstein-1": { "title": "Albert Einstein", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Albert Einstein (/\u02c8a\u026ansta\u026an/ EYEN-styne; German: [\u02c8alb\u025b\u0281t \u02c8\u0294a\u026an\u0283ta\u026an] (listen); 14 March 1879\u00a0\u2013 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass\u2013energy equivalence formula E = m c 2 {\\displaystyle E=mc^{2}} , which has been dubbed \"the world's most famous equation\". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics \"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory." }, "Autopilot-1": { "title": "Autopilot", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An autopilot is a system used to control the trajectory of an aircraft, marine craft or spacecraft without constant manual control by a human operator being required. Autopilots do not replace human operators, but instead they assist them in controlling the vehicle. This allows them to focus on broader aspects of operations such as monitoring the trajectory, weather and systems." }, "David (Donatello)-5": { "title": "David (Donatello)", "section": "The bronze David", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Donatello's bronze statue of David (circa 1440s) is famous as the first unsupported standing work of bronze cast during the Renaissance, and the first freestanding nude male sculpture made since antiquity. It depicts David with an enigmatic smile, posed with his foot on Goliath's severed head just after defeating the giant. The youth is completely naked, apart from a laurel-topped hat and boots, and bears the sword of Goliath." }, "Charles Manson-1": { "title": "Charles Manson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Charles Milles Manson (n\u00e9 Maddox, November 12, 1934\u00a0\u2013 November 19, 2017) was an American criminal and cult leader. In mid-1967, he formed what became known as the \"Manson Family\", a quasi-commune based in California. His followers committed a series of nine murders at four locations in July and August 1969. According to the Los Angeles County district attorney, Manson plotted to start a race war, though he and others disputed this motive. In 1971, he was convicted of first-degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of seven people, including the film actress Sharon Tate. The prosecution conceded that Manson never literally ordered the murders, but they contended that his ideology constituted an overt act of conspiracy. Manson was also convicted of first-degree murder for the deaths of Gary Hinman and Donald Shea." }, "Electrochemical cell-1": { "title": "Electrochemical cell", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An electrochemical cell is a device capable of either generating electrical energy from chemical reactions or using electrical energy to cause chemical reactions. The electrochemical cells which generate an electric current are called voltaic cells or galvanic cells and those that generate chemical reactions, via electrolysis for example, are called electrolytic cells. A common example of a galvanic cell is a standard 1.5 volt cell meant for consumer use. A battery consists of one or more cells, connected in parallel, series or series-and-parallel pattern." }, "Marco Rubio-7": { "title": "Marco Rubio", "section": "Early life, education, and entry into politics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Rubio has three siblings: older brother Mario, older sister Barbara (married to Orlando Cicilia), and younger sister Veronica (formerly married to entertainer Carlos Ponce). Growing up, his family was Roman Catholic, though from age 8 to age 11 he and his family attended The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while living in Las Vegas. During those years in Nevada, his father worked as a bartender at Sam's Town Hotel and his mother as a housekeeper at the Imperial Palace Hotel and Casino. He received his first communion as a Catholic in 1984 before moving back to Miami with his family a year later. He was confirmed and later married in the Catholic Church." }, "Vincent van Gogh-3": { "title": "Vincent van Gogh", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Van Gogh suffered from psychotic episodes and delusions and though he worried about his mental stability, he often neglected his physical health, did not eat properly and drank heavily. His friendship with Gauguin ended after a confrontation with a razor when, in a rage, he severed part of his own left ear. He spent time in psychiatric hospitals, including a period at Saint-R\u00e9my. After he discharged himself and moved to the Auberge Ravoux in Auvers-sur-Oise near Paris, he came under the care of the homeopathic doctor Paul Gachet. His depression continued and on 27 July 1890, Van Gogh shot himself in the chest with a Lefaucheux revolver. He died from his injuries two days later." }, "Mexican cuisine-6": { "title": "Mexican cuisine", "section": "Basic elements", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Mexican cuisine is a complex and ancient cuisine, with techniques and skills developed over thousands of years of history. It is created mostly with ingredients native to Mexico, as well as those brought over by the Spanish conquistadors, with some new influences since then. Mexican cuisine has been influenced by its proximity to the US-Mexican border. For example, burritos were thought to have been invented for easier transportation of beans by wrapping them in tortillas for field labor. Modifications like these brought Mexican cuisine to the United States, where states like Arizona further adapted burritos by deep frying them, creating the modern chimichanga." }, "Spanish\u2013American War-57": { "title": "Spanish\u2013American War", "section": "Caribbean theater", "headers": [ "Cuba", "Land campaign" ], "para_index": 57, "content": "After the battles of San Juan Hill and El Caney, the American advance halted. Spanish troops successfully defended Fort Canosa, allowing them to stabilize their line and bar the entry to Santiago. The Americans and Cubans forcibly began a bloody, strangling siege of the city. During the nights, Cuban troops dug successive series of \"trenches\" (raised parapets), toward the Spanish positions. Once completed, these parapets were occupied by U.S. soldiers and a new set of excavations went forward. American troops, while suffering daily losses from Spanish fire, suffered far more casualties from heat exhaustion and mosquito-borne disease. At the western approaches to the city, Cuban general Calixto Garcia began to encroach on the city, causing much panic and fear of reprisals among the Spanish forces." }, "Shiva-10": { "title": "Shiva", "section": "Etymology and other names", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The Sanskrit word \u015baiva means \"relating to the god Shiva\", and this term is the Sanskrit name both for one of the principal sects of Hinduism and for a member of that sect. It is used as an adjective to characterize certain beliefs and practices, such as Shaivism." }, "Hardwired... to Self-Destruct-2": { "title": "Hardwired... to Self-Destruct", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The album was Metallica's sixth consecutive studio album to debut at number one on the US Billboard 200, selling 291,000 album-equivalent units in its first week, and topping the charts in 57 countries. Having this album number one marked the second time in history that any band of any genre would have six consecutive albums debut at number one, following only Dave Matthews Band." }, "Ludacris-6": { "title": "Ludacris", "section": "Music career", "headers": [ "1998\u20132000: Incognegro and Back for the First Time" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "In 1998, Ludacris began to record his debut album Incognegro, which was eventually released by his then-independent label, Disturbing tha Peace in August 1999. This album was the defining example of Ludacris' fast, wild, and comedic flow, a unique style for southern rappers. The album was supported by his debut single \"What's Your Fantasy\", which ended up peaking at #21 on the Billboard Hot 100. Despite its poor sales, it landed the artist a record deal with the Southern based division of Def Jam Recordings (Def Jam South) due to the success of its singles. In 2000, Ludacris released his major label debut, Back for the First Time. The album reached number four on the U.S. Billboard 200, and was a major success. The album made its mark on the industry with singles such as \"Southern Hospitality\" (featuring Pharrell Williams) and \"Area Codes\" (featuring Nate Dogg). Guest appearances included 4-Ize, I-20, Shawnna, Pastor Troy, Timbaland, Trina, Foxy Brown, UGK, and others. Ludacris stated in an interview on MTV's hip hop program Direct Effect that he came up with his stage name based on his \"split personality\" that he considered \"ridiculous\" and \"ludicrous\"." }, "Bitcoin-22": { "title": "Bitcoin", "section": "History", "headers": [ "2017\u20132019" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Prices started at $998 in 2017 and rose to $13,412.44 on 1 January 2018, after reaching its all-time high of $19,783.06 on 17 December 2017." }, "Acela Express-20": { "title": "Acela Express", "section": "Engineering", "headers": [ "Operating speeds" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "With a 71:23 gear ratio, the Acela is designed with a top speed of 165\u00a0mph (266\u00a0km/h) and reaches a maximum speed of 150\u00a0mph (240\u00a0km/h) in regular service on three sections of track totaling 33. miles (55\u00a0km) in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. The Acela achieves an average speed (including stops) of 82.2\u00a0mph (132.3\u00a0km/h) between Washington and New York, and an average speed of 66\u00a0mph (106\u00a0km/h) from New York to Boston. The average speed over the entire route is a slightly faster 70.3\u00a0mph (113\u00a0km/h). In practice, the Acela's speed depends more on local restrictions along its corridor than on its trainset. In addition to speed restrictions through urban areas, the Acela's corridor includes several speed restrictions below 60\u201380\u00a0mph (97\u2013129\u00a0km/h) over older bridges, or through tunnels a century old or more. Altogether, Amtrak has identified 224 bridges along Acela's route that are beyond their design life." }, "Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest-5": { "title": "Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest", "section": "Rules", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "the defending champion; winners of a regional qualifying contest for that season; individuals qualifying as one of two wildcards (highest two average qualifier scores without winning a single qualifier); and those invited by special invitation of the MLE. (See \"Controversies\" section below.) The competitors stand on a raised platform behind a long table with drinks and Nathan's Famous hot dogs in buns. Most contestants have water on hand, but other kinds of drinks can and have been used. Condiments are allowed, but usually are not used. The hot dogs are allowed to cool slightly after grilling to prevent possible mouth burns. The contestant that consumes (and keeps down) the most hot dogs and buns (HDB) in ten minutes is declared the winner. The length of the contest has changed over the years, previously 12 minutes, and in some years, only three and a half minutes; since 2008, 10 minutes." }, "Japan Airlines-84": { "title": "Japan Airlines", "section": "Services", "headers": [ "In-flight entertainment", "Additional media" ], "para_index": 84, "content": "After a trial run at Handa airport, JAL announced it will offer selected passengers a VR experience using the Samsung Gear VR and the Samsung S8. Passengers will be able to experience specially curated programming on Germany, Argentina, the Nagoya fireworks and more programs at a later date." }, "Bern-1": { "title": "Bern", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bern or Berne (German: Bern [b\u025brn] (listen); Alemannic German: B\u00e4rn [b\u0325\u00e6\u02d0rn]; French: Berne [b\u025b\u0281n] (listen); Italian: Berna [\u02c8b\u025brna]; Romansh: Berna [\u02c8b\u025brn\u0250] (listen)) is the de facto capital of Switzerland, referred to by the Swiss as their \"federal city\", in German Bundesstadt, French ville f\u00e9d\u00e9rale, and Italian citt\u00e0 federale. With a population of about 140,000 (as of 2019), Bern is the fifth-most populous city in Switzerland. The Bern agglomeration, which includes 36 municipalities, had a population of 406,900 in 2014. The metropolitan area had a population of 660,000 in 2000. Bern is also the capital of the canton of Bern, the second-most populous of Switzerland's cantons." }, "Doctor Strange-39": { "title": "Doctor Strange", "section": "Powers and abilities", "headers": [ "Artifacts and technology", "Cloak of Levitation", "Appearance" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "There were two distinctly different cloaks worn by Doctor Strange bequeathed to him by his mentor, the Ancient One: a billowing, full-length blue cloak, that had minor abilities and spells woven into it, and the later, red cloak that Strange is usually seen wearing. The first appearance of the first (blue) cloak was in Strange Tales #114 (November 1963). The first appearance of the second (red) cloak was in Strange Tales #127 (December 1964). The Cloak of Levitation is seen in a great many battles where it often plays a very significant role. While it is extremely durable, there are a few occasions when it is damaged. Its repair requires that Strange engage an ally, Enitharmon the Weaver." }, "Porsche-16": { "title": "Porsche", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Developments" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Porsche's 2002 introduction of the Cayenne also marked the unveiling of a new production facility in Leipzig, Saxony, which once accounted for nearly half of Porsche's annual output. In 2004, production of the 456 kilowatts (620\u00a0PS; 612\u00a0bhp) Carrera GT commenced in Leipzig, and at EUR 450,000 ($440,000 in the United States) it was the most expensive production model Porsche ever built." }, "History of dental treatments-6": { "title": "History of dental treatments", "section": "Dental implants", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "In the 1950s research was being conducted at Cambridge University in England on blood flow in living organisms. These workers devised a method of constructing a chamber of titanium which was then embedded into the soft tissue of the ears of rabbits. In 1952 the Swedish orthopaedic surgeon, Per-Ingvar Br\u00e5nemark, was interested in studying bone healing and regeneration. During his research time at Lund University he adopted the Cambridge designed \"rabbit ear chamber\" for use in the rabbit femur. Following the study, he attempted to retrieve these expensive chambers from the rabbits and found that he was unable to remove them. Br\u00e5nemark observed that bone had grown into such close proximity with the titanium that it effectively adhered to the metal. Br\u00e5nemark carried out further studies into this phenomenon, using both animal and human subjects, which all confirmed this unique property of titanium.[citation needed] Leonard Linkow, in the 1950s, was one of the first to insert titanium and other metal implants into the bones of the jaw. Artificial teeth were then attached to these pieces of metal. In 1965 Br\u00e5nemark placed his first titanium dental implant into a human volunteer. He began working in the mouth as it was more accessible for continued observations and there was a high rate of missing teeth in the general population offered more subjects for widespread study. He termed the clinically observed adherence of bone with titanium as \"osseointegration\". Since then implants have evolved into three basic types:" }, "Aphrodisiac-1": { "title": "Aphrodisiac", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An aphrodisiac is a substance that increases sexual desire, sexual pleasure, or sexual behavior. Substances range from a variety of plants, spices, foods, and synthetic chemicals. Therefore, they can be classified by their chemical properties (i.e., substances that are natural and unnatural). Natural aphrodisiacs like alcohol are further classified into plant-based and non-plant-based substances. Unnatural aphrodisiacs like Ecstasy are classified as those that are manufactured to imitate a natural substance. Aphrodisiacs can also be classified by their type of effects (i.e., psychological or physiological). Aphrodisiacs that contain hallucinogenic properties like Bufo toad have psychological effects on a person that can increase sexual desire and sexual pleasure. Aphrodisiacs that contain smooth muscle relaxing properties like yohimbine have physiological effects on a person that can affect hormone levels and increase blood flow." }, "1976 Summer Olympics-3": { "title": "1976 Summer Olympics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Twenty-nine countries, mostly African, boycotted the Montreal Games when the International Olympic Committee (IOC) refused to ban New Zealand, after the New Zealand national rugby union team had toured South Africa earlier in 1976 in defiance of the United Nations' calls for a sporting embargo. The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals." }, "Dog fighting-2": { "title": "Dog fighting", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In rural areas, fights are often staged in barns or outdoor pits; in urban areas, fights may occur in garages, basements, warehouses, abandoned buildings, back alleys, neighborhood playgrounds, or in the streets. Dog fights usually last until one dog is declared a winner, which occurs when one dog fails to scratch, one dog dies, or one dog jumps out of the pit. Sometimes dog fights end without declaring a winner; for instance, the dog's owner may call the fight." }, "J. K. Rowling-2": { "title": "J. K. Rowling", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Born in Yate, Gloucestershire, Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International when she conceived the idea for the Harry Potter series while on a delayed train from Manchester to London in 1990. The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother, birth of her first child, divorce from her first husband, and relative poverty until the first novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published in 1997. There were six sequels, of which the last, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was released in 2007. Since then, Rowling has written five books for adult readers: The Casual Vacancy (2012) and\u2014under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith\u2014the crime fiction Cormoran Strike series, which consists of The Cuckoo's Calling (2013), The Silkworm (2014), Career of Evil (2015), and Lethal White (2018)." }, "Kangaroo-35": { "title": "Kangaroo", "section": "Interaction with humans", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "The kangaroo has always been a very important animal for Aboriginal Australians, for its meat, hide, bone, and tendon. Kangaroo hides were also sometimes used for recreation; in particular there are accounts of some tribes (Kurnai) using stuffed kangaroo scrotum as a ball for the traditional football game of marngrook. In addition, there were important Dreaming stories and ceremonies involving the kangaroo. Aherrenge is a current kangaroo dreaming site in the Northern Territory." }, "Load (album)-13": { "title": "Load (album)", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "\"Some of that stuff was pretty cool,\" remarked Lars Ulrich of the album and its sequel. \"With Load, it was disappointing that some people's reaction to the music was biased by how they dealt with the pictures \u2013 the hair and all that crap [see Artwork, above]. People have come up to me years afterwards and said, 'I never gave the record a fair chance because I couldn't get beyond Jason Newsted wearing eyeliner.' But 'The Outlaw Torn', some of that shit is pretty fucking awesome.\"" }, "Dinka people-3": { "title": "Dinka people", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "They number around 4.5 million people according to the 2008 Sudan census, constituting about 18% of the population of the entire country, and the largest ethnic tribe in South Sudan. Dinka, or as they refer to themselves, Muonyjang (singular) and jieng (plural), make up one of the branches of the River Lake Nilotes (mainly sedentary agripastoral peoples of the Nile Valley and African Great Lakes region who speak Nilotic languages, including the Nuer and Luo). Dinka are sometimes noted for their height. With the Tutsi of Rwanda, they are believed to be the tallest people in Africa. Roberts and Bainbridge reported the average height of 182.6\u00a0cm (5\u00a0ft 11.9\u00a0in) in a sample of 52 Dinka Agaar and 181.3\u00a0cm (5\u00a0ft 11.4\u00a0in) in 227 Dinka Ruweng measured in 1953\u20131954. However, it seems the stature of today's Dinka males is lower, possibly as a consequence of undernutrition and conflicts. An anthropometric survey of Dinka men, war refugees in Ethiopia, published in 1995 found a mean height of 176.4\u00a0cm (5\u00a0ft 9.4\u00a0in). Other studies of comparative historical height data and nutrition place the Dinka as the tallest people in the world." }, "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse-3": { "title": "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In John's revelation, the first horseman is on a white horse, carrying a bow, and given a crown, riding forward as a figure of Conquest, perhaps invoking Pestilence, Christ, or the Antichrist. The second carries a sword and rides a red horse and is the creator of War. The third is a food merchant riding upon a black horse, symbolizing Famine. The fourth and final horse is pale green, and upon it rides Death accompanied by Hades. \"They were given authority over a quarter of the earth, to kill with sword, famine, and plague, and by means of the beasts of the earth.\"" }, "Horoscope-1": { "title": "Horoscope", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A horoscope is an astrological chart or diagram representing the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets, astrological aspects and sensitive angles at the time of an event, such as the moment of a person's birth. The word horoscope is derived from the Greek words \u014dra and scopos meaning \"time\" and \"observer\" (horoskopos, pl. horoskopoi, or \"marker(s) of the hour\"). Other commonly used names for the horoscope in English include natal chart, astrological chart, astro-chart, celestial map, sky-map, star-chart, cosmogram, vitasphere, radical chart, radix, chart wheel or simply chart. It is used as a method of divination regarding events relating to the point in time it represents, and it forms the basis of the horoscopic traditions of astrology." }, "White blood cell-1": { "title": "White blood cell", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. All white blood cells are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as hematopoietic stem cells. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system." }, "Marilyn Manson (band)-4": { "title": "Marilyn Manson (band)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Formation and The Spooky Kids (1989\u201392)" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In 1989, Brian Warner was a college student working towards a degree in journalism at Broward College, gaining experience by writing music articles for the South Florida lifestyle magazine 25th Parallel. It was in this capacity that he met several of the musicians to whom his own band would later be compared, including My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult and Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails. That December, he met Scott Putesky, who proposed that the two form a band together after reading some lyrics and poems written by Putesky, who wanted to be the vocalist of the proposed band. Warner, guitarist Putesky and bassist Brian Tutunick recorded their first demo tape as Marilyn Manson & the Spooky Kids in 1990, taking on the stage names of Marilyn Manson, Daisy Berkowitz and Olivia Newton Bundy, respectively. Bundy left the band soon after, and was replaced by Gidget Gein, born Brad Stewart. They were later joined on keyboard by Stephen Bier, who called himself Madonna Wayne Gacy. In 1991, drummer Fred Streithorst joined the band under the name Sara Lee Lucas." }, "Stuart Milk-4": { "title": "Stuart Milk", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In addition to his role as Milk family spokesperson, he worked to share his uncle's story at international, national and state levels. He has successfully advocated for recognition for his late uncle as an annual California state holiday, Harvey Milk Day, held since 2009 on the late Milk's birthday; the induction of his uncle into the California Hall of Fame; accepting the United States' highest civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, on behalf of his uncle from President Obama; co-founding the international Harvey Milk Foundation; and the development of several new LGBT centers named after Harvey in foreign nations." }, "Jonathan Larson-1": { "title": "Jonathan Larson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jonathan David Larson (February 4, 1960 \u2013 January 25, 1996) was an American composer and playwright noted for exploring the social issues of multiculturalism, addiction, and homophobia in his work. Typical examples of his use of these themes are found in his works Rent and Tick, Tick... Boom! He received three posthumous Tony Awards and a posthumous Pulitzer Prize for Drama for the rock musical Rent." }, "Butler-20": { "title": "Butler", "section": "Origin and history", "headers": [ "The modern butler" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Higman additionally argues that the inequality/equality levels of societies are a major determinant of the nature of the domestic servant/employer relationship. As the 21st century approached, many butlers began carrying out an increasing number of duties formerly reserved for more junior household servants. Butlers today may be called upon to do whatever household and personal duties their employers deem fitting, in the goal of freeing their employers to carry out their own personal and professional affairs. Professional butler and author Steven M. Ferry states that the image of tray-wielding butlers who specialise in serving tables and decanting wine is now anachronistic, and that employers may well be more interested in a butler who is capable of managing a full array of household affairs\u2014from providing the traditional dinner service, to acting as valet, to managing high-tech systems and multiple homes with complexes of staff. While in truly grand houses the modern butler may still function exclusively as a top-ranked household affairs manager, in lesser homes, such as those of dual-income middle-class professionals, they perform a full array of household and personal assistant duties, including mundane housekeeping. Butlers today may also be situated within corporate settings, embassies, cruise ships, yachts, or within their own small \"Rent-a-Butler\" business or similar agency." }, "Oasis of the Seas-6": { "title": "Oasis of the Seas", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The ship was completed and turned over to Royal Caribbean on 28 October 2009. Two days later, she departed Finland for the United States. While exiting the Baltic Sea, the vessel passed underneath the Great Belt Fixed Link in Denmark on 31 October 2009 at 23:18\u00a0UTC. The bridge has a clearance of 65\u00a0m (213\u00a0ft) above the water; Oasis normally has an air draft of 72\u00a0m (236\u00a0ft). The passage under the bridge was possible due to retraction of the telescoping funnels, and an additional 30\u00a0cm (12\u00a0in) was gained by the squat effect whereby vessels traveling at speed in a shallow channel will be drawn deeper into the water. Approaching the bridge at 23 knots (43\u00a0km/h; 26\u00a0mph), the ship passed under it with less than 60 centimetres (2\u00a0ft) of clearance." }, "Jane Austen-5": { "title": "Jane Austen", "section": "Biographical sources", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "There is little biographical information about Jane Austen's life except the few letters that survive and the biographical notes her family members wrote. During her lifetime, Austen may have written as many as 3,000 letters, but only 161 survived. Many of the letters were written to Austen's older sister Cassandra, who in 1843 burned the greater part of them and cut pieces out of those she kept. Ostensibly, Cassandra destroyed or censored her sister's letters to prevent their falling into the hands of relatives and ensuring that \"younger nieces did not read any of Jane Austen's sometimes acid or forthright comments on neighbours or family members\". Cassandra believed that in the interest of tact and Jane's penchant for forthrightness, these details should be destroyed. The paucity of record of Austen's life leaves modern biographers little with which to work." }, "Dragon Ball-33": { "title": "Dragon Ball", "section": "Anime", "headers": [ "Manga-inspired series", "Dragon Ball GT" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "Dragon Ball GT (\u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30ebGT(\u30b8\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u30fc), Doragon B\u014dru J\u012b T\u012b, G(rand) T(ouring)) premiered on Fuji TV on February 7, 1996 and ran until November 19, 1997 for 64 episodes. Unlike the first two anime series, it is not based on Akira Toriyama's original Dragon Ball manga, being created by Toei Animation as a sequel to the series or as Toriyama called it, a \"grand side story of the original Dragon Ball.\" Toriyama designed the main cast, the spaceship used in the show, the design of three planets, and came up with the title and logo. In addition to this, Toriyama also oversaw production of the series, just as he had for the Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z anime. The television special episode, Goku's Side Story! The Proof of his Courage is the Four-Star Ball, or A Hero's Legacy as Funimation titled it for their dub, aired on March 26, 1997, between episodes 41 and 42, serving as a kind of precursor to the epilogue to the series shown at the end of episode 64." }, "Johnny Carson-55": { "title": "Johnny Carson", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Children" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "Carson had three sons with his first wife: Christopher, Cory, and Richard. His middle son, Richard, died on June 21, 1991, when his car plunged down a steep embankment along a paved service road off Highway 1 near Cayucos, California. Apparently, Richard had been taking photographs when the accident occurred. On the first Tonight Show after his son's death, Carson paid tribute to Richard's photographic work by showing his nature slides, while Stevie Ray Vaughan's 1989 song \"Riviera Paradise\" played in the background. In addition, the final image of the show, as well as some \"More to Come\" bumpers, of Carson's last show on May 22, 1992, featured a photo Richard had taken." }, "Unimate-2": { "title": "Unimate", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "which worked on a General Motors assembly line at the Inland Fisher Guide Plant in Ewing Township, New Jersey, in 1961." }, "Dog-19": { "title": "Dog", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "Health" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can be exposed to the substance by scavenging through garbage bins or ashtrays and eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that for some dogs even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate." }, "Granite-3": { "title": "Granite", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Granite is nearly always massive (i.e., lacking any internal structures), hard, and tough. These properties have made granite a widespread construction stone throughout human history. The average density of granite is between 2.65 and 2.75\u00a0g/cm3 (165 and 172\u00a0lb/cu\u00a0ft), its compressive strength usually lies above 200 MPa, and its viscosity near STP is 3\u20136\u00b71019 Pa\u00b7s." }, "Gala (apple)-1": { "title": "Gala (apple)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Gala is a clonally propagated apple cultivar with a mild and sweet flavor. In 2018, it surpassed Red Delicious as the apple cultivar with the highest production in the United States, according to the US Apple Association. It was the first time in over 50 years that any cultivar was produced more than Red Delicious." }, "WWE Raw-59": { "title": "WWE Raw", "section": "Broadcast", "headers": [ "South Africa" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "Previously the rights to broadcast Raw, along with other WWE shows, were held by free-to-air broadcaster e.tv. Raw would play on Sundays in the evening, with a 7-day delay, edited to one hour and was the most watched program on the channel. However, in 2017 e.tv decided not to renew its broadcasting deal with WWE. The rights were later resold to SuperSport (the initial broadcasters of WWE programming)." }, "Spielberg (disambiguation)-1": { "title": "Spielberg (disambiguation)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Steven Spielberg (born December 18, 1946) is an American film director and producer." }, "Sun-1": { "title": "Sun", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma, with internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process. It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth. Its diameter is about 1.39 million kilometers (864,000 miles), or 109 times that of Earth, and its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth. It accounts for about 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System." }, "Agnetha F\u00e4ltskog-11": { "title": "Agnetha F\u00e4ltskog", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "First marriage and years with ABBA (1971\u20131982)" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "F\u00e4ltskog met Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus, a member of the Hootenanny Singers, for the first time in 1968, and then again in 1969. Her relationship with Ulvaeus, as well as her friendship with Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Benny Andersson, with whom Ulvaeus had already written songs, eventually led to the formation of ABBA. F\u00e4ltskog and Ulvaeus married on 6 July 1971 in the village of Verum, with Andersson playing the organ at their wedding. Their first child, Linda Elin Ulvaeus, was born on 23 February 1973, and their son Peter Christian Ulvaeus on 4 December 1977.[citation needed] After seven years of marriage, the couple decided to separate in late 1978, and filed for divorce in January 1979. The divorce was finalised in July 1980. Both F\u00e4ltskog and Ulvaeus agreed not to let their failed marriage interfere with their responsibilities with ABBA. The failure of their marriage inspired Ulvaeus to write the lyrics of \"The Winner Takes It All\"." }, "Nickel-1": { "title": "Nickel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Nickel is a chemical element with the symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile. Pure nickel, powdered to maximize the reactive surface area, shows a significant chemical activity, but larger pieces are slow to react with air under standard conditions because an oxide layer forms on the surface and prevents further corrosion (passivation). Even so, pure native nickel is found in Earth's crust only in tiny amounts, usually in ultramafic rocks, and in the interiors of larger nickel\u2013iron meteorites that were not exposed to oxygen when outside Earth's atmosphere." }, "Brazilian jiu-jitsu-2": { "title": "Brazilian jiu-jitsu", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu was first developed and modified in the 1920s by Brazilian brothers Carlos, George, and H\u00e9lio Gracie after Carlos was taught traditional Kodokan Judo by a travelling Japanese judoka (Mitsuyo Maeda) in 1917, later going on to develop their own self defence system named Gracie Jiu-Jitsu." }, "Battle of Iwo Jima-1": { "title": "Battle of Iwo Jima", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Battle of Iwo Jima (19 February \u2013 26 March 1945) was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps and Navy landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during World War II. The American invasion, designated Operation Detachment, had the goal of capturing the entire island, including the three Japanese-controlled airfields (including the South Field and the Central Field), to provide a staging area for attacks on the Japanese main islands. This five-week battle comprised some of the fiercest and bloodiest fighting of the Pacific War of World War II." }, "Kashrut-3": { "title": "Kashrut", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Only certain types of mammals, birds and fish meeting specific criteria are kosher; the consumption of the flesh of any animals that do not meet these criteria, such as pork and shellfish, is forbidden Kosher mammals and birds must be slaughtered according to a process known as shechita; blood may never be consumed and must be removed from meat by a process of salting and soaking in water for the meat to be permissible for use Meat and meat derivatives may never be mixed with milk and milk derivatives: separate equipment for the storage and preparation of meat-based and dairy-based foods must be used Every food that is considered kosher is also categorized as follows:" }, "DJI-26": { "title": "DJI", "section": "Products", "headers": [ "UAVs", "Mavic" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "The Mavic (\u5fa1) series currently includes Mavic Pro, Mavic Pro Platinum, Mavic Air, Mavic Air 2, Mavic 2 Pro, Mavic 2 zoom, and the smallest and lightest DJI drone product, the Mavic Mini. Mavic 2 is one of DJI's flagship consumer drone, released on August 23, 2018. All have a foldable design that allow drones to be transported more easily." }, "Fused filament fabrication-7": { "title": "Fused filament fabrication", "section": "Process", "headers": [ "Material extrusion" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The 3D printer liquefier is the component predominantly used in this type of printing. Extruders for these printers have a cold end and a hot end. The cold end pulls material from the spool, using gear- or roller-based torque to the material and controlling the feed rate by means of a stepper motor. The cold end pushes feedstock into the hot end. The hot end consists of a heating chamber and a nozzle. The heating chamber hosts the liquefier, which melts the feedstock to transform it into a thin liquid. It allows the molten material to exit from the small nozzle to form a thin, tacky bead of plastic that will adhere to the material it is laid on. The nozzle will usually have a diameter of between 0.3\u00a0mm and 1.0\u00a0mm. Different types of nozzles and heating methods are used depending upon the material to be printed." }, "Spartina patens-1": { "title": "Spartina patens", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Spartina patens, the saltmeadow cordgrass, also known as salt hay, is a species of cordgrass native to the Atlantic coast of the Americas, from Newfoundland south along the eastern United States to the Caribbean and northeast Mexico. It has been reclassified as Sporobolus pumilus after a taxonomic revision in 2014, but Spartina patens is still in common usage. It can be found in marshlands in other areas of the world as an introduced species and often a harmful noxious weed or invasive species." }, "Mack Trucks-1": { "title": "Mack Trucks", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mack Trucks, Inc., is an American truck manufacturing company and a former manufacturer of buses and trolley buses. Founded in 1900 as the Mack Brothers Company, it manufactured its first truck in 1907 and adopted its present name in 1922. Mack Trucks is a subsidiary of AB Volvo which purchased Mack along with Renault Trucks in 2000. After being founded in Brooklyn, New York, the company's headquarters were in Allentown, Pennsylvania, from 1905 to 2009 when they moved to Greensboro, North Carolina. The entire line of Mack products is still produced in Lower Macungie, Pennsylvania, and Salem, Virginia, with all powertrain produced in the Hagerstown, Maryland plant. They also have additional assembly plants in Pennsylvania, Australia, and Venezuela. There was also (previously) a Mack plant in Hayward, California and Oakville, Ontario, Canada." }, "Earth-85": { "title": "Earth", "section": "Moon", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 85, "content": "Viewed from Earth, the Moon is just far enough away to have almost the same apparent-sized disk as the Sun. The angular size (or solid angle) of these two bodies match because, although the Sun's diameter is about 400 times as large as the Moon's, it is also 400 times more distant. This allows total and annular solar eclipses to occur on Earth." }, "Yield sign-5": { "title": "Yield sign", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Riggs invented only the sign, not the rule, which was already in place. Riggs' original design was shaped like a keystone; later versions bore the shape of an inverted equilateral triangle in common use today." }, "Northern Mariana Islands-50": { "title": "Northern Mariana Islands", "section": "Economy", "headers": [ "Infrastructure" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "Mail service for the islands is provided by the U.S. Postal Service (USPS). Each major island has its own zip code in the 96950\u201396952 range, and the USPS two-letter abbreviation for the CNMI is MP. For phone service, the islands are included in the North American Numbering Plan, using area code 670." }, "Symptom-11": { "title": "Symptom", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Positive and negative", "Negative symptoms" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Negative symptoms are functions that are normally found in healthy persons, but that are diminished or not present in affected persons. Thus, it is something that has disappeared from a person's normal way of functioning. Examples are social withdrawal, apathy, inability to experience pleasure and defects in attention control." }, "Newsprint-1": { "title": "Newsprint", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Newsprint is a low-cost, non-archival paper consisting mainly of wood pulp and most commonly used to print newspapers and other publications and advertising material. Invented in 1844 by Charles Fenerty of Nova Scotia, Canada, it usually has an off white cast and distinctive feel. It is designed for use in printing presses that employ a long web of paper (web offset, letterpress and flexographic) rather than individual sheets of paper." }, "Menthol cigarette-29": { "title": "Menthol cigarette", "section": "Health impact", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "Menthol cigarettes are not healthier than other cigarettes. The risk of lung cancer is no different for menthol cigarettes compared to regular cigarettes. Some studies have even suggested that they are more addictive." }, "Glenn Beck-89": { "title": "Glenn Beck", "section": "Public reception", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 89, "content": "Republican South Carolina U.S. Senator Lindsey Graham criticized Beck as a \"cynic\" whose show was antithetical to \"American values\" at The Atlantic's 2009 First Draft of History conference, remarking \"Only in America can you make that much money crying.\" The progressive watchdog group Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting's (FAIR) Activism Director, Peter Hart, argues that Beck red-baits political adversaries and promotes a paranoid view of progressive politics. Howard Kurtz, of The Washington Post, has remarked that \"Love him or hate him, Beck is a talented, often funny broadcaster, a recovering alcoholic with an unabashedly emotional style.\"" }, "Christina Oiticica-3": { "title": "Christina Oiticica", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Oiticica idealized the combination of land art \u2013 which uses nature as foundation matter \u2013 with a painting in the French Pyrenees, five years ago, when she decided to paint a 10-meter long canvas in the middle of nature in the open air, as she realized not to have a covered area that would enable her to create on such surface. Once her work was finished, she left it to dry right there, outside. On the next day, as she went back to pick it up, she found that dust, dirt, leaves and some insects had been integrated to the canvas. \"With no premeditation, nature had given its unique touch to the painting.\"" }, "Anorexia nervosa-2": { "title": "Anorexia nervosa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The cause is currently unknown. There appear to be some genetic components with identical twins more often affected than non-identical twins. Cultural factors also appear to play a role with societies that value thinness having higher rates of disease. Additionally, it occurs more commonly among those involved in activities that value thinness such as high-level athletics, modelling, and dancing. Anorexia often begins following a major life-change or stress-inducing event. The diagnosis requires a significantly low weight. The severity of disease is based on body mass index (BMI) in adults with mild disease having a BMI of greater than 17, moderate a BMI of 16 to 17, severe a BMI of 15 to 16, and extreme a BMI less than 15. In children a BMI for age percentile of less than the 5th percentile is often used." }, "Natarajasana-4": { "title": "Natarajasana", "section": "Etymology and origins", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Elliott Goldberg, on the other hand, observes that Natarajasana is not found in any medieval hatha yoga text, nor is it mentioned by any pre-20th century traveller to India, or found in artistic depictions of yoga such as the Sritattvanidhi or the Mahamandir near Jodhpur. Goldberg argues that the pose, like several others, was introduced into modern yoga by Krishnamacharya in the early 20th century, and taken up by his pupils such as B. K. S. Iyengar, who made the pose a signature of modern yoga; Goldberg suggests that Iyengar transmitted the pose also to Sivananda, as Iyengar sent him a complete photo album showing Iyengar in all his asanas." }, "Albanian Civil War-6": { "title": "Albanian Civil War", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "1996 elections" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "On 26 May 1996, general elections were held and the Democratic Party won by a large margin. The Socialists (PS) accused the government of fraud and rejected the results. PS left the counting process and boycotted the parliament. On 20 October local elections were held. The Democratic Party won again, but the Socialists also rejected this result." }, "Sea turtle-14": { "title": "Sea turtle", "section": "Life cycle", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "It takes decades for sea turtles to reach sexual maturity. Mature sea turtles may migrate thousands of miles to reach breeding sites. After mating at sea, adult female sea turtles return to land to lay their eggs. Different species of sea turtles exhibit various levels of philopatry. In the extreme case, females return to the same beach where they hatched. This can take place every two to four years in maturity." }, "Goodnight and Go-1": { "title": "Goodnight and Go", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Goodnight and Go\" is a song by British singer-songwriter Imogen Heap, the second single from her 2005 album Speak for Yourself. The single received a little more push and promotion in the US than \"Hide and Seek\", and the music video received airplay on VH1. Jeff Beck plays guitar on the track." }, "Ganymede (moon)-1": { "title": "Ganymede (moon)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ganymede /\u02c8\u0261\u00e6n\u026ami\u02d0d/, a satellite of Jupiter (Jupiter III), is the largest and most massive of the Solar System's moons. The ninth-largest object in the Solar System, it is the largest without a substantial atmosphere. It has a diameter of 5,268\u00a0km (3,273\u00a0mi) and is 8% larger than the planet Mercury, although only 45% as massive. Possessing a metallic core, it has the lowest moment of inertia factor of any solid body in the Solar System and is the only moon known to have a magnetic field. Outward from Jupiter, it is the seventh satellite and the third of the Galilean moons, the first group of objects discovered orbiting another planet. Ganymede orbits Jupiter in roughly seven days and is in a 1:2:4 orbital resonance with the moons Europa and Io, respectively." }, "Helen Palmer (author)-3": { "title": "Helen Palmer (author)", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "Early life and college" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "She met her future husband, Ted Geisel, in class at Oxford. She had a profound influence on his life, starting with her suggestion that he should be an artist rather than an English professor. She later stated, \"Ted's notebooks were always filled with these fabulous animals. So I set to work diverting him; here was a man who could draw such pictures; he should be earning a living doing that.\" They married in 1927 and never had children, as Helen was unable to." }, "Michael Bloomberg-2": { "title": "Michael Bloomberg", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Bloomberg grew up in Medford, Massachusetts and graduated from Johns Hopkins University and Harvard Business School. He began his career at the securities brokerage Salomon Brothers before forming his own company in 1981. That company, Bloomberg L.P., is a financial information, software and media firm that is known for its Bloomberg Terminal. Bloomberg spent the next twenty years as its chairman and CEO. In 2019, Forbes ranked him as the ninth-richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of $55.5 billion. Since signing The Giving Pledge, Bloomberg has given away $8.2 billion." }, "Exotic felids as pets-9": { "title": "Exotic felids as pets", "section": "Species kept as exotic pets", "headers": [ "Ocelots" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Ocelots were popular as an exotic pet in the 50s and 60s. The passage of the Endangered Species Act in the United States effectively ended their keeping outside of zoological facilities due to interstate animal movement restrictions. Their popularity is also limited by their comparatively high aggression. No hybrids with domestic cats are known." }, "The Voice (franchise)-2": { "title": "The Voice (franchise)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Talpa's John de Mol, creator of Big Brother, first created The Voice concept with Dutch singer Roel van Velzen. Erland Galjaard, a Dutch program director, asked John de Mol about whether he could come up with a format that went a step further than The X Factor. De Mol then came up with the idea of Blind Audition. He wanted to focus on singing quality alone, so the coaches must be top artists in the music industry. The rotating chairs concept was invented by Roel van Velzen. It would also be the first talent show in which social media was actively involved." }, "German Shepherd-3": { "title": "German Shepherd", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "German Shepherds are medium to large-sized dogs. The breed standard height at the withers is 60\u201365\u00a0cm (24\u201326\u00a0in) for males, and 55\u201360\u00a0cm (22\u201324\u00a0in) for females. German Shepherds are longer than they are tall, with an ideal proportion of 10 to \u200b8\u00a01\u20442. The AKC official breed standard does not set a standard weight range. They have a domed forehead, a long square-cut muzzle with strong jaws and a black nose. The eyes are medium-sized and brown. The ears are large and stand erect, open at the front and parallel, but they often are pulled back during movement. A German Shepherd has a long neck, which is raised when excited and lowered when moving at a fast pace. The tail is bushy and reaches to the hock." }, "Old Testament-32": { "title": "Old Testament", "section": "Christian theology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "Christianity is based on the belief that the historical Jesus is also the Christ, as in the Confession of Peter. This belief is in turn based on Jewish understandings of the meaning of the Hebrew term messiah, which, like the Greek \"Christ\", means \"anointed\". In the Hebrew Scriptures it describes a king anointed with oil on his accession to the throne: he becomes \"The LORD's anointed\" or Yahweh's Anointed. By the time of Jesus, some Jews expected that a flesh and blood descendant of David (the \"Son of David\") would come to establish a real Jewish kingdom in Jerusalem, instead of the Roman province." }, "Oasis-class cruise ship-2": { "title": "Oasis-class cruise ship", "section": "Ship features", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Oasis-class ships surpassed the earlier Freedom-class ships as the world's largest and longest passenger ships. Oasis of the Seas is also 8.5 metres (28\u00a0ft) wider, and with a gross tonnage of 225,282, is around 70,000 tonnes larger. Oasis-class vessels can carry over 5,400 passengers." }, "Tesla Model 3-1": { "title": "Tesla Model 3", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Tesla Model 3 is an electric four-door sedan developed by Tesla. The Model 3 Standard Range Plus version delivers an EPA-rated all-electric range of 250 miles (402\u00a0km) and the Long Range versions deliver 322 miles (518\u00a0km)." }, "League of Legends: Wild Rift-4": { "title": "League of Legends: Wild Rift", "section": "Gameplay", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Two teams of five players compete to destroy an enemy building called a Nexus, which is guarded by the enemy team and a number of defensive structures called turrets, or towers. One nexus is located in each enemy base on opposite sides of the map, in the lower-left and upper-right hand corners. These structures continually create weak non-player characters known as minions, which advance toward the enemy base along three paths: Baron, middle, and Dragon lanes. Players compete to advance these waves of minions into the enemy base, which allows them to destroy enemy structures and ultimately win the match. Between lanes are neutral areas of the map known as the 'jungle', arrayed in four quadrants. A shallow river divides the map between the teams, but doesn't actually impede movement; all champions can wade through it no differently than dry land." }, "Longjing prawns-1": { "title": "Longjing prawns", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Longjing prawns, also known as shrimp stir-fried with Dragon Well tea, is a specialty of Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, produced using the meat of live river prawns coated with egg white and moistened starch, fried in lard at a medium-low temperature for 15 seconds, removed from the oil and drained when jade-white in colour, and then quickly stir-fried over extreme heat with boiling water infused with Longjing tea, tea leaves and Shaoxing wine. This dish consists primarily of white and green colours; the colours are elegant and the flavour is light and fragrant. According to legend it arose when the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty visited southern China. Hangzhou's famous Louwailou restaurant is a well-known producer of Longjing prawns." }, "PlayStation-81": { "title": "PlayStation", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 81, "content": "In July 2014, Sony boasted in a company release video that the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita sold a combined total of 100 million units. It was announced at Tokyo Game Show on September 1, 2014, that PlayStation home game consoles claim 78% market share of all home consoles in Japan." }, "Emu-2": { "title": "Emu", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Emus are soft-feathered, brown, flightless birds with long necks and legs, and can reach up to 1.9 metres (6.2\u00a0ft) in height. Emus can travel great distances, and when necessary can sprint at 50\u00a0km/h (31\u00a0mph); they forage for a variety of plants and insects, but have been known to go for weeks without eating. They drink infrequently, but take in copious amounts of water when the opportunity arises." }, "Tony Bennett-1": { "title": "Tony Bennett", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Anthony Dominick Benedetto (born August 3, 1926), known professionally as Tony Bennett, is an American singer of traditional pop standards, big band, show tunes, and jazz. He is also a painter, having created works under the name Anthony Benedetto that are on permanent public display in several institutions. He is the founder of the Frank Sinatra School of the Arts in Astoria, Queens, New York." }, "Siberia-37": { "title": "Siberia", "section": "Borders and administrative division", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "Soviet-era sources (Great Soviet Encyclopedia and others) and modern Russian ones usually define Siberia as a region extending eastward from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the national borders of both Mongolia and China. By this definition, Siberia includes the federal subjects of the Siberian Federal District, and some of the Ural Federal District, as well as Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, which is a part of the Far Eastern Federal District. Geographically, this definition includes subdivisions of several other subjects of Urals and Far Eastern federal districts, but they are not included administratively. This definition excludes Sverdlovsk Oblast and Chelyabinsk Oblast, both of which are included in some wider definitions of Siberia." }, "Myocardial infarction-1": { "title": "Myocardial infarction", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck or jaw. Often it occurs in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes. The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, nausea, feeling faint, a cold sweat or feeling tired. About 30% of people have atypical symptoms. Women more often present without chest pain and instead have neck pain, arm pain or feel tired. Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms. An MI may cause heart failure, an irregular heartbeat, cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest." }, "Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-23": { "title": "Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria", "section": "Assassination", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "After a short rest at the Governor's residence, the royal couple insisted on seeing all those who had been injured by the bomb at the local hospital. However, no one told the drivers that the itinerary had been changed. When the error was discovered, the drivers had to turn around. As the cars backed down the street and onto a side street, the line of cars stalled. At this same time, Princip was sitting at a cafe across the street. He instantly seized his opportunity and walked across the street and shot the royal couple. He first shot Sophie in the abdomen and then shot Franz Ferdinand in the neck. Franz leaned over his crying wife. He was still alive when witnesses arrived to render aid. His dying words to Sophie were, \"Don't die darling, live for our children.\" Princip's weapon was the pocket-sized FN Model 1910 pistol chambered for the .380 ACP cartridge provided him by Serbian Army Colonel and Black Hand member Dragutin Dimitrijevi\u0107. The archduke's aides attempted to undo his coat but realized they needed scissors to cut it open: the outer lapel had been sewn to the inner front of the jacket for a smoother fit to improve the Archduke's appearance to the public. Whether or not as a result of this obstacle, the Archduke's wound could not be attended to in time to save him, and he died within minutes. Sophie also died en route to the hospital." }, "Justin Bieber-39": { "title": "Justin Bieber", "section": "Artistry", "headers": [ "Musical style" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "Bieber's music is mainly pop and R&B. In 2010, Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone asserted that the content of his music was \"offering a gentle introduction to the mysteries and heartaches of adolescence: songs flushed with romance but notably free of sex itself\". In January 2012, Bieber told V magazine that he doesn't want to sing about sex, drugs and swearing. He stated \"I want to do it at my own pace. I don't want to start singing about things like sex, drugs and swearing. I'm into love, and maybe I'll get more into making love when I'm older. But I want to be someone who is respected by everybody.\" But since then, Bieber gradually altered his artistry, with Peter Gicas of E! Online describing \"PYD\" as \"sexed-up\", while In Touch Weekly magazine describing his song with Maejor Ali and Juicy J \"Lolly\" might make his fans a bit uncomfortable because of its lyrics. After his hit in 2015 on Jack \u00dc's track \"Where Are \u00dc Now\", Bieber released the EDM-fuelled album Purpose a collaboration with Diplo, DJ Snake and Major Lazer." }, "Eating utensil etiquette-5": { "title": "Eating utensil etiquette", "section": "Fork etiquette", "headers": [ "American style" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In the American style, also called the zig-zag method or fork switching, the knife is initially held in the right hand and the fork in the left. Holding food in place with the fork tines-down, a single bite-sized piece is cut with the knife. The knife is then set down on the plate, the fork transferred from the left hand to the right hand, and the food is brought to the mouth for consumption. The fork is then transferred back to the left hand and the knife is picked up with the right. In contrast to the European hidden handle grip, in the American style the fork is held much like a spoon or pen once it is transferred to the right hand to convey food to the mouth." }, "House of Commons of the United Kingdom-8": { "title": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom", "section": "Role", "headers": [ "Relationship with Her Majesty's Government" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "A prime minister will resign after party defeat at an election if unable to form a coalition, or obtain a confidence and supply arrangement. She or he may also resign after a motion of no confidence in the prime minister or for personal reasons. In such cases, the premiership goes to whoever can command a majority in the House, unless there is a hung parliament and a coalition is formed; the new prime minister will by convention be the new leader of the resigner's party. It has become the practice to write the constitutions of major UK political parties to provide a set way in which to appoint a new party leader." }, "Reference Daily Intake-15": { "title": "Reference Daily Intake", "section": "Sodium", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The Institute of Medicine advisory stated (daily intake basis): \"Americans consume more than 3,400 milligrams of sodium \u2013 the amount in about 1.5 teaspoons of salt (8.7\u00a0g) \u2013 each day. The recommended maximum daily intake of sodium \u2013 the amount above which health problems appear \u2013 is 2,300 milligrams per day for adults, about 1 teaspoon of salt (5.9\u00a0g). The recommended adequate intake of sodium is 1,500 milligrams (3.9\u00a0g salt) per day, and people over 50 need even less.\"" }, "Emotion-54": { "title": "Emotion", "section": "How emotions are formed", "headers": [ "Neurobiological explanation", "Homeostatic/primordial emotion" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Another neurological approach proposed by Bud Craig in 2003 distinguishes two classes of emotion: \"classical\" emotions such as love, anger and fear that are evoked by environmental stimuli, and \"homeostatic emotions\"\u00a0\u2013 attention-demanding feelings evoked by body states, such as pain, hunger and fatigue, that motivate behavior (withdrawal, eating or resting in these examples) aimed at maintaining the body's internal milieu at its ideal state." }, "Workweek and weekend-1": { "title": "Workweek and weekend", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The workweek and weekend are the complementary parts of the week devoted to labor and rest, respectively. The legal working week (British English), or workweek (American English), is the part of the seven-day week devoted to labor. In most of the world, the workweek is from Monday to Friday and the weekend is Saturday and Sunday, but other divisions exist: for example, many countries observe a Sunday to Thursday or even Monday to Thursday working week. A weekday or workday is any day of the working week. Other institutions often follow this pattern, such as places of education. Sometimes the term \"weekend\" is expanded to include the time after work hours on the last workday of the week; e.g. Friday evening is often referred to as the start of the weekend. The weekend has had varying definitions, such as commencing after 5 pm on Friday evening and lasting until 6 pm on Sunday night." }, "Pickling-35": { "title": "Pickling", "section": "Process", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "In traditional pickling, fruit or vegetables are submerged in brine (20-40 grams/L of salt (3.2\u20136.4 oz/imp gal or 2.7\u20135.3 oz/US gal)), or shredded and salted as in sauerkraut preparation, and held underwater by flat stones layered on top. Alternatively, a lid with an airtrap or a tight lid may be used if the lid is able to release pressure which may result from carbon dioxide buildup. Mold or (white) kahm yeast may form on the surface; kahm yeast is mostly harmless but can impart an off taste and may be removed without affecting the pickling process." }, "Autumn-3": { "title": "Autumn", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In North America, autumn traditionally starts with the September equinox (21 to 24 September) and ends with the winter solstice (21 or 22 December). Popular culture in the United States associates Labor Day, the first Monday in September, as the end of summer and the start of autumn; certain summer traditions, such as wearing white, are discouraged after that date. As daytime and nighttime temperatures decrease, trees change color and then shed their leaves. In traditional East Asian solar term, autumn starts on or around 8 August and ends on or about 7 November. In Ireland, the autumn months according to the national meteorological service, Met \u00c9ireann, are September, October and November. However, according to the Irish Calendar, which is based on ancient Gaelic traditions, autumn lasts throughout the months of August, September and October, or possibly a few days later, depending on tradition. In the Irish language, September is known as Me\u00e1n F\u00f3mhair (\"middle of autumn\") and October as Deireadh F\u00f3mhair (\"end of autumn\")." }, "Vegetarian and vegan dog diet-2": { "title": "Vegetarian and vegan dog diet", "section": "Vegetarian vs. vegan diet", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Vegetarianism may be defined as the practice of consuming foods that are primarily derived from plants, with or without dairy products, eggs, and/or honey. Veganism is a subset of vegetarianism, in which all animal-derived products are entirely excluded from one's lifestyle, including food, clothing, cosmetics, etc. Those who choose to practice veganism beyond vegetarianism typically do so because of moral, ethical, and animal welfare concerns. For this reason, people who practice veganism may wish to reflect their morals by having their pet maintained on a vegan diet as well." }, "Friday the 13th (franchise)-3": { "title": "Friday the 13th (franchise)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Although the films were not popular with critics, Friday the 13th is considered one of the most successful media franchises in America\u2014not only for the success of the films, but also because of the extensive merchandising and repeated references to the series in popular culture. The franchise's popularity has generated a fanbase who have created their own Friday the 13th films, fashioned replica Jason Voorhees costumes, and tattooed their bodies with Friday the 13th artwork. Jason's hockey mask has become one of the most recognizable images in horror and popular culture." }, "Timeline of Jane Austen-4": { "title": "Timeline of Jane Austen", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Jane Austen was primarily educated at home by her father and older brothers and through her own reading. Her apprenticeship as a writer lasted from her teenage years until she was about thirty-five years old. During this period, she wrote three major novels and began a fourth. From 1811 until 1815, with the release of Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814), and Emma (1815), she achieved success as a published writer. She wrote two additional novels, Northanger Abbey (originally written in 1798\u20131799 and revised later) and Persuasion, both published after her death in 1817, and began a third (eventually titled Sanditon), but died before it could be completed. A product of 18th-century literary traditions, Austen's works were influenced most by those of renowned writer and critic Samuel Johnson and novelists Frances Burney and Maria Edgeworth. She considered poet and novelist Sir Walter Scott a rival. Family theatricals, which included plays by Richard Brinsley Sheridan and other 18th-century dramatists, shaped Austen's writing from an early age. William Cowper's poetry was a favourite as were the novels of Samuel Richardson. Austen's engagement with sensibility illustrates her debt to sentimental writers such as Laurence Sterne." }, "Silver Meteor-19": { "title": "Silver Meteor", "section": "Route details", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "The Silver Meteor's route covers 1,389 miles (2,235\u00a0km) between New York City and Miami, Florida. The train originates at New York's Pennsylvania Station and travels south to Washington, D.C. via Amtrak's Northeast Corridor. From there the train operates entirely over CSX track via Richmond, Virginia, Fayetteville, North Carolina, North Charleston, South Carolina, Savannah, Georgia, Jesup, Georgia, and Jacksonville, Florida. After transferring to the Central Florida Rail Corridor from DeLand to Poinciana, it returns to CSX track between Orlando and West Palm Beach before using the South Florida Rail Corridor from West Palm Beach to Miami" }, "Prime Minister of New Zealand-23": { "title": "Prime Minister of New Zealand", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "New Zealand is one of the few countries in the world to have had three female heads of government, and one of only three countries to have had a female head of government directly succeed another. The first female prime minister was Jenny Shipley of the National Party, who replaced Jim Bolger in late 1997; Shipley was succeeded by Helen Clark in 1999. Jacinda Ardern, the second female leader of the Labour Party after Clark, became prime minister in 2017." }, "Democratic Party (United States)-3": { "title": "Democratic Party (United States)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Democratic Party's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy to promote the public interest. Environmental protection, support for organized labor, maintenance and expansion of social programs, affordable college tuition, universal health care, equal opportunity, and consumer protection form the core of the party's economic policy. On social issues, it advocates campaign finance reform, LGBT rights, criminal justice and immigration reform, stricter gun laws, and the legalization of marijuana." }, "Major depressive disorder-2": { "title": "Major depressive disorder", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The cause is believed to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Risk factors include a family history of the condition, major life changes, certain medications, chronic health problems, and substance abuse. About 40% of the risk appears to be related to genetics. The diagnosis of major depressive disorder is based on the person's reported experiences and a mental status examination. There is no laboratory test for the disorder. Testing, however, may be done to rule out physical conditions that can cause similar symptoms. Major depression is more severe and lasts longer than sadness, which is a normal part of life. Since 2016, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has recommended screening for depression among those over the age 12, while a 2005 Cochrane review found that the routine use of screening questionnaires has little effect on detection or treatment." }, "Elizabeth II-42": { "title": "Elizabeth II", "section": "Reign", "headers": [ "1990s" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "In a speech on 24 November 1992, to mark the 40th anniversary of her accession, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis (horrible year). Republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of the Queen's private wealth\u2014which were contradicted by the Palace\u2014and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family. In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, and his wife, Sarah, separated; in April, her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips; during a state visit to Germany in October, angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at her; and, in November, a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny. In an unusually personal speech, the Queen said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it be done with \"a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding\". Two days later, Prime Minister John Major announced reforms to the royal finances planned since the previous year, including the Queen paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list. In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated. The year ended with a lawsuit, as the Queen sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated \u00a3200,000 to charity." }, "Robert Downey Jr.-13": { "title": "Robert Downey Jr.", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "1996\u20132001: Career troubles" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "In April 1996, Downey was arrested for possession of heroin, cocaine, and an unloaded .357 Magnum handgun while he was speeding down Sunset Boulevard. A month later, while on parole, he trespassed into a neighbor's home while under the influence of a controlled substance, and fell asleep in one of the beds. He received three years of probation and was ordered to undergo compulsory drug testing. In 1997, he missed one of the court-ordered drug tests, and had to spend six months in the Los Angeles County jail." }, "3D printing-44": { "title": "3D printing", "section": "Processes and printers", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "Some methods melt or soften the material to produce the layers. In Fused filament fabrication, also known as Fused deposition modeling (FDM), the model or part is produced by extruding small beads or streams of material which harden immediately to form layers. A filament of thermoplastic, metal wire, or other material is fed into an extrusion nozzle head (3D printer extruder), which heats the material and turns the flow on and off. FDM is somewhat restricted in the variation of shapes that may be fabricated. Another technique fuses parts of the layer and then moves upward in the working area, adding another layer of granules and repeating the process until the piece has built up. This process uses the unfused media to support overhangs and thin walls in the part being produced, which reduces the need for temporary auxiliary supports for the piece. Recently, FFF/FDM has expanded to 3-D print directly from pellets to avoid the conversion to filament. This process is called fused particle fabrication (FPF) (or fused granular fabrication (FGF) and has the potential to use more recycled materials." }, "Rincewind-1": { "title": "Rincewind", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rincewind is a fictional character appearing in several of the Discworld novels by Terry Pratchett. He is a failed student at the Unseen University for wizards in Ankh-Morpork, and is often described by scholars as \"the magical equivalent to the number zero\". He spends most of his time running away from bands of people who want to kill him for various reasons. The fact that he's still alive and running is explained in that, although he was born with a wizard's spirit, he has the body of a long-distance sprinter. Rincewind is also renowned for being able to solve minor problems by turning them into major disasters. His unique \"skill\" is implied to be due to being the chosen one of \"The Lady\", the anthropomorphic personification of luck (both good and bad)." }, "Donald Duck-1": { "title": "Donald Duck", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Donald Fauntleroy Duck is a cartoon character created in 1934 at Walt Disney Productions. Donald is an anthropomorphic white duck with a yellow-orange bill, legs, and feet. He typically wears a sailor shirt and cap with a bow tie. Donald is known for his semi-intelligible speech and his mischievous and temperamental personality. Along with his friend Mickey Mouse, Donald was included in TV Guide's list of the 50 greatest cartoon characters of all time in 2002. He has appeared in more films than any other Disney character, and is the most published comic book character in the world outside of the superhero genre." }, "Ben & Jerry's-1": { "title": "Ben & Jerry's", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ben & Jerry's Homemade Holdings Inc, trading and commonly known as Ben & Jerry's, is an American company that manufactures ice cream, frozen yogurt, and sorbet. It was founded in 1978 in Burlington, Vermont, and sold in 2000 to British-Dutch conglomerate Unilever. Today it operates globally as a fully owned subsidiary of Unilever. Its present-day headquarters is in South Burlington, Vermont, with its main factory in Waterbury, Vermont." }, "Friday the 13th (franchise)-1": { "title": "Friday the 13th (franchise)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Friday the 13th is an American horror franchise that comprises twelve slasher films, a television series, novels, comic books, video games, and tie\u2011in merchandise. The franchise mainly focuses on the fictional character Jason Voorhees, who drowned as a boy at Camp Crystal Lake due to the negligence of the camp staff. Decades later, the lake is rumored to be \"cursed\" and is the setting for a series of mass murders. Jason is featured in all of the films, as either the killer or the motivation for the killings. The original film, created to cash in on the success of Halloween (1978), was written by Victor Miller and was produced and directed by Sean S. Cunningham. The films have grossed over $529 million at the box-office worldwide. It was the highest-grossing horror franchise in the world until the release of Halloween (2018), putting that franchise in the top spot." }, "Plessy v. Ferguson-1": { "title": "Plessy v. Ferguson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality\u00a0\u2013 a doctrine that came to be known as \"separate but equal\". The decision legitimized the many state laws re-establishing racial segregation that had been passed in the American South after the end of the Reconstruction Era (1865\u20131877)." }, "Crusades-1": { "title": "Crusades", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The term refers especially to the Eastern Mediterranean campaigns in the period between 1096 and 1271 that had the objective of recovering the Holy Land from Islamic rule. The term has also been applied to other church-sanctioned campaigns fought to combat paganism and heresy, to resolve conflict among rival Roman Catholic groups, or to gain political and territorial advantage. The difference between these campaigns and other Christian religious conflicts was that they were considered a penitential exercise that brought forgiveness of sins declared by the church. Historians contest the definition of the term \"crusade\". Some restrict it to only armed pilgrimages to Jerusalem; others include all Catholic military campaigns with a promise of spiritual benefit; all Catholic holy wars; or those with a characteristic of religious fervour." }, "Ivy League-1": { "title": "Ivy League", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising eight private universities in the Northeastern United States. The term Ivy League is typically used beyond the sports context to refer to the eight schools as a group of elite colleges with connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism. Its members in alphabetical order are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University." }, "Obesity-4": { "title": "Obesity", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing rates in adults and children. In 2015, 600 million adults (12%) and 100 million children were obese in 195 countries. Obesity is more common in women than men. Authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st\u00a0century. Obesity is stigmatized in much of the modern world (particularly in the Western world), though it was seen as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history and still is in some parts of the world. In 2013, several medical societies, including the American Medical Association and the American Heart Association, classified obesity as a disease." }, "J. D. Salinger-18": { "title": "J. D. Salinger", "section": "The Catcher in the Rye", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "In the 1940s, Salinger confided to several people that he was working on a novel featuring Holden Caulfield, the teenage protagonist of his short story \"Slight Rebellion off Madison,\" and The Catcher in the Rye was published on July 16, 1951, by Little, Brown and Company. The novel's plot is simple, detailing 16-year-old Holden's experiences in New York City following his expulsion and departure from an elite college preparatory school. Not only was he expelled from his current school, he had also been expelled from three previous schools. The book is more notable for the persona and testimonial voice of its first-person narrator, Holden. He serves as an insightful but unreliable narrator who expounds on the importance of loyalty, the \"phoniness\" of adulthood, and his own duplicity. In a 1953 interview with a high school newspaper, Salinger admitted that the novel was \"sort of\" autobiographical, explaining, \"My boyhood was very much the same as that of the boy in the book\u00a0... [I]t was a great relief telling people about it.\"" }, "The Blue Danube-14": { "title": "The Blue Danube", "section": "In popular culture", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "The piece was prominently used in Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey. After a leap from humanity's prehistoric past to its spacefaring future, the first two-thirds of The Blue Danube are heard as a space plane approaches and docks with a space station; it concludes while another spacecraft travels from the station to the Moon. The piece is then reprised over the film's closing credits." }, "Mount Everest-2": { "title": "Mount Everest", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The current official elevation of 8,848\u00a0m (29,029\u00a0ft), recognised by China and Nepal, was established by a 1955 Indian survey and subsequently confirmed by a Chinese survey in 1975." }, "Hypochlorous acid-3": { "title": "Hypochlorous acid", "section": "Formation, stability and reactions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In organic synthesis, HClO converts alkenes to chlorohydrins. In biology, hypochlorous acid is generated in activated neutrophils by myeloperoxidase-mediated peroxidation of chloride ions, and contributes to the destruction of bacteria. In the cosmetics industry it is used on the skin.[citation needed] It is also used in baby products.[citation needed] In food service and water distribution, specialized equipment to generate weak solutions of HClO from water and salt is sometimes used to generate adequate quantities of safe (unstable) disinfectant to treat food preparation surfaces and water supplies. In water treatment, hypochlorous acid is the active sanitizer in hypochlorite-based products (e.g. used in swimming pools). Similarly, in ships and yachts, marine sanitation devices use electricity to convert seawater into hypochlorous acid to disinfect macerated faecal waste before discharge into the sea. Addition of chlorine to water gives both hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl):" }, "JPEG-110": { "title": "JPEG", "section": "Effects of JPEG compression", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 110, "content": "JPEG compression artifacts blend well into photographs with detailed non-uniform textures, allowing higher compression ratios. Notice how a higher compression ratio first affects the high-frequency textures in the upper-left corner of the image, and how the contrasting lines become more fuzzy. The very high compression ratio severely affects the quality of the image, although the overall colors and image form are still recognizable. However, the precision of colors suffer less (for a human eye) than the precision of contours (based on luminance). This justifies the fact that images should be first transformed in a color model separating the luminance from the chromatic information, before subsampling the chromatic planes (which may also use lower quality quantization) in order to preserve the precision of the luminance plane with more information bits." }, "Parsifal-1": { "title": "Parsifal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Parsifal (WWV 111) is an opera in three acts by German composer Richard Wagner. It is loosely based on Parzival by Wolfram von Eschenbach, a 13th-century epic poem of the Arthurian knight Parzival (Percival) and his quest for the Holy Grail (12th century)." }, "Uniting Church in Australia-23": { "title": "Uniting Church in Australia", "section": "Agencies", "headers": [ "Youth" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "The National Christian Youth Convention is a national UCA activity during school and university holidays, every two or three years in a different city. NCYC 2007, \"Agents of Change\", was held in Perth. The 2009 \"Converge\" was held in Melbourne. NCYC 2011 was held from 29 December 2010 to 4 January 2011 at the Southport School on Queensland's Gold Coast. Yur\u00f3ra NCYC 2014 was held in North Parramatta, Sydney from 7 to 10 January 2014. Yur\u00f3ra NCYC 2017, \"Uniting Culture\", was also held in Sydney in January 2017." }, "Primary school-1": { "title": "Primary school", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A primary school, junior school (in UK), elementary school or grade school (in US & Canada) is a school for children from about four to eleven years old, in which they receive primary or elementary education. It can refer to both the physical structure (buildings) and the organisation. Typically it comes after preschool, and before secondary school." }, "The Borgias (2011 TV series)-1": { "title": "The Borgias (2011 TV series)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Borgias is a historical-fiction drama television series created by Neil Jordan; it debuted in 2011 and was canceled in 2013." }, "George Harrison-4": { "title": "George Harrison", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Harrison's first marriage, to model Pattie Boyd in 1966, ended in divorce in 1977. The following year he married Olivia Arias, with whom he had a son, Dhani. Harrison died from lung cancer in 2001 at the age of 58, two years after surviving a knife attack by an intruder at his Friar Park home. His remains were cremated and the ashes were scattered according to Hindu tradition in a private ceremony in the Ganges and Yamuna rivers in India. He left an estate of almost \u00a3100\u00a0million." }, "Seth MacFarlane-14": { "title": "Seth MacFarlane", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Television career", "Family Guy" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Family Guy first aired January 31, 1999. MacFarlane's work in animating Family Guy has been influenced by Jackie Gleason and Hanna-Barbera along with examples from The Simpsons and All in the Family. In addition to writing three episodes, \"Death Has a Shadow\", \"Family Guy Viewer Mail 1\" and \"North by North Quahog\", MacFarlane voices Family Guy's main male characters \u2013 Peter Griffin, Stewie Griffin, Brian Griffin, and Glenn Quagmire as well as Tom Tucker, his son Jake Tucker, and additional characters. Bolstered by high DVD sales and established fan loyalty, Family Guy developed into a US$1-billion franchise. On May 4, 2008, after approximately two and a half years of negotiations, MacFarlane reached a US$100-million agreement with Fox to keep Family Guy and American Dad! until 2012. The agreement makes him the world's highest paid television writer." }, "Arctic Ocean-2": { "title": "Arctic Ocean", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Located mostly in the Arctic north polar region in the middle of the Northern Hemisphere, besides its surrounding waters the Arctic Ocean is surrounded by Eurasia and North America. It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter. The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities. The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%. The US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) uses satellite data to provide a daily record of Arctic sea ice cover and the rate of melting compared to an average period and specific past years." }, "Sharia-80": { "title": "Sharia", "section": "Support and opposition", "headers": [ "Support" ], "para_index": 80, "content": "However, while most of those who support implementation of Sharia favor using it in family and property disputes, fewer supported application of severe punishments such as whippings and cutting off hands, and interpretations of some aspects differed widely. According to the Pew poll, among Muslims who support making Sharia the law of the land, most do not believe that it should be applied to non-Muslims. In the Muslim-majority countries surveyed this proportion varied between 74% (of 74% in Egypt) and 19% (of 10% in Kazakhstan), as percentage of those who favored making Sharia the law of the land." }, "Lord Voldemort-23": { "title": "Lord Voldemort", "section": "Characterisation", "headers": [ "Outward appearance" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "After he regains his body in the fourth book, Rowling describes Voldemort as having pale skin, a chalk-white, skull-like face, snake-like slits for nostrils, red eyes and cat-like slits for pupils, a skeletally thin body and long, thin hands with unnaturally long fingers. As mentioned in the first chapter of the seventh book, he also has no hair or lips. Earlier in life, as seen through flashbacks contained in the second and sixth books, Tom Marvolo Riddle was handsome and tall with pale skin, jet black hair, and dark brown eyes. He could charm many people with his looks. The transformation into his monstrous state is believed to have been the result of creating his Horcruxes and becoming less human as he continued to divide his soul. In the films, Voldemort's eyes are blue with round pupils." }, "The Mentalist-1": { "title": "The Mentalist", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Mentalist is an American drama television series that ran from September 23, 2008, until February 18, 2015, broadcasting 151 episodes over seven seasons, on CBS. Created by Bruno Heller, who was also its executive producer, the show follows former \"psychic\" Patrick Jane (Simon Baker), who is a consultant to the California Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and his boss, a former senior agent, Teresa Lisbon (Robin Tunney), using the highly developed observational skills he previously employed to \"read\" people's minds." }, "Kublai Khan-74": { "title": "Kublai Khan", "section": "Wives, concubines, and children", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 74, "content": "Kublai first married Tegulen but she died very early. Then he married Chabi of the Khongirad, who was his most beloved empress. After Chabi's death in 1281, Kublai married Chabi's young cousin, Nambui, presumably in accordance with Chabi's wish." }, "Edema-1": { "title": "Edema", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Edema, also known as fluid retention or swelling, is the buildup of fluid in the body's tissue. Most commonly, the legs or arms are affected. Symptoms may include skin which feels tight, the area may feel heavy, and affected joints may be hard to move. Other symptoms depend on the underlying cause." }, "Rabies-3": { "title": "Rabies", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Animal control and vaccination programs have decreased the risk of rabies from dogs in a number of regions of the world. Immunizing people before they are exposed is recommended for those at high risk, including those who work with bats or who spend prolonged periods in areas of the world where rabies is common. In people who have been exposed to rabies, the rabies vaccine and sometimes rabies immunoglobulin are effective in preventing the disease if the person receives the treatment before the start of rabies symptoms. Washing bites and scratches for 15 minutes with soap and water, povidone-iodine, or detergent may reduce the number of viral particles and may be somewhat effective at preventing transmission. As of 2016[update], only fourteen people had survived a rabies infection after showing symptoms." }, "Kaffir lime-8": { "title": "Kaffir lime", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Cuisine" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The leaves are the most frequently used part of the plant, fresh, dried, or frozen. The leaves are widely used in Thai and Lao cuisine (for dishes such as tom yum) and Cambodian cuisine (for the base paste \"krueng\"). The leaves are used in Vietnamese cuisine to add fragrance to chicken dishes and to decrease the pungent odor when steaming snails. The leaves are used in Indonesian cuisine (especially Balinese cuisine and Javanese cuisine) for foods such as soto ayam and are used along with Indonesian bay leaf for chicken and fish. They are also found in Malaysian and Burmese cuisines. It is used widely in South Indian cuisine." }, "Ministries of Nineteen Eighty-Four-2": { "title": "Ministries of Nineteen Eighty-Four", "section": "Ministry of Love", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Ministry of Peace concerns itself with war, the Ministry of Truth with lies, the Ministry of Love with torture and the Ministry of Plenty with starvation. These contradictions are not accidental, nor do they result from ordinary hypocrisy: they are deliberate exercises in doublethink. \u2014\u2009Part II, Chapter IX The Ministry of Love (Newspeak: Miniluv) serves as Oceania's interior ministry. It enforces loyalty to Big Brother through fear, buttressed through a massive apparatus of security and repression, as well as systematic brainwashing. The Ministry of Love building has no windows and is surrounded by barbed wire entanglements, steel doors, hidden machine-gun nests, and guards armed with \"jointed truncheons\". Referred to as \"the place where there is no darkness\", its interior lights are never turned off. It is arguably the most powerful ministry, controlling the will of the population. The Thought Police are a part of Miniluv." }, "Whole Foods Market-2": { "title": "Whole Foods Market", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A USDA Certified Organic grocer in the United States, the chain is popularly known for its organic selections. Whole Foods has 500 stores in North America and seven in the United Kingdom as of March\u00a04, 2019[update]. On August 23, 2017, it was reported that the Federal Trade Commission had approved a merger between Amazon and Whole Foods Market; the deal was closed on August 28, 2017." }, "Desperate Housewives-1": { "title": "Desperate Housewives", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Desperate Housewives is an American soap opera mystery comedy-drama television series created by Marc Cherry and produced by ABC Studios and Cherry Productions. It originally aired for eight seasons on ABC from October 3, 2004 until May 13, 2012 for a total of eight seasons and 180 episodes. Executive producer Cherry served as showrunner. Other executive producers since the fourth season included Bob Daily, George W. Perkins, John Pardee, Joey Murphy, David Grossman, and Larry Shaw." }, "Salvation in Christianity-5": { "title": "Salvation in Christianity", "section": "Definition and scope", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Salvation in Christianity, or deliverance or redemption, is the \"saving [of] human beings from death and separation from God\" by Christ's death and resurrection." }, "South Africa-2": { "title": "South Africa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739\u00a0mi) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini (Swaziland); and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere, and the most populous country located entirely south of the equator." }, "Nirvana (band)-21": { "title": "Nirvana (band)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "In Utero, final months, and Cobain's death (1993\u20131994)" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "In early 1994, Nirvana embarked on a European tour. Nirvana's final concert took place in Munich, Germany, on March 1. In Rome, on the morning of March 4, Cobain's wife, Courtney Love, found Cobain unconscious in their hotel room and he was rushed to the hospital. Cobain had reacted to a combination of prescribed Rohypnol and alcohol. The rest of the tour was cancelled. In the ensuing weeks, Cobain's heroin addiction resurfaced. Following an intervention, Cobain was convinced to admit himself into drug rehabilitation. After less than a week, he left the rehabilitation facility and returned to Seattle. One week later, on April 8, 1994, Cobain was found dead of a self-inflicted shotgun wound at his home in the Denny-Blaine neighborhood of the city." }, "Rollo-1": { "title": "Rollo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rollo (Norman: Rou; Old Norse: Hr\u00f3lfr; French: Rollon; c.\u2009860\u00a0\u2013 c.\u2009930 AD) was a Viking who became the first ruler of Normandy, a region in northern France. He is sometimes called the first Duke of Normandy. His son and grandson, William Longsword and Richard I, used the titles \"count\" (Latin comes or consul) and \"prince\" (princeps), respectively. His great-grandson Richard II was the first to officially use the title of Duke of Normandy.." }, "Tricycle-1": { "title": "Tricycle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A tricycle, often abbreviated to trike, is a human-powered (or gravity-powered) three-wheeled vehicle." }, "United States Navy Nuclear Propulsion-1": { "title": "United States Navy Nuclear Propulsion", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The United States Navy Nuclear Propulsion community consists of Naval Officers and Enlisted members who are specially trained to run and maintain the nuclear reactors that power the submarines and aircraft carriers of the United States Navy. Operating more than 80 nuclear-powered ships, the United States Navy is currently the largest naval force in the world." }, "Pilgrimage-23": { "title": "Pilgrimage", "section": "Sikhism", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Eventually, however, Amritsar and Harmandir Saheb (the Golden Temple) became the spiritual and cultural centre of the Sikh faith, and if a Sikh goes on pilgrimage it is usually to this place." }, "Jack Dempsey-53": { "title": "Jack Dempsey", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "On May 31, 1983, Dempsey died of heart failure at the age of 87 in New York City. His body was buried at Southampton Cemetery in Southampton, New York." }, "Tolui-1": { "title": "Tolui", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tolui (c.1191\u20131232) was the fourth son of Genghis Khan by his chief khatun B\u00f6rte. His ulus, or territorial inheritance, at his father's death in 1227 was the homelands in Mongolia, and it was he who served as civil administrator until 1229, the time it took to confirm \u00d6gedei as second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (1206\u20131368). Before that he had served with distinction in the campaigns against the Jin dynasty, the Western Xia and the Khwarezmid Empire, where he was instrumental in the capture and massacre at Merv and Nishapur. He is a direct ancestor of most of the Ilkhanids." }, "Winter-9": { "title": "Winter", "section": "Astronomical and other calendar-based reckoning", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Astronomically, the winter solstice, being the day of the year which has fewest hours of daylight, ought to be in the middle of the season, but seasonal lag means that the coldest period normally follows the solstice by a few weeks. In some cultures, the season is regarded as beginning at the solstice and ending on the following equinox \u2013 in the Northern Hemisphere, depending on the year, this corresponds to the period between 20, 21 or 22 December and 19, 20 or 21 March." }, "Scurvy-4": { "title": "Scurvy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Scurvy is currently rare. It occurs more often in the developing world in association with malnutrition. Rates among refugees are reported at 5 to 45 percent. Scurvy was described as early as the time of ancient Egypt. It was a limiting factor in long-distance sea travel, often killing large numbers of people. During the Age of Sail, it was assumed that 50 percent of the sailors would die of scurvy on a given trip. A Scottish surgeon in the Royal Navy, James Lind, is generally credited with proving that scurvy can be successfully treated with citrus fruit in 1753. Nonetheless, it would be 1795 before health reformers such as Gilbert Blane persuaded the British Royal Navy to routinely give lemon juice to its sailors." }, "Gremlins-51": { "title": "Gremlins", "section": "Legacy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 51, "content": "In a December 2016 interview with Bleeding Cool, Galligan again spoke about a third film saying that \"Warner Bros. definitely wants it, Chris Columbus wants to do it because he\u2019d like to undo the Gremlins 2 thing as he wasn\u2019t thrilled with it, and Spielberg wants to.\" He claimed Gremlins 3 is being written by Carl Ellsworth. In an interview with /Film in 2017, a script was written by Chris Columbus. His script explored the idea that has been on the fan's mind for a long time: \"if all the gremlins come from getting Gizmo wet and feeding his mogwai offspring after midnight, should Gizmo be eliminated?\" He described his script as \"twisted and dark\"." }, "Parzival-1": { "title": "Parzival", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Parzival is a medieval romance written by the knight-poet Wolfram von Eschenbach in Middle High German. The poem, commonly dated to the first quarter of the 13th century, centers on the Arthurian hero Parzival (Percival in English) and his long quest for the Holy Grail following his initial failure to achieve it." }, "Hamlet-92": { "title": "Hamlet", "section": "Performance history", "headers": [ "Film and TV performances" ], "para_index": 92, "content": "The earliest screen success for Hamlet was Sarah Bernhardt's five-minute film of the fencing scene, which was produced in 1900. The film was an early attempt at combining sound and film, music and words were recorded on phonograph records, to be played along with the film. Silent versions were released in 1907, 1908, 1910, 1913, 1917, and 1920. In the 1921 film Hamlet, Danish actress Asta Nielsen played the role of Hamlet as a woman who spends her life disguised as a man." }, "Mandarin orange-12": { "title": "Mandarin orange", "section": "Nutrition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "A mandarin orange contains 85% water, 13% carbohydrates, and negligible amounts of fat and protein (table). Among micronutrients, only vitamin C is in significant content (32% of the Daily Value) in a 100-gram reference serving, with all other nutrients in low amounts." }, "Resonance-8": { "title": "Resonance", "section": "Examples", "headers": [ "Tacoma Narrows Bridge" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Timekeeping mechanisms of modern clocks and watches, e.g., the balance wheel in a mechanical watch and the quartz crystal in a quartz watch Tidal resonance of the Bay of Fundy Acoustic resonances of musical instruments and the human vocal tract Shattering of a crystal wineglass when exposed to a musical tone of the right pitch (its resonant frequency) Friction idiophones, such as making a glass object (glass, bottle, vase) vibrate by rubbing around its rim with a fingertip Electrical resonance of tuned circuits in radios and TVs that allow radio frequencies to be selectively received Creation of coherent light by optical resonance in a laser cavity Orbital resonance as exemplified by some moons of the solar system's gas giants Material resonances in atomic scale are the basis of several spectroscopic techniques that are used in condensed matter physics Electron spin resonance M\u00f6ssbauer effect Nuclear magnetic resonance The dramatically visible, rhythmic twisting that resulted in the 1940 collapse of \"Galloping Gertie\", the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge, is mistakenly characterized as an example of resonance phenomenon in certain textbooks. The catastrophic vibrations that destroyed the bridge were not due to simple mechanical resonance, but to a more complicated interaction between the bridge and the winds passing through it\u2014a phenomenon known as aeroelastic flutter, which is a kind of \"self-sustaining vibration\" as referred to in the nonlinear theory of vibrations. Robert H. Scanlan, father of bridge aerodynamics, has written an article about this misunderstanding." }, "Abdastartus-3": { "title": "Abdastartus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Therefore according to Menander/Josephus, Abdastartus began to reign seven years after the death of his grandfather, Hiram I. The dating of Hiram and the following kings is based on the studies of J. Liver, J. M. Pe\u00f1uela, F. M. Cross, and William H. Barnes, all of whom build on the inscriptional evidence of a synchronism between Baal-Eser II and Shalmaneser III in 841 BC. Earlier studies that did not take this inscriptional evidence into consideration will have differing dates for the kings of Tyre." }, "Hattori Hanz\u014d-10": { "title": "Hattori Hanz\u014d", "section": "Legacy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "To this day, artifacts of Hanz\u014d's legacy remain. Tokyo Imperial Palace (formerly the sh\u014dgun's palace) still has a gate called Hanz\u014d's Gate (Hanz\u014dmon), and the Hanz\u014dmon subway line which runs from Hanz\u014dmon Station in central Tokyo to the southwestern suburbs is named after the gate, where his house was once located. The neighborhood outside Hanz\u014d's Gate is known as Wakaba, but before 1943 was named Iga-ch\u014d (\"Iga Town\"). Hanz\u014d's remains now rest in the Sainen-ji temple cemetery in Yotsuya, Tokyo. The temple also holds his favorite spear and his ceremonial battle helmet. The spear, originally 14 feet (4.3\u00a0m) long and given to him by Ieyasu, was donated to the temple by Hanz\u014d as a votive offering, but was damaged during the bombing of Tokyo in 1945." }, "Paratrooper-74": { "title": "Paratrooper", "section": "History", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 74, "content": "The first U.S. airborne unit began as a test platoon formed from part of the 29th Infantry Regiment, in July 1940. The platoon leader was 1st Lieutenant William T. Ryder, who made the first jump on August 16, 1940 at Lawson Field, Fort Benning, Georgia from a B-18 Bomber. He was immediately followed by Private William N. King, the first enlisted soldier to make a parachute jump." }, "Stanford University-1": { "title": "Stanford University", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford, California. Stanford is known for its academic achievements, wealth, location within Silicon Valley, and selectivity; it ranks as one of the world's top universities." }, "Euro coins-50": { "title": "Euro coins", "section": "Small-denomination coins", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "The \u20ac1 and \u20ac2 coins are two-toned. The \"gold\" is an alloy, 75% copper, 20% zinc and 5% nickel. The \"silver\" is cupronickel, 75% copper and 25% nickel. The 10c, 20c and 50c coins are a proprietary alloy known as \"Nordic gold\", consisting of 89% copper, 5% aluminium, 5% zinc and 1% tin. The 1c, 2c, and 5c coins are copper-coated steel fourr\u00e9es. The copper alloys make the coinage antimicrobial." }, "Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex-2": { "title": "Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Harry was educated at Wetherby School, Ludgrove School, and Eton College. He spent parts of his gap year in Australia and Lesotho. He then underwent officer training at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He was commissioned as a cornet (second lieutenant) into the Blues and Royals, serving temporarily with his brother Prince William, and he completed his training as a troop leader. In 2007\u201308, he served for over ten weeks in Helmand, Afghanistan, but was pulled out after an Australian magazine revealed his presence there. He returned to Afghanistan for a 20-week deployment in 2012\u201313 with the Army Air Corps. He left the army in June 2015." }, "Alexander Graham Bell-29": { "title": "Alexander Graham Bell", "section": "The telephone", "headers": [ "The race to the patent office" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "In 1875, Bell developed an acoustic telegraph and drew up a patent application for it. Since he had agreed to share U.S. profits with his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, Bell requested that an associate in Ontario, George Brown, attempt to patent it in Britain, instructing his lawyers to apply for a patent in the U.S. only after they received word from Britain (Britain would issue patents only for discoveries not previously patented elsewhere)." }, "Quiet (Metal Gear)-5": { "title": "Quiet (Metal Gear)", "section": "Story and gameplay", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Speaking to Code Talker in Navajo, Quiet reveals that Skull Face intended to use her against Venom Snake and his army by having herself be captured so that she could be taken to Mother Base and infect everyone with the English-language strain of chord parasites that she had been given. Quiet was further subjected to \"parasite therapy\", whereby parasites were introduced to her body to keep her alive after she was set on fire. It also gives her enhanced strength, mobility and speed as well as inhuman resilience, durability and recovery abilities. Unlike the Skulls unit of parasite-enhanced soldiers encountered through the game, Quiet retains an outwardly-human appearance. Due to her injuries, the parasites compensated for her burned epidermis, giving her the ability to 'breathe' through her skin, requiring her to wear as little clothes as possible, as covering her skin would suffocate her. However, her time spent with Diamond Dogs made her genuinely change sides and she retained her silence to prevent an infection. After a second parasite outbreak occurs on Diamond Dogs' base due to a mutation, Quiet disappears into Afghanistan, realizing that she could never guarantee the safety of Diamond Dogs. Believing that she has betrayed them, Venom Snake follows to investigate. Snake helps her fight off a Soviet regiment, but she is forced to speak English to save him when he is bitten by a venomous snake. Quiet disappears to avoid causing another epidemic; walking alone in the desert, her fate is unknown." }, "Mars Exploration Rover-5": { "title": "Mars Exploration Rover", "section": "Objectives", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "On May 1, 2009, during its fifth mission extension, Spirit became stuck in soft soil on Mars. After nearly nine months of attempts to get the rover back on track, including using test rovers on Earth, NASA announced on January 26, 2010 that Spirit was being retasked as a stationary science platform. This mode would enable Spirit to assist scientists in ways that a mobile platform could not, such as detecting \"wobbles\" in the planet's rotation that would indicate a liquid core. Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) lost contact with Spirit after last hearing from the rover on March 22, 2010 and continued attempts to regain communications lasted until May 25, 2011, bringing the elapsed mission time to 6 years 2 months 19 days, or over 25 times the original planned mission duration." }, "Junk (ship)-6": { "title": "Junk (ship)", "section": "Construction", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The historian Herbert Warington Smyth considered the junk as one of the most efficient ship designs, stating that \"As an engine for carrying man and his commerce upon the high and stormy seas as well as on the vast inland waterways, it is doubtful if any class of vessel\u2026 is more suited or better adapted to its purpose than the Chinese or Indian junk, and it is certain that for flatness of sail and handiness, the Chinese rig is unsurpassed.\"" }, "Aldi-2": { "title": "Aldi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Aldi's German operations consist of Aldi Nord's 35 individual regional companies with about 2,500 stores in western, northern, and eastern Germany, and Aldi S\u00fcd's 32 regional companies with 1,600 stores in western and southern Germany. Internationally, Aldi Nord operates in Denmark, France, the Benelux countries, Portugal, Spain and Poland, while Aldi S\u00fcd operates in Ireland, the United Kingdom, Hungary, Switzerland, Australia, China, Italy, Austria and Slovenia. Both Aldi Nord (as Trader Joe's) and Aldi S\u00fcd (as Aldi) also operate in the United States with 1,600 stores between them as of 2017 (and the U.S. is the only country to have both Aldi companies operating outside of Germany)." }, "Audit-1": { "title": "Audit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An audit is an independent examination of financial information of any entity, whether profit oriented or not, irrespective of its size or legal form. When such an examination is conducted with a view to express an opinion thereon\"[citation needed] It also attempts to ensure that the books of accounts are properly maintained by the concern as required by law. Auditing has become such a ubiquitous phenomenon in the corporate and the public sector that academics have started identifying an \"Audit Society\"." }, "High Speed 1-1": { "title": "High Speed 1", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "High Speed 1 (HS1), legally the Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL), is a 67-mile (108\u00a0km) high-speed railway linking London with the Channel Tunnel." }, "Universal Music Group-1": { "title": "Universal Music Group", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Universal Music Group (also known in the United States as UMG Recordings, Inc. and abbreviated as UMG) is an American global music corporation that is majority owned by the French media conglomerate Vivendi, with Chinese tech company Tencent owning a minority stake. UMG's global corporate headquarters are located in Santa Monica, California. The biggest music company in the world, it is one of the \"Big Three\" record labels, along with Sony Music and Warner Music Group. Ten percent of Universal Music Group was acquired by Tencent in January 2020 for US$3 billion." }, "Mother Teresa-19": { "title": "Mother Teresa", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "International charity" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Teresa said, \"By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus.\" Fluent in five languages \u2013 Bengali, Albanian, Serbian, English and Hindi \u2013 she made occasional trips outside India for humanitarian reasons." }, "Benzocaine-5": { "title": "Benzocaine", "section": "Medical uses", "headers": [ "Available forms" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Some glycerol-based ear medications for use in removing excess wax as well as relieving ear conditions such as otitis media and swimmers ear. Some previous diet products such as Ayds. Some condoms designed to prevent premature ejaculation. Benzocaine largely inhibits sensitivity on the penis, and can allow for an erection to be maintained longer (in a continuous act) by delaying ejaculation. Conversely, an erection will also fade faster if stimulus is interrupted. Benzocaine mucoadhesive patches have been used in reducing orthodontic pain. In Poland it is included, together with menthol and zinc oxide, in the liquid powder (not to be confused with the liquid face powder) used mainly after mosquito bites. Today's ready made Pudroderm was once used there as pharmaceutical compound. Benzocaine can come in a variety of preparations including:" }, "The Great Escape and Hurricane Harbor-1": { "title": "The Great Escape and Hurricane Harbor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Great Escape and Hurricane Harbor is an amusement and water park owned and operated by Six Flags Entertainment Corp. It is located approximately 60 miles (97\u00a0km) north of Albany, in Queensbury, New York. It is one of three Six Flags parks not to be officially branded with the \"Six Flags\" name, with La Ronde in Montreal, Quebec, Canada and Frontier City in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma being the two others." }, "Paraplegia-2": { "title": "Paraplegia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Greek (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b7) \"half-stricken\". It is usually caused by spinal cord injury or a congenital condition that affects the neural (brain) elements of the spinal canal. The area of the spinal canal that is affected in paraplegia is either the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions. If four limbs are affected by paralysis, tetraplegia or quadriplegia is the correct term. If only one limb is affected, the correct term is monoplegia. Spastic paraplegia is a form of paraplegia defined by spasticity of the affected muscles, rather than flaccid paralysis." }, "Dehydration-2": { "title": "Dehydration", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Most people can tolerate a 3-4% decrease in total body water without difficulty or adverse health effects. A 5-8% decrease can cause fatigue and dizziness. Loss of over ten percent of total body water can cause physical and mental deterioration, accompanied by severe thirst. Death occurs at a loss of between fifteen and twenty-five percent of the body water. Mild dehydration is characterized by thirst and general discomfort and is usually resolved with oral rehydration." }, "Saving Private Ryan-1": { "title": "Saving Private Ryan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Saving Private Ryan is a 1998 American epic war film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Robert Rodat. Set during the Invasion of Normandy in World War II, the film is known for its graphic portrayal of war and for the intensity of its opening 27 minutes, which includes a depiction of the Omaha Beach assault during the Normandy landings. The film follows United States Army Rangers Captain John H. Miller (Tom Hanks) and his squad (Tom Sizemore, Edward Burns, Barry Pepper, Giovanni Ribisi, Vin Diesel, Adam Goldberg, and Jeremy Davies) as they search for a paratrooper, Private First Class James Francis Ryan (Matt Damon), the last surviving brother of three servicemen killed in action. The film is a co-production between DreamWorks Pictures, Paramount Pictures, Amblin Entertainment, and Mutual Film Company, with DreamWorks distributing the film in North America while Paramount released the film internationally." }, "Robot-assisted surgery-21": { "title": "Robot-assisted surgery", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "In 1985 a robot, the Unimation Puma 200, was used to orient a needle for a brain biopsy while under CT guidance during a neurological procedure. In the late 1980s, Imperial College in London developed PROBOT, which was then used to perform prostatic surgery. The advantages to this robot was its small size, accuracy and lack of fatigue for the surgeon. In 1992, the ROBODOC was introduced and revolutionized orthopedic surgery by being able to assist with hip replacement surgeries. The latter was the first surgical robot that was approved by the FDA in 2008. The ROBODOC from Integrated Surgical Systems (working closely with IBM) could mill out precise fittings in the femur for hip replacement. The purpose of the ROBODOC was to replace the previous method of carving out a femur for an implant, the use of a mallet and broach/rasp." }, "Ancient Greece-22": { "title": "Ancient Greece", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Classical Greece" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Ten years later, a second invasion was launched by Darius' son Xerxes. The city-states of northern and central Greece submitted to the Persian forces without resistance, but a coalition of 31 Greek city states, including Athens and Sparta, determined to resist the Persian invaders. At the same time, Greek Sicily was invaded by a Carthaginian force. In 480 BC, the first major battle of the invasion was fought at Thermopylae, where a small force of Greeks, led by three hundred Spartans, held a crucial pass into the heart of Greece for several days; at the same time Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse, defeated the Carthaginian invasion at the Battle of Himera." }, "Girolamo Savonarola-1": { "title": "Girolamo Savonarola", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Girolamo Savonarola (UK: /\u02ccs\u00e6v\u0252n\u0259\u02c8ro\u028al\u0259/, US: /\u02ccs\u00e6v\u0259n-, s\u0259\u02ccv\u0252n-/, Italian:\u00a0[d\u0292i\u02c8r\u0254\u02d0lamo savona\u02c8r\u0254\u02d0la]; 21 September 1452 \u2013 23 May 1498) was an Italian Dominican friar from Ferrara and preacher active in Renaissance Florence. He was known for his prophecies of civic glory, the destruction of secular art and culture, and his calls for Christian renewal. He denounced clerical corruption, despotic rule and the exploitation of the poor. He prophesied the coming of a biblical flood and a new Cyrus from the north who would reform the Church." }, "Chickpea-17": { "title": "Chickpea", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Culinary" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "citation needed] Chickpea flour is used to make \"Burmese tofu\" which was first known among the Shan people of Burma. In South Asian cuisine the chickpea flour (besan) is used as a batter to coat vegetables before deep frying to make pakoras. The flour is also used as a batter to coat vegetables and meats before frying, or fried alone such as panelle (little bread), a chickpea fritter from Sicily. Chickpea flour is used to make the Mediterranean flatbread socca and called panisse in Provence, southern France. It is made of cooked chickpea flour, poured into saucers, allowed to set, cut in strips, and fried in olive oil, often eaten during Lent. In Tuscany chickpea flour (farina di ceci) is used to make an oven baked pancake: the flour is mixed with water, oil and salt. Chickpea flour known as kadlehittu in Kannada is used for making sweet dish Mysorepak." }, "Cooking-17": { "title": "Cooking", "section": "Ingredients", "headers": [ "Water" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Cooking often involves water, frequently present in other liquids, which is both added in order to immerse the substances being cooked (typically water, stock or wine), and released from the foods themselves. A favorite method of adding flavor to dishes is to save the liquid for use in other recipes. Liquids are so important to cooking that the name of the cooking method used is often based on how the liquid is combined with the food, as in steaming, simmering, boiling, braising and blanching. Heating liquid in an open container results in rapidly increased evaporation, which concentrates the remaining flavor and ingredients \u2013 this is a critical component of both stewing and sauce making." }, "In-group and out-group-1": { "title": "In-group and out-group", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In sociology and social psychology, an in-group is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. By contrast, an out-group is a social group with which an individual does not identify. People may for example identify with their peer group, family, community, sports team, political party, gender, religion, or nation. It has been found that the psychological membership of social groups and categories is associated with a wide variety of phenomena." }, "Pizza-1": { "title": "Pizza", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pizza (Italian:\u00a0[\u02c8pittsa], Neapolitan:\u00a0[\u02c8pitts\u0259]) is a savory dish of Italian origin, consisting of a usually round, flattened base of leavened wheat-based dough topped with tomatoes, cheese, and often various other ingredients (anchovies, olives, meat, etc.) baked at a high temperature, traditionally in a wood-fired oven. A small pizza is sometimes called a pizzetta." }, "Opportunity (rover)-1": { "title": "Opportunity (rover)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Opportunity, also known as MER-B (Mars Exploration Rover \u2013 B) or MER-1, and nicknamed \"Oppy\", is a robotic rover that was active on Mars from 2004 until the middle of 2018. Launched on July 7, 2003, as part of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover program, it landed in Meridiani Planum on January 25, 2004, three weeks after its twin Spirit (MER-A) touched down on the other side of the planet. With a planned 90-sol duration of activity (slightly more than 90 Earth days), Spirit functioned until it got stuck in 2009 and ceased communications in 2010, while Opportunity was able to stay operational for 5111 sols after landing, maintaining its power and key systems through continual recharging of its batteries using solar power, and hibernating during events such as dust storms to save power. This careful operation allowed Opportunity to exceed its operating plan by 14\u00a0years, 46\u00a0days (in Earth time), 55 times its designed lifespan. By June 10, 2018, when it last contacted NASA, the rover had traveled a distance of 45." }, "Francis Crick-1": { "title": "Francis Crick", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS (8 June 1916 \u2013 28 July 2004) was a British molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist. In 1953, he co-authored with James Watson the academic paper proposing the double helix structure of the DNA molecule. Together with Watson and Maurice Wilkins, he was jointly awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine \"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material\". The results were based partly on fundamental studies done by Rosalind Franklin, Raymond Gosling and Wilkins." }, "Marvel Comics-1": { "title": "Marvel Comics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Marvel Comics is the brand name and primary imprint of Marvel Worldwide Inc., formerly Marvel Publishing, Inc. and Marvel Comics Group, a publisher of American comic books and related media. In 2009, The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment, Marvel Worldwide's parent company." }, "Voting age-9": { "title": "Voting age", "section": "Debate on lowering the voting age to 16", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "During the 2000s several proposals for a reduced voting age were put forward in U.S. states, including California, Florida and Alaska, but none were successful. In Oregon, Senate Joint Resolution 22 has been introduced to reduce the voting age from 18 to 16. Also in British Columbia, Canada in November 25th of 2018, Mira Blakely, started a Vote16 campaign of her own and now has unanimously the UBCM and an NDP convention and now is only waiting for it to be brought up in the legislative assembly by the NDP and for it to pass there. A national reduction was proposed in 2005 in Canada and in the Australian state of New South Wales, but these proposals were not adopted. In May 2009, Danish Member of Parliament Mogens Jensen presented an initiative to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg to lower the voting age in Europe to 16." }, "Samsung Galaxy S-26": { "title": "Samsung Galaxy S", "section": "Software", "headers": [ "Updates", "Android 2.3 upgrade" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "citation needed] An Android 2.3 (\"Gingerbread\") update became available for Nordic countries, The Netherlands and Germany on April 16, 2011. The update reached UK, India and HongKong by the start of Nov, 2011. Singapore received the update in June. Australia received the update in August. The Samsung Epic for Sprint started receiving the Gingerbread update on November 9, 2011 and the update was released for the Samsung Galaxy S 4G on November 15. As of December 1, 2011, the Samsung Fascinate on Verizon has been updated to Gingerbread 2.3 (Droid-Life)." }, "Car-2": { "title": "Car", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Cars came into global use during the 20th century, and developed economies depend on them. The year 1886 is regarded as the birth year of the modern car when German inventor Karl Benz patented his Benz Patent-Motorwagen. Cars became widely available in the early 20th century. One of the first cars accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the US, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, but took much longer to be accepted in Western Europe and other parts of the world." }, "Flying Spaghetti Monster-5": { "title": "Flying Spaghetti Monster", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In January 2005, Bobby Henderson, a 24-year-old Oregon State University physics graduate, sent an open letter regarding the Flying Spaghetti Monster to the Kansas State Board of Education. In that letter, Henderson satirized creationism by professing his belief that whenever a scientist carbon-dates an object, a supernatural creator that closely resembles spaghetti with meatballs is there \"changing the results with His Noodly Appendage\". Henderson argued that his beliefs were just as valid as intelligent design, and called for equal time in science classrooms alongside intelligent design and evolution. The letter was sent prior to the Kansas evolution hearings as an argument against the teaching of intelligent design in biology classes. Henderson, describing himself as a \"concerned citizen\" representing more than ten million others, argued that intelligent design and his belief that \"the universe was created by a Flying Spaghetti Monster\" were equally valid. In his letter, he noted," }, "Zodiac-31": { "title": "Zodiac", "section": "Table of dates", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "The precise Gregorian times and dates vary slightly from year to year as the Gregorian calendar shifts relative to the tropical year. These variations remain within less than two days' difference in the recent past and the near-future, vernal equinox in UT always falling either on 20 or 21 March in the period of 1797 to 2043, falling on 19 March in 1796 the last time and in 2044 the next. Except for 2003 and 2007, the vernal equinox has started on 20 March since 1980, and is projected to until 2043." }, "Prime number-13": { "title": "Prime number", "section": "Definition and examples", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97 (sequence A000040 in the OEIS). No even number n {\\displaystyle n} greater than 2 is prime because any such number can be expressed as the product 2 \u00d7 n / 2 {\\displaystyle 2\\times n/2} . Therefore, every prime number other than 2 is an odd number, and is called an odd prime. Similarly, when written in the usual decimal system, all prime numbers larger than 5 end in 1, 3, 7, or 9. The numbers that end with other digits are all composite:" }, "Hwasong-15-1": { "title": "Hwasong-15", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Hwasong-15 (Korean:\u00a0\ud654\uc131 15\ud638; Hanja:\u00a0\u706b\u661f 15\u53f7; lit.\u00a0Mars-15) is an intercontinental ballistic missile developed by North Korea. It had its maiden flight on 28 November 2017, around 3 a.m. local time. It is the first ballistic missile developed by North Korea that is theoretically capable of reaching all of the United States mainland." }, "Apollo-208": { "title": "Apollo", "section": "Apollo in the arts", "headers": [ "Archaic sculpture" ], "para_index": 208, "content": "Kouros (male youth) is the modern term given to those representations of standing male youths which first appear in the archaic period in Greece. This type served certain religious needs and was first proposed for what was previously thought to be depictions of Apollo. The first statues are certainly still and formal. The formality of their stance seems to be related with the Egyptian precedent, but it was accepted for a good reason. The sculptors had a clear idea of what a young man is, and embodied the archaic smile of good manners, the firm and springy step, the balance of the body, dignity, and youthful happiness. When they tried to depict the most abiding qualities of men, it was because men had common roots with the unchanging gods. The adoption of a standard recognizable type for a long time, is probably because nature gives preference in survival of a type which has long be adopted by the climatic conditions, and also due to the general Greek belief that nature expresses itself in ideal forms that can be imagined and represented. These forms expressed immortality. Apollo was the immortal god of ideal balance and order. His shrine in Delphi, that he shared in winter with Dionysius had the inscriptions: \u03b3\u03bd\u1ff6\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd (gn\u014dthi seaut\u00f3n=\"know thyself\") and \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f04\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd (m\u0113d\u00e9n \u00e1gan, \"nothing in excess\"), and \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b4'\u1f04\u03c4\u03b7 (egg\u00fda p\u00e1ra d'at\u0113, \"make a pledge and mischief is nigh\")." }, "General chemistry-1": { "title": "General chemistry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "General chemistry (sometimes called \"gen chem\" for short) is a course often taught at the high school and introductory university level. It is intended to serve as a broad introduction to a variety of concepts in chemistry and is widely taught. At the university level, it is also sometimes used as a \"weed out\" course for disciplines (sometimes related, sometimes not) which are perceived to require a high level of intellectual rigor or large course loads. It is also one of the few chemistry courses in most universities that does not explicitly explore a particular discipline such as organic chemistry or analytical chemistry." }, "Silicone-47": { "title": "Silicone", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Toys and hobbies" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "Silly Putty and similar materials are composed of silicones dimethyl siloxane, polydimethylsiloxane, and decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane, with other ingredients. This substance is noted for its unusual characteristics, e.g., that it bounces, but breaks when given a sharp blow; it can also flow like a liquid and will form a puddle given enough time." }, "WWE Heat-3": { "title": "WWE Heat", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "On May 7, 2018, the first 52 episodes of WWE Heat were made available to stream on the WWE Network." }, "Outer space-55": { "title": "Outer space", "section": "Effect on biology and human bodies", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "Out in space, sudden exposure of an unprotected human to very low pressure, such as during a rapid decompression, can cause pulmonary barotrauma\u2014a rupture of the lungs, due to the large pressure differential between inside and outside the chest. Even if the subject's airway is fully open, the flow of air through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the rupture. Rapid decompression can rupture eardrums and sinuses, bruising and blood seep can occur in soft tissues, and shock can cause an increase in oxygen consumption that leads to hypoxia." }, "Refrigeration-1": { "title": "Refrigeration", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The term refrigeration means cooling a space, substance or system to lower and/or maintain its temperature below the ambient one (while the removed heat is rejected at a higher temperature). In other words, refrigeration is artificial (human-made) cooling. Energy in the form of heat is removed from a low-temperature reservoir and transferred to a high-temperature reservoir. The work of energy transfer is traditionally driven by mechanical means, but can also be driven by heat, magnetism, electricity, laser, or other means. Refrigeration has many applications, including household refrigerators, industrial freezers, cryogenics, and air conditioning. Heat pumps may use the heat output of the refrigeration process, and also may be designed to be reversible, but are otherwise similar to air conditioning units." }, "Taylor oil spill-2": { "title": "Taylor oil spill", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Upper estimates of the spill have been calculated to be as much as 1,400,000 US gallons (5,300,000\u00a0l; 1,200,000\u00a0imp\u00a0gal) of oil lost over the life of the disaster, affecting an area as large as 8 square miles (21\u00a0km2). As of 2018, it was estimated that 300 to 700 barrels of oil per day are being spilled, making it one of the worst modern oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico by volume. The reserves are likely sufficient for the spill to continue for up to 100 years if it is not contained." }, "Tata Hexa-1": { "title": "Tata Hexa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Tata Hexa is a mid-size (J-segment) SUV manufactured by Indian passenger and commercial vehicles manufacturer Tata Motors. The SUV, which was originally unveiled in the 2016 Geneva Motor Show, was launched into the Indian markets in January 2017. The Tata Hexa is based on the company's previously used Aria platform, with a body-on-frame chassis." }, "Portuguese Colonial War-1": { "title": "Portuguese Colonial War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Portuguese Colonial War (Portuguese: Guerra Colonial Portuguesa), also known in Portugal as the Overseas War (Guerra do Ultramar) or in the former colonies as the War of Liberation (Guerra de Liberta\u00e7\u00e3o), was fought between Portugal's military and the emerging nationalist movements in Portugal's African colonies between 1961 and 1975. The Portuguese fascist regime at the time, the Estado Novo, was overthrown by a military coup in 1974, and the change in government brought the conflict to an end. The war was a decisive ideological struggle in Lusophone Africa, surrounding nations, and mainland Portugal." }, "Potato-1": { "title": "Potato", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The potato is a root vegetable native to the Americas, a starchy tuber of the plant Solanum tuberosum, and the plant itself, a perennial in the family Solanaceae." }, "Chinatown-14": { "title": "Chinatown", "section": "History", "headers": [ "In the West" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Economic opportunity drove the building of further Chinatowns in the United States. The initial Chinatowns were built in the Western United States in states such as California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, and Arizona. As the transcontinental railroad was built, more Chinatowns started to appear in railroad towns such as St. Louis, Chicago, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Butte Montana, and many east coast cities such as New York City, Boston, Philadelphia, Providence, and Baltimore. With the passage of the Emancipation Proclamation, many southern states such as Arkansas, Louisiana, and Georgia began to hire Chinese for work in place of slave labor." }, "Metroid-1": { "title": "Metroid", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Metroid is a science fiction action game franchise created by Nintendo. The series is primarily produced by the company's first-party developers Nintendo R&D1 and Retro Studios, although some games have been handled by other developers, including Fuse Games, Team Ninja, Next Level Games, and MercurySteam." }, "Canon Inc.-1": { "title": "Canon Inc.", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Canon Inc. (\u30ad\u30e4\u30ce\u30f3\uff08\u30ad\u30e3\u30ce\u30f3\uff09\u682a\u5f0f\u4f1a\u793e, Kyanon kabushiki gaisha) is a Japanese multinational corporation specializing in the manufacture of imaging and optical products, including cameras, camcorders, professional displays, TV broadcasting and film equipment, projectors, photocopiers, photolitography equipment (steppers, scanners), computer printers, image scanners, binoculars, microscopes, medical equipment (including Computer Tomography diagnostic systems, MRI and diagnostic ultrasound systems), LCD and OLED panel manufacturing equipment, CCTV solutions, imagining sensors, calculators, high precision positioning and measurement devices (such as rotary encoders), and custom optical components (including lenses) for third party companies. It is headquartered in \u014cta, Tokyo, Japan." }, "United States Marine Corps School of Infantry-1": { "title": "United States Marine Corps School of Infantry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The School of Infantry (SOI) is the second stage of initial military training for enlisted United States Marines after Recruit Training. Since the initial training pipeline is divided between coasts, Marines from areas east of the Mississippi River usually graduate from MCRD Parris Island and move on to SOI at SOI East (located at Camp Geiger, a satellite facility of Camp Lejeune in North Carolina), while those from the western half of the nation attend MCRD San Diego and move on to SOI West at the Camp San Onofre area of Camp Pendleton in California. Female Marines are an exception, all of whom go through MCRD Parris Island and SOI East. As of March 2018, non-infantry female Marines were integrated into the Marine Combat Training Battalion (MCT Bn) at Camp Pendleton, California." }, "Hypertension-16": { "title": "Hypertension", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "Primary hypertension" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Blood pressure rises with aging and the risk of becoming hypertensive in later life is considerable. Several environmental factors influence blood pressure. High salt intake raises the blood pressure in salt sensitive individuals; lack of exercise, central obesity can play a role in individual cases. The possible roles of other factors such as caffeine consumption, and vitamin D deficiency are less clear. Insulin resistance, which is common in obesity and is a component of syndrome X (or the metabolic syndrome), is also thought to contribute to hypertension. One review suggests that sugar may play an important role in hypertension and salt is just an innocent bystander." }, "Margaret Thatcher-1": { "title": "Margaret Thatcher", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, DStJ, PC, FRS, HonFRSC (n\u00e9e\u00a0Roberts; 13 October 1925\u00a0\u2013 8 April 2013) was a British stateswoman who served as prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century and the first woman to hold that office. A Soviet journalist dubbed her \"The Iron Lady\", a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. As Prime Minister, she implemented policies known as Thatcherism." }, "Cushion-1": { "title": "Cushion", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A cushion is a soft bag of some ornamental material, stuffed with wool, hair, feathers, polyester staple fiber, non-woven material, or even paper torn into fragments. It may be used for sitting or kneeling upon, or to soften the hardness or angularity of a chair or couch. Decorative cushions often have a patterned cover material, and are used as decoration for furniture." }, "Eastern Orthodox Church-77": { "title": "Eastern Orthodox Church", "section": "Worship", "headers": [ "Church calendar" ], "para_index": 77, "content": "One part of the autocephalous Orthodox churches follows the Julian calendar, while the other part follows the Revised Julian calendar. The autonomous Church of Finland of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, as well as parts of the Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia, use the Gregorian calendar.[citation needed] Many church traditions, including the schedules of services, feasts, and fasts, are structured by the church's calendar, which provides a strictly observed intermingled set of cycles of varying lengths. The fixed annual cycle begins on 1 September and establishes the times for all annual observances that are fixed by date, such as Christmas. The annual Paschal cycle is established relative to the varying date of Pascha each year and affects the times for such observances as Pascha itself, Great Lent, Holy Week, and the feasts of Ascension and Pentecost." }, "I-1": { "title": "I", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "I or i is the ninth letter and the third vowel letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is i (pronounced /\u02c8a\u026a/), plural ies." }, "Junk food-6": { "title": "Junk food", "section": "Definitions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "In Andrew F. Smith's Encyclopedia of Junk Food and Fast Food, junk food is defined as \"those commercial products, including candy, bakery goods, ice cream, salty snacks and soft drinks, which have little or no nutritional value but do have plenty of calories, salt, and fats. While not all fast foods are junk foods, most are. Fast foods are ready-to-eat foods served promptly after ordering. Some fast foods are high in calories and low in nutritional value, while other fast foods, such as salads, may be low in calories and high in nutritional value.\"" }, "Lymph node-25": { "title": "Lymph node", "section": "Clinical significance", "headers": [ "Swelling" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "The B cells migrate to the nodular cortex and medulla. The T cells migrate to the deep cortex. This is a region of a lymph node called the paracortex that immediately surrounds the medulla. Because both naive T cells and dendritic cells express CCR7, they are drawn into the paracortex by the same chemotactic factors, increasing the chance of T cell activation. Both B and T lymphocytes enter lymph nodes from circulating blood through specialized high endothelial venules found in the paracortex. Lymph node enlargement or swelling is known as lymphadenopathy. Swelling may be due to many causes, including infections, tumors, autoimmune disease, drug reactions, diseases such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis, or because of lymphoma or leukemia. Depending on the cause, swelling may be painful, particularly if the expansion is rapid and due to an infection or inflammation. Lymph node enlargement may be localised to an area, which might suggest a local source of infection or a tumour in that area that has spread to the lymph node. It may also be generalised, which might suggest infection, connective tissue or autoimmune disease, or a malignancy of blood cells such as a lymphoma or leukaemia. Rarely, depending on location, lymph node enlargement may cause problems such as difficulty breathing, or compression of a blood vessel (for example, superior vena cava obstruction)." }, "Super Mario-33": { "title": "Super Mario", "section": "Common elements", "headers": [ "Items", "Mushrooms" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "Mushroom power-ups appear in almost every Super Mario game. The most iconic of these is the Super Mushroom. The Super Mushroom increases Mario's size, turning him into \"Super Mario\", and allows him to break certain blocks. When hit by an enemy, Mario reverts to his smaller size instead of losing a life. When Mario is in his \"Super\" form, most blocks that would contain a Super Mushroom instead offer a more powerful power-up such as the Fire Flower. The Super Mushroom is similar in appearance to the Amanita muscaria, with an ivory stalk below a most commonly red and white (originally red and orange) spotted cap. Created by chance, Shigeru Miyamoto stated in an interview that beta tests of Super Mario Bros. proved Mario too tall, so the development team implemented mushrooms to grow and shrink Mario." }, "Honey-5": { "title": "Honey", "section": "Formation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Honey is produced by bees collecting nectar for use as sugars consumed to support metabolism of muscle activity during foraging or to be stored as a long-term food supply. During foraging, bees access part of the nectar collected to support metabolic activity of flight muscles, with the majority of collected nectar destined for regurgitation, digestion, and storage as honey. In cold weather or when other food sources are scarce, adult and larval bees use stored honey as food." }, "Harry Potter (character)-38": { "title": "Harry Potter (character)", "section": "Characterisation", "headers": [ "Possessions" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "Harry also inherits indirectly two of his father's prized possessions. One is the Marauder's Map, given to him by interim owners Fred and George Weasley, which endows Harry with comprehensive knowledge of Hogwarts' facilities, grounds, and occupants. The other is his father's Invisibility Cloak, given to him by Dumbledore, which eventually proves Harry's descent from the Peverell family. Harry uses these tools both to aid in excursions at school and to protect those he cares about; the Invisibility Cloak, in particular, can hide two full-grown people. If three fully-grown people hide under the cloak their feet will be visible. When Harry reaches his age of maturity at seventeen, Molly Weasley gives him a pocket watch which had once belonged to her brother Fabian Prewett, as it is traditional to give a boy a watch when he turns seventeen." }, "Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey-2": { "title": "Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Chance (voiced by Michael J. Fox), an immature and disobedient American Bulldog and the narrator of the film, explains that he is the pet of Jamie Burnford (Kevin Chevalia), but expresses no interest in his owner or being part of a family. He shares his home with Shadow (voiced by Don Ameche), a wise old Golden Retriever owned by Jamie's brother Peter (Benj Thall), and Sassy (voiced by Sally Field), a smart-mouthed Himalayan cat owned by Jamie and Peter's sister Hope (Veronica Lauren). That morning, the children's mother, Laura Burnford (Kim Greist), marries Bob Seaver (Robert Hays), and Chance manages to cause chaos by digging into the wedding cake in front of all the guests." }, "Constitution of the United States-63": { "title": "Constitution of the United States", "section": "Amending the Constitution", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 63, "content": "The procedure for amending the Constitution is outlined in Article Five (see above). The process is overseen by the archivist of the United States. Between 1949 and 1985 it was overseen by the administrator of General Services, and before that by the secretary of state." }, "PlayStation 4-1": { "title": "PlayStation 4", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The PlayStation 4 (officially abbreviated as PS4) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment. Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013, it was launched on November 15 in North America, November 29 in Europe, South America and Australia, and on February 22, 2014 in Japan. It's the 4th best-selling console of all time. It competes with Microsoft's Xbox One and Nintendo's Wii U and Switch." }, "Polymath-1": { "title": "Polymath", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A polymath (Greek: \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03c2, polymath\u0113s, \"having learned much\"; Latin: homo universalis, \"universal man\") is an individual whose knowledge spans a significant number of subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems. The earliest recorded use of the term in English is from 1624, in the second edition of The Anatomy of Melancholy by Robert Burton; the form polymathist is slightly older, first appearing in the Diatribae upon the first part of the late History of Tithes of Richard Montagu in 1621. Use in English of the similar term polyhistor dates from the late sixteenth century." }, "The Wachowskis-57": { "title": "The Wachowskis", "section": "Personal lives", "headers": [ "Lilly's gender transition" ], "para_index": 57, "content": "In March 2016, Lilly Wachowski also came out as a transgender woman, issuing a statement to the Windy City Times after a visit from a reporter from the Daily Mail newspaper, who had attempted to get an interview with her about it. In that article, she said, \"I am one of the lucky ones. Having the support of my family and the means to afford doctors and therapists has given me the chance to actually survive this process. Transgender people without support, means and privilege do not have this luxury. And many do not survive.\"" }, "The Queen (2006 film)-2": { "title": "The Queen (2006 film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The film was directed by Stephen Frears, written by Peter Morgan, and starred Helen Mirren in the title role of Queen Elizabeth II. The film's production and release coincided with a revival of favourable public sentiment in respect to the monarchy, a downturn in fortunes for Tony Blair, and the British inquiry into the death of Diana. Michael Sheen reprised his role as Tony Blair from The Deal in 2003, and he did so again in The Special Relationship in 2010. The Queen also garnered general critical and popular acclaim for Mirren in the title role, which earned her numerous awards, namely the Academy Award for Best Actress, the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture \u2013 Drama. Mirren was praised by the Queen herself and was invited to dinner at Buckingham Palace. However, Mirren could not attend due to filming commitments in Hollywood." }, "Tilia-2": { "title": "Tilia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Tilia species are mostly large, deciduous trees, reaching typically 20 to 40\u00a0m (65 to 130\u00a0ft) tall, with oblique-cordate leaves 6 to 20\u00a0cm (2\u00a01\u20444 to 7\u00a03\u20444\u00a0in) across. As with elms, the exact number of species is uncertain, as many of the species can hybridise readily, both in the wild and in cultivation. Limes are hermaphroditic, having perfect flowers with both male and female parts, pollinated by insects." }, "Deep Purple-1": { "title": "Deep Purple", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Deep Purple are an English rock band formed in Hertford, Hertfordshire in 1968. The band is considered to be among the pioneers of heavy metal and modern hard rock, although their musical approach changed over the years. Originally formed as a psychedelic rock and progressive rock band, they shifted to a heavier sound with their 1970 album Deep Purple in Rock. Deep Purple, together with Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath, have been referred to as the \"unholy trinity of British hard rock and heavy metal in the early to mid-seventies\". They were listed in the 1975 Guinness Book of World Records as \"the globe's loudest band\" for a 1972 concert at London's Rainbow Theatre and have sold over 100\u00a0million copies of their albums worldwide." }, "William Shakespeare-5": { "title": "William Shakespeare", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "Early life" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning farmer. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of birth is unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Day. This date, which can be traced to a mistake made by an 18th-century scholar, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on the same date in 1616. He was the third of eight children, and the eldest surviving son." }, "International Tree-Ring Data Bank-1": { "title": "International Tree-Ring Data Bank", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The International Tree-Ring Data Bank (ITRDB) is a data repository for tree ring measurements that has been maintained since 1990 by the United States' National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Paleoclimatology Program and World Data Center for Paleoclimatology. The ITRDB was initially established by Hal Fritts through the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research at the University of Arizona through a grant from the US National Science Foundation after the First International Workshop on Dendrochronology in 1974. The ITRDB accepts all tree ring data with sufficient metadata to be uploaded, but was founded with a focus on tree ring measurements intended for climatic studies. Specific information is required for uploading data to the data base, such as the raw tree ring measurements, an indication of the type of measurement (full ring widths, earlywood, latewood), and the location, but the types of data and the rules for accuracy and precision of the primary data, tree-ring width measurements, are decided by the dendrochronologists who are contributing the data rather than by the NOAA or another governing organization." }, "Material properties of diamond-31": { "title": "Material properties of diamond", "section": "Thermal stability", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Diamonds are carbon crystals that form deep within the Earth under high temperatures and extreme pressures. At surface air pressure (one atmosphere), diamonds are not as stable as graphite, and so the decay of diamond is thermodynamically favorable (\u03b4H\u00a0=\u00a0\u22122\u00a0kJ\u00a0/\u00a0mol). So, contrary to De Beers' ad campaign extending from 1948 to at least 2013 under the slogan \"A diamond is forever\", diamonds are definitely not forever. However, owing to a very large kinetic energy barrier, diamonds are metastable; they will not decay into graphite under normal conditions." }, "Camel-1": { "title": "Camel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A camel is an even-toed ungulate in the genus Camelus that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as \"humps\" on its back. Camels have long been domesticated and, as livestock, they provide food (milk and meat) and textiles (fiber and felt from hair). Camels are working animals especially suited to their desert habitat and are a vital means of transport for passengers and cargo. There are three surviving species of camel. The one-humped dromedary makes up 94% of the world's camel population, and the two-humped Bactrian camel makes up 6%. The Wild Bactrian camel is a separate species and is now critically endangered." }, "Leipzig-6": { "title": "Leipzig", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Name" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The name Leipzig is derived from the Slavic word Lipsk, which means \"settlement where the linden trees (British English: lime trees; U.S. English: basswood trees) stand\". An older spelling of the name in English is Leipsic. The Latin name Lipsia was also used. The name is cognate with Lipetsk (\u041b\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0446\u043a) in Russia and Liep\u0101ja in Latvia." }, "Climate of the United States-18": { "title": "Climate of the United States", "section": "Regional overview", "headers": [ "Southwest" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The coast of California has a Mediterranean climate. Daily high temperatures range from 70 to 80\u00a0\u00b0F (21 to 27\u00a0\u00b0C) in the summer to 50 to 65\u00a0\u00b0F (10 to 16\u00a0\u00b0C) in winter, with low temperatures from the 60\u00a0\u00b0F (16\u00a0\u00b0C)s in summer to the mid 40s F in winter.[citation needed] Like most Mediterranean climates, much of coastal California has a wet winter and dry summer. Early summers can often bring cool, overcast weather (fog and low stratus clouds) to coastal California. As such, the warmest summer weather is delayed until August, even September in many areas of the California coast; on average, September is the warmest month in San Francisco, CA. Upwelling of cold Pacific waters also contributes to the frequent cool spring and early summer weather in coastal California. In California's inland river valleys (Bakersfield, Sacramento areas), the wet-winter, dry-summer pattern remains, but winters are cooler and more prone to occasional frost or freeze, while summers are much hotter, with blazing sunshine and daytime high temperatures not uncommonly in the 90s \u00b0F to over 100\u00a0\u00b0F (38\u00a0\u00b0C)." }, "Earth's magnetic field-9": { "title": "Earth's magnetic field", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "Description", "Intensity" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "A nanotesla is also referred to as a gamma (\u03b3). The tesla is the SI unit of the magnetic field, The Earth's field ranges between approximately 25,000 and 65,000\u00a0nT (0.25\u20130.65\u00a0G). By comparison, a strong refrigerator magnet has a field of about 10,000,000 nanoteslas (100\u00a0G). A map of intensity contours is called an isodynamic chart. As the World Magnetic Model shows, the intensity tends to decrease from the poles to the equator. A minimum intensity occurs in the South Atlantic Anomaly over South America while there are maxima over northern Canada, Siberia, and the coast of Antarctica south of Australia." }, "Tom Cruise-36": { "title": "Tom Cruise", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Scientology" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Cruise is an outspoken advocate for the Church of Scientology and its associated social programs. He became involved with Scientology in 1990 through his first wife, Mimi Rogers. Cruise struggled with dyslexia at an early age and has said that Scientology, specifically the L. Ron Hubbard Study Tech, helped him overcome dyslexia." }, "New York Fashion Week-26": { "title": "New York Fashion Week", "section": "Other notable events", "headers": [ "2015" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "The fall/winter 2015 shows took place from February 12\u201319. In that week, actress Jamie Brewer became the first woman with Down syndrome to walk the red carpet at New York Fashion Week, which she did for designer Carrie Hammer." }, "Atlantic Ocean-31": { "title": "Atlantic Ocean", "section": "Water characteristics", "headers": [ "Salinity" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "On average, the Atlantic is the saltiest major ocean; surface water salinity in the open ocean ranges from 33 to 37 parts per thousand (3.3\u20133.7%) by mass and varies with latitude and season. Evaporation, precipitation, river inflow and sea ice melting influence surface salinity values. Although the lowest salinity values are just north of the equator (because of heavy tropical rainfall), in general, the lowest values are in the high latitudes and along coasts where large rivers enter. Maximum salinity values occur at about 25\u00b0 north and south, in subtropical regions with low rainfall and high evaporation." }, "\u00c9p\u00e9e-16": { "title": "\u00c9p\u00e9e", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Dueling sword" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "The dueling sword developed in the 19th century when, under pressure from the authorities, duels were more frequently fought until \"first blood\" (as indicated by the French to English translation) only, instead of to the death. Under this provision, it became sufficient to inflict a minor nick on the wrist or other exposed area on the opponent in order to win the duel." }, "Peta Wilson-1": { "title": "Peta Wilson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Peta Gia Wilson (born 18 November 1970) is an Australian actress, lingerie designer and model. She is best known as Nikita in the television series La Femme Nikita." }, "Lord Voldemort-15": { "title": "Lord Voldemort", "section": "Appearances", "headers": [ "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Later, Voldemort finds out that Harry and his friends are hunting and destroying his Horcruxes when informed of their heist on the Lestranges' vault at Gringotts in search for Hufflepuff's Cup. After offering the occupants of Hogwarts mercy if they give up Harry, he assembles a large army and launches an invasion of the castle, where Harry is searching for Ravenclaw's Diadem. Voldemort orders his pet snake Nagini to execute Snape, believing it would make him the true master of the Elder Wand, since Snape killed Dumbledore. He then calls an hour's armistice, in exchange for Harry. When Harry willingly walks into Voldemort's camp in the Forbidden Forest, Voldemort strikes him down with the Elder Wand. However, the use of Harry's blood to resurrect Voldemort's body proves to be a major setback: while Harry's blood runs in Voldemort's veins, Harry cannot be killed as his mother's protection lives on now in Voldemort too. Instead, Voldemort destroys the part of his own soul that resides in Harry's body. Voldemort forces Rubeus Hagrid to carry Harry's apparently lifeless body back to the castle as a trophy, sparking another battle during which Nagini, his last Horcrux, is destroyed by Neville Longbottom. The battle then moves into the Great Hall, where Voldemort fights Minerva McGonagall, Kingsley Shacklebolt, and Horace Slughorn simultaneously. Harry then reveals himself and explains to Voldemort that Draco became the true master of the Elder Wand when he disarmed Dumbledore; Harry, in turn, won the wand's allegiance when he took Draco's wand. Refusing to believe this, Voldemort casts the Killing Curse with the Elder Wand while Harry uses a Disarming Charm with Draco's, but the Elder Wand refuses to kill its master and the spell rebounds on Voldemort who, with all of his Horcruxes destroyed, finally dies. His body is laid in a different chamber from all the others who died battling him." }, "Limestone-32": { "title": "Limestone", "section": "Degradation by organisms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "The cyanobacterium Hyella balani can bore through limestone; as can the green alga Eugamantia sacculata and the fungus Ostracolaba implexa." }, "Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus-1": { "title": "Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus (or (+)ssRNA virus) is a virus that uses positive sense single stranded RNA as its genetic material. Single stranded RNA viruses are classified as positive or negative depending on the sense or polarity of the RNA. The positive-sense viral RNA genome can serve as messenger RNA and can be translated into protein in the host cell. Positive-sense ssRNA viruses belong to Group IV in the Baltimore classification. Positive-sense RNA viruses account for a large fraction of known viruses, including many pathogens such as the hepacivirus C, West Nile virus, dengue virus, SARS and MERS coronaviruses, and SARS-CoV-2 as well as less clinically serious pathogens such as the rhinoviruses that cause the common cold." }, "Tennis-75": { "title": "Tennis", "section": "Tournaments", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 75, "content": "Tournaments are often organized by gender and number of players. Common tournament configurations include men's singles, women's singles, and doubles, where two players play on each side of the net. Tournaments may be organized for specific age groups, with upper age limits for youth and lower age limits for senior players. Example of this include the Orange Bowl and Les Petits As junior tournaments. There are also tournaments for players with disabilities, such as wheelchair tennis and deaf tennis. In the four Grand Slam tournaments, the singles draws are limited to 128 players for each gender." }, "Hamburger-1": { "title": "Hamburger", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A hamburger (also burger for short) is a sandwich consisting of one or more cooked patties of ground meat, usually beef, placed inside a sliced bread roll or bun. The patty may be pan fried, grilled, smoked or flame broiled. Hamburgers are often served with cheese, lettuce, tomato, onion, pickles, bacon, or chiles; condiments such as ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, relish, or \"special sauce\"; and are frequently placed on sesame seed buns. A hamburger topped with cheese is called a cheeseburger." }, "Driver's licenses in the United States-10": { "title": "Driver's licenses in the United States", "section": "Drivers licensing laws", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Drivers under 18 are usually required to attend a comprehensive driver's education program either at their high school or a professional driving school and take a certain number of behind-the-wheel lessons with a certified driving instructor before applying for a license." }, "Head shop-1": { "title": "Head shop", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A head shop is a retail outlet specializing in paraphernalia used for consumption of cannabis and tobacco and items related to cannabis culture and related countercultures. They emerged from the hippie counterculture in the late 1960s, and at that time many of them had close ties to the anti-Vietnam War movement as well as groups in the marijuana legalization movement like LeMar, Amorphia, and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws." }, "Stone Cold Steve Austin-6": { "title": "Stone Cold Steve Austin", "section": "Professional wrestling career", "headers": [ "Early career (1989\u20131990)" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Deciding to become a wrestler, Austin joined Chris Adams' school in the Dallas Sportatorium, where Adams also wrestled for World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW). Adams' training was purely technical, teaching Austin the moves, but nothing relating to kayfabe (still somewhat a guarded secret at the time) or business. His first lesson in that came from Tony Falk, the referee in his 1989 televised WCCW debut against Frogman LeBlanc, who called the spots to lead him to a pinfall and a $40 payday." }, "J. D. Salinger-29": { "title": "J. D. Salinger", "section": "Second marriage, family, and spiritual beliefs", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "citation needed] In February 1955, at the age of 36, Salinger married Claire Douglas (b. 1933), a Radcliffe student (her father was the art critic Robert Langton Douglas). They had two children, Margaret (also known as Peggy \u2013 born December 10, 1955) and Matthew (born February 13, 1960). Margaret Salinger wrote in her memoir Dream Catcher that she believes her parents would not have married, nor would she have been born, had her father not read the teachings of Lahiri Mahasaya, a guru of Paramahansa Yogananda, which brought the possibility of enlightenment to those following the path of the \"householder\" (a married person with children). After their marriage, Salinger and Claire were initiated into the path of Kriya yoga in a small store-front Hindu temple in Washington, D.C., during the summer of 1955. They received a mantra and breathing exercise to practice for ten minutes twice a day." }, "Rice pudding-4": { "title": "Rice pudding", "section": "Rice pudding around the world", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "rice; white rice (usually short grain, but can also be long grain, broken rice, basmati, or jasmine rice), brown rice, black rice milk (whole milk, coconut milk, cream or evaporated) spices (cardamom, nutmeg, cinnamon, ginger, etc.) flavorings and toppings (vanilla, orange, lemon, rose water; pistachio, almond, cashew, raisin, walnut, etc.) sweetener (sugar, brown sugar, honey, sweetened condensed milk, dates, fruit or syrups) eggs (sometimes) The following is a list of various rice puddings grouped by place of origin." }, "Wincanton Skirmish-1": { "title": "Wincanton Skirmish", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Wincanton Skirmish occurred on 20 November 1688 during the Glorious Revolution. A small patrol of the English Army led by the Irish officer Patrick Sarsfield, clashed with a detachment of the invading Dutch Army in the town of Wincanton in Somerset. It was one of the few notable actions fought during the campaign which has sometimes acquired the name the \"bloodless revolution\"." }, "Liberty Bell-1": { "title": "Liberty Bell", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Liberty Bell, previously called the State House Bell or Old State House Bell, is an iconic symbol of American independence, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Once placed in the steeple of the Pennsylvania State House (now renamed Independence Hall), the bell today is located in the Liberty Bell Center in Independence National Historical Park. The bell was commissioned in 1752 by the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly from the London firm of Lester and Pack (known subsequently as the Whitechapel Bell Foundry), and was cast with the lettering \"Proclaim LIBERTY Throughout all the Land unto all the Inhabitants Thereof\", a Biblical reference from the Book of Leviticus (25:10). The bell first cracked when rung after its arrival in Philadelphia, and was twice recast by local workmen John Pass and John Stow, whose last names appear on the bell. In its early years, the bell was used to summon lawmakers to legislative sessions and to alert citizens about public meetings and proclamations." }, "Doggystyle-1": { "title": "Doggystyle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Doggystyle is the debut studio album by American rapper Snoop Doggy Dogg. It was released on November 23, 1993, by Death Row Records and Interscope Records. The album was recorded and produced following Snoop's appearances on Dr. Dre's debut solo album The Chronic (1992), to which Snoop contributed significantly. The West Coast style in hip-hop that he developed from Dre's first album continued on Doggystyle. Critics have praised Snoop Doggy Dogg for the lyrical \"realism\" that he delivers on the album and for his distinctive vocal flow. Despite some mixed criticism of the album initially upon its release, Doggystyle earned recognition from many music critics as one of the most significant albums of the 1990s, as well as one of the most important hip-hop albums ever released. Much like The Chronic, the distinctive sounds of Doggystyle helped introduce the hip-hop subgenre of g-funk to a mainstream audience, bringing forward West Coast hip hop as a dominant force in the early-mid 1990s." }, "Alec Baldwin-42": { "title": "Alec Baldwin", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Marriages", "Kim Basinger" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "In 1990, Baldwin met actress Kim Basinger when they played lovers in the film The Marrying Man. They married in 1993 and had a daughter, Ireland, in 1995. They separated in 2000, and finalized a divorce in 2002." }, "2000-3": { "title": "2000", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The year 2000 is sometimes abbreviated as \"Y2K\" (the \"Y\" stands for \"year\", and the \"K\" stands for \"kilo\" which means \"thousand\"). The year 2000 was the subject of Y2K concerns, which were fears that computers would not shift from 1999 to 2000 correctly. However, by the end of 1999, many companies had already converted to new, or upgraded, existing software. Some even obtained \"Y2K certification\". As a result of massive effort, relatively few problems occurred." }, "Tuvalu-6": { "title": "Tuvalu", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Prehistory" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "An important creation myth of the islands of Tuvalu is the story of the te Pusi mo te Ali (the Eel and the Flounder) who created the islands of Tuvalu; te Ali (the flounder) is believed to be the origin of the flat atolls of Tuvalu and the te Pusin (the Eel) is the model for the coconut palms that are important in the lives of Tuvaluans. The stories as to the ancestors of the Tuvaluans vary from island to island. On Niutao, Funafuti and Vaitupu, the founding ancestor is described as being from Samoa, whereas on Nanumea, the founding ancestor is described as being from Tonga." }, "Medical debt-4": { "title": "Medical debt", "section": "United States", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In less developed nations those on low income in need of treatment will often avail themselves of what ever help they can from either the state or NGOs without going into debt, and in most developed countries public coverage of healthcare costs are comprehensive. But in the US, even when the patient has insurance coverage, including coverage under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, considerable medical costs remain the patient's responsibility. Consequently, medical debt has been found by a 2009 study to be the primary cause of personal bankruptcy. One of the surveys that has been conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation showed that the amount of debt that incurred by individuals for the health care costs is likely to cause personal bankruptcy. The study involving adults with employer-sponsored insurance found that while 20% of those surveyed have been approached by agencies, almost 9% of people declared their bankruptcy due to the health expenses." }, "Viking raids in the Rhineland-7": { "title": "Viking raids in the Rhineland", "section": "Vikings and Franks", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "After the defeat of Saxony (772\u2013804) the empire of Charlemagne extended to the mouth of the Elbe and beyond. By this time at the latest, the first contacts with the Vikings who, like the Saxons, worshipped pagan gods, took place." }, "Naloxone-7": { "title": "Naloxone", "section": "Medical uses", "headers": [ "Clonidine overdose" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Naloxone can also be used as an antidote in overdose of clonidine, a medication that lowers blood pressure. Clonidine overdoses are of special relevance for children, in whom even small doses can cause significant harm. However, there is controversy regarding naloxone's efficacy in treating the symptoms of clonidine overdose, namely slow heart rate, low blood pressure, and confusion/somnolence. Case reports that used doses of 0.1\u00a0mg/kg (maximum of 2\u00a0mg/dose) repeated every 1\u20132 minutes (10\u00a0mg total dose) have shown inconsistent benefit. As the doses used throughout the literature vary, it is difficult to form a conclusion regarding the benefit of naloxone in this setting. The mechanism for naloxone's proposed benefit in clonidine overdose is unclear, but it has been suggested that endogenous opioid receptors mediate the sympathetic nervous system in the brain and elsewhere in the body. Some poison control centers recommend naloxone in the setting of clonidine overdose, including intravenous bolus doses of up to 10\u00a0mg naloxone." }, "Bruce Wayne (The Dark Knight trilogy)-6": { "title": "Bruce Wayne (The Dark Knight trilogy)", "section": "Character concept and development", "headers": [ "Development of the Dark Knight film series" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "In January 2003, Warner Bros. hired Memento director Christopher Nolan to direct an untitled Batman film, and David S. Goyer signed on to write the script two months later. Nolan stated his intention to reinvent the film franchise of Batman by \"doing the origins story of the character, which is a story that's never been told before\". Nolan said that humanity and realism would be the basis of the origin film, and that \"the world of Batman is that of grounded reality. [It] will be a recognizable, contemporary reality against which an extraordinary heroic figure arises.\" Goyer said that the goal of the film was to get the audience to care for both Batman and Bruce Wayne. Nolan felt the previous films were exercises in style rather than drama, and described his inspiration as being Richard Donner's 1978 film Superman, in its focus on depicting the character's growth. Also similar to Superman, Nolan wanted an all-star supporting cast for Batman Begins to lend a more epic feel and credibility to the story." }, "Model (person)-19": { "title": "Model (person)", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Fashion modelling", "Runway modelling" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Runway models showcase clothes from fashion designers, fashion media, and consumers. They are also called \"live models\" and are self-employed. They are wanted to be over the height of 5'8\" for men and 5'6\" for women. Runway models work in different locations, constantly travelling between those cities where fashion is well known\u2014New York City, London, Paris, and Milan. Second-tier international fashion center cities include Rome, Florence, Venice, Brescia, Barcelona, Los Angeles, Tokyo, and Moscow." }, "Petroleum jelly-8": { "title": "Petroleum jelly", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Most uses of petroleum jelly exploit its lubricating and coating properties, including use on dry lips and dry skin. Below are some examples of the uses of petroleum jelly." }, "Kanji-1": { "title": "Kanji", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Kanji (\u6f22\u5b57, pronounced\u00a0[ka\u0272d\u0291i] (listen)) are the adopted logographic Chinese characters that are used in the Japanese writing system. They are used alongside the Japanese syllabic scripts hiragana and katakana. The Japanese term kanji for the Chinese characters literally means \"Han characters\". It is written with the same characters as in Traditional Chinese to refer to the character writing system," }, "Louvre-60": { "title": "Louvre", "section": "Location, access, and facilities", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 60, "content": "The museum lies in the center of Paris on the Right Bank, in the 1st arrondissement. It was home to the former Tuileries Palace, which closed off the western end of the Louvre entrance courtyard, but was heavily damaged by fire during the Paris Commune of 1871 and later demolished. The adjacent Tuileries Gardens, created in 1564 by Catherine de' Medici, was designed in 1664 by Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre. The gardens house the Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume, a contemporary art exhibition space which was used to store confiscated Jewish cultural property during the 1940 to 1944 German occupation of France. Parallel to the Jeu de Paume is the Orangerie, home to the famous Water Lilies paintings by Claude Monet." }, "Christian biblical canons-1": { "title": "Christian biblical canons", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A Christian biblical canon is the set of books that a particular Christian denomination or denominational family regards as being divinely inspired and thus constituting an authorised Christian Bible. Such bibles are always divided into the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Early Church primarily used the Greek Septuagint (or LXX) as its source for the Old Testament. Among Aramaic speakers, the Targum was also widely used. The apostles did not leave a defined set of scriptures; instead the canon of both the Old Testament and the New Testament developed over time." }, "Republic of Florence-39": { "title": "Republic of Florence", "section": "History", "headers": [ "15th century", "Savonarola" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "After the fall of the Medici, Girolamo Savonarola ruled the state. Savonarola was a priest from Ferrara. He came to Florence in the 1480s. By proclaiming predictions and through vigorous preaching, he won the people to his cause. Savonarola's new government ushered in democratic reforms. It allowed many exiles back into Florence, who were banished by the Medici. Savonarola's ulterior goal, however, was to transform Florence into a \"city of god\". Florentines stopped wearing garish colours, and many women took oaths to become nuns. Savonarola became most famous for his \"Bonfire of the Vanities\", where he ordered all \"vanities\" to be gathered and burned. These included wigs, perfume, paintings, and ancient manuscripts." }, "Melissa McCarthy-5": { "title": "Melissa McCarthy", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "McCarthy was born in Plainfield, Illinois to Sandra and Michael McCarthy. She is a cousin of actress and model Jenny McCarthy and professional basketball player Joanne McCarthy. McCarthy was raised on a farm in a large Catholic family. Her father is of Irish descent, while her mother is of English, Canadian, and Irish ancestry. Some of her forebears were from County Cork. She graduated from St. Francis Academy (now Joliet Catholic Academy) in Joliet, Illinois. Her career started with stand-up comedy in Los Angeles, and later in New York City. McCarthy is an alumna of The Groundlings, an improvisational and sketch comedy troupe based in Los Angeles, California." }, "Zoot suit-15": { "title": "Zoot suit", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The amount of material and tailoring required made them luxury items, so much so that the U.S. War Production Board said that they wasted materials that should be devoted to the World War II war effort. When Life published photographs of zoot suiters in 1942, the magazine joked that they were \"solid arguments for lowering the Army draft age to include 18-year-olds\". This extravagance, which many considered unpatriotic in wartime, was a factor in the Zoot Suit Riots. To some, wearing the oversized suit was a declaration of freedom and self-determination, even rebelliousness." }, "Overcoat-1": { "title": "Overcoat", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An overcoat is a type of long coat intended to be worn as the outermost garment, which usually extends below the knee. Overcoats are most commonly used in winter when warmth is more important." }, "Thou shalt not kill-36": { "title": "Thou shalt not kill", "section": "Roman Catholic doctrine", "headers": [ "Suicide, euthanasia, health, intoxication" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Catholic teaching strictly prohibits euthanasia and suicide as violations of the commandment, \"You shall not kill.\" Recognizing life and health as precious gifts from God, adherents are encouraged to avoid excess of food, tobacco, alcohol, and medications. Endangering others with excesses speed or drunkenness on the roadway incurs grave guilt. The use of drugs, except on strictly therapeutic grounds is a grave offense. Clandestine production and trafficking in drugs constitute \"direct co-operation in evil.\"" }, "Ming Great Wall-1": { "title": "Ming Great Wall", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Ming Great Wall (\u660e\u9577\u57ce; Ming changcheng), built by the Ming dynasty (1368\u20131644), forms the most visible parts of the Great Wall of China today. A comprehensive archaeological survey, using advanced technologies, has concluded that the Ming walls measure 8,850\u00a0km (5,500\u00a0mi) from Jiayu Pass in the west to the sea in Shanhai Pass, then looping over to terminate in Manchuria at the Hushan Great Wall. This is made up of 6,259\u00a0km (3,889\u00a0mi) sections of actual wall, 359\u00a0km (223\u00a0mi) of trenches and 2,232\u00a0km (1,387\u00a0mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers." }, "Parsley-13": { "title": "Parsley", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "Cultivars", "Root parsley" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Another type of parsley is grown as a root vegetable, the Hamburg root parsley (P. crispum radicosum group, syn. P. crispum var. tuberosum). This type of parsley produces much thicker roots than types cultivated for their leaves. Although seldom used in Britain and the United States, root parsley is common in central and eastern European cuisine, where it is used in soups and stews, or simply eaten raw, as a snack (similar to carrots)." }, "Lynx-4": { "title": "Lynx", "section": "Appearance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Body colour varies from medium brown to goldish to beige-white, and is occasionally marked with dark brown spots, especially on the limbs. All species of lynx have white fur on their chests, bellies and on the insides of their legs, fur which is an extension of the chest and belly fur. The lynx's colouring, fur length and paw size vary according to the climate in their range. In the Southwestern United States, they are short-haired, dark in colour and their paws are smaller and less padded. As climates get colder and more northerly, lynx have progressively thicker fur, lighter colour, and their paws are larger and more padded to adapt to the snow. Their paws may be larger than a human hand or foot." }, "The empire on which the sun never sets-12": { "title": "The empire on which the sun never sets", "section": "Spanish Empire", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In the early 17th century, the phrase was familiar to John Smith, and to Francis Bacon, who writes: \"both the East and the West Indies being met in the crown of Spain, it is come to pass, that, as one saith in a brave kind of expression, the sun never sets in the Spanish dominions, but ever shines upon one part or other of them\u00a0: which, to say truly, is a beam of glory [...]\". Thomas Urquhart wrote of \"that great Don Philippe, Tetrarch of the world, upon whose subjects the sun never sets.\"" }, "Sesame-2": { "title": "Sesame", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Sesame seed is one of the oldest oilseed crops known, domesticated well over 3000 years ago. Sesamum has many other species, most being wild and native to sub-Saharan Africa. S. indicum, the cultivated type, originated in India and is tolerant to drought-like conditions, growing where other crops fail. Sesame has one of the highest oil contents of any seed. With a rich, nutty flavor, it is a common ingredient in cuisines across the world. Like other seeds and foods, it can trigger allergic reactions in some people." }, "Thesis-15": { "title": "Thesis", "section": "Regional and degree-specific practices and terminologies", "headers": [ "Canada" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "At English-speaking Canadian universities, writings presented in fulfillment of undergraduate coursework requirements are normally called papers, term papers or essays. A longer paper or essay presented for completion of a 4-year bachelor's degree is sometimes called a major paper. High-quality research papers presented as the empirical study of a \"postgraduate\" consecutive bachelor with Honours or Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree are called thesis (Honours Seminar Thesis). Major papers presented as the final project for a master's degree are normally called thesis; and major papers presenting the student's research towards a doctoral degree are called theses or dissertations." }, "Childhood amnesia-1": { "title": "Childhood amnesia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Childhood amnesia, also called infantile amnesia, is the inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories (memories of situations or events) before the age of two to four years, as well as the period before the age of ten of which adults retain fewer memories than might otherwise be expected given the passage of time. The development of a cognitive self is also thought by some to have an effect on encoding and storing early memories." }, "Columbidae-36": { "title": "Columbidae", "section": "In religion", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "In the Hebrew Bible, doves or young pigeons are acceptable burnt offerings for those who cannot afford a more expensive animal. In Genesis, Noah sends a dove out of the ark, but it came back to him because the floodwaters had not receded. Seven days later, he sent it again and it came back with an olive branch in her mouth, indicating the waters had receded enough for an olive tree to grow. \"Dove\" is also a term of endearment in the Song of Songs and elsewhere. In Hebrew, Jonah (\u05d9\u05d5\u05b9\u05e0\u05b8\u05d4) means dove. The \"sign of Jonas\" in [1] is related to the \"sign of the dove\"." }, "Sugar Ray Robinson-1": { "title": "Sugar Ray Robinson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sugar Ray Robinson (born Walker Smith Jr.; May 3, 1921 \u2013 April 12, 1989) was an American professional boxer who competed from 1940 to 1965. Robinson's performances in the welterweight and middleweight divisions prompted sportswriters to create \"pound for pound\" rankings, where they compared fighters regardless of weight. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990. He is widely regarded as the greatest boxer of all time, and in 2002, Robinson was ranked number one on The Ring magazine's list of \"80 Best Fighters of the Last 80 Years\"." }, "Curling-1": { "title": "Curling", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Curling is a sport in which players slide stones on a sheet of ice toward a target area which is segmented into four concentric circles. It is related to bowls, boules and shuffleboard. Two teams, each with four players, take turns sliding heavy, polished granite stones, also called rocks, across the ice curling sheet toward the house, a circular target marked on the ice. Each team has eight stones, with each player throwing two. The purpose is to accumulate the highest score for a game; points are scored for the stones resting closest to the centre of the house at the conclusion of each end, which is completed when both teams have thrown all of their stones. A game usually consists of eight or ten ends." }, "Elon Musk-5": { "title": "Elon Musk", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Elon Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa, the son of Maye Musk (n\u00e9e\u00a0Haldeman), a model and dietitian from Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, and Errol Musk, a South African electromechanical engineer, pilot, and sailor. He has a younger brother, Kimbal (born 1972), and a younger sister, Tosca (born 1974). His maternal grandfather, Dr. Joshua Haldeman, was an American-born Canadian. His paternal grandmother was British, and he also has Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry. After his parents divorced in 1980, Musk lived mostly with his father in the suburbs of Pretoria, a choice he made two years after his parents separated but which he subsequently regretted. Musk is estranged from his father, whom he has referred to as \"a terrible human being.\" He also has a half-sister and a half-brother." }, "Falcon (comics)-38": { "title": "Falcon (comics)", "section": "Powers, abilities, and equipment", "headers": [ "Abilities" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "Wilson is a skilled hand-to-hand combatant, having been trained in Judo and Karate by Steve Rogers. Wilson is also highly skilled in the use of Captain America's shield." }, "Jackson Pollock-4": { "title": "Jackson Pollock", "section": "Early life (1912\u20131936)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Paul Jackson Pollock was born in Cody, Wyoming, in 1912, the youngest of five sons. His parents, Stella May (n\u00e9e McClure) and LeRoy Pollock, were born and grew up in Tingley, Iowa, and were educated at Tingley High School. Pollock's mother is interred at Tingley Cemetery, Ringgold County, Iowa. His father had been born with the surname McCoy, but took the surname of his adoptive parents, neighbors who adopted him after his own parents had died within a year of each other. Stella and LeRoy Pollock were Presbyterian; they were of Irish and Scots-Irish descent, respectively. LeRoy Pollock was a farmer and later a land surveyor for the government, moving for different jobs. Stella, proud of her family's heritage as weavers, made and sold dresses as a teenager. In November 1912, Stella took her sons to San Diego; Jackson was just 10 months old and would never return to Cody. He subsequently grew up in Arizona and Chico, California." }, "Geisel Award-2": { "title": "Geisel Award", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The award is named for Theodor Geisel, also known as Dr. Seuss, who once said, \"Children want the same things we want: to laugh, to be challenged, to be entertained and delighted.\"" }, "Traffic code in the United States-3": { "title": "Traffic code in the United States", "section": "Standard rules", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Entering and leaving roadways. Right of way at marked and unmarked intersections under various conditions. Observing and interpreting traffic signs (especially warning, priority or prohibitory traffic signs) Keeping to right side (or left side) except to pass others, where passing is allowed. Direction of travel and turning (one way, do not enter, no U-turn, etc.) Speed, height, width and weight limits. Bicycle and pedestrian priority. Yielding to special vehicles (emergency, funeral, school bus). Vehicle lighting and signalling. Stopping if there has been a collision. Georgia\u2019s new law which took effect from July 01, 2018 prohibits the drivers from holding any devices (Mobile phones or any electronic devices) in hand while driving." }, "Catal\u00e3o-4": { "title": "Catal\u00e3o", "section": "Location and communications", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The city lies a short distance north of the border with the state of Minas Gerais where a large dam over the Parana\u00edba River, the Barragem de Emborca\u00e7\u00e3o, separates the two states. It is connected by paved highway with Goi\u00e2nia (253\u00a0km.), Bras\u00edlia (330\u00a0km.), and Uberl\u00e2ndia (114), in the rich Mineiro Triangle." }, "ABBA-43": { "title": "ABBA", "section": "History", "headers": [ "1976\u20131981: Superstardom", "Polar Music Studio formation" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "By 1978 ABBA were one of the biggest bands in the world. They converted a vacant cinema into the Polar Music Studio, a state-of-the-art studio in Stockholm. The studio was used by several other bands; notably Genesis' Duke and Led Zeppelin's In Through the Out Door were recorded there. During the May 1978, the group went to the United States for a promotional campaign, performing alongside Andy Gibb on Olivia Newton-John's TV show. Recording sessions for the single \"Summer Night City\" were an uphill struggle,[citation needed] but upon release the song became another hit for the group. The track would set the stage for ABBA's foray into disco with their next album." }, "Ecstasy (emotion)-8": { "title": "Ecstasy (emotion)", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "\"In everyday language, the word 'ecstasy' denotes an intense, euphoric experience. For obvious reasons, it is rarely used in a scientific context; it is a concept that is extremely hard to define.\"" }, "Giant panda-12": { "title": "Giant panda", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "The giant panda has luxuriant black-and-white fur. Adults measure around 1.2 to 1.9\u00a0m (4 to 6\u00a0ft) long, including a tail of about 10\u201315\u00a0cm (3.9\u20135.9\u00a0in), and 60 to 90\u00a0cm (2.0 to 3.0\u00a0ft) tall at the shoulder. Males can weigh up to 160\u00a0kg (350\u00a0lb). Females (generally 10\u201320% smaller than males) can weigh as little as 70\u00a0kg (150\u00a0lb), but can also weigh up to 125\u00a0kg (276\u00a0lb). Average adult weight is 100 to 115\u00a0kg (220 to 254\u00a0lb)." }, "Language-1": { "title": "Language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A language is a structured system of communication. Language, in a broader sense, is the method of communication that involves the use of \u2013 particularly human \u2013 languages." }, "Language-10": { "title": "Language", "section": "Definitions", "headers": [ "Mental faculty, organ or instinct" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "One definition sees language primarily as the mental faculty that allows humans to undertake linguistic behaviour: to learn languages and to produce and understand utterances. This definition stresses the universality of language to all humans, and it emphasizes the biological basis for the human capacity for language as a unique development of the human brain. Proponents of the view that the drive to language acquisition is innate in humans argue that this is supported by the fact that all cognitively normal children raised in an environment where language is accessible will acquire language without formal instruction. Languages may even develop spontaneously in environments where people live or grow up together without a common language; for example, creole languages and spontaneously developed sign languages such as Nicaraguan Sign Language. This view, which can be traced back to the philosophers Kant and Descartes, understands language to be largely innate, for example, in Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar, or American philosopher Jerry Fodor's extreme innatist theory. These kinds of definitions are often applied in studies of language within a cognitive science framework and in neurolinguistics." }, "Great Lakes-19": { "title": "Great Lakes", "section": "Statistics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "combined. The Great Lakes coast measures approximately 10,500 miles (16,900\u00a0km);, but the length of a coastline is impossible to measure exactly and is not a well-defined measure (see Coastline paradox). Of the total 10,500 miles (16,900\u00a0km) of shoreline, Canada borders approximately 5,200 miles (8,400\u00a0km), while the remaining 5,300 miles (8,500\u00a0km) are bordered by the United States. Michigan has the longest shoreline of the United States, bordering roughly 3,288 miles (5,292\u00a0km) of shoreline, followed by Wisconsin (820 miles (1,320\u00a0km)), New York (473 miles (761\u00a0km)), and Ohio (312 miles (502\u00a0km)). Traversing the shoreline of all the lakes would cover a distance roughly equivalent to travelling half-way around the world at the equator." }, "Dalet-2": { "title": "Dalet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "plosive ([d]). The letter is based on a glyph of the Middle Bronze Age alphabets, probably called dalt \"door\" (door in Modern Hebrew is delet), ultimately based on a hieroglyph depicting a" }, "Secretariat (horse)-27": { "title": "Secretariat (horse)", "section": "Racing career", "headers": [ "1973: Three-year-old season" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "In the Gotham Stakes on April 7, Laurin decided to experiment with Secretariat's running style. With no speed horses entered in the race, Secretariat would be allowed to set his own pace. Accordingly, Turcotte hustled Secretariat from the starting gate and they led easily. Down the stretch though, Champagne Charlie came running and at the eighth pole was almost even. Turcotte tapped Secretariat once on each side with the whip and Secretariat drew away to win by three lengths. He ran the first 3/4 mile in 1:08\u200b3\u20445 and finished the one-mile race in 1:33\u200b2\u20445, matching the track record." }, "Lobster-2": { "title": "Lobster", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Lobsters have long bodies with muscular tails, and live in crevices or burrows on the sea floor. Three of their five pairs of legs have claws, including the first pair, which are usually much larger than the others. Highly prized as seafood, lobsters are economically important, and are often one of the most profitable commodities in coastal areas they populate. Commercially important species include two species of Homarus (which looks more like the stereotypical lobster) from the northern Atlantic Ocean, and scampi (which looks more like a shrimp, or a \"mini lobster\") \u2013 the Northern Hemisphere genus Nephrops and the Southern Hemisphere genus Metanephrops. Although several other groups of crustaceans have the word \"lobster\" in their names, the unqualified term \"lobster\" generally refers to the clawed lobsters of the family Nephropidae. Clawed lobsters are not closely related to spiny lobsters or slipper lobsters, which have no claws (chelae), or to squat lobsters. The closest living relatives of clawed lobsters are the reef lobsters and the three families of freshwater crayfish." }, "Bandy in the United States-1": { "title": "Bandy in the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bandy in the United States is played mostly in Minnesota. Bandy is a team sport played on ice." }, "TARDIS-1": { "title": "TARDIS", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "TARDIS (/\u02c8t\u0251\u02d0rd\u026as/; \"Time And Relative Dimension In Space\") is a fictional time machine and spacecraft that appears in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who and its various spin-offs." }, "Memory-10": { "title": "Memory", "section": "Long-term memory", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally has a strictly limited capacity and duration, which means that information is not retained indefinitely. By contrast, long-term memory can store much larger quantities of information for potentially unlimited duration (sometimes a whole life span). Its capacity is immeasurable. For example, given a random seven-digit number, one may remember it for only a few seconds before forgetting, suggesting it was stored in short-term memory. On the other hand, one can remember telephone numbers for many years through repetition; this information is said to be stored in long-term memory." }, "Black Sea-41": { "title": "Black Sea", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "Marine", "Phytoplankton" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "The main phytoplankton groups present in the Black Sea are dinoflagellates, diatoms, coccolithophores and cyanobacteria. Generally, the annual cycle of phytoplankton development comprises significant diatom and dinoflagellate-dominated spring production, followed by a weaker mixed assemblage of community development below the seasonal thermocline during summer months and surface-intensified autumn production. This pattern of productivity is also augmented by an Emiliania huxleyi bloom during the late spring and summer months." }, "Artemis-16": { "title": "Artemis", "section": "Mythology", "headers": [ "Childhood" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "to always remain a virgin to have many names to set her apart from her brother Phoebus (Apollo) to have a bow and arrow made by the Cyclopes to be the Phaesporia or Light Bringer to have a knee-length tunic so that she could hunt to have sixty \"daughters of Okeanos\", all nine years of age, to be her choir to have twenty Amnisides Nymphs as handmaidens to watch her dogs and bow while she rested to rule all the mountains any city to have the ability to help women in the pains of childbirth. Artemis believed that she had been chosen by the Fates to be a midwife, particularly since she had assisted her mother in the delivery of her twin brother, Apollo. All of her companions remained virgins, and Artemis closely guarded her own chastity. Her symbols included the golden bow and arrow, the hunting dog, the stag, and the Moon. Callimachus tells how Artemis spent her girlhood seeking out the things that she would need to be a huntress, how she obtained her bow and arrows from the isle of Lipara, where Hephaestus and the Cyclopes worked." }, "Kibbles 'n Bits-1": { "title": "Kibbles 'n Bits", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Kibbles 'n Bits is a brand name of dog food manufactured and marketed by Big Heart Pet Brands. It was originally created in 1981 as the first dual textured dog food, having soft chewy pieces as well as hard crunchy ones. In 1985, more bits ingredients were added to the dog food and the brand was renamed \"Kibbles 'n Bits 'n Bits 'n Bits.\"" }, "Human coronavirus NL63-4": { "title": "Human coronavirus NL63", "section": "Symptoms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The first cases of the infection with HCoV-NL63 were found in young children with severe lower respiratory tract infections admitted to hospitals. While the clinical presentation of the virus can be severe, it has also been found in mild cases of respiratory infection. The comorbidity of HCoV-NL63 with other respiratory infections, has made the specific symptoms of the virus difficult to pinpoint. A study of clinical symptoms in HCoV-NL63 patients without secondary infection, reported the most common symptoms to be fever, cough, rhinitis, sore throat, hoarseness, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and croup. An early study investigating children with lower respiratory tract illness, found that HCoV-NL63 was more commonly found in outpatients than hospitalized patients, suggesting that it is a common cold virus similar to HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, which generally cause less severe symptoms. However, the high frequency of croup is specific to HCoV-NL63 infection." }, "Louvre-1": { "title": "Louvre", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Louvre (English: /\u02c8lu\u02d0v(r\u0259)/ LOOV(-r\u0259)), or the Louvre Museum (French: Mus\u00e9e du Louvre [myze dy luv\u0281] (listen)), is the world's largest art museum and a historic monument in Paris, France. A central landmark of the city, it is located on the Right Bank of the Seine in the city's 1st arrondissement (district or ward). Approximately 38,000\u00a0objects from prehistory to the 21st century are exhibited over an area of 72,735 square meters (782,910 square feet). In 2019, the Louvre received 9.6 million visitors, making it the most visited museum in the world." }, "Republic of Korea Navy-10": { "title": "Republic of Korea Navy", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Founding years and Korean War" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The Korean War started with the North Korean army's surprise attack on Sunday, June 25, 1950. The ROK Navy confronted threats from the North Korean navy: \"Perhaps the most aggressive and effective, if smallest, member of the South Korean armed services during the first year of the Korean War was the Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN). At the outset of the conflict, the 6,956-man ROKN, with [33] naval vessels of various types, was outnumbered by the 13,700 men and 110 naval vessels of the North Korean navy.\" With its UN allies, dominated by U.S. forces, the ROK Navy was able to gain control in the seas surrounding the country, as a task group of the UN Blockading and Escort Force (Task Force 95). On July 27, 1953, the three-year-long war was brought to an end when an armistice agreement was signed. During the war, Australia, Canada, Colombia, Philippines, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States contributed naval vessels as UN allies; Denmark sent the hospital ship Jutlandia. During the Korean War, the ROK Navy acquired 28 ex-USN ships including five Tacoma-class frigates." }, "Bandar-log-1": { "title": "Bandar-log", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bandar-log (Hindi: \u092c\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0930-\u0932\u094b\u0917) is a term used in Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book (1894) to describe the monkeys of the Seeonee jungle." }, "Mayflower-1": { "title": "Mayflower", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mayflower was an English ship that transported the first English Puritans, known today as the Pilgrims, from Plymouth, England to the New World in 1620. There were 102 passengers, and the crew is estimated to have been about 30, but the exact number is unknown. The ship has become a cultural icon in the history of the United States. The Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact prior to leaving the ship and establishing Plymouth Colony, a document which established a rudimentary form of democracy with each member contributing to the welfare of the community. There was a second ship named Mayflower which made the London to Plymouth, Massachusetts voyage several times." }, "Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan-1": { "title": "Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sheikh Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan (Arabic: \u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0622\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0646\u200e; 1835\u20131909), also known as Zayed the Great or Zayed the First was the grandfather and namesake of Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan, founder of the United Arab Emirates." }, "Programming language-1": { "title": "Programming language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A programming language is a formal language, which comprises a set of instructions that produce various kinds of output. Programming languages are used in computer programming to implement algorithms." }, "Oprah Winfrey-54": { "title": "Oprah Winfrey", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Personal wealth" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Forbes' list of The World's Billionaires has listed Winfrey as the world's only black billionaire from 2004 to 2006 and as the first black woman billionaire in the world that was achieved in 2003. As of 2014, Winfrey had a net worth in excess of 2.9 billion dollars and had overtaken former eBay CEO Meg Whitman as the richest self-made woman in America." }, "Software-1": { "title": "Software", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Computer software, or simply software, is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work. This is in contrast to physical hardware, from which the system is built and actually performs the work. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data. Computer software includes computer programs, libraries and related non-executable data, such as online documentation or digital media. Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own." }, "House of Borgia-21": { "title": "House of Borgia", "section": "In popular culture", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Rodrigo de Borja (b. 1349), Head of the Borja family, great-grandfather of Rodrigo (Pope Alexander VI). Rodrigo Gil de Borja y Fennolet (lived late 14th century), Rodrigo's son, jurat of Xativa. Jofr\u00e9 Llan\u00e7ol i Escriv\u00e0 (b. circa 1390 - d. 1436 or 1437), Rodrigo Gil's son; father of Rodrigo (Pope Alexander VI) and Pedro Luis. Pedro Luis de Borja (1432- 1458), Duke of Spoleto and Marquess of Civitavecchia. Pier Luigi de Borgia, 1st duke of Gand\u00eda (1458 or 1460 \u2013 1488 or 1491). Gioffre Borgia (1482\u20131516), son of Pope Alexander VI and younger brother of Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia. He married Sancha of Aragon, daughter of Alfonso II of Naples, obtaining as her dowry both the Principality of Squillace (1494) and the Duchy of Alvito (1497). He later married Maria de Mila y Arag\u00f3n, with whom he had a son, Francesco Borgia. Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandia Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gand\u00eda (1510\u20131572), great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI. Became an effective organizer of the Society of Jesus. Canonized by Clement X as \"Saint Francis Borgia\" on 20 June 1670. \u00cd\u00f1igo de Borja (1575\u20131622), great-grandson of Francis and elder brother of Gaspar. Gaspar de Borja y Velasco (1580\u20131645), born at Villalpando in Spain who unlike many of his relatives preferred to use the Spanish spelling \"Borja\". He served as Primate of Spain, Archbishop of Seville, and Archbishop and Viceroy of Naples. Juan Buenaventura de Borja y Armendia Juan de Borja y Castro Francisco de Borja y Arag\u00f3n Fernando de Borja y Arag\u00f3n Enrique de Borja y Arag\u00f3n Roderic de Borja i Escriv\u00e0 Tom\u00e1s de Borja y Castro Angela Borgia or Angela de Borja (c. 1486 - c. 1520\u20131522), lady of Sassuolo. Arturo Borja P\u00e9rez (1892 \u2013 1912), Ecuadorian poet who was part of a group known as the \"Generaci\u00f3n decapitada\" (Decapitated Generation). Rosa Borja de Ycaza (1889 \u2013 1964), Ecuadorian writer, essayist, playwright, sociologist, poetess, novelist, feminist and activist. Luz Elisa Borja Mart\u00ednez (1903\u20131927), Ecuadorian poet, pianist, painter, and sculptor. Rodrigo Borja Cevallos (1935), former President of the Republic of Ecuador Coat of arms of the dukes of Gand\u00eda. Coat of arms of the dukes of Valentinois. Coat of arms of Cesare Borgia as Duke of Romagna and Valentinois and Captain-General of the Church Alfons de Borja Pope Callixtus III Rodrigo Borja Pope Alexander VI, father of Cesare, Giovanni, Lucrezia and Gioffre. Giovanni Borgia 2nd Duke of Gandia Portrait of Gentleman, Cesare Borgia Duke of Valentinois Lucrezia Borgia Duchess of Ferrara and Modena Gioffre Borgia Prince of Squillace Francisco Borgia Saint Francis Borgia, S.J., 4th Duke of Gandia Juan Buenaventura de Borja, President of the Real Audiencia de Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1 Gaspar de Borja y Velasco Cardinal, Primate of Spain, Archbishop of Seville, and Archbishop and Viceroy of Naples Francisco de Borja y Arag\u00f3n Prince of Squillace and Viceroy of Peru The Borgias were infamous in their time, and have inspired numerous references in popular culture. They include novels, such as City of God: A Novel of the Borgias (1979) by Cecelia Holland, plays, operas, comics, films, television series like The Borgias (2011) on Showtime, and video games the likes of Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood (2010) by Ubisoft." }, "Colitis-3": { "title": "Colitis", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The cause of the inflammation in the colon is undetermined; for example, colitis may be applied to Crohn's disease at a time when the diagnosis is unknown, or The context is clear; for example, an individual with ulcerative colitis is talking about their disease with a physician who knows the diagnosis. The signs and symptoms of colitis are quite variable and dependent on the cause of the given colitis and factors that modify its course and severity." }, "Europa (moon)-1": { "title": "Europa (moon)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Europa /j\u028a\u02c8ro\u028ap\u0259/ (listen), or Jupiter II, is the smallest of the four Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter, and the sixth-closest to the planet of all the 79 known moons of Jupiter. It is also the sixth-largest moon in the Solar System. Europa was discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and was named after Europa, the Phoenician mother of King Minos of Crete and lover of Zeus (the Greek equivalent of the Roman god Jupiter)." }, "Insect-1": { "title": "Insect", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Insects or Insecta (from Latin insectum) are hexapod invertebrates and the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Definitions and circumscriptions vary; usually, insects comprise a class within the Arthropoda. As used here, the term Insecta is synonymous with Ectognatha. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. Insects are the most diverse group of animals; they include more than a million described species and represent more than half of all known living organisms. The total number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million; potentially over 90% of the animal life forms on Earth are insects. Insects may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species reside in the oceans, which are dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans." }, "Iberian Peninsula-64": { "title": "Iberian Peninsula", "section": "Major modern countries", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 64, "content": "The current political configuration of the Iberian Peninsula now comprises the bulk of Spain and Portugal, the whole microstate of Andorra, a small part of the French department of Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Orientales (the French Cerdagne) and the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar." }, "Spam (food)-34": { "title": "Spam (food)", "section": "In popular culture", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "Spam has long had a somewhat dubious reputation in the United States and (to a lesser degree) United Kingdom as a poverty food. The image of Spam as a low cost meat product gave rise to the Scottish colloquial term \"Spam valley\" to describe certain affluent housing areas where residents appear to be wealthy but in reality may be living at poverty levels." }, "New York City-137": { "title": "New York City", "section": "Culture and contemporary life", "headers": [ "Cuisine" ], "para_index": 137, "content": "New York City's food culture includes an array of international cuisines influenced by the city's immigrant history. Central and Eastern European immigrants, especially Jewish immigrants from those regions, brought bagels, cheesecake, hot dogs, knishes, and delicatessens (or delis) to the city. Italian immigrants brought New York-style pizza and Italian cuisine into the city, while Jewish immigrants and Irish immigrants brought pastrami and corned beef, respectively.[citation needed] Chinese and other Asian restaurants, sandwich joints, trattorias, diners, and coffeehouses are ubiquitous throughout the city. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafel and kebabs examples of modern New York street food. The city is home to \"nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world\", according to Michelin. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene assigns letter grades to the city's restaurants based upon their inspection results. As of 2019, there were 27,043 restaurants in the city, up from 24,865 in 2017. The Queens Night Market in Flushing Meadows\u2013Corona Park attracts more than ten thousand people nightly to sample food from more than 85 countries." }, "Olive-83": { "title": "Olive", "section": "Nutrition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 83, "content": "One hundred grams of cured green olives provide 146 calories, are a rich source of vitamin E (25% of the Daily Value, DV), and contain a large amount of sodium (104% DV); other nutrients are insignificant. Green olives are 75% water, 15% fat, 4% carbohydrates and 1% protein (table)." }, "Brooke Shields-6": { "title": "Brooke Shields", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Shields attended the New Lincoln School until eighth grade. She graduated from the Dwight-Englewood School in Englewood, New Jersey, in 1983. She moved to a dorm at Princeton University to pursue her bachelor's degree in French literature, where she graduated in 1987. At Princeton, Shields spoke openly about her sexuality and virginity. She was a member of the Princeton Triangle Club and the Cap and Gown Club. Her autobiography, On Your Own, was published in 1985. Her 1987 senior thesis was titled \"The Initiation: From Innocence to Experience: The Pre-Adolescent/Adolescent Journey in the Films of Louis Malle, Pretty Baby and Lacombe Lucien. Shortly after Shields graduated from college, her four-year transcript was published in the July 1987 edition of Life Magazine. Based on that transcript, The New York Times published a light-hearted op-ed piece intended to tweak the claim that Princeton produced superior, well-rounded graduates. Noting that Shields \"got all As and Bs, and obviously paid attention to her school work\", it claimed she \"got cheated\" because Princeton did not require her to take any classical studies, medieval, modern or American history, nor any course in mathematics, philosophy, economics, political science, world literature, or science with laboratory experience. \"[I]f that adds up to a liberal arts education from a place like Princeton, there is no longer any danger that our society will ever suffer from elitism in any form.\"" }, "Jason Todd-28": { "title": "Jason Todd", "section": "Fictional character biography", "headers": [ "Post-Crisis on Infinite Earths", "Death" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "In 1988's \"A Death in the Family\" storyline, Jason Todd discovers that Catherine Todd was not his biological mother, and runs away to find the woman who gave birth to him. After following a number of leads, including an Israeli Mossad agent and Shiva Woo-San, Todd finally tracks his biological mother Sheila Haywood to Ethiopia, where she works as an aid worker. While Todd is overjoyed to be reunited with his real mother, he soon discovers that she is being blackmailed by the Joker using her to provide him with medical supplies. Sheila herself has been embezzling from the aid agency and as part of the cover-up, she hands her own son, having arrived as Robin, over to Joker. Joker beats the boy brutally with a crowbar, and then leaves him and Sheila in the warehouse with a time bomb. Sheila and Jason try desperately to get out of the warehouse but are still inside as the bomb goes off. Batman arrives too late to save them, and finds Jason's lifeless body in the rubble. Sheila lives just long enough to tell Batman that Jason died trying to protect her. The bodies are taken back to Gotham City for burial. Todd's death haunts Batman ever since, as he considers it his greatest failure. He keeps the second Robin's uniform on display in the Batcave as a reminder. The Joker, on the other hand, would occasionally reminds Batman over this loss to torment him." }, "Chrome OS-2": { "title": "Chrome OS", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Google announced the project in July 2009, conceiving it as an operating system in which both applications and user data reside in the cloud: hence Chrome OS primarily runs web applications. Source code and a public demo came that November. The first Chrome OS laptop, known as a Chromebook, arrived in May 2011. Initial Chromebook shipments from Samsung and Acer occurred in July 2011." }, "Illuminati (game)-2": { "title": "Illuminati (game)", "section": "Genesis of game", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In September 1981, Steve Jackson and his regular freelance cover artist Dave Martin discussed their shared admiration of the Illuminatus! Trilogy, and the latter suggested a game. Steve Jackson decided against adapting the novel because of the expense of game rights, and the difficulty of adapting a novel with such convoluted plots. He decided \"a game about the secret-conspiracy idea behind Illuminatus!\" was viable. After researching the Illuminati and conspiracy theories, and \"extensive and enthusiastic playtesting\" it went on the market in July 1982 in the (at the time) usual SJG Pocket Box format. Over the next few years, three expansions for the Pocket Box Illuminati game were published. The first two were substantially incorporated into the deluxe edition, while the third was a version of what would become Illuminati: Brainwash." }, "Orbit-1": { "title": "Orbit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In physics, an orbit is the gravitationally curved trajectory of an object, such as the trajectory of a planet around a star or a natural satellite around a planet. Normally, orbit refers to a regularly repeating trajectory, although it may also refer to a non-repeating trajectory. To a close approximation, planets and satellites follow elliptic orbits, with the center of mass being orbited at a focal point of the ellipse, as described by Kepler's laws of planetary motion." }, "Boeing 737 Next Generation-39": { "title": "Boeing 737 Next Generation", "section": "Variants", "headers": [ "737-700" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "0\u2013Mach\u00a00.82 (459\u2013470\u00a0kn; 850\u2013871\u00a0km/h). As of July 2018, all -700 series on order, 1,128 -700, 120 -700 BBJ, 20 -700C, and 14 -700W aircraft have been delivered. By June 2018, around one thousand were in service: half of them with Southwest Airlines, followed by Westjet with 56 and United Airlines with 39. The value of a new -700 stayed around $35 million from 2008 to 2018, a 2003 aircraft was valued for $15.5 million in 2016 and $12 million in 2018 and will be scrapped for $6 million by 2023." }, "Divine Comedy-2": { "title": "Divine Comedy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The narrative takes as its literal subject the state of souls after death and presents an image of divine justice meted out as due punishment or reward, and describes Dante's travels through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise or Heaven, while allegorically the poem represents the soul's journey towards God, beginning with the recognition and rejection of sin (Inferno), followed by the penitent Christian life (Purgatorio), which is then followed by the soul's ascent to God (Paradiso). Dante draws on medieval Roman Catholic theology and philosophy, especially Thomistic philosophy derived from the Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas. Consequently, the Divine Comedy has been called \"the Summa in verse\". In Dante's work, the pilgrim Dante is accompanied by three guides: Virgil (who represents human reason), Beatrice (who represents divine revelation, theology, faith, and grace), and Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (who represents contemplative mysticism and devotion to Mary)." }, "New Year's Day-1": { "title": "New Year's Day", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "New Year's Day, also simply called New Year, is observed on 1 January, the first day of the year on the modern Gregorian calendar as well as the Julian calendar." }, "Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand-1": { "title": "Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and Franz Ferdinand's wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, occurred on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo when they were mortally wounded by Gavrilo Princip. Princip was one of a group of six assassins (five Serbs and one Bosniak) coordinated by Danilo Ili\u0107, a Bosnian Serb and a member of the Black Hand secret society. The political objective of the assassination was to break off Austria-Hungary's South Slav provinces so they could be combined into a Yugoslavia. The conspirators' motives were consistent with the movement that later became known as Young Bosnia. The assassination led directly to World War I when Austria-Hungary subsequently issued an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia, which was partially rejected. Austria-Hungary then declared war on Serbia, triggering actions leading to war between most European states." }, "Escherichia coli-1": { "title": "Escherichia coli", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Escherichia coli (/\u02cc\u025b\u0283\u0259\u02c8r\u026aki\u0259 \u02c8ko\u028ala\u026a/), also known as E. coli (/\u02cci\u02d0 \u02c8ko\u028ala\u026a/), is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts, and are occasionally responsible for food contamination incidents that prompt product recalls. The harmless strains are part of the normal microbiota of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K2, (which helps blood to clot) and preventing colonisation of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria, having a symbiotic relationship. E. coli is expelled into the environment within fecal matter. The bacterium grows massively in fresh fecal matter under aerobic conditions for 3 days, but its numbers decline slowly afterwards." }, "Chiropractic-18": { "title": "Chiropractic", "section": "Scope of practice", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Chiropractors emphasize the conservative management of the neuromusculoskeletal system without the use of medicines or surgery, with special emphasis on the spine. Back and neck pain are the specialties of chiropractic but many chiropractors treat ailments other than musculoskeletal issues. There is a range of opinions among chiropractors: some believed that treatment should be confined to the spine, or back and neck pain; others disagreed. For example, while one 2009 survey of American chiropractors had found that 73% classified themselves as \"back pain/musculoskeletal specialists\", the label \"back and neck pain specialists\" was regarded by 47% of them as a least desirable description in a 2005 international survey. Chiropractic combines aspects from mainstream and alternative medicine, and there is no agreement about how to define the profession: although chiropractors have many attributes of primary care providers, chiropractic has more attributes of a medical specialty like dentistry or podiatry. It has been proposed that chiropractors specialize in nonsurgical spine care, instead of attempting to also treat other problems, but the more expansive view of chiropractic is still widespread." }, "Star (classification)-1": { "title": "Star (classification)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Stars are often used as symbols for ratings. They are used by reviewers for ranking things such as films, TV shows, restaurants, and hotels. For example, a system of one to five stars is commonly employed to rate hotels, with five stars being the highest quality." }, "Bible-1": { "title": "Bible", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Bible (from Koine Greek \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03b1, t\u00e0 bibl\u00eda, \"the books\") is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures. Varying parts of the Bible are considered to be a product of divine inspiration and a record of the relationship between God and humans by Christians, Jews, Samaritans, and Rastafari. The Bible appears in the form of an anthology, a compilation of texts of a variety of forms that are all linked by the belief that they collectively contain the word of God. These texts include theologically-embellished historical accounts, hymns, allegorical erotica, parables, and didactic letters." }, "Shrimp-8": { "title": "Shrimp", "section": "Habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Shrimp are widespread, and can be found near the seafloor of most coasts and estuaries, as well as in rivers and lakes. There are numerous species, and usually there is a species adapted to any particular habitat. Most shrimp species are marine, although about a quarter of the described species are found in fresh water. Marine species are found at depths of up to 5,000 metres (16,000\u00a0ft), and from the tropics to the polar regions. Although shrimp are almost entirely fully aquatic, the two species of Merguia are semi-terrestrial and spend a significant part of their life on land in mangrove." }, "The Jungle Book-26": { "title": "The Jungle Book", "section": "Adaptations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Many films have been based on one or another of Kipling's stories, including Elephant Boy (1937), Chuck Jones's made for-TV cartoons Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (1975), The White Seal (1975), and Mowgli's Brothers (1976). Many films, too, have been made of the book as a whole, such as Zolt\u00e1n Korda's 1942 film, Disney's 1967 animated film and its 2016 remake, the Russian: \u041c\u0430\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0438 (Mowgli) published as Adventures of Mowgli in the US, an animation released between 1967 and 1971, and combined into a single 96-minute feature film in 1973, and the 1989 Italian-Japanese anime The Jungle Book: Adventures of Mogwli." }, "Melania Trump-1": { "title": "Melania Trump", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Melania Trump (/m\u0259\u02c8l\u0251\u02d0ni\u0259/; born Melanija Knavs; [m\u025b\u02c8la\u02d0nija \u02c8kna\u02d0u\u032fs], Germanized to Melania Knauss; April 26, 1970) is a Slovenian-American former model and businesswoman and the current first lady of the United States, as the wife of the 45th president of the United States Donald Trump." }, "John Muir-2": { "title": "John Muir", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "His letters, essays, and books describing his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada, have been read by millions. His activism has helped to preserve the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park and many other wilderness areas. The Sierra Club, which he co-founded, is a prominent American conservation organization. In his later life, Muir devoted most of his time to the preservation of the Western forests. As part of the campaign to make Yosemite a national park, Muir published two landmark articles on wilderness preservation in The Century Magazine, \"The Treasures of the Yosemite\" and \"Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park\"; this helped support the push for U.S. Congress to pass a bill in 1890 establishing Yosemite National Park. The spiritual quality and enthusiasm toward nature expressed in his writings has inspired readers, including presidents and congressmen, to take action to help preserve large nature areas." }, "Powder-11": { "title": "Powder", "section": "Powder transport", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Some powders may be dustier than others. The tendency of a powder to generate particles in the air under a given energy input is called \"dustiness\". It is an important powder property which is relevant to powder aerosolization process. It also has indications for human exposure to aerosolized particles and associated health risks (via skin contacts or inhalation) at workplaces. Various dustiness testing methods have been established in research laboratories, in order to predict powder behaviors during aerosolization. These methods (laboratory setups) allow application of a wide range of energy inputs to powdered materials, which simulates different real-life scenarios." }, "Food storage-8": { "title": "Food storage", "section": "Domestic food storage", "headers": [ "Food storage safety", "Storage times for refrigerated food" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "For safety, it is important to verify the temperature of the refrigerator. Refrigerators should be set to maintain a temperature of 40 \u00b0F (4 \u00b0C) or below. Some refrigerators have built-in thermometers to measure their internal temperature. For those refrigerators without this feature, keep an appliance thermometer in the refrigerator to monitor the temperature. This can be critical in the event of a power outage. When the power goes back on, if the refrigerator is still 40 \u00b0F, the food is safe. Foods held at temperatures above 40 \u00b0F for more than 2 hours should not be consumed. Appliance thermometers are specifically designed to provide accuracy at cold temperatures. Be sure refrigerator/freezer doors are closed tightly at all times. Don\u2019t open refrigerator/freezer doors more often than necessary and close them as soon as possible. The United States Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service publishes recommended storage times for refrigerated food." }, "Curling-21": { "title": "Curling", "section": "Equipment", "headers": [ "Curling stone" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "The curling stone (also sometimes called a rock in North America) is made of granite and is specified by the World Curling Federation, which requires a weight between 38 and 44 pounds (17.24 and 19.96\u00a0kg), a maximum circumference of 36 inches (914.4\u00a0mm) and a minimum height of 4.5 inches (114.3\u00a0mm). The only part of the stone in contact with the ice is the running surface, a narrow, flat annulus or ring, 0.25 to 0.50 inches (6.4 to 12.7\u00a0mm) wide and about 5 inches (130\u00a0mm) in diameter; the sides of the stone bulge convex down to the ring and the inside of the ring is hollowed concave to clear the ice. This concave bottom was first proposed by J. S. Russell of Toronto, Ontario, Canada sometime after 1870, and was subsequently adopted by Scottish stone manufacturer Andrew Kay." }, "Scholar's mate-10": { "title": "Scholar's mate", "section": "Name in other languages", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "After 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 (the Two Knights Defense), White's most popular continuation is 4.Ng5 attacking f7, which is awkward for Black to defend. The Fried Liver Attack even involves a sacrifice of the knight on f7. In the Frankenstein\u2013Dracula Variation of the Vienna Game (1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.Bc4 Nxe4), threatening Scholar's Mate with 4.Qh5 is the only way for White to play for an advantage. The Danvers Opening (1.e4 e5 2.Qh5) and the Napoleon Opening (1.e4 e5 2.Qf3) are both aimed at threatening Scholar's Mate on the next move (3.Bc4). Although the Napoleon Opening is never seen in high-level competition, Danvers Opening has occasionally been tried in tournaments by GM Hikaru Nakamura to achieve a practical middlegame position for White. In some languages, including Catalan, Dutch, Esperanto, French, German, Czech, Latvian, Portuguese, Spanish and Turkish: Shepherd's Mate In Italian: Barber's Mate In Persian, Greek and Arabic: Napoleon's Plan In Belorussian, Latvian, Russian and Ukrainian\u00a0: Children's Mate In Croatian, Danish, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Polish (where Fool's Mate is known as Scholar's Mate), Slovakian and Slovenian: Shoemaker's Mate In Danish, Finnish, Swedish and Norwegian: School Mate Scholar's Mate has sometimes also been given other names in English, such as Schoolboy's Mate (which in modern English perhaps better connotes the sense of 'novice' intended by the word Scholar's) and Blitzkrieg (German for \"lightning war\"), meaning a quick and short engagement (Kidder 1960)." }, "Emu-1": { "title": "Emu", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) is the second-largest living bird by height, after its ratite relative, the ostrich. It is endemic to Australia where it is the largest native bird and the only extant member of the genus Dromaius. The emu's range covers most of mainland Australia, but the Tasmanian, Kangaroo Island and King Island subspecies became extinct after the European settlement of Australia in 1788. The bird is sufficiently common for it to be rated as a least-concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature." }, "Tattoo-51": { "title": "Tattoo", "section": "Equipment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 51, "content": "The most common method of tattooing in modern times is the electric tattoo machine, which inserts ink into the skin via a single needle or a group of needles that are soldered onto a bar, which is attached to an oscillating unit. The unit rapidly and repeatedly drives the needles in and out of the skin, usually 80 to 150 times a second. The needles are single-use needles that come packaged individually." }, "Greyhound-3": { "title": "Greyhound", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "better\u00a0source\u00a0needed] It is a gentle and intelligent breed whose combination of long, powerful legs, deep chest, flexible spine and slim build allows it to reach average race speeds exceeding 64 kilometres per hour (40\u00a0mph). The Greyhound can reach a full speed of 70 kilometres per hour (43\u00a0mph) within 30 metres (98\u00a0ft), or six strides from the boxes, traveling at almost 20 metres per second (66\u00a0ft/s) for the first 250 metres (820\u00a0ft) of a race." }, "Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom-1": { "title": "Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The British honours system is a means of rewarding individuals' personal bravery, achievement, or service to the United Kingdom and the British Overseas Territories. The system consists of three types of award \u2013 honours, decorations and medals:" }, "House of Borgia-8": { "title": "House of Borgia", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Rodrigo" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Rodrigo Borgia (1431\u20131503) was born in X\u00e0tiva, also in the Kingdom of Valencia, to Isabel de Borja i Cavanilles and Jofr\u00e9 Llan\u00e7ol i Escriv\u00e0. He studied law at Bologna and was appointed as cardinal by his uncle, Alfons Borgia, Pope Callixtus III. He was elected Pope in 1492, taking the regnal name Alexander VI. While a cardinal, he maintained a long-term illicit relationship with Vannozza dei Cattanei, with whom he had four children: Giovanni; Cesare; Lucrezia; and Gioffre. Rodrigo also had children by other women, including one daughter with his mistress, Giulia Farnese." }, "Peter Griffin-2": { "title": "Peter Griffin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Peter is married to Lois Griffin and is the father of Meg, Chris, and Stewie. He also has a dog named Brian, with whom he is best friends. He has worked at a toy factory and at Quahog's Brewery. Peter's voice was inspired by the security guards that MacFarlane heard at his school. His appearance was a redesign of the protagonist Larry from MacFarlane's previous animated short films The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve. He has appeared in several pieces of Family Guy merchandise, including toys, T-shirts, and video games, and he has made crossover appearances in other shows, including The Simpsons, South Park, Drawn Together, American Dad!, and Family Guy's spin-off series The Cleveland Show." }, "Final Fantasy VI-1": { "title": "Final Fantasy VI", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Final Fantasy VI, also known as Final Fantasy III from its marketing for its initial North American release in 1994, is a role-playing video game developed and published by Japanese company Square for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Final Fantasy VI, being the sixth game in the series proper, was the first to be directed by someone other than producer and series creator Hironobu Sakaguchi; the role was filled instead by Yoshinori Kitase and Hiroyuki Ito. Yoshitaka Amano, long-time collaborator to the Final Fantasy series, returned as the character designer and contributed widely to visual concept design, while series-regular, composer Nobuo Uematsu, wrote the game's score, which has been released on several soundtrack albums. Set in a fantasy world with technology resembling that of the Second Industrial Revolution, the game's story follows an expanding cast that includes fourteen permanent playable characters. The drama includes and extends past depicting a rebellion against an evil military dictatorship, pursuit of a magical arms-race, use of chemical weapons in warfare, depiction of violent, apocalyptic confrontations with divinities, several personal redemption arcs, teenage pregnancy, and the continuous renewal of hope and life itself." }, "Kola nut-2": { "title": "Kola nut", "section": "General description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The kola nut is a caffeine-containing nut of evergreen trees of the genus Cola, primarily of the species Cola acuminata and Cola nitida. Cola acuminata, an evergreen tree about 20 metres in height, has long, ovoid leaves pointed at both the ends with a leathery texture. The trees have yellow flowers with purple spots, and star-shaped fruit. Inside the fruit, about a dozen round or square seeds develop in a white seed-shell. The nut\u2019s aroma is sweet and rose-like. The first taste is bitter, but it sweetens upon chewing. The nut can be boiled to extract the caffeine." }, "NCIS (TV series)-19": { "title": "NCIS (TV series)", "section": "Release", "headers": [ "Home media" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "The first 11 seasons of NCIS have been released in Regions 1, 2, and 4. In Germany (Region 2), seasons 1\u20134 and 5\u20138 were released in two separate sets for each season. The first-season DVD omits the two introductory episodes from season eight of JAG, though they are featured on the JAG season eight DVD." }, "Blast beat-1": { "title": "Blast beat", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A blast beat is a drum beat that originated in hardcore punk and grindcore, and is often associated with certain styles of extreme metal, namely black metal and death metal, and occasionally in metalcore. In Adam MacGregor's definition, \"the blast-beat generally comprises a repeated, sixteenth-note figure played at a very fast tempo, and divided uniformly among the bass drum, snare, and ride, crash, or hi-hat cymbal.\" Blast beats have been described by PopMatters contributor Whitney Strub as, \"maniacal percussive explosions, less about rhythm per se than sheer sonic violence\"." }, "Matt Damon-1": { "title": "Matt Damon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Matthew Paige Damon (/\u02c8de\u026am\u0259n/; born October 8, 1970) is an American actor, film producer and screenwriter. He is ranked among Forbes magazine's most bankable stars and is one of the highest-grossing actors of all time. Damon has received various accolades, including an Academy Award from five nominations, two Golden Globe Awards from eight nominations, and has been nominated for three British Academy Film Awards and seven Emmy Awards." }, "Multiple birth-19": { "title": "Multiple birth", "section": "Human multiple births", "headers": [ "Very high-order multiple births" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "In 1997, the McCaughey septuplets were born in Carlisle, Iowa. Multiple births of as many as eight babies have been born alive, the first set on record to the Chukwu family in Texas in 1998; one died and seven survived. In 2009, a second set, the Suleman octuplets, were born in Bellflower, California. As of 2019, all of them were alive and turned 10 years old." }, "New Siberian Islands-16": { "title": "New Siberian Islands", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Average temperature in January: \u221228\u00a0\u00b0C to \u221231\u00a0\u00b0C Temperature in July: At the coasts icy Arctic water keeps the temperatures relatively low. Average maximum temperatures from +8\u00a0\u00b0C to +11\u00a0\u00b0C and average minimum temperatures from -3\u00a0\u00b0C to +1\u00a0\u00b0C. In the interior of the islands the average maximum temperatures in July are +16\u00a0\u00b0C to +19\u00a0\u00b0C and average minimum temperatures +3\u00a0\u00b0C to +6\u00a0\u00b0C. Precipitation: up to 132\u00a0mm a year Permafrost and underground ice are very common. The surface of the islands is covered with Arctic tundra vegetation and numerous lakes." }, "National Day of Mourning (United States protest)-17": { "title": "National Day of Mourning (United States protest)", "section": "National Day of Mourning", "headers": [ "National Day of Mourning Plaque" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Day of Mourning on the U.S. Thanksgiving holiday. Many Native Americans do not celebrate the arrival of the Pilgrims and other European settlers. To them, Thanksgiving Day is a reminder of the genocide of millions of their people, the theft of their lands, and the relentless assault on their cultures. Participants in" }, "Brahmin (disambiguation)-1": { "title": "Brahmin (disambiguation)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Brahmin is a varna (class) in Hinduism specialising as scholars, priests, teachers (acharya) and protectors of sacred learning across generations." }, "John George Bice-2": { "title": "John George Bice", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Bice was born in Callington, Cornwall, the son of Samuel Sandoe Bice (died 1903), a mining captain who was brought out to South Australia in 1864 to work for the Wallaroo and Moonta Mining Company, and for whom he worked for more than 50 years." }, "International Space Station-89": { "title": "International Space Station", "section": "Onboard systems", "headers": [ "Life support", "Atmospheric control systems" ], "para_index": 89, "content": "The atmosphere on board the ISS is similar to the Earth's. Normal air pressure on the ISS is 101.3\u00a0kPa (14.69\u00a0psi); the same as at sea level on Earth. An Earth-like atmosphere offers benefits for crew comfort, and is much safer than a pure oxygen atmosphere, because of the increased risk of a fire such as that responsible for the deaths of the Apollo 1 crew. Earth-like atmospheric conditions have been maintained on all Russian and Soviet spacecraft." }, "Jet engine-3": { "title": "Jet engine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The thrust of a typical jetliner engine went from 5,000\u00a0lbf (22,000\u00a0N) (de Havilland Ghost turbojet) in the 1950s to 115,000\u00a0lbf (510,000\u00a0N) (General Electric GE90 turbofan) in the 1990s, and their reliability went from 40 in-flight shutdowns per 100,000 engine flight hours to less than 1 per 100,000 in the late 1990s. This, combined with greatly decreased fuel consumption, permitted routine transatlantic flight by twin-engined airliners by the turn of the century, where previously a similar journey would have required multiple fuel stops." }, "Fairy-2": { "title": "Fairy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Myths and stories about fairies do not have a single origin, but are rather a collection of folk beliefs from disparate sources. Various folk theories about the origins of fairies include casting them as either demoted angels or demons in a Christian tradition, as minor deities in Pagan belief systems, as spirits of the dead, as prehistoric precursors to humans, or as elementals." }, "Silicone-1": { "title": "Silicone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A silicone or polysiloxane are polymers made up of siloxane (-R2Si-O-SiR2-, where R = organic group). They are typically colorless, oils or rubber-like substances. Silicones are used in sealants, adhesives, lubricants, medicine, cooking utensils, and thermal and electrical insulation. Some common forms include silicone oil, silicone grease, silicone rubber, silicone resin, and silicone caulk." }, "Leopard cat-30": { "title": "Leopard cat", "section": "Conservation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Prionailurus bengalensis is listed in CITES Appendix II. In Hong Kong, the species is protected under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170. The population is well over 50,000 individuals and, although declining, the cat is not endangered." }, "Dumbledore's Army-19": { "title": "Dumbledore's Army", "section": "Notable Dumbledore's Army members", "headers": [ "Neville Longbottom" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "In Deathly Hallows, with Hogwarts at the mercy of new headmaster Severus Snape and Death Eater siblings Alecto and Amycus Carrow, Neville re-forms the D.A. with Ginny and Luna, and spends much of his seventh year as the resistance's leader, helping students who are tormented under the new regime. He is punished for his actions by the Carrows and is forced to go into hiding in the Room of Requirement to avoid Azkaban or death. In the Battle of Hogwarts Neville openly defies Voldemort, so the Dark Lord immobilises him, places the Sorting Hat on his head and sets it on fire. Neville later breaks free of the curse, pulls Godric Gryffindor's sword from the Sorting Hat, and uses it to decapitate Nagini (on Harry's orders), thus destroying the final Horcrux. In the ensuing conflict, he assists Ron in defeating werewolf Fenrir Greyback. In the epilogue of Deathly Hallows, Neville is Herbology professor at Hogwarts and still good friends with the Potter and Weasley families. Post-Deathly Hallows, Rowling revealed that Neville married Hannah Abbott, now the landlady of The Leaky Cauldron, and his students think it is particularly cool that he lives above the pub." }, "Lawyer-7": { "title": "Lawyer", "section": "Responsibilities", "headers": [ "Research and drafting of court papers" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Often, lawyers brief a court in writing on the issues in a case before the issues can be orally argued. They may have to perform extensive research into relevant facts. Also, they are drafting legal papers and preparing for an oral argument." }, "Easy Rider-13": { "title": "Easy Rider", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Filming" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "The filming budget of Easy Rider was $360,000 to $400,000. Peter Fonda said that on top of this, he personally paid for the costs of travel and lodging for the crew, saying, \"Everybody was taking my credit cards and would pay for all the hotels, the food, the gas, everything with Diner's Club\". Laszlo Kovacs said that an additional $1 million, \"about three times the budget for shooting the rest of the film\" was spent licensing music that was added during the editing." }, "Hibernation-1": { "title": "Hibernation", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hibernation is a state of inactivity and metabolic depression in endotherms. Hibernation is a seasonal heterothermy characterized by low body-temperature, slow breathing and heart-rate, and low metabolic rate. It most commonly occurs during winter months." }, "Pollination-4": { "title": "Pollination", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The study of pollination spans many disciplines, such as botany, horticulture, entomology, and ecology. The pollination process as an interaction between flower and pollen vector was first addressed in the 18th century by Christian Konrad Sprengel. It is important in horticulture and agriculture, because fruiting is dependent on fertilization: the result of pollination. The study of pollination by insects is known as anthecology. There are also studies in economics that look at the positive and negative benefits of pollination, focused on bees, and how the process affects the pollinators themselves." }, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows \u2013 Part 2-10": { "title": "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows \u2013 Part 2", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Voldemort announces Harry's apparent death to everyone at Hogwarts and demands their surrender. As Neville gives a defiant response and draws the sword from the Sorting Hat, Harry reveals he is still alive; the Malfoys and many Death Eaters abandon Voldemort. While Harry confronts Voldemort in a duel throughout the castle, Molly Weasley kills Bellatrix in the Great Hall and Neville decapitates Nagini, making Voldemort mortal. Harry and Voldemort's fight ends with Voldemort's own Killing Curse rebounding and obliterating him. After the battle, Harry explains to Ron and Hermione that the Elder Wand recognised him as its true master after he disarmed Draco, who had earlier disarmed its previous owner, Dumbledore. Harry destroys the Elder Wand rather than claim it." }, "Micrometre-1": { "title": "Micrometre", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The micrometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: \u03bcm) or micrometer (American spelling), also commonly known by the previous deprecated name micron, is an SI derived unit of length equalling 1\u00d710\u22126\u00a0metre (SI standard prefix \"micro-\" = 10\u22126); that is, one millionth of a metre (or one thousandth of a millimetre, 0.001\u00a0mm, or about 0.000039\u00a0inch)." }, "Chinchilla-2": { "title": "Chinchilla", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The chinchilla has the densest fur of all mammals that live on land. In the water, the sea otter has a denser coat. The chinchilla is named after the Chincha people of the Andes, who once wore its dense, velvet-like fur. By the end of the 19th century, chinchillas had become quite rare after being hunted for their ultra-soft fur. Most chinchillas currently used by the fur industry for clothing and other accessories are farm-raised. Domestic chinchillas descended from C. lanigera are sometimes kept as pets, and may be considered a type of pocket pet." }, "Fish-1": { "title": "Fish", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fish are gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. They form a sister group to the tunicates, together forming the olfactores. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Tetrapods emerged within lobe-finned fishes, so cladistically they are fish as well. However, traditionally fish are rendered paraphyletic by excluding the tetrapods (i.e., the amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals which all descended from within the same ancestry). Because in this manner the term \"fish\" is defined negatively as a paraphyletic group, it is not considered a formal taxonomic grouping in systematic biology, unless it is used in the cladistic sense, including tetrapods. The traditional term pisces (also ichthyes) is considered a typological, but not a phylogenetic classification." }, "Tibia-1": { "title": "Tibia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The tibia /\u02c8t\u026abi\u0259/ (plural tibiae /\u02c8t\u026abii/ or tibias), also known as the shinbone or shankbone, is the larger, stronger, and anterior (frontal) of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula, behind and to the outside of the tibia), and it connects the knee with the ankle bones. The tibia is found on the medial side of the leg next to the fibula and closer to the median plane or centre-line. The tibia is connected to the fibula by the interosseous membrane of the leg, forming a type of fibrous joint called a syndesmosis with very little movement. The tibia is named for the flute tibia. It is the second largest bone in the human body next to the femur. The leg bones are the strongest long bones as they support the rest of the body." }, "Little Women-1": { "title": "Little Women", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Little Women is a novel by American author Louisa May Alcott (1832\u20131888) which was originally published in two volumes in 1868 and 1869. Alcott wrote the book over several months at the request of her publisher. The story follows the lives of the four March sisters\u2014Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy\u2014and details their passage from childhood to womanhood. It is loosely based on the lives of the author and her three sisters. Scholars classify it as an autobiographical or semi-autobiographical novel." }, "Standards-based education reform in the United States-9": { "title": "Standards-based education reform in the United States", "section": "Components", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Standards outline what students need to know, understand, and be able to do. Standards should be developmentally appropriate and relevant to future employment and education needs. Standards should generally be written so that all students are capable of achieving them, and so that talented students will exceed them. All students are believed to be capable of learning and of meeting high expectations. Both advanced and struggling students can learn new things in their own ways and at their own rates. Instruction that helps an individual student learn the information and skills listed in the standards is emphasized. Both excellence and equity are valued. Subgroups are carefully measured to identify and reduce systemic racism, bias, and the tyranny of low expectations. Professional teachers are empowered to make the decisions essential for effective learning, rather than having a teaching style prescribed under traditional education models. Social promotion is discouraged. Students advance or are retained based on their actual learning achievements instead of based on their age, their friends' achievements, or tradition. Some of the common components of standards-based education reform are:" }, "Telescope-1": { "title": "Telescope", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A telescope is an optical instrument that makes distant objects appear magnified by using an arrangement of lenses or curved mirrors and lenses, or various devices used to observe distant objects by their emission, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation. The first known practical telescopes were refracting telescopes invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century, by using glass lenses. They were used for both terrestrial applications and astronomy." }, "Lifeboat (shipboard)-1": { "title": "Lifeboat (shipboard)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A lifeboat or life raft is a small, rigid or inflatable boat carried for emergency evacuation in the event of a disaster aboard a ship. Lifeboat drills are required by law on larger commercial ships. Rafts (liferafts) are also used. In the military, a lifeboat may double as a whaleboat, dinghy, or gig. The ship's tenders of cruise ships often double as lifeboats. Recreational sailors usually carry inflatable life rafts, though a few prefer small proactive lifeboats that are harder to sink and can be sailed to safety." }, "Primate-1": { "title": "Primate", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A primate (/\u02c8pra\u026ame\u026at/ (listen) PRY-mayt) (from Latin primat-, from primus: \"prime, first rank\") is a eutherian mammal constituting the taxonomic order Primates. Primates arose 85\u201355\u00a0million years ago first from small terrestrial mammals, which adapted to living in the trees of tropical forests: many primate characteristics represent adaptations to life in this challenging environment, including large brains, visual acuity, color vision, altered shoulder girdle, and dextrous hands. Primates range in size from Madame Berthe's mouse lemur, which weighs 30\u00a0g (1\u00a0oz), to the eastern gorilla, weighing over 200\u00a0kg (440\u00a0lb). There are 190\u2013448 species of living primates, depending on which classification is used. New primate species continue to be discovered: over 25 species were described in the first decade of the 2000s, and eleven since 2010." }, "Ryan Reynolds-24": { "title": "Ryan Reynolds", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Reynolds has openly spoken about his lifelong struggle with anxiety, noting in 2018 that he carried out many interviews in the character of Deadpool to alleviate his fears. He became an American citizen circa 2018." }, "Christmas carol-10": { "title": "Christmas carol", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Today carols are regularly sung at Christian religious services. Some compositions have words that are clearly not of a religious theme, but are often still referred to as \"carols\". For example, the 16th-century song \"A Bone, God Wot!\" appears to be a wassailing song (which is sung during drinking or while requesting ale), but is described in the British Library's Cottonian Collection as a Christmas carol. As recently as 1865, Christmas-related lyrics were adopted for the traditional English folk song Greensleeves, becoming the internationally popular Christmas carol \"What Child is This?\". Little research has been conducted on carol singing, but one of the few sociological studies of caroling in the early 21st century in Finland determined that the sources of songs are often misunderstood, and that it is simplistic to suggest caroling is mostly related to Christian beliefs, for it also reinforces preservation of diverse national customs and local family traditions." }, "Hominid dispersals in Europe-10": { "title": "Hominid dispersals in Europe", "section": "Anatomically modern humans", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The recent expansion of anatomically modern humans reached Europe around 40,000 years ago, from Central Asia and the Middle East, as a result of cultural adaption to big game hunting of sub-glacial steppe fauna." }, "Kidney-1": { "title": "Kidney", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs found in vertebrates. They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space, and in adult humans are about 12 centimetres (4.7\u00a0in) in length. They receive blood from the paired renal arteries; blood exits into the paired renal veins. Each kidney is attached to a ureter, a tube that carries excreted urine to the bladder." }, "Food energy-4": { "title": "Food energy", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Fats and ethanol have the greatest amount of food energy per gram, 37 and 29 kilojoules per gram (8.8 and 6.9\u00a0kcal/g),[citation needed] respectively. Proteins and most carbohydrates both have about 17\u00a0kJ/g (4\u00a0kcal/g). The differing energy density of foods (fat, alcohols, carbohydrates and proteins) lies mainly in their varying proportions of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates that are not easily absorbed, such as fibre, or lactose in lactose-intolerant individuals, contribute less food energy. Polyols (including sugar alcohols) and organic acids contribute 10\u00a0kJ/g (2.4\u00a0kcal/g) and 13\u00a0kJ/g (3.1\u00a0kcal/g) respectively." }, "Friday the 13th-25": { "title": "Friday the 13th", "section": "Occurrence", "headers": [ "Frequency" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "In the 2010s, there were three Friday the 13ths in 2012 and 2015, and two in 2013, 2017, 2018 and 2019. In the 2020s, there will be three F13s in 2026, and two in 2020, 2023, 2024, and 2029. The rest of years have at least one F13 if there are fewer than two or three in the 2010s and 2020s. Assuming nothing is changed with the calendar, there are never more than three F13s in a year. There is a 28-year cycle that repeats when there is a F13 in February, March and November, and the current start of that pattern was in 2009. Although there is at least one F13 per calendar year, it can be as long as 14 months between two F13s. For the details see the table below." }, "Grizzly bear-1": { "title": "Grizzly bear", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), also known as the North American brown bear or simply grizzly, is a large population or subspecies of the brown bear inhabiting North America." }, "European wildcat-1": { "title": "European wildcat", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The European wildcat (Felis silvestris) is a wildcat species native to continental Europe, Scotland, Turkey and the Caucasus. It inhabits forests from the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Central and Eastern Europe to the Caucasus. It has been extirpated in England and Wales." }, "Salmon-2": { "title": "Salmon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Typically, salmon are anadromous: they hatch in fresh water, migrate to the ocean, then return to fresh water to reproduce. However, populations of several species are restricted to fresh water through their lives. Folklore has it that the fish return to the exact spot where they hatched to spawn. Tracking studies have shown this to be mostly true. A portion of a returning salmon run may stray and spawn in different freshwater systems; the percent of straying depends on the species of salmon. Homing behavior has been shown to depend on olfactory memory. Salmon date back to the Neogene." }, "Ted Bundy-1": { "title": "Ted Bundy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Theodore Robert Bundy (n\u00e9 Cowell; November 24, 1946\u00a0\u2013 January 24, 1989) was an American serial killer who kidnapped, raped, and murdered numerous young women and girls during the 1970s and possibly earlier. After more than a decade of denials, before his execution in 1989 he confessed to 30 homicides that he committed in seven states between 1974 and 1978. The true number of victims is unknown and possibly higher." }, "Richard Nixon-4": { "title": "Richard Nixon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In his second term, Nixon ordered an airlift to resupply Israeli losses in the Yom Kippur War, a war which led to the oil crisis at home. By late 1973, the Watergate scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support. On August 9, 1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office\u2014the only time an American president has done so. After his resignation, he was issued a controversial pardon by his successor, Gerald Ford. In 20 years of retirement, Nixon wrote his memoirs and nine other books and undertook many foreign trips, thereby rehabilitating his image into that of an elder statesman and leading expert on foreign affairs. He suffered a debilitating stroke on April 18, 1994, and died four days later at age 81." }, "Jay Thomas-3": { "title": "Jay Thomas", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "He was also an annual guest on The Late Show with David Letterman during the Christmas season, where he told a story about how he met Clayton Moore, who portrayed the title character on The Lone Ranger. Beginning in 2005, he hosted The Jay Thomas Show on SiriusXM Satellite Radio, which aired every Friday afternoon on Howard 101." }, "Black-3": { "title": "Black", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Black ink is the most common color used for printing books, newspapers and documents, as it provides the highest contrast with white paper and thus the easiest color to read. Similarly, black text on a white screen is the most common format used on computer screens." }, "Laurentia-6": { "title": "Laurentia", "section": "Tectonic setting", "headers": [ "Volcanism" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The southwestern portion of Laurentia consists of Precambrian basement rocks deformed by continental collisions (violet area of the image above). This area has been subjected to considerable rifting as the Basin and Range Province and has been stretched up to 100% of its original width. The area contains numerous large volcanic eruptions." }, "Darth Vader-2": { "title": "Darth Vader", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Originally a slave on Tatooine, Anakin Skywalker is a Jedi prophesied to bring balance to the Force. He is lured to the dark side of the Force by Palpatine and becomes a Sith Lord. After a lightsaber battle with his former mentor Obi-Wan Kenobi, in which he is severely burnt and dismembered, Vader is transformed into a cyborg. He then serves the Galactic Empire as its chief enforcer until he ultimately redeems himself by saving his son, Luke Skywalker, and killing Palpatine, sacrificing his own life in the process. He is also the secret husband of Padm\u00e9 Amidala, father of Princess Leia, and grandfather of Kylo Ren." }, "Witchcraft-2": { "title": "Witchcraft", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Historically, and currently in most traditional cultures worldwide - notably in Asia, South America, Africa, the African diaspora, and Indigenous communities - the term is commonly associated with those who use metaphysical means to cause harm to the innocent. In the modern era, primarily in western popular culture, the word may more commonly refer to benign, positive, or neutral practices of modern paganism, such as divination or spellcraft." }, "The Hobbit-3": { "title": "The Hobbit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The story is told in the form of an episodic quest, and most chapters introduce a specific creature or type of creature of Tolkien's geography. Bilbo gains a new level of maturity, competence, and wisdom by accepting the disreputable, romantic, fey, and adventurous sides of his nature and applying his wits and common sense. The story reaches its climax in the Battle of Five Armies, where many of the characters and creatures from earlier chapters re-emerge to engage in conflict." }, "Public domain-16": { "title": "Public domain", "section": "Public domain by medium", "headers": [ "Public domain films" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Play media A public-domain film is a film that was released to public domain by its author or because its copyright has expired. In 2016 there are more than 2,000 films in the public domain from every genre, including musicals, romance, horror, noir westerns, and animated movies." }, "Rory Storm-1": { "title": "Rory Storm", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rory Storm (born Alan Ernest Caldwell; 7 January 1938\u00a0\u2013 28 September 1972) was an English musician and vocalist. Born in Liverpool, Storm was the singer and leader of Rory Storm and the Hurricanes, a Liverpudlian band who were contemporaries of the Beatles in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Ringo Starr was the drummer for the Hurricanes before joining the Beatles in August 1962, replacing original drummer Pete Best." }, "United States Navy-5": { "title": "United States Navy", "section": "Mission", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The preparation of naval forces necessary for the effective prosecution of war. The maintenance of naval aviation, including land-based naval aviation, air transport essential for naval operations, and all air weapons and air techniques involved in the operations and activities of the Navy. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, and equipment of naval combat and service elements. U.S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U.S. Armed Forces is \"to be prepared to conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest.\" As part of that establishment, the U.S. Navy's functions comprise sea control, power projection, and nuclear deterrence, in addition to \"sealift\" duties." }, "Weigh station-3": { "title": "Weigh station", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Many jurisdictions employ the use of portable scales, allowing weigh stations to be set up at any point. Portable scales allow states to set up temporary scales for situations such as seasonal check points, temporary checkpoints on isolated roads often used by trucks, or to prevent drivers from avoiding scales at fixed locations. Portable scales may be set up at purpose built locations that are not normally manned. A common reason for setting up portable scales is to monitor trucks during harvest season." }, "Noble gas-2": { "title": "Noble gas", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "For the first six periods of the periodic table, the noble gases are exactly the members of group\u00a018. Noble gases are typically highly unreactive except when under particular extreme conditions. The inertness of noble gases makes them very suitable in applications where reactions are not wanted. For example, argon is used in incandescent lamps to prevent the hot tungsten filament from oxidizing; also, helium is used in breathing gas by deep-sea divers to prevent oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) toxicity." }, "Ham-1": { "title": "Ham", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ham is pork from a leg cut that has been preserved by wet or dry curing, with or without smoking. As a processed meat, the term \"ham\" includes both whole cuts of meat and ones that have been mechanically formed." }, "Food coloring-15": { "title": "Food coloring", "section": "Regulation", "headers": [ "Permitted colorants", "U.S." ], "para_index": 15, "content": "FD&C Blue No. 1 \u2013 Brilliant Blue FCF, E133 (blue shade) FD&C Blue No. 2 \u2013 Indigotine, E132 (indigo shade) FD&C Green No. 3 \u2013 Fast Green FCF, E143 (turquoise shade) FD&C Red No. 3 \u2013 Erythrosine, E127 (pink shade, commonly used in glac\u00e9 cherries) FD&C Red No. 40 \u2013 Allura Red AC, E129 (red shade) FD&C Yellow No. 5 \u2013 Tartrazine, E102 (yellow shade) FD&C Yellow No. 6 \u2013 Sunset Yellow FCF, E110 (orange shade) Two dyes are allowed by the FDA for limited applications:" }, "Astronomy-1": { "title": "Astronomy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Astronomy (from Greek: \u1f00\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1) is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, galaxies, and comets. Relevant phenomena include supernova explosions, gamma ray bursts, quasars, blazars, pulsars, and cosmic microwave background radiation. More generally, astronomy studies everything that originates outside Earth's atmosphere. Cosmology is a branch of astronomy. It studies the Universe as a whole." }, "Leopard-4": { "title": "Leopard", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Compared to other wild cats, the leopard has relatively short legs and a long body with a large skull. Its fur is marked with rosettes. It is similar in appearance to the jaguar, but has a smaller, lighter physique, and its rosettes are generally smaller, more densely packed and without central spots. Both leopards and jaguars that are melanistic are known as black panthers. The leopard is distinguished by its well-camouflaged fur, opportunistic hunting behaviour, broad diet, strength, and its ability to adapt to a variety of habitats ranging from rainforest to steppe, including arid and montane areas. It can run at speeds of up to 58 kilometres per hour (36\u00a0mph). The earliest known leopard fossils excavated in Europe are estimated 600,000 years old, dating to the late Early Pleistocene. Leopard fossils were also found in Japan." }, "One Thousand and One Nights-33": { "title": "One Thousand and One Nights", "section": "Literary themes and techniques", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "One of the oldest Arabic manuscript fragments from Syria (a few handwritten pages) dating to the early 9th century. Discovered by scholar Nabia Abbott in 1948, it bears the title Kitab Hadith Alf Layla (\"The Book of the Tale of the Thousand Nights\") and the first few lines of the book in which Dinazad asks Shirazad (Scheherazade) to tell her stories. 10th century: Mention of Hez\u0101r Afs\u0101n in Ibn al-Nadim's \"Fihrist\" (Catalogue of books) in Baghdad. He attributes a pre-Islamic Sassanian Persian origin to the collection and refers to the frame story of Scheherazade telling stories over a thousand nights to save her life. 10th century: Reference to The Thousand Nights, an Arabic translation of the Persian Hez\u0101r Afs\u0101n (\"Thousand Stories\"), in Muruj Al-Dhahab (The Meadows of Gold) by Al-Masudi. 12th century: A document from Cairo refers to a Jewish bookseller lending a copy of The Thousand and One Nights (this is the first appearance of the final form of the title). 14th century: Existing Syrian manuscript in the Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France in Paris (contains about 300 tales). 1704: Antoine Galland's French translation is the first European version of The Nights. Later volumes were introduced using Galland's name though the stories were written by unknown persons at the behest of the publisher wanting to capitalize on the popularity of the collection. c. 1706 \u2013 c. 1721: An anonymously translated version in English appears in Europe dubbed the 12-volume \"Grub Street\" version. This is entitled Arabian Nights' Entertainments\u2014the first known use of the common English title of the work. 1768: first Polish translation, 12 volumes. Based, as many European on the French translation. 1775: Egyptian version of The Nights called \"ZER\" (Hermann Zotenberg's Egyptian Recension) with 200 tales (no surviving edition exists). 1804\u20131806, 1825: The Austrian polyglot and orientalist Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774\u20131856) translates a subsequently lost manuscript into French between 1804 and 1806. His French translation, which was partially abridged and included Galland's \"orphan stories\", has been lost, but its translation into German that was published in 1825 still survives. 1814: Calcutta I, the earliest existing Arabic printed version, is published by the British East India Company. A second volume was released in 1818. Both had 100 tales each. 1811: Jonathan Scott (1754\u20131829), an Englishman who learned Arabic and Persian in India, produces an English translation, mostly based on Galland's French version, supplemented by other sources. Robert Irwin calls it the \"first literary translation into English\", in contrast to earlier translations from French by \"Grub Street hacks\". Early 19th century: Modern Persian translations of the text are made, variously under the title Alf leile va leile, Hez\u0101r-o yek \u0161hab (\u0647\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0628), or, in distorted Arabic, Alf al-leil. One early extant version is that illustrated by Sani al-Molk (1814\u20131866) for Mohammad Shah Qajar. 1825\u20131838: The Breslau/Habicht edition is published in Arabic in 8 volumes. Christian Maximilian Habicht (born in Breslau, Kingdom of Prussia, 1775) collaborated with the Tunisian Mordecai ibn al-Najjar to create this edition containing 1001 nights. In addition to the Galland manuscript, they used what they believed to be a Tunisian manuscript, which was later revealed as a forgery by al-Najjar. Using versions of The Nights, tales from Al-Najjar, and other stories from unknown origins Habicht published his version in Arabic and German. 1842\u20131843: Four additional volumes by Habicht. 1835: Bulaq version: These two volumes, printed by the Egyptian government, are the oldest printed (by a publishing house) version of The Nights in Arabic by a non-European. It is primarily a reprinting of the ZER text. 1839\u20131842: Calcutta II (4 volumes) is published. It claims to be based on an older Egyptian manuscript (which was never found). This version contains many elements and stories from the Habicht edition. 1838: Torrens version in English. 1838\u20131840: Edward William Lane publishes an English translation. Notable for its exclusion of content Lane found immoral and for its anthropological notes on Arab customs by Lane. 1882\u20131884: John Payne publishes an English version translated entirely from Calcutta II, adding some tales from Calcutta I and Breslau. 1885\u20131888: Sir Richard Francis Burton publishes an English translation from several sources (largely the same as Payne). His version accentuated the sexuality of the stories vis-\u00e0-vis Lane's bowdlerized translation. 1889\u20131904: J. C. Mardrus publishes a French version using Bulaq and Calcutta II editions. 1973: First Polish translation based on the original language edition, but compressed 12 volumes to 9, by PIW. 1984: Muhsin Mahdi publishes an Arabic edition based on the oldest Arabic manuscript surviving (based on the oldest surviving Syrian manuscript currently held in the Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale). 1986\u20131987: French translation by Arabist Ren\u00e9 R. Khawam 1990: Husain Haddawy publishes an English translation of Mahdi. 2008: New Penguin Classics translation (in three volumes) by Malcolm C. Lyons and Ursula Lyons of the Calcutta II edition The One Thousand and One Nights and various tales within it make use of many innovative literary techniques, which the storytellers of the tales rely on for increased drama, suspense, or other emotions. Some of these date back to earlier Persian, Indian and Arabic literature, while others were original to the One Thousand and One Nights." }, "Tony Bennett-43": { "title": "Tony Bennett", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "1996\u20132006: Into his 70s" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "Bennett and Crow founded Exploring the Arts, a charitable organization dedicated to creating, promoting, and supporting arts education. At the same time they founded (and named after Bennett's friend) the Frank Sinatra School of the Arts in Queens, a public high school dedicated to teaching the performing arts, which opened in 2001 and would have a very high graduation rate. On June 21, 2007, Bennett married Crow in a private civil ceremony in New York that was witnessed by former Governor Mario Cuomo." }, "Educational technology-14": { "title": "Educational technology", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Online education originated from the University of Illinois in 1960. Although the internet would not be created for another nine years, students were able to access class information with linked computer terminals. The first online course was offered in 1986 by the Electronic University Network for DOS and Commodore 64 computers. Computer Assisted Learning eventually offered the first online courses with real interaction. In 2002, MIT began providing online classes free of charge. As of 2009[update], approximately 5.5 million students were taking at least one class online. Currently, one out of three college students takes at least one online course while in college. At DeVry University, out of all students that are earning a bachelor's degree, 80% earn two-thirds of their requirements online. Also, in 2014, 2.85 million students out of 5.8 million students that took courses online, took all of their courses online. From this information, it can be concluded that the number of students taking classes online is on the steady increase." }, "Geometry-15": { "title": "Geometry", "section": "Important concepts in geometry", "headers": [ "Points" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Points are considered fundamental objects in Euclidean geometry. They have been defined in a variety of ways, including Euclid's definition as 'that which has no part' and through the use of algebra or nested sets. In many areas of geometry, such as analytic geometry, differential geometry, and topology, all objects are considered to be built up from points. However, there has been some study of geometry without reference to points." }, "T-1000-2": { "title": "T-1000", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A shapeshifting android assassin, the T-1000 is the main antagonist of Terminator 2: Judgment Day, as well as a minor antagonist in Terminator Genisys and the theme park attraction T2 3-D: Battle Across Time. A similar Terminator, referred to as a T-1001, appears in the Fox television series, Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles. In the films, the T-1000 was created by the franchise's main antagonist, Skynet, a machine artificial intelligence that directs its robotic creations against the Human Resistance in an all-out war. The T-1000 is described in Terminator 2 as being composed of liquid metal, or a mimetic polyalloy (nanorobotics) that it can manipulate to assume various forms. Aside from being able to camouflage itself by assuming the appearance of a nondescript object or take on the likeness of other humans that it terminates in pursuit of its goals, the T-1000's shapeshifting abilities enable it to form its hands into stabbing blades, slip through physical openings by oozing its liquid form, and instantly reform itself from any physical damage. It is further explained in the prologue of the film's novelization that the T-1000 was created through nanotechnology, and is a \"Nanomorph\", able to scan the molecular structure of whatever it is touching and visually mimic it." }, "Taraxacum-1": { "title": "Taraxacum", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Taraxacum (/t\u0259\u02c8r\u00e6ks\u0259k\u028am/) is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, which consists of species commonly known as dandelions. The genus is native to Eurasia and North America, but the two commonplace species worldwide, T.\u00a0officinale and T.\u00a0erythrospermum, were introduced from Europe and now propagate as wildflowers. Both species are edible in their entirety. The common name dandelion (/\u02c8d\u00e6nd\u026ala\u026a.\u0259n/ DAN-di-ly-\u0259n, from French dent-de-lion, meaning \"lion's tooth\") is given to members of the genus. Like other members of the family Asteraceae, they have very small flowers collected together into a composite flower head. Each single flower in a head is called a floret. In part due to their abundance along with being a generalist species, dandelions are one of the most vital early spring nectar sources for a wide host of pollinators. Many Taraxacum species produce seeds asexually by apomixis, where the seeds are produced without pollination, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent plant." }, "Twinkie-2": { "title": "Twinkie", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Saputo Incorporated's Vachon Inc., which owns the Canadian rights to the product and made them during their absence from the U.S. market, produces Twinkies in Canada at a bakery in Montreal. Twinkies are also available in Mexican stores as \"Submarinos\" made by Marinela, and as \"Tuinky\" made by Wonder; both Marinela and Wonder are subsidiaries of Mexican bread company Grupo Bimbo. In Egypt, Twinkies are produced under the company Edita. Twinkies are also available in the United Kingdom and Ireland under the Hostess brand name where they are sold in Sainsburys, Tesco, ASDA and B&M stores. Twinkies are produced and distributed by multiple commercial bakeries in China, where Hostess does not own the brand." }, "Guardian Council-2": { "title": "Guardian Council", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Iranian constitution calls for the council to be composed of six Islamic faqihs (experts in Islamic Law), \"conscious of the present needs and the issues of the day\" to be selected by the Supreme Leader of Iran, and six jurists, \"specializing in different areas of law, to be elected by the Majlis (the Iranian Parliament) from among the Muslim jurists nominated by the Head of the Judiciary\", (who, in turn, is also appointed by the Supreme Leader)." }, "Eid al-Fitr-1": { "title": "Eid al-Fitr", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Eid al-Fitr (/i\u02d0d \u0259l \u02c8f\u026at\u0259r/ eed \u0259l FIT-\u0259r; Arabic: \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u200e \u02bb\u012ad al-Fi\u1e6dr, IPA:\u00a0[\u0295i\u02d0d al fit\u02e4r]), also called the \"Festival of Breaking the Fast\", is a religious holiday celebrated by Muslims worldwide that marks the end of the month-long dawn-to-sunset fasting of Ramadan. This religious Eid is the first and only day in the month of Shawwal during which Muslims are not permitted to fast. The date for the start of any lunar Hijri month varies based on when the new moon is sighted by local religious authorities, so the day of celebration varies by locality." }, "Helium-64": { "title": "Helium", "section": "Applications", "headers": [ "Minor uses", "Flight" ], "para_index": 64, "content": "Because it is lighter than air, airships and balloons are inflated with helium for lift. While hydrogen gas is more buoyant, and escapes permeating through a membrane at a lower rate, helium has the advantage of being non-flammable, and indeed fire-retardant. Another minor use is in rocketry, where helium is used as an ullage medium to displace fuel and oxidizers in storage tanks and to condense hydrogen and oxygen to make rocket fuel. It is also used to purge fuel and oxidizer from ground support equipment prior to launch and to pre-cool liquid hydrogen in space vehicles. For example, the Saturn V rocket used in the Apollo program needed about 370,000\u00a0m3 (13 million cubic feet) of helium to launch." }, "J. P. Morgan-29": { "title": "J. P. Morgan", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Appearance" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "Morgan smoked dozens of cigars per day and favored large Havana cigars dubbed Hercules' Clubs by observers." }, "The Joy of Painting-1": { "title": "The Joy of Painting", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Joy of Painting was an American half-hour instructional television show created and hosted by painter Bob Ross which ran from January 11, 1983 to May 17, 1994. In each episode, Ross taught techniques for landscape oil painting, completing a painting in each session. The program followed the same format as its predecessor, The Magic of Oil Painting, hosted by Ross' mentor Bill Alexander. During its run, it won three Emmy Awards." }, "Government of Portland, Oregon-3": { "title": "Government of Portland, Oregon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Current City Commissioners are: Chloe Eudaly (elected in 2016), Amanda Fritz (re-elected in 2016), Jo Ann Hardesty (elected in 2018), and Mayor Ted Wheeler (elected in 2016). Another commissioner, Nick Fish, who was re-elected in 2018, died in office on January 2, 2020. The Auditor is Mary Hull Caballero (elected in 2014)." }, "Gratuity-48": { "title": "Gratuity", "section": "By region", "headers": [ "Europe", "Russia" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "In Russian language a gratuity is called chayeviye, which literally means \"for the tea\". Tipping small amounts of money in Russia for people such as waiters, cab drivers and hotel bellboys was quite common before the Communist Revolution of 1917. During the Soviet era, and especially with the Stalinist reforms of the 1930s, tipping was discouraged and was considered an offensive capitalist tradition aimed at belittling and lowering the status of the working class. So from then until the early 1990s tipping was seen as rude and offensive. With the fall of the Soviet Union and the dismantling of the Iron Curtain in 1991, and the subsequent influx of foreign tourists and businessmen into the country, tipping started a slow but steady comeback. Since the early 2000s tipping has become somewhat of a norm again. However, still a lot of confusion persists around tipping: Russians do not have a widespread consensus on how much to tip, for what services, where and how. In larger urban areas, like Moscow and St Petersburg, tips of 10% are expected in high-end restaurants, coffee shops, bars and hotels, and are normally left in cash on the table, after the bill is paid by credit card; or as part of cash payment if a credit card is not used. Tipping at a buffet or any other budget restaurant, where there are no servers to take your order at the table (called stolovaya) is not expected and not appropriate. Fast food chains, such as McDonald's, Chaynaya Lozhka, Teremok and so on, do not allow tipping either. Tipping bartenders in a pub is not common, but it is expected in an up-market bar. Metered taxi drivers also count on a tip of 5\u201310%, but non-metered drivers who pre-negotiate the fare do not expect one. It should also be noted that the older Russians, who grew up and lived most of their lives during the Soviet era, still consider tipping an offensive practice and detest it. In smaller rural towns, tipping is rarely expected and may even cause confusion." }, "Robert Morrison (missionary)-50": { "title": "Robert Morrison (missionary)", "section": "Work", "headers": [ "Missionary work" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "Morrison produced a Chinese translation of the Bible. He also compiled a Chinese dictionary for the use of Westerners. The Bible translation took twelve years and the compilation of the dictionary, sixteen years. During this period, in 1815, he left the employment of the East India Company." }, "Donatello-17": { "title": "Donatello", "section": "Discovery", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "In 2020 thanks to Gianluca Amato art historian, who did the doctoral thesis at the University of Naples Federico II on the wooden crucifixes between the late thirteenth and the first half of the sixteenth century, with studies he discovered that the crucifix of the church of Sant'Angelo a Legnaia is of the hand of Donatello." }, "James Bond-28": { "title": "James Bond", "section": "Adaptations", "headers": [ "Films", "Eon Productions films" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Eon Productions, the company of Canadian Harry Saltzman and American Albert R. \"Cubby\" Broccoli, released the first cinema adaptation of an Ian Fleming novel, Dr. No (1962), based on the eponymous 1958 novel and featuring Sean Connery as 007. Connery starred in a further four films before leaving the role after You Only Live Twice (1967), which was taken up by George Lazenby for On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969). Lazenby left the role after just one appearance and Connery was brought back for his last Eon-produced film Diamonds Are Forever." }, "Tata Aria-5": { "title": "Tata Aria", "section": "Features", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Its segment-first features for the Indian market, include projector-beam xenon headlamps, electric adjustable and power-folding outside rear-view mirrors, diamond-cut alloy wheels, 2+2+3 (7-seater) and 2+3+3 (8-seater) configurations with flat-folding of the third row, touchscreen GPS navigation system, dual-zone automatic climate control HVAC, rain-sensing automatic front wipers, light-sensing automatic headlamps, reverse proximity sensors, driver information system, phone controls on the steering wheel, and audio system with six speakers. Its safety features include six SRS airbags (two front, four side-curtain;) anti-lock braking system (ABS) with electrical brake-force distribution (EBD), electronic stability program (ESP) with a traction-control system (TCS), front ventilated disc brakes, and rear non-ventilated disc-brakes." }, "Breast cancer-8": { "title": "Breast cancer", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Inflammatory Breast Cancer presents with similar effects. Inflammatory Breast Cancer is a rare (only seen in less than 5% of breast cancer diagnosis) yet aggressive form of breast cancer characterized by the swollen, red areas formed on the top of the Breast. The visual effects of Inflammatory Breast Cancer is a result of a blockage of lymph vessels by cancer cells. This type of breast cancer is seen in more commonly diagnosed in younger ages, obese women and African American women. As inflammatory breast cancer does not present as a lump there can sometimes be a delay in diagnosis." }, "John (given name)-2": { "title": "John (given name)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It is among the most common given names in Anglophone, Arabic, Persian, Turkish and European countries; traditionally, it was the most common, although it has not been since the latter half of the 20th century. John owes its unique popularity to two highly revered saints, John the Baptist (forerunner of Jesus Christ) and the apostle John (traditionally considered the author of the Gospel of John); the name has since been chosen as the regnal or religious name of many emperors, kings, popes and patriarchs. Initially, it was a favorite name among the Greeks but it flourished in all of Europe after the First Crusade." }, "Jellyfish-18": { "title": "Jellyfish", "section": "Anatomy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Most jellyfish do not have specialized systems for osmoregulation, respiration and circulation, and do not have a central nervous system. Nematocysts, which deliver the sting, are located mostly on the tentacles; true jellyfish also have them around the mouth and stomach. Jellyfish do not need a respiratory system because sufficient oxygen diffuses through the epidermis. They have limited control over their movement, but can navigate with the pulsations of the bell-like body; some species are active swimmers most of the time, while others largely drift." }, "Josh Blue-4": { "title": "Josh Blue", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Blue got his start in comedy doing open mic sets while attending The Evergreen State College. Audiences reacted enthusiastically to his self-deprecating humor, and Blue started making a name for himself on the comedy circuit. In 2002, he won the prestigious Comedy Works New Talent Search contest. He has appeared several times on Comedy Central's Mind of Mencia. Blue won $10,000 for finishing in first place at 2004 Las Vegas Comedy Festival's 2004 Royal Flush Comedy Competition." }, "Preschool-4": { "title": "Preschool", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Origins" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Pre-Primary from 6 weeks old to 6 years old- is an educational childcare service a parent can enroll their child(ren) in before primary school. This can also be used to define services for children younger than kindergarten age, especially in countries where kindergarten is compulsory. The pre-primary program takes place in a nursery school. Nursery school (UK and US) from 0 months to 5 years old- is a pre-primary educational child care institution which includes Preschool. Daycare (US) from 0 months to 2\u00bd years old \u2013 held in a Nursery School, but can also be called \"a child care service\" or a \"cr\u00e8che\". Preschool (US and UK) from 2 to 5 years old- held in a Nursery School; readiness has to do with whether the child is developmentally appropriate, potty training is a big factor, so a child can start as early as 2 years old. Preschool education is important and beneficial for any child attending nursery school because it gives the child a head start through social interactions. Through cognitive, psychosocial and physical development-based learning a child in preschool will learn about their environment and how to verbally communicate with others. Children who attend Preschool learn how the world around them works through play and communication. Pre-K (or Pre-Kindergarten) from 4 to 5 years old- held in Nursery School and is an initiative to improve access to pre-primary schools for children in the USA. There is much more than teaching a child colors, numbers, shapes and so on. Kindergarten (US) from 5 to 6 years old- held in a Nursery School and/or some primary elementary schools; in many parts of world (less so in English speaking countries) it refers to the first stages of formal education. In an age when school was restricted to children who had already learned to read and write at home, there were many attempts to make school accessible to orphans or to the children of women who worked in factories." }, "Natarajasana-1": { "title": "Natarajasana", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Natarajasana (Sanskrit: \u0928\u091f\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0938\u0928; IAST: Na\u1e6dar\u0101j\u0101sana), Lord of the Dance Pose or Dancer Pose is a standing, balancing, back-bending asana in modern yoga as exercise. It is derived from a pose in the classical Indian dance form Bharatnatyam, which is depicted in temple statues in the Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram." }, "Hugh Henry Brackenridge-4": { "title": "Hugh Henry Brackenridge", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "After his graduation, Brackenridge remained another year to study divinity. In 1772 he became headmaster of Somerset Academy in Somerset County, Maryland, with Freneau as his assistant. He went back to Princeton for a Master's degree, and then served in George Washington's army as a chaplain, preaching fiery patriotic sermons to the soldiers of the American Revolutionary War. He started the United States Magazine in Philadelphia in 1778, where he published poems by his friend Freneau, but its lagging subscriptions convinced him to change his profession. He took a law degree, studying under Samuel Chase in Annapolis, Maryland, and was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 1780 at age 32. Of Philadelphia he wrote, \"I saw no chance for being anything in that city, there were such great men before me.\" Four months later he struck out for the frontier, 300 miles to the west, over the Appalachian Mountains." }, "Floor (gymnastics)-1": { "title": "Floor (gymnastics)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In gymnastics, the floor refers to a specially prepared exercise surface, which is considered an apparatus. It is used by both male and female gymnasts. The event in gymnastics performed on floor is called floor exercise. The English abbreviation for the event in gymnastics scoring is FX." }, "Driver's licenses in the United States-12": { "title": "Driver's licenses in the United States", "section": "Drivers licensing laws", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "According to federal law, the minimum age to operate a commercial vehicle in interstate transit is 21. As a result, the minimum age to apply for an unrestricted commercial driver's license is 21." }, "Holy trinity (cuisine)-3": { "title": "Holy trinity (cuisine)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The holy trinity is the Cajun and Louisiana Creole variant of mirepoix; traditional mirepoix is two parts onions, one part carrots, and one part celery, whereas the holy trinity is typically equal measures of the three ingredients or one parts onions, one part celery, and one part green bell pepper. It is also an evolution of the Spanish sofrito, which contains onion, garlic, bell peppers, and tomatoes." }, "Moon landing-2": { "title": "Moon landing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The United States' Apollo 11 was the first crewed mission to land on the Moon, on 20 July 1969. There were six crewed U.S. landings between 1969 and 1972, and numerous uncrewed landings, with no soft landings happening between 22 August 1976 and 14 December 2013." }, "In vitro fertilisation-71": { "title": "In vitro fertilisation", "section": "Expansions", "headers": [ "Preimplantation genetic screening or diagnosis" ], "para_index": 71, "content": "Couples who have a family history of inherited disease Couples who want prenatal sex discernment. This can be used to diagnose monogenic disorders with sex linkage. It can potentially be used for sex selection, wherein a fetus is aborted if having an undesired sex. Couples who already have a child with an incurable disease and need compatible cells from a second healthy child to cure the first, resulting in a \"saviour sibling\" that matches the sick child in HLA type. PGS screens for numeral chromosomal abnormalities while PGD diagnosis the specific molecular defect of the inherited disease. In both PGS and PGD, individual cells from a pre-embryo, or preferably trophectoderm cells biopsied from a blastocyst, are analysed during the IVF process. Before the transfer of a pre-embryo back to a woman's uterus, one or two cells are removed from the pre-embryos (8-cell stage), or preferably from a blastocyst. These cells are then evaluated for normality. Typically within one to two days, following completion of the evaluation, only the normal pre-embryos are transferred back to the woman's uterus. Alternatively, a blastocyst can be cryopreserved via vitrification and transferred at a later date to the uterus. In addition, PGS can significantly reduce the risk of multiple pregnancies because fewer embryos, ideally just one, are needed for implantation." }, "Slip 'N Slide-2": { "title": "Slip 'N Slide", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The toy is a long sheet of thin plastic, flanked lengthwise on one side by a heat-sealed tubular fold. The tube can be connected to any ordinary garden hose. Water runs through the tube and out small perforations, spraying onto the sliding surface. The Slip 'n Slide then becomes very slippery, enabling users to jump onto the plastic and slide the length of the sheet." }, "Mid-twentieth century baby boom-3": { "title": "Mid-twentieth century baby boom", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The baby boom ended with the significant decline in fertility in the 1970s which was later called by demographers the baby-bust." }, "Bob Ross-26": { "title": "Bob Ross", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Ross died at the age of 52 on July 4, 1995, due to complications from lymphoma, which he had battled for several years. His remains are interred at Woodlawn Memorial Park in Gotha, Florida, under a plaque marked: \"Bob Ross; Television Artist\". Ross kept his diagnosis a secret from the general public, and his lymphoma was not known outside of his circle of family and friends until after his death." }, "Shipwreck Falls-1": { "title": "Shipwreck Falls", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Shipwreck Falls is a Shoot-the-Chute water ride at many Herschend and Six Flags theme parks, in the United States. The attraction is themed to sharks and shipwrecks, and all feature an exit bridge over the ride so guests can get wet while exiting." }, "Photosynthesis-10": { "title": "Photosynthesis", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "CO2carbon dioxide + 2H2Owater + photonslight energy \u2192 [CH2O]carbohydrate + O2oxygen + H2Owater This equation emphasizes that water is both a reactant in the light-dependent reaction and a product of the light-independent reaction, but canceling n water molecules from each side gives the net equation:" }, "Uniforms of the Confederate States Armed Forces-17": { "title": "Uniforms of the Confederate States Armed Forces", "section": "Confederate States Army uniforms", "headers": [ "Field and company officers", "Sleeve insignias, branch of service colors" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Confederate Army officers indicated their military affiliation with different colored facing on their coats or jackets. The colors were red for artillery, yellow for cavalry, light blue for infantry, and black for medical. A very distinctive feature of the Confederate officers uniforms was the gold braid Austrian knots on their sleeves. More elaborate braiding indicated higher rank and some knots almost reached the shoulder. However, a general order, issued in 1862, called for the Austrian knots not to be worn in the field, as this made officers conspicuous to enemy combatants." }, "Whole Foods Market-1": { "title": "Whole Foods Market", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Whole Foods Market Inc. is an American multinational supermarket chain headquartered in Austin, Texas, which exclusively sells products free from hydrogenated fats and artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives." }, "Diana, Princess of Wales-4": { "title": "Diana, Princess of Wales", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and represented her at functions across the Commonwealth realms. She was celebrated in the media for her unconventional approach to charity work. Her patronages initially centered on children and youth but she later became known for her involvement with AIDS patients and campaign for the removal of landmines. She also raised awareness and advocated ways to help people affected with cancer and mental illness. As princess, Diana was initially noted for her shyness, but her charisma and friendliness endeared her to the public and helped her reputation survive the acrimonious collapse of her marriage. Considered to be very photogenic, she was a leader of fashion in the 1980s and 1990s. Media attention and public mourning were extensive after her death in a car crash in a Paris tunnel in 1997 and subsequent televised funeral. Her legacy has had a deep impact on the royal family and British society." }, "NATO-2": { "title": "NATO", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Since its founding, the admission of new member states has increased the alliance from the original 12 countries to 30. The most recent member state to be added to NATO was North Macedonia on 27 March 2020. NATO currently recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, and Ukraine as aspiring members. An additional 20\u00a0countries participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, with 15\u00a0other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the global total. Members agreed that their aim is to reach or maintain the target defense spending of at least 2% of GDP by 2024." }, "Pope John XXII-2": { "title": "Pope John XXII", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "He was the second and longest-reigning Avignon Pope, elected by the Conclave of Cardinals, which was assembled in Lyon through the work of King Louis X's brother Philip, the Count of Poitiers, later King Philip V of France. Like his predecessor, Clement V, Pope John centralized power and income in the Papacy and lived a princely life in Avignon. He opposed the political policies of Louis IV of Bavaria as Holy Roman Emperor, which prompted Louis to invade Italy and set up an antipope, Nicholas V." }, "Sea turtle-12": { "title": "Sea turtle", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Sea turtles migrate to reach their spawning beaches, which are limited in numbers. Living in the ocean therefore means they usually migrate over large distances. All sea turtles have large body sizes, which is helpful for moving large distances. Large body sizes also offer good protection against the large predators (notably sharks) found in the ocean." }, "And Then There Were None-10": { "title": "And Then There Were None", "section": "Plot summary", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "That night, Lombard finds his gun returned to his room. Henry Blore catches a glimpse of someone leaving the house but loses the trail. Only Armstrong is absent from his room. Vera, Blore, and Lombard decide to stay together at all times. In the morning, they signal SOS to the mainland from outside by using a mirror and sunlight, but receive no reply. Blore returns to the house for food by himself and is killed by a heavy bear-shaped clock statue that is pushed from Vera's window sill, crushing his skull. Since neither of them were near the house when the death occurred, Vera and Lombard conclude that Armstrong is the killer." }, "La Grenouille (restaurant)-1": { "title": "La Grenouille (restaurant)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "La Grenouille is a historic and award-winning French restaurant located at 3 East 52nd Street between Fifth Avenue and Madison Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Founded in 1962 by former Henri Soul\u00e9 apprentice Charles Masson, Sr. and his wife Gis\u00e8le, later with sons Philippe and Charles, La Grenouille (French for \"The Frog\") became a location of choice among New York, U.S., and eventually international diners, including designers from the nearby Garment District of Manhattan. It is the last operating New York French haute cuisine restaurant from the 1960s, and remains a highly rated restaurant." }, "Fruit brandy-1": { "title": "Fruit brandy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fruit brandy or fruit spirit is a distilled beverage produced from mash, juice, wine or residues of edible fruits. The term covers a broad class of spirits produced across the world, and typically excludes beverages made from grapes, which are referred to as plain brandy (when made from distillation from wine) or pomace brandy (when made directly from grape pomace). Apples, pears, apricots, plums and cherries are the most commonly used fruits." }, "Dromedary-1": { "title": "Dromedary", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The dromedary (/\u02c8dr\u0252m\u0259d\u025bri/ or /-\u0259dri/), also called the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius), is a large, even-toed ungulate with one hump on its back. It is the tallest of the three species of camel; adult males stand 1.8\u20132\u00a0m (5.9\u20136.6\u00a0ft) at the shoulder, while females are 1.7\u20131.9\u00a0m (5.6\u20136.2\u00a0ft) tall. Males typically weigh between 400 and 600\u00a0kg (880 and 1,320\u00a0lb), and females weigh between 300 and 540\u00a0kg (660 and 1,190\u00a0lb). The species' distinctive features include its long, curved neck, narrow chest, a single hump (compared with two on the Bactrian camel and wild Bactrian camel), and long hairs on the throat, shoulders and hump. The coat is generally a shade of brown. The hump, 20\u00a0cm (7.9\u00a0in) tall or more, is made of fat bound together by fibrous tissue." }, "Male menstruation-1": { "title": "Male menstruation", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Male menstruation is a term used colloquially for a type of bleeding in the urine or faeces, reported in some tropical countries. It is actually caused by parasite infestation of the urinary tract or intestines by Schistosoma haematobium, and cases of it are actually schistosomiasis, formerly known as bilharziasis. In some tropical peoples that work in wet places such as rice fields, most boys pick up Schistosoma, and start a big part of the bleeding, about puberty when they start working in the rice fields, and uneducated locals think that it is normal and refer to it as the male equivalent of female menstruation, and call it by their native language word for \"menstruation\"." }, "Alfred Nobel-13": { "title": "Alfred Nobel", "section": "Nobel Prizes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "On 27 November 1895, at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Nobel signed his last will and testament and set aside the bulk of his estate to establish the Nobel Prizes, to be awarded annually without distinction of nationality. After taxes and bequests to individuals, Nobel's will allocated 94% of his total assets, 31,225,000 Swedish kronor, to establish the five Nobel Prizes. This converted to \u00a31,687,837 (GBP) at the time. In 2012, the capital was worth around SEK 3.1 billion (US$472 million, EUR 337 million), which is almost twice the amount of the initial capital, taking inflation into account." }, "CNES-1": { "title": "CNES", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The National Centre for Space Studies (CNES) (French: Centre national d'\u00e9tudes spatiales) is the French government space agency (administratively, a \"public administration with industrial and commercial purpose\"). Its headquarters are located in central Paris and it is under the supervision of the French Ministries of Defence and Research." }, "Capsaicin-7": { "title": "Capsaicin", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Research and pharmaceutical use" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Capsaicin is used as an analgesic in topical ointments and dermal patches to relieve pain, typically in concentrations between 0.025% and 0.1%. It may be applied in cream form for the temporary relief of minor aches and pains of muscles and joints associated with arthritis, backache, strains and sprains, often in compounds with other rubefacients." }, "Methane emissions-2": { "title": "Methane emissions", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "60 percent of methane emissions are caused by humans and livestock animals, while natural sources such as wetlands cause about 40 percent of methane emissions. Human sources include agriculture, especially animal agriculture and rice production, waste, and fugitive emissions from industry including the energy sector. Grazing animals such as cattle and sheep along with other livestock animals cause at least 30 percent of unnatural methane emissions. Fugitive emissions from oil, natural gas and coal contributes about 25 to 34 percent of unnatural methane emissions. Human waste including landfill and wastewater cause about 18 percent of unnatural methane emissions. Rice production causes about 7 to 20 percent of unnatural emissions. Wetlands make up about 30 percent while natural sources other than wetlands account for about 10 percent. This includes emissions near oil and gas deposits unrelated to human activity, volcanic activity, and emissions by termites." }, "The Blue Danube-1": { "title": "The Blue Danube", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"The Blue Danube\" is the common English title of \"An der sch\u00f6nen, blauen Donau\", Op.\u00a0314 (German for \"On the Beautiful Blue Danube\"), a waltz by the Austrian composer Johann Strauss II, composed in 1866. Originally performed on 15 February 1867 at a concert of the Wiener M\u00e4nnergesangsverein (Vienna Men's Choral Association), it has been one of the most consistently popular pieces of music in the classical repertoire. Its initial performance was considered only a mild success, however, and Strauss is reputed to have said, \"The devil take the waltz, my only regret is for the coda\u2014I wish that had been a success!\"" }, "Airline seat-29": { "title": "Airline seat", "section": "Seat size", "headers": [ "Seat width" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "There has been a decided trend to increase economy seating density in the twenty-first century. In 1985 none of the main four US carriers offered a seat less than 19 inches wide. Since the beginning of the twentyfirst century until 2018 average seat width decreased from 18.5 to 17 inches, and sometimes as low as 16.1 inches." }, "Atopy-6": { "title": "Atopy", "section": "Pathophysiology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "In an allergic reaction, initial exposure to an otherwise harmless exogenous substance (known as an allergen) triggers the production of specific IgE antibodies by activated B cells. These IgE antibodies bind to the surface of mast cells via high-affinity IgE receptors, a step that is not itself associated with a clinical response. However, upon re-exposure, the allergen binds to membrane-bound IgE which activates the mast cells, releasing a variety of mediators. This type I hypersensitivity reaction is the basis of the symptoms of allergic reactions, which range from sneezing and rhinorrhoea to anaphylaxis. Allergens can be a number of different substances, for example pollen, dander, dust mites, foods." }, "Kiln-10": { "title": "Kiln", "section": "Ceramic kilns", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Clamp kiln Skove kiln Scotch kiln Down-Draft kiln Shuttle Kilns: this is a car-bottom kiln with a door on one or both ends. Burners are positioned top and bottom on each side, creating a turbulent circular air flow. This type of kiln is generally a multi-car design and is used for processing whitewares, technical ceramics and refractories in batches. Depending upon the size of ware, shuttle kilns may be equipped with car-moving devices to transfer fired and unfired ware in and out of the kiln. Shuttle kilns can be either updraft or downdraft. A Shuttle Kiln derives its name from the fact that kiln cars can enter a shuttle kiln from either end of the kiln, whereas a tunnel kiln has flow in only one direction. Kiln technology is very old. Kilns developed from a simple earthen trench filled with pots and fuel pit firing, to modern methods. One improvement was to build a firing chamber around pots with baffles and a stoking hole. This conserved heat. A chimney stack improved the air flow or draw of the kiln, thus burning the fuel more completely." }, "Pope-74": { "title": "Pope", "section": "Titles", "headers": [ "Signature" ], "para_index": 74, "content": "citation needed] Papal bulls are headed N. Episcopus Servus Servorum Dei (\"Name, Bishop, Servant of the Servants of God\"). In general, they are not signed by the pope, but Pope John Paul II introduced in the mid-1980s the custom by which the pope signs not only bulls of canonization but also, using his normal signature, such as \"Benedictus PP. XVI\", bulls of nomination of bishops." }, "Karachi-66": { "title": "Karachi", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "Religion" ], "para_index": 66, "content": "Karachi is overwhelmingly Muslim, though the city is one of Pakistan's most secular cities. Approximately 85% of Karachi's Muslims are Sunnis, while 15% are Shi'ites. Sunnis primarily follow the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, with Sufism influencing religious practices by encouraging reverence for Sufi saints such as Abdullah Shah Ghazi and Mewa Shah. Shi'ites are predominantly Twelver, with a significant Ismaili minority which is further subdivided into Nizaris, Mustaalis, Dawoodi Bohras, and Sulaymanis." }, "Pharyngeal slit-1": { "title": "Pharyngeal slit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pharyngeal slits are filter-feeding organs found among deuterostomes. Pharyngeal slits are repeated openings that appear along the pharynx caudal to the mouth. With this position, they allow for the movement of water in the mouth and out the pharyngeal slits. It is postulated that this is how pharyngeal slits first assisted in filter-feeding, and later with the addition of gills along their walls, aided in respiration of aquatic chordates. These repeated segments are controlled by similar developmental mechanisms. Some hemichordate species can have as many as 200 gill slits. Pharyngeal slits resembling gill slits are transiently present during the embryonic stages of tetrapod development. The presence of gill-like slits in the neck of the developing human embryo famously led Ernst Haeckel to postulate that \"ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny\"; this hypothesis, while false, contains elements of truth, as explored by Stephen Jay Gould in Ontogeny and Phylogeny. However, it is now accepted that it is the vertebrate pharyngeal pouches and not the neck slits that are homologous to the pharyngeal slits of invertebrate chordates. Gill slits are, at some stage of life, found in all chordates. One theory of their origin is the fusion of nephridia which opened both on the outside and the gut, creating openings between the gut and the environment." }, "Diabetic diet-4": { "title": "Diabetic diet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The most agreed-upon recommendation is for the diet to be low in sugar and refined carbohydrates, while relatively high in dietary fiber, especially soluble fiber. Likewise, people with diabetes may be encouraged to reduce their intake of carbohydrates that have a high glycemic index (GI), although the ADA and Diabetes UK note that further evidence for this recommendation is needed. However in cases of hypoglycemia, they are advised to have food or drink that can raise blood glucose quickly, such as a sugary sports drink, followed by a long-acting carbohydrate (such as rye bread) to prevent risk of further hypoglycemia." }, "Associate degree-1": { "title": "Associate degree", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An associate degree is an undergraduate degree awarded after a course of post-secondary study lasting two or three years. It is a level of qualification between a high school diploma or GED and a bachelor's degree." }, "Apollo 15-8": { "title": "Apollo 15", "section": "Crew and key Mission Control personnel", "headers": [ "Crew" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Apollo 15's support crew consisted of astronauts Joseph P. Allen, Robert A. Parker and Karl G. Henize. All three were scientist-astronauts, selected in 1967, as the prime crew felt they needed more assistance with the science than with the piloting. None of the support crew would fly during the Apollo program, waiting until the Space Shuttle program to go into space." }, "Space Race-2": { "title": "Space Race", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The competition began in earnest on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite \"in the near future\". The Soviet Union achieved the first successful launch with the October 4, 1957, orbiting of Sputnik 1, and sent the first human to space with the orbital flight of Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961. The USSR also sent the first woman, Valentina Tereshkova, to space on June 16, 1963, with numerous other firsts taking place over the next few years with regards to flight duration, spacewalks and related activities. According to Russian sources, these achievements led to the conclusion that the USSR had an advantage in space technology in the early 1960s." }, "Suburb-2": { "title": "Suburb", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. In general, they have lower population densities than inner city neighborhoods within a metropolitan area, and most residents commute to central cities or other business districts; however, there are many exceptions, including industrial suburbs, planned communities, and satellite cities. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land." }, "Teacher-28": { "title": "Teacher", "section": "Teaching qualifications", "headers": [ "Professional standards" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "The functions of the teachers' colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education programs. In many situations teachers in publicly funded schools must be members in good standing with the college, and private schools may also require their teachers to be college members. In other areas these roles may belong to the State Board of Education, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, the State Education Agency or other governmental bodies. In still other areas Teaching Unions may be responsible for some or all of these duties." }, "Metric system-37": { "title": "Metric system", "section": "Common metric systems", "headers": [ "International System of Units" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "The International System of Units has been adopted as the official system of weights and measures by all nations in the world except for Myanmar, Liberia, and the United States, while the United States is the only industrialised country where the metric system is not the predominant system of units." }, "Curling-31": { "title": "Curling", "section": "Equipment", "headers": [ "Curling broom" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Curling brushes may have fabric, hog hair, or horsehair heads. Modern curling brush handles are usually hollow tubes made of fibreglass or carbon fibre instead of a solid length of wooden dowel. These hollow tube handles are lighter and stronger than wooden handles, allowing faster sweeping and also enabling more downward force to be applied to the broom head with reduced shaft flex. New, \"directional fabric\" brooms, which players are worried will alter the fundamentals of the sport by reducing the level of skill required, have been accused of giving players an unfair advantage. The new brooms were temporarily banned by the World Curling Federation and Curling Canada for the 2015\u20132016 season. The new brooms give sweepers unprecedented control over the direction the stone goes." }, "Oh No, Ross and Carrie!-14": { "title": "Oh No, Ross and Carrie!", "section": "Hosts", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Carrie Poppy is a writer and actress living in Los Angeles. She studied theater and philosophy at the University of the Pacific, then studied improvisation and sketch comedy at The Groundlings. She previously worked for the James Randi Educational Foundation and currently writes an investigative column for Skeptical Inquirer magazine. She is vegan and active in the animal rights movement." }, "Federal government of the United States-18": { "title": "Federal government of the United States", "section": "Executive branch", "headers": [ "President" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The president may sign legislation passed by Congress into law or may veto it, preventing it from becoming law unless two-thirds of both houses of Congress vote to override the veto. The president may unilaterally sign treaties with foreign nations. However, ratification of international treaties requires a two-thirds majority vote in the Senate. The president may be impeached by a majority in the House and removed from office by a two-thirds majority in the Senate for \"treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors\". The president may not dissolve Congress or call special elections but does have the power to pardon or release criminals convicted of offenses against the federal government (except in cases of impeachment), enact executive orders, and (with the consent of the Senate) appoint Supreme Court justices and federal judges." }, "Nitric acid-25": { "title": "Nitric acid", "section": "Reactions", "headers": [ "Reactions with non-metals" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Being a powerful oxidizing acid, nitric acid reacts violently with many organic materials and the reactions may be explosive. The hydroxyl group will typically strip a hydrogen from the organic molecule to form water, and the remaining nitro group takes the hydrogen's place. Nitration of organic compounds with nitric acid is the primary method of synthesis of many common explosives, such as nitroglycerin and trinitrotoluene (TNT). As very many less stable byproducts are possible, these reactions must be carefully thermally controlled, and the byproducts removed to isolate the desired product." }, "Iran-1": { "title": "Iran", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Iran (Persian: \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u200e Ir\u0101n [\u0294i\u02d0\u02c8\u027e\u0252\u02d0n] (listen)), also called Persia, and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u200e Jomhuri-ye Esl\u0101mi-ye Ir\u0101n (listen) [d\u0292omhu\u02d0\u02cc\u027eije esl\u0252\u02d0\u02ccmije \u0294i\u02d0\u02c8\u027e\u0252n]), is a country in Western Asia. With 83 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th most populous country. Its territory spans 1,648,195\u00a0km2 (636,372\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the political and economic center of Iran, and the largest and most populous city in Western Asia with more than 8.8 million residents in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area." }, "Metroid-10": { "title": "Metroid", "section": "Development", "headers": [ "History" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Rumors abounded since 2005 about the development of a game called Metroid Dread, supposedly a 2D side-scroller for the Nintendo DS. In Metroid Prime 3: Corruption, there is a message in the Metroid breeding zone of the Space Pirate Homeworld on a computer panel that if scanned says \"Experiment status report update: Metroid project 'Dread' is nearing the final stages of completion.\" Developers from Retro Studios gave a full but cryptic denial of any connection with the rumored game, and Nintendo denied they were making another 2D Metroid game. However, at E3 2009, Sakamoto confirmed Metroid Dread existed at one point, and may still be in development, though in a later interview Sakamoto stated that Nintendo prefers to keep secrecy on the project, and also that he would like to \"reset the situation at once and start from scratch.\" On the May 3, 2010, 75th episode of IGN's Nintendo Voice Chat Podcast, editor Craig Harris confirmed that the story for Metroid Dread was fully written and he had seen it at one point in time, claiming \"[Nintendo] has it and can bring it back at any time.\"" }, "United States Naval Academy-99": { "title": "United States Naval Academy", "section": "Appointment process", "headers": [ "Admissions requirements" ], "para_index": 99, "content": "To be admitted, candidates must be between seventeen and twenty-three years of age upon entrance, unmarried with no children, and of good moral character. The current process includes a college application, personality testing, standardized testing, and personal references. Candidates for admission must also undergo a physical aptitude test (the CFA or Candidate Fitness Assessment [formerly the Physical Readiness Examination]) as well as a complete physical exam including a separate visual acuity test to be eligible for appointment. A medical waiver will automatically be sought on behalf of candidates with less than 20/20 vision, as well as a range of other injuries or illnesses. The physical aptitude test is most often administered by a high school physical education teacher or sports team coach." }, "Veto-1": { "title": "Veto", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A veto (Latin for \"I forbid\") is the power (used by an officer of the state, for example) to unilaterally stop an official action, especially the enactment of legislation. A veto can be absolute, as for instance in the United Nations Security Council, whose permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America) can block any resolution, or it can be limited, as in the legislative process of the United States, where a two-thirds vote in both the House and Senate will override a Presidential veto of legislation. A veto may give power only to stop changes (thus allowing its holder to protect the status quo), like the US legislative veto, or to also adopt them (an \"amendatory veto\"), like the legislative veto of the Indian President, which allows him to propose amendments to bills returned to Congress for reconsideration." }, "Sandstone-10": { "title": "Sandstone", "section": "Components", "headers": [ "Matrix" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Quartz framework grains are the dominant minerals in most clastic sedimentary rocks; this is because they have exceptional physical properties, such as hardness and chemical stability. These physical properties allow the quartz grains to survive multiple recycling events, while also allowing the grains to display some degree of rounding. Quartz grains evolve from plutonic rock, which are felsic in origin and also from older sandstones that have been recycled. Feldspathic framework grains are commonly the second most abundant mineral in sandstones. Feldspar can be divided into two smaller subdivisions: alkali feldspars and plagioclase feldspars. The different types of feldspar can be distinguished under a petrographic microscope. Below is a description of the different types of feldspar. Alkali feldspar is a group of minerals in which the chemical composition of the mineral can range from KAlSi3O8 to NaAlSi3O8, this represents a complete solid solution. Plagioclase feldspar is a complex group of solid solution minerals that range in composition from NaAlSi3O8 to CaAl2Si2O8. Lithic framework grains are pieces of ancient source rock that have yet to weather away to individual mineral grains, called lithic fragments or clasts. Lithic fragments can be any fine-grained or coarse-grained igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock, although the most common lithic fragments found in sedimentary rocks are clasts of volcanic rocks. Accessory minerals are all other mineral grains in a sandstone; commonly these minerals make up just a small percentage of the grains in a sandstone. Common accessory minerals include micas (muscovite and biotite), olivine, pyroxene, and corundum. Many of these accessory grains are more dense than the silicates that make up the bulk of the rock. These heavy minerals are commonly resistant to weathering and can be used as an indicator of sandstone maturity through the ZTR index. Common heavy minerals include zircon, tourmaline, rutile (hence ZTR), garnet, magnetite, or other dense, resistant minerals derived from the source rock. Matrix is very fine material, which is present within interstitial pore space between the framework grains. The nature of the matrix within the interstitial pore space results in a twofold classification:" }, "Weight gain-8": { "title": "Weight gain", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "In regard to adipose tissue increases, a person generally gains weight by increasing food consumption, becoming physically inactive, or both. When energy intake exceeds energy expenditure (when the body is in positive energy balance), the body can store the excess energy as fat. However, the physiology of weight gain and loss is complex involving numerous hormones, body systems and environmental factors. Other factors beside energy balance that may contribute to gaining weight include:" }, "Uke (martial arts)-4": { "title": "Uke (martial arts)", "section": "Ukemi", "headers": [ "Forms" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Zenpo kaiten ukemi (\u524d\u65b9\u56de\u8ee2\u53d7\u8eab) / Mae mawari ukemi (\u524d\u56de\u308a\u53d7\u8eab) - a forward roll from the leading foot's shoulder to the hip on the opposite side. Mae ukemi (\u524d\u53d7\u3051\u8eab) / Zenp\u014d ukemi (\u524d\u65b9\u53d7\u8eab) - a forward breakfall. This can be in the form of a hard slapping breakfall or more of a forward roll like motion. There are subtleties in the different types of forward roll but the principle is that when being thrown forwards the uke (person being thrown) is able to roll out of danger in preference to sustaining an injury. K\u014dh\u014d ukemi (\u5f8c\u65b9\u53d7\u3051\u8eab) / Ushiro ukemi (\u5f8c\u308d\u53d7\u8eab) - a backwards roll or fall. Yoko ukemi (\u6a2a\u53d7\u3051\u8eab) / Sokuh\u014d ukemi (\u5074\u65b9\u53d7\u8eab) - a sideways fall. Tobi ukemi (\u98db\u3073\u53d7\u3051\u8eab) / Zenp\u014d hiyaku ukemi (\u524d\u65b9\u98db\u8e8d\u53d7\u8eab) / Kuten ukemi (\u7a7a\u8ee2\u53d7\u8eab) - more of a forward flip than a roll, a cross between yoko (landing) and mae ukemi (initiation), often used in response to wrist throws. Tobu (\u8df3\u3076 or \u98db\u3076) is the Japanese verb for \"to jump\" and \"to fly\". Correct ukemi will allow the uke to suffer the least amount of damage possible from a fall. If done correctly, the force of hitting the ground will be spread out along non-critical parts of the uke's body. By properly doing ukemi, the uke can roll out of danger and move into their next course of action without being damaged too much by hitting the ground." }, "Old Testament-16": { "title": "Old Testament", "section": "Composition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "These history books make up around half the total content of the Old Testament. Of the remainder, the books of the various prophets \u2013 Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the twelve \"minor prophets\" \u2013 were written between the 8th and 6th centuries BC, with the exceptions of Jonah and Daniel, which were written much later. The \"wisdom\" books \u2013 Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Psalms, Song of Solomon \u2013 have various dates: Proverbs possibly was completed by the Hellenistic time (332\u2013198 BC), though containing much older material as well; Job completed by the 6th century BC; Ecclesiastes by the 3rd century BC." }, "The Catcher in the Rye-26": { "title": "The Catcher in the Rye", "section": "Violent reactions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Several shootings have been associated with Salinger's novel, including Robert John Bardo's murder of Rebecca Schaeffer and John Hinckley Jr.'s assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan. Additionally, after fatally shooting John Lennon, Mark David Chapman was arrested with a copy of the book that he had purchased that same day, inside of which he had written: \"To Holden Caulfield, From Holden Caulfield, This is my statement\"." }, "General Zod-1": { "title": "General Zod", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "General Zod is a fictional supervillain appearing in comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in association with Superman. The character, who first appeared in Adventure Comics #283 (April 1961), was created by Robert Bernstein and initially designed by George Papp. As a Kryptonian, he exhibits the same powers and abilities as Superman and is consequently viewed as one of his greatest enemies alongside Lex Luthor and Brainiac. Zod is canonically one of Superman's oldest nemeses." }, "Billy West-1": { "title": "Billy West", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "William Richard Werstine (born April 16, 1952), known professionally as Billy West, is an American voice actor, musician, singer and songwriter. He is well known for his voice-work in commercials, films, television series and video games. His roles include the titular characters on The Ren & Stimpy Show (the former since season 3), Doug Funnie from Doug, and Philip J. Fry, Professor Farnsworth, Dr. Zoidberg, Zapp Brannigan and others on Futurama. In commercials, he is the current voice of the Red M&M and voiced Buzz from Honey Nut Cheerios until 2004. He has voiced Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd(Both from Space Jam), Popeye, Shaggy Rogers and Woody Woodpecker in subsequent animation and was also a cast member on The Howard Stern Show, noted for his impressions of Larry Fine, Marge Schott and George Takei." }, "Stock car racing-3": { "title": "Stock car racing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Contemporary NASCAR-spec top level cars produce maximum power outputs of 860-900\u00a0hp from their naturally aspirated V8 engines. In October 2007 American race car driver Russ Wicks set a speed record for stock cars in a 2007-season Dodge Charger built to NASCAR specifications by achieving a maximum speed of 244.9\u00a0mph (394.1\u00a0km/h) at Bonneville Speedway. For the 2015 NASCAR Cup Series, power output of the competing cars ranged from 750 to 800\u00a0hp (560 to 600\u00a0kW)." }, "Liberal arts college-1": { "title": "Liberal arts college", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A liberal arts college or liberal arts institution of higher education is a college with an emphasis on undergraduate study in the liberal arts and sciences. Such colleges aim to impart a broad general knowledge and develop general intellectual capacities, in contrast to a professional, vocational, or technical curriculum. Students in a liberal arts college generally major in a particular discipline while receiving exposure to a wide range of academic subjects, including sciences as well as the traditional humanities subjects taught as liberal arts. Although it draws on European antecedents, the liberal arts college is strongly associated with American higher education, and most liberal arts colleges around the world draw explicitly on the American model." }, "Switzerland-33": { "title": "Switzerland", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Modern history" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "Switzerland was not invaded during either of the world wars. During World War I, Switzerland was home to Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Vladimir Lenin) and he remained there until 1917. Swiss neutrality was seriously questioned by the Grimm\u2013Hoffmann Affair in 1917, but it was short-lived. In 1920, Switzerland joined the League of Nations, which was based in Geneva, on condition that it was exempt from any military requirements." }, "Coronavirus disease 2019-13": { "title": "Coronavirus disease 2019", "section": "Cause", "headers": [ "Transmission" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "The disease is spread during close contact, often by small droplets produced during coughing, sneezing, or talking. During close contact, (1 to 2 metres, 3 to 6 feet), people catch the disease after breathing in contaminated droplets that were exhaled by infected people. Contaminated droplets also cause infection when they settle in the noses or mouths of people in close proximity. However, the droplets are relatively heavy, usually fall to the ground or surfaces, and do not travel far through the air." }, "Sufi whirling-5": { "title": "Sufi whirling", "section": "Practice", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "A dervish practices multiple rituals, the primary of which is the dhikr, a remembering of Allah. The dhikr involves recitation of devotional Islamic prayer. This dhikr is coupled with physical exertions of movement, specifically dancing and whirling, in order to reach a state assumed by outsiders to be one of \"ecstatic trances\". As explained by Sufis:" }, "Internet-2": { "title": "Internet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The origins of the Internet date back to the development of packet switching and research commissioned by the United States Department of Defense in the 1960s to enable time-sharing of computers. The primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1970s. The funding of the National Science Foundation Network as a new backbone in the 1980s, as well as private funding for other commercial extensions, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks. The linking of commercial networks and enterprises by the early 1990s marked the beginning of the transition to the modern Internet, and generated a sustained exponential growth as generations of institutional, personal, and mobile computers were connected to the network. Although the Internet was widely used by academia in the 1980s, commercialization incorporated its services and technologies into virtually every aspect of modern life." }, "Duke of Valentinois-6": { "title": "Duke of Valentinois", "section": "Third creation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The first person to hold the title was Honor\u00e9 II, Prince of Monaco, reigning Prince at the time of its creation; on his death it passed to his son Louis I, and thence to Louis's son Antoine. However, since the title's inheritance was restricted to male heirs, and because Antoine had only daughters and no sons, it was due to pass his brother, Fran\u00e7ois-Honor\u00e9 Grimaldi, but became extinct on 22 July 1715 when Fran\u00e7ois-Honor\u00e9 forfeited his right to succeed Antoine." }, "Lifting gas-6": { "title": "Lifting gas", "section": "Gases theoretically suitable for lifting", "headers": [ "Hydrogen and helium" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The diffusion issue shared with Hydrogen (though, as Helium's molecular radius is smaller, it diffuses through more materials than Hydrogen). Helium is expensive. Although abundant in the universe, helium is very scarce on Earth. The only commercially viable reserves are a few natural gas wells, mostly in the US, that trapped it from the slow alpha decay of radioactive materials within Earth. By human standards helium is a non-renewable resource that cannot be practically manufactured from other materials. When released into the atmosphere, e.g., when a helium-filled balloon leaks or bursts, helium eventually escapes into space and is lost. Hydrogen (density 0.090\u00a0g/L at STP, average molecular mass 2.016\u00a0g/mol) and helium (density 0.179\u00a0g/L at STP, average molecular mass 4.003\u00a0g/mol) are the most commonly used lift gases. Although helium is twice as heavy as (diatomic) hydrogen, they are both so much lighter than air that this difference only results in hydrogen having 8% more buoyancy than helium." }, "Moon-3": { "title": "Moon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Moon is in synchronous rotation with Earth, and thus always shows the same side to Earth, the near side. Because of libration, slightly more than half (about 59%) of the total lunar surface can be viewed from Earth. The near side is marked by dark volcanic maria that fill the spaces between the bright ancient crustal highlands and the prominent impact craters. After the Sun, the Moon is the second-brightest celestial object regularly visible in Earth's sky. Its surface is actually dark, although compared to the night sky it appears very bright, with a reflectance just slightly higher than that of worn asphalt. Its gravitational influence produces the ocean tides, body tides, and the slight lengthening of the day." }, "Childbirth-29": { "title": "Childbirth", "section": "Vaginal birth", "headers": [ "First stage: active phase" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "During effacement, the cervix becomes incorporated into the lower segment of the uterus. During a contraction, uterine muscles contract causing shortening of the upper segment and drawing upwards of the lower segment, in a gradual expulsive motion.[citation needed] The presenting fetal part then is permitted to descend. Full dilation is reached when the cervix has widened enough to allow passage of the baby's head, around 10\u00a0cm dilation for a term baby." }, "Japanese macaque-3": { "title": "Japanese macaque", "section": "Physical characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Japanese macaque is sexually dimorphic. Males weigh on average 11.3\u00a0kg (25\u00a0lb), while females average 8.4\u00a0kg (19\u00a0lb). Macaques from colder areas tend to weigh more than ones from warmer areas. Male average height is 57.01\u00a0cm (22.44\u00a0in) and female average height is 52.28\u00a0cm (20.58\u00a0in). Their brain size is about 95\u00a0g (3.4\u00a0oz). Japanese macaques have short stumps for tails that average 92.51\u00a0mm (3.642\u00a0in) in males and 79.08\u00a0mm (3.113\u00a0in) in females. The macaque has a pinkish face and posterior. The rest of its body is covered in brown or greyish hair. The coat of the macaque is well-adapted to the cold and its thickness increases as temperatures decrease. The macaque can cope with temperatures as low as \u221220\u00a0\u00b0C (\u22124\u00a0\u00b0F)." }, "Constitution of the United Kingdom-1": { "title": "Constitution of the United Kingdom", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The constitution of the United Kingdom is the system of rules that shapes the political governance of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The UK constitution is not contained in a single code, but principles have emerged over the centuries from statute, case law, political conventions and social consensus. In this sense, it can be said that the United Kingdom does not have a constitution or a basic law. In England in 1215, Magna Carta required the King to call \"common counsel\" or Parliament, hold courts in a fixed place, guarantee fair trials, guarantee free movement of people, free the church from the state, and enshrined the rights of \"common\" people to use the land. After the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution 1688, Parliament won supremacy over the monarch, as well as the church and the courts, and the Bill of Rights 1689 recorded its fundamental unit of right in \"Person\" and that the \"election of members of Parliament ought to be free\". The Act of Union 1707 unified England, Wales and Scotland, while Ireland was joined in 1801, but the Republic of Ireland formally separated between 1916 and 1921. By the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928, almost every adult man and woman was finally entitled to vote for Parliament. The UK was a founding member of the International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations, the Commonwealth, the Council of Europe and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The principles of Parliamentary sovereignty, the rule of law, democracy, and internationalism guide the UK's modern political system to advance the social and economic development of its people." }, "Infant-5": { "title": "Infant", "section": "Physical characteristics of newborns", "headers": [ "Length" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In first world nations, the average total body length of a newborn is 35.6\u201350.8\u00a0cm (14.0\u201320.0\u00a0in), although premature newborns may be much smaller." }, "Short stature-2": { "title": "Short stature", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In a medical context, short stature is typically defined as an adult height that is more than two standard deviations below the mean for age and gender, which corresponds to the shortest 2.3% of individuals. In developed countries, this typically includes adult men who are shorter than 164 centimetres (5\u00a0ft 5\u00a0in) tall and adult women who are shorter than 149 centimetres (4\u00a0ft 11\u00a0in) tall. By comparison, the median or typical adult height in these populations (as the widely abundant statistics from these countries clearly state) is about 177 centimetres (5\u00a0ft 10\u00a0in) for men and 164 centimetres (5\u00a0ft 5\u00a0in) for women." }, "Lemonade-1": { "title": "Lemonade", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lemonade can be any variety of sweetened or unsweetened beverages found throughout the world, which are traditionally all characterized by a lemon flavor." }, "ABBA-120": { "title": "ABBA", "section": "Success in the United States", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 120, "content": "During their active career, from 1972 to 1982, ABBA placed 20 singles on the Billboard Hot 100, 14 of which made the Top 40 (13 on the Cashbox Top 100), with 10 making the Top 20 on both charts. A total of four of those singles reached the Top 10, including \"Dancing Queen\" which reached number one in April 1977. While \"Fernando\" and \"SOS\" did not break the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 (reaching number 13 and 15 respectively), they did reach the Top 10 on Cashbox (\"Fernando\") and Record World (\"SOS\") charts. Both \"Dancing Queen\" and \"Take a Chance on Me\" were certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over one million copies each." }, "Redbird Smith-3": { "title": "Redbird Smith", "section": "Political activism", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The late 19th century the Dawes Commission sought to break up collective tribal land holdings into individual allotments and open up the \"surplus\" tribal lands to settlement by non-natives. Redbird Smith led a political resistance movement to the Dawes Allotment Act and sought to return to traditional Cherokee religion and values." }, "Parachuting-21": { "title": "Parachuting", "section": "Safety", "headers": [ "Weather" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Parachuting in poor weather, especially with thunderstorms, high winds, and dust devils can be a more dangerous activity. Reputable drop zones will suspend normal operations during inclement weather. In the United States, the USPA's Basic Safety Requirements prohibit solo student skydivers from jumping in winds exceeding 14\u00a0mph while using ram-air equipment. However, maximum ground winds are unlimited for licensed skydivers." }, "Alfred Nobel-21": { "title": "Alfred Nobel", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Nobel gained proficiency in Swedish, French, Russian, English, German, and Italian. He also developed sufficient literary skill to write poetry in English. His Nemesis is a prose tragedy in four acts about Beatrice Cenci. It was printed while he was dying, but the entire stock was destroyed immediately after his death except for three copies, being regarded as scandalous and blasphemous. It was published in Sweden in 2003 and has been translated into Slovenian and French." }, "Urban planner-2": { "title": "Urban planner", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "An urban planner may focus on a specific area of practice and have a title such as city planner, town planner, regional planner, long-range planner, transportation planner, infrastructure planner, environmental planner, parks planner, physical planner, health planner, planning analyst, urban designer, community development director, economic development specialist or other similar combinations." }, "Ice trade-10": { "title": "Ice trade", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Opening up the trade, 1800\u201330" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The price of the imported ice varied according to the amount of economic competition; in Havana, Tudor's ice sold for 25 cents ($3.70 in 2010 terms) per pound, while in Georgia it reached only six to eight cents ($0.90\u2013$1.20 in 2010 terms). Where Tudor had a strong market share, he would respond to competition from passing traders by lowering his prices considerably, selling his ice at the unprofitable rate of one cent ($0.20) per pound (0.5\u00a0kg); at this price, competitors would typically be unable to sell their own stock at a profit: they would either be driven into debt or if they declined to sell, their ice would melt away in the heat. Tudor, relying on his local storage depots, could then increase his prices once again. By the middle of the 1820s, around 3,000 tons (3 million kg) of ice was being shipped from Boston annually, two thirds by Tudor." }, "Hermione Granger-3": { "title": "Hermione Granger", "section": "Character development", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Hermione Jean Granger is a Muggle-born Gryffindor, who becomes best friends with Harry Potter and Ron Weasley. J.K. Rowling states that she was born on 19 September 1979 and she was nearly twelve when she first attended Hogwarts. She is an overachiever who excels academically and is described by J.K Rowling as a \"very logical, upright and good\" character. J.K. Rowling adds that Hermione's parents, two Muggle dentists, are a bit bemused by their odd daughter but \"very proud of her all the same.\" They are well aware of the wizarding world and have visited Diagon Alley with her. Hermione was originally intended to have a sister, but the planned sibling did not make an appearance in the first Harry Potter novel and, as Rowling noted, it \"seemed too late\" to introduce the character after all of that. Rowling confirmed in a 2004 interview that Hermione is an only child." }, "Car-40": { "title": "Car", "section": "Weight", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "During the late 20th and early 21st century cars increased in weight due to batteries, modern steel safety cages, anti-lock brakes, airbags, and \"more-powerful\u2014if more-efficient\u2014engines\" and, as of 2019[update], typically weigh between 1 and 3 tonnes. Heavier cars are safer for the driver from a crash perspective, but more dangerous for other vehicles and road users. The weight of a car influences fuel consumption and performance, with more weight resulting in increased fuel consumption and decreased performance. The SmartFortwo, a small city car, weighs 750\u2013795\u00a0kg (1,655\u20131,755\u00a0lb). Heavier cars include full-size cars, SUVs and extended-length SUVs like the Suburban." }, "Caffeine-18": { "title": "Caffeine", "section": "Adverse effects", "headers": [ "Psychological" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Minor undesired symptoms from caffeine ingestion not sufficiently severe to warrant a psychiatric diagnosis are common and include mild anxiety, jitteriness, insomnia, increased sleep latency, and reduced coordination. Caffeine can have negative effects on anxiety disorders. According to a 2011 literature review, caffeine use is positively associated with anxiety and panic disorders. At high doses, typically greater than 300\u00a0mg, caffeine can both cause and worsen anxiety. For some people, discontinuing caffeine use can significantly reduce anxiety. In moderate doses, caffeine has been associated with reduced symptoms of depression and lower suicide risk." }, "Michael Scott (The Office)-1": { "title": "Michael Scott (The Office)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Michael Gary Scott is a fictional character on NBC's The Office, portrayed by Steve Carell and based on David Brent from the British version of the program. Michael is the central character of the series, serving as the Regional Manager of the Scranton branch of a paper distribution company, known as Dunder Mifflin Inc. from seasons 1\u20137. However, he temporarily leaves Dunder Mifflin to form the Michael Scott Paper Company with Pam Beesly and Ryan Howard toward the end of the 5th season and shares a co-managerial position with Jim Halpert during a 6th season arc from \"The Meeting\" to \"The Manager and the Salesman\". In the end of the 7th season, he proposes to HR representative Holly Flax and moves to Colorado to take care of her aging parents, leaving the manager position to Deangelo Vickers in \"Goodbye, Michael\", to Andy Bernard in season 8, after Vickers becomes brain dead, and ultimately to Dwight Schrute in season 9." }, "Aldi-1": { "title": "Aldi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Aldi (stylised as ALDI) is the common brand of two German family-owned discount supermarket chains with over 10,000 stores in 20 countries, and an estimated combined turnover of more than \u20ac50 billion. Based in Germany, the chain was founded by brothers Karl and Theo Albrecht in 1946 when they took over their mother's store in Essen. The business was split into two separate groups in 1960, that later became Aldi Nord, headquartered in Essen, and Aldi S\u00fcd, headquartered in M\u00fclheim. In 1962, they introduced the name Aldi (a syllabic abbreviation for Albrecht Diskont), which is pronounced [\u02c8aldi\u02d0] (listen). In Germany, Aldi Nord and Aldi S\u00fcd have been financially and legally separate since 1966, although both divisions' names may appear as if they were a single enterprise with certain store brands or when negotiating with contractor companies. The formal business name is Aldi Einkauf GmbH & Compagnie, oHG." }, "Mercury (planet)-4": { "title": "Mercury (planet)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Mercury's axis has the smallest tilt of any of the Solar System's planets (about \u200b1\u204430 degree). Its orbital eccentricity is the largest of all known planets in the Solar System; at perihelion, Mercury's distance from the Sun is only about two-thirds (or 66%) of its distance at aphelion. Mercury's surface appears heavily cratered and is similar in appearance to the Moon's, indicating that it has been geologically inactive for billions of years. Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat, it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System, ranging from 100\u00a0K (\u2212173\u00a0\u00b0C; \u2212280\u00a0\u00b0F) at night to 700\u00a0K (427\u00a0\u00b0C; 800\u00a0\u00b0F) during the day across the equatorial regions. The polar regions are constantly below 180\u00a0K (\u221293\u00a0\u00b0C; \u2212136\u00a0\u00b0F). The planet has no known natural satellites." }, "Tame Impala-1": { "title": "Tame Impala", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tame Impala is a psychedelic music project of Australian multi-instrumentalist Kevin Parker. In the recording studio, Parker writes, records, performs, and produces all of the project's music. As a touring act, Tame Impala consists of Parker (guitar, vocals), Dominic Simper (guitar, synthesiser), Jay Watson (synthesiser, vocals, guitar), Cam Avery (bass guitar, vocals), and Julien Barbagallo (drums, vocals). The group has a close affiliation with fellow Australian psychedelic rock band Pond, sharing members and collaborators, including Nick Allbrook, formerly a live member of Tame Impala. Originally signed to Modular Recordings, Tame Impala is now signed to Interscope Records in the US, and Fiction Records in the UK." }, "Cryptocurrency-2": { "title": "Cryptocurrency", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Bitcoin, first released as open-source software in 2009, is the first decentralized cryptocurrency. Since the release of bitcoin, over 6,000 altcoins (alternative variants of bitcoin, or other cryptocurrencies) have been created." }, "Hearing loss-1": { "title": "Hearing loss", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hearing loss, also known as hearing impairment, is a partial or total inability to hear. A deaf person has little to no hearing. Hearing loss may occur in one or both ears. In children, hearing problems can affect the ability to learn spoken language and in adults it can create difficulties with social interaction and at work. In some people, particularly older people, hearing loss can result in loneliness. Hearing loss can be temporary or permanent." }, "Edward II of England-1": { "title": "Edward II of England", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Edward II (25 April 1284\u00a0\u2013 21 September 1327), also called Edward of Carnarvon, was King of England from 1307 until he was deposed in January 1327. The fourth son of Edward I, Edward became the heir apparent to the throne following the death of his elder brother Alphonso. Beginning in 1300, Edward accompanied his father on campaigns to pacify Scotland. In 1306, he was knighted in a grand ceremony at Westminster Abbey. Following his father's death, Edward succeeded to the throne in 1307. He married Isabella, the daughter of the powerful King Philip IV of France, in 1308, as part of a long-running effort to resolve tensions between the English and French crowns." }, "Margaret Qualley-16": { "title": "Margaret Qualley", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Acting" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Also in 2019, Qualley portrayed the role of Mary Dalton in Rashid Johnson's HBO adaption of Native Son. In 2019, Qualley also portrayed actress and dancer Ann Reinking in the FX miniseries Fosse/Verdon, for which she received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie nomination. She then appeared in Quentin Tarantino's film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, playing a member of the Manson Family named Pussycat. and in Seberg opposite Kristen Stewart and Jack O'Connell directed by Benedict Andrews." }, "Grandmaster (chess)-1": { "title": "Grandmaster (chess)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Grandmaster (GM) is a title awarded to chess players by the world chess organization FIDE. Apart from World Champion, Grandmaster is the highest title a chess player can attain." }, "Lemon-15": { "title": "Lemon", "section": "Culinary uses", "headers": [ "Juice" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Lemon juice is used to make lemonade, soft drinks, and cocktails. It is used in marinades for fish, where its acid neutralizes amines in fish by converting them into nonvolatile ammonium salts. In meat, the acid partially hydrolyzes tough collagen fibers, tenderizing the meat, but the low pH denatures the proteins, causing them to dry out when cooked.[citation needed] In the United Kingdom, lemon juice is frequently added to pancakes, especially on Shrove Tuesday." }, "Video CD-2": { "title": "Video CD", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The format is a standard digital format for storing video on a compact disc. VCDs are playable in dedicated VCD players and widely playable in most DVD players, personal computers and some video game consoles. However, they are less widely playable in some Blu-ray Disc players, in-car infotainment with DVD/Blu-ray support and video game consoles such as the Sony PlayStation and Xbox due to lack of support for backward compatibility of the older MPEG-1 format." }, "Refrigeration-26": { "title": "Refrigeration", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Home and consumer use" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "General Electric (GE) was one of the first companies to overcome these challenges. In 1911 GE released a household refrigeration unit that was powered by gas. The use of gas eliminated the need for an electric compressor motor and decreased the size of the refrigerator. However, electric companies that were customers of GE did not benefit from a gas-powered unit. Thus, GE invested in developing an electric model. In 1927, GE released the Monitor Top, the first refrigerator to run on electricity." }, "Fictional universe of Harry Potter-1": { "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The fictional universe of British author J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series of fantasy novels comprises two distinct societies: the Wizarding World and the Muggle world. In the novels, the Muggle world is the world inhabited by the non-magical majority, with which the Wizarding world exists coextensively, albeit mostly remaining hidden from the non-magical humans. The plot of the series is set in 1990s Britain, but in a veiled and separate shadow society wherein magic is commonly used and practised, and those who can use it live in self-enforced seclusion, hiding their abilities from the rest of the world. The term \"Wizarding World\" refers to the global wizard community that lives hidden in parallel with the Muggle world; the different terms refer to different communities within the same area rather than separate planets or worlds. Any new works taking place in this universe are released under the \"J. K. Rowling's Wizarding World\" brand." }, "Strigoi-1": { "title": "Strigoi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Strigoi (English: striga, poltergeist) in Romanian mythology are troubled spirits that are said to have risen from the grave. They are attributed with the abilities to transform into an animal, become invisible, and to gain vitality from the blood of their victims. Bram Stoker's Dracula has become the modern interpretation of the Strigoi through their historic links with vampirism." }, "Mack Granite-2": { "title": "Mack Granite", "section": "Design", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Granite is a long-hood conventional. It measures 117.5 from the bumper to the back of the cab. Designed for local use it usually has a day-cab but a 36\" integral sleeper is available. Commonly a 6x4 (3 axles, 2 powered) there are packages from 4x2 (2 axles, 1 powered) to 8x6 (4 axles, 3 powered) and can be fitted with driven front, tandem-steer, lift, and extended trailing axles. Total loaded weight can be up to 92,000 pounds (42,000\u00a0kg) on four axles." }, "Bowling-1": { "title": "Bowling", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bowling is a target sport and recreational activity in which a player rolls a bowling ball toward pins (in pin bowling) or another target (in target bowling). In the U.S. and Canada, the term bowling usually refers to ten-pin bowling; in the U.K. and Commonwealth Countries, however, the term bowling could also refer to lawn bowls." }, "Warsaw Ghetto-3": { "title": "Warsaw Ghetto", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Siege of Warsaw continued until September 29, 1939. On September 10 alone, the Luftwaffe conducted 17 bombing raids on the city; three days later, 50 German planes attacked the city centre, targeting specifically Wola and \u017boliborz. In total, some 30,000 people were killed, and 10 percent of the city was destroyed. Along with the advancing Wehrmacht, the Einsatzgruppe EG IV and the Einsatzkommandos rolled into town. On November 7, 1939, the Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS reorganized them into local security service (SD). The commander of EG IV, SS-Standartenf\u00fchrer Josef Meisinger (the \"Butcher of Warsaw\"), was appointed chief of police for the newly formed Distrikt Warschau. After the takeover of Warsaw, the German authorities began the registration of the ethnic Germans who were issued the Kennkarte separate from the rest of the locals. By June 1940 there were 2,500 Reichsdeutsche and 5,500 Volksdeutsche registered in Warsaw. In the next two years their number more than doubled, on top of over 50,000 German military personnel." }, "Dalai Lama-1": { "title": "Dalai Lama", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dalai Lama (UK: /\u02c8d\u00e6la\u026a \u02c8l\u0251\u02d0m\u0259/, US: /\u02c8d\u0251\u02d0la\u026a \u02c8l\u0251\u02d0m\u0259/; Standard Tibetan: \u0f4f\u0f71\u0f0b\u0f63\u0f60\u0f72\u0f0b\u0f56\u0fb3\u0f0b\u0f58\u0f0b, T\u0101 la'i bla ma, [t\u00e1\u02d0l\u025b\u02d0 l\u00e1ma]) is a title given by the Tibetan people for the foremost spiritual leader of the Gelug or \"Yellow Hat\" school of Tibetan Buddhism, the newest of the classical schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The 14th and current Dalai Lama is Tenzin Gyatso, who lives as a refugee in India." }, "Twelve-tone technique-1": { "title": "Twelve-tone technique", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The twelve-tone technique\u2014also known as dodecaphony, twelve-tone serialism, and (in British usage) twelve-note composition\u2014is a method of musical composition first devised by Austrian composer Josef Matthias Hauer,[not verified in body] who published his \"law of the twelve tones\" in 1919. In 1923, Arnold Schoenberg (1874\u20131951) developed his own, better-known version of 12-tone technique, which became associated with the \"Second Viennese School\" composers, who were the primary users of the technique in the first decades of its existence. The technique is a means of ensuring that all 12 notes of the chromatic scale are sounded as often as one another in a piece of music while preventing the emphasis of any one note through the use of tone rows, orderings of the 12 pitch classes. All 12 notes are thus given more or less equal importance, and the music avoids being in a key. Over time, the technique increased greatly in popularity and eventually became widely influential on 20th-century composers. Many important composers who had originally not subscribed to or even actively opposed the technique, such as Aaron Copland and Igor Stravinsky,[clarification needed] eventually adopted it in their music." }, "Lemon-2": { "title": "Lemon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses. The pulp and rind are also used in cooking and baking. The juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a pH of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. The distinctive sour taste of lemon juice makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and lemon meringue pie." }, "Seafood-33": { "title": "Seafood", "section": "In religion", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "For the most part Islamic dietary laws allow the eating of seafood, though the Hanbali forbid eels, the Shafi forbid frogs and crocodiles, and the Hanafi forbid bottom feeders such as shellfish and carp. The Jewish laws of Kashrut forbid the eating of shellfish and eels. In the Old Testament, the Mosaic Covenant allowed the Israelites to eat finfish, but shellfish and eels were an abomination and not allowed. In ancient and medieval times, the Catholic Church forbade the practice of eating meat, eggs and dairy products during Lent. Thomas Aquinas argued that these \"afford greater pleasure as food [than fish], and greater nourishment to the human body, so that from their consumption there results a greater surplus available for seminal matter, which when abundant becomes a great incentive to lust.\" In the United States, the Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays during Lent has popularized the Friday fish fry, and parishes often sponsor a fish fry during Lent. In predominantly Roman Catholic areas, restaurants may adjust their menus during Lent by adding seafood items to the menu." }, "Plastic Ono Band-2": { "title": "Plastic Ono Band", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Lennon and Ono began a personal and artistic relationship in 1968, collaborating on several experimental releases. Following their marriage in 1969, they decided their future endeavours would be credited to a conceptual and collaborative vehicle, Plastic Ono Band. The band featured a rotating lineup of musicians including Eric Clapton, Klaus Voormann, Alan White, Billy Preston, Jim Keltner, Keith Moon, Delaney & Bonnie and Friends, and Lennon's former Beatles bandmates George Harrison and Ringo Starr. After the Lennons' move to New York, they collaborated with Elephant's Memory under the moniker of the \"Plastic Ono Elephant's Memory Band\". Lennon's collaborations continued under similar names, until the winding down of the concept in 1974." }, "Leafhopper-6": { "title": "Leafhopper", "section": "Description and ecology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Leafhoppers have piercing-sucking mouthparts, enabling them to feed on plant sap. A leafhoppers' diet commonly consists of sap from a wide and diverse range of plants, but some are more host-specific. Leafhoppers mainly are herbivores, but some are known to eat smaller insects, such as aphids, on occasion. A few species are known to be mud-puddling, but as it seems, females rarely engage in such behavior. Many species are also known to opportunistically pierce the human skin and draw blood but the function of such behaviour is unclear." }, "Rash-2": { "title": "Rash", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A rash may be localized in one part of the body, or affect all the skin. Rashes may cause the skin to change color, itch, become warm, bumpy, chapped, dry, cracked or blistered, swell, and may be painful." }, "Christmas tree-1": { "title": "Christmas tree", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A Christmas tree is a decorated tree, usually an evergreen conifer, such as a spruce, pine or fir, or an artificial tree of similar appearance, associated with the celebration of Christmas, hence its name, originating in Northern Europe. The custom was developed in medieval Livonia (present-day Estonia and Latvia), and in early modern Germany where Protestant Germans brought decorated trees into their homes. It acquired popularity beyond the Lutheran areas of Germany and the Baltic countries during the second half of the 19th century, at first among the upper classes. The Catholic Church had long resisted this Protestant custom and the Christmas Tree stood for the first time in Vatican in 1982." }, "Movie theater-51": { "title": "Movie theater", "section": "Pricing and admission", "headers": [ "Luxury screens" ], "para_index": 51, "content": "Some cinemas in city centers offer luxury seating with services like complimentary refills of soft drinks and popcorn, a bar serving beer, wine and liquor, reclining leather seats and service bells. Cinemas must have a liquor license to serve alcohol. The Vue Cinema and CGV Cinema chain is a good example of a large-scale offering of such a service, called \"Gold Class\" and similarly, ODEON, Britain's largest cinema chain, and 21 Cineplex, Indonesia's largest cinema chain, have gallery areas in some of their bigger cinemas where there is a separate foyer area with a bar and unlimited snacks." }, "Genghis Khan-18": { "title": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Wives, concubines, and children", "headers": [ "Yesugen" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "During his military campaign against the Tatars, Tem\u00fcjin fell in love with Yesugen and took her in as a wife. She was the daughter of a Tatar leader named Yeke Cheren that Tem\u00fcjin's army had killed during battle. After the military campaign against the Tatars was over, Yesugen, one of the survivors went to Tem\u00fcjin, who slept with her. According to the Secret History of the Mongols, while they were having sex Yesugen asked Tem\u00fcjin to treat her well and to not discard her. When Tem\u00fcjin seemed to agree with this, Yesugen recommended that he also marry her sister Yesui. \u201cBeing loved by him, Yis\u00fcgen Qatun said, \u2018If it pleases the Qa\u2019an, he will take care of me, regarding me as a human being and a person worth keeping. But my elder sister, who is called Yis\u00fci, is superior to me: she is indeed fit for a ruler.\u2019 \u201d -The Secret History of The Mongols Both the Tatar sisters, Yesugen and Yesui, became a part of Tem\u00fcjin's principal wives and were given their own camps to manage. Tem\u00fcjin also took a third woman from the Tatars, an unknown concubine." }, "Model (person)-24": { "title": "Model (person)", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Fashion modelling", "Runway modelling" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "The often thin shape of many fashion models has been criticized for warping girls' body image and encouraging eating disorders. Organisers of a fashion show in Madrid in September 2006 turned away models who were judged to be underweight by medical personnel who were on hand. In February 2007, following the death of her sister, Luisel Ramos, also a model, Uruguayan model Eliana Ramos became the third fashion model to die of malnutrition in six months. The second victim was Ana Carolina Reston. Luisel Ramos died of heart failure caused by anorexia nervosa just after stepping off the catwalk. In 2015, France passed a law requiring models to be declared healthy by a doctor in order to participate in fashion shows. The law also requires re-touched images to be marked as such in magazines." }, "Joker (2019 film)-46": { "title": "Joker (2019 film)", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "Industry response" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "Joker generated positive responses from industry figures. DC Comics chief creative officer Jim Lee praised it as \"intense, raw and soulful,\" and said that it remained true to the character despite deviating from the source material. Actor Mark Hamill, who has voiced the Joker in animation and video games, thought the film \"brilliantly\" reinvented the character and gave it \"[two] thumbs up.\" Documentary filmmaker Michael Moore called Joker a \"cinematic masterpiece\" and said it was a \"danger to society\" if people did not see it. Actor Josh Brolin, who portrays Thanos in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, found the film powerful: \"To appreciate Joker I believe you have to have either gone through something traumatic in your lifetime (and I believe most of us have) or understand somewhere in your psyche what true compassion is.\" Actor Vincent D'Onofrio, who portrays Wilson Fisk in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, vocally praised Phoenix's performance in the film on Twitter, stating that he \"deserves recognition for this performance,\" while actress Jessica Chastain agreed, replying, \"it's one of the greatest pieces of acting I've ever seen.\" Actress and writer Phoebe Waller-Bridge also praised the film, stating: \"I think the reason people got so uncomfortable is because it feels too true, too raw. I was watching it and thinking to myself, God, if this came out a year into Obama's time in office, I don't think we'd be feeling as worried about it\"." }, "Vellore Fort-1": { "title": "Vellore Fort", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Vellore Fort is a large 16th-century fort situated in heart of the Vellore city, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India built by Vijayanagara kings. The fort was at one time the headquarters of the Aravidu Dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire. The fort is known for its grand ramparts, wide moat and robust masonry." }, "Jujutsu-1": { "title": "Jujutsu", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jujutsu (English: /d\u0292u\u02d0\u02c8d\u0292\u028atsu\u02d0/ joo-JOOT-soo; Japanese: \u67d4\u8853 j\u016bjutsu listen\u00a0(help\u00b7info)), also known as Japanese Jujutsu, JJJ, Jujitsu or Japanese Ju-Jitsu, is a family of Japanese martial arts and a method of close combat for defeating an opponent in which one uses either a short weapon or bare hands, and selected subset of techniques from certain styles of Japanese Jujutsu were used to develop modern martial arts and combat sports, such as Judo, Sambo, ARB, Brazilian jiu-jitsu and mixed martial arts." }, "L. Ron Hubbard-1": { "title": "L. Ron Hubbard", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (March 13, 1911\u00a0\u2013 January 24, 1986) was an American author of science fiction and fantasy stories and the founder of the Church of Scientology. In 1950, Hubbard authored Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health and established a series of organizations to promote Dianetics. In 1952, Hubbard lost the rights to Dianetics in bankruptcy proceedings, and he subsequently founded Scientology. Thereafter Hubbard oversaw the growth of the Church of Scientology into a worldwide organization." }, "Paratrooper-2": { "title": "Paratrooper", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Paratroopers jump out of airplanes and use parachutes to land safely on the ground. This is one of the three types of \"forced entry\" strategic techniques for entering a theater of war; the other two being by land and by water. Their tactical advantage of entering the battlefield from the air is that they can attack areas not directly accessible by other transport. The ability of air assault to enter the battlefield from any location allows paratroopers to evade emplaced fortifications that guard from attack from a specific direction. The possible use of paratroopers also forces defenders to spread out to protect other areas which would otherwise be safe. Another common use for paratroopers is to establish an airhead for landing other units, as at the Battle of Crete." }, "Orville Redenbacher-1": { "title": "Orville Redenbacher", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Orville Clarence Redenbacher (July 16, 1907 \u2013 September 19, 1995) was an American businessman most often associated with the brand of popcorn that bears his name that is now owned by ConAgra." }, "Density-5": { "title": "Density", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "To simplify comparisons of density across different systems of units, it is sometimes replaced by the dimensionless quantity \"relative density\" or \"specific gravity\", i.e. the ratio of the density of the material to that of a standard material, usually water. Thus a relative density less than one means that the substance floats in water." }, "Carmine-1": { "title": "Carmine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Carmine (/\u02c8k\u0251\u02d0rm\u026an/ or /\u02c8k\u0251\u02d0rma\u026an/), also called cochineal, cochineal extract, crimson lake or carmine lake, natural red 4, C.I.\u00a075470, or E120, is a pigment of a bright-red color obtained from the aluminium salt of carminic acid; it is also a general term for a particularly deep-red color. The pigment is produced from some scale insects such as the cochineal scale and certain Porphyrophora species (Armenian cochineal and Polish cochineal). Carmine is used in the manufacture of artificial flowers, paints, crimson ink, rouge and other cosmetics, and some medications. It is routinely added to food products such as yogurt, candy and certain brands of juice, the most notable ones being those of the ruby-red variety." }, "West Germanic languages-2": { "title": "West Germanic languages", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The three most prevalent West Germanic languages are English, German, and Dutch. The family also includes other High and Low German languages including Afrikaans and Yiddish (which are daughter languages of Dutch and German, respectively), in addition to other Franconian languages, like Luxembourgish, and Ingvaeonic (North Sea Germanic) languages next to English, such as the Frisian languages and Scots. Additionally, several creoles, patois, and pidgins are based on Dutch, English and German as they were languages of colonial empires." }, "Axis powers-1": { "title": "Axis powers", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Axis powers (German: Achsenm\u00e4chte; Italian: Potenze dell'Asse; Japanese: \u67a2\u8ef8\u56fd S\u016bjikukoku), also known as \"Rome\u2013Berlin\u2013Tokyo Axis\" were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allies. The Axis powers agreed on their opposition to the Allies, but did not completely coordinate their activity." }, "Constitution of the United States-3": { "title": "Constitution of the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "According to the United States Senate: \"The Constitution's first three words\u2014We the People\u2014affirm that the government of the United States exists to serve its citizens. For over two centuries the Constitution has remained in force because its framers wisely separated and balanced governmental powers to safeguard the interests of majority rule and minority rights, of liberty and equality, and of the federal and state governments.\" The first permanent constitution of its kind, adopted by the people's representatives for an expansive nation, it is interpreted, supplemented, and implemented by a large body of constitutional law, and has influenced the constitutions of other nations." }, "Great Expectations-1": { "title": "Great Expectations", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Great Expectations is the thirteenth novel by Charles Dickens and his penultimate completed novel, which depicts the education of an orphan nicknamed Pip (the book is a bildungsroman, a coming-of-age story). It is Dickens's second novel, after David Copperfield, to be fully narrated in the first person. The novel was first published as a serial in Dickens's weekly periodical All the Year Round, from 1 December 1860 to August 1861. In October 1861, Chapman and Hall published the novel in three volumes." }, "Hermes-8": { "title": "Hermes", "section": "Name and origin", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "His cult was established in Greece in remote regions, likely making him originally a god of nature, farmers, and shepherds. It is also possible that since the beginning he has been a deity with shamanic attributes linked to divination, reconciliation, magic, sacrifices, and initiation and contact with other planes of existence, a role of mediator between the worlds of the visible and invisible. According to a theory that has received considerable scholarly acceptance, Hermes originated as a form of the god Pan, who has been identified as a reflex of the Proto-Indo-European pastoral god *P\u00e9h2us\u014dn, in his aspect as the god of boundary markers. Later, the epithet supplanted the original name itself and Hermes took over the roles as god of messengers, travelers, and boundaries, which had originally belonged to Pan, while Pan himself continued to be venerated by his original name in his more rustic aspect as the god of the wild in the relatively isolated mountainous region of Arcadia. In later myths, after the cult of Pan was reintroduced to Attica, Pan was said to be Hermes's son." }, "Ballet-22": { "title": "Ballet", "section": "Technical methods of ballet instruction", "headers": [ "French method" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "The French method is the basis of all ballet training. When Louis XIV created the Acad\u00e9mie Royale de Danse in 1661, he helped to create the codified technique still used today by those in the profession, regardless of what method of training they adhere to. The French school was particularly revitalized under Rudolf Nureyev, in the 1980s. His influence revitalized and renewed appreciation for this style, and has drastically shaped ballet as a whole. In fact, the French school is now sometimes referred to as Nureyev school. The French method is often characterized by technical precision, fluidity and gracefulness, and elegant, clean lines. For this style, fast footwork is often utilized in order to give the impression that the performers are drifting lightly across the stage. Two important trademarks of this technique are the specific way in which the port de bras and the \u00e9paulement are performed, more rounded than when dancing in a Russian style, but not as rounded as the Danish style." }, "The Death of Superman-3": { "title": "The Death of Superman", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "\"The Death of Superman\" is divided into three story arcs: \"Doomsday!\", \"Funeral for a Friend\", and \"Reign of the Supermen!\". The first arc chronicles Superman's fight with the monster Doomsday and concludes with his apparent death. The second depicts Superman's fellow superheroes and the rest of the DC Universe mourning his death, ending with his adoptive father Jonathan Kent having a heart attack. The third sees the emergence of four Superman imposters before the original returns. A number of characters in \"The Death of Superman\", such as Doomsday, the Cyborg Superman, and Steel, would recur in later DC publications." }, "Michael Scott (The Office)-20": { "title": "Michael Scott (The Office)", "section": "Character information, arc, and backstory", "headers": [ "Personality and management style" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Apart from his masterful salesmanship, Michael is lacking in almost any other skills, management or otherwise. Jim Halpert once made a color graph of how Michael spends his time: 80% distracting others; 19% procrastination; and 1% critical thinking. Jim added that he inflated the \"critical thinking\" percentage so people could actually see it on the graph. His laid-back approach more often results in lower than expected workplace productivity, particularly when Michael places personal interests as a priority over work (such as his birthday, someone else's birthday, or his various seminars). To avoid being disciplined for his foolish actions, Michael often resorts to scapegoating employees to cover himself. Although his actions often lead to more problems for his employees, Michael believes that Scranton is \"the cool, fun branch... like Animal House\". He is genuinely upset when the top salesman from the Utica office trashes Scranton in a phone call by saying it's \"worse than Camden\"." }, "President of the United States-5": { "title": "President of the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Article II, Section 1, Clause 5 sets three qualifications for holding the presidency: natural-born U.S. citizenship; at least thirty-five years of age; and residency in the United States for at least fourteen years. The Twenty-second Amendment states that no person who has been elected to two presidential terms may be elected to a third. In all, 44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms, so he is counted twice, as both the 22nd and 24th president." }, "Apple-1": { "title": "Apple", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An apple is an edible fruit produced by an apple tree (Malus domestica). Apple trees are cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus Malus. The tree originated in Central Asia, where its wild ancestor, Malus sieversii, is still found today. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe and were brought to North America by European colonists. Apples have religious and mythological significance in many cultures, including Norse, Greek and European Christian tradition." }, "American Revolutionary War-42": { "title": "American Revolutionary War", "section": "Course of the war", "headers": [ "Stalemate in the North (1778\u20131780)" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Clinton withdrew from Philadelphia, consolidating his forces in New York following the British defeat at Saratoga and the entry of France into the war. French admiral the Comte d'Estaing had been dispatched to America in April 1778 to assist Washington, and he arrived shortly after Clinton withdrew into New York. The Franco-American forces felt that New York's defenses were too formidable for the French fleet, and they opted to attack Newport. This effort was launched on August 29, but it failed when the French opted to withdraw, and this displeased the Americans. The war then ground down to a stalemate, with the majority of actions fought as large skirmishes, such as those at Chestnut Neck and Little Egg Harbor. In the summer of 1779, the Americans captured British posts at the Battles of Stony Point and Paulus Hook. In July, Clinton unsuccessfully attempted to coax Washington into a decisive engagement by making a major raid into Connecticut. That month, a large American naval operation attempted to retake Maine, but it resulted in the worst American naval defeat until Pearl Harbor in 1941. The high frequency of Iroquois raids compelled Washington to mount a punitive expedition which destroyed a large number of Iroquois settlements, but the effort ultimately failed to stop the raids. During the winter of 1779\u201380, the Continental Army suffered greater hardships than at Valley Forge. Morale was poor, public support was being eroded by the long war, the national currency was virtually worthless, the army was plagued with supply problems, desertion was common, and whole regiments mutinied over the conditions in early 1780." }, "Christopher Hitchens-2": { "title": "Christopher Hitchens", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "As an anti-theist, he regarded all religions as false, harmful, and authoritarian. He argued in favour of free expression and scientific discovery, and that it was superior to religion as an ethical code of conduct for human civilization. He also advocated for the separation of church and state. The dictum \"What can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence\" has become known as Hitchens's razor." }, "Moonrise-1": { "title": "Moonrise", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Moonrise is the first appearance of the Moon over the Earth's eastern horizon. It may also refer to:" }, "Climate of Florida-7": { "title": "Climate of Florida", "section": "Wind", "headers": [ "Winter" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "On average, Florida has the mildest winters in the Continental United States. Average lows range from 65\u00a0\u00b0F (18\u00a0\u00b0C) in Key West to near 41\u00a0\u00b0F (5\u00a0\u00b0C) degrees Fahrenheit at Tallahassee, while daytime highs range from 64\u00a0\u00b0F (18\u00a0\u00b0C) at Tallahassee to 77\u00a0\u00b0F (25\u00a0\u00b0C) at Miami. Predominant tropical easterly winds across central and southern Florida keep temperatures warm during the winter. Occasional strong cold fronts move southward down the peninsula with freezing or near freezing temperatures on a few nights into inland areas of central Florida every few years. A few times each decade Miami might see a winter night fall below 45\u00a0\u00b0F (7\u00a0\u00b0C). El Ni\u00f1o winters tend to be cooler due to increased cloud cover, but tend to have fewer freezes." }, "La Grenouille (restaurant)-3": { "title": "La Grenouille (restaurant)", "section": "Menu", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The menu of La Grenouille is essentially entirely \"haute French cuisine,\" with customer menus presenting the French names of classic and more modern dishes, followed by the English, and an English description." }, "Tenth Doctor-1": { "title": "Tenth Doctor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Tenth Doctor is an incarnation of the Doctor, the protagonist of the BBC science fiction television programme Doctor Who, who is played by David Tennant in three series as well as nine specials. As with previous incarnations of the Doctor, the character has also appeared in other Doctor Who spin-offs. In the programme's narrative, the Doctor is a centuries-old Time Lord alien from the planet Gallifrey who travels in time in his TARDIS, frequently with companions. At the end of life, the Doctor can regenerate his body; in doing so, his physical appearance and personality change, and a new actor assumes the role. Tennant's portrayal of the Doctor is of an outwardly charismatic and charming adventurer whose likable and easygoing attitude can quickly turn to righteous fury when provoked." }, "Sistine Chapel-15": { "title": "Sistine Chapel", "section": "Architecture", "headers": [ "Structure" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The building is divided into three stories of which the lowest is a very tall basement level with several utilitarian windows and a doorway giving onto the exterior court. Internally, the basement is robustly vaulted to support the chapel. Above is the main space, the Sistine Chapel, the vaulted ceiling rising to 20.7 metres (68\u00a0ft). The building had six tall arched windows down each side and two at either end, several of which have been blocked. Above the vault is a third story with wardrooms for guards. At this level, an open projecting gangway was constructed, which encircled the building supported on an arcade springing from the walls. The gangway has been roofed as it was a continual source of water leaking in to the vault of the Chapel." }, "IPhone-1": { "title": "IPhone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The iPhone is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. All generations of the iPhone use Apple's iOS mobile operating system software. The first-generation iPhone was released on June 29, 2007, and multiple new hardware iterations with new iOS releases have been released since." }, "Melinda Clarke-4": { "title": "Melinda Clarke", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "She appeared on the Fox drama The O.C. as Julie Cooper, a cunning socialite who marries for money. Her character in the show is mainly portrayed as a manipulative, morally wrong woman, but as the show progresses the reasons behind her choices are explained. She was originally billed as a guest star in the first few episodes, and due to fan response was offered a series regular contract; Clarke accepted the role and her character became an integral part of the show's storylines. As well as starring on The O.C., she has appeared on HBO's hit series Entourage as a fictionalized version of herself, married to Malcolm McDowell's Terrance McQuewick. Clarke also appeared as the Devil's girlfriend in The CW's 2007 series Reaper. She also auditioned for the role of \"Number Six\" on SCI-FI's smash hit Battlestar Galactica but the role ultimately went to Tricia Helfer." }, "Spice Girls-25": { "title": "Spice Girls", "section": "Band history", "headers": [ "2016\u2013present: Second reunion" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "On 8 July 2016, Brown, Bunton, and Halliwell released a video celebrating the 20th anniversary of their first single \"Wannabe\", alongside a website under the name \"The Spice Girls - GEM\" and teased news from them as a three-piece. Brown later clarified that \"GEM\" was not a new name for the three-piece but rather simply the name of the website. Beckham and Chisholm opted not to take part in a reunion project, with Brown reaffirming their positions in saying, \"Victoria's busy [...] Mel C's doing her own album\" and noted that both members gave the three-piece their blessing to continue with the project. On 23 November 2016, a new song, \"Song for Her\", was leaked online. Following Halliwell's announcement of her pregnancy, the project was cancelled." }, "Saint Nicholas-1": { "title": "Saint Nicholas", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Saint Nicholas of Myra (traditionally 15 March 270 \u2013 6 December 343), also known as Nicholas of Bari, was an early Christian bishop of Greek descent from the maritime city of Myra in Asia Minor (Greek: \u039c\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1; modern-day Demre, Turkey) during the time of the Roman Empire. Because of the many miracles attributed to his intercession, he is also known as Nicholas the Wonderworker. Saint Nicholas is the patron saint of sailors, merchants, archers, repentant thieves, prostitutes, children, brewers, pawnbrokers, and students in various cities and countries around Europe. His reputation evolved among the faithful, as was common for early Christian saints, and his legendary habit of secret gift-giving gave rise to the traditional model of Santa Claus (\"Saint Nick\") through Sinterklaas." }, "Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States-3": { "title": "Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States", "section": "Nomination", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution, known as the Appointments Clause, empowers the president to nominate and, with the confirmation (advice and consent) of the United States Senate, to appoint public officials, including justices of the Supreme Court. This clause is one example of the system of checks and balances inherent in the Constitution. The president has the plenary power to nominate, while the Senate possesses the plenary power to reject or confirm the nominee." }, "McDonald's-2": { "title": "McDonald's", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "McDonald's is the world's largest restaurant chain by revenue, serving over 69 million customers daily in over 100 countries across 37,855 outlets as of 2018. Although McDonald's is best known for its hamburgers, cheeseburgers and french fries, they feature chicken products, breakfast items, soft drinks, milkshakes, wraps, and desserts. In response to changing consumer tastes and a negative backlash because of the unhealthiness of their food, the company has added to its menu salads, fish, smoothies, and fruit. The McDonald's Corporation revenues come from the rent, royalties, and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. According to two reports published in 2018, McDonald's is the world's second-largest private employer with 1.7 million employees (behind Walmart with 2.3 million employees)." }, "Yeah! (Usher song)-10": { "title": "Yeah! (Usher song)", "section": "Commercial performance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "\"Yeah!\" debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number fifty-three on January 13, 2004 prior to its official release two weeks later. On March 2, the song peaked atop the chart and stayed at that position for twelve consecutive weeks. \"Yeah!\" became Usher's fourth number-one single, Lil Jon's first and Ludacris' second. The single remained on the Hot 100 for forty-five weeks. \"Yeah!\" became the most played song in the United States in 2004, with Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems reporting the song getting a total of 496,805 plays. The commercial success of \"Yeah!\" and follow-up single \"Burn\" helped sustain Confessions atop the US Billboard 200 chart. The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on June 11, 2006 for shipping one million copies since its release. \"Yeah!\" became the best-performing single of 2004 in the United States. The single ranked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs, and second on the Hot 100 decade-end chart, behind Mariah Carey's \"We Belong Together\". By September 2013, the song had sold 4 million copies in the US." }, "Global warming-71": { "title": "Global warming", "section": "History of the science", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 71, "content": "Svante Arrhenius noted that water vapour in air continuously varied, but carbon dioxide (CO 2) was determined by long term geological processes. At the end of an ice age, warming from increased CO 2 would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process. In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age. Arrhenius calculated the temperature increase expected from doubling CO 2 to be around 5\u20136\u00a0\u00b0C (9.0\u201310.8\u00a0\u00b0F). Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference. Experts thought climate would be self-regulating. From 1938 Guy Stewart Callendar published evidence that climate was warming and CO 2 levels increasing, but his calculations met the same objections." }, "Robin Williams-14": { "title": "Robin Williams", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Televised live performances", "Hardships in performing stand-up" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "citation needed] Williams said that partly due to the stress of performing stand-up, he started using drugs and alcohol early in his career. He further said that he neither drank nor took drugs while on stage, but occasionally performed when hung over from the previous day. During the period he was using cocaine, he said that it made him paranoid when performing on stage." }, "Nintendo Entertainment System-12": { "title": "Nintendo Entertainment System", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Release" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "At June 1985's Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Nintendo unveiled the American version of its Famicom, with a new case redesigned by Lance Barr and featuring a \"zero insertion force\" cartridge slot. The change from a top-loader in the Famicom to a front-loader was to make the new console more like a video cassette recorder, which had grown in popularity by 1985, and differentiate the unit from past video game consoles. Additionally Nintendo developers feared that static charges might potentially cause some electric hazards in the driest American states such as Arizona and Texas, and a front-loading design would be safer for children who handled carelessly the console, as explained by Uemura himself." }, "Raw milk-14": { "title": "Raw milk", "section": "Health effects", "headers": [ "Epidemiology" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Between 2007 and 2016 there were 144 outbreaks connected to raw milk consumption in the United States. Because raw milk production skips the pasteurization process, the germs that are normally removed remain in the milk product. Exposure to raw milk containing harmful germs poses a threat of infection, resulting from bacteria including Camplyobacter, Cryptosporidium, E. coli, Listeria, and Salmonella. Additionally, depending on the severity of infection, there may be further threat to human health. Infection has the potential to induce serious illness such as Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS). Because of the vulnerability of developing and degrading immune systems, children, pregnant women, the elderly, and those who are immunocompromised are at a heightened risk of experiencing infection from raw milk consumption." }, "Treaty of Versailles-7": { "title": "Treaty of Versailles", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "US entry and the Fourteen Points" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "On 8 January 1918, President Woodrow Wilson issued the nation's postwar goals, the Fourteen Points. It outlined a policy of free trade, open agreements, and democracy. While the term was not used self-determination was assumed. It called for a negotiated end to the war, international disarmament, the withdrawal of the Central Powers from occupied territories, the creation of a Polish state, the redrawing of Europe's borders along ethnic lines, and the formation of a League of Nations to guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of all states. It called for a just and democratic peace uncompromised by territorial annexation. The Fourteen Points were based on the research of the Inquiry, a team of about 150 advisors led by foreign-policy advisor Edward M. House, into the topics likely to arise in the expected peace conference." }, "Common carp-10": { "title": "Common carp", "section": "Introduction into other habitats", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Common carp have been introduced to most continents and some 59 countries. In absence of natural predators or commercial fishing they may extensively alter their environments due to their reproductive rate and their feeding habit of grubbing through bottom sediments for food. In feeding, they may destroy, uproot, disturb and eat submerged vegetation, causing serious damage to native duck, such as canvasbacks, and fish populations." }, "Staten Island-2": { "title": "Staten Island", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Staten Island joined New York City in 1898, and was referred to as the Borough of Richmond until 1975. Staten Island has sometimes been called \"the forgotten borough\" by inhabitants who feel neglected by the city government." }, "Hercules-1": { "title": "Hercules", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hercules (/\u02c8h\u025c\u02d0rkjuli\u02d0z, -j\u0259-/) is a Roman hero and god. He was the Roman equivalent of the Greek divine hero Heracles, who was the son of Zeus (Roman equivalent Jupiter) and the mortal Alcmene. In classical mythology, Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous far-ranging adventures." }, "Sockington-1": { "title": "Sockington", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sockington (also known as \"Sockamillion\" or \"Socks\") is a domestic cat who lives in Waltham, Massachusetts. He has gained large-scale fame via the social networking site Twitter; his co-owner, Jason Scott, an archivist and Internet historian, has been regularly posting from Sockington's Twitter account since late 2007. As of July 2018, Sockington's account has over 1.2 million followers, many of which are pet accounts themselves." }, "Ptolemy-6": { "title": "Ptolemy", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Ptolemy wrote in ancient Greek and can be shown to have utilized Babylonian astronomical data. He might have been a Roman citizen, but was ethnically either a Greek or a Hellenized Egyptian. He was often known in later Arabic sources as \"the Upper Egyptian\", suggesting he may have had origins in southern Egypt. Later Arabic astronomers, geographers and physicists referred to him by his name in Arabic: \u0628\u064e\u0637\u0652\u0644\u064f\u0645\u0652\u064a\u0648\u0633\u200e Ba\u1e6dlumyus." }, "Flag of Gabon-3": { "title": "Flag of Gabon", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Gabon \u2013 considered \"one of the more progressive\" of French colonies \u2013 swiftly formulated a design for a new flag, which was officially adopted a year later in 1959. It featured a horizontal tricolour identical to the current flag, but with the yellow stripe at the centre narrower than the green and blue bands surrounding it. The French Tricolour was situated at the canton of the flag, making Gabon the only French autonomous republic to feature this \"symbolic link\" with France." }, "Dale Earnhardt Jr.-6": { "title": "Dale Earnhardt Jr.", "section": "Racing career", "headers": [ "Early life and career" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Earnhardt Jr. ran nine Busch Series races between 1996 and 1997 for Dale Earnhardt, Inc., and Ed Whitaker, respectively, before driving for his father's team in the Busch Series full-time in 1998, in which he started the season with an amazing blow over after contact with Dick Trickle and Buckshot Jones at Daytona, on the same weekend that his father had his first and only Daytona 500 win. Earnhardt won consecutive NASCAR Busch Series Championships in 1998 and 1999 barely edging Matt Kenseth. In 1998, he made his first start in the Winston Cup Series, at the exhibition race held at the Twin Ring Motegi in Japan. Also in 1999, he drove in five Winston Cup races in the No. 8 Budweiser-sponsored Chevrolet for DEI in preparation for a full-time Cup Series ride in 2000, with his best finish being a tenth-place finish at Richmond in the fall race." }, "Romeo and Juliet-79": { "title": "Romeo and Juliet", "section": "Legacy", "headers": [ "Screen" ], "para_index": 79, "content": "The play has been widely adapted for TV and film. In 1960, Peter Ustinov's cold-war stage parody, Romanoff and Juliet was filmed. The 1961 film West Side Story\u2014set among New York gangs\u2014featured the Jets as white youths, equivalent to Shakespeare's Montagues, while the Sharks, equivalent to the Capulets, are Puerto Rican. In 2006, Disney's High School Musical made use of Romeo and Juliet's plot, placing the two young lovers in different high school cliques instead of feuding families. Film-makers have frequently featured characters performing scenes from Romeo and Juliet. The conceit of dramatising Shakespeare writing Romeo and Juliet has been used several times, including John Madden's 1998 Shakespeare in Love, in which Shakespeare writes the play against the backdrop of his own doomed love affair. An anime series produced by Gonzo and SKY Perfect Well Think, called Romeo x Juliet, was made in 2007 and the 2013 version is the latest English-language film based on the play. In 2013, Sanjay Leela Bhansali directed the Bollywood film Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela, a contemporary version of the play which starred Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukone in leading roles. The film was a commercial and critical success. In February 2014, BroadwayHD released a filmed version of the 2013 Broadway Revival of Romeo and Juliet. The production starred Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad." }, "Shatter (digital comic)-2": { "title": "Shatter (digital comic)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Shatter was the first commercially published all-digital comic where all art for publication was entered by hand on the computer as opposed to later methods of scanning in inked pages for color application. Until the late 1970s to early 1980s computer generated comics were done with traditional text and line-printing techniques or semigraphics, ascii art, and BBC's ceefax teletext." }, "German Shepherd-2": { "title": "German Shepherd", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "As a herding dog, German Shepherds are working dogs developed originally for herding sheep. Since that time, however, because of their strength, intelligence, trainability, and obedience, German Shepherds around the world are often the preferred breed for many types of work, including disability assistance, search-and-rescue, police and military roles and acting. The German Shepherd is the second-most registered breed by the American Kennel Club and seventh-most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom." }, "Medical thermometer-12": { "title": "Medical thermometer", "section": "Classification by location", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "The temperature can be measured in various locations on the body which maintain a fairly stable temperature (mainly oral, axillary, rectal, tympanic, or temporal). The normal temperature varies slightly with the location; an oral reading of 37\u00a0\u00b0C does not correspond to rectal, temporal, etc. readings of the same value. When a temperature is quoted the location should also be specified. If a temperature is stated without qualification (e.g., typical body temperature) it is usually assumed to be sub-lingual. The differences between core temperature and measurements at different locations, known as clinical bias, is discussed in the article on normal human body temperature. Measurements are subject to both site-dependent clinical bias and variability between a series of measurements (standard deviations of the differences). For example, one study found that the clinical bias of rectal temperatures was greater than for ear temperature measured by a selection of thermometers under test, but variability was less." }, "European cucumber-3": { "title": "European cucumber", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "These cucumbers may come wrapped in plastic for longer shelf-life and better freshness. As a seedless variety, they do not have to be seeded or peeled before consuming." }, "The Boy Who Cried Wolf-1": { "title": "The Boy Who Cried Wolf", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Boy Who Cried Wolf is one of Aesop's Fables, numbered 210 in the Perry Index. From it is derived the English idiom \"to cry wolf\", defined as \"to give a false alarm\" in Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable and glossed by the Oxford English Dictionary as meaning to make false claims, with the result that subsequent true claims are disbelieved." }, "Integrated circuit-29": { "title": "Integrated circuit", "section": "Manufacturing", "headers": [ "Fabrication" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "Digital ICs are further sub-categorized as logic ICs (such as microprocessors and microcontrollers), memory chips (such as MOS memory and floating-gate memory), interface ICs (level shifters, serializer/deserializer, etc.), power management ICs, and programmable devices. Analog ICs are further sub-categorized as linear integrated circuits and RF circuits (radio frequency circuits). Mixed-signal integrated circuits are further sub-categorized as data acquisition ICs (including A/D converters, D/A converters, digital potentiometers), clock/timing ICs, switched capacitor (SC) circuits, and RF CMOS circuits. Three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs) are further sub-categorized into through-silicon via (TSV) ICs and Cu-Cu connection ICs. The semiconductors of the periodic table of the chemical elements were identified as the most likely materials for a solid-state vacuum tube. Starting with copper oxide, proceeding to germanium, then silicon, the materials were systematically studied in the 1940s and 1950s. Today, monocrystalline silicon is the main substrate used for ICs although some III-V compounds of the periodic table such as gallium arsenide are used for specialized applications like LEDs, lasers, solar cells and the highest-speed integrated circuits. It took decades to perfect methods of creating crystals with minimal defects in semiconducting materials' crystal structure." }, "Eurovision Song Contest-68": { "title": "Eurovision Song Contest", "section": "Expansion of the contest", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 68, "content": "In the first contest, 1956, there was a recommended time limit of 3\u200b1\u20442 minutes per song. In 1957, despite protests, Italy's song was 5:09 minutes in duration. This led to a stricter time limit of 3 minutes precisely. Since the three-minute time limit was adopted in 1960, some artists have had songs longer than three minutes, which must be edited down to 3 minutes, though some songs exceed that time by a few seconds. Many of the entries also have longer versions (including different languages) for commercial release, and since the 1990s, some are released in additional remixed versions. The EBU imposes no restrictions on the nationalities of the performers or songwriters. Individual broadcasters are, however, permitted to impose their own restrictions at their discretion. About a dozen artists have performed more than once in the Contest representing different countries, and some of the winners were not born in the country they represented. From 1957 to 1970 (in 1956 there was no restriction at all) only soloists and duos were allowed on stage. From 1963, a chorus of up to three people was permitted. Since 1971, a maximum of six performers have been permitted on the stage. The performance and/or lyrics of a song \"must not bring the Contest into disrepute\". No lyrics, speeches, gestures of a political or similar nature are permitted. No swearing or unacceptable language is allowed, neither are commercial messages. Prior to 1990, there was no performer age limit. From 1990 to 2003, all performers were required to be at least 16 years of age by the end of the year in which the contest was held. In 2004, this was amended to the current rule, which requires all performers to be at least 16 years of age by the time of the contest. Live animals are prohibited. Each artist may perform for only one country per year. The music and text must not have been published or performed before 1 September of the year before the contest is held. Many countries also have the additional rule that the song shall never have been performed before the relevant national Eurovision Contest. Covers, reworked or sampled versions of older songs are not allowed. The number of countries participating has steadily grown over time, from seven in 1956 to over 20 in the late 1980s. In 1993, twenty-five countries participated in the competition, including, for the first time, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, entering independently due to the dissolution of Yugoslavia. In the most recent edition in 2019, a total of 41 countries took part, with 26 appearing in the final." }, "Eric Clapton-79": { "title": "Eric Clapton", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Relationships and children" ], "para_index": 79, "content": "Clapton and Boyd tried unsuccessfully to have children, even trying in vitro fertilisation in 1984, but were faced instead with miscarriages. They divorced in 1988 following his affair with Italian model Lory Del Santo, who gave birth to their son, Conor, on 21 August 1986. Conor died on 20 March 1991 at the age of four after falling out of an open bedroom window on the 53rd floor of a Manhattan apartment building." }, "Gang-24": { "title": "Gang", "section": "Types and structure", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Understanding the structure of gangs is a critical skill to defining the types of strategies that are most effective with dealing with them, from the at-risk youth to the gang leaders. Not all individuals who display the outward signs of gang membership are actually involved in criminal activities. An individual's age, physical structure, ability to fight, willingness to commit violence, and arrest record are often principal factors in determining where an individual stands in the gang hierarchy; now money derived from criminal activity and ability to provide for the gang also impacts the individual's status within the gang. The structure of gangs varies depending primarily on size, which can range from five or ten to thousands. Many of the larger gangs break up into smaller groups, cliques or sub-sets (these smaller groups can be called \"sets\" in gang slang.) The cliques typically bring more territory to a gang as they expand and recruit new members. Most gangs operate informally with leadership falling to whomever takes control; others have distinct leadership and are highly structured, which resembles more or less a business or corporation." }, "Mapuche-1": { "title": "Mapuche", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Mapuche are a group of indigenous inhabitants of present-day south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina, including parts of present-day Patagonia. The collective term refers to a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups who shared a common social, religious, and economic structure, as well as a common linguistic heritage as Mapudungun speakers. Their influence once extended from the Aconcagua River to the Chilo\u00e9 Island and spread later eastward to the Argentine pampa. Today the collective group makes up over 80% of the indigenous peoples in Chile, and about 9% of the total Chilean population. The Mapuche are particularly concentrated in the Araucan\u00eda region. Many have migrated from rural areas to the cities of Santiago and Buenos Aires for economic opportunities." }, "Smog-1": { "title": "Smog", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Smog is a type of intense air pollution. The word \"smog\" was coined in the early 20th century, and is a contraction (portmanteau) of the words smoke and fog to refer to smoky fog; its opacity, and odor. The word was then intended to refer to what was sometimes known as pea soup fog, a familiar and serious problem in London from the 19th century to the mid-20th century. This kind of visible air pollution is composed of nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, ozone, smoke and other particulates. Man-made smog is derived from coal combustion emissions, vehicular emissions, industrial emissions, forest and agricultural fires and photochemical reactions of these emissions." }, "Technology of television-4": { "title": "Technology of television", "section": "Elements of a television system", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "An image source. This is the electrical signal that represents a visual image, and may be from a professional video camera in the case of live television, a video tape recorder for playback of recorded images, or telecine with a flying spot scanner for the transfer of motion pictures to video). A sound source. This is an electrical signal from a microphone or from the audio output of a video tape recorder. A transmitter, which generates radio signals (radio waves) and encodes them with picture and sound information. A television antenna coupled to the output of the transmitter for broadcasting the encoded signals. A television antenna to receive the broadcast signals. A receiver (also called a tuner), which decodes the picture and sound information from the broadcast signals, and whose input is coupled to the antenna of the television set. A display device, which turns the electrical signals into visual images. An audio amplifier and loudspeaker, which turns electrical signals into sound waves (speech, music, and other sounds) to accompany the images. Practical television systems include equipment for selecting different image sources, mixing images from several sources at once, insertion of pre-recorded video signals, synchronizing signals from many sources, and direct image generation by computer for such purposes as station identification. The facility for housing such equipment, as well as providing space for stages, sets, offices, etc., is called a television studio, and may be located many miles from the transmitter. Communication from the studio to the transmitter is accomplished via a dedicated cable or radio system." }, "Queen bee-1": { "title": "Queen bee", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The term queen bee is typically used to refer to an adult, mated female (gyne) that lives in a honey bee colony or hive; she is usually the mother of most, if not all, of the bees in the beehive. Queens are developed from larvae selected by worker bees and specially fed in order to become sexually mature. There is normally only one adult, mated queen in a hive, in which case the bees will usually follow and fiercely protect her." }, "Kazakhstan-2": { "title": "Kazakhstan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea. It does not border Mongolia, although they are only 37 kilometers apart. The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands, steppe, taiga, rock canyons, hills, deltas, snow-capped mountains, and deserts. Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018[update]. Its population density is among the lowest, at less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 people per sq mi). Since 1997 and independence, the capital is Nur-Sultan, formerly known as Astana. It was moved from Almaty, the country's largest city." }, "Dicopomorpha echmepterygis-1": { "title": "Dicopomorpha echmepterygis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dicopomorpha echmepterygis is the smallest known insect and a species of parasitic wasp in the family Mymaridae, which exhibits strong sexual dimorphism. The males are blind, apterous, and their body length is only 40% that of females. With a body length averaging 186 \u03bcm (for 8 specimens measured, which ranged from 139 to 240 \u03bcm), males of D. echmepterygis have the shortest body length of all known insects (smaller than certain species of Paramecium and amoeba, which are single-celled organisms). The measured body length of a female was 550 \u03bcm. The eggs and larvae of this parasitoid are considerably smaller than the adult." }, "Parody film-1": { "title": "Parody film", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A parody film is a subgenre of comedy film that parodies other film genres or films as pastiches, works created by imitation of the style of many different films reassembled together." }, "William Kidd-9": { "title": "William Kidd", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Preparing his expedition" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The new ship, Adventure Galley, was well suited to the task of catching pirates, weighing over 284 tons burthen and equipped with 34 cannon, oars, and 150 men. The oars were a key advantage, as they enabled Adventure Galley to manoeuvre in a battle when the winds had calmed and other ships were dead in the water. Kidd took pride in personally selecting the crew, choosing only those whom he deemed to be the best and most loyal officers." }, "Callus-6": { "title": "Callus", "section": "Cause", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Biologically, calluses are formed by the accumulation of terminally undifferentiated keratinocytes in the outermost layer of skin. Though the cells of calluses are dead, they are quite resistant to mechanical and chemical insults due to extensive networks of cross-linked proteins and hydrophobic keratin intermediate filaments containing many disulfide bonds. It is the natural reaction of the palmar or plantar skin. Too much friction occurring too fast for the skin to develop a protective callus will cause a blister or abrasion instead." }, "Robert Plant-1": { "title": "Robert Plant", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Robert Anthony Plant CBE (born 20 August 1948) is an English singer, songwriter and musician, best known as the lead singer and lyricist of the rock band Led Zeppelin." }, "Poseidon-1": { "title": "Poseidon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Poseidon (/p\u0259\u02c8sa\u026ad\u0259n, p\u0252-, po\u028a-/; Greek: \u03a0\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u1ff6\u03bd, pronounced\u00a0[pose\u02d0d\u0254\u0301\u02d0n]) was one of the Twelve Olympians in ancient Greek religion and myth, god of the sea, storms, earthquakes and" }, "Solar cell-1": { "title": "Solar cell", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light. Individual solar cell devices can be combined to form modules, otherwise known as solar panels. The common single junction silicon solar cell can produce a maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts." }, "Carbon footprint-18": { "title": "Carbon footprint", "section": "Ways to reduce personal carbon footprint", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Any end-of-life process or treatments Product and waste transportation Emissions associated with selling the product A July 2017 study published in Environmental Research Letters found that the most significant way individuals could mitigate their own carbon footprint is to have one less child (\"an average for developed countries of 58.6\u2009tonnes CO2-equivalent (tCO2e) emission reductions per year\"), followed by living car-free (2.4 tonnes CO2-equivalent per year), forgoing air travel (1.6 tonnes CO2-equivalent per trans-Atlantic trip) and adopting a plant-based diet (0.8 tonnes CO2-equivalent per year). The study also found that most government resources on climate change focus on actions that have a relatively modest effect on greenhouse gas emissions, and concludes that \"a US family who chooses to have one fewer child would provide the same level of emissions reductions as 684 teenagers who choose to adopt comprehensive recycling for the rest of their lives\"." }, "Agnes Sampson-9": { "title": "Agnes Sampson", "section": "Arrest", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "(Item, the said Agnes Sampson confessed before the Kings Majesty sundry things which were so miraculous and strange, as that his Majesty said they were all extreme liars, whereat she answered, she would not wish his Majesty to suppose her words to be false, but rather to believe them, in that she would discover such matter unto him as his majesty should not any way doubt of. And thereupon taking his Majesty a little aside, she declared unto him the very words which passed between the Kings Majesty and his Queen at Vpslo in Norway the first night of their marriage, with their answer each to other: whereat the Kings Majesty wondered greatly, and swore by the living God, that he believed that all the Devils in hell could not have discovered the same: acknowledging her words to be most true, and therefore gave the more credit to the rest which is before declared.) \u2014\u2009News from Scotland According to the official account, James had not been convinced of Sampson's guilt prior to this last confession, but afterwards changed his mind. On 27 January 1591 the charges of witchcraft against her were drawn up with fifty three points or \"articles of dittay\"." }, "Cosmic ray-7": { "title": "Cosmic ray", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Discovery" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In 1912, Victor Hess carried three enhanced-accuracy Wulf electrometers to an altitude of 5,300 metres in a free balloon flight. He found the ionization rate increased approximately fourfold over the rate at ground level. Hess ruled out the Sun as the radiation's source by making a balloon ascent during a near-total eclipse. With the moon blocking much of the Sun's visible radiation, Hess still measured rising radiation at rising altitudes. He concluded that \"The results of the observations seem most likely to be explained by the assumption that radiation of very high penetrating power enters from above into our atmosphere.\" In 1913\u20131914, Werner Kolh\u00f6rster confirmed Victor Hess's earlier results by measuring the increased ionization enthalpy rate at an altitude of 9\u00a0km. Hess received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936 for his discovery." }, "Adamu Adamu-2": { "title": "Adamu Adamu", "section": "Early life and education", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Adamu was born on 25 May 1956 in Azare. He received a bachelor's degree in accounting from the Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria. He later received a master's degree in journalism from Columbia University's School of Journalism. He is a polyglot speaking six languages fluently \u2013 Arabic, Persian, Fulfulde, Hausa, English and French." }, "Amygdalin-2": { "title": "Amygdalin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Amygdalin is classified as a cyanogenic glycoside because each amygdalin molecule includes a nitrile group, which can be released as the toxic cyanide anion by the action of a beta-glucosidase. Eating amygdalin will cause it to release cyanide in the human body, and may lead to cyanide poisoning." }, "Ultimate Fighting Championship-99": { "title": "Ultimate Fighting Championship", "section": "Rules", "headers": [ "Attire" ], "para_index": 99, "content": "All competitors fight in approved shorts, without shoes. Tops are only approved for female competitors. Required safety equipment include padded gloves, mouthguard, and protective cups held in place with a jockstrap for males. The open-fingered gloves have at least 1\" of padding around the knuckles, (110 to 170\u00a0g\u00a0/ 4 to 6\u00a0ounces) that allow fingers to grab. To ensure compliance, fighters are checked by a State Athletic Committee official before being allowed to enter the cage/ring." }, "Classified advertising-1": { "title": "Classified advertising", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Classified advertising is a form of advertising which is particularly common in newspapers, online and other periodicals which may be sold or distributed free of charge. Classified advertisements are much cheaper than larger display advertisements used by businesses, although display advertising is more widespread. They were also commonly called \"want\" ads, starting in 1763." }, "Bonanza-30": { "title": "Bonanza", "section": "Broadcast history and ratings", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "(Of 431 total episodes) Lorne Greene \u2013 Ben Cartwright \u2013 417 episodes (Season 1\u201314) Michael Landon \u2013 Joseph \"Little Joe\" Cartwright \u2013 416 episodes (Season 1\u201314) Dan Blocker \u2013 Eric \"Hoss\" Cartwright \u2013 401 episodes (Season 1\u201313) Pernell Roberts \u2013 Adam Cartwright \u2013 173 episodes (Season 1\u20136) Victor Sen Yung \u2013 Hop Sing \u2013 107 episodes (Season 1\u201314) Ray Teal \u2013 Sheriff Coffee \u2013 98 episodes (Season 2\u201313) David Canary \u2013 \"Candy\" Canaday \u2013 93 episodes (Season 9\u201311, 14) Bing Russell \u2013 Deputy Clem Foster \u2013 57 episodes (Season 4\u20135, 7\u201314) Mitch Vogel \u2013 Jamie Hunter Cartwright \u2013 47 episodes (Season 12\u201314) Tim Matheson \u2013 Griff King \u2013 12 episodes (Season 14) Lou Frizzell \u2013 Dusty Rhodes \u2013 11 episodes (Season 11\u201313) Guy Williams \u2013 Will Cartwright \u2013 5 episodes (Season 5) Initially, Bonanza aired on Saturdays at 7:30\u00a0p.m. Eastern, opposite \"Dick Clark's Saturday Night Beech-Nut Show\" and \"John Gunther's High Road\" on ABC, and Perry Mason on CBS. Bonanza's initial ratings were respectable, often coming in behind Mason but ahead of the ABC line-up. Ironically, executives considered canceling the show before its premiere because of its high cost. NBC kept it because Bonanza was one of the first series to be filmed and broadcast in color, including scenes of picturesque Lake Tahoe, Nevada. NBC's corporate parent, Radio Corporation of America (RCA), used the show to spur sales of RCA-manufactured color television sets (RCA was also the primary sponsor of the series during its first two seasons)." }, "Mark Cuban-3": { "title": "Mark Cuban", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Cuban was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His father, Norton Cuban, was an automobile upholsterer. Cuban has described his mother, Shirley, as someone with \"a different job or different career goal every other week.\" He grew up in the Pittsburgh suburb of Mount Lebanon, in a Jewish working-class family. His paternal grandfather changed the family name from \"Chabenisky\" to \"Cuban\" after his family emigrated from Russia through Ellis Island. His maternal grandparents, who were also Jewish, came from Romania. Cuban's first step into business occurred at age 12, when he sold garbage bags to pay for a pair of expensive basketball shoes. Some years later, he earned money by selling stamps and coins. At age 16, Cuban took advantage of a Pittsburgh Post-Gazette strike by running newspapers from Cleveland to Pittsburgh." }, "Jared Fogle-2": { "title": "Jared Fogle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Born in Indianapolis to Jewish parents, Fogle graduated from North Central High School and Indiana University in 1995 and 2000, respectively. He drew the attention of Subway and the media when an acquaintance wrote an article in the Indiana Daily Student about Fogle losing 245\u00a0lb (111\u00a0kg), which he attributed to eating Subway sandwiches. Subway hired Fogle as a spokesperson in 2000, and he was featured in much of the company's advertising from 2000 to 2015; he appeared in Subway commercials, was parodied in an episode of South Park, and had appearances in the Sharknado film series, among others." }, "Solar eclipse-1": { "title": "Solar eclipse", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A solar eclipse occurs when a portion of the Earth is engulfed in a shadow cast by the Moon which fully or partially blocks sunlight. This occurs when the Sun, Moon and Earth are aligned. Such alignment coincides with a new moon (syzygy) indicating the Moon is closest to the ecliptic plane. In a total eclipse, the disk of the Sun is fully obscured by the Moon. In partial and annular eclipses, only part of the Sun is obscured." }, "Trent Reznor-1": { "title": "Trent Reznor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Michael Trent Reznor (born May 17, 1965) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, and film score composer. He is the founder, lead vocalist, and principal songwriter of the industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails, which he founded in 1988 and of which he was the sole official member until adding long-time collaborator Atticus Ross as a permanent member in 2016. His first release under the Nine Inch Nails name, the 1989 album Pretty Hate Machine, was a commercial and critical success. He has since released 11 Nine Inch Nails studio albums. He left Interscope Records in 2007 and was an independent recording artist until signing with Columbia Records in 2012." }, "Pony Express-38": { "title": "Pony Express", "section": "Famous riders", "headers": [ "William Cody" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "This was the site of Sportsman's Hall, also known as the Twelve-Mile House. The hotel operated in the late 1850s and 1860s by John and James Blair. A stopping place for stages and teams of the Comstock, it became a relay station of the central overland Pony Express. Here, at 7:40\u00a0am, April 4, 1860, Pony rider William (Sam) Hamilton, riding in from Placerville, handed the Express mail to Warren Upson who, two minutes later, sped on his way eastward. \u2014\u2009Plaque at Sportsman Hall Probably more than any other rider in the Pony Express, William Cody (better known as Buffalo Bill) epitomizes the legend and the folklore, be it fact or fiction, of the Pony Express. Numerous stories have been told of young Cody's adventures as a Pony Express rider. At the age of 15, Cody was on his way west to California when he met Pony Express agents along the way and signed on with the company. Cody helped in the construction of several way-stations. Thereafter, he was employed as a rider and was given a short 45-mile (72\u00a0km) delivery run from the township of Julesburg which lay to the west. After some months he was transferred to Slade's Division in Wyoming where he made the longest non-stop ride from Red Buttes Station to Rocky Ridge Station and back when he found that his relief rider had been killed. The distance of 322 miles (518\u00a0km) over one of the most dangerous sections of the entire trail was completed in 21 hours and 40 minutes, and 21 horses were required to complete this section. On one occasion when carrying mail he unintentionally ran into an Indian war party but managed to escape. Cody was present for many significant chapters in early western history, including the gold rush, the building of the railroads and cattle herding on the Great Plains. A career as a scout for the Army under General Phillip Sheridan following the Civil War earned him his nickname and established his notoriety as a frontiersman." }, "Nintendo Entertainment System-3": { "title": "Nintendo Entertainment System", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Development" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Following a series of arcade game successes in the early 1980s, Nintendo made plans to create a cartridge-based console called the Famicom, which is short for Family Computer. Masayuki Uemura designed the system. Original plans called for an advanced 16-bit system which would function as a full-fledged computer with a keyboard and floppy disk drive, but Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi rejected this and instead decided to go for a cheaper, more conventional cartridge-based game console as he believed that features such as keyboards and disks were intimidating to non-technophiles. A test model was constructed in October 1982 to verify the functionality of the hardware, after which work began on programming tools. Because 65xx CPUs had not been manufactured or sold in Japan up to that time, no cross-development software was available and it had to be produced from scratch. Early Famicom games were written on a system that ran on an NEC PC-8001 computer and LEDs on a grid were used with a digitizer to design graphics as no software design tools for this purpose existed at that time." }, "Black Lives Matter-30": { "title": "Black Lives Matter", "section": "Timeline of notable US events and demonstrations", "headers": [ "2014" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "In December, 2,000\u20133,000 people gathered at the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, to protest the killings of unarmed black men by police. At least twenty members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested. In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, BLM protested the police shooting of Dontre Hamilton, who died in April. Black Lives Matter protested the shooting of John Crawford III. The shooting of Renisha McBride was protested by Black Lives Matter." }, "Glorious Revolution-1": { "title": "Glorious Revolution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Glorious Revolution, or Revolution of 1688 (Irish: An R\u00e9abhl\u00f3id Ghl\u00f3rmhar, Scottish Gaelic: R\u00e8abhlaid Ghl\u00f2rmhor or Welsh: Chwyldro Gogoneddus), was the deposition and replacement of James II and VII as ruler of England, Scotland and Ireland by his daughter Mary II and his Dutch nephew and Mary's husband, William III of Orange, which took place between November 1688 and May 1689. The outcome of events in all three kingdoms and Europe, the Revolution was quick and relatively bloodless, though establishing the new regime took much longer and led to significant casualties. The term was first used by John Hampden in late 1689." }, "White-41": { "title": "White", "section": "Scientific understanding (Color science)", "headers": [ "White objects" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "Reflection of 100% of incident light at all wavelengths is a form of uniform reflectance, so white is an achromatic color, meaning a color without hue. The color stimulus produced by the perfect diffuser is usually considered to be an achromatic stimulus for all illuminants, except for those whose light sources appear to be highly chromatic." }, "President of Mexico-5": { "title": "President of Mexico", "section": "Requirements to hold office", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Be a natural-born citizen of Mexico (\"mexicano por nacimiento\") able to exercise full citizenship rights, with at least one parent who is a natural-born citizen of Mexico. Be a resident of Mexico for at least twenty (20) years. Be thirty-five years of age or older at the time of the election. Be a resident of Mexico for the entire year prior to the election (although absences of 30 days or fewer are explicitly stated not to interrupt residency). Not be an official or minister of any church or religious denomination. Not be in active military service during the six months prior to the election. Not be a secretary of state or under-secretary of state, attorney general, governor of a state, or head of the government of Mexico City, unless \"separated from the post\" (resigned or been granted permanent leave of absence) at least six months prior to the election. Not have been president already, even in a provisional capacity (see Succession below). The ban on any sort of presidential re-election dates back to the aftermath of the Porfiriato and the Mexican Revolution, which erupted after Porfirio D\u00edaz's fraudulent victory on his 7th re-election in a row. It is so entrenched in Mexican politics that it has remained in place even as it was relaxed for other offices. In 2014, the constitution was amended to allow city mayors, congressmen and senators to run for a second consecutive term. Previously, Deputies and Senators were barred from successive re-election. However, the president remained barred from re-election, even if it is nonsuccessive." }, "Vitamin K-19": { "title": "Vitamin K", "section": "Interactions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Supplemental vitamin K (for which oral dosing is often more active than injectable dosing in human adults) reverses the vitamin K deficiency caused by warfarin, and therefore reduces the intended anticoagulant action of warfarin and related drugs. Sometimes small amounts of vitamin K are given orally to patients taking warfarin so that the action of the drug is more predictable. The proper anticoagulant action of the drug is a function of vitamin K intake and drug dose, and due to differing absorption must be individualized for each patient. The action of warfarin and vitamin K both require two to five days after dosing to have maximum effect, and neither warfarin nor vitamin K shows much effect in the first 24 hours after they are given." }, "Rick and Morty-1": { "title": "Rick and Morty", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rick and Morty is an American adult animated science fiction sitcom created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon for Cartoon Network's late-night programming block Adult Swim. The series follows the misadventures of cynical mad scientist Rick Sanchez and his good-hearted but fretful grandson Morty Smith, who split their time between domestic life and interdimensional adventures." }, "Crocodile-24": { "title": "Crocodile", "section": "Biology and behaviour", "headers": [ "Hunting and diet", "Bite" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Since they feed by grabbing and holding onto their prey, they have evolved sharp teeth for piercing and holding onto flesh, and powerful muscles to close the jaws and hold them shut. The teeth are not well-suited to tearing flesh off of large prey items as are the dentition and claws of many mammalian carnivores, the hooked bills and talons of raptorial birds, or the serrated teeth of sharks. However, this is an advantage rather than a disadvantage to the crocodile since the properties of the teeth allow it to hold onto prey with the least possibility of the prey animal escaping. Cutting teeth, combined with the exceptionally high bite force, would pass through flesh easily enough to leave an escape opportunity for prey. The jaws can bite down with immense force, by far the strongest bite of any animal. The force of a large crocodile's bite is more than 5,000\u00a0lbf (22,000\u00a0N), which was measured in a 5.5\u00a0m (18\u00a0ft) Nile crocodile, in the field; comparing to 335\u00a0lbf (1,490\u00a0N) for a Rottweiler, 800\u00a0lbf (3,600\u00a0N) for a hyena, 2,200\u00a0lbf (9,800\u00a0N) for an American alligator,[failed verification] and 4,095\u00a0lbf (18,220\u00a0N) for the largest confirmed great white shark. A 5.2\u00a0m (17\u00a0ft) long saltwater crocodile has been confirmed as having the strongest bite force ever recorded for an animal in a laboratory setting. It was able to apply a bite force value of 3,700\u00a0lbf (16,000\u00a0N), and thus surpassed the previous record of 2,125\u00a0lbf (9,450\u00a0N) made by a 3.9\u00a0m (13\u00a0ft) long American alligator. Taking the measurements of several 5.2\u00a0m (17\u00a0ft) crocodiles as reference, the bite forces of 6-m individuals were estimated at 7,700\u00a0lbf (34,000\u00a0N). The study, led by Dr. Gregory M. Erickson, also shed light on the larger, extinct species of crocodilians. Since crocodile anatomy has changed only slightly over the last 80 million years, current data on modern crocodilians can be used to estimate the bite force of extinct species. An 11-to-12-metre (36\u201339\u00a0ft) Deinosuchus would apply a force of 23,100\u00a0lbf (103,000\u00a0N), nearly twice that of the latest, higher bite force estimations of Tyrannosaurus (12,814\u00a0lbf (57,000\u00a0N)). The extraordinary bite of crocodilians is a result of their anatomy. The space for the jaw muscle in the skull is very large, which is easily visible from the outside as a bulge at each side. The muscle is so stiff, it is almost as hard as bone to touch, as if it were the continuum of the skull. Another trait is that most of the muscle in a crocodile's jaw is arranged for clamping down. Despite the strong muscles to close the jaw, crocodiles have extremely small and weak muscles to open the jaw. Crocodiles can thus be subdued for study or transport by taping their jaws or holding their jaws shut with large rubber bands cut from automobile inner tubes." }, "Sonoran Desert-18": { "title": "Sonoran Desert", "section": "Human population", "headers": [ "California" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "During the winter months, from November to April, the daytime temperatures in the Coachella Valley range from 70\u00a0\u00b0F (21\u00a0\u00b0C) to 90\u00a0\u00b0F (32\u00a0\u00b0C) and corresponding nighttime lows range from 46\u00a0\u00b0F (8\u00a0\u00b0C) to 68\u00a0\u00b0F (20\u00a0\u00b0C) making it a popular winter resort destination. Due to its warm year-round climate citrus and subtropical fruits such as mangoes, figs, and dates are grown in the Coachella Valley and adjacent Imperial Valley. The Imperial Valley has a total population of over 180,000 and has a similar climate to that of the Coachella Valley. Other cities include Indio, Coachella, Calexico, El Centro, Imperial, Palm Desert and Blythe." }, "Claire Danes-2": { "title": "Claire Danes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Danes gained early recognition as Angela Chase in the 1994 teen drama series My So-Called Life. The role won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress and a Primetime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. She made her film debut the same year in Little Women (1994). Her other films include Home for the Holidays (1995), Romeo + Juliet (1996), The Rainmaker (1997), Les Mis\u00e9rables (1998), Brokedown Palace (1999), the 1999 English dub of Princess Mononoke (1997), The Hours (2002), Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003), Shopgirl (2005), Stardust (2007), and A Kid Like Jake (2018)." }, "Red-60": { "title": "Red", "section": "History and art", "headers": [ "Modern history", "In the 16th and 17th centuries" ], "para_index": 60, "content": "There were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities. The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was kermes, made from a tiny scale insect which fed on the branches and leaves of the oak tree. For those with even more money there was Polish Cochineal; also known as Kermes vermilio or \"Blood of Saint John\", which was made from a related insect, the Margodes polonicus. It made a more vivid red than ordinary Kermes. The finest and most expensive variety of red made from insects was the \"Kermes\" of Armenia (Armenian cochineal, also known as Persian kirmiz), made by collecting and crushing Porphyophora hamelii, an insect which lived on the roots and stems of certain grasses. The pigment and dye merchants of Venice imported and sold all of these products and also manufactured their own color, called Venetian red, which was considered the most expensive and finest red in Europe. Its secret ingredient was arsenic, which brightened the color." }, "Fallout: New Vegas-4": { "title": "Fallout: New Vegas", "section": "Gameplay", "headers": [ "Crafting and modding" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Combat is improved upon, with the V.A.T.S. system being updated with several new V.A.T.S.-specific attacks, and a number of kill animations being made for several of the game's melee weapons. The response and accuracy given from weapons was also improved. Players can now use the iron sights on firearms in the game, with the exception of certain larger guns and some energy weapons. The third-person perspective in the game was redesigned to be more \"over the shoulder\" than it had been in Fallout 3. The Character Creation section of the game was refined to take less time than Fallout 3, with players able to skip the tutorials and proceed across the Wasteland once their character is set up. The option to make any last minute changes to their character occurs when the player steps beyond the boundaries of the starting location of Goodsprings. More Perks were added to the game to provide greater options for improving the player's characters upon leveling up. The Perk system itself changed, allowing a Perk at every other level instead of every level like in earlier games in order to prevent the player from having an overly powerful character early in the game. More weapons were added to the game, including the 9\u00a0mm Pistol, the Single Shotgun, Powder Charges, Dynamite, Trail Carbine, and Grenade Launcher. Each weapon is intended to serve a specific and tactical role within the game. The \"Big Guns\" and \"Small Guns\" skills are consolidated into one skill: \"Guns\". A new skill, Survival, is introduced. This skill impacts how much health is restored by food and drink. Skills have a larger effect on conversation choices; whether a dialogue option will succeed or fail is shown up front, and entirely dependent on Skill level, rather than both skill and chance as was the case in Fallout 3. Players can receive a temporary boost to a skill by reading a skill magazine corresponding to it, which can be found around the Mojave Wasteland or purchased from vendors, the effects of which can be further enhanced by certain Perks. Players can gamble. They can do this by visiting casinos, buying chips with the three major currencies in the games, and playing either blackjack, slots, or roulette within them. Players can also play a card game called Caravan, which was specifically designed for the game and has its own rules, and can be played with certain people outside of the casinos. Although players could craft items in Fallout 3, these items were limited to a few unique weapons. With New Vegas, crafting was expanded to allow the creation of food, drink, drugs, and ammunition along with unique weapons. Crafting can be done at workbenches, reloading benches, and campfires, and requires specific components as well as a sufficient skill level; for instance, cooking food at campfires requires the player to have a sufficient Survival skill level to do so. Some special items cannot be made until their recipes/schematics are found. Players can harvest plants to use in recipes, similar to Bethesda's The Elder Scrolls series. In addition to crafting, players can also modify weapons with special firearm modifications. Such modifications can improve the rate of fire or the size of the magazine, or add a mounted telescopic sight to allow for greater range. Modifications for firearms often require either scavenging for them in the Mojave or purchasing them from vendors." }, "Barbecue restaurant-10": { "title": "Barbecue restaurant", "section": "Cuisine", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "In the United States, barbecue restaurants may offer dishes that are slow-smoked or barbecued over a grill. Fare includes barbecue sandwiches, brisket, barbecue chicken, pulled pork, pork shoulder, pork ribs, beef ribs, beefsteak and other foods. Various side dishes are typically available, such as baked beans, macaroni and cheese, coleslaw and corn on the cob, among others. A variety of barbecue sauces may be available, and some barbecue restaurants bottle their own sauces for customer purchase. Some barbecue restaurants prepare their foods without any sauces, and may not offer any as condiments. This may occur per a preference for the flavor of the meats to stand on their own, rather than being accentuated with flavors from sauces. Some barbecue restaurants use a dry spice rub to flavor meats." }, "New York Harbor-2": { "title": "New York Harbor", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Colonial era" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The original population of the 16th century New York Harbor, the Lenape, used the waterways for fishing and travel. In 1524 Giovanni da Verrazzano anchored in what is now called the Narrows, the strait between Staten Island and Long Island that connects the Upper and Lower New York Bay, where he received a canoe party of Lenape. A party of his sailors may have taken on fresh water at a spring called \"the watering place\" on Staten Island\u2014a monument stands in a tiny park on the corner of Bay Street and Victory Boulevard at the approximate spot\u2014but Verrazzano's descriptions of the geography of the area are a bit ambiguous. It is fairly firmly held by historians that his ship anchored at the approximate location of the modern Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge's approach viaduct in Brooklyn. He also observed what he believed to be a large freshwater lake to the north (apparently Upper New York Bay). He apparently did not travel north to observe the existence of the Hudson River. In 1609 Henry Hudson entered the Harbor and explored a stretch of the river that now bears his name. His journey prompted others to explore the region and engage in trade with the local population." }, "Modern Family-1": { "title": "Modern Family", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Modern Family is an American television mockumentary family sitcom created by Christopher Lloyd and Steven Levitan for the American Broadcasting Company. The series ran for eleven seasons, from September 23, 2009 to April 8, 2020, and follows the lives of Jay Pritchett and his family, all of whom live in suburban Los Angeles. Pritchett's family includes his second wife, their son and his stepson, as well as his two adult children and their husbands and children. The show addresses the changing social norms and culture throughout the 2000s and 2010s." }, "Drew Carey-1": { "title": "Drew Carey", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Drew Allison Carey (born May 23, 1958) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian, sports executive, and game show host. After serving in the U.S. Marine Corps and making a name for himself in stand-up comedy, he gained stardom in his own sitcom, The Drew Carey Show, and as host of the U.S. version of the improv comedy show Whose Line Is It Anyway?, both of which aired on ABC. He then appeared in several films, television series, music videos, a made-for-television film, and a computer game. He has hosted the game show The Price Is Right since 2007 on CBS." }, "Crossroads Kitchen-1": { "title": "Crossroads Kitchen", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Crossroads Kitchen is a vegan fine-dining restaurant in the Beverly Grove neighborhood of Los Angeles." }, "Reeve Carney-1": { "title": "Reeve Carney", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Reeve Jefferson Carney (born April 18, 1983) is an American singer-songwriter and actor most known for originating the role of Peter Parker/Spider-Man in Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark on Broadway. He also played Dorian Gray in the Showtime series Penny Dreadful and Riff Raff in the Fox musical television film The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again." }, "Lord Voldemort-6": { "title": "Lord Voldemort", "section": "Appearances", "headers": [ "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Voldemort makes his debut in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. In this story, Rowling introduces him as the Dark Lord who murdered Harry's parents, James and Lily, but as a result of his mother's love and willingness to sacrifice herself for him, baby Harry survives when Voldemort tries to murder him with a Killing Curse. Voldemort is disembodied, and Harry carries a mysterious scar on his forehead as a result. In the book, Voldemort unsuccessfully tries to regain his dissolved body by stealing the titular Philosopher's Stone. To achieve his objective, Voldemort uses Professor Quirrell's aid by latching onto the back of the latter's head. However, at the climax of the book, Harry manages to prevent Voldemort from stealing the stone." }, "Goofy-1": { "title": "Goofy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Goofy is a funny animal cartoon character created in 1932 at Walt Disney Productions. Goofy is a tall, anthropomorphic dog who typically wears a turtle neck and vest, with pants, shoes, white gloves, and a tall hat originally designed as a rumpled fedora. Goofy is a close friend of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck. He is normally characterized as extremely clumsy and somewhat dimwitted, yet this interpretation is not always definitive; occasionally Goofy is shown as intuitive, and clever, albeit in his own unique, eccentric way." }, "Organ donation-3": { "title": "Organ donation", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Common transplantations include kidneys, heart, liver, pancreas, intestines, lungs, bones, bone marrow, skin, and corneas. Some organs and tissues can be donated by living donors, such as a kidney or part of the liver, part of the pancreas, part of the lungs or part of the intestines, but most donations occur after the donor has died." }, "High-occupancy vehicle lane-1": { "title": "High-occupancy vehicle lane", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A high-occupancy vehicle lane (also known as an HOV lane, carpool lane, diamond lane, 2+ lane, and transit lane or T2 or T3 lanes) is a restricted traffic lane reserved for the exclusive use of vehicles with a driver and one or more passengers, including carpools, vanpools, and transit buses. These restrictions may be only imposed during peak travel times or may apply at all times. According to the criteria used there are different types of lanes: temporary or permanent with concrete barriers; two-directional or reversible; and exclusive, concurrent or contraflow lanes working in peak periods. The normal minimum occupancy level is 2 or 3 occupants. Many jurisdictions exempt other vehicles, including motorcycles, charter buses, emergency and law enforcement vehicles, low-emission and other green vehicles, and/or single-occupancy vehicles paying a toll. HOV lanes are normally created to increase average vehicle occupancy and persons traveling with the goal of reducing traffic congestion and air pollution, although their effectiveness is questionable." }, "Kid Brands-1": { "title": "Kid Brands", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Kid Brands, Inc. (NYSE:\u00a0KID) and its subsidiaries design, develop and distribute infant and juvenile branded products. These products are distributed through mass market, baby super stores, specialty, food, drug, independent, and e-commerce retailers worldwide." }, "New Year's Eve-41": { "title": "New Year's Eve", "section": "Americas", "headers": [ "United States", "Religious observances" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "In the Roman Catholic Church, 1 January is a solemnity honoring the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Mother of Jesus; it is a Holy Day of Obligation in most countries (Australia being a notable exception), thus the Church requires the attendance of all Catholics in such countries for Mass that day. However a vigil Mass may be held on the evening before a Holy Day; thus it has become customary to celebrate Mass on the evening of New Year's Eve. (New Year's Eve is a feast day honoring Pope Sylvester I in the Roman Catholic calendar, but it is not widely recognized in the United States.)" }, "Tonsil-2": { "title": "Tonsil", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "When used unqualified, the term most commonly refers specifically to the palatine tonsils, which are two lymphoid organs situated at either side of the back of the human throat. The palatine tonsils and the adenoid tonsil are organs consisting of lymphoepithelial tissue located near the oropharynx and nasopharynx (parts of the throat)." }, "Bactrian camel-1": { "title": "Bactrian camel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) is a large, even-toed ungulate native to the steppes of Central Asia. It has two humps on its back, in contrast to the single-humped dromedary camel. Its population of two million exists mainly in the domesticated form. Their name comes from the ancient historical region of Bactria." }, "Norman, Oklahoma-2": { "title": "Norman, Oklahoma", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Norman was settled during the Land Run of 1889, which opened the former Unassigned Lands of Indian Territory to American pioneer settlement. The city was named in honor of Abner Norman, the area's initial land surveyor, and was formally incorporated on May 13, 1891. Economically the city has prominent higher education and related research industries, as it is home to the University of Oklahoma, the largest university in the state, with nearly 32,000 students enrolled. The university is well known for its sporting events by teams under the banner of the nickname \"Sooners\", with over 85,000 people routinely attending football games. The university is home to several museums, including the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art, which contains the largest collection of French Impressionist art ever given to an American university, as well as the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History." }, "Curdling-2": { "title": "Curdling", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Milk is composed of several compounds, primarily fat, protein, and sugar. The protein in milk is normally suspended in a colloidal (colloid) solution, which means that the small protein molecules float around freely and independently. These floating protein molecules refract light and contribute (with the suspended fat) to the white appearance of milk. Normally these protein molecules repel each other, allowing them to float about without clumping, but when the pH of their solution changes, they can attract one another and form clumps. This is what happens when milk curdles, as the pH drops and becomes more acidic, the protein (casein and others) molecules attract one another and become \"curdles\" floating in a solution of translucent whey. This clumping reaction happens more swiftly at warmer temperatures than it does at cold temperatures." }, "High-definition video-18": { "title": "High-definition video", "section": "HD content", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Most computers are capable of HD or higher resolutions over VGA, DVI, HDMI and/or DisplayPort. The optical disc standard Blu-ray Disc can provide enough digital storage to store hours of HD video content. Digital Versatile Discs or DVDs (that hold 4.7 GB for a Single layer or 8.5 GB for a double layer), are not always up to the challenge of today's high-definition (HD) sets. Storing and playing HD movies requires a disc that holds more information, like a Blu-ray Disc (which hold 25 GB in single layer form and 50 GB for double layer) or the now-defunct High Definition Digital Versatile Discs (HD DVDs) which held 15 GB or 30 GB in, respectively, single and double layer variations. Blu-ray Discs were jointly developed by 9 initial partners including Sony and Phillips (which jointly developed CDs for audio), and Pioneer (which developed its own Laser-disc previously with some success) among others. HD-DVD discs were primarily developed by Toshiba and NEC with some backing from Microsoft, Warner Bros., Hewlett Packard, and others. On February 19, 2008 Toshiba announced it was abandoning the format and would discontinue development, marketing and manufacturing of HD-DVD players and drives." }, "Franklin D. Roosevelt-3": { "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated Republican President Herbert Hoover in a landslide. Roosevelt took office in the midst of the Great Depression, the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. During the first 100 days of the 73rd United States Congress, Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented federal legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal\u2014a variety of programs designed to produce relief, recovery, and reform. He created numerous programs to provide relief to the unemployed and farmers while seeking economic recovery with the National Recovery Administration and other programs. He also instituted major regulatory reforms related to finance, communications, and labor, and presided over the end of Prohibition. He harnessed radio to speak directly to the American people, giving 30 \"fireside chat\" radio addresses during his presidency and becoming the first American president to be televised. The economy having improved rapidly from 1933 to 1936, Roosevelt won a landslide reelection in 1936. However, the economy then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937 and 1938. After the 1936 election, Roosevelt sought passage of the Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937 (the \"court packing plan\"), which would have expanded the size of the Supreme Court of the United States. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented passage of the bill and blocked the implementation of further New Deal programs and reforms. Major surviving programs and legislation implemented under Roosevelt include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the National Labor Relations Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Social Security, and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938." }, "Helen Keller-1": { "title": "Helen Keller", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 \u2013 June 1, 1968) was an American author, political activist, and lecturer. She was the first deaf-blind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree. The story of Keller and her teacher, Anne Sullivan, was made famous by Keller's autobiography, The Story of My Life, and its adaptations for film and stage, The Miracle Worker. Her birthplace in West Tuscumbia, Alabama, is now a museum and sponsors an annual \"Helen Keller Day\". Her June 27 birthday is commemorated as Helen Keller Day in Pennsylvania and, in the centenary year of her birth, was recognized by a presidential proclamation from US President Jimmy Carter." }, "Picts-36": { "title": "Picts", "section": "Language", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "The Pictish language is extinct. Evidence is limited to place names, the names of people found on monuments, and the contemporary records in other languages. The evidence of place-names and personal names argues strongly that the Picts spoke Insular Celtic languages related to the more southerly Brittonic languages. A number of Ogham inscriptions have been argued to be unidentifiable as Celtic, and on this basis, it has been suggested that non-Celtic languages were also in use." }, "Disco Boy-5": { "title": "Disco Boy", "section": "Track list", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Version 1: A.\"Disco Boy\" - 5:28 B.\"Ms. Pinky\" - 3:40 Version 2: A.\"Disco Boy\" - 5:28 B.\"Bird Man\" (Herbie Mann) - 3:40" }, "Primate-2": { "title": "Primate", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Primates are divided into two distinct suborders (see diagram under History of terminology). The first suborder is called strepsirrhines (from Greek 'twisted-nosed or twisted-nostrilled'), which contains lemurs, galagos, and lorisids. These primates can be found throughout Africa, Madagascar, India, and Southeast Asia. The colloquial names of species ending in -nosed refer to the rhinarium of the primate. The second suborder is called haplorhines, which contains \"dry-nosed\" primates (from Greek 'simple-nosed') in the tarsier, monkey, and ape clades. The last of these groups includes humans. Simians (the infraorder called Simiiformes from the Greek word simos, meaning 'flat-nosed') refer to monkeys and apes, which can be classified as Old World monkeys and apes under the infraorder of catarrhines (from Greek 'narrow nosed') or as New World monkeys under the infraorder of platyrrhines (from Greek 'flat-nosed'). Forty million years ago, simians from Africa migrated to South America by drifting on debris (presumably), which gave rise to the five families of New World monkeys. The remaining simians (catarrhines) split into apes (Hominoidea) and Old World monkeys (Cercopithecoidea) approximately twenty-five million years ago. Common species that are simians include the (Old World) baboons, macaques, gibbons, and great apes; and the (New World) capuchins, howlers and squirrel monkeys." }, "Brain-1": { "title": "Brain", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. It is located in the head, usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision. It is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a human, the cerebral cortex contains approximately 14\u201316 billion neurons, and the estimated number of neurons in the cerebellum is 55\u201370 billion. Each neuron is connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells." }, "Bartender-12": { "title": "Bartender", "section": "By country", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Bartenders may attend special schools or learn while on the job. Bartenders in the United States usually have on-the-job training, from the owners, management, or other superior stuff with experience. Prospective bartenders may gain experience by working as wait staff in a restaurant with a bar. Some vocational schools offer bartenders licenses. Some US states require a bartenders license or a health certificate issued from the state." }, "Cyanosis-6": { "title": "Cyanosis", "section": "Forms and causes", "headers": [ "Central cyanosis" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Acute cyanosis can be as a result of asphyxiation or choking, and is one of the definite signs that respiration is being blocked." }, "Hanging-1": { "title": "Hanging", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hanging is the suspension of a person by a noose or ligature around the neck. The Oxford English Dictionary states that hanging in this sense is \"specifically to put to death by suspension by the neck\", though it formerly also referred to crucifixion and death by impalement in which the body would remain \"hanging\". Hanging has been a common method of capital punishment since medieval times, and is the primary execution method in numerous countries and regions. The first known account of execution by hanging was in Homer's Odyssey (Book XXII). In this specialised meaning of the common word hang, the past and past participle is hanged instead of hung." }, "Oyster-6": { "title": "Oyster", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Pearl oysters" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Pearl oysters are not closely related to true oysters, being members of a distinct family, the feathered oysters (Pteriidae). Both cultured pearls and natural pearls can be extracted from pearl oysters, though other molluscs, such as the freshwater mussels, also yield pearls of commercial value." }, "Jackson Pollock-1": { "title": "Jackson Pollock", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Paul Jackson Pollock (/\u02c8p\u0252l\u0259k/; January 28, 1912 \u2013 August 11, 1956) was an American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement." }, "Smilodon-10": { "title": "Smilodon", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Smilodon was around the size of modern big cats, but was more robustly built. It had a reduced lumbar region, high scapula, short tail, and broad limbs with relatively short feet. Smilodon is most famous for its relatively long canine teeth, which are the longest found in the saber-toothed cats, at about 28\u00a0cm (11\u00a0in) long in the largest species, S. populator. The canines were slender and had fine serrations on the front and back side. The skull was robustly proportioned and the muzzle was short and broad. The cheek bones (zygomata) were deep and widely arched, the sagittal crest was prominent, and the frontal region was slightly convex. The mandible had a flange on each side of the front. The upper incisors were large, sharp, and slanted forwards. There was a diastema (gap) between the incisors and molars of the mandible. The lower incisors were broad, recurved, and placed in a straight line across. The p3 premolar tooth of the mandible was present in most early specimens, but lost in later specimens; it was only present in 6% of the La Brea sample. There is some dispute over whether Smilodon was sexually dimorphic. Some studies of S. fatalis fossils have found little difference between the sexes. Conversely, a 2012 study found that, while fossils of S. fatalis show less variation in size among individuals than modern Panthera, they do appear to show the same difference between the sexes in some traits." }, "Reload (Metallica album)-1": { "title": "Reload (Metallica album)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Reload is the seventh studio album by American heavy metal band Metallica, released on November 18, 1997 via Elektra Records. The album is a follow-up to Load, released the previous year, and Metallica's last studio album to feature bassist Jason Newsted. Reload debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 436,000 copies in its first week. It was certified 3\u00d7 platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipping three million copies in the United States." }, "Spam (food)-1": { "title": "Spam (food)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Spam (stylized as SPAM) is a brand of canned cooked pork made by Hormel Foods Corporation. It was introduced by Hormel in 1937 and gained popularity worldwide after its use during World War II. By 2003, Spam was sold in 41 countries on six continents and trademarked in over 100 countries (not including the Middle East and North Africa). Spam's basic ingredients are pork with ham meat added, salt, water, modified potato starch (as a binder), sugar, and sodium nitrite (as a preservative). Natural gelatin is formed during cooking in its tins on the production line. Many have raised concerns over Spam's nutritional attributes, in large part due to its high content of fat, sodium, and preservatives." }, "The Matrix (franchise)-9": { "title": "The Matrix (franchise)", "section": "Films", "headers": [ "Future", "The Matrix 4" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The Wachowskis had stated after The Matrix Revolutions that they had no interest in another Matrix film. Word of a possible sequel still persisted when The Hollywood Reporter reported in March 2017 about a sequel in development with Zak Penn writing the screenplay. Rumors of a new film continued until it was announced in August 2019 that Lana Wachowski was returning to co-write, direct, and produce The Matrix 4 as a joint Warner Bros. Pictures and Village Roadshow Pictures production. In addition, both Reeves and Moss affirmed their return for the film as Neo and Trinity. Lilly Wachowski could not return as she was in the midst of producing Work in Progress but gave the film her blessing. In addition to Reeves and Moss, Jada Pinkett Smith will return as Niobe and Lambert Wilson will return as The Merovingian, alongside newcomers to the series Yahya Abdul-Mateen II and Jessica Henwick as the film's leads along with Neil Patrick Harris, Jonathan Groff, Toby Onwumere, Er\u00e9ndira Ibarra, Priyanka Chopra and Andrew Caldwell. Production on the film started in February 2020 and it is scheduled for release on May 21, 2021." }, "Tower of London-3": { "title": "Tower of London", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The peak period of the castle's use as a prison was the 16th and 17th centuries, when many figures who had fallen into disgrace, such as Elizabeth I before she became queen, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Elizabeth Throckmorton, were held within its walls. This use has led to the phrase \"sent to the Tower\". Despite its enduring reputation as a place of torture and death, popularised by 16th-century religious propagandists and 19th-century writers, only seven people were executed within the Tower before the World Wars of the 20th century. Executions were more commonly held on the notorious Tower Hill to the north of the castle, with 112 occurring there over a 400-year period. In the latter half of the 19th century, institutions such as the Royal Mint moved out of the castle to other locations, leaving many buildings empty. Anthony Salvin and John Taylor took the opportunity to restore the Tower to what was felt to be its medieval appearance, clearing out many of the vacant post-medieval structures." }, "Philip II of Macedon-1": { "title": "Philip II of Macedon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Philip II of Macedon (Greek: \u03a6\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u0392\u0384 \u1f41 \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd; 382\u2013336\u00a0BC) was the king (basileus) of the kingdom of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in 336 BC. He was a member of the Argead dynasty of Macedonian kings, the third son of King Amyntas III of Macedon, and father of Alexander the Great and Philip III. The rise of Macedon, its conquest and political consolidation of most of Classical Greece during the reign of Philip II was achieved in part by his reformation of the Ancient Macedonian army, establishing the Macedonian phalanx that proved critical in securing victories on the battlefield. After defeating the Greek city-states of Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC, Philip II led the effort to establish a federation of Greek states known as the League of Corinth, with him as the elected hegemon and commander-in-chief of Greece for a planned invasion of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia. However, his assassination by a royal bodyguard, Pausanias of Orestis, led to the immediate succession of his son Alexander, who would go on to invade the Achaemenid Empire in his father's stead." }, "Harry Potter-2": { "title": "Harry Potter", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Since the release of the first novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, on 26 June 1997, the books have found immense popularity, critical acclaim and commercial success worldwide. They have attracted a wide adult audience as well as younger readers and are often considered cornerstones of modern young adult literature. As of February\u00a02018[update], the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide, making them the best-selling book series in history, and have been translated into eighty languages. The last four books consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history, with the final installment selling roughly eleven million copies in the United States within twenty-four hours of its release." }, "Helen Palmer (author)-1": { "title": "Helen Palmer (author)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Helen Marion Palmer Geisel (September 16, 1898\u00a0\u2013 October 23, 1967), known professionally as Helen Palmer, was an American children's author, editor, and philanthropist. She was married to fellow author Theodor Seuss Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss, from 1927 until her death. Her best-known books include Do You Know What I'm Going to Do Next Saturday?, I Was Kissed by a Seal at the Zoo, Why I Built the Boogle House, and A Fish Out Of Water." }, "Ice hockey in the United States-5": { "title": "Ice hockey in the United States", "section": "National Hockey League", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "citation needed] The NHL is the major professional hockey league in North America, with 24 U.S.-based teams and 7 Canadian-based teams competing for the Stanley Cup. While NHL stars are still not as readily familiar to the general American public as are stars of the NFL, MLB, and the NBA, average attendance for NHL games in the U.S. has surpassed average NBA attendance in recent seasons, buoyed in part by the NHL Winter Classic being played in large outdoor stadiums." }, "Simon Cowell-27": { "title": "Simon Cowell", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Other talent shows" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "In 2018, it was announced that Cowell created his first show to air on the BBC, titled The Greatest Dancer, which debuted on 5 January 2019. In the show, dancers competed for a \u00a350,000 and a performance on the BBC's Strictly Come Dancing. A second series is scheduled to air in 2020." }, "World Series-1": { "title": "World Series", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The World Series is the annual championship series of Major League Baseball (MLB) in Canada and the USA, contested since 1903 between the American League (AL) champion team and the National League (NL) champion team. The winner of the World Series championship is determined through a best-of-seven playoff, and the winning team is awarded the Commissioner's Trophy. As the series is played during the fall season in North America, it is sometimes referred to as the Fall Classic. Since 2017, it has been officially known as the World Series presented by YouTube TV for sponsorship reasons." }, "IPhone (1st generation)-10": { "title": "IPhone (1st generation)", "section": "Post-release", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The iPhone's main competitors in both consumer and business markets were considered to be the LG Prada, LG Viewty, Samsung Ultra Smart F700, Nokia N95, Nokia E61i, Palm Treo 750, Palm Centro, HTC Touch, Sony Ericsson W960 and BlackBerry. The iPod Touch, a touchscreen device with the media and internet abilities and interface of the iPhone but without the ability to connect to a cellular network for phone functions or internet access, was released on September 5, 2007. At the same time, Apple significantly dropped the price of the 8\u00a0GB model (from $599 to $399, still requiring a 2-year contract with AT&T) while discontinuing the 4\u00a0GB model. Apple sold the one millionth iPhone five days later, or 74 days after the release. After receiving \"hundreds of emails. upset\" about the price drop, Apple gave store credit to early adopters." }, "Rosemary-1": { "title": "Rosemary", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Salvia rosmarinus, commonly known as rosemary, is a woody, perennial herb with fragrant, evergreen, needle-like leaves and white, pink, purple, or blue flowers, native to the Mediterranean region. Until 2017, it was known by the scientific name Rosmarinus officinalis, now a synonym." }, "Jackfruit-12": { "title": "Jackfruit", "section": "Botanical description", "headers": [ "Flowers and fruit" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "The ellipsoidal to roundish fruit is a multiple fruit formed from the fusion of the ovaries of multiple flowers. The fruits grow on a long and thick stem on the trunk. They vary in size and ripen from an initially yellowish-greenish to yellow, and then at maturity to yellowish-brown. They possess a hard, gummy shell with small pimples surrounded with hard, hexagonal tubercles. The large and variously shaped fruit have a length of 30 to 100 centimeters and a diameter of 15 to 50 centimeters and can weigh 10-25 kilograms or more." }, "Forbidden City-3": { "title": "Forbidden City", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Since 1925, the Forbidden City has been under the charge of the Palace Museum, whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Part of the museum's former collection is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Both museums descend from the same institution, but were split after the Chinese Civil War. Since 2012, the Forbidden City has seen an average of 14 million visitors annually, and received more than 19 million visitors in 2019." }, "History of geomagnetism-12": { "title": "History of geomagnetism", "section": "Early ideas about the source", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In early attempts to understand the Earth's magnetic field, measuring it was only part of the challenge. Understanding the measurements was also difficult because the mathematical and physical concepts had not yet been developed \u2013 in particular, the concept of a vector field that associates a vector with each point in space. The Earth's field is generally represented by field lines that run from pole to pole; the field at any point is parallel to a field line but does not have to point at either pole. As late as the eighteenth century, however, a natural philosopher would believe that a magnet had to be pointing directly at something. Thus, the Earth's magnetic field had to be explained by localized sources, and as more was learned about the Earth's field, these sources became increasingly complex." }, "Magical creatures in Harry Potter-65": { "title": "Magical creatures in Harry Potter", "section": "Characters", "headers": [ "Firenze" ], "para_index": 65, "content": "Firenze is a centaur and, after Order of the Phoenix, a Divination teacher at Hogwarts. He is described in the book as a palomino centaur with astonishingly blue eyes. He first appears towards the end of Philosopher's Stone, in which he rescues Harry from Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest. Having carried Harry to safety on his back, Firenze quarrels with other centaurs who object to the symbolic suggestion that centaurs are subservient to humans." }, "Thetan-6": { "title": "Thetan", "section": "Thetan in Scientology doctrine", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "\"From some experiments conducted about fifteen or twenty years ago\u2014a thetan weighed about 1.5\u00a0ounces [45\u00a0grams]! Who made these experiments? Well, a doctor made these experiments. He weighed people before and after death, retaining any mass. He weighed the person, bed and all, and he found that the weight dropped at the moment of death about 1.5\u00a0ounces [45\u00a0grams] and some of them 2\u00a0ounces [60\u00a0grams]. (Those were super thetans!)\" Although Hubbard did not name the doctor concerned, there was indeed such an attempt, by Duncan MacDougall, to measure the weight of dying patients to determine the weight of the soul, although MacDougall's experiments took place about fifty years before Hubbard's lectures, not fifteen or twenty, and are generally not regarded as having any scientific validity." }, "Atlantic Ocean-2": { "title": "Atlantic Ocean", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Europe and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. As one component of the interconnected World Ocean, it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean, to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and the Southern Ocean in the south (other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica). The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North(ern) Atlantic Ocean and the South(ern) Atlantic Ocean at about 8\u00b0N." }, "Watergate scandal-66": { "title": "Watergate scandal", "section": "President Ford's pardon of Nixon", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 66, "content": "With Nixon's resignation, Congress dropped its impeachment proceedings. Criminal prosecution was still a possibility at both the federal and the state level. Nixon was succeeded by Vice President Gerald Ford as President, who on September 8, 1974, issued a full and unconditional pardon of Nixon, immunizing him from prosecution for any crimes he had \"committed or may have committed or taken part in\" as president. In a televised broadcast to the nation, Ford explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interest of the country. He said that the Nixon family's situation \"is an American tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must.\"" }, "Persian cat-28": { "title": "Persian cat", "section": "Variants", "headers": [ "Chinchilla Longhair and Sterling" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "In the US, there was an attempt to establish the silver Persian as a separate breed called the Sterling, but it was not accepted. Silver and golden Persians are recognized, as such, by CFA. In South Africa, the attempt to separate the breed was more successful; the Southern Africa Cat Council (SACC) registers cats with five generations of purebred Chinchilla as a Chinchilla Longhair. The Chinchilla Longhair has a slightly longer nose than the Persian, resulting in healthy breathing and less eye tearing. Its hair is translucent with only the tips carrying black pigment, a feature that gets lost when out-crossed to other colored Persians. Out-crossing also may result in losing nose and lip liner, which is a fault in the Chinchilla Longhair breed standard. One of the distinctions of this breed is the blue-green or green eye color only with kittens having blue or blue-purple eye color." }, "Metallica discography-1": { "title": "Metallica discography", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The discography of Metallica includes ten studio albums, eight live albums, three extended plays, 43 singles, ten video albums, 42 music videos, one soundtrack album, one collaboration album and three box sets. They are a San Francisco-based metal band formed in 1981 by James Hetfield (lead vocals, rhythm guitar) and Lars Ulrich (drums). After several bassist and lead guitarist changes (including Dave Mustaine),[citation needed] the band settled on Cliff Burton and Kirk Hammett, respectively. Metallica started playing locally, releasing their first widely circulated demo, No Life 'til Leather, in 1982. The demo caught the attention of Johny Zazula, who signed Metallica to Megaforce Records. The band released Kill 'Em All in 1983, and the following year they released Ride the Lightning. After Ride the Lightning was released, Metallica left Megaforce and signed to Elektra Records. In March 1986, the band released its third studio album, Master of Puppets, which was Metallica's first album to be certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America\u00a0(RIAA). While promoting the album, Burton was killed in a bus accident. Jason Newsted was hired as a replacement. The band's first release to feature the new member was The $5.98 E.P. - Garage Days Re-Revisited, and then followed by ...And Justice for All in August 1988, which peaked at number six on the Billboard 200." }, "Aesop's Fables-53": { "title": "Aesop's Fables", "section": "Religious themes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "As the fables moved out of the Greek-speaking world and were adapted to different times and religions, it is notable how radically some fables were reinterpreted. Thus one of the fables collected under the title of the Lion's share and originally directed against tyranny became in the hands of Rumi a parable of oneness with the God of Islam and obedience to divine authority. In the Jewish 'fox fables' of Berechiah ha-Nakdan, the humorous account of the hares and the frogs was made the occasion to recommend trust in God, while Christian reinterpretation of animal symbolism in Mediaeval times turned The Wolf and the Crane into a parable of the rescue of the sinner's soul from Hell." }, "Christina Oiticica-1": { "title": "Christina Oiticica", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Christina Oiticica (born 23 November 1951 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian artist. She has been married to Paulo Coelho since 1980." }, "Verdigris-6": { "title": "Verdigris", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "It is also used industrially as a fungicide, a catalyst for organic reactions, and in dyeing (The Merck Index , Ninth Ed., 1976). Verdigris has also been used in medicine." }, "Piranha-16": { "title": "Piranha", "section": "Relationship with humans", "headers": [ "Attacks" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Most piranha attacks on humans only result in minor injuries, typically to the feet or hands, but they are occasionally more serious and very rarely can be fatal. Near the city of Palmas in Brazil, 190 piranha attacks, all involving single bites to the feet, were reported in the first half of 2007 in an artificial lake, which appeared after the damming of the Tocantins River. In the state of S\u00e3o Paulo, a series of attacks in 2009 in the Tiet\u00ea River resulted in 15 people with minor injuries. In 2011, another series of attacks at Jos\u00e9 de Freitas in the Brazilian state of Piau\u00ed resulted in 100 people being treated for bites to their toes or heels. On 25 December 2013, more than 70 bathers were attacked at Rosario in Argentina, causing injuries to their hands or feet. In 2011, a drunk 18-year-old man was attacked and killed in Rosario del Yata, Bolivia. In 2012, a five-year-old Brazilian girl was attacked and killed by a shoal of P. nattereri. In February 2015, a six-year-old girl died after being attacked by piranhas when her grandmother's boat capsized during a vacation in Brazil." }, "Beard-27": { "title": "Beard", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Middle Ages" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "In pre-Islamic Arabia men would apparently keep mustaches but shave the hair on their chins[citation needed]. The prophet Muhammad encouraged his followers to do the opposite, long chin hair but trimmed mustaches, to signify their break with the old religion. This style of beard subsequently spread along with Islam during the Muslim expansion in the Middle Ages." }, "Israel-32": { "title": "Israel", "section": "History", "headers": [ "After World War II" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "On 14 May 1948, the day before the expiration of the British Mandate, David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, declared \"the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel, to be known as the State of Israel.\" The only reference in the text of the Declaration to the borders of the new state is the use of the term Eretz-Israel (\"Land of Israel\"). The following day, the armies of four Arab countries\u2014Egypt, Syria, Transjordan and Iraq\u2014entered what had been British Mandatory Palestine, launching the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War; contingents from Yemen, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Sudan joined the war. The apparent purpose of the invasion was to prevent the establishment of the Jewish state at inception, and some Arab leaders talked about driving the Jews into the sea. According to Benny Morris, Jews felt that the invading Arab armies aimed to slaughter the Jews. The Arab league stated that the invasion was to restore law and order and to prevent further bloodshed." }, "Frozen (2013 film)-45": { "title": "Frozen (2013 film)", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Scandinavian and S\u00e1mi inspiration" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "The filmmakers' trip to Norway provided essential knowledge for the animators to come up with the design aesthetic for the film in terms of color, light, and atmosphere. According to Giaimo, there were three important factors that they had acquired from the Norway research trip: the fjords and the massive vertical rock formations characteristic of fjords, which serve as the setting for the secluded kingdom of Arendelle; the medieval stave churches, whose rustic triangular rooflines and shingles inspired the castle compound; and the rosemaling folk art, whose distinctive paneling and grid patterns informed the architecture, decor, and costumes." }, "Piracy-1": { "title": "Piracy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable items or properties. Those who engage in acts of piracy are called pirates, while dedicated ships that are used by them are called pirate ships. The earliest documented instances of piracy were in the 14th century BC, when the Sea Peoples, a group of ocean raiders, attacked the ships of the Aegean and Mediterranean civilizations. Narrow channels which funnel shipping into predictable routes have long created opportunities for piracy, as well as for privateering and commerce raiding. Historic examples include the waters of Gibraltar, the Strait of Malacca, Madagascar, the Gulf of Aden, and the English Channel, whose geographic structures facilitated pirate attacks. A land-based parallel is the ambushing of travelers by bandits and brigands in highways and mountain passes. Privateering uses similar methods to piracy, but the captain acts under orders of the state authorizing the capture of merchant ships belonging to an enemy nation, making it a legitimate form of war-like activity by non-state actors." }, "Dieting-13": { "title": "Dieting", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Low-calorie" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Low-calorie diets usually produce an energy deficit of 500\u20131,000 calories per day, which can result in a 0.5 to 1 kilogram (1.1 to 2.2 pounds) weight loss per week. One of the most commonly used low-calorie diets is Weight Watchers. The National Institutes of Health reviewed 34 randomized controlled trials to determine the effectiveness of low-calorie diets. They found that these diets lowered total body mass by 8% in the short term, over 3\u201312 months. Women doing low-calorie diets should have at least 1,000 calories per day and men should have approximately 1,200 calories per day. These caloric intake values vary depending on additional factors, such as age and weight." }, "Public domain-10": { "title": "Public domain", "section": "Public domain by medium", "headers": [ "Public domain books" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "A notable exception is the United States, where every book and tale published prior to 1925 is in the public domain; American copyrights last for 95 years for books originally published between 1925 and 1978 if the copyright was properly registered and maintained." }, "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster-1": { "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Space Shuttle Columbia disaster was a fatal incident in the United States space program that occurred on February 1, 2003, when the Space Shuttle Columbia (OV-102) disintegrated as it reentered the atmosphere, killing all seven crew members. The disaster was the second fatal accident in the Space Shuttle program, after the 1986 breakup of Challenger soon after liftoff." }, "North America-1": { "title": "North America", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be described as a northern subcontinent of the Americas, or America, in models that use fewer than seven continents. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea." }, "Mount Wycheproof-1": { "title": "Mount Wycheproof", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mount Wycheproof is a mountain in the small town of Wycheproof, Victoria, Australia, which stands at 43 metres (141\u00a0ft) above the surrounding terrain, making it the smallest mountain in the world. The township of Wycheproof is located on the hillside, and a unique geological substance known as Wycheproofite is exclusive to the local area." }, "Marco Rubio-1": { "title": "Marco Rubio", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Marco Antonio Rubio (born May 28, 1971) is an American politician serving as the senior United States senator from Florida. A Republican, he previously served as speaker of the Florida House of Representatives. Rubio unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for president of the United States in 2016, winning presidential primaries in the State of Minnesota, the District of Columbia, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico." }, "House of Normandy-1": { "title": "House of Normandy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The House of Normandy is the usual designation for the family that were the counts of Rouen, dukes of Normandy and kings of England which immediately followed the Norman conquest of England and lasted until the House of Plantagenet came to power in 1154. The house emerged from the union between the Viking Rollo (first ruler of the Duchy of Normandy) and Poppa of Bayeux, a West Frankish noblewoman. William the Conqueror and his heirs down through 1135 were members of this dynasty." }, "Gameplay of Pok\u00e9mon-57": { "title": "Gameplay of Pok\u00e9mon", "section": "Pok\u00e9mon evolution", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 57, "content": "Evolution (\u9032\u5316, shinka) is a sudden change in form of a Pok\u00e9mon, usually accompanied by an increase in stat values. There are several different conditions which can trigger evolution in different species; the most common is gaining enough battle experience. There are many other factors that can determine if, when, and into what, different Pok\u00e9mon will evolve. The original alternate methods were the use of items called evolutionary stones or by trading the Pok\u00e9mon to another player. Later additions to the pool of conditions for evolution include dependence on the Pok\u00e9mon's friendship level, the time of day in the game, carrying a unique item while being traded, the gender, the area in the game where the Pok\u00e9mon levels up, having a separate specific Pok\u00e9mon in the player's party, trading for a specific Pok\u00e9mon, knowing a certain move, or holding the game console upside down." }, "Muslims-1": { "title": "Muslims", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Muslims are people who follow or practice Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion. Muslims consider the Quran, their holy book, to be the verbatim word of God as revealed to the Islamic prophet and messenger Muhammad. The majority of Muslims also follow the teachings and practices of Muhammad (sunnah) as recorded in traditional accounts (hadith). \"Muslim\" is an Arabic word meaning \"submitter\" (to God)." }, "Recession of 1937\u201338-2": { "title": "Recession of 1937\u201338", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "By the spring of 1937, production, profits, and wages had regained their early 1929 levels. Unemployment remained high, but it was slightly lower than the 25% rate seen in 1933. The American economy took a sharp downturn in mid-1937, lasting for 13 months through most of 1938. Industrial production declined almost 30 percent, and production of durable goods fell even faster." }, "McRib-1": { "title": "McRib", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "McRib is a barbecue-flavored pork sandwich periodically sold by the international fast food restaurant chain McDonald's. It was first introduced to the McDonald's menu in 1981, following test marketing the year before." }, "The Avengers (2012 film)-45": { "title": "The Avengers (2012 film)", "section": "Release", "headers": [ "Theatrical" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "The film's world premiere was April 11, 2012, at Hollywood's El Capitan Theatre. The Avengers closed the 11th Annual Tribeca Film Festival with a screening on April 28, 2012. The film received an expanded one-week theatrical push for the 2012 U.S. Labor Day weekend, increasing the number of theaters from 123 to 1,700. The Avengers was the last film released in Phase One of the MCU." }, "Curiosity (rover)-6": { "title": "Curiosity (rover)", "section": "Specifications", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Curiosity comprised 23% of the mass of the 3,893\u00a0kg (8,583\u00a0lb) spacecraft at launch. The remaining mass was discarded in the process of transport and landing." }, "Confederate States of America-8": { "title": "Confederate States of America", "section": "Span of control", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "These losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Davis's administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, and allegations of autocratic government. After four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. A few days later General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, effectively signalling the collapse of the Confederacy. President Davis was captured on May 10, 1865, and jailed for treason, but no trial was ever held." }, "Hercules (franchise)-17": { "title": "Hercules (franchise)", "section": "Stage musical", "headers": [ "Hercules: The Muse-ical" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Hercules: The Muse-ical (also known as Hercules: A Muse-ical Comedy) is a show on Disney Cruise Line's Disney Wonder ship. It is a \"Vaudevillian salute\" to the 1997 Disney film, and features some of its songs. \"It had its final performance in 2008 to make way for Toy Story: The Musical.\"" }, "Tange Sazen-1": { "title": "Tange Sazen", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The one-eyed, one-armed swordsman Tange Sazen (\u4e39\u4e0b \u5de6\u81b3) is a fictional character in Japanese literature, cinema and TV. The loyal S\u014dma clan samurai Tange Samanosuke is attacked and mutilated as the result of a betrayal, losing his right eye and right arm. He then begins to lead the life of a nihilistic ronin, using the pseudonym Sazen." }, "Strawberry-1": { "title": "Strawberry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The garden strawberry (or simply strawberry; Fragaria \u00d7 ananassa) is a widely grown hybrid species of the genus Fragaria, collectively known as the strawberries, which are cultivated worldwide for their fruit. The fruit is widely appreciated for its characteristic aroma, bright red color, juicy texture, and sweetness. It is consumed in large quantities, either fresh or in such prepared foods as jam, juice, pies, ice cream, milkshakes, and chocolates. Artificial strawberry flavorings and aromas are also widely used in products such as candy, soap, lip gloss, perfume, and many others." }, "Aldi-13": { "title": "Aldi", "section": "Business organization", "headers": [ "Internationally" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "citation needed] The Aldi group operates over 10,000 stores worldwide. Aldi Nord is responsible for its stores in Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Poland, Spain, Denmark, and Portugal, and also operates the Trader Joe's markets in the United States. Aldi S\u00fcd's responsibilities are in the United States (operating under the Aldi name), Austria, Slovenia and Italy (as Hofer), Great Britain, Ireland, Australia, and Switzerland. Aldi S\u00fcd's first Switzerland store opened in 2005, while it has operated in Hungary since 2007. Aldi S\u00fcd had invested an estimated \u20ac800m ($1bn; \u00a3670m) in Greece from November 2008 until pulling out on 31 December 2010." }, "Manorialism-17": { "title": "Manorialism", "section": "Common features", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Although not free, villeins were by no means in the same position as slaves: they enjoyed legal rights, subject to local custom, and had recourse to the law subject to court charges, which were an additional source of manorial income. Sub-letting of villein holdings was common, and labour on the demesne might be commuted into an additional money payment, as happened increasingly from the 13th century." }, "Red panda-7": { "title": "Red panda", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The red panda lives between 2,200 and 4,800\u00a0m (7,200 and 15,700\u00a0ft) altitude, inhabiting areas of moderate temperature between 10 and 25\u00a0\u00b0C (50 and 77\u00a0\u00b0F) with little annual change. It prefers mountainous mixed deciduous and conifer forests, especially with old trees and dense understories of bamboo." }, "Seven Wonders of the Ancient World-1": { "title": "Seven Wonders of the Ancient World", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Seven Wonders of the World or the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is a list of remarkable constructions of classical antiquity given by various authors in guidebooks or poems popular among ancient Hellenic tourists. Although the list, in its current form, did not stabilise until the Renaissance, the first such lists of seven wonders date from the 2nd-1st century BC. The original list inspired innumerable versions through the ages, often listing seven entries. Of the original Seven Wonders, only one\u2014the Great Pyramid of Giza (also called the Pyramid of Khufu, after the pharaoh who built it), the oldest of the ancient wonders\u2014remains relatively intact. The Colossus of Rhodes, the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Temple of Artemis and the Statue of Zeus were all destroyed. The location and ultimate fate of the Hanging Gardens are unknown, and there is speculation that they may not have existed at all." }, "Great Lakes-5": { "title": "Great Lakes", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Though the five lakes lie in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water, within the Great Lakes Basin. They form a chain connecting the east-central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan, southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers, and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands. There are also several thousand smaller lakes, often called \"inland lakes\", within the basin. The surface area of the five primary lakes combined is roughly equal to the size of the United Kingdom, while the surface area of the entire basin (the lakes and the land they drain) is about the size of the UK and France combined. Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes that is entirely within the United States; the others form a water boundary between the United States and Canada. The lakes are divided among the jurisdictions of the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. states of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Both the province of Ontario and the state of Michigan include in their boundaries portions of four of the lakes: The province of Ontario does not border Lake Michigan, and the state of Michigan does not border Lake Ontario. New York and Wisconsin's jurisdictions extend into two lakes, and each of the remaining states into one of the lakes." }, "Observational astronomy-1": { "title": "Observational astronomy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Observational astronomy is a division of astronomy that is concerned with recording data about the observable universe, in contrast with theoretical astronomy, which is mainly concerned with calculating the measurable implications of physical models. It is the practice and study of observing celestial objects with the use of telescopes and other astronomical instruments." }, "D\u00fcsseldorf-2": { "title": "D\u00fcsseldorf", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Mercer's 2012 Quality of Living survey ranked D\u00fcsseldorf the sixth most livable city in the world. D\u00fcsseldorf Airport is Germany's third-busiest airport after those of Frankfurt and Munich, serving as the most important international airport for the inhabitants of the densely populated Ruhr, Germany's largest urban area. D\u00fcsseldorf is an international business and financial centre, renowned for its fashion and trade fairs, and is headquarters to one Fortune Global 500 and two DAX companies. Messe D\u00fcsseldorf organises nearly one fifth of premier trade shows. As second largest city of the Rhineland, D\u00fcsseldorf holds Rhenish Carnival celebrations every year in February/March, the D\u00fcsseldorf carnival celebrations being the third most popular in Germany after those held in Cologne and Mainz." }, "Diana, Princess of Wales-1": { "title": "Diana, Princess of Wales", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Diana, Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 \u2013 31 August 1997) was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, the heir apparent to the British throne, and the mother of Prince William and Prince Harry. Diana's activism and glamour made her an international icon and earned her an enduring popularity as well as an unprecedented public scrutiny, exacerbated by her tumultuous private life." }, "Black swan-11": { "title": "Black swan", "section": "Distribution", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Black swans were once thought to be sedentary, but the species is now known to be highly nomadic. There is no set migratory pattern, but rather opportunistic responses to either rainfall or drought. In high rainfall years, emigration occurs from the south west and south east into the interior, with a reverse migration to these heartlands in drier years. When rain does fall in the arid central regions, black swans will migrate to these areas to nest and raise their young. However, should dry conditions return before the young have been raised, the adult birds will abandon the nests and their eggs or cygnets and return to wetter areas." }, "Sun bear-2": { "title": "Sun bear", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The most arboreal (tree-living) of all bears, the sun bear is an excellent climber and sunbathes or sleeps in trees 2 to 7\u00a0m (6.6 to 23.0\u00a0ft) above the ground. It is mainly active during the day, though nocturnality might be more common in areas frequented by humans. Sun bears tend to remain solitary but sometimes occur in pairs (such as a mother and her cub). They do not seem to hibernate, possibly because food resources are available the whole year throughout the range. Omnivores, sun bears have a broad diet including ants, bees, beetles, honey, termites and plant material such as seeds and several kinds of fruits; vertebrates such as birds and deer are also eaten occasionally. They breed throughout the year; individuals become sexually mature at two to four years of age. Litters comprise one or two cubs that remain with their mother for around three years." }, "Unreal Engine-1": { "title": "Unreal Engine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Unreal Engine is a game engine developed by Epic Games, first showcased in the 1998 first-person shooter game Unreal. Although initially developed for first-person shooters, it has been successfully used in a variety of other genres, including platformers, fighting games, MMORPGs, and other RPGs. Written in C++, the Unreal Engine features a high degree of portability, supporting a wide range of platforms." }, "Voyages of Christopher Columbus-1": { "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In 1492, a Spanish-based transatlantic maritime expedition led by Italian explorer Christopher Columbus encountered the Americas, continents which were virtually unknown in Europe, Asia and Africa and were outside the Old World political and economic system. The four voyages of Columbus led to the widespread knowledge that a continent existed west of Europe and east of Asia. This breakthrough in geographical knowledge inaugurated a period of exploration, conquest, colonization, biological exchange, and trans-Atlantic trade, whose effects and consequences persist to the present, and are sometimes cited as the start of the modern era." }, "Dodgeball-1": { "title": "Dodgeball", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dodgeball is a team sport in which players on two teams try to throw balls and hit opponents, while avoiding being hit themselves. The objective of each team is to eliminate all members of the opposing team by hitting them with thrown balls, catching a ball thrown by an opponent, or inducing an opponent to commit a violation, such as stepping outside the court." }, "Deontay Wilder-1": { "title": "Deontay Wilder", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Deontay Leshun Wilder (/\u02c8wa\u026ald\u025c\u02d0r/; born October 22, 1985) is an American professional boxer. He held the WBC heavyweight title from 2015 to 2020, and in doing so became the first American world heavyweight champion in nine years, which was the longest period of time in boxing history without an American heavyweight champion. As of February 2020, he is ranked as the world's third-best active heavyweight by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board, fourth by The Ring magazine, and fifth by BoxRec." }, "Acral lentiginous melanoma-4": { "title": "Acral lentiginous melanoma", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Acral lentiginous melanoma is a result of malignant melanocytes at the membrane of the skin (outer layers). The pathogenesis of acral lentiginous melanoma remains unknown at this time." }, "Oklahoma Territory-52": { "title": "Oklahoma Territory", "section": "County creation in the territory", "headers": [ "Greer County", "\"Greer County\" after statehood" ], "para_index": 52, "content": "When Oklahoma became the 46th U.S. state (November 16, 1907), old \"Greer County\" was divided into Greer, Jackson, and part of Beckham counties. Mangum remained the county seat of the redefined Greer County." }, "Smoking ban-10": { "title": "Smoking ban", "section": "Evidence basis", "headers": [ "Air quality in bars and restaurants" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Restrictions upon smoking in bars and restaurants can substantially improve the air quality in such establishments. For example, one study listed on the website of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention states that New York's statewide law to eliminate smoking in enclosed workplaces and public places substantially reduced RSP (respirable suspended particles) levels in western New York hospitality venues. RSP levels were reduced in every venue that permitted smoking before the law was implemented, including venues in which only second-hand smoke from an adjacent room was observed at baseline. The CDC concluded that their results were similar to other studies which also showed substantially improved indoor air quality after smoking bans were instituted." }, "Winter solstice-2": { "title": "Winter solstice", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The winter solstice occurs during the hemisphere's winter. In the Northern Hemisphere, this is the December solstice (usually 21 or 22 December) and in the Southern Hemisphere, this is the June solstice (usually 20 or 21 June). Although the winter solstice itself lasts only a moment, the term sometimes refers to the day on which it occurs. Other names are \"midwinter\", the \"extreme of winter\" (Dongzhi), or the \"shortest day\". Traditionally, in many temperate regions, the winter solstice is seen as the middle of winter, but today in some countries and calendars, it is seen as the beginning of winter. In meteorology, winter is reckoned as beginning about three weeks before the winter solstice." }, "Horseradish-4": { "title": "Horseradish", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Horseradish is probably indigenous to temperate Eastern Europe, where its Slavic name khren seemed to Augustin Pyramus de Candolle more primitive than any Western synonym. Horseradish has been cultivated since antiquity. According to Greek mythology, the Delphic Oracle told Apollo that the horseradish was worth its weight in gold. Dioscorides listed horseradish equally as Persicon sinapi (Diosc. 2.186) or Sinapi persicum (Diosc. 2.168), which Pliny's Natural History reported as Persicon napy; Cato discusses the plant in his treatises on agriculture, and a mural in Pompeii shows the plant. Horseradish is probably the plant mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History under the name of Amoracia, and recommended by him for its medicinal qualities, and possibly the wild radish, or raphanos agrios of the Greeks. The early Renaissance herbalists Pietro Andrea Mattioli and John Gerard showed it under Raphanus. Its modern Linnaean genus Armoracia was first applied to it by Heinrich Bernhard Ruppius, in his Flora Jenensis, 1745, but Linnaeus himself called it Cochlearia armoracia." }, "Al-Farabi-1": { "title": "Al-Farabi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Abu Nasr Al-Farabi (/\u02cc\u00e6lf\u0259\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0bi/; Persian: \u0627\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u200e Ab\u016b Na\u1e63r Mu\u1e25ammad ibn Mu\u1e25ammad al F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b; known in the West as Alpharabius; c. 872 \u2013 between 14 December, 950 and 12 January, 951) was a renowned early Islamic philosopher and jurist who wrote in the fields of political philosophy, metaphysics, ethics and logic. He was also a scientist, cosmologist, mathematician and music scholar." }, "Glass-19": { "title": "Glass", "section": "Physical properties", "headers": [ "Other properties" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "In the manufacturing process, glasses can be poured, formed, extruded and moulded into forms ranging from flat sheets to highly intricate shapes. The finished product is brittle and will fracture, unless laminated or tempered to enhance durability. Glass is typically inert, resistant to chemical attack, and can mostly withstand the action of water, making it an ideal material for the manufacture of containers for foodstuffs and most chemicals. Nevertheless, although usually highly resistant to chemical attack, glass will corrode or dissolve under some conditions. The materials that make up a particular glass composition have an effect on how quickly the glass corrodes. Glasses containing a high proportion of alkali or alkaline earth elements are more susceptible to corrosion than other glass compositions." }, "History of the University of Pittsburgh-2": { "title": "History of the University of Pittsburgh", "section": "Early history", "headers": [ "The founding" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Founded by Hugh Henry Brackenridge as Pittsburgh Academy in 1787, the University of Pittsburgh is among a select group of universities and colleges established in the 18th century in the United States. It is the oldest continuously chartered institution of learning in the U.S., west of the Allegheny Mountains. The school began as a preparatory school, presumably in a log cabin, in Western Pennsylvania, then a frontier. The academy possibly grew out of a school that was active before the charter was granted, perhaps as early as 1770. Brackenridge obtained a charter for the school from the state legislature of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania that was passed by the assembly on February 28, 1787, just ten weeks before the opening of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. The school was soon teaching the rudiments of the \"sacred six\" of the Scottish universities, as founder Brackenridge was Scottish. A brick building was erected in 1790 on the south side of Third Street and Cherry Alley for the Pittsburgh Academy. The small two-story brick building, with a gable facing the alley, contained three rooms: one below and two above." }, "Garfield-2": { "title": "Garfield", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Though this is rarely mentioned in print, Garfield is set in Jim Davis' hometown of Muncie, Indiana, according to the television special Happy Birthday, Garfield. Common themes in the strip include Garfield's laziness, obsessive eating, love of coffee and lasagne, disdain of Mondays and diets. Garfield is also shown to manipulate people to get whatever he wants. The strip's focus is mostly on the interactions among Garfield, Jon, and Odie, but other recurring minor characters appearing as well. Originally created with the intentions to \"come up with a good, marketable character\", Garfield has spawned merchandise earning $750 million to $1 billion annually. In addition to the various merchandise and commercial tie-ins, the strip has spawned several animated television specials, two animated television series, two theatrical feature-length live-action/CGI animated films, and three fully CGI animated direct-to-video movies." }, "Manuel I of Portugal-1": { "title": "Manuel I of Portugal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Manuel I (European Portuguese:\u00a0[m\u0250nu\u02c8\u025b\u026b]; 31 May 1469\u00a0\u2013 13 December 1521), known as the Fortunate (Portuguese: O Venturoso), was King of Portugal from 1495 to 1521. A member of the House of Aviz, Manuel was Duke of Beja and Viseu prior to succeeding his cousin, John II of Portugal, as monarch. Manuel ruled over a period of intensive expansion of the Portuguese Empire owing to the numerous Portuguese discoveries made during his reign. His sponsorship of Vasco da Gama led to the Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India in 1498, resulting in the creation of the Portuguese India Armadas, which guaranteed Portugal's monopoly on the spice trade. Manuel began the Portuguese colonization of the Americas and Portuguese India, and oversaw the establishment of a vast trade empire across Africa and Asia." }, "Laziness-1": { "title": "Laziness", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Laziness (also known as indolence) is disinclination to activity or exertion despite having the ability to act or to" }, "Potato-2": { "title": "Potato", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Wild potato species, originating in modern day Peru, can be found throughout the Americas, from the United States to southern Chile. The potato was originally believed to have been domesticated by indigenous peoples of the Americas independently in multiple locations, but later genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species traced a single origin for potatoes. In the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia, from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex, potatoes were domesticated approximately 7,000\u201310,000 years ago. In the Andes region of South America, where the species is indigenous, some close relatives of the potato are cultivated." }, "Chief Justice of the United States-5": { "title": "Chief Justice of the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 17 people have served as chief justice, beginning with John Jay (1789\u20131795). The current chief justice is John Roberts (since 2005). Five of the 17 chief justices\u2014John Rutledge, Edward Douglass White, Charles Evans Hughes, Harlan Fiske Stone, and William Rehnquist\u2014served as associate justice prior to becoming chief justice." }, "Elf (film)-6": { "title": "Elf (film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Meanwhile, Walter's company is in trouble after their most recent book fails to sell. Walter's boss, Fulton Greenway, lays down a hard deadline for Walter to have a new book ready by Christmas Eve. In desperation, Walter and his team secure a meeting with best-selling children's author Miles Finch. Buddy interrupts the meeting to boast of his newfound love and mistakes Finch, who has dwarfism, for an elf. Buddy unintentionally insults Finch and pesters him into losing his temper. An angered and insulted Finch attacks Buddy and walks out on Walter, who snaps in anger at Buddy for ruining the meeting and harshly disowns him. Heartbroken, Buddy leaves a note for Walter, Emily, and Michael on an Etch A Sketch and wanders about in the streets, lamenting that he does not fit in anywhere." }, "IKEA-15": { "title": "IKEA", "section": "Store design", "headers": [ "Restaurant and food markets" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "IKEA will include plant-based meatballs in all of the European stores starting August, 2020. They will be made out of potatoes, apples, pea protein, and oats." }, "Captain Citrus-1": { "title": "Captain Citrus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "John Polk, commonly known as Captain Citrus, is a promotional character made by Marvel Comics. His first appearance is made in 2014. The series, Avengers Assemble Featuring Captain Citrus, promotes healthy living to young children. The series was written by Ralph Macchio (comics)." }, "African Americans-20": { "title": "African Americans", "section": "History", "headers": [ "From the American Revolution to the Civil War" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Slavery had been tacitly enshrined in the U.S. Constitution through provisions such as Article I, Section 2, Clause 3, commonly known as the 3/5 compromise. Slavery, which by then meant almost exclusively African Americans, was the most important political issue in the antebellum United States, leading to one crisis after another. Among these were the Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act, and the Dred Scott decision." }, "Cannon-68": { "title": "Cannon", "section": "Materials, parts, and terms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 68, "content": "Field artillery cannon in Europe and the Americas were initially made most often of bronze, though later forms were constructed of cast iron and eventually steel. Bronze has several characteristics that made it preferable as a construction material: although it is relatively expensive, does not always alloy well, and can result in a final product that is \"spongy about the bore\", bronze is more flexible than iron and therefore less prone to bursting when exposed to high pressure; cast iron cannon are less expensive and more durable generally than bronze and withstand being fired more times without deteriorating. However, cast iron cannon have a tendency to burst without having shown any previous weakness or wear, and this makes them more dangerous to operate." }, "Geographic coordinate system-4": { "title": "Geographic coordinate system", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The invention of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who composed his now-lost Geography at the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century\u00a0BC. A century later, Hipparchus of Nicaea improved on this system by determining latitude from stellar measurements rather than solar altitude and determining longitude by timings of lunar eclipses, rather than dead reckoning. In the 1st or 2nd century, Marinus of Tyre compiled an extensive gazetteer and mathematically-plotted world map using coordinates measured east from a prime meridian at the westernmost known land, designated the Fortunate Isles, off the coast of western Africa around the Canary or Cape Verde Islands, and measured north or south of the island of Rhodes off Asia Minor. Ptolemy credited him with the full adoption of longitude and latitude, rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the midsummer day." }, "Heart symbol-1": { "title": "Heart symbol", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The heart shape (\u2764, \u2665\ufe0f, <3) is an ideograph used to express the idea of the \"heart\" in its metaphorical or symbolic sense as the center of emotion, including affection and love, especially romantic love. The \"wounded heart\" indicating lovesickness came to be depicted as a heart symbol pierced with an arrow (Cupid's), or heart symbol \"broken\" in two or more pieces." }, "Little Mama-2": { "title": "Little Mama", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Considering the average life span of 60 years, she was one of the oldest living chimpanzees in captivity as of 2012, and considered the oldest on record at the time of her death in 2017." }, "Isopoda-13": { "title": "Isopoda", "section": "Feeding and nutrition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Isopods have a simple gut which lacks a midgut section; instead there are caeca connected to the back of the stomach in which absorption takes place. Food is sucked into the esophagus, a process enhanced in the blood-sucking parasitic species, and passed by peristalsis into the stomach, where the material is processed and filtered. The structure of the stomach varies, but in many species there is a dorsal groove into which indigestible material is channelled and a ventral part connected to the caeca where intracellular digestion and absorption take place. Indigestible material passes on through the hindgut and is eliminated through the anus, which is on the pleotelson." }, "Dozen-8": { "title": "Dozen", "section": "Baker's dozen", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "In the United Kingdom when selling certain goods, bakers were obliged to sell goods by the dozen at a specific weight or quality (or a specific average weight). During this time, bakers who sold a dozen units that failed to meet this requirement could be penalized with a fine. Therefore to avoid risking this penalty, some bakers included an extra unit to be sure the minimum weight was met, bringing the total to 13 units or what is now commonly known as a baker's dozen." }, "Structure of Handel's Messiah-9": { "title": "Structure of Handel's Messiah", "section": "Oratorio", "headers": [ "Music" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The movements marked \"Recitative\" (Rec.) are \"secco\", accompanied by only the continuo, whereas the recitatives marked \"Accompagnato\" (Acc.) are accompanied by additional string instruments. Handel used four voice parts, soprano (S), alto (A), tenor (T) and bass (B) in the solo and choral movements. Only once is the chorus divided in an upper chorus and a lower chorus, it is SATB otherwise. Handel uses both polyphon and homophon settings to illustrate the text. Even polyphon movements typically end on a dramatic long musical rest, followed by a broad homophon conclusion. Handel often stresses a word by extended coloraturas, especially in several movements which are a parody of music composed earlier on Italian texts. He uses a cantus firmus on long repeated notes especially to illustrate God's speech and majesty, for example \"for the mouth of the Lord has spoken it\" in movement 4." }, "New England-1": { "title": "New England", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "New England is a region composed of six states in the northeastern United States: Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and by the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick to the northeast and Quebec to the north. The Atlantic Ocean is to the east and southeast, and Long Island Sound is to the southwest. Boston is New England's largest city, as well as the capital of Massachusetts. Greater Boston is the largest metropolitan area, with nearly a third of New England's population; this area includes Worcester, Massachusetts (the second-largest city in New England), Manchester, New Hampshire (the largest city in New Hampshire), and Providence, Rhode Island (the capital of and largest city in Rhode Island)." }, "Coronavirus disease 2019-4": { "title": "Coronavirus disease 2019", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Recommended measures to prevent infection include frequent hand washing, maintaining physical distance from others (especially from those with symptoms), quarantine, covering coughs, and keeping unwashed hands away from the face. In addition, the use of a face covering is recommended for those who suspect they have the virus and their caregivers. Recommendations for face covering use by the general public vary, with some authorities recommending, some recommending against, and others requiring their use. There is limited evidence for or against the use of masks (medical or other) in healthy individuals in the wider community." }, "La Reine Margot (novel)-1": { "title": "La Reine Margot (novel)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "La Reine Margot (English:Queen Margot) is a historical novel written in 1845 by Alexandre Dumas, p\u00e8re." }, "Summer vacation-108": { "title": "Summer vacation", "section": "By country", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 108, "content": "In the United States, summer vacation lasts two to three months. The dates vary depending on the location of the school district but generally follow the same schedules; most schools in the Northeastern United States end in June and start the Wednesday after Labor Day (the first Monday in September, with teachers reporting back on Tuesday), while the majority of schools in the Southern United States have schools end in May and start again in August." }, "Roewe 550-1": { "title": "Roewe 550", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Roewe 550 is a compact car that is produced by Roewe in China, and was launched at the 2008 Beijing Motor Show. The 550 was reported to be derived from the MG Rover RDX60 project (itself based on the platform of the Rover 75) which was under development when MG Rover failed." }, "Rollo-23": { "title": "Rollo", "section": "Descendants", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Rollo, through his descendent William I of England, the seventh Duke of Normandy, is the 32nd great-grandfather of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom." }, "Impeachment of Bill Clinton-29": { "title": "Impeachment of Bill Clinton", "section": "Senate trial", "headers": [ "Verdict" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "A failure to convict will make the statement that lying under oath, while unpleasant and to be avoided, is not all that serious\u00a0... We have reduced lying under oath to a breach of etiquette, but only if you are the President\u00a0... And now let us all take our place in history on the side of honor, and, oh, yes, let right be done. On February 9, after voting against a public deliberation on the verdict, the Senate began closed-door deliberations instead. On February 12, the Senate emerged from its closed deliberations and voted on the articles of impeachment. A two-thirds vote, 67 votes, would have been necessary to convict on either charge and remove the President from office. The perjury charge was defeated with 45 votes for conviction and 55 against, and the obstruction of justice charge was defeated with 50 for conviction and 50 against. Senator Arlen Specter voted \"not proved\" for both charges, which was considered by Chief Justice Rehnquist to constitute a vote of \"not guilty\". All 45 Democrats in the Senate voted \"not guilty\" on both charges, as did five Republicans; they were joined by five additional Republicans in voting \"not guilty\" on the perjury charge." }, "All Nippon Airways-1": { "title": "All Nippon Airways", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "All Nippon Airways Co., Ltd. (ANA) (\u5168\u65e5\u672c\u7a7a\u8f38\u682a\u5f0f\u4f1a\u793e, Zen Nippon K\u016byu Kabushiki gaisha, TYO: 9202), also known as Zennikk\u016b (\u5168\u65e5\u7a7a), is the largest airline in Japan by revenues and passenger numbers. Its headquarters are located in Shiodome City Center in the Shiodome area of Minato ward of Tokyo. It operates services to both domestic and international destinations and had more than 20,000 employees as of March 2016. In May 2010, ANA's total passenger traffic was up year-on-year by 7.8%, and its international services grew by 22% to 2.07 million passengers in the first five months of 2010." }, "High school (North America)-1": { "title": "High school (North America)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "High school is the education students receive from approximately 12 to 17 years old. Most comparable to secondary schools, high schools generally deliver phase three of the ISCED model of education. High schools have subject-based classes. The name high school is applied in other countries, but no universal generalization can be made as to the age range, financial status, or ability level of the pupils accepted. In North America, most high schools include grades nine through twelve. Students attend them following junior high school (middle school)." }, "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution-5": { "title": "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. The Eighth Amendment was adopted, as part of the Bill of Rights, in 1791. It is almost identical to a provision in the English Bill of Rights of 1689, in which Parliament declared, \"as their ancestors in like cases have usually done...that excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.\"" }, "March-1": { "title": "March", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "January February March April May June July August September October November December March is the third month of the year and named after Mars in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the second of seven months to have a length of 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March. The March equinox on the 20 or 21 marks the astronomical beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, where September is the seasonal equivalent of the Northern Hemisphere's March." }, "Beaver eradication in Tierra del Fuego-4": { "title": "Beaver eradication in Tierra del Fuego", "section": "Background and history", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Tierra del Fuego National Park in Argentina is especially threatened, as the beavers are destroying long-protected trees. The animals have spread beyond Tierra del Fuego itself into the Brunswick Peninsula of Chile, and the government fears further penetration into continental South America. The beavers already threaten around sixteen million hectares of indigenous forest. Unlike many trees in North America, trees in South America often do not regenerate when coppiced, destroying the forest." }, "Papaya-3": { "title": "Papaya", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The fruit is a large berry about 15\u201345\u00a0cm (5.9\u201317.7\u00a0in) long and 10\u201330\u00a0cm (3.9\u201311.8\u00a0in) in diameter. It is ripe when it feels soft (as soft as a ripe avocado or softer), and its skin has attained an amber to orange hue." }, "Call of Duty-1": { "title": "Call of Duty", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Call of Duty is a first-person shooter video game franchise published by Activision. Starting out in 2003, it first focused on games set in World War II. However, over time, the series has seen games set in modern times, the midst of the Cold War, futuristic worlds, and outer space. The games were first developed by Infinity Ward, then also by Treyarch and Sledgehammer Games. Several spin-off and handheld games were made by other developers. The most recent title, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare, was released on October 25, 2019." }, "Poverty-27": { "title": "Poverty", "section": "Measuring poverty", "headers": [ "Absolute poverty" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "According to Chen and Ravallion, about 1.76 billion people in developing world lived above $1.25 per day and 1.9 billion people lived below $1.25 per day in 1981. The world's population increased over the next 25 years. In 2005, about 4.09 billion people in developing world lived above $1.25 per day and 1.4 billion people lived below $1.25 per day (both 1981 and 2005 data are on inflation adjusted basis). Some scholars caution that these trends are subject to various assumptions and not certain. Additionally, they note that the poverty reduction is not uniform across the world; economically prospering countries such as China, India and Brazil have made more progress in absolute poverty reduction than countries in other regions of the world." }, "Unit of length-6": { "title": "Unit of length", "section": "Imperial/US", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The basic unit of length in the Imperial and U.S. customary systems is the yard, defined as exactly 0.9144\u00a0m by international treaty in 1959." }, "NATO-30": { "title": "NATO", "section": "Participating countries", "headers": [ "Members" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "NATO has thirty members, mainly in Europe and North America. Some of these countries also have territory on multiple continents, which can be covered only as far south as the Tropic of Cancer in the Atlantic Ocean, which defines NATO's \"area of responsibility\" under Article 6 of the North Atlantic Treaty. During the original treaty negotiations, the United States insisted that colonies such as the Belgian Congo be excluded from the treaty. French Algeria was however covered until their independence on 3 July 1962. Twelve of these thirty are original members who joined in 1949, while the other eighteen joined in one of eight enlargement rounds." }, "Ariel (The Little Mermaid)-7": { "title": "Ariel (The Little Mermaid)", "section": "Development", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "A challenge in animating Ariel for the 1989 film was the color required to show Ariel in the changing environments, both under the sea and on land, for which the animators required thirty-two color models, not including costume changes. The bluish-green color of Ariel's mermaid tail was a hue specially mixed by the Disney paint lab; the color was named \"Ariel\" after the character. The choice of red as Ariel's hair color was the subject of dispute between the filmmakers and studio executives who wanted the character to have blonde hair. It was noted that red hair contrasted better with Ariel's green tail, red was easier to darken than yellow, and Disney's live-action branch Touchstone Pictures had recently released Splash that had a blonde mermaid; Ariel's red hair was ultimately kept." }, "Traumatic stress-7": { "title": "Traumatic stress", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Post-traumatic stress disorder" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The last disorder listed in the DSM-5 is post-traumatic stress disorder. \"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder that can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, a serious accident, a terrorist act, war/combat, rape or other violent personal assault.\" Post-traumatic stress disorder can affect people of all ages, including children as young as 2." }, "Internet troll-1": { "title": "Internet troll", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In internet slang, a troll is a person who starts Flame wars or upsets people on the Internet by posting inflammatory and digressive, extraneous, or off-topic messages in an online community (such as a newsgroup, forum, chat room, or blog) with the intent of provoking readers into displaying emotional responses and normalizing tangential discussion, either for the troll's amusement or a specific gain." }, "Artillery-9": { "title": "Artillery", "section": "Artillery piece", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In some armies, the weapon of artillery is the projectile, not the equipment that fires it. The process of delivering fire onto the target is called gunnery. The actions involved in operating an artillery piece are collectively called \"serving the gun\" by the \"detachment\" or gun crew, constituting either direct or indirect artillery fire. The manner in which gunnery crews (or formations) are employed is called artillery support. At different periods in history, this may refer to weapons designed to be fired from ground-, sea-, and even air-based weapons platforms." }, "Batman (1989 film)-23": { "title": "Batman (1989 film)", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Filming" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "The filmmakers considered filming Batman entirely on the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank, California, but media interest in the film made them change the location. It was shot at Pinewood Studios in England from October 10, 1988 to February 14, 1989 with 80 days of main shooting and 86 days of second unit shooting. 18 sound stages were used, with 7 stages occupied, including the 51 acre backlot for the Gotham City set, one of the biggest ever built at the studio. Locations included Knebworth House and Hatfield House doubling for Wayne Manor, plus Acton Lane Power Station and Little Barford Power Station. The original production budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million. Filming was highly secretive. The unit publicist was offered and refused \u00a310,000 for the first pictures of Jack Nicholson as the Joker. The police were later called in when two reels of footage (about 20 minutes' worth) were stolen. With various problems during filming, Burton called it \"Torture. The worst period of my life!\"" }, "Hobbit-12": { "title": "Hobbit", "section": "Appearance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In the prologue to The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien writes that hobbits are between two and four feet (0.61\u20131.22\u00a0m) tall, the average height being three\u00a0feet six\u00a0inches (107\u00a0cm). They dress in bright colours, favouring yellow and green. Nowadays (according to Tolkien's fiction), they are usually shy, but are nevertheless capable of great courage and amazing feats under the proper circumstances. They are adept at throwing stones. For the most part, they cannot grow beards, but a few of the race of Stoor can. Their feet are covered with curly hair (usually brown, as is the hair on their heads) with leathery soles, so hobbits hardly ever wear shoes. The race's average life expectancy is 100 years. Two hobbits, Bilbo Baggins and the Old Took, are described as living to the age of 130 or beyond, though Bilbo's long lifespan owes much to his possession of the One Ring. Hobbits are considered to \"come of age\" on their 33rd birthday, so a 50-year-old hobbit would be regarded as entering middle-age." }, "Constitution-4": { "title": "Constitution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any country in the world, containing 444 articles in 22 parts, 12 schedules and 124 amendments, with 146,385 words in its English-language version. The Constitution of Monaco is the shortest written constitution, containing 10 chapters with 97 articles, and a total of 3,814 words. The Constitution of the United States is the world's oldest continuously-active codified constitution, having been in force since 1789. Only half of all constitutions function continuously for more than 19 years." }, "Bryan Cranston-27": { "title": "Bryan Cranston", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Cranston played baseball when he was a student and remains a collector of baseball memorabilia. He is an avid fan of the Los Angeles Dodgers. When he accepted his third Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, Cranston thanked his wife and daughter and told them he loves them \"more than baseball\". The family has a beach house in Ventura County, California, which Cranston designed." }, "Reza Shah-4": { "title": "Reza Shah", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Reza Shah Pahlavi was born in the village of Alasht in Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, in 1878, to Major Abbas-Ali Khan and Noush-Afarin. His mother was a Muslim immigrant from Georgia (then part of the Russian Empire), whose family had emigrated to mainland Persia (Iran) after Qajar Empire was forced to cede all of its territories in the Caucasus following the Russo-Persian Wars several decades prior to Reza Shah's birth. His father was commissioned in the 7th Savadkuh Regiment, and served in the Anglo-Persian War in 1856." }, "Evolution of bacteria-5": { "title": "Evolution of bacteria", "section": "Defining Bacteria", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Bacteria are prokaryotic microorganisms that can either have a bacilli, spirilli, or cocci shape and measure between 0.5-20 micrometers. They were one of the first living cells to evolve and have spread to inhabit a variety of different habitats including hydrothermal vents, glacial rocks, and other organisms. They share characteristics with eukaryotic cells including the cytoplasm, cell membrane, and ribosomes. Some unique bacterial features include the cell wall (also found in plants), flagella (not common for all bacteria), and the nucleoid." }, "Rolling pin-3": { "title": "Rolling pin", "section": "In popular culture", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Rolling pins Striated rolling pin surface for making Norwegian Lefse Long rolling pin used for making Japanese udon noodles A small porcelain rolling pin from Germany A wine bottle used as a rolling pin Rolling pins An angry housewife wielding a rolling pin as a weapon is a common clich\u00e9 in humour, as, for example, in the English comic strip Andy Capp." }, "Tamil Brahmin-1": { "title": "Tamil Brahmin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tamil Brahmins are Tamil-speaking Brahmins, primarily living in Tamil Nadu, although a few of them have settled in other states like, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Karnataka. They can be broadly divided into three religious groups, Gurukkals who follow Saivism, Iyers who follow the Srauta and Smartha tradition and Iyengars who follow Sri Vaishnavism." }, "Transgender hormone therapy (male-to-female)-42": { "title": "Transgender hormone therapy (male-to-female)", "section": "Effects", "headers": [ "Physical changes", "Breast development" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Breast, nipple, and areolar development varies considerably depending on genetics, body composition, age of HRT initiation, and many other factors. Development can take a couple years to nearly a decade for some. However, many transgender women report there is often a \"stall\" in breast growth during transition, or significant breast asymmetry. Transgender women on HRT often experience less breast development than cisgender women (especially if started after young adulthood). For this reason, many seek breast augmentation. Transgender patients opting for breast reduction are rare. Shoulder width and the size of the rib cage also play a role in the perceivable size of the breasts; both are usually larger in transgender women, causing the breasts to appear proportionally smaller. Thus, when a transgender woman opts to have breast augmentation, the implants used tend to be larger than those used by cisgender women." }, "Eiffel Tower-4": { "title": "Eiffel Tower", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The tower has three levels for visitors, with restaurants on the first and second levels. The top level's upper platform is 276\u00a0m (906\u00a0ft) above the ground \u2013 the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union. Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift to the first and second levels. The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the climb from the first level to the second. Although there is a staircase to the top level, it is usually accessible only by lift." }, "McRib-3": { "title": "McRib", "section": "Product description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "McRib consists of a restructured boneless pork patty shaped like a miniature rack of ribs, barbecue sauce, onions, and pickles served on a 5\u00a01\u20442 inches (14\u00a0cm) roll. The process of restructuring the meat was first developed by the US Army as a means to deliver low cost meat products to troops in the field. This process was further refined by a Natick Center contractor and meat scientist, Dr. Roger Mandigo, leading to the McRib patty as we know it today. Despite its name, it is primarily composed of pork shoulder meat, according to McDonald's." }, "Oval Office-2": { "title": "Oval Office", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Opened in 1909, the room features three large south-facing windows behind the president's desk, and a fireplace at the north end. It has four doors: the east door opens to the Rose Garden; the west door leads to a private study and dining room; the northwest door opens onto the main corridor of the West Wing; and the northeast door opens to the office of the president's secretary." }, "Oxalate-10": { "title": "Oxalate", "section": "Occurrence in nature", "headers": [ "Physiological effects" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "In the body, oxalic acid combines with divalent metallic cations such as calcium (Ca2+) and iron(II) (Fe2+) to form crystals of the corresponding oxalates which are then excreted in urine as minute crystals. These oxalates can form larger kidney stones that can obstruct the kidney tubules. An estimated 80% of kidney stones are formed from calcium oxalate. Those with kidney disorders, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, or certain forms of chronic vulvar pain (vulvodynia) are typically advised to avoid foods high in oxalic acid[citation needed]. Methods to reduce the oxalate content in food are of current interest." }, "Paulo Coelho-6": { "title": "Paulo Coelho", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Coelho married artist Christina Oiticica in 1980. Together they had previously spent half the year in Rio de Janeiro and the other half in a country house in the Pyrenees Mountains of France, but now the pair reside permanently in Geneva, Switzerland." }, "J. K. Rowling-1": { "title": "J. K. Rowling", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Joanne Rowling CH, OBE, HonFRSE, FRCPE, FRSL (/\u02c8ro\u028al\u026a\u014b/ ROH-ling; born 31 July 1965), better known by her pen name J.\u00a0K. Rowling, is a British author, film producer, television producer, screenwriter, and philanthropist. She is best known for writing the Harry Potter fantasy series, which has won multiple awards and sold more than 500\u00a0million copies, becoming the best-selling book series in history. The books are the basis of a popular film series, over which Rowling had overall approval on the scripts and was a producer on the final films. She also writes crime fiction under the name Robert Galbraith." }, "Bogan-25": { "title": "Bogan", "section": "Regional equivalent terms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Although the term \"bogan\" is understood across Australia and New Zealand, certain regions have their own slang terms for the same group of people. These terms include:" }, "Washington (state)-1": { "title": "Washington (state)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Washington (/\u02c8w\u0252\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n/ (listen)), officially the State of Washington, is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Named for George Washington, the first U.S. president, the state was made out of the western part of the Washington Territory, which was ceded by the British Empire in 1846, in accordance with the Oregon Treaty in the settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute. The state, which is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, Oregon to the south, Idaho to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north, was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Olympia is the state capital; the state's largest city is Seattle. Washington is often referred to as Washington State to distinguish it from the nation's capital, Washington, D.C." }, "Oyster-57": { "title": "Oyster", "section": "As food", "headers": [ "Food safety and storage" ], "para_index": 57, "content": "Unlike most shellfish, oysters can have a fairly long shelf life of up to four weeks. However, their taste becomes less pleasant as they age. Fresh oysters must be alive just before consumption or cooking." }, "Unicycle-25": { "title": "Unicycle", "section": "Races", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Play media The world's first multi-stage unicycle race, Ride the Lobster, took place in Nova Scotia in June 2008. Some 35 teams from 14 countries competed over a total distance of 800\u00a0km. Each team consisted of a maximum of 3 riders and 1 support person." }, "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant-64": { "title": "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 64, "content": "The group was founded in 1999 by Jordanian Salafi jihadist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi under the name Jam\u0101\u02bbat al-Taw\u1e25\u012bd wa-al-Jih\u0101d (lit.\u2009'\"The Organisation of Monotheism and Jihad\"'). In a letter published by the Coalition in February 2004, Zarqawi wrote that jihadis should use bombings to start an open sectarian war so that Sunnis from the Islamic world would mobilize against assassinations carried out by Shia, specifically the Badr Brigade, against Ba'athists and Sunnis." }, "Swiss Guard-31": { "title": "Swiss Guard", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Modern history" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Paul VI in a decree of 28 June 1976 defined the nominal size of the corps at 90 men. This was increased to 100 men by John Paul II on 5 April 1979. As of 2010 the guard numbered 107 halberdiers divided into three squads, plus five officers." }, "Bunkie, Louisiana-1": { "title": "Bunkie, Louisiana", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bunkie is a city in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 4,171 at the 2010 census." }, "Oda Nobunaga-4": { "title": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Oda Nobunaga was born on June 23, 1534, in the Owari domain, and was given the childhood name of Kipp\u014dshi (\u5409\u6cd5\u5e2b). He was the second son of Oda Nobuhide, a deputy shugo (military governor) with land holdings in Owari Province. He is said to have been born in Nagoya Castle, although this is subject to debate. Through his childhood and early teenage years, he was well known for his bizarre behavior and received the name of Owari no \u014cutsuke (\u5c3e\u5f35\u306e\u5927\u3046\u3064\u3051, The Great Fool of Owari). He was known to run around with other youths from the area, without any regard to his own rank in society. With the introduction of firearms into Japan he became known for his fondness for tanegashima firearms." }, "Stoop (architecture)-2": { "title": "Stoop (architecture)", "section": "Etymology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Originally brought to the Hudson Valley of New York by settlers from the Netherlands, this word is among the Dutch vocabulary that has survived there from colonial times until the present. Stoop, \"a small porch\", comes from Dutch stoep; (meaning: step, pronounced the same as stoop) the word is now in general use in the Northeastern United States and is probably spreading." }, "Fake news-1": { "title": "Fake news", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fake news (also known as junk news, pseudo-news, alternative facts or hoax news) is a form of news consisting of deliberate disinformation or hoaxes spread via traditional news media (print and broadcast) or online social media. Digital news has brought back and increased the usage of fake news, or yellow journalism. The news is then often reverberated as misinformation in social media but occasionally finds its way to the mainstream media as well. If fake news has no concern for the truth at all, there it would be a form of bullshit as defined by the philosopher Harry Frankfurt." }, "Anthony Quinn-33": { "title": "Anthony Quinn", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "By the 1990s, Quinn then had two children with his secretary, Katherine Benvin; daughter Antonia Patricia Rose Quinn (born July 23, 1993) and son Ryan Nicholas Quinn (born July 5, 1996). His marriage with Addolori finally ended in divorce in August 1997. He then married Benvin in December 1997. Quinn and Benvin remained married until his death, in June 2001." }, "Celibacy-1": { "title": "Celibacy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Celibacy (from Latin c\u00e6libatus) is the state of voluntarily being unmarried, sexually abstinent, or both, usually for religious reasons. It is often in association with the role of a religious official or devotee. In its narrow sense, the term celibacy is applied only to those for whom the unmarried state is the result of a sacred vow, act of renunciation, or religious conviction. In a wider sense, it is commonly understood to only mean abstinence from sexual activity." }, "Blues-1": { "title": "Blues", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Blues is a music genre and musical form which was originated in the Deep South of the United States around the 1870s by African-Americans from roots in African musical traditions, African-American work songs, and spirituals. Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. The blues form, ubiquitous in jazz, rhythm and blues and rock and roll, is characterized by the call-and-response pattern, the blues scale and specific chord progressions, of which the twelve-bar blues is the most common. Blue notes (or \"worried notes\"), usually thirds, fifths or sevenths flattened in pitch are also an essential part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove." }, "Plessy v. Ferguson-7": { "title": "Plessy v. Ferguson", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "Trial" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In his case, Homer Adolph Plessy v. The State of Louisiana, Plessy's lawyers argued that the state law which required East Louisiana Railroad to segregate trains had denied him his rights under the Thirteenth and Fourteenth amendments of the United States Constitution, which provided for equal treatment under the law. However, the judge presiding over his case, John Howard Ferguson, ruled that Louisiana had the right to regulate railroad companies while they operated within state boundaries. Plessy was convicted and sentenced to pay a $25 fine. Plessy immediately sought a writ of prohibition." }, "Texas-61": { "title": "Texas", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Statehood" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "The population of the new state was quite small at first, and there was a strong mix between the English-speaking American settlers who dominated in the state's eastern/northeastern portions and the Spanish-speaking former Mexicans who dominated in the state's southern and western portions. Statehood brought many new settlers. Because of the long Spanish presence in Mexico and various failed colonization efforts by the Spanish and Mexicans in northern Mexico, there were large herds of Longhorn cattle that roamed the state. Hardy by nature, but also suitable for slaughtering and consumption, they represented an economic opportunity many entrepreneurs seized upon, thus creating the cowboy culture for which Texas is famous. While in the early days of the republic cattle and bison were slaughtered for their hides, soon a beef industry was established with cattle being shipped all over the U.S. and the Caribbean (within a few decades, beef had become a staple of the American diet)." }, "Parchment-1": { "title": "Parchment", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Parchment is a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals\u2014primarily sheep, calves, and goats. It has been used as a writing medium for over two millennia. Vellum is a finer quality parchment made from the skins of young animals such as lambs and young calves." }, "Flag of Nepal-5": { "title": "Flag of Nepal", "section": "Symbolism", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "During ancient times, all the flags were triangular in the Indian Subcontinent. Nepal has simply maintained its ancient tradition, while every other states have adopted a rectangular or square western version. Triangular flags were used relatively recently in the state of Nagpur, Kurundwad State, etc." }, "William McKinley-1": { "title": "William McKinley", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "William McKinley (born William McKinley Jr., January 29, 1843 \u2013 September 14, 1901) was the 25th president of the United States from 1897, until his assassination in 1901. During his presidency, McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish\u2013American War, raised protective tariffs to promote American industry and kept the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of free silver (effectively, expansionary monetary policy)." }, "Coca-30": { "title": "Coca", "section": "Traditional uses", "headers": [ "Medicine" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Traditional medical uses of coca are foremost as a stimulant to overcome fatigue, hunger, and thirst. It is considered particularly effective against altitude sickness. It also is used as an anesthetic and analgesic to alleviate the pain of headache, rheumatism, wounds and sores, etc. Before stronger anaesthetics were available, it also was used for broken bones, childbirth, and during trepanning operations on the skull. The high calcium content in coca explains why people used it for bone fractures. Because coca constricts blood vessels, it also serves to oppose bleeding, and coca seeds were used for nosebleeds. Indigenous use of coca has also been reported as a treatment for malaria, ulcers, asthma, to improve digestion, to guard against bowel laxity, as an aphrodisiac, and credited with improving longevity. Modern studies have supported a number of these medical applications." }, "Skull-10": { "title": "Skull", "section": "Structure of human skull", "headers": [ "Bones" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The human skull is generally considered to consist of twenty-two bones\u2014eight cranial bones and fourteen facial skeleton bones. In the neurocranium these are the occipital bone, two temporal bones, two parietal bones, the sphenoid, ethmoid and frontal bones." }, "Honey bee-20": { "title": "Honey bee", "section": "Origin, systematics, and distribution", "headers": [ "Apis", "Western honey bee" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Apis mellifera is not native to the Americas, so it was not present when the European explorers and colonists arrived. However, other native bee species were kept and traded by indigenous peoples. In 1622, European colonists brought the European dark bee (A. m. mellifera) to the Americas first, followed later by the Italian honey bee (A. m. ligustica) and others. Many of the crops that depend on western honey bees for pollination have also been imported since colonial times. Escaped swarms (known as \"wild\" bees, but actually feral) spread rapidly as far as the Great Plains, usually preceding the colonists. Honey bees did not naturally cross the Rocky Mountains; they were transported by the Mormon pioneers to Utah in the late 1840s, and by ship to California in the early 1850s." }, "Acela Express-1": { "title": "Acela Express", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Acela Express (/\u0259\u02c8s\u025bl\u0259/ \u0259-SEL-\u0259; colloquially abbreviated to Acela) is Amtrak's flagship service along the Northeast Corridor (NEC) in the Northeastern United States between Washington, D.C. and Boston via 14 intermediate stops, including Providence, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. The route contains segments of high-speed rail, and Acela Express trains are the fastest trainsets in the Americas; they attain 150\u00a0mph (240\u00a0km/h) on 33.9\u00a0mi (54.6\u00a0km) of the route." }, "Handball-1": { "title": "Handball", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Play media Handball (also known as team handball, European handball or Olympic handball) is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six outcourt players and a goalkeeper) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the other team. A standard match consists of two periods of 30 minutes, and the team that scores more goals wins." }, "Mood (psychology)-17": { "title": "Mood (psychology)", "section": "Mood disorders", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Depression, chronic stress, bipolar disorder, etc. are considered mood disorders. It has been suggested that such disorders result from chemical imbalances in the brain's neurotransmitters, however some research challenges this hypothesis." }, "Lord Voldemort-1": { "title": "Lord Voldemort", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lord Voldemort (/\u02c8vo\u028ald\u0259m\u0254\u02d0r/, /-m\u0254\u02d0rt/ in the films;) is a sobriquet for Thomas \"Tom\" Marvolo Riddle, a fictional character and the main antagonist in J. K. Rowling's series of Harry Potter novels. Voldemort first appeared in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, which was released in 1997. Voldemort appears either in person or in flashbacks in each book and its film adaptation in the series except the third, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, in which he is only mentioned." }, "Avengers: Infinity War-9": { "title": "Avengers: Infinity War", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In Wakanda, Rogers reunites with Bucky Barnes before Thanos' army invades. The Avengers, alongside T'Challa and the Wakandan forces, mount a defense while Shuri works to extract the Mind Stone from Vision. Hulk refuses to fight after losing to Thanos, so Banner fights in Stark's Hulkbuster armor. Thor, Rocket, and Groot arrive to reinforce the Avengers; Midnight, Obsidian, and Glaive are killed and their army is routed, but Shuri is unable to complete the extraction of the Mind Stone from Vision before Thanos arrives to retrieve it. Maximoff destroys the Mind Stone and Vision, but Thanos uses the Time Stone to reverse her actions. He rips the repaired Mind Stone from Vision's forehead, killing him. Thor severely wounds Thanos with Stormbreaker, but Thanos activates the completed Gauntlet by snapping his fingers. He then teleports away." }, "Noah's Ark-1": { "title": "Noah's Ark", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Noah's Ark (Hebrew: \u05ea\u05d9\u05d1\u05ea \u05e0\u05d7\u200e; Biblical Hebrew: Tevat Noa\u1e25) is the vessel in the Genesis flood narrative (Genesis chapters 6\u20139) through which God spares Noah, his family, and examples of all the world's animals from a world-engulfing flood. The story in Genesis is repeated, with variations, in the Quran, where the ark appears as Safina N\u016b\u1e25 (Arabic: \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u062d\u200e \"Noah's boat\")." }, "Sea of Galilee-4": { "title": "Sea of Galilee", "section": "Names", "headers": [ "Sea of Kinneret" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The modern Hebrew name, Kinneret, comes from the Hebrew Bible, the main source of the Christian Old Testament, where it appears as the \"sea of Kinneret\" in Numbers 34:11 and Joshua 13:27, spelled \u05db\u05e0\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \"Kinnerot\" in Hebrew in Joshua 11:2. This name was also found in the scripts of Ugarit, in the Aqhat Epic. As the name of a city, Kinneret was listed among the \"fenced cities\" in Joshua 19:35. A persistent, though likely erroneous, popular etymology of the name presumes that the name Kinneret may originate from the Hebrew word kinnor (\"harp\" or \"lyre\"), because of the shape of the lake. The scholarly consensus, however, is that the origin of the name is derived from the important Bronze and Iron Age city of Kinneret, excavated at Tell el-'Oreimeh. The city of Kinneret may have been named after the body of water rather than vice versa, and there is no evidence for the origin of the town's name." }, "Arabic numerals-1": { "title": "Arabic numerals", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Arabic numerals are the ten digits: 0,\u00a01,\u00a02,\u00a03,\u00a04,\u00a05,\u00a06,\u00a07,\u00a08 and\u00a09. The term often implies a decimal number written using these digits, which is the most common system for the symbolic representation of numbers in the world today, and is also called Hindu\u2013Arabic numerals. However the term can mean the digits themselves, such as in the statement \"octal numbers are written using Arabic numerals.\"" }, "Electronic dance music-2": { "title": "Electronic dance music", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In the late 1980s and early 1990s, following the emergence of raving, pirate radios and an upsurge of interest in club culture, EDM achieved widespread mainstream popularity in Europe. In the United States at that time, acceptance of dance culture was not universal; although both electro and Chicago house music were influential both in Europe and the United States, mainstream media outlets and the record industry remained openly hostile to it. There was also a perceived association between EDM and drug culture, which led governments at state and city level to enact laws and policies intended to halt the spread of rave culture." }, "The Doctor (Doctor Who)-1": { "title": "The Doctor (Doctor Who)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Doctor is the title character in the long-running BBC science fiction television programme Doctor Who. Since the show's inception in 1963, the character has been portrayed by thirteen lead actors. In the programme, \"the Doctor\" is the alias assumed by a millennia-old alien Time Lord who travels through space and time in the TARDIS, frequently with companions. The transition to each succeeding actor is explained within the show's narrative through the plot device of \"regeneration\", a biological function of the Time Lord race that allows a change of cellular structure and appearance with recovery following a potentially fatal injury." }, "West African giraffe-4": { "title": "West African giraffe", "section": "Evolutionary history", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Most captive giraffes from northwestern Africa are in French zoological parks, a result of the history of French colonialism in what was French West Africa. Those giraffes were formerly treated as G. c. peralta. However, since genetic analysis revealed that only giraffes to the west of Lake Chad belong to this subspecies, the populations in European zoos are in fact Kordofan giraffes (G. c. antiquorum). The West African giraffe is more closely related to the giraffes of East Africa than to those of Central Africa. Its ancestor may have migrated from East to North Africa during the Quaternary and then to West Africa with the development of the Sahara desert. At its largest, Lake Chad may have acted as a barrier between West African and Kordofan giraffes during the Holocene." }, "The war to end war-1": { "title": "The war to end war", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"The war to end war\" (also called \"The war to end all wars\") was a term for the First World War of 1914\u20131918. Originally idealistic, it is now used mainly sardonically." }, "The Queen (2006 film)-11": { "title": "The Queen (2006 film)", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Portraying the Queen" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Mirren says transforming herself into the Queen came almost naturally after the wig and glasses, since she shares a default facial expression\u2014a slightly downturned mouth \u2013 with the monarch. She regularly reviewed film and video footage of Elizabeth and kept photographs in her trailer during production. She also undertook extensive voice coaching, faithfully reproducing the Queen's delivery of her televised speech to the world. Morgan has said that her performance was so convincing that, by the end of production, crew members who had been accustomed to slouching or relaxing when they addressed her were standing straight up and respectfully folding their hands behind their backs. Mirren arranged to spend time off-camera with the supporting cast playing other members of the Royal Family, including James Cromwell, Alex Jennings and Sylvia Syms so they would be as comfortable with each other as a real family." }, "Richard Wagner-45": { "title": "Richard Wagner", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Last years (1876\u20131883)" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "After the festival, the Wagner family journeyed to Venice for the winter. Wagner died of a heart attack at the age of 69 on 13 February 1883 at Ca' Vendramin Calergi, a 16th-century palazzo on the Grand Canal. The legend that the attack was prompted by argument with Cosima over Wagner's supposedly amorous interest in the singer Carrie Pringle, who had been a Flower-maiden in Parsifal at Bayreuth, is without credible evidence. After a funerary gondola bore Wagner's remains over the Grand Canal, his body was taken to Germany where it was buried in the garden of the Villa Wahnfried in Bayreuth." }, "Stingray-2": { "title": "Stingray", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Stingrays are common in coastal tropical and subtropical marine waters throughout the world. Some species, such as Dasyatis thetidis, are found in warmer temperate oceans, and others, such as Plesiobatis daviesi, are found in the deep ocean. The river stingrays, and a number of whiptail stingrays (such as the Niger stingray), are restricted to fresh water. Most myliobatoids are demersal (inhabiting the next-to-lowest zone in the water column), but some, such as the pelagic stingray and the eagle rays, are pelagic." }, "The CW-8": { "title": "The CW", "section": "History", "headers": [ "1993\u20132006: Predecessors and formation" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "In May 2006, The CW announced that it would pick up a combined thirteen programs from its two predecessors to air as part of the network's inaugural fall schedule: seven series held over from The WB (7th Heaven, Beauty and the Geek, Gilmore Girls, One Tree Hill, Reba, Smallville and Supernatural) and six held over from UPN (America's Next Top Model, Veronica Mars, Everybody Hates Chris, Girlfriends, All of Us and WWE SmackDown). Upon the network's launch, The CW chose to use the scheduling model utilized by The WB due in part to the fact that it had a more extensive base programming schedule than UPN, allowing for a larger total of weekly programming hours for the new network to fill. (The WB carried 30 hours of programming each week because it had a children's program block and a daytime lineup that UPN did not offer; UPN was primarily a prime time-only network with 12 weekly hours of network programming at the time of the network's shutdown.)" }, "Scientific racism-41": { "title": "Scientific racism", "section": "Racial theories in physical anthropology, 1850\u20131918", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "The scientific classification established by Carl Linnaeus is requisite to any human racial classification scheme. In the 19th century, unilineal evolution (a.k.a. classical social evolution) was a conflation of competing sociologic and anthropologic theories proposing that Western European culture was the acme of human socio-cultural evolution. The proposal that social status is unilineal\u2014from primitive to civilized, from agricultural to industrial\u2014became popular among philosophers, including Friedrich Hegel, Immanuel Kant, and Auguste Comte. The Christian Bible was interpreted to sanction slavery and from the 1820s to the 1850s was often used in the antebellum Southern United States, by writers such as the Rev. Richard Furman and Thomas R. Cobb, to enforce the idea that Negroes had been created inferior, and thus suited to slavery." }, "Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band-1": { "title": "Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band is a live rock supergroup with shifting personnel, led by former Beatles drummer and vocalist Ringo Starr." }, "Tesco-5": { "title": "Tesco", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Tesco is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It had a market capitalization of approximately \u00a318.1\u00a0billion as of 22 April 2015, the 28th-largest of any company with a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange." }, "Elections in the United States-7": { "title": "Elections in the United States", "section": "Voting", "headers": [ "Eligibility" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The eligibility of an individual for voting is set out in the constitution and also regulated at state level. The constitution states that suffrage cannot be denied on grounds of race or color, sex, or age for citizens eighteen years or older. Beyond these basic qualifications, it is the responsibility of state legislatures to regulate voter eligibility. Some states ban convicted criminals, especially felons, from voting for a fixed period of time or indefinitely. The number of American adults who are currently or permanently ineligible to vote due to felony convictions is estimated to be 5.3 million. Some states also have legacy constitutional statements barring legally declared incompetent from voting; such references are generally considered obsolete and are being considered for review or removal where they appear." }, "Harlem Renaissance-1": { "title": "Harlem Renaissance", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual, social, and artistic explosion centered in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, spanning the 1920s. At the time, it was known as the \"New Negro Movement\", named after The New Negro, a 1925 anthology edited by Alain Locke. The movement also included the new African-American cultural expressions across the urban areas in the Northeast and Midwest United States affected by the Great Migration, of which Harlem was the largest." }, "Bugs Bunny-26": { "title": "Bugs Bunny", "section": "Development", "headers": [ "Later years" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Bugs later appeared in another animated production featuring numerous characters from rival studios: the 1990 drug prevention TV special Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue. This special is notable for being the first time that someone other than Blanc voiced Bugs and Daffy (both characters were voiced by Jeff Bergman for this). Bugs also made guest appearances in the early 1990s television series Tiny Toon Adventures, as the principal of Acme Looniversity and the mentor of Babs and Buster Bunny. He made further cameos in Warner Bros.' subsequent animated TV shows Taz-Mania, Animaniacs, and Histeria!" }, "Kala namak-8": { "title": "Kala namak", "section": "Composition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Sodium chloride provides kala namak with its salty taste, iron sulfide provides its dark violet hue, and all the sulfur compounds give kala namak its slight savory taste as well as a highly distinctive smell, with hydrogen sulfide being the most prominent contributor to the smell. The acidic bisulfates/bisulfites contribute a mildly sour taste. Although hydrogen sulfide is toxic in high concentrations, the amount present in kala namak used in food is small and thus its effects on health are negligible. Hydrogen sulfide is also one of the components of the odor of rotten eggs and spoiled milk." }, "Bernard Sumner-6": { "title": "Bernard Sumner", "section": "Musical career", "headers": [ "Bad Lieutenant" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "citation needed] Bad Lieutenant included fellow New Order member Phil Cunningham and Jake Evans of Rambo & Leroy.[who?][citation needed] Stephen Morris of New Order and Blur bassist Alex James also performed on the band's debut album. Sumner provided vocals, guitar and lyrics." }, "Paraplegia-1": { "title": "Paraplegia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Paraplegia is an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities. The word comes from Ionic" }, "Brexit-1": { "title": "Brexit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Brexit (/\u02c8br\u025bks\u026at, \u02c8br\u025b\u0261z\u026at/; a portmanteau of \"British\" and \"exit\") was the withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU). Following a UK-wide referendum in June 2016, in which 52% voted to leave and 48% voted to remain in the EU, the British government formally announced the country's withdrawal in March 2017, beginning the Brexit process. The withdrawal was delayed by deadlock in the British parliament. Following a general election, Parliament ratified the withdrawal agreement, and the UK left the EU at 11\u00a0p.m. GMT on 31 January 2020. This began a transition period that is set to end on 31 December 2020, during which the UK and EU will negotiate their future relationship. The UK remains subject to EU law and remains part of the EU customs union and single market during the transition, but is no longer part of the EU's political bodies or institutions." }, "Morphine-1": { "title": "Morphine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate family which is found naturally in a number of plants and animals, including humans. It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to decrease the feeling of pain. It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain. It is frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction and during labor. It can be given by mouth, by injection into a muscle, by injection under the skin, intravenously, injection into the space around the spinal cord, or rectally. Maximum effect is reached after about 20\u00a0minutes when given intravenously and after 60\u00a0minutes when given by mouth, while duration of effect is 3\u20137\u00a0hours. Long-acting formulations also exist." }, "Caspian Sea-54": { "title": "Caspian Sea", "section": "Territorial status", "headers": [ "Facts and figures" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Kazakhstan - 1900 km \u00a0Turkmenistan - 1768 km \u00a0Azerbaijan - 1355 km \u00a0Russia - 820 km \u00a0Iran - 657 km Surface area: 143,244 square miles (371,000 square kilometers) Maximum depth: 3,363 feet (1,025 meters) Average depth: 692 feet (211 m) Length: 640 miles (1,030 km) Maximum width: 270 miles (435 km) Minimum width: 124 miles (200 km) Coastline area: 4,237 miles (6,820 km) Water volume: 18,761 cubic miles (78,200 cubic km) Altitude: 72 feet below sea level (22 m below sea level). The Caspian Depression, a flat, lowland region encompassing the northern area of the Caspian Sea, is one of the lowest points on Earth. The Caspian Sea is the world's largest salt lake. Its length from north to south is 1,174 km, average width is 326 km, and total area is 375,000 km2. Water depth in the middle of the Caspian Sea ranges up to 788 m and in the southern part, up to 1,025 m. It has no outlet, and although the surface level of water fluctuates, it averages about 25 m below sea level according to recent measurements. Total area of the FSU portion of the Caspian Sea is 322,000 km2, including the shelf zone. To a depth of 200 m, the area is 240,000 km2." }, "Ronald Reagan-50": { "title": "Ronald Reagan", "section": "1980 presidential campaign", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "On November 4, Reagan won a decisive victory over Carter, carrying 44 states and receiving 489 electoral votes to Carter's 49 in six states plus D.C. He also won the popular vote, receiving 50.7 percent to Carter's 41.0 percent, with independent John B. Anderson garnering 6.6 percent. Republicans also won a majority of seats in the Senate for the first time since 1952, though Democrats retained a majority in the House of Representatives." }, "Scottish people-1": { "title": "Scottish people", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Scottish people (Scots: Scots Fowk; Scottish Gaelic: Albannaich, Old English: Scottas) or Scots, are a nation and ethnic group native to Scotland. Historically, they emerged from an amalgamation of two Celtic-speaking peoples, the Picts and Gaels, who founded the Kingdom of Scotland (or Alba) in the 9th century. Later, the neighbouring Celtic-speaking Cumbrians, as well as Germanic-speaking Anglo-Saxons and Norse, were incorporated into the Scottish nation." }, "B\u00f6rek-1": { "title": "B\u00f6rek", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "B\u00f6rek (Turkish pronunciation:\u00a0[b\u0153\u02c8\u027eec]; also burek and other variants) is a family of baked filled pastries made of a thin flaky dough such as phyllo or yufka, of Turkish origins and also found in the cuisines of the Balkans, the South Caucasus, Levant, Mediterranean, and other countries in Eastern Europe and Western Asia. A b\u00f6rek may be prepared in a large pan and cut into portions after baking, or as individual pastries. The top of the b\u00f6rek is occasionally sprinkled with sesame or nigella seeds." }, "Christianity and violence-25": { "title": "Christianity and violence", "section": "Christian violence", "headers": [ "Inquisition" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "The Inquisition is a group of institutions within the judicial system of the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy The Spanish Inquisition is often cited in popular literature and history as an example of Catholic intolerance and repression. The total number of people who were processed by the Inquisition throughout its history was approximately 150,000; applying the percentages of executions that appeared in the trials of 1560\u20131700\u2014about 2%\u2014the approximate total would be about 3,000 of them were put to death. Nevertheless, it is likely that the actual death toll was higher, keeping in mind the data provided by Dedieu and Garc\u00eda C\u00e1rcel for the tribunals of Toledo and Valencia, respectively.[citation needed] It is likely that between 3,000 and 5,000 people were executed. About 50 people were executed by the Mexican Inquisition. Included in that total are 29 people who were executed as \"Judaizers\" between 1571 and 1700 out of 324 people who were prosecuted for practicing the Jewish religion." }, "Airport security-7": { "title": "Airport security", "section": "Process and equipment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "A police force hired and dedicated to the airport e.g. the Irish Airport Police Service A branch (substation) of the local police department stationed at the airport Members of the local police department assigned to the airport as their normal patrol area Members of a country's airport protection service Police dog services for explosive detection, drug detection and other purposes Other resources may include: Security guards Paramilitary forces Military forces Play media Some incidents have been the result of travelers carrying either weapons or items that could be used as weapons on board aircraft so that they can hijack the plane. Travelers are screened by metal detectors and/or millimeter wave scanners. Explosive detection machines used include X-ray machines and explosives trace-detection portal machines (a.k.a. \"puffer machines\"). In the United States, the TSA is working on new scanning machines that are still effective searching for objects that are not allowed in the airplanes but that do not depict the passengers in a state of undress that some find embarrassing. Explosive detection machines can also be used for both carry-on and checked baggage. These detect volatile compounds given off from explosives using gas chromatography." }, "Comparison of American football and rugby league-6": { "title": "Comparison of American football and rugby league", "section": "The field", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "American football is played on a rectangular field 120 yards (110\u00a0m) long by 53 1\u20443 yards (48.8 m) wide. Near each end of the field is a goal line, which are 100 yards (91\u00a0m) apart. A scoring area called an end zone extends 10 yards (9.1\u00a0m) beyond each goal line. Yard lines cross the field every 5 yards (4.6\u00a0m), two rows of hash marks run parallel to the side lines near the middle of the field. At the back of each of the end zones, there are a set of goalposts. American football goalposts were formerly H-shaped and were located on the goal line, but; in 1967, the NFL adopted the current modern offset-fork design, made from extruded steel pipes. The goalposts currently consist of two vertical posts 18.5 feet (5.6 m) apart (24 feet (7.3 m) in high school football) rising from a horizontal crossbar, which is mounted on a single central support post that raises the crossbar to a height of 10 feet (3.0 m), resulting in a two-tined fork shape. The central vertical post is offset from the crossbar toward the rear, placing it as far as possible from the field of play; it is also usually padded to minimize collision-related injuries. In 1974, in the effort to create a safer, unimpeded field of play in the end zone, calculated to produce more passing touchdowns, the NFL relocated the goalposts from the goal line to the end line." }, "Durian-3": { "title": "Durian", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Some people regard the durian as having a pleasantly sweet fragrance, whereas others find the aroma overpowering with an unpleasant odour. The smell evokes reactions from deep appreciation to intense disgust, and has been described variously as rotten onions, turpentine, and raw sewage. The persistence of its odour, which may linger for several days, has led to the fruit's banishment from certain hotels and public transportation in Southeast Asia. By contrast, the nineteenth-century British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace described its flesh as \"a rich custard highly flavoured with almonds\". The flesh can be consumed at various stages of ripeness, and it is used to flavour a wide variety of savoury and sweet desserts in Southeast Asian cuisines. The seeds can also be eaten when cooked." }, "Snowpiercer-1": { "title": "Snowpiercer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Snowpiercer (Korean:\u00a0\uc124\uad6d\uc5f4\ucc28; Hanja:\u00a0\u96ea\u570b\u5217\u8eca; RR:\u00a0Seolgungnyeolcha) is a 2013 science fiction action film based on the French graphic novel Le Transperceneige by Jacques Lob, Benjamin Legrand and Jean-Marc Rochette. The film is directed by Bong Joon-ho and written by Bong and Kelly Masterson. A South Korean-Czech co-production, the film marks Bong's English-language debut; almost 85% of the film's dialogue is in English." }, "Lamborghini Veneno-1": { "title": "Lamborghini Veneno", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Lamborghini Veneno (Spanish pronunciation:\u00a0[be\u02c8neno]) is a limited production high performance sportscar manufactured by Italian automobile manufacturer Lamborghini. Based on the Lamborghini Aventador, the Veneno was developed to celebrate Lamborghini's 50th anniversary. It was introduced at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show. When introduced, it had a price of US$4,000,000, making it one of the most expensive production cars in the world." }, "Boeing 737-61": { "title": "Boeing 737", "section": "Design evolution", "headers": [ "Fuselage, landing gear and planform" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "The fuselage cross section and nose is derived from that of the Boeing 707 and Boeing 727. Early 737 cockpits also inherited the \"eyebrow windows\" positioned above the main glareshield, which were a feature of the original 707 and 727 to allow for better crew visibility. Contrary to popular belief, these windows were not intended for celestial navigation (only the military T-43A had a sextant port for star navigation, which the civilian models lacked). With modern avionics, the windows became redundant, and many pilots actually placed newspapers or other objects in them to block out sun glare. They were eliminated from the 737 cockpit design in 2004, although they are still installed on customer request. The eyebrow windows were sometimes removed and plugged, usually during maintenance overhauls, and can be distinguished by the metal plug which differs from the smooth metal in later aircraft that were not originally fitted with the windows." }, "Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority-90": { "title": "Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority", "section": "Funding", "headers": [ "Budget" ], "para_index": 90, "content": "A May 2019 report found the MBTA had a maintenance backlog of approximately $10 billion, which it hopes to clear by 2032 by increasing spending on capital projects." }, "Halo (optical phenomenon)-2": { "title": "Halo (optical phenomenon)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The ice crystals responsible for halos are typically suspended in cirrus or cirrostratus clouds in the upper troposphere (5\u201310\u00a0km (3.1\u20136.2\u00a0mi)), but in cold weather they can also float near the ground, in which case they are referred to as diamond dust. The particular shape and orientation of the crystals are responsible for the type of halo observed. Light is reflected and refracted by the ice crystals and may split into colors because of dispersion. The crystals behave like prisms and mirrors, refracting and reflecting light between their faces, sending shafts of light in particular directions." }, "Hem-2": { "title": "Hem", "section": "Methods", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "There are many different styles of hems of varying complexities. The most common hem folds up a cut edge, folds it up again, and then sew it down. The style of hemming thus completely encloses the cut edge in cloth, so that it cannot unravel. Other hem styles use fewer folds. One of the simplest hems encloses the edge of cloth with a stitch without any folds at all, using a method called an overcast stitch, although an overcast stitch may be used to finish a folded \"plain hem\" as well." }, "Toghon (son of Kublai)-1": { "title": "Toghon (son of Kublai)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Toghon (Mongolian: \u0422\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043e\u043d, Chinese: \u812b\u6b61, Vietnamese: Tho\u00e1t Hoan,\u00a0?\u20131301), also Toghan or Togon, was the ninth son of Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty." }, "Hindenburg disaster-58": { "title": "Hindenburg disaster", "section": "Fire's initial fuel", "headers": [ "Hydrogen hypothesis" ], "para_index": 58, "content": "The theory that hydrogen was ignited by a static spark is the most widely accepted theory as determined by the official crash investigations. Offering support for the hypothesis that there was some sort of hydrogen leak prior to the fire is that the airship remained stern-heavy before landing, despite efforts to put the airship back in trim. This could have been caused by a leak of the gas, which started mixing with air, potentially creating a form of oxyhydrogen and filling up the space between the skin and the cells. A ground crew member, R.H. Ward, reported seeing the fabric cover of the upper port side of the airship fluttering, \"as if gas was rising and escaping\" from the cell. He said that the fire began there, but that no other disturbance occurred at the time when the fabric fluttered. Another man on the top of the mooring mast had also reported seeing a flutter in the fabric as well. Pictures that show the fire burning along straight lines that coincide with the boundaries of gas cells suggest that the fire was not burning along the skin, which was continuous. Crew members stationed in the stern reported actually seeing the cells burning." }, "Indian Ocean garbage patch-2": { "title": "Indian Ocean garbage patch", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A similar patch of floating plastic debris in the Pacific Ocean, the Great Pacific garbage patch, was predicted in 1985, and discovered in 1997 by Charles J. Moore as he passed through the North Pacific Gyre on his return from the Transpacific Yacht Race. The North Atlantic garbage patch was discovered in 2010." }, "Zoroastrianism-27": { "title": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Decline in the Middle Ages" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Under Abbasid rule, Muslim Iranians (who by then were in the majority) in many instances showed severe disregard for and mistreated local Zoroastrians. For example, in the 9th century, a deeply venerated cypress tree in Khorasan (which Parthian-era legend supposed had been planted by Zoroaster himself) was felled for the construction of a palace in Baghdad, 2,000 miles (3,200\u00a0km) away. In the 10th century, on the day that a Tower of Silence had been completed at much trouble and expense, a Muslim official contrived to get up onto it, and to call the adhan (the Muslim call to prayer) from its walls. This was turned into a pretext to annex the building." }, "Coca-18": { "title": "Coca", "section": "Pharmacological aspects", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Morphology of the coca plant Leaves Leaves and fruit Leaves and branches The pharmacologically active ingredient of coca is the cocaine alkaloid, which is found in the amount of about 0.3 to 1.5%, averaging 0.8%, in fresh leaves. Besides cocaine, the coca leaf contains a number of other alkaloids, including methylecgonine cinnamate, benzoylecgonine, truxilline, hydroxytropacocaine, tropacocaine, ecgonine, cuscohygrine, dihydrocuscohygrine, nicotine, and hygrine. When chewed, coca acts as a mild stimulant and suppresses hunger, thirst, pain, and fatigue. Absorption of coca from the leaf is less rapid than nasal application of purified forms of the alkaloid (almost all of the coca alkaloid is absorbed within 20 minutes of nasal application, while it takes 2\u201312 hours after ingestion of the raw leaf for alkaline concentrations to peak.). When the raw leaf is consumed in tea, between 59 and 90% of the coca alkaloid is absorbed." }, "Woody Allen-4": { "title": "Woody Allen", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Allen was born Allan Stewart Konigsberg in the Brooklyn borough of New York City on December 1, 1935. He and his sister, future film producer Letty (born 1943), were raised in Brooklyn's Midwood neighborhood. He is the son of Nettie (n\u00e9e Cherry; November 8, 1906 \u2013 January 27, 2002), a bookkeeper at her family's delicatessen, and Martin Konigsberg (December 25, 1900 \u2013 January 8, 2001), a jewelry engraver and waiter. His family is Jewish; his grandparents were immigrants to the U.S. from Austria and the Lithuanian city of Panev\u0117\u017eys. They spoke German, Hebrew and Yiddish. Both of Allen's parents were born and raised on the Lower East Side of Manhattan." }, "Police dog-1": { "title": "Police dog", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A police dog, known in some English-speaking countries as a \"K-9\" or \"K9\" (a homophone of \"canine\"), is a dog that is specifically trained to assist police and other law-enforcement personnel. Their duties include: searching for drugs and explosives, locating missing people, finding crime scene evidence, and attacking people targeted by the police. Police dogs must remember several verbal cues and hand gestures. The most commonly used breeds are the German Shepherd Dog, Belgian Malinois, Bloodhound, Dutch Shepherd, and Retriever breeds. Recently, the Belgian Malinois has become the dog of choice for police and military work due to their intense drive and focus. Malinois are smaller and more agile than German Shepherd Dogs, and have fewer health issues. However, a well-bred working line German Shepherd Dog is just as successful and robust as a Malinois." }, "Catherine Zeta-Jones-8": { "title": "Catherine Zeta-Jones", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "1990\u20131996: Screen debut and career struggles" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Following a brief appearance as Beatriz Enr\u00edquez de Arana in the unsuccessful adventure film Christopher Columbus: The Discovery (1992), Zeta-Jones featured as a belly dancer in disguise in a 1992 episode of George Lucas' television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. She next took on the part of an aspiring duchess in Splitting Heirs (1993), a farcical period drama from the director Robert Young about two children (Eric Idle and Rick Moranis) who are separated at birth. Reviews for the film were negative, though the critic Vincent Canby of The New York Times found her to be \"very funny\". In 1994, Zeta-Jones played the melancholic Eustacia Vye in the television film The Return of the Native, an adaptation of the novel of the same name (1878) by Thomas Hardy, and the wife of Lloyd Owen's character in the television war drama The Cinder Path. She was then cast as the eponymous protagonist of the 1995 television biopic Catherine the Great. In a mixed review, critic Lisa Nesselson of Variety found the miniseries to be \"brightly colored\" but \"wooden and hollow\", though thought that Zeta-Jones \"imparts a certain grace and resolve to her sovereign-in-the-making\". Zeta-Jones next starred as the pragmatic girlfriend of Sean Pertwee's character in Blue Juice (1995), publicised as Britain's first surf film, which the critic Leonard Maltin described as a \"superficial and predictable\" production." }, "Aedes-1": { "title": "Aedes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Aedes is a genus of mosquitoes originally found in tropical and subtropical zones, but now found on all continents except Antarctica. Some species have been spread by human activity: Aedes albopictus, a particularly invasive species, was recently spread to the New World, including the United States, by the used-tire trade." }, "Lieutenant (navy)-11": { "title": "Lieutenant (navy)", "section": "\"First lieutenant\" in naval usage", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "In minor war vessels, destroyers and frigates, the first lieutenant (either a lieutenant or lieutenant commander) is second in command, executive officer (XO) and head of the executive branch; in larger ships, where a commander of the warfare specialisation is appointed as the executive officer, a first lieutenant (normally a lieutenant commander) is appointed as his deputy. The post of first lieutenant in a shore establishment carries a similar responsibility to that of the first lieutenant of a capital ship." }, "Homer Simpson-1": { "title": "Homer Simpson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Homer Jay Simpson is a fictional character and the protagonist of the American animated sitcom The Simpsons. He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta and first appeared on television, along with the rest of his family, in The Tracey Ullman Show short \"Good Night\" on April 19, 1987. Homer was created and designed by cartoonist Matt Groening while he was waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic strip Life in Hell but instead decided to create a new set of characters. He named the character after his father, Homer Groening. After appearing for three seasons on The Tracey Ullman Show, the Simpson family got their own series on Fox, which debuted December 17, 1989." }, "Joan Crawford-37": { "title": "Joan Crawford", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Transition to sound, and continued success" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "Crawford continued her reign as a popular movie actress well into the mid-1930s. No More Ladies (1935) co-starred Robert Montgomery and then-husband Franchot Tone, and was a success. Crawford had long pleaded with MGM's head Louis B. Mayer to cast her in more dramatic roles, and although he was reluctant, he cast her in the sophisticated comedy-drama I Live My Life (1935), directed by W.S. Van Dyke, and it was well received by critics." }, "Governance in 18th-century piracy-4": { "title": "Governance in 18th-century piracy", "section": "Roles and duties on a pirate ship", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The sailing master oversaw the navigation and sailing of the ship. Often, because of their skills, they were forced into service for pirates. The boatswain took care of the boat by supervising supplies, inspecting the ship every morning and reporting the condition of the ship to the captain. He also supervised deck activities including the handling of the sails and the weighing and dropping of the anchor. The carpenter, under the boatswain and quartermaster's directions, repaired the ship. Sometimes, the carpenter would also be the surgeon on the ship. The master gunner ensured that the cannons and weapons were in working order. The mate (often there were first and second mates) usually worked under the ship's master, boatswain, gunner or carpenter as an apprentice. Mates also outfitted the ship with ropes, pulleys, sails and other rigging as needed." }, "Joker (character)-27": { "title": "Joker (character)", "section": "Character biography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "In the 1999 \"No Man's Land\" storyline, the Joker murders Commissioner Gordon's second wife, Sarah, as she shields a group of infants. He taunts Gordon, who shoots him in the kneecap. The Joker, lamenting that he may never walk again, collapses with laughter when he realizes that the commissioner has avenged Barbara's paralysis. This story also introduced the Joker's girlfriend, Harley Quinn." }, "Tower of London-2": { "title": "Tower of London", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Tower of London has played a prominent role in English history. It was besieged several times, and controlling it has been important to controlling the country. The Tower has served variously as an armoury, a treasury, a menagerie, the home of the Royal Mint, a public record office, and the home of the Crown Jewels of England. From the early 14th century until the reign of Charles II, a procession would be led from the Tower to Westminster Abbey on the coronation of a monarch. In the absence of the monarch, the Constable of the Tower is in charge of the castle. This was a powerful and trusted position in the medieval period. In the late 15th century, the castle was the prison of the Princes in the Tower. Under the Tudors, the Tower became used less as a royal residence, and despite attempts to refortify and repair the castle, its defences lagged behind developments to deal with artillery." }, "Veganism-24": { "title": "Veganism", "section": "Animal products", "headers": [ "Avoidance" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Australia: Australians topped Google's\u00a0worldwide searches for the word \"vegan\"\u00a0between mid-2015 and mid-2016. A Euromonitor International study concluded the market for packaged vegan food in Australia would rise 9.6% per year between 2015 and 2020, making Australia the third-fastest growing vegan market behind China and the United Arab Emirates. \u00a0Austria: In 2013, Kurier estimated that 0.5 percent of Austrians practised veganism, and in the capital, Vienna, 0.7 percent. \u00a0Belgium: A 2016 iVOX online study found that out of 1000 Dutch-speaking residents of Flanders and Brussels of 18 years and over, 0.3 percent were vegan. \u00a0Canada: In 2018, one survey estimated that 2.1 percent of adult Canadians considered themselves as vegans. \u00a0Germany: As of 2016[update], data estimated that people following a vegan diet in Germany varied between 0.1% and 1% of the population (between 81,000 and 810,000 persons). \u00a0India: In the 2005\u201306 National Health Survey, 1.6% of the surveyed population reported never consuming animal products. Veganism was most common in the states of Gujarat (4.9%) and Maharashtra (4.0%). \u00a0Israel: Five percent (approx.\u00a0300,000) in Israel said they were vegan in 2014, making it the highest per capita vegan population in the world. A 2015 survey by Globes and Israel's Channel 2 News similarly found 5% of Israelis were vegan. Veganism increased among Israeli Arabs. The Israeli army made special provision for vegan soldiers in 2015, which included providing non-leather boots and wool-free berets. Veganism also technically simplifies the Judaic prohibition on combining meat and milk in meals. \u00a0Italy: Between 0.6 and three percent of Italians were reported to be vegan as of 2015[update]. \u00a0Netherlands: In 2018, the Dutch Society for Veganism (Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme) estimated there were more than 100,000 Dutch vegans (0.59 percent), based on their membership growth. \u00a0Romania: Followers of the Romanian Orthodox Church keep fast during several periods throughout the ecclesiastical calendar amounting to a majority of the year. In the Romanian Orthodox tradition, devotees abstain from eating any animal products during these times. As a result, vegan foods are abundant in stores and restaurants; however, Romanians may not be familiar with a vegan diet as a full-time lifestyle choice. \u00a0Sweden: Four percent said they were vegan in a 2014 Demoskop poll. \u00a0\u00a0Switzerland: Market research company DemoSCOPE estimated in 2017 that three percent of the population was vegan. \u00a0United Kingdom: In the UK, where the tofu and mock-meats market was worth \u00a3786.5 million in 2012, two percent said they were vegan in a 2007 government survey. A 2016 Ipsos MORI study commissioned by the Vegan Society, surveying almost 10,000 people aged 15 or over across England, Scotland, and Wales, found that 1.05 percent were vegan; the Vegan Society estimates that 542,000 in the UK follow a vegan diet. According to a 2018 survey by Comparethemarket.com, the number of people who identify as vegans in the United Kingdom has risen to over 3.5 million, which is approximately seven percent of the population, and environmental concerns were a major factor in this development. However, doubt was cast on this inflated figure by the UK-based Vegan Society, who perform their own regular survey: the Vegan Society themselves found in 2018 that there were 600,000 vegans in Great Britain (1.16%), which was seen as a dramatic increase on previous figures. In 2020, a court ruled that ethical veganism was a protected belief under the Equality Act 2010, meaning employers cannot discriminate against vegans. \u00a0United States: Estimates of vegans in the U.S. in past varied from 2% (Gallup, 2012) to 0.5% (Faunalytics, 2014). According to the latter, 70% of those who adopted a vegan diet abandoned it. However, Top Trends in Prepared Foods 2017, a report by GlobalData, estimated that \"6% of US consumers now claim to be vegan, up from just 1% in 2014.\" Vegans do not eat beef, pork, poultry, fowl, game, animal seafood, eggs, dairy, or any other animal products. Dietary vegans might use animal products in clothing (as leather, wool, and silk), toiletries, and similar. Ethical veganism extends not only to matters of food but also to the wearing or use of animal products, and rejects the commodification of animals altogether. The British Vegan Society will certify a product only if it is free of animal involvement as far as possible and practical, including animal testing, but \"recognises that it is not always possible to make a choice that avoids the use of animals\", an issue that was highlighted in 2016 when it became known that the UK's newly-introduced \u00a35 note contained tallow." }, "Milk caps (game)-3": { "title": "Milk caps (game)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The game of milk caps possibly originated in Maui, Hawaii, during the 1920s or 1930s, or possibly with origins in Menko, a Japanese card game very similar to milk caps, which has been in existence since the 17th century. The game of milk caps was played on the Hawaiian island of Maui as early as 1927. There are cap collectors that have caps dating back to the 1940s and 1950s." }, "Recall election-1": { "title": "Recall election", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A recall election (also called a recall referendum, recall petition or representative recall) is a procedure by which, in certain polities, voters can remove an elected official from office through a direct vote before that official's term has ended. Recalls, which are initiated when sufficient voters sign a petition, have a history dating back to ancient Athenian democracy and feature in several current constitutions. In indirect or representative democracy, people's representatives are elected and these representatives rule for a specific period of time. However, where the facility to recall exists, should any representative come to be perceived as not properly discharging their responsibilities, then they can be called back with the written request of specific number or proportion of voters." }, "Close-quarters combat-1": { "title": "Close-quarters combat", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Close-quarters combat (CQC) is a tactical concept that involves a physical confrontation between several combatants. It can take place between military units, police/corrections officers and criminals, and in other similar scenarios. In warfare, it usually consists of small units or teams engaging the enemy with personal weapons at very short range, up to 100 meters, from proximity hand-to-hand combat to close-quarter target negotiation with short-range firearms. In the typical close-quarters\u2013combat scenario, the attackers try a very fast, violent takeover of a vehicle or structure controlled by the defenders, who usually have no easy way to withdraw. Because enemies, hostages/civilians, and fellow operators can be closely intermingled, close-quarters combat demands a rapid assault and a precise application of lethal force. The operators need great proficiency with their weapons, and the ability to make split-second decisions in order to minimize accidental casualties." }, "Basketball-3": { "title": "Basketball", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The five players on each side fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center, the tallest and strongest is the power forward, a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward, and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard, who implements the coach's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays (player positioning). Informally, players may play three-on-three, two-on-two, and one-on-one." }, "Mongoose-1": { "title": "Mongoose", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A mongoose is a small terrestrial carnivorous mammal belonging to the family Herpestidae. This family is currently split into two subfamilies, the Herpestinae and the Mungotinae. The Herpestinae comprises 23 living species that are native to southern Europe, Africa and Asia, whereas the Mungotinae comprises 11 species native to Africa." }, "Earth Day-30": { "title": "Earth Day", "section": "History of the Equinox Earth Day (March 20)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "John McConnell first introduced the idea of a global holiday called \"Earth Day\" at the 1969 UNESCO Conference on the Environment. The first Earth Day proclamation was issued by San Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto on March 21, 1970. Celebrations were held in various cities, such as San Francisco and in Davis, California with a multi-day street party. UN Secretary-General U Thant supported McConnell's global initiative to celebrate this annual event; and on February 26, 1971, he signed a proclamation to that effect, saying:" }, "Beaver-7": { "title": "Beaver", "section": "General", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Beavers continue to grow throughout their lives. Adult specimens weighing over 25\u00a0kg (55\u00a0lb) are not uncommon. Females are as large as or larger than males of the same age, which is uncommon among mammals. Beavers live up to 24 years of age in the wild." }, "Truck driver-63": { "title": "Truck driver", "section": "Special licences", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 63, "content": "Class A \u2013 Any combination of vehicles with a GVWR (gross vehicle weight rating) of 26,001 or more pounds provided the GVWR of the vehicle(s) being towed is in excess of 10,000 pounds. Class B \u2013 Any single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001 or more pounds, or any such vehicle towing a vehicle, not in excess of 10,000 pounds GVWR. Class C \u2013 Any single vehicle, or the combination of vehicles, that does not meet the definition of Class A or Class B, but is either designed to transport 16 or more passengers, including the driver or is placarded for hazardous materials. A CDL can also contain separate endorsements required to operate certain trailers or to haul certain cargo. These endorsements are noted on the CDL and often appear in advertisements outlining the requirements for employment." }, "Official Scrabble Players Dictionary-9": { "title": "Official Scrabble Players Dictionary", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Fourth edition" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "A fourth edition of the dictionary was published by Hasbro in 2005, which contained around 4000 additional words, including strategically useful two-letter words \"QI\" and \"ZA\"." }, "Inuktitut-30": { "title": "Inuktitut", "section": "Writing", "headers": [ "The Canadian syllabary" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "The Inuktitut syllabary used in Canada is based on the Cree syllabary devised by the missionary James Evans. The present form of the syllabary for Canadian Inuktitut was adopted by the Inuit Cultural Institute in Canada in the 1970s. The Inuit in Alaska, the Inuvialuit, Inuinnaqtun speakers, and Inuit in Greenland and Labrador use Latin alphabets." }, "Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War-1": { "title": "Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War (Dutch: Driehonderdvijfendertigjarige Oorlog, Cornish: Bell a dri hans pymthek warn ugens) was an alleged state of war between the Netherlands and the Isles of Scilly (located off the southwest coast of Great Britain), and its existence is disputed. It is said to have been extended by the lack of a peace treaty for 335 years without a single shot being fired, which would make it one of the world's longest wars, and a bloodless war. Despite the uncertain validity of the declaration of war, and thus uncertainty about whether or not a state of war ever actually existed, peace was finally declared in 1986, bringing an end to any hypothetical war that may have been legally considered to exist." }, "Vikings-1": { "title": "Vikings", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Vikings were Norse people primarily from southern Scandinavia (in present-day Denmark, Norway and Sweden), who from the late 8th to late 11th centuries, raided and traded from their Northern European homelands across wide areas of Europe, and explored westwards to Iceland, Greenland, and Vinland. The term is also commonly extended in modern English and other vernaculars to include the inhabitants of Norse home communities during what has become known as the Viking Age, 793\u20131066 AD. This period of Nordic military, mercantile and demographic expansion constitutes an important element in the early medieval history of Scandinavia, the British Isles, France, Estonia, Kievan Rus' and Sicily." }, "DirectX-1": { "title": "DirectX", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Microsoft DirectX is a collection of application programming interfaces (APIs) for handling tasks related to multimedia, especially game programming and video, on Microsoft platforms. Originally, the names of these APIs all began with Direct, such as Direct3D, DirectDraw, DirectMusic, DirectPlay, DirectSound, and so forth. The name DirectX was coined as a shorthand term for all of these APIs (the X standing in for the particular API names) and soon became the name of the collection. When Microsoft later set out to develop a gaming console, the X was used as the basis of the name Xbox to indicate that the console was based on DirectX technology. The X initial has been carried forward in the naming of APIs designed for the Xbox such as XInput and the Cross-platform Audio Creation Tool (XACT), while the DirectX pattern has been continued for Windows APIs such as Direct2D and DirectWrite." }, "Krishna-24": { "title": "Krishna", "section": "Iconography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "In other icons, he is a part of battlefield scenes of the epic Mahabharata. He is shown as a charioteer, notably when he is addressing the Pandava prince Arjuna character, symbolically reflecting the events that led to the Bhagavad Gita\u00a0\u2013 a scripture of Hinduism. In these popular depictions, Krishna appears in the front as the charioteer, either as a counsel listening to Arjuna, or as the driver of the chariot while Arjuna aims his arrows in the battlefield of Kurukshetra." }, "Sainsbury's-1": { "title": "Sainsbury's", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sainsbury plc trading as Sainsbury's is the second largest chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom, with a 16.0% share of the supermarket sector. Founded in 1869, by John James Sainsbury with a shop in Drury Lane, London, the company became the largest retailer of groceries in 1922. In 1995, Tesco overtook Sainsbury's to become the market leader, and Asda became the second largest in 2003, demoting Sainsbury's to third place for most of the subsequent period until January 2014, when Sainsbury's regained second place. In April 2019, whilst awaiting to merge with Asda, Sainsbury's was again demoted into third place as their rival placed second." }, "Independence Day (United States)-3": { "title": "Independence Day (United States)", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "During the American Revolution, the legal separation of the thirteen colonies from Great Britain in 1776 actually occurred on July 2, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia declaring the United States independent from Great Britain's rule. After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence, a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five, with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author. Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, finally approving it two days later on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail:" }, "Cardi B-1": { "title": "Cardi B", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Belcalis Marlenis Alm\u00e1nzar (born October 11, 1992), known professionally as Cardi B, is an American rapper, songwriter, television personality and actress. Born in Manhattan and raised in The Bronx, New York City, she became an internet celebrity after several of her posts and videos became popular on Vine and Instagram. From 2015 to 2017, she appeared as a regular cast member on the VH1 reality television series Love & Hip Hop: New York to follow her music aspirations, and released two mixtapes\u2014Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 1 and Vol. 2, before signing with label Atlantic Records in early 2017." }, "Sound-1": { "title": "Sound", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In physics, sound is a vibration that propagates as an acoustic wave, through a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid." }, "Chivalric sagas-9": { "title": "Chivalric sagas", "section": "Original compositions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The Old Norse term riddarasaga ... covers what were a number of genres in Latin, French and Anglo-Norman, but common to all of them are their courtly setting, their interest in kingship, and their concerns with the ethics of chivalry and courtly love. It seems, however, from a comparison between the French originals and the Old Norse translations of courtly romances, such as Chr\u00e9tien de Troyes' Erec et Enide (Erex saga), Yvain (\u00cdvens saga) and Perceval (Parcevals saga and Velvens \u00fe\u00e1ttr), that the translators who supplied King H\u00e1kon's court and others in Norway and Iceland who enjoyed such sagas offered an independent rewriting of their sources. It is notable that they did not convey a number of key aspects of Chr\u00e9tien's somewhat ironic perspective on courtly society. This may well be because most of the translators were probably clerics, but it is also likely to reflect traditional Norse tastes and narrative conventions. In particular, most elements of explicit eroticism have been deleted from the riddaras\u00f6gur, as have much comedy and irony in the treatment of the protagonists' behaviour. Instead, the narratives are largely exemplary and didactic, in large part because the Scandinavian translators refrained from using two essential narrative devices of their sources, namely the internal monologue, which conveyed the private thoughts and feelings of the characters, and the intrusive involvement of the narrator, which was a vehicle for conveying a nuanced and often ironic point of view. Inspired by translated Continental romances, Icelanders began enthusiastically composing their own romance-sagas, apparently around the later thirteenth century, with the genre flourishing from the fourteenth century. The rise of the genre has been associated with Iceland coming under Norwegian rule in the 1260s, and the consequent need for Icelandic ecclesiastical and secular elites to explore Icelanders' new identities as vassals to a king. These new political formations particularly affected the marriage market for elite Icelanders, making gender politics a central theme of many romances. One seminal composition, directly or indirectly influential on many subsequent sagas, seems to have been Kl\u00e1ri saga, whose prologue states that it was translated from a Latin metrical work which J\u00f3n Halld\u00f3rsson Bishop of Sk\u00e1lholt found in France, but which is now thought to have been composed by J\u00f3n from scratch. J\u00f3n's work seems to have been one of the inspirations for the fourteenth-century North Icelandic Benedictine School which, while most clearly associated with religious writing, also seems to have involved romance-writing." }, "Paul the Apostle-53": { "title": "Paul the Apostle", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Biblical narrative", "Death" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "The date of Paul's death is believed to have occurred after the Great Fire of Rome in July 64, but before the last year of Nero's reign, in 68. According to the First Epistle of Clement (95\u201396 AD), Ignatius (110 AD) and Dionysius of Corinth (166\u2013174 AD) Paul was martyred. The apocryphal Acts of Paul (160 AD), Tertullian (200 AD), Eusebius of Caesarea (320 AD), Lactantius (318 AD), Jerome (392 AD), John Chrysostom (c. 349\u2013407) and Sulpicius Severus (403 AD) describe the martyrdom of Paul citing that Nero condemned Paul to death by decapitation at Rome." }, "P. G. Wodehouse-52": { "title": "P. G. Wodehouse", "section": "Writing", "headers": [ "Technique and approach" ], "para_index": 52, "content": "When in due course Charon ferries me across the Styx and everyone is telling everyone else what a rotten writer I was, I hope at least one voice will be heard piping up, 'But he did take trouble.' \u2014 Wodehouse on Wodehouse, 1957 Before starting a book Wodehouse would write up to four hundred pages of notes bringing together an outline of the plot; he acknowledged that \"It's the plots that I find so hard to work out. It takes such a long time to work one out.\" He always completed the plot before working on specific character actions. For a novel the note-writing process could take up to two years, and he would usually have two or more novels in preparation simultaneously. After he had completed his notes, he would draw up a fuller scenario of about thirty thousand words, which ensured plot holes were avoided, and allowed for the dialogue to begin to develop. When interviewed in 1975 he revealed that \"For a humorous novel you've got to have a scenario, and you've got to test it so that you know where the comedy comes in, where the situations come in\u00a0... splitting it up into scenes (you can make a scene of almost anything) and have as little stuff in between as possible.\" He preferred working between 4 and 7\u00a0pm\u2014but never after dinner\u2014and would work seven days a week. In his younger years, he would write around two to three thousand words a day, although he slowed as he aged, so that in his nineties he would produce a thousand. The reduced speed in writing slowed his production of books: when younger he would produce a novel in about three months, while Bachelors Anonymous, published in 1973, took around six months. Although studies of language production in normal healthy ageing show a marked decline from the mid-70s on, a study of Wodehouse's works did not find any evidence of a decline in linguistic ability with age." }, "Speed of sound-1": { "title": "Speed of sound", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The speed of sound is the distance travelled per unit time by a sound wave as it propagates through an elastic medium. At 20\u00a0\u00b0C (68\u00a0\u00b0F), the speed of sound in air is about 343 metres per second (1,235\u00a0km/h; 1,125\u00a0ft/s; 767\u00a0mph; 667\u00a0kn), or a kilometre in 2.9 s or a mile in 4.7 s. It depends strongly on temperature as well as the medium through which a sound wave is propagating." }, "Ottoman dynasty-1": { "title": "Ottoman dynasty", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Ottoman dynasty (Turkish: Osmanl\u0131 Hanedan\u0131) was made up of the members of the imperial House of Osman (Ottoman Turkish: \u062e\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u200e, romanized:\u00a0\u1e2a\u0101ned\u0101n-\u0131 \u0100l-\u0131 \u02bfOsm\u0101n), also known as the Ottomans (Turkish: Osmanl\u0131lar). According to Ottoman tradition, the family originated from the Kay\u0131 tribe branch of the Oghuz Turks, under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia in the district of Bilecik S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct. The Ottoman dynasty, named after Osman I, ruled the Ottoman Empire from c. 1299 to 1922." }, "Suicide of Kurt Cobain-2": { "title": "Suicide of Kurt Cobain", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Kurt Cobain was the lead singer and guitarist of the American rock band Nirvana, one of the best-selling bands of all time. Throughout most of his life, Cobain suffered from chronic bronchitis and intense pain due to an undiagnosed chronic stomach condition. Cobain was also prone to alcoholism and regularly used drugs and inhalants. According to The Telegraph, Cobain had depression. His cousin brought attention to the family history of suicide, mental illness and alcoholism, noting two of her uncles who had killed themselves using guns." }, "Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005-6": { "title": "Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005", "section": "First arrest", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "A retrievable record of all purchases identifying the name and address of each party to be kept for two years Required verification of proof of identity of all purchasers Required protection and disclosure methods in the collection of personal information Reports to the Attorney General of any suspicious payments or disappearances of the regulated products Required training of employees with regard to the requirements of the CMEA; Retailer must self-certify as to training and compliance Non-liquid dose form of regulated product may only be sold in unit dose blister packs Regulated products are to be sold behind the counter or in a locked cabinet in such a way as to restrict public access Daily sales of regulated products not to exceed 3.6 grams without regard to the number of transactions 30 day (not monthly) sales limit not to exceed 7.5 grams if sold by mail-order or \"mobile retail vendor\" 30 day purchase limit not to exceed 9 grams of pseudoephedrine base in regulated products (misdemeanor possession offense under 21 USC 844a for the individual who buys it) Prescriptions are exempt from logbook requirements. In September 2006, Tim Naveau was arrested and charged with a Class-B misdemeanor for purchasing Claritin-D. Naveau takes one tablet of Claritin D each day to combat allergies, and he \"had stocked up on the allergy medication because his teenage son, who was also an allergy sufferer, needed several packages because he was headed off to a church camp.\" Minors are not permitted to purchase pseudoephedrine under the law. Naveau had gone over the legal limit for pseudoephedrine when he purchased extra Claritin-D to give to his son before he attended church camp." }, "LinkedIn-1": { "title": "LinkedIn", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "LinkedIn (/l\u026a\u014bkt\u02c8\u026an/) is an American business and employment-oriented online service that operates via websites and mobile apps. Launched on May 5, 2003, it is mainly used for professional networking, including employers posting jobs and job seekers posting their CVs. As of 2015, most of the company's revenue came from selling access to information about its members to recruiters and sales professionals. Since December 2016 it has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Microsoft. As of May 2020, LinkedIn had 690+ million registered members in 150 countries." }, "Adult Children of Alcoholics-4": { "title": "Adult Children of Alcoholics", "section": "History and growth", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The term ACoA was also extended to include PTSD by Tian Dayton PhD, specifically in her book The ACoA Trauma Syndrome.In it she describes how pain from childhood emerges and gets played out in adulthood, for the ACoA, as a post traumatic stress reaction. Childhood pain that has remained relatively dormant for decades can be re-stimulated or \"triggered\" by the dynamics of intimacy. \"Just as a car backfiring triggers a soldier into unconscious memories of gunfire, when the ACoA grows up and enters the intimate relationships of partnering and parenting, the very vulnerability, dependency and closeness of those relationships can trigger unhealed and unconscious pain from childhood.\"" }, "Surrogacy-1": { "title": "Surrogacy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Surrogacy is an arrangement, often supported by a legal agreement, whereby a woman (the surrogate mother) agrees to bear a child for another person or persons, who will become the child's parent(s) after birth." }, "Portuguese Angola-36": { "title": "Portuguese Angola", "section": "Education", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Non-urban black African access to educational opportunities was very limited for most of the colonial period, most were not able to speak Portuguese and did not have knowledge of Portuguese culture and history. Until the 1950s, educational facilities run by the Portuguese colonial government were largely restricted to the urban areas. Responsibility for educating rural Africans were commissioned by the authorities to several Roman Catholic and Protestant missions based across the vast countryside, which taught black Africans in Portuguese language and culture. As a consequence, each of the missions established its own school system, although all were subject to ultimate control and support by the Portuguese." }, "Kidney stone disease-46": { "title": "Kidney stone disease", "section": "Diagnosis", "headers": [ "Size" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "Stones less than 5\u00a0mm (0.2\u00a0in) in diameter pass spontaneously in up to 98% of cases, while those measuring 5 to 10\u00a0mm (0.2 to 0.4\u00a0in) in diameter pass spontaneously in less than 53% of cases." }, "Red fox-18": { "title": "Red fox", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "Dimensions" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Red foxes are the largest species of the genus Vulpes. However, relative to dimensions, red foxes are much lighter than similarly sized dogs of the genus Canis. Their limb bones, for example, weigh 30 percent less per unit area of bone than expected for similarly sized dogs. They display significant individual, sexual, age and geographical variation in size. On average, adults measure 35\u201350\u00a0cm (14\u201320\u00a0in) high at the shoulder and 45\u201390\u00a0cm (18\u201335\u00a0in) in body length with tails measuring 30\u201355.5\u00a0cm (11.8\u201321.9\u00a0in). The ears measure 7.7\u201312.5\u00a0cm (3\u20135\u00a0in) and the hind feet 12\u201318.5\u00a0cm (5\u20137\u00a0in). Weights range from 2.2\u201314\u00a0kg (5\u201331\u00a0lb), with vixens typically weighing 15\u201320% less than males. Adult red foxes have skulls measuring 129\u2013167\u00a0mm (5.1\u20136.6\u00a0in), while those of vixens measure 128\u2013159\u00a0mm (5.0\u20136.3\u00a0in). The forefoot print measures 60\u00a0mm (2.4\u00a0in) in length and 45\u00a0mm (1.8\u00a0in) in width, while the hind foot print measures 55\u00a0mm (2.2\u00a0in) long and 38\u00a0mm (1.5\u00a0in) wide. They trot at a speed of 6\u201313\u00a0km/h (4\u20138\u00a0mph), and have a maximum running speed of 50\u00a0km/h (30\u00a0mph). They have a stride of 25\u201335\u00a0cm (9.8\u201313.8\u00a0in) when walking at a normal pace. North American red foxes are generally lightly built, with comparatively long bodies for their mass and have a high degree of sexual dimorphism. British red foxes are heavily built, but short, while continental European red foxes are closer to the general average among red fox populations. The largest red fox on record in Great Britain was a 17.2\u00a0kg (38\u00a0lb), 1.4-metre (4\u00a0ft 7\u00a0in) long male, killed in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in early 2012." }, "Macaque-4": { "title": "Macaque", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In some species, skin folds join the second through fifth toes, almost reaching the first metatarsal joint. The monkey's size differs depending on sex and species. Males from all species can range from 41 to 70\u00a0cm (16 to 28 inches) in head and body length, and in weight from 5.5 to 18\u00a0kg (12.13 to 39.7\u00a0lb). Females can range from a weight of 2.4 to 13\u00a0kg (5.3 to 28.7\u00a0lb). These primates live in troops that vary in size, where males dominate, however the rank order of dominance frequently shifts. Female ranking lasts longer and depends upon their genealogical position. Macaques are able to swim and spend most of their time on the ground, along with some time in trees. They have large pouches in their cheeks where they carry extra food. They are considered highly intelligent and are often used in the medical field for experimentation. Adults also are notorious for tending to be bad tempered." }, "Bumblebee-30": { "title": "Bumblebee", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "Reproduction and nesting" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "In the early spring, the queen comes out of diapause and finds a suitable place to create her colony. Then she builds wax cells in which to lay her eggs which were fertilised the previous year. The eggs that hatch develop into female workers, and in time, the queen populates the colony, with workers feeding the young and performing other duties similar to honeybee workers. In temperate zones, young queens (gynes) leave the nest in the autumn and mate, often more than once, with males (drones) that are forcibly driven out of the colony. The drones and workers die as the weather turns colder; the young queens feed intensively to build up stores of fat for the winter. They survive in a resting state (diapause), generally below ground, until the weather warms up in the spring with the early bumblebee being the species that is among the first to emerge. Many species of bumblebee follow this general trend within the year. Bombus pensylvanicus is a species that follows this type of colony cycle. For this species the cycle begins in February, reproduction starts in July or August, and ends in the winter months. The queen remains in hibernation until spring of the following year in order to optimize conditions to search for a nest." }, "American eel-4": { "title": "American eel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The American eel is found along the Atlantic coast including Chesapeake Bay and the Hudson River and as far north as the St. Lawrence River region. It is also present in the river systems of the eastern Gulf of Mexico and in some areas further south. Like all anguillid eels, American eels hunt predominantly at night, and during the day they hide in mud, sand, or gravel very close to shore, at depths of roughly 5 to 6 feet. They feed on crustaceans, aquatic insects, small insects, and probably any aquatic organisms that they can find and eat." }, "Justin Bieber-29": { "title": "Justin Bieber", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "2015\u20132017: Purpose" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "On August 28, 2015, Bieber released a new single titled \"What Do You Mean?\" as the lead single from his fourth studio album Purpose. The song is a blend of teen pop, electronic dance music and acoustic R&B and became Bieber's first number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100. He became the youngest male artist to debut at the top of that chart, earning him a Guinness World Record. On October 23, 2015, Bieber released the album's second single titled \"Sorry\" as an instant download, with the pre-order of the album on iTunes. The song debuted at number two on the Billboard Hot 100. After eight non-consecutive weeks at number two, on the week charting January 23, 2016, \"Sorry\" climbed to the top spot of the chart and became Bieber's second number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100. The third single from Purpose, \"Love Yourself\" also peaked at number one in the US, making Bieber the first male artist in almost a decade to have three number-ones from an album since Justin Timberlake last did it with his album FutureSex/LoveSounds in 2006/2007. \"Company\" was announced as the fourth single on March 8, 2016. On February 12, 2016, Bieber's first four albums were released on vinyl for the first time." }, "Medical uses of silver-21": { "title": "Medical uses of silver", "section": "Adverse effects", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Though toxicity of silver is low, the human body has no biological use for silver and when inhaled, ingested, injected, or applied topically, silver will accumulate irreversibly in the body, particularly in the skin, and chronic use combined with exposure to sunlight can result in a disfiguring condition known as argyria in which the skin becomes blue or blue-gray. Localized argyria can occur as a result of topical use of silver-containing creams and solutions, while the ingestion, inhalation, or injection can result in generalized argyria. Preliminary reports of treatment with laser therapy have been reported. These laser treatments are painful and general anesthesia is required. A similar laser treatment has been used to clear silver particles from the eye, a condition related to argyria called argyrosis. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) describes argyria as a \"cosmetic problem\"." }, "Sand cat-48": { "title": "Sand cat", "section": "Behaviour and ecology", "headers": [ "Hunting and diet" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "In the T\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 Desert, sand cats were observed preying foremost on small rodents, young of cape hare (Lepus capensis), but also hunting greater hoopoe lark (Alaemon alaudipes), desert monitor (Varanus griseus), sandfish (Scincus scincus), and venomous vipers. If they caught more than they could eat, they buried the remains for later consumption. They satisfied their moisture requirements from their prey but drank readily if water was available. Toubou people accounted of sand cats coming to their camps at night and drinking fresh camel milk." }, "Buffalo wing-1": { "title": "Buffalo wing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A Buffalo wing, in the cuisine of the United States, is an unbreaded chicken wing section (flat or drumette) that is generally deep-fried then coated or dipped in a sauce consisting of a vinegar-based cayenne pepper hot sauce and melted butter prior to serving. The Buffalo wing was invented in 1964 at the Anchor Bar in Buffalo, New York by Teressa Bellissimo. They are traditionally served hot, along with celery sticks and carrot sticks with blue cheese dressing or, primarily outside of New York, ranch dressing for dipping." }, "Disney Princess-1": { "title": "Disney Princess", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Disney Princess, also called the Princess Line, is a media franchise and toy-line owned by The Walt Disney Company. Created by Disney Consumer Products chairman Andy Mooney, the franchise features a line-up of fictional female protagonists who have appeared in various Disney franchises." }, "Christopher Columbus-48": { "title": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "Voyages", "headers": [ "Second voyage" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "One of the first skirmishes between Native Americans and Europeans since the time of the Vikings occurred on 14 November, when at Saint Croix, Columbus's men rescued two native boys from several cannibalistic Island Caribs. Columbus's men pursued the Carib canoe, which met them with arrows. Several Europeans were wounded, but they killed all of the Caribs, and learned that the two boys had recently been castrated by their captors. Columbus continued to the Virgin Islands, and landed in Puerto Rico, which he named San Juan Bautista in honor of Saint John the Baptist (a name that was later given to the capital city of San Juan)." }, "Michael-5": { "title": "Michael", "section": "Popularity", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Michael (and its variants) is one of the most common given names for men in the world. In the United States, Michael was the most popular name of the 20th century, ranking No. 1 from 1954 to 1998 (with the exception of 1960, when it was second to David). It was among the top three most popular names for each year since 1953, only falling out of the top five in 2011 for the first time since 1949." }, "Antipope-16": { "title": "Antipope", "section": "Modern claimants to papacy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "In modern times various people claim to be pope and, though they do not fit the technical definition of \"antipope\", are sometimes referred to as such. They are usually leaders of sedevacantist groups who view the See of Rome as vacant and elect someone to fill it. They are sometimes referred to as conclavists because of their claim, on the basis of an election by a \"conclave\" of perhaps half a dozen laypeople, as in the case of David Bawden (\"Pope Michael I\"), to have rendered the See no longer vacant. A significant number of these have taken the name \"Peter II\", owing to its special significance. From the point of view of the Catholic Church, they are schismatics, and as such are automatically excommunicated." }, "Scuba diving-65": { "title": "Scuba diving", "section": "Depth range", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 65, "content": "Technical diving extends these depth limits through changes to training, equipment, and the gas mix used. The maximum depth considered safe is controversial and varies among agencies and instructors, however, there are programs that train divers for dives to 120 metres (390\u00a0ft). Professional diving usually limits the allowed planned decompression depending on the code of practice, operational directives, or statutory restrictions. Depth limits depend on the jurisdiction, and maximum depths allowed range from 30 metres (100\u00a0ft) to more than 50 metres (160\u00a0ft), depending on the breathing gas used and the availability of a decompression chamber nearby or on site. Commercial diving using scuba is generally restricted for reasons of occupational health and safety. Surface supplied diving allows better control of the operation and eliminates or significantly reduces the risks of loss of breathing gas supply and losing the diver. Scientific and media diving applications may be exempted from commercial diving constraints, based on acceptable codes of practice and a self-regulatory system." }, "Shotgun-31": { "title": "Shotgun", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Shot was also used in warfare; the buck and ball loading, combining a musket ball with three or six buckshot, was used throughout the history of the smoothbore musket. The first recorded use of the term shotgun was in 1776 in Kentucky. It was noted as part of the \"frontier language of the West\" by James Fenimore Cooper." }, "Leaf-55": { "title": "Leaf", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "Seasonal leaf loss" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "Leaves in temperate, boreal, and seasonally dry zones may be seasonally deciduous (falling off or dying for the inclement season). This mechanism to shed leaves is called abscission. When the leaf is shed, it leaves a leaf scar on the twig. In cold autumns, they sometimes change color, and turn yellow, bright-orange, or red, as various accessory pigments (carotenoids and xanthophylls) are revealed when the tree responds to cold and reduced sunlight by curtailing chlorophyll production. Red anthocyanin pigments are now thought to be produced in the leaf as it dies, possibly to mask the yellow hue left when the chlorophyll is lost\u2014yellow leaves appear to attract herbivores such as aphids. Optical masking of chlorophyll by anthocyanins reduces risk of photo-oxidative damage to leaf cells as they senesce, which otherwise may lower the efficiency of nutrient retrieval from senescing autumn leaves." }, "Spinal cord-1": { "title": "Spinal cord", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS). In humans, the spinal cord begins at the occipital bone, passing through the foramen magnum and entering the spinal canal at the beginning of the cervical vertebrae. The spinal cord extends down to between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, where it ends. The enclosing bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter spinal cord. It is around 45\u00a0cm (18\u00a0in) in men and around 43\u00a0cm (17\u00a0in) long in women. The diameter of the spinal cord ranges from 13\u00a0mm (1\u20442\u00a0in) in the cervical and lumbar regions to 6.4\u00a0mm (1\u20444\u00a0in) in the thoracic area." }, "Empire State Building-1": { "title": "Empire State Building", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and built from 1930 to 1931. Its name is derived from \"Empire State\", the nickname of the state of New York. The building has a roof height of 1,250 feet (380\u00a0m) and stands a total of 1,454 feet (443.2\u00a0m) tall, including its antenna. The Empire State Building stood as the world's tallest building until the construction of the World Trade Center in 1970; following the its collapse in the September 11, 2001 attacks, the Empire State Building was again the city's tallest skyscraper until 2012. As of 2020[update], the building is the seventh-tallest building in New York City, the ninth-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States, the 48th-tallest in the world, and the fifth-tallest freestanding structure in the Americas." }, "Stupid Girls-12": { "title": "Stupid Girls", "section": "Music video", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "The video shows Pink as an angel and a demon who try to influence the future of a young girl. The angel shows her a series of images demonstrating the stupidity of current trends in female celebrities, and the images feature Pink in various roles, including a dancer in a 50 Cent video, a girl attempting to attract the attention of an instructor at the gym but her tracksuit pants get caught in the treadmill, causing them to be ripped off and exposing her bright pink panties, a girl who uses her emergency inflatable breasts at a bowling alley, a girl at a tanning salon, a girl with purging disorder who considers calories \"so not sexy\", an old woman in a pink tracksuit who looks as if she is trying too hard to look young, a girl getting plastic surgery, a girl making a sex tape, a girl washing her car and rubbing a facecloth and soap all over herself, and a girl who goes into what looks like a pet shop, buys an \"itsy bitsy doggy\" with the advertisement that it \"stays younger longer\", and drives her car so carelessly while putting on makeup that she runs over two people. Pink also plays characters meant to represent the opposite of \"stupid girls\", such as a female president and a girl winning a game of football. The video ends with the girl choosing a football (fitness), a computer (work), books (knowledge and adequate education), a pair of dance shoes (love), and a keyboard (leisure) over makeup (vanity) and a set of dolls (children) as she wants a normal life and the images are too overwhelming for her; the demon is defeated." }, "Batman-1": { "title": "Batman", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Batman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, and first appeared in Detective Comics #27 in 1939. Originally named the \"Bat-Man,\" the character is also referred to by such epithets as the Caped Crusader, the Dark Knight, and the World's Greatest Detective." }, "Gujarati script-1": { "title": "Gujarati script", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Gujarati script (\u0a97\u0ac1\u0a9c\u0ab0\u0abe\u0aa4\u0ac0 \u0ab2\u0abf\u0aaa\u0abf Guj\u01cer\u0101t\u012b Lipi) is an abugida used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. It is a variant of the Devanagari script differentiated by the loss of the characteristic horizontal line running above the letters and by a number of modifications to some characters." }, "Djarum-1": { "title": "Djarum", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "PT Djarum is an Indonesian kretek (clove cigarette) brand/manufacturer founded in 21 April 1951 by Oei Wie Gwan in Kudus, Central Java. The company is also involved in sporting business, owning the Djarum Badminton Club and sponsored the Indonesian top football league from 2005 to 2011. It also has non-cigarette business lines, such as in technology, banking, and beverage." }, "Learning disability-18": { "title": "Learning disability", "section": "Diagnosis", "headers": [ "IQ-achievement discrepancy" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Heredity and genetics Learning disabilities are often linked through genetics and run in the family. Children who have learning disabilities often have parents who have the same struggle. Kids whose mother who has had less than 12 years of school are more likely to have a reading disability. Some children have spontaneous mutations (i.e. not present in either parent) which can cause developmental disorders including learning disabilities. One study estimated that about one in 300 children had such spontaneous mutations, for example a fault in the CDK13 gene which is associated with learning and communication difficulties in the children affected. Problems during pregnancy and birth A learning disability can result from anomalies in the developing brain, illness or injury. Risk factors are fetal exposure to alcohol or drugs and low birth weight (3 pounds or less). These children are more likely to develop a disability in math or reading. Children who are born prematurely, late, have a longer labor than usual, or have trouble receiving oxygen are more likely to develop a learning disability. Accidents after birth Learning disabilities can also be caused by head injuries, malnutrition, or by toxic exposure (such as heavy metals or pesticides).{{}} Learning disabilities can be identified by psychiatrists,speech language pathologists, school psychologists, clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists, neuropsychologists, speech language pathologists, and other learning disability specialists through a combination of intelligence testing, academic achievement testing, classroom performance, and social interaction and aptitude. Other areas of assessment may include perception, cognition, memory, attention, and language abilities. The resulting information is used to determine whether a child's academic performance is commensurate with his or her cognitive ability. If a child's cognitive ability is much higher than his or her academic performance, the student is often diagnosed with a learning disability. The DSM-IV and many school systems and government programs diagnose learning disabilities in this way (DSM-IV uses the term \"disorder\" rather than \"disability\")." }, "Marvin Gay Sr.-7": { "title": "Marvin Gay Sr.", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Marriage, family life and relationship with Marvin Gaye" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Gay administered most of his harshest punishments on Marvin Jr. According to Marvin's sister, Jeanne, from the age of seven well into his teenage years, Marvin's life consisted of \"brutal whippings\" since Gay Sr. would strike him for any shortcoming, including putting his hair brush in the wrong place or coming home from school a minute late. Marvin would state later, \"living with Father was like living with a king, an all-cruel, changeable, cruel and all-powerful king\". He further stated to David Ritz, \"if it wasn't for Mother, who was always there to console me and praise me for my singing, I think I would have been one of those child suicides you read about in the papers.\" Alberta Gay later stated that her husband hated Marvin, as she told David Ritz in 1979:" }, "Bengal cat-20": { "title": "Bengal cat", "section": "Temperament", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Bengal cats are smart, energetic and playful. Many Bengal owners say that their Bengal naturally retrieves items, and they often enjoy playing in water." }, "Metal-1": { "title": "Metal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A metal (from Greek \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd m\u00e9tallon, \"mine, quarry, metal\") is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. Metals are typically malleable (they can be hammered into thin sheets) or ductile (can be drawn into wires). A metal may be a chemical element such as iron; an alloy such as stainless steel; or a molecular compound such as polymeric sulfur nitride." }, "Autopilot-12": { "title": "Autopilot", "section": "Modern autopilots", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Not all of the passenger aircraft flying today have an autopilot system. Older and smaller general aviation aircraft especially are still hand-flown, and even small airliners with fewer than twenty seats may also be without an autopilot as they are used on short-duration flights with two pilots. The installation of autopilots in aircraft with more than twenty seats is generally made mandatory by international aviation regulations. There are three levels of control in autopilots for smaller aircraft. A single-axis autopilot controls an aircraft in the roll axis only; such autopilots are also known colloquially as \"wing levellers,\" reflecting their single capability. A two-axis autopilot controls an aircraft in the pitch axis as well as roll, and may be little more than a wing leveller with limited pitch oscillation-correcting ability; or it may receive inputs from on-board radio navigation systems to provide true automatic flight guidance once the aircraft has taken off until shortly before landing; or its capabilities may lie somewhere between these two extremes. A three-axis autopilot adds control in the yaw axis and is not required in many small aircraft." }, "Inferno (Dante)-33": { "title": "Inferno (Dante)", "section": "Nine circles of Hell", "headers": [ "Third Circle (Gluttony)" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "Dorothy L. Sayers writes that \"the surrender to sin which began with mutual indulgence leads by an imperceptible degradation to solitary self-indulgence\". The gluttons grovel in the mud by themselves, sightless and heedless of their neighbors, symbolizing the cold, selfish, and empty sensuality of their lives. Just as lust has revealed its true nature in the winds of the previous circle, here the slush reveals the true nature of sensuality \u2013 which includes not only overindulgence in food and drink, but also other kinds of addiction." }, "Eddie Murphy-43": { "title": "Eddie Murphy", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Family" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "In May 2016, Murphy had a daughter by model Paige Butcher, whom he had been dating since 2012, and a son in November 2018. They were engaged to be married in September 2018. The child's middle name pays tribute to Murphy's late brother, Charlie, who died from leukemia in 2017." }, "HIV-2": { "title": "HIV", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system, such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of abortively infected T cells, apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells, direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells. When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections, leading to the development of AIDS." }, "Tandem bicycle-11": { "title": "Tandem bicycle", "section": "Variations", "headers": [ "More than two riders" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Tandems can have more than 2 riders \u2014 tandem refers to the arrangement of the riders one behind the other rather than the number of riders. Bicycles for three, four, or five riders are referred to as \"triples\" or \"triplets\", \"quads\" or \"quadruplets\", and \"quints\" or \"quintuplets\" respectively. One such familiar to UK TV viewers was the \"trandem\" ridden by The Goodies. Originally a 2-man tandem with an extra \"dummy\" seat attached, a full 3-man version was built for them by Raleigh." }, "The Beatles-3": { "title": "The Beatles", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "By early 1964, the Beatles were international stars, leading the \"British Invasion\" of the United States pop market and breaking numerous sales records. They soon made their film debut with A Hard Day's Night (1964). From 1965 onwards, they produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul (1965), Revolver (1966) and Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), and enjoyed further commercial success with The Beatles (also known as \"the White Album\", 1968) and Abbey Road (1969). In 1968, they founded Apple Corps, a multi-armed multimedia corporation that continues to oversee projects related to the band's legacy. Following the group's break-up in 1970, all four members enjoyed success as solo artists. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of lung cancer in November 2001. McCartney and Starr remain musically active." }, "AC/DC-5": { "title": "AC/DC", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "AC/DC have sold more than 200 million records worldwide, including 71.5 million albums in the United States, making them the tenth highest-selling artist in the United States and the 14th best selling artist worldwide. Back in Black has sold an estimated 50\u00a0million units worldwide, making it the third highest-selling album by any artist, and the highest-selling album by any band. The album has sold 22\u00a0million units in the US, where it is the sixth-highest-selling album of all time. AC/DC ranked fourth on VH1's list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock\" and were named the seventh \"Greatest Heavy Metal Band of All Time\" by MTV. In 2004, AC/DC ranked No. 72 on the Rolling Stone list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\"." }, "Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance-1": { "title": "Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance was an award presented to recording artists at the Grammy Awards until 2011." }, "Tourist attraction-1": { "title": "Tourist attraction", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A tourist attraction is a place of interest where tourists visit, typically for its inherent or an exhibited natural or cultural value, historical significance, natural or built beauty, offering leisure and amusement." }, "Russian Orthodox Church-73": { "title": "Russian Orthodox Church", "section": "Structure and organization", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 73, "content": "Although the Patriarch of Moscow enjoys extensive administrative powers, unlike the Pope, he has no direct canonical jurisdiction outside the diocese of Moscow, nor does he have single-handed authority over matters pertaining to faith as well as issues concerning the entire Orthodox Christian community such as the Catholic-Orthodox split." }, "Electric car-3": { "title": "Electric car", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Charging an electric car can be done at a variety of charging stations, these charging stations can be installed in both houses and public areas. The Tesla Model 3 was the world's best selling EV from 2018 to 2019 and had a maximum electric range of 500\u00a0km (310 miles) according to the EPA." }, "Nissan-3": { "title": "Nissan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In 2013, Nissan was the sixth largest automaker in the world, after Toyota, General Motors, Volkswagen Group, Hyundai Motor Group, and Ford. Taken together, the Renault\u2013Nissan Alliance would be the world's fourth largest automaker.[citation needed] Nissan is the leading Japanese brand in China, Russia and Mexico." }, "Samoa-64": { "title": "Samoa", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 64, "content": "Samoa reported a population of 194,320 in its 2016 census. About three-quarters of the population live on the main island of Upolu." }, "Crucifix-12": { "title": "Crucifix", "section": "Usage", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In the West altar crosses and processional crosses began to be crucifixes in the 11th century, which became general around the 14th century, as they became cheaper. The Roman Rite requires that \"either on the altar or near it, there is to be a cross, with the figure of Christ crucified upon it, a cross clearly visible to the assembled people. It is desirable that such a cross should remain near the altar even outside of liturgical celebrations, so as to call to mind for the faithful the saving Passion of the Lord.\" The requirement of the altar cross was also mentioned in pre-1970 editions of the Roman Missal, though not in the original 1570 Roman Missal of Pope Pius V. The Rite of Funerals says that the Gospel Book, the Bible, or a cross (which will generally be in crucifix form) may be placed on the coffin for a Requiem Mass, but a second standing cross is not to be placed near the coffin if the altar cross can be easily seen from the body of the church." }, "B\u00f6rek-9": { "title": "B\u00f6rek", "section": "Distribution and variants", "headers": [ "Turkey" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Turkey enjoys a wide variety of regional variations of b\u00f6rek among the different cultures and ethnicities composing it, including:" }, "Cyndi Lauper-1": { "title": "Cyndi Lauper", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cynthia Ann Stephanie Lauper (born June 22, 1953) is an American singer, songwriter, actress and activist. Her career has spanned over 40 years. Her album She's So Unusual (1983) was the first debut album by a female artist to achieve four top-five hits on the Billboard Hot 100\u2014\"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\", \"Time After Time\", \"She Bop\", and \"All Through the Night\"\u2014and earned Lauper the Best New Artist award at the 27th Grammy Awards in 1985. Her success continued with the soundtrack for the motion picture The Goonies and her second record True Colors (1986). This album included the number one single \"True Colors\" and \"Change of Heart\", which peaked at number three." }, "Honey bee-53": { "title": "Honey bee", "section": "Sexes and castes", "headers": [ "Queens" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "Queen honey bees are created when worker bees feed a single female larvae an exclusive diet of a food called \"royal jelly\". Queens are produced in oversized cells and develop in only 16 days; they differ in physiology, morphology, and behavior from worker bees. In addition to the greater size of the queen, she has a functional set of ovaries, and a spermatheca, which stores and maintains sperm after she has mated. Apis queens practice polyandry, with one female mating with multiple males. The highest documented mating frequency for an Apis queen is in Apis nigrocincta, where queens mate with an extremely high number of males with observed numbers of different matings ranging from 42 to 69 drones per queen. The sting of queens is not barbed like a worker's sting, and queens lack the glands that produce beeswax. Once mated, queens may lay up to 2,000 eggs per day. They produce a variety of pheromones that regulate behavior of workers, and helps swarms track the queen's location during the swarming." }, "Magnus Carlsen-1": { "title": "Magnus Carlsen", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sven Magnus \u00d8en Carlsen (Norwegian:\u00a0[sv\u025bn \u02c8m\u0251\u0300\u014bn\u0289s \u00f8\u02d0n \u02c8k\u0251\u02d0\u026dsn\u0329]; born 30 November 1990) is a Norwegian chess grandmaster who is the current World Chess Champion, World Rapid Chess Champion, and World Blitz Chess Champion. Carlsen first reached the top of the FIDE world rankings in 2010, and trails only Garry Kasparov in time spent as the highest rated player in the world. His peak classical rating of 2882 is the highest in history." }, "Brazil-47": { "title": "Brazil", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but most of the country is tropical. According to the K\u00f6ppen system, Brazil hosts six major climatic subtypes: desert, equatorial, tropical, semiarid, oceanic and subtropical. The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from equatorial rainforests in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannas in central Brazil. Many regions have starkly different microclimates." }, "Cate Blanchett-5": { "title": "Cate Blanchett", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Blanchett was born on 14 May 1969 in the Melbourne suburb of Ivanhoe. Her Australian mother, June Blanchett (born Gamble), worked as a property developer and teacher, and her American father, Robert DeWitt Blanchett, Jr., a Texas native, was a United States Navy Chief Petty Officer who later worked as an advertising executive. The two met when Blanchett's father's ship broke down in Melbourne. When Blanchett was 10, her father died of a heart attack, leaving her mother to raise the family on her own. Blanchett is the middle of three children, she has an older brother Bob Blanchett (born 1968), and a younger sister Genevieve Blanchett (born 1971). Her ancestry includes English, some Scottish, and remote French roots." }, "Cesare Borgia-7": { "title": "Cesare Borgia", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Church office" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "On 17 August 1498, Cesare became the first person in history to resign the cardinalate, which he did in order to pursue a military career. On the same day, Louis XII of France named Cesare Duke of Valentinois, and this title, along with his former position as Cardinal of Valencia, explains the nickname \"Valentino\"." }, "American black bear-1": { "title": "American black bear", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The American black bear (Ursus americanus, previously known as Euarctos americanus) is a medium-sized bear native to North America. It is the continent's smallest and most widely distributed bear species. American black bears are omnivores, with their diets varying greatly depending on season and location. They typically live in largely forested areas, but do leave forests in search of food. Sometimes they become attracted to human communities because of the immediate availability of food. The American black bear is the world's most common bear species." }, "John Glenn-62": { "title": "John Glenn", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 62, "content": "A Freemason, Glenn was a member of Concord Lodge No. 688 in New Concord, Ohio. He received all his degrees in full in a Mason at Sight ceremony from the Grand Master of Ohio in 1978, 14 years after petitioning his lodge. In 1999, Glenn became a 33rd-degree Scottish Rite Mason in the Valley of Cincinnati (NMJ). As an adult, he was honored as part of the DeMolay Legion of Honor by DeMolay International, a Masonic youth organization for boys." }, "Supernatural (American TV series)-2": { "title": "Supernatural (American TV series)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The series is filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia and surrounding areas and was in development for nearly ten years, as creator Kripke spent several years unsuccessfully pitching it. The pilot was viewed by an estimated 5.69\u00a0million viewers, and the ratings of the first four episodes prompted The WB to pick up the series for a full season. Originally, Kripke planned the series for three seasons but later expanded it to five. The fifth season concluded the series' main storyline, and Kripke departed the series as showrunner. The series has continued on for several more seasons with new showrunners, including Sera Gamble, Jeremy Carver, Robert Singer and Andrew Dabb. With its eleventh season, Supernatural became the longest-running American live-action fantasy TV series. The series was renewed for a fifteenth and final season to consist of 20 episodes, which premiered on October 10, 2019." }, "Shinto-65": { "title": "Shinto", "section": "Practice", "headers": [ "Harae and h\u014dbei" ], "para_index": 65, "content": "Historically, the offerings given the kami included food, cloth, swords, and horses. In the contemporary period, lay worshippers usually give gifts of money to the kami while priests generally offer them food, drink, and sprigs of the sacred sakaki tree. A common offering in the present are sprigs of the sakaki tree. Animal sacrifices are not considered appropriate offerings, as the shedding of blood is seen as a vile act that necessitates purification. The offerings presented are sometimes simple and sometimes more elaborate; at the Grand Shrine of Ise, for instance, 100 styles of food are laid out as offerings." }, "Artillery-1": { "title": "Artillery", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Artillery is a class of heavy military ranged weapons built to launch munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during sieges, and led to heavy, fairly immobile siege engines. As technology improved, lighter, more mobile field artillery cannons developed for battlefield use. This development continues today; modern self-propelled artillery vehicles are highly mobile weapons of great versatility generally providing the largest share of an army's total firepower." }, "Werner Herzog-12": { "title": "Werner Herzog", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "Early career" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Herzog once promised to eat his shoe if Errol Morris completed the movie project on pet cemeteries that he had been working on, in order to challenge and motivate Morris, whom Herzog perceived as incapable of following up on the projects he conceived. In 1978, when the film Gates of Heaven premiered, Werner Herzog cooked and publicly ate his shoe, an event later incorporated into a short documentary Werner Herzog Eats His Shoe by Les Blank. At the event, Herzog suggested that he hoped the act would serve to encourage anyone having difficulty bringing a project to fruition." }, "Moon-1": { "title": "Moon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Moon is an astronomical body orbiting Earth as its only natural satellite. It is the fifth-largest satellite in the Solar System, and by far the largest among planetary satellites relative to the size of the planet that it orbits (its primary). The Moon is, after Jupiter's satellite Io, the second-densest satellite in the Solar System among those whose densities are known." }, "Royal Society-17": { "title": "Royal Society", "section": "History", "headers": [ "19th century to the present" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "The early 19th century has been seen as a time of decline for the society; of 662 fellows in 1830, only 104 had contributed to the Philosophical Transactions. The same year, Charles Babbage published Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes, which was deeply critical of the Society. The scientific Fellows of the Society were spurred into action by this, and eventually James South established a Charters Committee \"with a view to obtaining a supplementary Charter from the Crown\", aimed primarily at looking at ways to restrict membership. The Committee recommended that the election of Fellows take place on one day every year, that the Fellows be selected on consideration of their scientific achievements and that the number of fellows elected a year be limited to 15. This limit was increased to 17 in 1930 and 20 in 1937; it is currently[when?] 52. This had a number of effects on the Society: first, the Society's membership became almost entirely scientific, with few political Fellows or patrons. Second, the number of Fellows was significantly reduced\u2014between 1700 and 1850, the number of Fellows rose from approximately 100 to approximately 750. From then until 1941, the total number of Fellows was always between 400 and 500." }, "Farmer-9": { "title": "Farmer", "section": "Farming organizations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Farmers are often members of local, regional, or national farmers' unions or agricultural producers' organizations and can exert significant political influence. The Grange movement in the United States was effective in advancing farmers' agendas, especially against railroad and agribusiness interests early in the 20th century. The FNSEA is very politically active in France, especially pertaining to genetically modified food. Agricultural producers, both small and large, are represented globally by the International Federation of Agricultural Producers (IFAP), representing over 600 million farmers through 120 national farmers' unions in 79 countries." }, "Part 8 (Twin Peaks)-13": { "title": "Part 8 (Twin Peaks)", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Music" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Almost every episode of the 2017 Twin Peaks series features a live performance by various bands at the Roadhouse. In this episode, American rock band Nine Inch Nails performed \"She's Gone Away\". Nine Inch Nails' frontman Trent Reznor had previously collaborated with Lynch on the soundtrack for Lost Highway, and Lynch had directed the music video for the Nine Inch Nails song \"Came Back Haunted\". Uniquely, the performance takes place during the episode, preceding the New Mexico scenes, rather than at its end. During the scene in which Ray Monroe shoots Mr. C, a severely slowed down version of Ludwig van Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata is used. The atomic bomb sequence is underscored by the musical composition Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima by Krzysztof Penderecki. Two original recordings were used in the course of the episode, during the scenes in the structure over the purple sea: \"Slow '30s Room\", a remixed excerpt of the seventh movement in David Lynch and Dean Hurley's 2007 album The Air Is on Fire, and \"The Fireman\" by Angelo Badalamenti; both compositions were eventually released in the September 2017 soundtrack album Twin Peaks: Limited Event Series Original Soundtrack. Additionally, the song \"My Prayer\" by the Platters is used in the final scene of the episode. One of the founding members of the group is a singer named David Lynch." }, "Folk music-15": { "title": "Folk music", "section": "Traditional folk music", "headers": [ "Subject matter" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Traditional folk music often includes sung words, although folk instrumental music occurs commonly in dance music traditions. Narrative verse looms large in the traditional folk music of many cultures. This encompasses such forms as traditional epic poetry, much of which was meant originally for oral performance, sometimes accompanied by instruments. Many epic poems of various cultures were pieced together from shorter pieces of traditional narrative verse, which explains their episodic structure, repetitive elements, and their frequent in medias res plot developments. Other forms of traditional narrative verse relate the outcomes of battles or describe tragedies or natural disasters." }, "\u00c9p\u00e9e-1": { "title": "\u00c9p\u00e9e", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The \u00e9p\u00e9e (English: /\u02c8\u025bpe\u026a/ or /\u02c8e\u026ape\u026a/, French pronunciation:\u00a0\u200b[epe]) is the largest and heaviest of the three weapons used in the sport of fencing. The modern \u00e9p\u00e9e derives from the 19th-century \u00c9p\u00e9e de Combat, a weapon which itself derives from the French small sword." }, "Orange County, California-13": { "title": "Orange County, California", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "In recent years, land use conflicts have arisen between established areas in the north and less developed areas in the south. These conflicts have regarded issues such as construction of new toll roads and the repurposing of a decommissioned air base. El Toro Marine Corps Air Station was designated by a voter measure in 1994 to be developed into an international airport to complement the existing John Wayne Airport. But subsequent voter initiatives and court actions have caused the airport plan to be permanently shelved. Instead, it became the Orange County Great Park." }, "Battle of Tours-60": { "title": "Battle of Tours", "section": "Victory for Charles Martel", "headers": [ "Carolingian dynasty" ], "para_index": 60, "content": "It was left to Charles' son, Pepin the Short, to force Narbonne's surrender in 759, thus bringing Narbonne into the Frankish domains. The Umayyad dynasty was expelled, driven back to Al-Andalus where Abd al-Rahman I established an emirate in C\u00f3rdoba in opposition to the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad." }, "Fiat Chrysler Automobiles-37": { "title": "Fiat Chrysler Automobiles", "section": "Logo", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "The new FCA logo was created by the Italian branding company Robilant Associati, ending the use of the Fiat S.p.A. logo and Chrysler Pentastar logo for group branding." }, "Anna Magdalena Bach-5": { "title": "Anna Magdalena Bach", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Bach married Anna on December 3, 1721, 17 months after the death of his first wife, Maria Barbara Bach. Later that month, the couple's employer, Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-K\u00f6then, married Frederica Henriette of Anhalt-Bernburg. Bach believed her lack of interest in music caused the musical life at the court to decline, although there is evidence that other factors were involved. There were budgetary constraints caused by Prussian military demands of which Bach may have had limited knowledge because it's unlikely that the prince would have discussed his financial problems with Bach." }, "Toyota Prius (XW20)-4": { "title": "Toyota Prius (XW20)", "section": "Battery", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The second generation Toyota Prius makes use of a 201.6-volt NiMH battery composed of 28 modules, where each module is made of six individual 1.2-volt, 6.5\u00a0Ah Prismatic NiMH cells. The 7.2-volt modules each contain a charge controller and a relay. The 28 modules are connected in series to produce a total energy storage capacity of 1.310\u00a0kWh (via 201.6-volts \u00d7 6.5\u00a0Ah). The battery control computers keep the state of charge (SOC) between approximately 40 and 80\u00a0percent (shallow cycling), where the average SOC hovers around 60\u00a0percent, allowing about 400\u00a0Wh of useful energy storage to capture energy from regenerative braking and to release it back into the hybrid drive-train through Motor-generator 1 and Motor-generator 2 in the power split device. The shallow cycling enables the hybrid battery to last tens of thousands of cycles, which translates into decades of use and in many cases more than 200,000 miles (320,000\u00a0km) of operation. The computer controlled charging and discharging of the battery enhances its cycle life, calendar life, and thermal control performance. Passive battery cooling and heating is accomplished through the metal case of the battery assembly pack, while a forced air cooling system with a blower motor and ducting system enables active cooling of the HV battery." }, "Jabberwocky-21": { "title": "Jabberwocky", "section": "Linguistics and poetics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Marnie Parsons describes the work as a \"semiotic catastrophe\", arguing that the words create a discernible narrative within the structure of the poem, though the reader cannot know what they symbolise. She argues that Humpty tries, after the recitation, to \"ground\" the unruly multiplicities of meaning with definitions, but cannot succeed as both the book and the poem are playgrounds for the \"carnivalised aspect of language\". Parsons suggests that this is mirrored in the prosody of the poem: in the tussle between the tetrameter in the first three lines of each stanza and trimeter in the last lines, such that one undercuts the other and we are left off balance, like the poem's hero." }, "Guinea-Bissau-3": { "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Only about 2% of the population speaks Portuguese, the official language, as a first language, and 33% speak it as a second language. However, Creole is the national language and also considered the language of unity. According to a 2012 study, 54% of the population speak Creole as a first language and about 52% speak it as a second language. The remainder speak a variety of native African languages. There are diverse religions in Guinea-Bissau with no one religion having a majority. In 2008, the CIA World Factbook estimated that the population was about 40% Muslim, 22% Christian, 15% Animist, and 18% unspecified or other. The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world." }, "Thirteenth floor-7": { "title": "Thirteenth floor", "section": "Methods", "headers": [ "Special designations" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Other buildings will often use names for certain floors to avoid giving a floor on the building the number 13 designation. One such example is the Radisson Hotel in Winnipeg, Manitoba, where the 13th floor is called the Pool floor. Another example is the Sheraton on the Falls in Niagara Falls, Ontario, where the 13th floor consists solely of a restaurant. A third example is the Trump International Hotel and Tower Chicago in Chicago, Illinois, where the 13th floor is the Mezzanine floor." }, "Tomato-89": { "title": "Tomato", "section": "Consumption", "headers": [ "Storage" ], "para_index": 89, "content": "Tomatoes are easy to preserve whole, in pieces, as tomato sauce or paste by home canning. They are acidic enough to process in a water bath rather than a pressure cooker as most vegetables require. The fruit is also preserved by drying, often in the sun, and sold either in bags or in jars with oil." }, "Korean cuisine-25": { "title": "Korean cuisine", "section": "Food", "headers": [ "Meat", "Fish and seafood" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Shellfish is widely eaten in all different types of preparation. They can be used to prepare broth, eaten raw with chogochujang, which is a mixture of gochujang and vinegar, or used as a popular ingredient in countless dishes. Raw oysters and other seafood can be used in making kimchi to improve and vary the flavor. Salted baby shrimp are used as a seasoning agent, known as saeujeot, for the preparation of some types of kimchi. Large shrimp are often grilled as daeha gui (\ub300\ud558\uad6c\uc774) or dried, mixed with vegetables and served with rice. Mollusks eaten in Korean cuisine include octopus, cuttlefish, and squid." }, "African Americans-110": { "title": "African Americans", "section": "Culture", "headers": [ "Religion" ], "para_index": 110, "content": "Confirmed atheists are less than one half of one-percent, similar to numbers for Hispanics." }, "Carmen Electra-1": { "title": "Carmen Electra", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tara Leigh Patrick (born April 20, 1972), known professionally as Carmen Electra, is an American model, actress, television personality, singer, and dancer. She began her career as a singer after moving to Minneapolis, where she met Prince, who produced her self-titled debut studio album. Electra began glamour modeling in 1996 with numerous appearances in Playboy magazine. She later relocated to Los Angeles to pursue a career as an actress, playing the role of Lani McKenzie in the television series Baywatch (1997\u20131998). Electra also hosted MTV\u2019s Singled Out (1997\u20131998)." }, "75th Ranger Regiment-63": { "title": "75th Ranger Regiment", "section": "Modern Ranger selection and training", "headers": [ "Qualifications" ], "para_index": 63, "content": "75th Ranger Regiment A Ranger from the 2nd Ranger Battalion instructs fellow soldiers in a Jump Master course at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, 13 April 2004 A Ranger from the 2nd Ranger Battalion providing overwatch during combat operations in Iraq, 23 November 2006 The Ranger honor platoon at the interment ceremony of General Wayne Downing at West Point, New York, 27 September 2007 Army Rangers from the 1st Ranger Battalion, conduct a MOUT exercise at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, 21 April 2009 Two Rangers inspect their gear before the Ranger Rendezvous, a mass tactical jump conducted by elements from the entire Regiment, 3 August 2009 Retired Colonel Ralph Puckett places the Ranger Scroll on two graduates of the Ranger Assessment and Selection Program, 5 January 2010 Rangers practice fast roping techniques from an MH-47 during an exercise Fort Bragg, 28 April 2010 Rangers in Puli Alam District, Afghanistan, 28 August 2012 Ranger snipers from 1st Ranger Battalion, practice marksmanship on a range in Afghanistan prior to a night combat operation against insurgents, 7 May 2013 Organized as 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional) on 3 October 1943 Consolidated with the 475th Infantry and unit designated as 475th Infantry on 10 August 1944 Inactivated on 1 July 1945 Redesignated as 75th Infantry on 21 June 1954 Allotted to the Regular Army on 26 October 1954 Activated on 20 November 1954 Inactivated on 21 March 1956 Reorganized as a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System on 1 January 1969 Reorganized with Headquarters on 1 July 1984 Consolidated with the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th Ranger Battalions, unit designated as 75th Ranger Regiment and reorganized under the Regimental System on 3 February 1986 Be a U.S. citizen Be on Active Duty and Volunteer for assignment Have a General Technical Score of 105 or higher No physical limitations (PULHES of 111221 or better) Qualify and volunteer for Airborne training A person of good character (no pending UCMJ action or drug or alcohol related incidents within 24 months) Must enlist into or currently hold a Military Occupational Specialty found in the 75th Ranger Regiment Able to attain at minimum a Secret clearance Pass physical requirements which include the Ranger Fitness Test (58 push-ups, 69 sit-ups, run 5 miles in 40 minutes or less, 6 pull-ups), Water Survival Assessment, and 12-mile Footmarch with a 35lb rucksack and weapon in under 3 hours Additionally Army officer applicants must:" }, "Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-13": { "title": "Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act", "section": "Titles", "headers": [ "Title II: Preventing Health Care Fraud and Abuse; Administrative Simplification; Medical Liability Reform", "Privacy Rule" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "The HIPAA Privacy Rule is composed of national regulations for the use and disclosure of Protected Health Information (PHI) in healthcare treatment, payment and operations by covered entities." }, "Battle of Tours-1": { "title": "Battle of Tours", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Battle of Tours (10 October 732), also called the Battle of Poitiers and, by Arab sources, the Battle of the Highway of the Martyrs (Arabic: \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0621\u200e, romanized:\u00a0Ma'arakat Bal\u0101\u1e6d ash-Shuhad\u0101'), was an important victory of the Frankish and Burgundian forces under Charles Martel over the raiding parties of the Umayyad Caliphate led by Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, Governor-General of al-Andalus. It was fought in an area between the cities of Poitiers and Tours, in Aquitaine in west-central France, near the village of Moussais-la-Bataille, about 20 kilometres (12\u00a0mi) northeast of Poitiers. The location of the battle was close to the border between the Frankish realm and the then-independent Duchy of Aquitaine under Odo the Great." }, "Torah-45": { "title": "Torah", "section": "Production and use of a Torah scroll", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "According to Jewish law, a sefer Torah (plural: Sifrei Torah) is a copy of the formal Hebrew text handwritten on gevil or klaf (forms of parchment) by using a quill (or other permitted writing utensil) dipped in ink. Written entirely in Hebrew, a sefer Torah contains 304,805 letters, all of which must be duplicated precisely by a trained sofer (\"scribe\"), an effort that may take as long as approximately one and a half years. Most modern Sifrei Torah are written with forty-two lines of text per column (Yemenite Jews use fifty), and very strict rules about the position and appearance of the Hebrew letters are observed. See for example the Mishnah Berurah on the subject. Any of several Hebrew scripts may be used, most of which are fairly ornate and exacting." }, "Television-10": { "title": "Television", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Mechanical" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "citation needed] By the 1920s, when amplification made television practical, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird employed the Nipkow disk in his prototype video systems. On 25 March 1925, Baird gave the first public demonstration of televised silhouette images in motion, at Selfridge's Department Store in London. Since human faces had inadequate contrast to show up on his primitive system, he televised a ventriloquist's dummy named \"Stooky Bill\", whose painted face had higher contrast, talking and moving. By 26 January 1926, he demonstrated the transmission of the image of a face in motion by radio. This is widely regarded as the first television demonstration. The subject was Baird's business partner Oliver Hutchinson. Baird's system used the Nipkow disk for both scanning the image and displaying it. A bright light shining through a spinning Nipkow disk set with lenses projected a bright spot of light which swept across the subject. A Selenium photoelectric tube detected the light reflected from the subject and converted it into a proportional electrical signal. This was transmitted by AM radio waves to a receiver unit, where the video signal was applied to a neon light behind a second Nipkow disk rotating synchronized with the first. The brightness of the neon lamp was varied in proportion to the brightness of each spot on the image. As each hole in the disk passed by, one scan line of the image was reproduced. Baird's disk had 30 holes, producing an image with only 30 scan lines, just enough to recognize a human face. In 1927, Baird transmitted a signal over 438 miles (705\u00a0km) of telephone line between London and Glasgow." }, "Urban area-1": { "title": "Urban area", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An urban area, or built-up area, is a human settlement with a high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, towns, conurbations or suburbs. In urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets; in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The creation of early predecessors of urban areas during the urban revolution led to the creation of human civilization with modern urban planning, which along with other human activities such as exploitation of natural resources led to a human impact on the environment. \"Agglomeration effects\" are in the list of the main consequences of increased rates of firm creation since. This is due to conditions created by a greater level of industrial activity in a given region. However, a favorable environment for human capital development would also be generated simultaneously." }, "Houston-2": { "title": "Houston", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Comprising a total area of 637.4 square miles (1,651\u00a0km2), Houston is the eighth most expansive city in the United States (including consolidated city-counties). It is the largest city in the United States by total area, whose government is not consolidated with that of a county, parish or borough. Though primarily in Harris County, small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties, bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands." }, "Theft-1": { "title": "Theft", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Theft is the taking of another person's property or services without that person's permission or consent with the intent to deprive the rightful owner of it. The word theft is also used as an informal shorthand term for some crimes against property, such as burglary, embezzlement, larceny, looting, robbery, shoplifting, library theft or fraud. In some jurisdictions, theft is considered to be synonymous with larceny; in others, theft has replaced larceny. Someone who carries out an act of or makes a career out of theft is known as a thief." }, "Elagabalus-1": { "title": "Elagabalus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Elagabalus (/\u02cc\u025bl\u0259\u02c8\u0261\u00e6b\u0259l\u0259s/ EL-\u0259-GAB-\u0259-l\u0259s), also known as Heliogabalus (/\u02cchi\u02d0li\u0259-, -lio\u028a-/ HEE-lee-\u0259-, -\u2060lee-oh-; Latin: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus; c. 204 \u2013 11 March 222), was Roman emperor from 218 to 222. A member of the Severan dynasty, he was Syrian, the second son of Julia Soaemias and Sextus Varius Marcellus. In his early youth he served the god Elagabalus as a priest in Emesa, the hometown of his mother's family. As a private citizen, he was probably named Sextus Varius Avitus Bassianus. Upon becoming emperor he took the name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus. He was called Elagabalus only after his death." }, "Cookie Monster-1": { "title": "Cookie Monster", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cookie Monster is a Muppet on the long-running PBS/HBO children's television show Sesame Street. He is best known for his voracious appetite and his famous eating phrases, such as \"Me want cookie!\", \"Me eat cookie!\" (or simply \"COOKIE!\"), and \"Om nom nom nom\" (said through a mouth full of food). He eats almost anything, including normally inedible objects. However, as his name suggests, his preferred food is cookies. Chocolate chip cookies are his favorite kind. In a song in 2004, Cookie Monster revealed that, before he ate his first cookie, he believed his name was Sid or Sidney. Despite his voracious appetite for cookies, Cookie Monster shows awareness of healthy eating habits for young children and also enjoys fruits and eggplant." }, "Christopher Reeve-58": { "title": "Christopher Reeve", "section": "Injury", "headers": [ "Recovery" ], "para_index": 58, "content": "Reeve went through inner anguish in the ICU, particularly when he was alone during the night. His approaching operation to reattach his skull to his spine in June 1995 \"was frightening to contemplate. ... I already knew that I had only a fifty-fifty chance of surviving the surgery. ... Then, at an especially bleak moment, the door flew open and in hurried a squat fellow with a blue scrub hat and a yellow surgical gown and glasses, speaking in a Russian accent.\" The man announced that he was a proctologist and was going to perform a rectal exam on Reeve. It was Robin Williams, reprising his character from the film Nine Months. Reeve wrote: \"For the first time since the accident, I laughed. My old friend had helped me know that somehow I was going to be okay.\"" }, "Starling Framework-3": { "title": "Starling Framework", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The framework has seen rapid adoption over the years, being utilized in many games from both independent and commercial developers. It is now a part of the Adobe Gaming SDK." }, "Beeswax wrap-8": { "title": "Beeswax wrap", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Commercial production" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The mass production of beeswax wrap in commercial factories is yet to evolve due to the sustainability-centered visions of many beeswax wrap companies. Some companies have begun to use machinery that automatically waxes rolls of the fabric to upscale their production." }, "Earthquake-3": { "title": "Earthquake", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event\u2014whether natural or caused by humans\u2014that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its hypocenter or focus. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter." }, "Stationary bicycle-7": { "title": "Stationary bicycle", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Exercise bikes are used for exercise, to increase general fitness, for weight loss, and for training for cycle events. The exercise bike has long been used for physical therapy because of the low-impact, safe, and effective cardiovascular exercise it provides. The low-impact movement involved in operating an exercise bike does not put much stress on joints and does not involve sporadic motions that some other fitness equipment may require.[citation needed] However, as with typical biking, extended use of a stationary bike has been linked to decreased sexual function." }, "Bunco-1": { "title": "Bunco", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bunco (also Bunko or Bonko) is a parlour game generally played with twelve or more players, divided into groups of four, trying to score points while taking turns rolling three dice. A Bunco is achieved when a person rolls three-of-a-kind and all three numbers match the round number." }, "Penguin-50": { "title": "Penguin", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "Major populations of penguins are found in Angola, Antarctica, Argentina, Australia, Chile, Namibia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Satellite images and photos released in 2018 show the population of two million in France's remote Ile aux Cochons has collapsed, with barely 200,000 remaining, according to a study published in Antarctic Science." }, "Snoring-1": { "title": "Snoring", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Snoring is the vibration of respiratory structures and the resulting sound due to obstructed air movement during breathing while sleeping. In some cases, the sound may be soft, but in most cases, it can be loud and unpleasant. Snoring during sleep may be a sign, or first alarm, of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Research suggests that snoring is one of the factors of sleep deprivation." }, "Golden Gate Bridge-25": { "title": "Golden Gate Bridge", "section": "Structural specifications", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "A pedestrian poses at the old railing on opening day, 1937. Play media Opening of the Golden Gate Bridge Official invitation to the opening of the bridge. This copy was sent to the City of Seattle. Until 1964, the Golden Gate Bridge had the longest suspension bridge main span in the world, at 4,200 feet (1,300\u00a0m). Since 1964 its main span length has been surpassed by fifteen bridges; it now has the second-longest main span in the United States, after the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge in New York City. The total length of the Golden Gate Bridge from abutment to abutment is 8,981 feet (2,737\u00a0m)." }, "Megadeth-1": { "title": "Megadeth", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Megadeth is an American heavy metal band from Los Angeles, California. Guitarist Dave Mustaine and bassist David Ellefson formed the band in 1983 shortly after Mustaine's dismissal from Metallica. Along with Metallica, Anthrax, and Slayer, Megadeth is one of the \"big four\" of American thrash metal, responsible for its development and popularization. Their music features complex arrangements and fast rhythm sections, and lyrical themes of death, war, politics, personal relationships and religion." }, "Child sex tourism-1": { "title": "Child sex tourism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Child sex tourism (CST) is tourism for the purpose of engaging in the prostitution of children, which is commercially facilitated child sexual abuse. The definition of child in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child is \"every human being below the age of 18 years\". Child sex tourism results in both mental and physical consequences for the exploited children, which may include sexually transmitted infections (including HIV/AIDS), \"drug addiction, pregnancy, malnutrition, social ostracism, and possibly death\", according to the State Department of the United States. Child sex tourism, part of the multibillion-dollar global sex tourism industry, is a form of child prostitution within the wider issue of commercial sexual exploitation of children. Child sex tourism victimizes approximately 2 million children around the world. The children who perform as prostitutes in the child sex tourism trade often have been lured or abducted into sexual slavery." }, "ABBA-2": { "title": "ABBA", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "During the band's main active years, it was composed of two married couples: F\u00e4ltskog and Ulvaeus, and Lyngstad and Andersson. With the increase of their popularity, their personal lives suffered, which eventually resulted in the collapse of both marriages. The relationship changes were reflected in the group's music, with latter compositions featuring darker and more introspective lyrics. After ABBA disbanded, Andersson and Ulvaeus achieved success writing music for the stage, while Lyngstad and F\u00e4ltskog pursued solo careers. Ten years after their disbanding, a compilation, ABBA Gold was released, which became a worldwide bestseller." }, "Modern flat Earth societies-8": { "title": "Modern flat Earth societies", "section": "International Flat Earth Research Society", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Historical accounts and spoken history tell us the Land part may have been square, all in one mass at one time, then as now, the magnetic north being the Center. Vast cataclysmic events and shaking no doubt broke the land apart, divided the Land to be our present continents or islands as they exist today. One thing we know for sure about this world...the known inhabited world is Flat, Level, a Plain World. -Flyer written by Charles K. Johnson, 1984. Shenton died in 1971. Charles K. Johnson inherited part of Shenton's library from Shenton's wife, and established and became president of the International Flat Earth Research Society of America and Covenant People's Church in California. Over the next three decades, under his leadership, the Flat Earth Society grew to a reported 3,500 members." }, "Cast-iron cookware-1": { "title": "Cast-iron cookware", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cast-iron cookware is heavy duty cookware made of cast-iron. It is valued for its heat retention, durability, ability to be used at very high temperatures, and non-stick cooking when properly seasoned. Seasoning is also used to protect bare cast iron from rust. Types of cast iron cookware include frying pans, dutch ovens, griddles, waffle irons, flattop grills, panini presses, crepe makers, deep fryers, tetsubin, woks, potjies, and karahi." }, "Veto-34": { "title": "Veto", "section": "United States", "headers": [ "Federal government", "Early history", "Under the Articles and Constitution" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "The Presidents of the Continental Congress (1774\u20131781) did not have the power of veto. The President could not veto an act of Congress under the Articles of Confederation (1781\u20131789), but he possessed certain recess and reserve powers that were not necessarily available to the predecessor President of the Continental Congress. It was only with the enactment of the United States Constitution (drafted 1787; ratified 1788; fully effective since 4 March 1789) that veto power was conferred upon the person titled \"President of the United States\"." }, "Milk-53": { "title": "Milk", "section": "Physical and chemical properties", "headers": [ "Appearance" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "Both the fat globules and the smaller casein micelles, which are just large enough to deflect light, contribute to the opaque white color of milk. The fat globules contain some yellow-orange carotene, enough in some breeds (such as Guernsey and Jersey cattle) to impart a golden or \"creamy\" hue to a glass of milk. The riboflavin in the whey portion of milk has a greenish color, which sometimes can be discerned in skimmed milk or whey products. Fat-free skimmed milk has only the casein micelles to scatter light, and they tend to scatter shorter-wavelength blue light more than they do red, giving skimmed milk a bluish tint." }, "Spam (food)-43": { "title": "Spam (food)", "section": "In popular culture", "headers": [ "Spam celebrations" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "Spam is celebrated in Austin, Minnesota, home to the Spam Museum. The museum tells the history of the Hormel company, the origin of Spam, and its place in world culture, including Hawaii where Spam is eaten daily by locals." }, "QWERTY-20": { "title": "QWERTY", "section": "Computer keyboards", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "The first computer terminals such as the Teletype were typewriters that could produce and be controlled by various computer codes. These used the QWERTY layouts and added keys such as escape (ESC) which had special meanings to computers. Later keyboards added function keys and arrow keys. Since the standardization of PC-compatible computers and Windows after the 1980s, most full-sized computer keyboards have followed this standard (see drawing at right). This layout has a separate numeric keypad for data entry at the right, 12 function keys across the top, and a cursor section to the right and center with keys for Insert, Delete, Home, End, Page Up, and Page Down with cursor arrows in an inverted-T shape." }, "Red states and blue states-29": { "title": "Red states and blue states", "section": "Polarization", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "Feelings of cultural and political polarization between red and blue states, which have gained increased media attention since the 2004 election, have led to increased mutual feelings of alienation and enmity. The polarization has been present for only three close elections (2000, 2004 and 2016). In the 1996 election, 31 U.S. states were \"blue\" (i.e. they voted for Democrat Bill Clinton) and 19 \"red\" (i.e. they voted for Republican Bob Dole), though at the time the current color scheme was not as universal as today). One trend that has been true for several election cycles is that states that vote Republican tend to be more rural and more sparsely populated (thus having fewer electoral votes) than states that vote Democratic." }, "Digital electronics-11": { "title": "Digital electronics", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Digital revolution and digital age" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The wireless revolution, the introduction and proliferation of wireless networks, began in the 1990s and was enabled by the wide adoption of MOSFET-based RF power amplifiers (power MOSFET and LDMOS) and RF circuits (RF CMOS). Wireless networks allowed for public digital transmission without the need for cables, leading to digital television (digital TV), GPS, satellite radio, wireless Internet and mobile phones through" }, "Ice-49": { "title": "Ice", "section": "Role in human activities", "headers": [ "Cooling", "Harvesting" ], "para_index": 49, "content": "In the United States, the first cargo of ice was sent from New York City to Charleston, South Carolina, in 1799, and by the first half of the 19th century, ice harvesting had become big business. Frederic Tudor, who became known as the \"Ice King\", worked on developing better insulation products for the long distance shipment of ice, especially to the tropics; this became known as the ice trade." }, "The Crimean Sonnets-2": { "title": "The Crimean Sonnets", "section": "Importance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Crimean Sonnets is an expression of Mickiewicz's interest in the Orient, shared by many of the students of the University of Vilnius. Involuntarily residing in Russia, Mickiewicz left Odessa and went on a journey, which turned out to be a trek to another world, his first initiation into \"the East\". The Crimean Sonnets are romantic descriptions of oriental nature and culture of the East which show the despair of the poet\u2014a pilgrim, an exile longing for the homeland, driven from his home by a violent enemy." }, "Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act-4": { "title": "Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act", "section": "The importance of the bald and golden eagle", "headers": [ "Golden eagle" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The golden eagle is used as a national symbol in Mexico and in many countries; it symbolizes many cultures and traditions in a various societies. It also symbolizes other countries such as Albania, Germany, Austria, and Kazakhstan. The Hopi tribe removes nestlings, raise them, and sacrifice them once they are mature. In 1986, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service have issued a permit allowing the tribe to continue their activities legally. The golden eagle symbolizes many values such as grace, power, and magisterial wilderness. In North America, it is the largest bird of prey with physical features of dark brown with lighter golden-brown plumage. It is known as a mountain bird, which travels in open landscapes taken over by short vegetation. An example of this would be western part of the United States, Alaska, Northwestern Europe, Japan, eastern Siberia, etc. In the Western United States, the golden eagles were mainly found in forest areas, including tundra, shrub lands, grasslands, coniferous forests, and farmland. The eagles reside in areas where the human population is very few. The mortality of these birds is due to extensive land use and the attacks from ranchers." }, "Comma-1": { "title": "Comma", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The comma ( , ) is a punctuation mark that appears in several variants in different languages. It has the same shape as an apostrophe ( \u2019 ) or single closing quotation mark in many typefaces, but it differs from them in being placed on the baseline of the text." }, "Brake-1": { "title": "Brake", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A brake is a mechanical device that inhibits motion by absorbing energy from a moving system. It is used for slowing or stopping a moving vehicle, wheel, axle, or to prevent its motion, most often accomplished by means of friction." }, "Christmas carol-1": { "title": "Christmas carol", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A Christmas carol is a carol (a song or hymn) on the theme of Christmas, traditionally sung at Christmas itself or during the surrounding Christmas holiday season. The term noel has sometimes been used, especially for carols of French origin. Christmas carols may be regarded as a subset of the broader category of Christmas music." }, "Royal Rumble match-30": { "title": "Royal Rumble match", "section": "Royal Rumble records", "headers": [ "Females", "Most eliminations in a single Royal Rumble" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Note that bold indicates the winner of that year's match" }, "Carlos Ghosn-1": { "title": "Carlos Ghosn", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Carlos Ghosn, KBE (/\u0261o\u028an/; French:\u00a0[ka\u0281l\u0254s \u0261on]; Arabic: \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u063a\u0635\u0646\u200e; Lebanese Arabic pronunciation:\u00a0['ka\u02d0rlos '\u0263os\u02e4n], born 9 March 1954) is a Brazilian-born businessman who also has French and Lebanese nationality. As of January 2020, Ghosn has served as the CEO of Michelin North America, chairman and CEO of Renault, chairman of AvtoVAZ, chairman and CEO of Nissan, and chairman of Mitsubishi Motors. Ghosn was also chairman and CEO of the Renault\u2013Nissan\u2013Mitsubishi Alliance, a strategic partnership among those automotive manufacturers through a complex cross-shareholding agreement. The venture has held approximately 10% of the total market share since 2010, and as of 2017, was reckoned to be the largest automobile group worldwide." }, "Donald Trump-154": { "title": "Donald Trump", "section": "Public profile", "headers": [ "Racial views" ], "para_index": 154, "content": "Several studies and surveys have found that racist attitudes fueled Trump's political ascendance and have been more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump voters. In a June 2018 Quinnipiac University poll, 49 percent of respondents believed he was racist, while 47 percent believed he was not. Additionally, 55 percent said he \"has emboldened people who hold racist beliefs to express those beliefs publicly\"." }, "Dangerous goods-33": { "title": "Dangerous goods", "section": "Transport documents", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "A license or permit card for hazmat training must be presented when requested by officials." }, "Referee (association football)-6": { "title": "Referee (association football)", "section": "Uniform and equipment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Powers stopping, suspending or terminating the match at their discretion, for any infringements of the Laws; stopping, suspending or terminating the match because of outside interference of any kind; stopping the match if, in their opinion, a player is seriously injured and ensuring that they are removed from the field of play. An injured player may only return to the field of play after the match has restarted; allowing play to continue until the ball is out of play if a player is, in the referee's opinion, only slightly injured; allowing play to continue when the team against which an offence has been committed will benefit from such an advantage and penalising the original offence if the anticipated advantage does not ensue; taking disciplinary action against players guilty of cautionable and sending-off offences. They are not obliged to take this action immediately but must do so, with narrow exceptions, when the ball next goes out of play; taking action against team officials who fail to conduct themselves in a responsible manner and may, at the referee's discretion, expel them from the field of play and its immediate surrounds. Duties enforcing the Laws of the Game; controlling the match in co-operation with the assistant referees and, where applicable, with the fourth and other officials; ensuring that any ball used meets the requirements of Law 2; ensuring that the players' equipment meets the requirements of Law 4; acting as timekeeper and keeping a record of the match; ensuring that any player bleeding from a wound leaves the field of play. The player may only return on receiving a signal from the referee, who must be satisfied that the bleeding has stopped; punishing the more serious offence when a player commits more than one offence at the same time; acting on the advice of the assistant referees regarding incidents that the referee has not seen; ensuring that no unauthorised persons enter the field of play; indicating the restart of the match after it has been stopped; providing the appropriate authorities with a match report, which includes information on any disciplinary action taken against players or team officials, substitutions and any other incidents that occurred before, during or after the match. Modern day referees and their assistants wear a uniform consisting of a jersey, badge, shorts and socks: until the 1950s it was more common for a referee to wear a blazer than a jersey. Traditionally that uniform was almost always all black, unless one of the teams was wearing a very dark jersey in which case the referee would wear another colour of jersey (usually red) to distinguish themself from both teams. At the 1994 World Cup finals, new jerseys were introduced that gave officials a choice of burgundy, yellow or white, and at the same time the creation of the Premier League in England saw referees wear green jerseys: both changes were motivated by television considerations. Since then, most referees have worn either yellow or black, but the colours and styles adopted by individual associations vary greatly. For international contests under the supervision of FIFA, Adidas uniforms are worn because Adidas is the current sponsor. FIFA allows referees to wear five colours: black, red, yellow, green and blue. Along with the jersey, referees are required to wear black shorts, black socks (with white stripes in some cases), and black shoes. The badge, which displays the referee's license level and year of validity, is often affixed to the left chest pocket." }, "Merida (Brave)-1": { "title": "Merida (Brave)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Princess Merida of DunBroch (Scottish Gaelic: M\u00e8rida) is the main character from the 2012 Disney Pixar film Brave. Merida was added to the Disney Princess line-up as the 11th princess, on May 11, 2013, becoming the first Pixar character to receive the honor. Merida is also the main character of the games Brave and Temple Run: Brave. Merida also is a playable character in the Disney Infinity series, first appearing in Disney Infinity 2.0." }, "Chocolate chip-1": { "title": "Chocolate chip", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Chocolate chips or chocolate morsels are small chunks of sweetened chocolate, used as an ingredient in a number of desserts (notably chocolate chip cookies and muffins), in trail mix and less commonly in some breakfast foods such as pancakes. They are often manufactured as teardrop-shaped volumes with flat circular bases; another variety of chocolate chips have the shape of rectangular or square blocks. They are available in various sizes, usually less than 10 millimetres (0.39\u00a0in) in diameter." }, "Hearing range-11": { "title": "Hearing range", "section": "Dogs", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The hearing ability of a dog is dependent on breed and age, though the range of hearing is usually around 67\u00a0Hz to 45\u00a0kHz. As with humans, some dog breeds' hearing ranges narrow with age, such as the German shepherd and miniature poodle. When dogs hear a sound, they will move their ears towards it in order to maximize reception. In order to achieve this, the ears of a dog are controlled by at least 18 muscles, which allow the ears to tilt and rotate. The ear's shape also allows the sound to be heard more accurately. Many breeds often have upright and curved ears, which direct and amplify sounds." }, "How Many Miles to Babylon?-7": { "title": "How Many Miles to Babylon?", "section": "Origins", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The rhyme was originally accompanied by a singing game in which two lines face each other, with one player in the middle. At the end of the rhyme the players have to cross the space and any caught help the original player in the middle catch the others. The game seems to have fallen out of use in the twentieth century." }, "Moai-8": { "title": "Moai", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "Characteristics", "Eyes" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "In 1979, Sergio Rapu Haoa and a team of archaeologists discovered that the hemispherical or deep elliptical eye sockets were designed to hold coral eyes with either black obsidian or red scoria pupils. The discovery was made by collecting and reassembling broken fragments of white coral that were found at the various sites. Subsequently, previously uncategorized finds in the Easter Island museum were re-examined and recategorized as eye fragments. It is thought that the moai with carved eye sockets were probably allocated to the ahu and ceremonial sites, suggesting that a selective Rapa Nui hierarchy was attributed to the moai design until its demise with the advent of the Birdman religion, Tangata Manu." }, "Mexico-1": { "title": "Mexico", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mexico (Spanish: M\u00e9xico [\u02c8mexiko] (listen); Nahuatl languages: M\u0113xihco), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos, EUM [es\u02c8ta\u00f0os u\u02c8ni\u00f0oz mexi\u02c8kanos] (listen)), is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering 1,972,550 square kilometers (761,610\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), Mexico is the 13th-largest country in the world, and with approximately 128,649,565 inhabitants, it is the world's 10th-most populous country and most populous Spanish-speaking nation. Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states, including Mexico City (CDMX), which is the capital city and its largest metropolis. Other major urban areas include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez, and Le\u00f3n." }, "Unemployment-139": { "title": "Unemployment", "section": "History", "headers": [ "20th century" ], "para_index": 139, "content": "In some towns and cities in the northeast of England, unemployment reached as high as 70%; the national unemployment level peaked at more than 22% in 1932. Unemployment in Canada reached 27% at the depth of the Depression in 1933. In 1929, the U.S. unemployment rate averaged 3%." }, "Canning-1": { "title": "Canning", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Canning is a method of preserving food in which the food contents are processed and sealed in an airtight container (jars like Mason jars, and steel and tin cans). Canning provides a shelf life typically ranging from one to five years, although under specific circumstances it can be much longer. A freeze-dried canned product, such as canned dried lentils, could last as long as 30 years in an edible state. In 1974, samples of canned food from the wreck of the Bertrand, a steamboat that sank in the Missouri River in 1865, were tested by the National Food Processors Association. Although appearance, smell and vitamin content had deteriorated, there was no trace of microbial growth and the 109-year-old food was determined to be still safe to eat." }, "Hair iron-1": { "title": "Hair iron", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A hair iron or hair tong is a tool used to change the structure of the hair using heat. There are three general kinds: curling irons, used to make the hair curly, straightening irons, commonly called straighteners or flat irons, used to straighten the hair, and crimping irons, used to create crimps of the desired size in the hair." }, "Suicide of Kurt Cobain-1": { "title": "Suicide of Kurt Cobain", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "On April 8, 1994, Kurt Cobain, the lead singer and guitarist of the grunge band Nirvana, was found dead at his home in Seattle, Washington at the age of 27. It was determined he had died three days earlier, on April 5. The Seattle Police Department incident report states that Cobain \"was found with a shotgun across his body, had a visible head wound and there was a note discovered nearby\"." }, "Illuminati (game)-4": { "title": "Illuminati (game)", "section": "Genesis of game", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In 2001, although Illuminatus! Trilogy co-author Robert Anton Wilson did not specifically name Illuminati, he criticized some products for exploiting the Illuminatus! name without paying royalties by taking advantage of legal loopholes. Later commentators have attributed both the game and the Illuminatus! Trilogy as using real conspiracies as \"targets of ridicule.\"" }, "Marilyn Manson (band)-46": { "title": "Marilyn Manson (band)", "section": "Musical style", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "Although the band's music has often been labeled as shock rock by mainstream media, Manson disputes the use of the label, preferring instead to identify his band's music as rock and roll. Marilyn Manson's music has been classified under many genres, including industrial metal, industrial rock, industrial dance, post-industrial, alternative metal, progressive metal, hard rock, nu metal, electronic music, glam rock, gothic metal, death metal, blues rock and pop. Although Marilyn Manson's music has often been labelled gothic rock, AllMusic contends that the band merely borrows from gothic rock's imagery." }, "Anxiety disorder-3": { "title": "Anxiety disorder", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Without treatment, anxiety disorders tend to remain. Treatment may include lifestyle changes, counselling, and medications. Cognitive behavioral therapy is one of the most common counselling techniques used in treatment of anxiety disorders. Medications, such as antidepressants, benzodiazepines, or beta blockers, may improve symptoms." }, "Nobel Prize-1": { "title": "Nobel Prize", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Nobel Prize (/\u02c8no\u028ab\u025bl/, NOH-bel; Swedish: Nobelpriset [n\u028a\u02c8b\u025b\u0302l\u02d0\u02ccpri\u02d0s\u025bt]; Norwegian: Nobelprisen) is a set of annual international awards bestowed in several categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic, cultural, or scientific advances. The will of the Swedish chemist, engineer and industrialist Alfred Nobel established the five Nobel prizes in 1895. The prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901. The prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards available in their respective fields." }, "Chloroplast-1": { "title": "Chloroplast", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Chloroplasts /\u02c8kl\u0254\u02d0r\u0259\u02ccpl\u00e6sts, -pl\u0251\u02d0sts/ are organelles that conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight, converts it, and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water in plant and algal cells. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process known as the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, much amino acid synthesis, and the immune response in plants. The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from one, in unicellular algae, up to 100 in plants like Arabidopsis and wheat." }, "Capsaicin-1": { "title": "Capsaicin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is an active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum. It is an irritant for mammals, including humans, and produces a sensation of burning in any tissue with which it comes into contact. Capsaicin and several related compounds are called capsaicinoids and are produced as secondary metabolites by chili peppers, probably as deterrents against certain mammals and fungi. Pure capsaicin is a hydrophobic, colorless, highly pungent, crystalline to waxy solid compound." }, "Boeing 737 Next Generation-41": { "title": "Boeing 737 Next Generation", "section": "Variants", "headers": [ "737-700", "737-700ER" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "Boeing launched the 737-700ER (Extended Range) on January 31, 2006, with All Nippon Airways as the launch customer. Inspired by the Boeing Business Jet, it features the fuselage of the 737-700 and the wings and landing gear of the 737-800. When outfitted with nine auxiliary fuel tanks, it can hold 10,707 gallons (40,530 L) of fuel, and with a 171,000\u00a0lb (77,565\u00a0kg) MTOW it has a 5,775 nmi (10,695\u00a0km) range with 48 premium seats in one class. This also significantly decreases cargo payload capacity from 966 to 165\u00a0cu\u00a0ft (27.4 to 4.7\u00a0m3), trading payload for increased range. The first was delivered on February 16, 2007, to ANA with 24 business class and 24 premium economy seats only. A 737-700 can typically accommodate 126 passengers in two classes. It is similar to the Airbus A319LR." }, "Military history of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms-22": { "title": "Military history of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms", "section": "Gunpowder weapons", "headers": [ "Origins" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "The first confirmed reference to what can be considered gunpowder in China occurred during the Tang dynasty, first in a formula contained in the Taishang Shengzu Jindan Mijue (\u592a\u4e0a\u8056\u7956\u91d1\u4e39\u79d8\u8a23) in 808, and then about 50 years later in a Taoist text known as the Zhenyuan miaodao yaol\u00fce (\u771f\u5143\u5999\u9053\u8981\u7565). The first formula was a combination of six parts sulfur to six parts saltpeter to one part birthwort herb. The Taoist text warned against an assortment of dangerous formulas, one of which corresponds with gunpowder: \"Some have heated together sulfur, realgar (arsenic disulphide)," }, "Graduated driver licensing-35": { "title": "Graduated driver licensing", "section": "North America", "headers": [ "United States", "Alaska" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "The State of Alaska issues to new drivers a Instruction Permit at or over the age of 14 with period of validity of 2 years with only one renewal possible. A special instruction permit may be issued to those persons enrolled in an approved high school, community college, commercial driver training course, or approved medical program. With an Instruction Permit a new driver may driver with a supervising driver if the supervising driver is 21 or over and has at least 1 year of experience in that type or class of vehicle. At the age of 16 a driver with a Instruction Permit may apply for a Provisional License, to obtain it the driver must not having received a traffic conviction within the last 6 months, and if under the age of 18, the driver must have had the Instructional Permit for 6 months prior to obtaining the Provisional License and have a parent, legal guardian, or employer certify the driver has had 40 hours of experience and 10 of those hours must be during \"progressively challenging circumstances\". If under the age of 18 a driver with a Provisional License are under the following restrictions:" }, "Jacket-1": { "title": "Jacket", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A jacket is a mid-stomach\u2013length garment for the upper body. A jacket typically has sleeves, and fastens in the front or slightly on the side. A jacket is generally lighter, tighter-fitting, and less insulating than a coat, which is outerwear. Some jackets are fashionable, while others serve as protective clothing. Jackets without sleeves are vests." }, "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines-7": { "title": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "section": "History", "headers": [ "European arrival and early colonial period" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "citation needed] It is thought that Christopher Columbus sighted the island in 1498, giving it the name St Vincent. The indigenous Garifuna people, who became known as the \"Black Caribs\", aggressively prevented European settlement on Saint Vincent." }, "Spaghetti and meatballs-2": { "title": "Spaghetti and meatballs", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It is widely believed that spaghetti and meatballs was an innovation of early 20th-century Italian immigrants in New York City, who had access to a more plentiful meat supply than in Italy. The National Pasta Association (originally named the National Macaroni Manufacturers Association) is said to be the first organization to publish a recipe for it, in the 1920s." }, "Empire Award for Best Newcomer-1": { "title": "Empire Award for Best Newcomer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Empire Award for Best Newcomer (formerly known as Best Debut) was an Empire Award presented annually by the British film magazine Empire to honor a director with a breakthrough film or an actor who has delivered a breakthrough performance while working within the film industry. The Empire Award for Best Newcomer was first introduced at the 1st Empire Awards ceremony in 1996 with Bryan Singer receiving the award for his direction of The Usual Suspects and last presented at the 16th Empire Awards ceremony in 2011. Winners were voted by the readers of Empire magazine." }, "Disco-5": { "title": "Disco", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Disco was the last popular music movement driven by the baby boom generation. It declined as a major trend in popular music during the late 1970s. However, it was a key influence in the development of electronic dance music, house music, hip-hop, new wave and post-disco. While no new disco movement has dominated popular music since its decline, the style has had several revivals and the influence of disco remains strong across American and European pop music." }, "Starling Framework-2": { "title": "Starling Framework", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Starling was initiated in 2011 by Adobe shortly after introducing the Stage3D API in their AIR and Flash run-time systems. Stage3D allows utilizing the GPU inside the Flash Player via a low-level API; Starling should simplify the transition for developers by providing an accompanying high-level API built on top of Stage3D." }, "Foreign and Commonwealth Office-1": { "title": "Foreign and Commonwealth Office", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), commonly called the Foreign Office (which was the formal name of its predecessor until 1968), or British Foreign Office, is a department of the Government of the United Kingdom. It is responsible for protecting and promoting British interests worldwide and was created in 1968 by merging the Foreign Office and the Commonwealth Office." }, "Drag king-1": { "title": "Drag king", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Drag kings are mostly female performance artists who dress in masculine drag and personify male gender stereotypes as part of an individual or group routine. A typical drag show may incorporate dancing, acting, stand-up comedy, and singing, either live or lip-synching to pre-recorded tracks. Drag kings often perform as exaggeratedly macho male characters, portray marginalized masculinities such as construction workers, rappers, or they will impersonate male celebrities like Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, and Tim McGraw." }, "Rat-28": { "title": "Rat", "section": "In the spread of disease", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Rats can serve as zoonotic vectors for certain pathogens and thus spread disease, such as bubonic plague, Lassa fever, leptospirosis, and Hantavirus infection." }, "Load (album)-1": { "title": "Load (album)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Load is the sixth studio album by the American heavy metal band Metallica, released on June 4, 1996 by Elektra Records in the United States and by Vertigo Records internationally. The album showed more of a hard rock side of Metallica than the band's typical thrash metal style, which alienated much of the band's fanbase. It also featured influences from genres such as Southern rock, blues rock, country rock and alternative rock. Drummer Lars Ulrich said about Load's more exploratory nature, \"This album and what we're doing with it \u2013 that, to me, is what Metallica are all about: exploring different things. The minute you stop exploring, then just sit down and fucking die\". Load is the first of Metallica's albums to feature only three songwriters, the other being 2016's Hardwired...To Self-Destruct. At 79 minutes, Load is Metallica's longest studio album." }, "Naomi Watts-1": { "title": "Naomi Watts", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Naomi Ellen Watts (born 28 September 1968) is a British actress and film producer. She made her film debut in the Australian drama For Love Alone (1986) and then appeared in the Australian television series Hey Dad..! (1990), Brides of Christ (1991), Home and Away (1991), and the film Flirting (1991). After moving to the United States, Watts struggled as an actress for years, but managed to obtain parts in the films Tank Girl (1995), Children of the Corn IV: The Gathering (1996), and Dangerous Beauty (1998), and the television series Sleepwalkers (1997\u20131998)." }, "PayPal-55": { "title": "PayPal", "section": "Regulation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "In the United States, PayPal is licensed as a money transmitter, on a state-by-state basis. But state laws vary, as do their definitions of banks, narrow banks, money services businesses, and money transmitters. Although PayPal is not classified as a bank, the company is subject to some of the rules and regulations governing the financial industry including Regulation E consumer protections and the USA PATRIOT Act. The most analogous regulatory source of law for PayPal transactions comes from peer-to-peer (P2P) payments using credit and debit cards. Ordinarily, a credit card transaction, specifically the relationship between the issuing bank and the cardholder, is governed by the Truth in Lending Act (TILA) 15 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 1601-1667f as implemented by Regulation Z, 12 C.F.R. 226, (TILA/Z). TILA/Z requires specific procedures for billing errors, dispute resolution, and limits cardholder liability for unauthorized charges. Similarly, the legal relationship between a debit cardholder and the issuing bank is regulated by the Electronic Funds Transfer Act (EFTA) 15 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 1693-1693r, as implemented by Regulation E, 12 C.F.R. 205, (EFTA/E). EFTA/E is directed at consumer protection and provides strict error resolution procedures. However, because PayPal is a payment intermediary and not otherwise regulated directly, TILA/Z and EFTA/E do not operate exactly as written once the credit/debit card transaction occurs via PayPal. Basically, unless a PayPal transaction is funded with a credit card, the consumer has no recourse in the event of fraud by the seller." }, "Anesthesia-34": { "title": "Anesthesia", "section": "Risks and complications", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "On 14 December 2016, the Food and Drug Administration issued a Public Safety Communication warning that \"repeated or lengthy use of general anesthetic and sedation drugs during surgeries or procedures in children younger than 3 years or in pregnant women during their third trimester may affect the development of children's brains.\" The warning was criticized by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, which pointed out the absence of direct evidence regarding use in pregnant women and the possibility that \"this warning could inappropriately dissuade providers from providing medically indicated care during pregnancy.\" Patient advocates noted that a randomized clinical trial would be unethical, that the mechanism of injury is well-established in animals, and that studies had shown exposure to multiple uses of anesthetic significantly increased the risk of developing learning disabilities in young children, with a hazard ratio of 2.12 (95% confidence interval, 1.26\u20133.54)." }, "Chlorine-4": { "title": "Chlorine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Elemental chlorine is commercially produced from brine by electrolysis, predominantly in the chlor-alkali process. The high oxidising potential of elemental chlorine led to the development of commercial bleaches and disinfectants, and a reagent for many processes in the chemical industry. Chlorine is used in the manufacture of a wide range of consumer products, about two-thirds of them organic chemicals such as polyvinyl chloride, and many intermediates for the production of plastics and other end products which do not contain the element. As a common disinfectant, elemental chlorine and chlorine-generating compounds are used more directly in swimming pools to keep them clean and sanitary. Elemental chlorine at high concentrations is extremely dangerous and poisonous for all living organisms, and was used in World War I as the first gaseous chemical warfare agent." }, "Citizenship-38": { "title": "Citizenship", "section": "International", "headers": [ "Commonwealth" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "Some such countries do not require tourist visas of citizens of other Commonwealth countries, or allow some Commonwealth citizens to stay in the country for tourism purposes without a visa for longer than citizens of other countries. In some Commonwealth countries, resident citizens of other Commonwealth countries are entitled to political rights, e.g., the right to vote in local and national elections and in some cases even the right to stand for election. In some instances the right to work in any position (including the civil service) is granted, except for certain specific positions, such as in the defense departments, Governor-General or President or Prime Minister. In the United Kingdom, all Commonwealth citizens legally residing in the country can vote and stand for office at all elections. Although Ireland was excluded from the Commonwealth in 1949 because it declared itself a republic, Ireland is generally treated as if it were still a member. Legislation often specifically provides for equal treatment between Commonwealth countries and Ireland and refers to \"Commonwealth countries and Ireland\". Ireland's citizens are not classified as foreign nationals in the United Kingdom." }, "Torso-1": { "title": "Torso", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The torso or trunk is an anatomical term for the central part or core of many animal bodies (including humans) from which extend the neck and limbs. The torso includes: the thoracic segment of the trunk, the abdominal segment of the trunk, and the perineum." }, "Romania-1": { "title": "Romania", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Romania (/ro\u028a\u02c8me\u026ani\u0259/ (listen) ro-MAY-nee-\u0259; Romanian: Rom\u00e2nia [rom\u0268\u02c8ni.a] (listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders with Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, and Moldova to the east and has its opening to the Black sea. It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate. With a total area of 238,397 square kilometres (92,046 square miles), Romania is the 12th-largest country in Europe and the 7th\u00a0most populous member state of the European Union, having approximately 20\u00a0million inhabitants. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest. Other major urban areas include: Cluj-Napoca, Timi\u0219oara, Ia\u0219i, Constan\u021ba, Craiova, Bra\u0219ov, and Gala\u021bi." }, "Jamie Lee Curtis-25": { "title": "Jamie Lee Curtis", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Curtis married Christopher Guest on December 18, 1984. She saw a picture of him from the movie This Is Spinal Tap in Rolling Stone and told her friend Debra Hill, \"Oh, I'm going to marry that guy\", actually marrying him five months later. The couple have two adopted children (Annie, b. 1986; Thomas b. 1996). Curtis is actor Jake Gyllenhaal's godmother." }, "Bartending school-2": { "title": "Bartending school", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In the United States, bartenders must pass a certification course for their particular state.[citation needed] There are many bartending schools in every state. Some offer only a few hours of instruction, others offer up to 40 hours. Courses that are at least 12 hours in length are certified by a state's board of education or board of vocational or postsecondary education." }, "Catholic Church-2": { "title": "Catholic Church", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Christian beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed. The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission, that its bishops are the successors of Christ's apostles, and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ. It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith, reserving infallibility, passed down by sacred tradition. The Latin Church, the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches, and institutes such as mendicant orders, enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church." }, "Jamaica ginger-2": { "title": "Jamaica ginger", "section": "Early use and Prohibition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Since the 1860s, Jamaica ginger had been widely sold at drug stores and roadside stands in two-ounce (57\u00a0g) bottles. In small doses, mixed with water, it was used as a remedy for headaches, upper respiratory infections, menstrual disorders, and intestinal gas. Despite its strong ginger flavour, it was popular as an alcoholic beverages in dry counties in the United States, where it was a convenient and legal method of obtaining alcohol. It was often mixed with a soft drink to improve the taste." }, "Friday-12": { "title": "Friday", "section": "Etymology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In most Indian languages, Friday is Shukrav\u0101ra, named for Shukra, the planet Venus. In Bengali \u09b6\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 or Shukrobar is the 6th day in the Bengali week of Bengali Calendar and is the beginning of the weekend is Bangladesh." }, "Super Bowl LIV-4": { "title": "Super Bowl LIV", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The game's broadcast in the United States by Fox, along with the halftime show headlined by Jennifer Lopez and Shakira, was seen by an estimated 102 million viewers\u2014a slight increase over Super Bowl LIII in 2019 (which had seen the smallest audience for the game in 10 years)." }, "Crutch-1": { "title": "Crutch", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A crutch is a mobility aid that transfers weight from the legs to the upper body. It is often used by people who cannot use their legs to support their weight, for reasons ranging from short-term injuries to lifelong disabilities." }, "Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide-1": { "title": "Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "syn-Propanethial S-oxide (C3H6OS), a member of a class of organosulfur compounds known as thiocarbonyl S-oxides (formerly \"sulfines\"), is a volatile liquid that acts as a lachrymatory agent (triggers tearing and stinging on contact with the eyes). The chemical is released from onions, Allium cepa, as they are sliced. The release is due to the breaking open of the onion cells and their releasing enzymes called alliinases, which then break down amino acid sulfoxides, generating sulfenic acids. A specific sulfenic acid, 1-propenesulfenic acid, formed when onions are cut, is rapidly rearranged by a second enzyme, called the lachrymatory factor synthase or LFS, giving syn-propanethial S-oxide. The gas diffuses through the air and, on contact with the eye, it stimulates sensory neurons creating a stinging, painful sensation. Tears are released from the tear glands to dilute and flush out the irritant. A structurally related lachrymatory compound, syn-butanethial S-oxide, C4H8OS, has been found in another genus Allium plant, Allium siculum." }, "American alligator-5": { "title": "American alligator", "section": "Taxonomy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The American alligator was first classified by French zoologist Fran\u00e7ois Marie Daudin as Crocodilus mississipiensis in 1801. In 1807, Georges Cuvier created the genus Alligator; the American alligator shares this genus with the Chinese alligator. They are grouped in the family Alligatoridae with the caimans. The superfamily Alligatoroidea includes all crocodilians (fossil and extant) that are more closely related to the American alligator than to either the Nile crocodile or the gharial." }, "Aviation fuel-20": { "title": "Aviation fuel", "section": "In use", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Aviation fuel generally arrives at the airport via pipeline systems, such as the CEPS. It is then pumped over and dispensed from a tanker or bowser. The fuel is then driven up to parked aircraft and helicopters. Some airports have pumps similar to filling stations to which aircraft must taxi. Some airports have permanent piping to parking areas for large aircraft." }, "High jump-3": { "title": "High jump", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Javier Sotomayor (Cuba) is the current men's record holder with a jump of 2.45\u00a0m (8\u00a0ft 1\u20444\u00a0in) set in 1993\u00a0\u2013 the longest standing record in the history of the men's high jump. Stefka Kostadinova (Bulgaria) has held the women's world record at 2.09\u00a0m (6\u00a0ft 10\u00a01\u20444\u00a0in) since 1987, also the longest-held record in the event." }, "Firewall (computing)-1": { "title": "Firewall (computing)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In computing, a firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. A firewall typically establishes a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external network, such as the Internet." }, "Mid-twentieth century baby boom-12": { "title": "Mid-twentieth century baby boom", "section": "By region", "headers": [ "North America" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In the United States and Canada the baby boom was among the highest in the world. In 1946, live births in the U.S. surged from 222,721 in January to 339,499 in October. By the end of the 1940s, about 32\u00a0million babies had been born, compared with 24\u00a0million in the 1930s. In 1954, annual births first topped four million and did not drop below that figure until 1965, when four out of ten Americans were under the age of 20. As a result of the marriage boom getting married immediately after high school was becoming commonplace and women were increasingly under tremendous pressure to marry by the age of 20. The stereotype developed that women were going to college to earn their M.R.S. (Mrs.) degree." }, "Major depressive disorder-30": { "title": "Major depressive disorder", "section": "Diagnosis", "headers": [ "DSM and ICD criteria", "Major depressive episode" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "A major depressive episode is characterized by the presence of a severely depressed mood that persists for at least two weeks. Episodes may be isolated or recurrent and are categorized as mild (few symptoms in excess of minimum criteria), moderate, or severe (marked impact on social or occupational functioning). An episode with psychotic features\u2014commonly referred to as psychotic depression\u2014is automatically rated as severe. If the patient has had an episode of mania or markedly elevated mood, a diagnosis of bipolar disorder is made instead. Depression without mania is sometimes referred to as unipolar because the mood remains at one emotional state or \"pole\"." }, "Moon Jae-in-1": { "title": "Moon Jae-in", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Moon Jae-in (Korean:\u00a0\ubb38\uc7ac\uc778; Hanja:\u00a0\u6587\u5728\u5bc5; Korean pronunciation:\u00a0[mun.d\u0291\u025b.in]; born January 24, 1953) is a South Korean politician and human rights lawyer serving as President of South Korea since 2017. Prior to this, he served as chief of staff to then-president Roh Moo-hyun (2007\u20132008), leader of the Democratic Party of Korea (2015\u20132016) and a member of the 19th National Assembly (2012\u20132016)." }, "Maize-76": { "title": "Maize", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Nutritional value" ], "para_index": 76, "content": "Raw, yellow, sweet maize kernels are composed of 76% water, 19% carbohydrates, 3% protein, and 1% fat (table). In a 100-gram serving, maize kernels provide 86 calories and are a good source (10\u201319% of the Daily Value) of the B vitamins, thiamin, niacin (but see Pellagra warning below), pantothenic acid (B5) and folate (right table for raw, uncooked kernels, USDA Nutrient Database). In moderate amounts, they also supply dietary fiber and the essential minerals, magnesium and phosphorus whereas other nutrients are in low amounts (table)." }, "Sloth moth-2": { "title": "Sloth moth", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Certain lepidopteran moths of the snout moth family Pyralidae (namely subfamily Chrysauginae) have evolved to inhabit sloth fur exclusively. Typically, sloth moths follow a life-style broadly on the lines of Cryptoses choloepi, a moth in the snout moth family that lives exclusively in the fur of the brown three-toed sloth Bradypus variegatus infuscatus. Adult female moths leave the fur of the sloth to lay eggs in the sloth droppings when the sloth descends, once a week, to the forest floor to defecate. The larvae of Cryptoses choloepi live in the dung and newly emerged moths later fly from the dung pile into the forest canopy to find a host sloth." }, "Daredevil (Marvel Comics character)-2": { "title": "Daredevil (Marvel Comics character)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Daredevil's origins stem from a childhood accident that gave him special abilities. While growing up in the historically gritty or crime-ridden working class Irish-American neighborhood of Hell's Kitchen in New York City, Matt Murdock is blinded by a radioactive substance that falls from an out-of-control truck after he pushes a man out of the path of the oncoming vehicle. While he can no longer see, his exposure to the radioactive material heightens his remaining senses beyond normal human ability, and gives him a \"radar sense.\" His father, a boxer named Jack Murdock, is a single man raising his now blind son, who despite his rough upbringing, unconditionally loves his son and tries to teach him to form a better life for himself. Jack is later killed by gangsters after refusing to throw a fight, leaving Matt an orphan. In order to protect himself, Matt began training to hone his physical abilities and superhuman senses under the tutelage of a mysterious blind stranger named Stick, eventually becoming a highly-skilled and expert martial artist. Some years later, after graduating from law school with high grades, Matt seeks out the criminal element in Hell's Kitchen and starts his crime-fighting activities. Matt targets the local gangsters who murdered his father and succeeds in bringing them to justice. Eventually, donning a costumed attire modeled after a devil, Matt took up a dual life of fighting against the criminal underworld in New York City as the masked vigilante Daredevil, which put him in conflict with many super-villains, including his arch-enemies Bullseye and the Kingpin. He also becomes a skilled and respected lawyer after graduating from Columbia Law School with his best friend and roommate, Franklin \"Foggy\" Nelson, with whom he becomes law partners, forming the law firm Nelson & Murdock." }, "Saffir\u2013Simpson scale-2": { "title": "Saffir\u2013Simpson scale", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "To be classified as a hurricane, a tropical cyclone must have one-minute maximum sustained winds of at least 74\u00a0mph (33\u00a0m/s; 64\u00a0kn; 119\u00a0km/h) (Category\u00a01). The highest classification in the scale, Category\u00a05, consists of storms with sustained winds over 156\u00a0mph (70\u00a0m/s; 136\u00a0kn; 251\u00a0km/h). The classifications can provide some indication of the potential damage and flooding a hurricane will cause upon landfall." }, "Ataxia-1": { "title": "Ataxia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ataxia is a neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements that can include gait abnormality, speech changes, and abnormalities in eye movements. Ataxia is a clinical manifestation indicating dysfunction of the parts of the nervous system that coordinate movement, such as the cerebellum. Ataxia can be limited to one side of the body, which is referred to as hemiataxia. Several possible causes exist for these patterns of neurological dysfunction. Dystaxia is a mild degree of ataxia. Friedreich's ataxia has gait abnormality as the most commonly presented symptom. The word is from Greek \u03b1- [a negative prefix] + -\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b9\u03c2 [order] = \"lack of order\"." }, "Bear hunting-17": { "title": "Bear hunting", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Pelts" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "A bear's fur consists of two types of hair: the underfur and the outer guard hairs. The underfur, which is soft and dense, serves primarily as an insulator. The outer guard hairs are much thicker, longer and coarser, and while they also insulate, they primarily serve to protect the body from dirt, debris and insects, as well as to repel water." }, "Chinese New Year-6": { "title": "Chinese New Year", "section": "Dates in Chinese lunisolar calendar", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "citation needed] The Gregorian Calendar dates for Chinese New Year from 1912 to 2101 are below, along with the year's presiding animal zodiac and its Stem-branch. The traditional Chinese calendar follows a Metonic cycle, a system used by the modern Jewish Calendar, and returns to the same date in Gregorian calendar roughly. The names of the Earthly Branches have no English counterparts and are not the Chinese translations of the animals. Alongside the 12-year cycle of the animal zodiac there is a 10-year cycle of heavenly stems. Each of the ten heavenly stems is associated with one of the five elements of Chinese astrology, namely: Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water. The elements are rotated every two years while a yin and yang association alternates every year. The elements are thus distinguished: Yang Wood, Yin Wood, Yang Fire, Yin Fire, etc. These produce a combined cycle that repeats every 60 years. For example, the year of the Yang Fire Rat occurred in 1936 and in 1996, 60 years apart." }, "Autumn-1": { "title": "Autumn", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Autumn, also known as fall in North American English, is one of the four temperate seasons. Autumn marks the transition from summer to winter, in September (Northern Hemisphere) or March (Southern Hemisphere), when the duration of daylight becomes noticeably shorter and the temperature cools considerably. One of its main features in temperate climates is the shedding of leaves from deciduous trees." }, "New York Public Library-3": { "title": "New York Public Library", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The library, officially chartered as The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations, was developed in the 19th century, founded from an amalgamation of grass-roots libraries and social libraries of bibliophiles and the wealthy, aided by the philanthropy of the wealthiest Americans of their age." }, "Organism-2": { "title": "Organism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Organisms are classified by taxonomy into groups such as multicellular animals, plants, and fungi; or unicellular microorganisms such as protists, bacteria, and archaea. All types of organisms are capable of reproduction, growth and development, maintenance, and some degree of response to stimuli. Humans, squids, mushrooms, and vascular plants are examples of multicellular organisms that differentiate specialized tissues and organs during development." }, "Espresso-2": { "title": "Espresso", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Espresso has more caffeine per unit volume than most coffee beverages, but because the usual serving size is much smaller, the total caffeine content is less than a mug of standard brewed coffee. The actual caffeine content of any coffee drink varies by size, bean origin, roast method and other factors, but a typical serving of espresso usually contains 120 to 170 milligrams of caffeine, whereas a typical serving of drip coffee usually contains 150 to 200\u00a0mg." }, "Plastic-19": { "title": "Plastic", "section": "Properties and classifications", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Plastics can also be classified by: their various physical properties, such as: hardness, density, tensile strength, resistance to heat and glass transition temperature, and by their chemical properties, such as the organic chemistry of the polymer and its resistance and reaction to various chemical products and processes, such as: organic solvents, oxidation, and ionizing radiation. In particular, most plastics will melt upon heating to a few hundred degrees celsius." }, "Charlemagne-1": { "title": "Charlemagne", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Charlemagne (English: /\u02c8\u0283\u0251\u02d0rl\u0259me\u026an, \u02cc\u0283\u0251\u02d0rl\u0259\u02c8me\u026an/; French:\u00a0[\u0283a\u0281l\u0259ma\u0272]) or Charles the Great (2 April 748 \u2013 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor of the Romans from 800. During the Early Middle Ages, he united the majority of western and central Europe. He was the first recognised emperor to rule from western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded is called the Carolingian Empire. He was later canonised by Antipope Paschal III." }, "Gunpowder Plot-2": { "title": "Gunpowder Plot", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The plan was to blow up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament on 5 November 1605, as the prelude to a popular revolt in the Midlands during which James's nine-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, was to be installed as the Catholic head of state. Catesby may have embarked on the scheme after hopes of securing greater religious tolerance under King James had faded, leaving many English Catholics disappointed. His fellow plotters were John and Christopher Wright, Robert and Thomas Wintour, Thomas Percy, Guy Fawkes, Robert Keyes, Thomas Bates, John Grant, Ambrose Rookwood, Sir Everard Digby and Francis Tresham. Fawkes, who had 10\u00a0years of military experience fighting in the Spanish Netherlands in the failed suppression of the Dutch Revolt, was given charge of the explosives." }, "Jean Valjean-6": { "title": "Jean Valjean", "section": "In the novel", "headers": [ "Part One: Fantine" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "citation needed] After devoting the novel's opening chapters to Bishop Myriel, a kind-hearted old clergyman in the town of Digne, Hugo, without any transition, launches into the story of Valjean. He is a strange man, who arrives one October evening in Digne, searches for a place to stay the night and is turned away. At last he is taken in by the bishop, who trusts him, feeds him supper, and gives him a bed for the night. Hugo then details Valjean's background. He was born sometime in 1769 in a small town and orphaned as a child. He became a pruner and helped support his widowed sister and her seven children. In the winter of 1795, when resources were scarce, Valjean stole a loaf of bread from a local baker by breaking the window. He was caught and imprisoned for five years in the Bagne of Toulon, the Toulon prison. He attempted to escape four times, and each time his sentence was lengthened by three years; he also received an extra two years for once resisting recapture during his second escape. After nineteen years in prison, he was released, but by law must carry a yellow passport that announces he is an ex-convict." }, "Bonanza-19": { "title": "Bonanza", "section": "Cast", "headers": [ "Michael Landon \u2013 Joseph \"Little Joe\" Cartwright" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "He played guest roles on several TV westerns and attained the title role in I Was a Teenage Werewolf. He portrayed the youngest Cartwright son, whose mother (Felicia in the pilot, and later changed to Marie) was of French Creole descent. Landon began to develop his skills in writing and directing Bonanza episodes, starting with \"The Gamble.\" Most of the episodes Landon wrote and directed were dramas, including the two-hour, \"Forever\" (1972), which was recognized by TV Guide as being one of television's best specials (November 1993).[vague] Landon's development was a bit stormy according to David Dortort, who felt that the actor grew more difficult during the last five seasons the show ran. Landon appeared in all but fourteen Bonanza episodes for its run, a total of 416 episodes." }, "LendingTree-1": { "title": "LendingTree", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "LendingTree is America's largest online lending marketplace. It connects borrowers with multiple lenders so they can find the best deals on loans, credit cards, deposit accounts, insurance and more. LendingTree allows borrowers to shop and compare competitive rates and terms across an array of financial products. Founded in 1996 and launched nationally two years later, the company is headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina with offices in the San Francisco Bay Area, New York City, Chicago, Seattle and others." }, "Scampi-8": { "title": "Scampi", "section": "Preparation methods", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "In the United States, \"shrimp scampi\" is the menu name for shrimp in Italian-American cuisine (the actual word for \"shrimp\" in Italian is gambero or gamberetto, plural gamberi or gamberetti). \"Scampi\" by itself is a dish of Nephrops norvegicus served in garlic butter, dry white wine and Parmesan cheese, either with bread or over pasta or rice, or sometimes just the shrimp alone. The term \"shrimp scampi\" is construed as a style of preparation, and with variants such as \"chicken scampi\", \"lobster scampi\" and \"scallop scampi\". Lidia Bastianich: \"In the United States, shrimps are available, not scampi, so the early immigrants prepared the shrimp they found in the scampi style they remembered.\"" }, "Commonwealth realm-1": { "title": "Commonwealth realm", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A Commonwealth realm is a sovereign state in which Queen Elizabeth II is the reigning constitutional monarch and head of state. Each realm functions as an independent co-equal kingdom from the other realms. As of 2020, there are 16 Commonwealth realms: Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, and the United Kingdom. All 16 Commonwealth realms are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, an intergovernmental organisation of 54 member states. Elizabeth II is head of the Commonwealth." }, "Photosynthesis-6": { "title": "Photosynthesis", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light. However, not all organisms use carbon dioxide as a source of carbon atoms to carry out photosynthesis; photoheterotrophs use organic compounds, rather than carbon dioxide, as a source of carbon. In plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, photosynthesis releases oxygen. This is called oxygenic photosynthesis and is by far the most common type of photosynthesis used by living organisms. Although there are some differences between oxygenic photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, the overall process is quite similar in these organisms. There are also many varieties of anoxygenic photosynthesis, used mostly by certain types of bacteria, which consume carbon dioxide but do not release oxygen." }, "Doctorate-1": { "title": "Doctorate", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A doctorate (from Latin docere, \"to teach\") or doctor's degree (from Latin doctor, \"teacher\") or doctoral degree, is an academic degree awarded by universities, derived from the ancient formalism licentia docendi (\"licence to teach\"). In most countries, it is a research degree that qualifies the holder to teach at university level in the degree's field, or to work in a specific profession. There are a number of doctoral degrees; the most common is the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), which is awarded in many different fields, ranging from the humanities to scientific disciplines." }, "Child labour law-10": { "title": "Child labour law", "section": "Current Global Laws", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The first convention listed is the Minimum Age Convention, 1973. This convention states that a person under 18 cannot work in a facility that may jeopardize their safety, health, or morals. This work includes mining, operation of heavy machinery, and heavy manual labor. Children ages 13\u201315 may perform light work as long as the work does not bring any harm or hinder their education. Children under 13 are restricted from working. The Worst Forms of Child Labor conventions mandates that persons under 18 cannot be used in work as slaves, prostitution, pornography, or drug trafficking. The Medical Examination conventions hold that a child under 18 cannot work in an industrialized or non-industrialized position without being deemed fit by medical professional. Person's under the age of 18 are not permitted to work underground such as in a mine. Persons aged 18\u201321 are required to be supervised when working in an underground environment. Lastly, persons over the age of 14 but younger than 18 must have at least 12 hours off, 14 if currently engaged in school, and these hours must include the hours of 10PM through 6AM. These conventions and recommendations are in place to provide children with a safe working environment and promote their education. Since its start in 1919, 186 countries have become members of ILO. As a member of the ILO, countries vow to keep the minimum conventions held in the ILO constitution." }, "French Defence-2": { "title": "French Defence", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "1. e4 e6 This is most commonly followed by 2.d4 d5, with Black intending ...c5 at a later stage, attacking White's centre and gaining space on the queenside. White has extra space in the centre and on the kingside and often plays for a breakthrough with f4\u2013f5. The French has a reputation for solidity and resilience, although some lines such as the Winawer Variation can lead to sharp complications. Black's position is often somewhat cramped in the early game; in particular, the pawn on e6 can impede the development of the bishop on c8." }, "John Kerry-2": { "title": "John Kerry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Kerry grew up as a military brat, and attended boarding school in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. He graduated from Yale University in 1966 with a major in political science. Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966, and between 1968 and 1969, he served an abbreviated four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge (OIC) of a Swift Boat. For that service, he was awarded combat medals that include the Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal and three Purple Heart Medals. Securing an early return to the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War organization, in which he served as a nationally recognized spokesman and as an outspoken opponent of the Vietnam War. He appeared in the Fulbright Hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he described United States war policy in Vietnam as the cause of war crimes." }, "Pimp My Ride-1": { "title": "Pimp My Ride", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pimp My Ride is an American television series produced by MTV and hosted by rapper Xzibit, which ran on MTV for six seasons from 2004 to 2007. Each episode consists of taking one car in poor condition and restoring it, as well as customizing it. The restoration and customizing were done by West Coast Customs for the first four seasons, then Galpin Auto Sports for seasons 5\u20136." }, "Potassium-46": { "title": "Potassium", "section": "Nutrition", "headers": [ "Supplementation" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "citation needed] A meta-analysis concluded that a 1640\u00a0mg increase in the daily intake of potassium was associated with a 21% lower risk of stroke. Potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate may be useful to control mild hypertension. In 2017, potassium was the 37th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 19 million prescriptions." }, "Jack Dempsey-28": { "title": "Jack Dempsey", "section": "Early life and career", "headers": [ "Title defenses", "Jack Dempsey vs. Georges Carpentier" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "The last successful title defense for Dempsey was in September 1923 at New York City's Polo Grounds in Dempsey vs. Firpo. Attendance was 85,000, with another 20,000 trying to get inside the arena. Firpo was knocked down repeatedly by Dempsey, yet continued to battle back, even knocking Dempsey down twice. On the second occasion he was floored, Dempsey flew head-first through the ring ropes, landing on a ringside reporter's typewriter. At this point he was out of the ring for approximately 14 seconds, less than the 20 second rule for out-of-ring knockouts. Nevertheless, he was helped back into the ring by the writers at ringside. Ultimately, Dempsey beat Argentinian contender Luis \u00c1ngel Firpo with a second-round KO. The fight was transmitted live by radio to Buenos Aires." }, "Adam Sandler-26": { "title": "Adam Sandler", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "On June 22, 2003, Sandler married model-actress Jacqueline Titone. Titone had converted to Sandler's religion, Judaism. She makes frequent appearances in her husband's films. The couple have two daughters, Sadie born in May 2006, and Sunny born in November 2008, who also make frequent appearances in his films." }, "Microscope-1": { "title": "Microscope", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A microscope (from the Ancient Greek: \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2, mikr\u00f3s, \"small\" and \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, skope\u00een, \"to look\" or \"see\") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using such an instrument. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope." }, "Shallot-14": { "title": "Shallot", "section": "Culinary uses", "headers": [ "Asia" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "In most Indian cuisines, the distinction between onions and shallots is weak; larger varieties of shallot are sometimes confused with small red onions and used interchangeably. Indeed, most parts of India use the regional name for onion interchangeably with shallot (Maharashtra, for instance, where both are called kanda). The southern regions of India distinguish shallots from onions in recipes more often, especially the much loved tiny varieties (about the width of a finger); these are widely used in curries and different types of sambar, a lentil-based dish. Shallots pickled in red vinegar are common in many Indian restaurants, served along with sauces and papad on the condiments tray. Indians also use it[clarification needed] as a home remedy for sore throats, mixed with jaggery or sugar. In Nepal, shallots are used as one of the ingredients for making momo. In Kashmir shallots are widely used in preparation of Wazwan Kashmiri cuisine, as they add distinct flavor and prevent curry from becoming black, which is common with onions." }, "Material properties of diamond-8": { "title": "Material properties of diamond", "section": "Toughness", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Unlike hardness, which denotes only resistance to scratching, diamond's toughness or tenacity is only fair to good. Toughness relates to the ability to resist breakage from falls or impacts. Because of diamond's perfect and easy cleavage, it is vulnerable to breakage. A diamond will shatter if hit with an ordinary hammer. The toughness of natural diamond has been measured as 2.0 MPa m1/2, which is good compared to other gemstones like aquamarine(blue colored), but poor compared to most engineering materials. As with any material, the macroscopic geometry of a diamond contributes to its resistance to breakage. Diamond has a cleavage plane and is therefore more fragile in some orientations than others. Diamond cutters use this attribute to cleave some stones, prior to faceting." }, "Winemaking-32": { "title": "Winemaking", "section": "Crushing and primary (alcoholic) fermentation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "For every gram of sugar that is converted, about half a gram of alcohol is produced, so to achieve a 12% alcohol concentration, the must should contain about 24% sugars. The sugar percentage of the must is calculated from the measured density, the must weight, with the help of a specialized type of hydrometer called a saccharometer. If the sugar content of the grapes is too low to obtain the desired alcohol percentage, sugar can be added (chaptalization). In commercial winemaking, chaptalization is subject to local regulations." }, "DC Comics-18": { "title": "DC Comics", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Silver Age" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "However, this ignorance of Marvel's true appeal did not extend to some of the writing talent during this period, from which there were some attempts to emulate Marvel's narrative approach. For instance, there was the Doom Patrol series by Arnold Drake, a writer who previously warned the management of the new rival's strength; a superhero team of outsiders who resented their freakish powers, which Drake later speculated was plagiarized by Stan Lee to create The X-Men. There was also the young Jim Shooter who purposely emulated Marvel's writing when he wrote for DC after much study of both companies' styles, such as for the Legion of Super-Heroes feature." }, "Mohammed ibn Mohammed Alami-1": { "title": "Mohammed ibn Mohammed Alami", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mohammed ben Mohammed Alami (1932\u20131993) was a Moroccan poet. He belongs to the generation of Moroccan poets who published their writings in magazines and newspapers. Much later, his work was published in collections of his poetry." }, "Gremlins 2: The New Batch-46": { "title": "Gremlins 2: The New Batch", "section": "Possible sequel", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "In a December 2016 interview with Bleeding Cool, Galligan said that Columbus had been \"aggressively working on a Gremlins 3\", which had writer Carl Ellsworth on board. A \"gremlins in Vegas\" plot had been rejected, and the latest script was said to be set in the present day \"where essentially I'm working for Donald Trump, our new President!\"" }, "Jay-Z-4": { "title": "Jay-Z", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Jay-Z is one of the world's best-selling music artists, with over 50 million albums and 75 million singles sold worldwide. He has won a total of 22 Grammy Awards, the most by a rapper, and holds the record for the most number-one albums by a solo artist on the Billboard 200, with 14. He has been ranked by Billboard and fellow music publication Rolling Stone as one of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. In 2017, he became the first rapper to be honored into the Songwriters Hall of Fame, and in 2018, received the commemorative \"Salute to Industry Icons\" award at the 60th Grammy Awards. In June 2019, Jay-Z officially became the first hip hop billionaire, making him the fifth wealthiest African-American and the wealthiest American musician." }, "Tilia-1": { "title": "Tilia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tilia is a genus of about 30 species of trees or bushes, native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere. In the British Isles, they are commonly called lime trees, or lime bushes, although they are not closely related to the tree that produces the lime fruit. Other names include linden for the European species, and basswood for North American species. The genus occurs in Europe and eastern North America, but the greatest species diversity is found in Asia. Under the Cronquist classification system, this genus was placed in the family Tiliaceae, but genetic research summarised by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has resulted in the incorporation of this genus, and of most of the previous family, into the Malvaceae." }, "Happy hardcore-1": { "title": "Happy hardcore", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Happy hardcore, also known as 4-beat or happycore, is a music genre of hard dance. It emerged both from the UK breakbeat hardcore rave scene, and Belgian, German and Dutch hardcore techno scenes in the early 1990s." }, "Uppsala Cathedral-3": { "title": "Uppsala Cathedral", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The cathedral dates to the late 13th century and, at a height of 118.7 metres (389\u00a0ft), it is the tallest church in the Nordic countries. Originally built under Roman Catholicism, it was used for coronations of Swedish monarchs for a lengthy period following the Protestant Reformation. Several of its chapels were converted to house the tombs of Swedish monarchs, including Gustav Vasa and John III. Carl Linnaeus, Olaus Rudbeck, Emanuel Swedenborg, and several archbishops are also buried here." }, "John Roberts-1": { "title": "John Roberts", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "John Glover Roberts Jr. (born January 27, 1955) is an American lawyer and jurist who serves as Chief Justice of the United States. Roberts has authored the majority opinion in several landmark cases, including Shelby County v. Holder, National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, King v. Burwell, and Department of Commerce v. New York. He has been described as having a conservative judicial philosophy in his jurisprudence but has shown a willingness to work with the Supreme Court's liberal bloc, and since the retirement of Anthony Kennedy in 2018 has come to be regarded as a key swing vote on the Court." }, "Sega Saturn-3": { "title": "Sega Saturn", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Saturn was initially successful in Japan but failed to sell in large numbers in the United States after its surprise May 1995 launch, four months before its scheduled release date. After the debut of the Nintendo 64 in late 1996, the Saturn rapidly lost market share in the U.S., where it was discontinued in 1998. Having sold 9.26\u00a0million units worldwide, the Saturn is considered a commercial failure. The failure to release a game in the Sonic the Hedgehog series, known in development as Sonic X-treme, has been considered a factor in the console's poor performance." }, "Traffic collision-84": { "title": "Traffic collision", "section": "Society and culture", "headers": [ "Legal consequences", "United States" ], "para_index": 84, "content": "In the United States, individuals involved in motor vehicle collisions may be held financially liable for the consequences of a collision, including property damage, and injuries to passengers and drivers. Where another driver's vehicle is damaged as the result of an accident, some states allow the owner of the vehicle to recover both the cost of repair for the diminished value of the vehicle from the at-fault driver. Because the financial liability that results from causing an accident is so high, most U.S. states require drivers to carry liability insurance to cover these potential costs. In the event of serious injuries or fatalities, it is possible for injured persons to seek compensation in excess of the at-fault driver's insurance coverage." }, "Yield sign-3": { "title": "Yield sign", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "A black triangle (within the standard down-arrow-shape of stop signs) was a symbol of \"stop for all vehicles\" from about 1925 in Germany. The triangular yield sign was used as early as 1938 when it was codified in Czechoslovakia in a blue-white variant without words and in 1939 in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia which adopted the current red-white variant." }, "Atlantic hurricane-35": { "title": "Atlantic hurricane", "section": "Trends", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "Proxy records based on paleotempestological research have revealed that major hurricane activity along the Gulf of Mexico coast varies on timescales of centuries to millennia. Few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000\u20131400 BC and again during the most recent millennium. These quiescent intervals were separated by a hyperactive period during 1400 BC and 1000 AD, when the Gulf coast was struck frequently by catastrophic hurricanes and their landfall probabilities increased by 3\u20135 times. This millennial-scale variability has been attributed to long-term shifts in the position of the Azores High, which may also be linked to changes in the strength of the North Atlantic Oscillation." }, "Bet (letter)-3": { "title": "Bet (letter)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Phoenician letter gave rise to, among others, the Greek Beta, Latin B, and Cyrillic \u0411, \u0412." }, "Pedubast I-1": { "title": "Pedubast I", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pedubastis I or Pedubast I was an Upper Egyptian Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt during the 9th century BC. Based on lunar dates which are known to belong to the reign of his rival in Upper Egypt Takelot II and the fact that Pedubast I first appeared as a local king at Thebes around Year 11 of Takelot II's rule, Pedubast I is today believed to have had his accession date in either 835 BC or 824 BC. This local Pharaoh is recorded as being of Libyan ancestry and ruled Egypt for 25 years according to the redaction of Manetho done by Eusebius. He first became king at Thebes in Year 8 of Shoshenq III and his highest dated Year is his 23rd Year according to Nile Level Text No. 29. This year is equivalent to Year 31 of Shoshenq III of the Tanis based 22nd Dynasty of Egypt; however, since Shoshenq II only controlled Lower Egypt in Memphis and the Delta region, Pedubast and Shoshenq III were not political rivals and may even have established a relationship. Indeed, Shoshenq III's son, the general and army leader Pashedbast B \"built a vestibule door to Pylon X at Karnak, and in one and the same commemorative text thereon named his father as [king] Sheshonq (III)\" but dated his actions here to Pedubast I. This may show some tacit support for the Pedubast faction by the Tanite based 22nd dynasty king Shoshenq III." }, "Citrus-26": { "title": "Citrus", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "The colour of citrus fruits only develops in climates with a (diurnal) cool winter. In tropical regions with no winter at all, citrus fruits remain green until maturity, hence the tropical \"green oranges\". The Persian lime in particular is extremely sensitive to cool conditions, thus it is not usually exposed to cool enough conditions to develop a mature colour.[citation needed] If they are left in a cool place over winter, the fruits will change colour to yellow." }, "New Year's Day-12": { "title": "New Year's Day", "section": "Traditional and modern celebrations and customs", "headers": [ "New Year's Eve" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "This day is traditionally a religious feast, but since the 1900s has also become an occasion to celebrate the night of 31 December\u2014New Year's Eve\u2014with parties, public celebrations (often involving fireworks shows) and other traditions focused on the impending arrival of midnight and the new year. Watchnight services are also still observed by many." }, "Vietnam War-1": { "title": "Vietnam War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Vietnam War (Vietnamese: Chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America (Vietnamese: Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9) or simply the American War, was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist allies; South Vietnam was supported by the United States, South Korea, the Philippines, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies. The war, considered a Cold War-era proxy war by some, lasted 19 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973, and included the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist in 1975." }, "Monoamine oxidase-1": { "title": "Monoamine oxidase", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Monoamine oxidases (MAO) (EC 1.4.3.4) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of monoamines, employing oxygen to clip off their amine group. They are found bound to the outer membrane of mitochondria in most cell types of the body. The first such enzyme was discovered in 1928 by Mary Bernheim in the liver and was named tyramine oxidase. The MAOs belong to the protein family of flavin-containing amine oxidoreductases." }, "Kelly Clarkson-9": { "title": "Kelly Clarkson", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "2002\u20132003: American Idol, World Idol, and Thankful" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Clarkson's debut album, Thankful, was released on April 15, 2003. The album contained aspects of pop, contemporary R&B, and gospel music, with several established musicians such as Rhett Lawrence, Diane Warren, The Underdogs, and Babyface contributing on to the tracks. Released during the urban-R&B dominance, the album was well received by several critics. AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised the album for its vocal ability: \"throughout this record, (Clarkson) makes it seem effortless and charming. She can croon, she can belt out a song, she can be sexy and sassy while still being graceful and as wholesome as the girl next door.\" Henry Goldblatt of Entertainment Weekly remarked: \"Clarkson glides through octaves with the masterful control of someone who's been doing this for decades.\" Thankful was a commercial success, debuting at number one on the Billboard 200 chart and went on to sell over 4.5 million copies worldwide. It was later certified double platinum by the RIAA, platinum in Canada, and gold in Japan and Australia." }, "Orange (fruit)-40": { "title": "Orange (fruit)", "section": "Attributes", "headers": [ "Nutritional value and phytochemicals" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "Oranges contain diverse phytochemicals, including carotenoids (beta-carotene, lutein and beta-cryptoxanthin), flavonoids (e.g. naringenin) and numerous volatile organic compounds producing orange aroma, including aldehydes, esters, terpenes, alcohols, and ketones." }, "Des Moines, Iowa-108": { "title": "Des Moines, Iowa", "section": "Sports and recreation", "headers": [ "Parks and recreation" ], "para_index": 108, "content": "Just west of Gray's Lake are the 1,500 acres (607\u00a0ha) of the Des Moines Water Works Park. The Water Works Park is along the banks of the Raccoon River immediately upstream from where the Raccoon River empties into the Des Moines River. The Des Moines Water Works Facility, which obtains the city's drinking water from the Raccoon River, is entirely within the Water Works Park. A bridge in the park crosses the Raccoon River. The Water Works Park recreational trails link to downtown Des Moines by travelling past Gray's Lake and back across the Raccoon River via either along the Meredith Trail near Principal Park, or along the Martin Luther King Jr. Parkway. The Water Works Park trails connect westward to Valley Junction and the recreational trails of the western suburbs: Windsor Heights, Urbandale, Clive, and Waukee. Also originating from Water Works Park, the Great Western Trail is an 18-mile (29\u00a0km) journey southward from Des Moines to Martensdale through the Willow Creek Golf Course, Orilla, and Cumming. Often, the location for summer music festivals and concerts, Water Works Park was the overnight campground for thousands of bicyclists on Tuesday, July 23, 2013, during RAGBRAI XLI." }, "Gorillaz-1": { "title": "Gorillaz", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Gorillaz are a British virtual band created in 1998 by Damon Albarn and artist Jamie Hewlett. The band primarily consists of four animated members: Stuart \"2-D\" Pot, Murdoc Niccals, Noodle, and Russel Hobbs. Their fictional universe is presented in music videos, interviews and short cartoons. In reality, Albarn is the only permanent musical contributor, and he often collaborates with other musicians. Remi Kabaka Jr. became producer for the band in 2016 after several years providing the voice of Russel Hobbs and was listed as an A&R producer alongside Albarn and Hewlett in the 2019 Gorillaz documentary Gorillaz: Reject False Icons." }, "Alfred Hitchcock-1": { "title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE (13 August 1899\u00a0\u2013 29 April 1980) was an English film director and producer. He is one of the most influential and extensively studied filmmakers in the history of cinema. Known as \"the Master of Suspense\", he directed over 50 feature films in a career spanning six decades, becoming as well known as any of his actors thanks to his many interviews, his cameo roles in most of his films, and his hosting and producing of the television anthology Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1955\u20131965). His films garnered a total of 46 Oscar nominations and six wins." }, "Blueberry-33": { "title": "Blueberry", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "Growing regions", "Europe" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "Highbush blueberries were first introduced to Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands in the 1930s, and have since been spread to Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Romania, Poland, Italy, Hungary and other countries of Europe." }, "Survival skills-13": { "title": "Survival skills", "section": "Water", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "A human being can survive an average of three to five days without the intake of water. The issues presented by the need for water dictate that unnecessary water loss by perspiration be avoided in survival situations. The need for water increases with exercise. Since the human body is composed of up to 78% water, it should be no surprise that water is higher on the list than fire or food. Ideally, a person should drink about a gallon of water per day. Many lost persons perish due to dehydration, and/or the debilitating effects of water-born pathogens from untreated water." }, "Melinda Clarke-1": { "title": "Melinda Clarke", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Melinda Patrice \"Mindy\" Clarke (born April 24, 1969) is an American actress who has worked primarily in television. Clarke is known for playing Faith Taylor on the daytime drama Days of Our Lives, the manipulative and cunning Julie Cooper on The O.C., and the professional dominatrix Lady Heather on CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. From 2010 to 2013, she portrayed Amanda on the action-thriller television series Nikita. She was added as a recurring character on Vegas in 2013, and played Tracey McKay in the revival of Dallas." }, "Battle of Actium-12": { "title": "Battle of Actium", "section": "Battle", "headers": [ "Order of battle" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "The two fleets met outside the Gulf of Actium (today Preveza) on the morning of 2 September 31 BC. Antony's fleet numbered 500, of which 230 were large war galleys with towers full of armed men. He led these through the straits towards the open sea. Octavian had about 250 warships. His fleet was waiting beyond the straits, led by the experienced admiral Agrippa, commanding from the left wing of the fleet, Lucius Arruntius the centre and Marcus Lurius the right. Titus Statilius Taurus commanded Octavian's armies, and he observed the battle from shore to the north of the straits. Antony and Gellius Publicola commanded the right wing of the Antonian fleet, while Marcus Octavius and Marcus Insteius commanded the centre, with Cleopatra's squadron positioned behind them. Gaius Sosius launched the initial attack from the left wing of the fleet, while Antony's chief lieutenant Publius Canidius Crassus was in command of the triumvir's land forces." }, "Weight loss-12": { "title": "Weight loss", "section": "Intentional", "headers": [ "Long-term weight loss" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In order for weight loss to be permanent, changes in diet and lifestyle must be permanent as well. There is evidence that counseling or exercise alone do not result in weight loss, whereas dieting alone results in meaningful long-term weight loss, and a combination of dieting and exercise provides the best results. Meal replacements, orlistat and very-low-calorie diet interventions also produce meaningful weight loss." }, "ITunes Store-2": { "title": "ITunes Store", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "As of January 2017, iTunes offered over 35\u201340 million songs, 2.2 million apps, 25,000 TV shows, and 65,000 films. When it opened, it was the only legal digital catalog of music to offer songs from all five major record labels. As of June 2013, the iTunes Store possessed 575 million active user accounts, and served over 315 million mobile devices." }, "History of television-141": { "title": "History of television", "section": "Television sets", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 141, "content": "Mechanical televisions were commercially sold from 1928 to 1934 in the United Kingdom, United States, and Soviet Union. The earliest commercially made televisions sold by Baird called Televisors in the UK in 1928 were radios with the addition of a television device consisting of a neon tube behind a mechanically spinning disk (patented by German engineer Paul Nipkow in 1884) with a spiral of apertures first mass-produced television set, selling about a thousand units." }, "Lumberjack-1": { "title": "Lumberjack", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lumberjacks are mostly North American workers in the logging industry who perform the initial harvesting and transport of trees for ultimate processing into forest products. The term usually refers to a bygone era (before 1945 in the United States) when hand tools were used in harvesting trees. Because of its historical ties, the term lumberjack has become ingrained in popular culture through folklore, mass media and spectator sports. The actual work was difficult, dangerous, intermittent, low-paying, and primitive in living conditions. However, the men built a traditional culture that celebrated strength, masculinity, confrontation with danger, and resistance to modernization." }, "Skin-1": { "title": "Skin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation." }, "Bikini-71": { "title": "Bikini", "section": "Bikini tan", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 71, "content": "As bikinis leave most of the body exposed to potentially dangerous UV radiation, overexposure can cause sunburn, skin cancer, as well as other acute and chronic health effects on the skin, eyes, and immune system. As a result, medical organizations recommend that bikini wearers protect themselves from UV radiation by using broad-spectrum sunscreen, which has been shown to protect against sunburn, skin cancer, wrinkling and sagging skin. Certain sunscreen ingredients can cause harm if they penetrate the skin over time." }, "Shot put-11": { "title": "Shot put", "section": "Competition", "headers": [ "Weight" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "In open competitions the men's shot weighs 7.260 kilograms (16.01\u00a0lb), and the women's shot weighs 4 kilograms (8.8\u00a0lb). Junior, school, and masters competitions often use different weights of shots, typically below the weights of those used in open competitions; the individual rules for each competition should be consulted in order to determine the correct weights to be used." }, "Beard-1": { "title": "Beard", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A beard is the hair that grows on the chin, upper lip, cheeks and neck of humans and some non-human animals. In humans, usually only pubescent or adult males are able to grow beards. Some women with hirsutism, a hormonal condition of excessive hairiness, may develop a beard." }, "Burbank, California-1": { "title": "Burbank, California", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Burbank is a city in Los Angeles County in the Los Angeles metropolitan area of Southern California, United States, 12 miles (19\u00a0km) northwest of downtown Los Angeles, in the southeastern end of the San Fernando Valley. The population at the 2010 census was 103,340." }, "Zoology-3": { "title": "Zoology", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Ancient History to Darwin" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Over the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, zoology became an increasingly professional scientific discipline. Explorer-naturalists such as Alexander von Humboldt investigated the interaction between organisms and their environment, and the ways this relationship depends on geography, laying the foundations for biogeography, ecology and ethology. Naturalists began to reject essentialism and consider the importance of extinction and the mutability of species. Cell theory provided a new perspective on the fundamental basis of life." }, "Foster care-1": { "title": "Foster care", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Foster care is a system in which a minor has been placed into a ward, group home (residential child care community, treatment center, etc.), or private home of a state-certified caregiver, referred to as a \"foster parent\" or with a family member approved by the state. The placement of the child is normally arranged through the government or a social service agency. The institution, group home or foster parent is compensated for expenses unless with a family member." }, "Pope John Paul I-1": { "title": "Pope John Paul I", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pope John Paul I (Latin: Ioannes Paulus I; Italian: Giovanni Paolo I; born Albino Luciani [al\u02c8bi\u02d0no lu\u02c8t\u0283a\u02d0ni]; 17 October 1912\u00a0\u2013 28 September 1978) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City from 26 August 1978 to his death 33 days later. He was the first pope to have been born in the 20th century. His reign is among the shortest in papal history, resulting in the most recent year of three popes, the first to occur since 1605. John Paul I remains the most recent Italian-born pope, the last in a succession of such popes that started with Clement VII in 1523." }, "Black Death-4": { "title": "Black Death", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The Black Death was the second disaster affecting Europe during the Late Middle Ages (the first one being the Great Famine) and is estimated to have killed 30% to 60% of Europe's population. In total, the plague may have reduced the world population from an estimated 475\u00a0million to 350\u2013375 million in the 14th century. There were further outbreaks throughout the Late Middle Ages, and in Western Europe the resulting shortages of labour enabled peasants to increase their wages. Outbreaks of the plague recurred at various locations around the world until the early 20th century." }, "Raphael-38": { "title": "Raphael", "section": "Private life and death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "Raphael died on Good Friday (April 6, 1520), which was possibly his 37th birthday, Vasari says that Raphael had also been born on a Good Friday, which in 1483 fell on March 28, and that the artist died from exhaustion brought on by unceasing romantic interests while he was working on the Loggia. Several other possibilities have been raised by later historians." }, "Corydoras-4": { "title": "Corydoras", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Corydoras are generally found in smaller-sized streams, along the margins of larger rivers, in marshes, and in ponds. They are native to slow-moving and almost still (but seldom stagnant) streams and small rivers of South America, where the water is shallow and very murky. Most species are bottom-dwellers, foraging in sand, gravel or detritus. The banks and sides of the streams are covered with a dense growth of plants and this is where the corys are found. They inhabit a wide variety of water types but tend toward soft, neutral to slightly acidic or slightly alkaline pH and 5-10 degrees of hardness. They can tolerate only a small amount of salt (some species tolerate none at all) and do not inhabit environments with tidal influences. They are often seen in shoals. Most species prefer being in groups and many species are found in schools or aggregations of hundreds or even thousands of individuals, usually of a single species, but occasionally with other species mixed in. Unlike most catfishes, which are nocturnal, these species are active during the daytime." }, "Home run-2": { "title": "Home run", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "safely in one play without any errors being committed by the defensive team in the process. In modern baseball, the feat is typically achieved by hitting the ball over the outfield fence between the foul poles (or making contact with either foul pole) without first touching the ground, resulting in an automatic home run. There is also the \"inside-the-park\" home run where the batter reaches home safely while the baseball is in play on the field. A home run with a high exit velocity and good launch angle is sometimes called a \"no-doubter,\" because it leaves no doubt that it is going to leave the park when it leaves the bat." }, "African elephant-18": { "title": "African elephant", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "Size" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The tallest recorded individual stood 4.21\u00a0m (13.8\u00a0ft) at the shoulder and weighed 8,000\u00a0kg (18,000\u00a0lb). The African forest elephant is smaller with male shoulder heights of up to 2.5 metres (8.2\u00a0ft). It is the third largest terrestrial animal. Their thickset bodies rest on stocky legs." }, "Bottlenose dolphin-42": { "title": "Bottlenose dolphin", "section": "Life history", "headers": [ "Reproduction" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Mating occurs belly to belly. Dolphins have been observed engaging in intercourse when the females are not in their estrous cycles and cannot produce young, suggesting they may mate for pleasure. The gestation period averages 12 months. Births can occur at any time of year, although peaks occur in warmer months. The young are born in shallow water, sometimes assisted by a (possibly male) \"midwife\", and usually only a single calf is born. Twins are possible, but rare. Newborn bottlenose dolphins are 0.8 to 1.4\u00a0m (2.6 to 4.6\u00a0ft) long and weigh 9 to 30\u00a0kg (20 to 66\u00a0lb), with Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin infants being generally smaller than common bottlenose dolphin infants. To accelerate nursing, the mother can eject milk from her mammary glands. The calf suckles for 18 months to up to 8 years, and continues to closely associate with its mother for several years after weaning. Females sexually mature at ages 5\u201313, males at ages 9\u201314. Females reproduce every two to six years. Georgetown University professor Janet Mann argues the strong personal behavior among male calves is about bond formation and benefits the species in an evolutionary context. She cites studies showing these dolphins as adults are inseparable, and that early bonds aid protection, as well as in locating females." }, "King Arthur-6": { "title": "King Arthur", "section": "Historicity", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The Historia Brittonum, a 9th-century Latin historical compilation attributed in some late manuscripts to a Welsh cleric called Nennius, contains the first datable mention of King Arthur, listing twelve battles that Arthur fought. These culminate in the Battle of Badon, where he is said to have single-handedly killed 960 men. Recent studies, however, question the reliability of the Historia Brittonum." }, "Assassination-1": { "title": "Assassination", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Assassination is the murder of a prominent person, such as a head of state or head of government. An assassination may be prompted by religious, political or military motives. It is an act that may be done for financial gain, to avenge a grievance, from a desire to acquire fame or notoriety, or because of a military, security, insurgent or secret police group's command to carry out the assassination. Acts of assassination have been performed since ancient times." }, "Nickel-4": { "title": "Nickel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Nickel is slowly oxidized by air at room temperature and is considered corrosion-resistant. Historically, it has been used for plating iron and brass, coating chemistry equipment, and manufacturing certain alloys that retain a high silvery polish, such as German silver. About 9% of world nickel production is still used for corrosion-resistant nickel plating. Nickel-plated objects sometimes provoke nickel allergy. Nickel has been widely used in coins, though its rising price has led to some replacement with cheaper metals in recent years." }, "Metropolitan Museum of Art-3": { "title": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870 for the purposes of opening a museum to bring art and art education to the American people. The Fifth Avenue building opened on February 20, 1872, at 681 Fifth Avenue." }, "Phacochoerus-2": { "title": "Phacochoerus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Although covered in bristly hairs, their bodies and heads appear largely naked from a distance, with only the crest along the back, and the tufts on their cheeks and tails being obviously haired. The English name refers to their facial wattles, which are particularly distinct in males. They also have very distinct tusks, which reach a length of 25.5 to 63.5\u00a0cm (10.0 to 25.0\u00a0in) in the males, but are always smaller in the females. They are largely herbivorous, but occasionally also eat small animal food. While both species remain fairly common and widespread, and therefore are considered to be of Least Concern by the IUCN, the nominate subspecies of the desert warthog, commonly known as the Cape warthog, became extinct around 1865." }, "Year-3": { "title": "Year", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "A calendar year is an approximation of the number of days of the Earth's orbital period, as counted in a given calendar. The Gregorian calendar, or modern calendar, presents its calendar year to be either a common year of 365 days or a leap year of 366 days, as do the Julian calendars; see below. For the Gregorian calendar, the average length of the calendar year (the mean year) across the complete leap cycle of 400 years is 365.2425 days. The ISO standard ISO 80000-3, Annex C, supports the symbol a (for Latin annus) to represent a year of either 365 or 366 days. In English, the abbreviations y and yr are commonly used." }, "Schmidt sting pain index-14": { "title": "Schmidt sting pain index", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "Pain Level 4" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Pain Level 4 is the highest level in the Schmidt sting pain index. Schmidt's original index rated only one such example, the sting of the bullet ant, as a 4. Schmidt has described the sting as \"pure, intense, brilliant pain...like walking over flaming charcoal with a three-inch nail embedded in your heel.\" The bullet ant's venom primarily contains poneratoxin, a paralyzing neurotoxic peptide." }, "Vertebrate-1": { "title": "Vertebrate", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Vertebrates /\u02c8v\u025c\u02d0rt\u0259\u02ccbr\u0259ts/ comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata /-\u0259/ (chordates with backbones). Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about 69,963 species described. Vertebrates include such groups as the following:" }, "Fax-1": { "title": "Fax", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fax (short for facsimile), sometimes called telecopying or telefax (the latter short for telefacsimile), is the telephonic transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), normally to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device. The original document is scanned with a fax machine (or a telecopier), which processes the contents (text or images) as a single fixed graphic image, converting it into a bitmap, and then transmitting it through the telephone system in the form of audio-frequency tones. The receiving fax machine interprets the tones and reconstructs the image, printing a paper copy. Early systems used direct conversions of image darkness to audio tone in a continuous or analog manner. Since the 1980s, most machines modulate the transmitted audio frequencies using a digital representation of the page which is compressed to quickly transmit areas which are all-white or all-black." }, "Hydrogen sulfide-2": { "title": "Hydrogen sulfide", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Hydrogen sulfide is often produced from the microbial breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen gas, such as in swamps and sewers; this process is commonly known as anaerobic digestion which is done by sulfate-reducing microorganisms. H 2S also occurs in volcanic gases, natural gas, and in some sources of well water. The human body produces small amounts of H 2S and uses it as a signaling molecule." }, "Picts-1": { "title": "Picts", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Picts were a confederation of Celtic-speaking peoples who lived in what is today eastern and northern Scotland during the Late British Iron Age and Early Medieval periods. Where they lived and what their culture was like can be inferred from early medieval texts and Pictish stones. Their Latin name, Picti, appears in written records from Late Antiquity to the 10th century. They lived to the north of the rivers Forth and Clyde. Early medieval sources report the existence of a distinct Pictish language, which today is believed to have been an Insular Celtic language, closely related to the Brittonic spoken by the Britons who lived to the south." }, "Pediatrics-1": { "title": "Pediatrics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pediatrics (also spelled paediatrics or p\u00e6diatrics) is the branch of medicine that involves the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends people be under pediatric care up to the age of 21 (though usually only minors are required to be under pediatric care). A medical doctor who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician, or paediatrician. The word pediatrics and its cognates mean \"healer of children\"; they derive from two Greek words: \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 (pais \"child\") and \u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 (iatros \"doctor, healer\"). Pediatricians work in hospitals, particularly those working in its subspecialties (e.g. neonatology), and as outpatient primary care physicians." }, "Car phone-8": { "title": "Car phone", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "citation needed] In the 1980s, the car phone was more popular than the regular mobile phone. However, as mobile phones became lighter and more affordable during the mobile phone boom in the 1990s, car phones became less common. By the 2000s, car phones had become uncommon due to the convenience of mobile phones along with in-car mobile phone integrative technologies such as Bluetooth." }, "Frigg-27": { "title": "Frigg", "section": "Archaeological record", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "A 12th century depiction of a cloaked but otherwise nude woman riding a large cat appears on a wall in the Schleswig Cathedral in Schleswig-Holstein, Northern Germany. Beside her is similarly a cloaked yet otherwise nude woman riding a distaff. Due to iconographic similarities to the literary record, these figures have been theorized as depictions of Freyja and Frigg respectively." }, "Detection dog-1": { "title": "Detection dog", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A detection dog or sniffer dog is a dog that is trained to use its senses to detect substances such as explosives, illegal drugs, wildlife scat, currency, blood, and contraband electronics such as illicit mobile phones. The sense most used by detection dogs is smell. Hunting dogs that search for game, and search dogs that work to find missing humans are generally not considered detection dogs. There is some overlap, as in the case of cadaver dogs, trained to search for human remains. A police dog is essentially a detection dog that is used as a resource for police in specific scenarios such as conducting drug raids, finding missing criminals, and locating stashed currency." }, "Windsurfing-86": { "title": "Windsurfing", "section": "Riders", "headers": [ "Storm Riding" ], "para_index": 86, "content": "The most famous storm riding event is known as The Red Bull Storm Chase. It occurs only when there is a massive storm forecast with winds over 60 knots and giant waves over 20 feet. It is an invitational event and is extremely dangerous. The most recent winner was West Australian Jaeger Stone." }, "Very Large Telescope-16": { "title": "Very Large Telescope", "section": "Scientific results", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Results from the VLT have led to the publication of an average of more than one peer-reviewed scientific paper per day. For instance in 2017, over 600 refereed scientific papers were published based on VLT data. The telescope's scientific discoveries include direct imaging of Beta Pictoris b, the first extrasolar planet so imaged, tracking individual stars moving around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way, and observing the afterglow of the furthest known gamma-ray burst." }, "Goat-1": { "title": "Goat", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The domestic goat or simply goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of C. aegagrus domesticated from the wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the animal family Bovidae and the subfamily Caprinae, meaning it is closely related to the sheep. There are over 300 distinct breeds of goat. Goats are one of the oldest domesticated species of animal, and have been used for milk, meat, fur and skins across much of the world. Milk from goats is often turned into goat cheese." }, "George Fox-1": { "title": "George Fox", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "George Fox (July 1624 \u2013 23 January 1691 (O.S.13 January 1690)) was an English Dissenter, who was a founder of the Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as the Quakers or Friends. The son of a Leicestershire weaver, he lived in times of social upheaval and war. He rebelled against the religious and political authorities by proposing an unusual, uncompromising approach to the Christian faith. He travelled throughout Britain as a dissenting preacher, performing hundreds of healings, and often being persecuted by the disapproving authorities. In 1669, he married Margaret Fell, widow of a wealthy supporter, Thomas Fell; she was a leading Friend. His ministry expanded and he made tours of North America and the Low Countries. He was arrested and jailed numerous times for his beliefs. He spent his final decade working in London to organise the expanding Quaker movement. Despite disdain from some Anglicans and Puritans, he was viewed with respect by the Quaker convert William Penn and the Lord Protector, Oliver Cromwell." }, "Christopher Nolan-14": { "title": "Christopher Nolan", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "2003\u20132013: Hollywood success" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "In 2006, Nolan announced that the follow-up to Batman Begins would be called The Dark Knight. Approaching the sequel, Nolan wanted to expand on the noirish quality of the first film by broadening the canvas and taking on \"the dynamic of a story of the city, a large crime story\u00a0... where you're looking at the police, the justice system, the vigilante, the poor people, the rich people, the criminals\". Released in July 2008 to great critical acclaim, The Dark Knight has been cited as one of the best films of the 2000s and one of the best superhero films ever made. Manohla Dargis of The New York Times found the film to be of higher artistic merit than many Hollywood blockbusters: \"Pitched at the divide between art and industry, poetry and entertainment, it goes darker and deeper than any Hollywood movie of its comic-book kind.\" Ebert expressed a similar point of view, describing it as a \"haunted film that leaps beyond its origins and becomes an engrossing tragedy.\" The Dark Knight set a number of box-office records during its theatrical run, earning $534,858,444 in North America and $469,700,000 abroad, for a worldwide total of $1,004,558,444. At the 81st Academy Awards, the film was nominated for eight Oscars, winning two: the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing and a posthumous Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for Heath Ledger. Nolan received many awards and nominations for his work on the film. In 2018, Bilge Ebiri of The Village Voice wrote, \"Its politics have been discussed ad infinitum. Its stylistic influence has become ubiquitous, then pass\u00e9, then somehow aspirational ... The Dark Knight is perhaps the most powerful exploration of guilt the modern American blockbuster has given us.\"" }, "Jared Fogle-6": { "title": "Jared Fogle", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Subway campaign" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Fogle first came to media attention in April 1999, via an article published in the Indiana Daily Student written by a former dormmate about Fogle losing 245\u00a0lb (111\u00a0kg) by exercising and eating a diet of Subway sandwiches. Subsequently, Fogle was featured in a Men's Health magazine article, \"Stupid Diets\u00a0... that Work!\" According to the article, Fogle had become obese - at one point weighing 425\u00a0lb (193\u00a0kg) - through lack of exercise and eating junk food." }, "Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution-1": { "title": "Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. In Congress, it was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, and by the House on January 31, 1865. The amendment was ratified by the required number of states on December 6, 1865. On December 18, 1865, Secretary of State William H. Seward proclaimed its adoption. It was the first of the three Reconstruction Amendments adopted following the American Civil War." }, "Grey-21": { "title": "Grey", "section": "In the sciences, nature, and technology", "headers": [ "Optics" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Christine Lagarde, head of the International Monetary Fund Actor Donald Sutherland Over the centuries, artists have traditionally created grey by mixing black and white in various proportions. They added a little red to make a warmer grey, or a little blue for a cooler grey. Artists could also make a grey by mixing two complementary colors, such as orange and blue." }, "Albuquerque, New Mexico-1": { "title": "Albuquerque, New Mexico", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Albuquerque (/\u02c8\u00e6lb\u0259k\u025c\u02d0rki/ (listen) AL-b\u0259-kur-kee; Navajo: Bee\u02bceld\u00ed\u00edl Dahsinil [p\u00e8\u02d0\u0294\u00e8lt\u00ed\u02d0l t\u0251\u0300xs\u026a\u0300n\u026a\u0300l]; Eastern Keres: Arawageeki; Jemez: Vak\u00ea\u00eake; Zuni: Alo:ke:k'ya; Jicarilla Apache: Go\u0142g\u00e9eki'y\u00e9), abbreviated as ABQ, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of New Mexico, and the 32nd-most populous city in the United States. The city's nicknames are The Duke City and Burque, both of which reference its 1706 founding by Nuevo M\u00e9xico governor Francisco Cuervo y Vald\u00e9s as La Villa de Alburquerque, named in honor of then Viceroy the 10th Duke of Alburquerque, the Villa was an outpost on El Camino Real for the Tiquex and Hispano towns in the area (such as Barelas, Corrales, Isleta Pueblo, Los Ranchos, and Sandia Pueblo). Since the city's founding it has continued to be included on travel and trade routes including Santa Fe Railway (ATSF), Route 66, Interstate 25, Interstate 40, and the Albuquerque International Sunport. The population census-estimated population of the city as 560,218 in 2018, it is the principal city of the Albuquerque metropolitan area, which has 915,927 residents as of July 2018. The metropolitan population includes Rio Rancho, Bernalillo, Placitas, Zia Pueblo, Los Lunas, Belen, South Valley, Bosque Farms, Jemez Pueblo, Cuba, and part of Laguna Pueblo. This metro is included in the larger Albuquerque\u2013Santa Fe\u2013Las Vegas combined statistical area (CSA), with a population of 1,171,991 as of 2016. The CSA constitutes the southernmost point of the Southern Rocky Mountain Front megalopolis, including other major Rocky Mountain region cities such as Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Denver, Colorado, with a population of 5,467,633 according to the 2010 United States Census." }, "Builder's Old Measurement-1": { "title": "Builder's Old Measurement", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Builder's Old Measurement (BOM, bm, OM, and o.m.) is the method used in England from approximately 1650 to 1849 for calculating the cargo capacity of a ship. It is a volumetric measurement of cubic capacity. It estimated the tonnage of a ship based on length and maximum beam. It is expressed in \"tons burden\" (Early Modern English: burthen, Middle English: byrthen), and abbreviated \"tons bm\"." }, "Caracal-1": { "title": "Caracal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The caracal /\u02c8k\u00e6r\u0259k\u00e6l/ (Caracal caracal) is a medium-sized wild cat native to Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and India. It is characterised by a robust build, long legs, a short face, long tufted ears, and long canine teeth. Its coat is uniformly reddish tan or sandy, while the ventral parts are lighter with small reddish markings. It reaches 40\u201350\u00a0cm (16\u201320\u00a0in) at the shoulder and weighs 8\u201318\u00a0kg (18\u201340\u00a0lb). It was first scientifically described by German naturalist Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in 1776. Three subspecies are recognised since 2017." }, "Marco Polo-24": { "title": "Marco Polo", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "Death" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "The will was not signed by Polo, but was validated by the then-relevant \"signum manus\" rule, by which the testator only had to touch the document to make it legally valid. Due to the Venetian law stating that the day ends at sunset, the exact date of Marco Polo's death cannot be determined, but according to some scholars it was between the sunsets of January 8 and 9, 1324. Biblioteca Marciana, which holds the original copy of his testament, dates the testament in January 9, 1323, and gives the date of his death at some time in June 1324." }, "Popular music-19": { "title": "Popular music", "section": "Changes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "There are multiple possible explanations for many of these changes. One reason for the brevity of songs in the past was the physical capability of records. Vinyl record singles, which were heavily favored for radio play, only had room for about three minutes of music, physically limiting the possible length of popular songs. With the invention of CDs in 1982, and more recently with streaming, music can be as long or short as both writers and listeners wish. However, songs have gotten shorter again, partially due to the ubiquity of streaming. The average song length in 2018 was 3 minutes and 30 seconds, 20 seconds shorter than the average in 2014. The most probable cause of this is that artists are now paid per individual stream, and longer songs could mean fewer streams. As for the difference in songs' subject matter and emotional content, popular music since the late 1960s has increasingly been used to promote social change and political agendas. Artists since that time have often focused their music on current events and subjects relevant to the current generations. Another theory is that globalization makes audiences\u2019 tastes more diverse, so different ideas in music have a chance to gain popularity." }, "Gordon Brown-1": { "title": "Gordon Brown", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "James Gordon Brown HonFRSE (born 20 February 1951) is a British politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Labour Party from 2007 to 2010. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1997 to 2007. Brown was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1983 to 2015, first for Dunfermline East and later for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath." }, "Mercury (element)-7": { "title": "Mercury (element)", "section": "Properties", "headers": [ "Physical properties" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "It has a freezing point of \u221238.83\u00a0\u00b0C and a boiling point of 356.73\u00a0\u00b0C, both the lowest of any stable metal, although preliminary experiments on copernicium and flerovium have indicated that they have even lower boiling points (copernicium being the element below mercury in the periodic table, following the trend of decreasing boiling points down group 12). Upon freezing, the volume of mercury decreases by 3.59% and its density changes from 13.69\u00a0g/cm3 when liquid to 14.184\u00a0g/cm3 when solid. The coefficient of volume expansion is 181.59 \u00d7 10\u22126 at 0\u00a0\u00b0C, 181.71 \u00d7 10\u22126 at 20\u00a0\u00b0C and 182.50 \u00d7 10\u22126 at 100\u00a0\u00b0C (per\u00a0\u00b0C). Solid mercury is malleable and ductile and can be cut with a knife." }, "Thirteenth floor-2": { "title": "Thirteenth floor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Reasons for omitting a thirteenth floor include triskaidekaphobia on the part of the building's owner or builder, or a desire by the building owner or landlord to prevent problems that may arise with superstitious tenants, occupants, or customers. In 2002, based on an internal review of records, Dilip Rangnekar of Otis Elevators estimated that 85% of the buildings with Otis brand elevators did not have a floor named the 13th floor. Early tall-building designers, fearing a fire on the 13th floor, or fearing tenants' superstitions about the rumor, decided to omit having a 13th floor listed on their elevator numbering. This practice became commonplace, and eventually found its way into American mainstream culture and building design." }, "Marist College-89": { "title": "Marist College", "section": "Athletics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 89, "content": "The Marist department of athletics sponsors 23 NCAA Division I sports. Most of the programs compete in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC); with the only exception being football, a member of the Pioneer Football League (PFL). Separate men's and women's teams are sponsored for basketball, tennis, crew, lacrosse, soccer, cross country, track, swimming and diving. Sponsored women's teams are softball, volleyball, and water polo. While sponsored men's teams are baseball and football. These varsity programs involve more than 550 Marist student-athletes. The crew programs are among the few in the nation that claim on-campus facilities. Marist has been recognized by Sports Illustrated as having one of the top 200 college athletic programs in the U.S. Student athletes at Marist routinely excel in the classroom. In 2019 for the 18th straight year Marist led the MAAC with 262 selections to the conference's Academic Honor Roll. Marist also had 57 student athletes selected to the PFL's Academic Honor Roll and four men's rowers named to the Intercollegiate Rowing Association (IRA) 2019 All-Academic Team." }, "Pandora's box-2": { "title": "Pandora's box", "section": "In mythology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "According to Hesiod, when Prometheus stole fire from heaven, Zeus, the king of the gods, took vengeance by presenting Pandora to Prometheus' brother Epimetheus. Pandora opened a jar left in her care containing sickness, death and many other unspecified evils which were then released into the world. Though she hastened to close the container, only one thing was left behind \u2013 usually translated as Hope, though it could also have the pessimistic meaning of \"deceptive expectation\"." }, "Guadalupe Missionaries-1": { "title": "Guadalupe Missionaries", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Guadalupe Missionaries (Spanish: Misioneros de Guadalupe, official name: Spanish: Instituto de Santa Mar\u00eda de Guadalupe para las Misiones Extranjeras), also known by their abbreviation MG, is a Roman Catholic missionary society in Mexico. It was founded on October\u00a07, 1949. The headquarters are located in Mexico City The members of the Society are secular and devote their lives to the mission Ad gentes." }, "John Lennon-1": { "title": "John Lennon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "John Winston Ono Lennon MBE (born John Winston Lennon, 9 October 1940\u00a0\u2013\u00a08 December 1980) was an English singer, songwriter and peace activist who gained worldwide fame as the founder, co-lead vocalist, and rhythm guitarist of the Beatles. His songwriting partnership with Paul McCartney remains the most successful in musical history. In 1969, he started the Plastic Ono Band with his second wife, Yoko Ono. After the Beatles disbanded in 1970, Lennon continued as a solo artist and as Ono's collaborator." }, "CenturyLink-12": { "title": "CenturyLink", "section": "Products and Services", "headers": [ "Fiber" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Alabama Arizona Arkansas Colorado Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington Wisconsin Wyoming CenturyLink Fiber is a fiber to the premises service in the United States, providing broadband Internet and Prism TV to a small and very slowly growing number of locations. The service was first introduced to Omaha, Nebraska, and next rolled out to Las Vegas, Nevada, with plans for expansion to several other markets. Unlike the company's existing high speed Internet deployments, which utilize fiber-to the node/neighborhood to increase the speed of ADSL2+ speeds up to 20/2 Mbit/s, Vectored VDSL2+ speeds up to 140/10Mbit/s, in these markets CenturyLink now installs their fiber optic cable all the way to the home or business with speeds up to 1,000 Mbit/s download and 1,000 Mbit/s upload using Calix Optical Network Terminals. On Feb. 2, 2014, CenturyLink announced the availability of Gigabit fiber service to multi-tenant businesses in Salt Lake City and surrounding communities. On Aug. 5, 2014, CenturyLink announced the expansion of its gigabit fiber service to 16 additional markets. On Sep, 15, 2015, CenturyLink announced the expansion of its gigabit fiber service to residential and business customers in six additional states, increasing the company's service coverage to select areas of 17 states." }, "Orchestra-1": { "title": "Orchestra", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An orchestra (/\u02c8\u0254\u02d0rk\u026astr\u0259/; Italian:\u00a0[or\u02c8k\u025bstra]) is a large instrumental ensemble typical of classical music, which combines instruments from different families, including bowed string instruments such as the violin, viola, cello, and double bass, brass instruments such as the horn, trumpet, trombone and tuba, woodwinds such as the flute, oboe, clarinet and bassoon, and percussion instruments such as the timpani, bass drum, triangle, snare drum, cymbals, and mallet percussion instruments each grouped in sections. Other instruments such as the piano and celesta may sometimes appear in a fifth keyboard section or may stand alone, as may the concert harp and, for performances of some modern compositions, electronic instruments." }, "Tickle Me Elmo-2": { "title": "Tickle Me Elmo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The toy was first produced in the United States in 1996 and slowly became a fad. Some instances of violence were reported over the limited supply amidst heavy consumer demand. People reported that the toy which retailed for $28.99 according to its MSRP, had been advertised in newspapers and on the Internet, with sellers asking up to $1,500 by the end of 1997." }, "Turtle-27": { "title": "Turtle", "section": "Anatomy and morphology", "headers": [ "Limbs" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Amphibious turtles normally have limbs similar to those of tortoises, except that the feet are webbed and often have long claws. These turtles swim using all four feet in a way similar to the dog paddle, with the feet on the left and right side of the body alternately providing thrust. Large turtles tend to swim less than smaller ones, and the very big species, such as alligator snapping turtles, hardly swim at all, preferring to walk along the bottom of the river or lake. As well as webbed feet, turtles have very long claws, used to help them clamber onto riverbanks and floating logs upon which they bask. Male turtles tend to have particularly long claws, and these appear to be used to stimulate the female while mating. While most turtles have webbed feet, some, such as the pig-nosed turtle, have true flippers, with the digits being fused into paddles and the claws being relatively small. These species swim in the same way as sea turtles do (see below)." }, "Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland-3": { "title": "Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland", "section": "The Holocaust", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The liquidation of the Jewish ghettos across occupied Poland was closely connected with the construction of secretive death camps\u2014industrial-scale mass-extermination facilities\u2014built in early 1942 for the sole purpose of murder. The Nazi extermination program depended on rail transport, which enabled the SS to run and, at the same time, openly lie to their victims about the \"resettlement\" program. Jews were transported to their deaths in Holocaust trains from liquidated ghettos of all occupied cities, including \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, the last ghetto in Poland to be emptied in August 1944. In some larger ghettos there were armed resistance attempts, such as the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, the Bia\u0142ystok Ghetto Uprising, the B\u0119dzin and the \u0141achwa Ghetto uprisings, but in every case they failed against the overwhelming German military force, and the resisting Jews were either executed locally or deported with the rest of prisoners to the extermination camps. By the time Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe was liberated by the Red Army, not a single Jewish ghetto in Poland was left standing. Only about 50,000\u2013120,000 Polish Jews survived the war on native soil with the assistance of their Polish neighbors, a fraction of their prewar population of 3,500,000." }, "KFC-1": { "title": "KFC", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "KFC (short for Kentucky Fried Chicken) is an American fast food restaurant chain headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, that specializes in fried chicken. It is the world's second-largest restaurant chain (as measured by sales) after McDonald's, with 22,621 locations globally in 136 countries as of December 2018[update]. The chain is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, a restaurant company that also owns the Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, and WingStreet chains." }, "Halloween-3": { "title": "Halloween", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Halloween activities include trick-or-treating (or the related guising and souling), attending Halloween costume parties, carving pumpkins into jack-o'-lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, divination games, playing pranks, visiting haunted attractions, telling scary stories, as well as watching horror films. In many parts of the world, the Christian religious observances of All Hallows' Eve, including attending church services and lighting candles on the graves of the dead, remain popular, although elsewhere it is a more commercial and secular celebration. Some Christians historically abstained from meat on All Hallows' Eve, a tradition reflected in the eating of certain vegetarian foods on this vigil day, including apples, potato pancakes, and soul cakes." }, "Vegetarianism-1": { "title": "Vegetarianism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Vegetarianism is the practice of abstaining from the consumption of meat (red meat, poultry, seafood, and the flesh of any other animal), and may also include abstention from by-products of animal slaughter." }, "Aesthetics-1": { "title": "Aesthetics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Aesthetics, or esthetics (/\u025bs\u02c8\u03b8\u025bt\u026aks, i\u02d0s-, \u00e6s-/), is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy of art (its own area of philosophy that comes out of aesthetics). It examines subjective and sensori-emotional values, or sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste." }, "Elementary event-1": { "title": "Elementary event", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In probability theory, an elementary event (also called an atomic event or sample point) is an event which contains only a single outcome in the sample space. Using set theory terminology, an elementary event is a singleton. Elementary events and their corresponding outcomes are often written interchangeably for simplicity, as such an event corresponds to precisely one outcome." }, "Walkman-2": { "title": "Walkman", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Walkman was followed by a series of international releases; as overseas sales companies objected to the Japanese-English name, it was sold under several names, including Soundabout in the United States, Freestyle in Australia and Sweden, and Stowaway in the UK. Eventually, in the early 1980s, Walkman caught on globally and Sony used the name worldwide. In everyday language, \"walkman\" became a generic term, referring to personal stereos of any producer or brand. Sony continues to use the Walkman brand for most of its portable audio devices, including feature phones." }, "God in Abrahamic religions-9": { "title": "God in Abrahamic religions", "section": "Christianity", "headers": [ "Mormonism" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In the Mormonism represented by most of Mormon communities (including The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), God means Elohim (the Father), whereas Godhead means a council of three distinct gods; Elohim, Jehovah (the Son, or Jesus), and the Holy Spirit in a polytheistic fashion. The Father and Son have perfected, material bodies, while the Holy Spirit is a spirit and does not have a body. This conception differs from the traditional Christian Trinity; in Mormonism, the three persons are considered to be physically separate beings, or personages, but united in will and purpose. As such, the term Godhead differs from how it is used in traditional Christianity. This description of God represents the orthodoxy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), established early in the 19th century." }, "KFC-3": { "title": "KFC", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "KFC was one of the first American fast-food chains to expand internationally, opening outlets in Canada, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Jamaica by the mid-1960s. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, it experienced mixed fortunes domestically, as it went through a series of changes in corporate ownership with little or no experience in the restaurant business. In the early-1970s, KFC was sold to the spirits distributor Heublein, which was taken over by the R.J. Reynolds food and tobacco conglomerate; that company sold the chain to PepsiCo. The chain continued to expand overseas, however, and in 1987, it became the first Western restaurant chain to open in China. It has since expanded rapidly in China, which is now the company's single largest market. PepsiCo spun off its restaurants division as Tricon Global Restaurants, which later changed its name to Yum! Brands." }, "D\u00fcsseldorf-36": { "title": "D\u00fcsseldorf", "section": "Transport", "headers": [ "Carsharing" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "In addition to stationary car sharing, where vehicles must be returned to their original location after use, socalled One-way carsharing vehicles have also been available for hire since 2012. These vehicles, which can be parked anywhere where parking is normally allowed within D\u00fcsseldorf, can be rented from Car2go, Greenwheels, Stadtmobil and DriveNow." }, "Sammy White's Brighton Bowl-3": { "title": "Sammy White's Brighton Bowl", "section": "The murders", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "On the morning of September 22, 1980, during a robbery that resulted in the theft of $4,800, four employees were brutally bludgeoned and shot execution style. Found at the scene was a bloody bowling pin determined to be the weapon used to bludgeon the victims. Three died at the scene, and the fourth on the way to the hospital. The victims were found when an employee came in and discovered the open safe and contacted the police." }, "Mack model EH trucks-6": { "title": "Mack model EH trucks", "section": "Chassis", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The EH had a ladder frame with two beam axles on leaf springs. The military models had two wheelbases, the 146 inches (3.71\u00a0m) short for tractors and the 170 inches (4.32\u00a0m) long for straight trucks. The variant EHUS had a shorter wheelbase at 132 inches (3.35\u00a0m). They were used as fuel servicing trucks in the US Navy or as wreckers for the USMC. Bus chassis had a 230 inches (5.84\u00a0m) wheelbase." }, "Black Lives Matter-10": { "title": "Black Lives Matter", "section": "Structure and organization", "headers": [ "Loose structure" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The phrase \"Black Lives Matter\" can refer to a Twitter hashtag, a slogan, a social movement, or a loose confederation of groups advocating for racial justice. As a movement, Black Lives Matter is decentralized, and leaders have emphasized the importance of local organizing over national leadership. Activist DeRay McKesson has commented that the movement \"encompasses all who publicly declare that black lives matter and devote their time and energy accordingly.\"" }, "Canis Major-2": { "title": "Canis Major", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Canis Major contains Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky, known as the \"dog star\". It is bright because of its proximity to the Solar System. In contrast, the other bright stars of the constellation are stars of great distance and high luminosity. At magnitude 1.5, Epsilon Canis Majoris (Adhara) is the second-brightest star of the constellation and the brightest source of extreme ultraviolet radiation in the night sky. Next in brightness are the yellow-white supergiant Delta (Wezen) at 1.8, the blue-white giant Beta (Mirzam) at 2.0, blue-white supergiants Eta (Aludra) at 2.4 and Omicron1 at 3.0, and white spectroscopic binary Zeta (Furud), also at 3.0. The red hypergiant VY Canis Majoris is one of the largest stars known, while the neutron star RX J0720.4-3125 has a radius of a mere 5\u00a0km." }, "Sexual intercourse-1": { "title": "Sexual intercourse", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sexual intercourse (or coitus or copulation) is sexual activity typically involving the insertion and thrusting of the penis into the vagina for sexual pleasure, reproduction, or both. This is also known as vaginal intercourse or vaginal sex. Other forms of penetrative sexual intercourse include anal sex (penetration of the anus by the penis), oral sex (penetration of the mouth by the penis or oral penetration of the female genitalia), fingering (sexual penetration by the fingers), and penetration by use of a dildo (especially a strap-on dildo). These activities involve physical intimacy between two or more individuals and are usually used among humans solely for physical or emotional pleasure and can contribute to human bonding." }, "RoboCop-13": { "title": "RoboCop", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Development and writing" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "RoboCop was the first major Hollywood production for Dutch director Paul Verhoeven. Although he had been working in the Netherlands for more than a decade and directed several films to acclaim, such as Soldier of Orange in 1977, he moved to Hollywood in 1984 to seek broader opportunities. While RoboCop is often credited as his English language debut, he had in fact previously made Flesh & Blood in 1985. Verhoeven recalled that, when he first glanced through the script, he discarded it in disgust. Afterwards, his wife, after picking the script from the bin and reading it more thoroughly, convinced him that the plot had more substance than he had originally assumed. Repo Man director Alex Cox was offered the opportunity to direct before Verhoeven came aboard. Kenneth Johnson, creator of television series V, The Bionic Woman, and The Incredible Hulk, said that he was offered the chance to direct, but turned it down when he was not allowed to change aspects of the script that he considered to be \"mean-spirited, ugly and ultra-violent.\"" }, "Lifeboat (rescue)-1": { "title": "Lifeboat (rescue)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A rescue lifeboat is a boat rescue craft which is used to attend a vessel in distress, or its survivors, to rescue crew and passengers. It can be hand pulled, sail powered or powered by an engine. Lifeboats may be rigid, inflatable or rigid-inflatable combination hulled vessels." }, "Healthy diet-23": { "title": "Healthy diet", "section": "For specific conditions", "headers": [ "Gluten-related disorders" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Gluten, a mixture of proteins found in wheat and related grains including barley, rye, oat, and all their species and hybrids (such as spelt, kamut, and triticale), causes health problems for those with gluten-related disorders, including celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, gluten ataxia, dermatitis herpetiformis, and wheat allergy. In these people, the gluten-free diet is the only available treatment." }, "French toast-1": { "title": "French toast", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "French toast is a dish made of sliced bread soaked in eggs and typically milk, then fried. Alternative names and variants include \"eggy bread\", \"Bombay toast\", \"German toast\", \"gypsy toast\", and \"poor knights\" (of Windsor)." }, "Pinto Colvig-8": { "title": "Pinto Colvig", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "In 1931, Colvig joined Walt Disney Productions as a writer, also providing sound effects, including the barks for Pluto the Pup. The following year he began voicing Goofy, originally known as Dippy Dawg. Other notable characters he voiced include Practical Pig, the pig that built the \"house of bricks\" in the Disney short \"Three Little Pigs\", and both Sleepy (originally to be voiced by Sterling Holloway) and Grumpy in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. He also provided Ichabod Crane's screams in The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad in 1949.[citation needed] He directed (along with Erdman Penner and Walt Pfeiffer) the 1937 Mickey Mouse short Mickey's Amateurs. While he would be associated with Disney for most of his career, Colvig did not work for the studio between 1937 and 1940 after falling out with Disney. He was offered a job with Fleischer Studios, then planning to produce a competing feature-length animation film in the wake of Disney's success with Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. For Fleischer, he worked on 1939's Gulliver's Travels, for which he voiced town crier Gabby, who was spun off into his own short-lived series. He also voiced Bluto for the studio's Popeye the Sailor cartoons, replacing Gus Wickie, who had decided to stay in New York rather than move to Miami. Colvig's departure from Disney meant that the increasingly popular Goofy went voiceless for a number of years. A select few shorts during the interim period of leave featured a soundalike voice for Goofy provided by impersonator Danny Webb, who also did the voice of Egghead (later to be re-named Elmer Fudd) in Looney Tunes." }, "Chiropractic controversy and criticism-34": { "title": "Chiropractic controversy and criticism", "section": "Evidence for safety and efficacy", "headers": [ "Spinal manipulation" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "Although rare, spinal manipulation, particularly of the neck, can result in complications that lead to permanent disability or death. These events can occur in both adults and children. A 2010 systematic review found that numerous deaths since 1934 have been recorded after chiropractic neck manipulation typically associated with vertebral artery dissection." }, "Giza pyramid complex-19": { "title": "Giza pyramid complex", "section": "Workers' village", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Play media The work of quarrying, moving, setting, and sculpting the huge amount of stone used to build the pyramids might have been accomplished by several thousand skilled workers, unskilled laborers and supporting workers. Bakers, carpenters, water carriers, and others were also needed for the project. Along with the methods utilized to construct the pyramids, there is also wide speculation regarding the exact number of workers needed for a building project of this magnitude. When Greek historian Herodotus visited Giza in 450\u00a0BC, he was told by Egyptian priests that \"the Great Pyramid had taken 400,000 men 20 years to build, working in three-month shifts 100,000 men at a time.\" Evidence from the tombs indicates that a workforce of 10,000 laborers working in three-month shifts took around 30 years to build a pyramid." }, "Formula One-3": { "title": "Formula One", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Formula One cars are the fastest regulated road-course racing cars in the world, owing to very high cornering speeds achieved through the generation of large amounts of aerodynamic downforce. The cars underwent major changes in 2017, allowing wider front and rear wings, and wider tyres, resulting in peak cornering forces near 6.5 lateral g and top speeds of up to approximately 350\u00a0km/h (215\u00a0mph). As of 2019[update] the hybrid engines are limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 rpm, the cars are very dependent on electronics and aerodynamics, suspension and tyres. Traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008." }, "Game (hunting)-1": { "title": "Game (hunting)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Game or quarry is any animal hunted for sport or for food, or the meat of those animals. The type and range of animals hunted for food varies in different parts of the world." }, "Casio-2": { "title": "Casio", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Casio was established as Kashio Seisakujo in April 1946 by Tadao Kashio (\u6a2b\u5c3e\u5fe0\u96c4 1917\u20131993), an engineer specializing in fabrication technology. Kashio's first major product was the yubiwa pipe, a finger ring that would hold a cigarette, allowing the wearer to smoke the cigarette down to its nub while also leaving the wearer's hands-free. Japan was impoverished immediately following World War II, so cigarettes were valuable, and the invention was a success." }, "Cub Scout-1": { "title": "Cub Scout", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cub Scouts, Cubs or Wolf Cubs are programs associated with Scouting for young children usually between 5 and 12, depending on the national organization to which they belong. A participant in the program is called a Cub. A group of Cubs is called a 'Pack'." }, "Capricorn (astrology)-2": { "title": "Capricorn (astrology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "There appears to be a connection between traditional characterisations of Capricorn as a sea goat and the Sumerian god of wisdom and waters, Enki, who also had the head and upper body of a goat and the lower body and tail of a fish. Later known as Ea in Akkadian and Babylonian mythology, Enki was the god of intelligence (gest\u00fa, literally \"ear\"), creation, crafts; magic; water, seawater and lakewater (a, aba, ab)." }, "Barn swallow-18": { "title": "Barn swallow", "section": "Behaviour", "headers": [ "Feeding" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The barn swallow is similar in its habits to other aerial insectivores, including other swallow species and the unrelated swifts. It is not a particularly fast flier, with a speed estimated at about 11\u00a0m/s, up to 20\u00a0m/s and a wing beat rate of approximately 5, up to 7\u20139 times each second." }, "ABBA-38": { "title": "ABBA", "section": "History", "headers": [ "1976\u20131981: Superstardom" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "The band's popularity in the United States would remain on a comparatively smaller scale, and \"Dancing Queen\" became the only Billboard Hot 100 number-one single ABBA had there (they did, however, get three more singles to the number-one position on other Billboard charts, including Billboard Adult Contemporary and Hot Dance Club Play). Nevertheless, Arrival finally became a true breakthrough release for ABBA on the US album market where it peaked at number 20 on the Billboard 200 chart and was certified gold by RIAA." }, "Gender dysphoria-20": { "title": "Gender dysphoria", "section": "Management", "headers": [ "Psychological treatments" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Until the 1970s, psychotherapy was the primary treatment for gender dysphoria and generally was directed to helping the person adjust to the gender of the physical characteristics present at birth. Psychotherapy is any therapeutic interaction that aims to treat a psychological problem. Though some clinicians still use only psychotherapy to treat gender dysphoria, it may now be used in addition to biological interventions. Psychotherapeutic treatment of GD involves helping the patient to adapt. Attempts to alleviate GD by changing the patient's gender identity to reflect birth characteristics have been ineffective." }, "Liver-98": { "title": "Liver", "section": "Other animals", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 98, "content": "The liver is found in all vertebrates, and is typically the largest visceral (internal) organ. Its form varies considerably in different species, and is largely determined by the shape and arrangement of the surrounding organs. Nonetheless, in most species it is divided into right and left lobes; exceptions to this general rule include snakes, where the shape of the body necessitates a simple cigar-like form. The internal structure of the liver is broadly similar in all vertebrates." }, "Bulk carrier-22": { "title": "Bulk carrier", "section": "Fleet characteristics", "headers": [ "Builders" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Asian companies dominate the construction of bulk carriers. Of the world's 6,225\u00a0bulk carriers, almost 62% were built in Japan by shipyards such as Oshima Shipbuilding and Sanoyas Hishino Meisho. South Korea, with notable shipyards Daewoo and Hyundai Heavy Industries, ranked second among builders, with 643\u00a0ships. The People's Republic of China, with large shipyards such as Dalian, Chengxi, and Shanghai Waigaoqiao, ranked third, with 509\u00a0ships. Taiwan, with shipyards such as China Shipbuilding Corporation, ranked fourth, accounting for 129\u00a0ships. Shipyards in these top four countries built over 82% of the bulk carriers afloat." }, "Mario-29": { "title": "Mario", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "He wears a longsleeved red shirt, a pair of blue overalls with yellow buttons, brown shoes, white gloves and a red cap with a red \"M\" printed on a white circle. In Donkey Kong, he wore a pair of red overalls, and a blue shirt. In Super Mario Bros., he wore a brown shirt with red overalls. He has blue eyes, and, like Luigi, has brown hair, and a dark brown or black mustache. This consistent difference in color is attributed to being a relic from designing the characters for their original platforms, wherein certain features were actively distinguished while others had to be curtailed due to technical limitations. In a 2005 interview, Miyamoto stated that Mario's physical age was about 24\u201325 years old." }, "Silicon-1": { "title": "Silicon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic lustre, and is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor. It is a member of group 14 in the periodic table: carbon is above it; and germanium, tin, and lead are below it. It is relatively unreactive. Because of its high chemical affinity for oxygen, it was not until 1823 that J\u00f6ns Jakob Berzelius was first able to prepare it and characterize it in pure form. Its melting and boiling points of 1414\u00a0\u00b0C and 3265\u00a0\u00b0C respectively are the second-highest among all the metalloids and nonmetals, being only surpassed by boron. Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass, but very rarely occurs as the pure element in the Earth's crust. It is most widely distributed in dusts, sands, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass) after oxygen." }, "Aretha Franklin-32": { "title": "Aretha Franklin", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "Franklin was the mother of four sons. She first became pregnant at the age of 12 and gave birth to her first child, named Clarence after her father, on January 28, 1955. The father was widely believed and reported to be \"Donald Burk, a boy she knew from school\"; however, in one of her handwritten wills discovered in 2019, Franklin revealed the father was Edward Jordan. On August 31, 1957, Franklin had a second child with Jordan, named Edward Derone Franklin[citation needed] after his father. Franklin did not like to discuss her early pregnancies with interviewers. Both children took her family name. While Franklin was pursuing her career and \"hanging out with [friends]\", Franklin's grandmother Rachel and sister Erma took turns raising the children. Franklin would visit them often. Franklin's third child, Ted White Jr., was born to Franklin and her then-husband Theodore \"Ted\" White in February 1964 and is known professionally as Teddy Richards. He provided guitar backing for his mother's band during live concerts. Her youngest son, Kecalf Cunningham, was born in April 1970 and is the child of her road manager Ken Cunningham." }, "Tableware-3": { "title": "Tableware", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Cutlery is more usually known as silverware or flatware in the United States, where cutlery usually means knives and related cutting instruments; elsewhere cutlery includes all the forks, spoons and other silverware items. Outside the US, flatware is a term for \"open-shaped\" dishware items such as plates, dishes and bowls (as opposed to \"closed\" shapes like jugs and vases). \"Dinnerware\" is another term used to refer to tableware and \"crockery\" refers to ceramic tableware, today often porcelain or bone china. Sets of dishes are referred to as a table service, dinner service or service set. Table settings or place settings are the dishes, cutlery and glassware used for formal and informal dining. In Ireland, such items are normally referred to as delph, the word being an English language phonetic spelling of the word Delft, the town from which so much delftware came. Silver service or butler service are methods for a butler or waiter to serve a meal." }, "Holy Spirit in Christianity-4": { "title": "Holy Spirit in Christianity", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The Holy Spirit is referred to as \"the Lord, the Giver of Life\" in the Nicene Creed, which summarises several key beliefs held by many Christian denominations. The participation of the Holy Spirit in the tripartite nature of conversion is apparent in Jesus' final post-resurrection instruction to his disciples at the end of the Gospel of Matthew (28:19): \"make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit,\" and \"For where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them.\" Since the first century, Christians have also called upon God with the trinitarian formula \"Father, Son and Holy Spirit\" in prayer, absolution and benediction. In the book of the Acts of the Apostles the arrival of the Holy Spirit happens fifty days after the resurrection of the Christ, and is celebrated in Christendom with the feast of Pentecost." }, "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change-6": { "title": "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "section": "Treaty", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was opened for signature at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro (known by its popular title, the Earth Summit). On 12 June 1992, 154 nations signed the UNFCCC, which upon ratification committed signatories' governments to reduce atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases with the goal of \"preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with Earth's climate system\". This commitment would require substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (see the later section, \"Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations\")" }, "First-class facilities of the RMS Titanic-12": { "title": "First-class facilities of the RMS Titanic", "section": "Accommodation", "headers": [ "The Parlour Suites" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "The most splendid first-class accommodation on both the Titanic and the Olympic were the four parlour suites, two each on B and C Decks, just aft of the forward grand staircase landings. The two on B-Deck were advertised as \"Deluxe\" Parlour Suites, or Promenade Suites, because they each contained a 50\u00a0ft. (15.24 M.) private promenade deck. The promenade deck connected to the first-class gangway entrances immediately forward, enabling the copious amounts of luggage usually carried by the Titanic's richest passengers to be loaded directly into their suites. The Parlour Suites each comprised two large bedrooms, two walk-in wardrobes, a private bathroom, lavatory, and a spacious sitting room. The sitting rooms were lavish rooms that allowed for receiving small parties of guests. Each featured a faux fireplace, large card table, plush sofas and chairs, sideboards, and writing desks." }, "Facial hair-2": { "title": "Facial hair", "section": "In male adolescence", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The moustache forms its own stage in the development of facial hair in adolescent males. Facial hair in males does not always appear in a specific order during puberty and varies among some individuals but may follow this process:" }, "Easy Rider-3": { "title": "Easy Rider", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Easy Rider was released by Columbia Pictures on July 14, 1969, grossing $60 million worldwide from a filming budget of no more than $400,000. Critics have praised the performances, directing, writing, soundtrack, visuals, and atmosphere. Easy Rider was added to the Library of Congress National Film Registry in 1998." }, "French toast-2": { "title": "French toast", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "When French toast is served as a sweet dish, milk, sugar, vanilla or cinnamon are also commonly added before pan-frying, and then it may be topped with sugar (often powdered sugar), butter, fruit, or syrup. When it is a savory dish, it is generally fried with a pinch of salt and/or pepper, and can then be served with a sauce such as ketchup or mayonnaise." }, "Onion-13": { "title": "Onion", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Origin and history" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Traces of onions recovered from Bronze Age settlements in China suggest that onions were used as far back as 5000 BCE, not only for their flavour, but the bulb's durability in storage and transport. Ancient Egyptians revered the onion bulb, viewing its spherical shape and concentric rings as symbols of eternal life. Onions were used in Egyptian burials, as evidenced by onion traces found in the eye sockets of Ramesses IV." }, "Law enforcement officer-13": { "title": "Law enforcement officer", "section": "United States", "headers": [ "California" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Police; sheriffs, undersheriffs, and their deputies. (\u00a7\u00a0830.1[a]) Investigators of the California Department of Consumer Affairs. (\u00a7\u00a0830.3[a]) Inspectors or investigators employed in the office of a district attorney. (\u00a7\u00a0830.1[a]) The California Attorney General and special agents and investigators of the California Department of Justice. (\u00a7\u00a0830.1[b]) Members of the California Highway Patrol. (\u00a7\u00a0830.2[a]) Special agents of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. (\u00a7\u00a0830.2[d]) California State Park Peace Officers (\u00a7\u00a0830.2[f]) Investigators of the California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control. (\u00a7\u00a0830.2[h]) Cal Expo Police Officers (\u00a7\u00a0830.2[i])(\u00a7\u00a0830.3[q]) Investigators of the California Department of Motor Vehicles. (\u00a7\u00a0830.3[c]) The State Fire Marshal and assistant or deputy state fire marshals. (\u00a7\u00a0830.3[e]) Fraud investigators of the California Department of Insurance. (\u00a7\u00a0830.3[i]) Investigators of the Employment Development Department. (\u00a7\u00a0830.3[q]) A person designated by a local agency as a Park Ranger (\u00a7\u00a0830.31[b]) Members of the University of California Police Department, California State University Police Department or of a California Community College Police Department. (\u00a7\u00a0830.2 [b]&[c]/ 830.32 [a]) Members of the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District Police Department. (\u00a7\u00a0830.33 [a]) Any railroad police officer commissioned by the Governor. (\u00a7\u00a0830.33 [e] [1]) Welfare fraud Investigators of the California Department of Social Services. (\u00a7\u00a0830.35[a]) County coroners and deputy coroners. (\u00a7\u00a0830.35[c]) Firefighter/Security Officers of the California Military Department. (\u00a7\u00a0PC 830.37) Hospital Police Officers with the California Department of State Hospitals (used to be California Department of Mental Health) and the California Department of Developmental Services (\u00a7\u00a0830.38) County Probation Officers, County Deputy Probation Officers, Parole officers and correctional officers of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. (\u00a7\u00a0830.5 [a]&[b]) A security officer for a private university or college deputized or appointed as a reserve deputy sheriff or police officer. (\u00a7\u00a0830.75) Most peace officers have jurisdiction throughout the state, but many have limited powers outside their political subdivisions. Some peace officers require special permission to carry firearms. Powers are often limited to the performance of peace officers' primary duties (usually, enforcement of specific laws within their political subdivision); however, most have power of arrest anywhere in the state for any public offense" }, "Satanic ritual abuse-32": { "title": "Satanic ritual abuse", "section": "Evidence", "headers": [ "Investigations", "United States" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "David Finkelhor completed an investigation of child sexual abuse in daycares in the United States, and published a report in 1988. The report found 270 cases of sexual abuse, of which 36 were classified as substantiated cases of ritual abuse. Mary de Young has pointed out that the report's definition of \"substantiated\" was overly liberal as it required only that one agency had decided that abuse had occurred, even if no action was taken, no arrests made, no operating licenses suspended. In addition, multiple agencies may have been involved in each case (including the FBI, local police, social services agencies and childhood protective services in many cases), with wide differences in suspicion and confirmation, often in disagreement with each other. Finkelhor, upon receiving a \"confirmation\", would collect information from whoever was willing or interested to provide it and did not independently investigate the cases, resulting in frequent errors in their conclusions. No data is provided beyond case studies and brief summaries. Three other cases considered corroborating by the public\u2014the McMartin preschool trial, the Country Walk case and the murders in Matamoros, by Adolfo Constanzo\u2014ultimately failed to support the existence of SRA. The primary witness in the Country Walk case repeatedly made, then withdrew accusations against her husband, who remains imprisoned, amid unusual and coercive inquiries by her lawyer and a psychologist. The Matamoros murders produced the bodies of 12 adults who were ritually sacrificed by a drug gang inspired by the film The Believers, but did not involve children or sexual abuse. The McMartin case resulted in no convictions and was ultimately based on accusations by children with no proof beyond their coerced testimonies. A 1996 investigation of more than 12,000 allegations of satanic, ritual and religious abuse resulted in no cases that were considered factual or corroborated." }, "Shotgun-32": { "title": "Shotgun", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "With the adoption of smaller bores and rifled barrels, the shotgun began to emerge as a separate entity. Shotguns have long been the preferred method for sport hunting of birds, and the largest shotguns, the punt guns, were used for commercial hunting. The double-barreled shotgun has changed little since the development of the boxlock action in 1875. Modern innovations such as interchangeable chokes and subgauge inserts make the double-barreled shotgun the shotgun of choice in skeet, trap shooting, and sporting clays, as well as with many hunters." }, "Horse-13": { "title": "Horse", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "Size and measurement" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Larger riding horses usually start at about 15.2\u00a0hands (62\u00a0inches, 157\u00a0cm) and often are as tall as 17\u00a0hands (68\u00a0inches, 173\u00a0cm), weighing from 500 to 600 kilograms (1,100 to 1,320\u00a0lb). Heavy or draft horses are usually at least 16\u00a0hands (64\u00a0inches, 163\u00a0cm) high and can be as tall as 18\u00a0hands (72\u00a0inches, 183\u00a0cm) high. They can weigh from about 700 to 1,000 kilograms (1,540 to 2,200\u00a0lb). The largest horse in recorded history was probably a Shire horse named Mammoth, who was born in 1848." }, "Wheel of Fortune (Australian game show)-33": { "title": "Wheel of Fortune (Australian game show)", "section": "Bonus Round (The Golden Wheel)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "The bonus round has sometimes tweaked its format. In some episodes, the contestant got common letters on the board, such as R, S, T, L or N, and E, and providing more consonants and a vowel. On the 20th Anniversary week in 2001, the contestant was given two vowels." }, "Doctor's Advocate-4": { "title": "Doctor's Advocate", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Guests featured on Doctor's Advocate include Busta Rhymes, Kanye West, Nas, Nate Dogg, Snoop Dogg, Tha Dogg Pound, Jamie Foxx and Xzibit. Upon its release, the album received favorable reviews, with music critics praising the album's production and The Game's improved lyricism. Game made a point to prove that he could still make good music and be a successful artist, as he did on The Documentary, without the help from Dr. Dre or 50 Cent. As with The Documentary, Doctor's Advocate was distributed in the United Kingdom by Polydor Records, which is the British distributor for Interscope-Geffen-A&M releases. Game later called Doctor's Advocate the best album of his career in 2012." }, "The War of the Worlds-1": { "title": "The War of the Worlds", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The War of the Worlds is a science fiction novel by English author H. G. Wells, first serialised in 1897 by Pearson's Magazine in the UK and by Cosmopolitan magazine in the US. The novel's first appearance in hardcover was in 1898 from publisher William Heinemann of London. Written between 1895 and 1897, it is one of the earliest stories to detail a conflict between mankind and an extraterrestrial race. The novel is the first-person narrative of both an unnamed protagonist in Surrey and of his younger brother in London as southern England is invaded by Martians. The novel is one of the most commented-on works in the science fiction canon." }, "John Wayne Gacy-4": { "title": "John Wayne Gacy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The conviction for 33 murders was the largest number of murders charged to one individual in United States until that time. Gacy was sentenced to death on March 13, 1980. On death row at Menard Correctional Center he spent much of his time painting. He was executed by lethal injection at Stateville Correctional Center on May 10, 1994." }, "Richard Wagner-1": { "title": "Richard Wagner", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Wilhelm Richard Wagner (/\u02c8v\u0251\u02d0\u0261n\u0259r/ VAHG-n\u0259r, German: [\u02c8\u0281\u026a\u00e7a\u0281t \u02c8va\u02d0\u0261n\u0250] (listen); 22 May 1813\u00a0\u2013 13 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his mature works were later known, \"music dramas\"). Unlike most opera composers, Wagner wrote both the libretto and the music for each of his stage works. Initially establishing his reputation as a composer of works in the romantic vein of Carl Maria von Weber and Giacomo Meyerbeer, Wagner revolutionised opera through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk (\"total work of art\"), by which he sought to synthesise the poetic, visual, musical and dramatic arts, with music subsidiary to drama. He described this vision in a series of essays published between 1849 and 1852. Wagner realised these ideas most fully in the first half of the four-opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung)." }, "Los Angeles Dodgers-1": { "title": "Los Angeles Dodgers", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Los Angeles Dodgers are an American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles, California. The Dodgers compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) West division. Established in 1883 in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, the team relocated to Los Angeles before the 1958 season. They played four seasons at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving to Dodger Stadium, their current home, in 1962." }, "Flat Earth-58": { "title": "Flat Earth", "section": "Modern Flat-Earthers", "headers": [ "Conspiracy theory" ], "para_index": 58, "content": "Members of the Flat Earth Society and other flat-Earthers claim that NASA and other government agencies conspire to delude the public into believing the Earth is spherical. According to the most widely spread version of current flat Earth theory, NASA is guarding the Antarctic ice wall that surrounds Earth. Flat earthers argue that NASA photoshops its satellite images, based on observations that the color of the oceans changes from image to image and that continents seem to be in different places. The publicly perpetuated image is kept up through a large-scale practice of \"compartmentalization\", according to which only a select number of individuals have knowledge about the truth." }, "Autumn leaf color-4": { "title": "Autumn leaf color", "section": "Chlorophyll and the green/yellow/orange colors", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Chlorophyll has a vital function: it captures solar rays and uses the resulting energy in the manufacture of the plant's food \u2014 simple sugars which are produced from water and carbon dioxide. These sugars are the basis of the plant's nourishment \u2014 the sole source of the carbohydrates needed for growth and development. In their food-manufacturing process, the chlorophylls break down, thus are being continually \"used up\". During the growing season, however, the plant replenishes the chlorophyll so that the supply remains high and the leaves stay green." }, "Y.M.C.A. (song)-1": { "title": "Y.M.C.A. (song)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Y.M.C.A.\" is a song by the American disco group Village People. It was released in 1978 as the only single from their third studio album, Cruisin' (1978). The song was written by Jacques Morali (also the record's producer) and singer Victor Willis. A medley with \"Hot Cop\" reached #2 on Billboard's Dance Music/Club Play Singles chart, while the song reached #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts in early 1979, kept out of the #1 spot by both \"Le Freak\" by Chic and \"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?\" by Rod Stewart. Outside the US, \"Y.M.C.A.\" reached #1 in the UK around the same time, becoming the group's biggest hit. It is one of fewer than 40 singles to have sold 10 million (or more) physical copies worldwide." }, "Sufi whirling-1": { "title": "Sufi whirling", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sufi whirling (or Sufi turning) (Turkish: Semazen borrowed from Persian Sama-zan, Sama, meaning singer, from Arabic, and zan, meaning doer, from Persian) is a form of physically active meditation which originated among certain Sufi groups, and which is still practiced by the Sufi Dervishes of the Mevlevi order and other orders such as the Rifa'i-Marufi. It is a customary meditation practice performed within the Sema, or worship ceremony, through which dervishes (also called semazens, from Persian \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0632\u0646) aim to reach the source of all perfection, or karma. This is sought through abandoning one's nafs, ego or personal desires, by listening to the music, focusing on God, and spinning one's body in repetitive circles, which has been seen as a symbolic imitation of planets in the Solar System orbiting the sun." }, "John the Baptist-188": { "title": "John the Baptist", "section": "In art", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 188, "content": "poor.\" (Luke 7:22). The beheading of Saint John the Baptist is a standard theme in Christian art, in which John's head is often depicted on a platter, which represents the request of Herod's stepdaughter, Salome. He is also depicted as an ascetic wearing camel hair, with a staff and scroll inscribed Ecce Agnus Dei, or bearing a book or dish with a lamb on it. In Orthodox icons, he often has angel's wings, since Mark 1:2 describes him as a messenger." }, "Little Mix-1": { "title": "Little Mix", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Little Mix are a British girl group formed in 2011 during the eighth series of the British version of The X Factor. They were the first group to win the competition, and following their victory, they signed with Simon Cowell's record label Syco Music and released a cover of Damien Rice's \"Cannonball\" as their winner's single. The group is known for their strong vocals and signature harmonies, as well as their representation of female empowerment and unity. One of the most successful acts to emerge from The X Factor, the members are Jade Thirlwall, Perrie Edwards, Leigh-Anne Pinnock, and Jesy Nelson." }, "Audible (store)-16": { "title": "Audible (store)", "section": "Website, pricing, and catalog", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Credits: For a monthly subscription fee, a customer receives one or two audio credits. Most titles can be purchased with one of these credits. Some titles (usually larger books or collections of more than one book) may cost two credits, while others (usually very short works) cost only a third of a credit. (Users may also purchase a year's subscription at a time, for a discount, receiving all credits at once, but only in some countries.) Platinum subscribers also receive a complimentary subscription to the digital audio version of The New York Times or The Wall Street Journal. Subscriber Discount: A subscriber may choose to purchase additional books without credits for a 30% discount. Access to the daily deal and monthly deals. Additionally, some content\u2014particularly political speeches, government hearings, content such as the 9/11 Report Speech, excerpts, and short stories from books\u2014are available for free." }, "Earthquake-1": { "title": "Earthquake", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to propel objects and people into the air, and wreak destruction across entire cities. The seismicity, or seismic activity, of an area is the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. The word tremor is also used for non-earthquake seismic rumbling." }, "Home run-14": { "title": "Home run", "section": "Number of runs batted in", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Home runs are often characterized by the number of runners on base at the time. A home run hit with the bases empty is seldom called a \"one-run homer\", but rather a solo home run, solo homer, or \"solo shot\". With one runner on base, two runs are scored (the baserunner and the batter) and thus the home run is often called a two-run homer or two-run shot. Similarly, a home runs with two runners on base is a three-run homer or three-run shot." }, "War in Vietnam (1945\u20131946)-1": { "title": "War in Vietnam (1945\u20131946)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The War in Vietnam, codenamed Operation Masterdom by the British, and also known as Nam B\u1ed9 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn (English: Southern Resistance War) by the Vietnamese, was a post\u2013World War II armed conflict involving a largely British-Indian and French task force and Japanese troops from the Southern Expeditionary Army Group, versus the Vietnamese communist movement, the Viet Minh, for control of the southern half of the country, after the unconditional Japanese surrender." }, "Cubit-1": { "title": "Cubit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The cubit is an ancient unit of length that had several definitions according to each of the various cultures that used the unit. These definitions typically ranged between 444 and 529.2\u00a0mm (17.48 and 20.83\u00a0in), with an ancient Roman cubit being as long as 120\u00a0cm (47\u00a0in). The shorter unit \u2013 common cubit \u2013 was based on the forearm length from the tip of the middle finger to the bottom of the elbow and was divided as 6\u00a0palms \u00d7 4\u00a0fingers = 24\u00a0digits." }, "Cell biology-1": { "title": "Cell biology", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cell biology is a branch of biology studying the structure and function of the cell, also known as the basic unit of life. Cell biology encompasses both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and can be divided into many sub-topics which may include the study of cell metabolism, cell communication, cell cycle, and cell composition. The study of cells is performed using several techniques such as cell culture, various types of microscopy, and cell fractionation. These have allowed for and are currently being used for discoveries and research pertaining to how cells function, ultimately giving insight into understanding larger organisms. Knowing the components of cells and how cells work is fundamental to all biological sciences while also being essential for research in biomedical fields such as cancer, and other diseases. Research in cell biology is interconnected to other fields such as genetics, molecular genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, medical microbiology, immunology, and cytochemistry." }, "Discounts and allowances-30": { "title": "Discounts and allowances", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Dealing with customer characteristics", "Military discount" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "A discount offered to customers who are or were members of a military service. Types of military discounts include discounts for active-duty military, veterans, retired military personnel, and military spouses or dependents. In the United States, military discounts frequently require proof of ID to show eligibility such as a DD Form 214, DD Form 215, or DD Form 217 from any branch of the Armed Forces, TRICARE Cards, Veterans Affairs Cards Uniformed Services Privilege and Identification Cards (USPIC) or other official documentation. Eligibility for military discounts can also be verified online or via mobile by verification companies like SheerID." }, "Normandy landings-39": { "title": "Normandy landings", "section": "Naval activity", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "The invasion fleet, which was drawn from eight different navies, comprised 6,939 vessels: 1,213 warships, 4,126 landing craft of various types, 736 ancillary craft, and 864 merchant vessels. The majority of the fleet was supplied by the UK, which provided 892 warships and 3,261 landing craft. In total there were 195,700 naval personnel involved; of these 112,824 were from the Royal Navy with another 25,000 from the Merchant Navy, 52,889 were American, and 4,998 sailors from other allied countries. The invasion fleet was split into the Western Naval Task Force (under Admiral Alan G Kirk) supporting the US sectors and the Eastern Naval Task Force (under Admiral Sir Philip Vian) in the British and Canadian sectors. Available to the fleet were five battleships, 20 cruisers, 65 destroyers, and two monitors. German ships in the area on D-Day included three torpedo boats, 29 fast attack craft, 36 R boats, and 36 minesweepers and patrol boats. The Germans also had several U-boats available, and all the approaches had been heavily mined." }, "Anesthesia-7": { "title": "Anesthesia", "section": "Medical uses", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "To achieve the goals of anesthesia, drugs act on different but interconnected parts of the nervous system. Hypnosis, for instance, is generated through actions on the nuclei in the brain and is similar to the activation of sleep. The effect is to make people less aware and less reactive to noxious stimuli." }, "French toast-7": { "title": "French toast", "section": "Preparation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Slices of bread are soaked or dipped in a mixture of beaten eggs, often whisked with milk or cream. Sugar, cinnamon, nutmeg, and vanilla may be variously added to the mixture. The bread is then fried in butter or olive oil until browned and cooked through. Day-old bread is often used, both for its thrift and because it will soak up more egg mixture without falling apart." }, "Operating system-40": { "title": "Operating system", "section": "Examples", "headers": [ "Unix and Unix-like operating systems", "macOS" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "macOS (formerly \"Mac OS X\" and later \"OS X\") is a line of open core graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc., the latest of which is pre-loaded on all currently shipping Macintosh computers. macOS is the successor to the original classic Mac OS, which had been Apple's primary operating system since 1984. Unlike its predecessor, macOS is a UNIX operating system built on technology that had been developed at NeXT through the second half of the 1980s and up until Apple purchased the company in early 1997." }, "Vice President of the United States-25": { "title": "Vice President of the United States", "section": "Selection process", "headers": [ "Eligibility" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "be a natural-born U.S. citizen; be at least 35 years old; be a resident in the U.S. for at least 14 years. A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of vice president under the following conditions:" }, "Linux-65": { "title": "Linux", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Smart devices" ], "para_index": 65, "content": "Although Android is based on a modified version of the Linux kernel, commentators disagree on whether the term \"Linux distribution\" applies to it, and whether it is \"Linux\" according to the common usage of the term. Android is a Linux distribution according to the Linux Foundation, Google's open-source chief Chris DiBona, and several journalists. Others, such as Google engineer Patrick Brady, say that Android is not Linux in the traditional Unix-like Linux distribution sense; Android does not include the GNU C Library (it uses Bionic as an alternative C library) and some of other components typically found in Linux distributions. Ars Technica wrote that \"Although Android is built on top of the Linux kernel, the platform has very little in common with the conventional desktop Linux stack\"." }, "Cynthia Lennon-12": { "title": "Cynthia Lennon", "section": "Marriage to Lennon and birth of Julian", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Powell and Lennon were married on 23 August 1962 at the Mount Pleasant Register office in Liverpool. Fellow Beatles McCartney and George Harrison were in attendance, as was their manager, Brian Epstein, who was best man; no parents were there. The wedding was farcical, because as soon as the ceremony began a workman in the backyard of the building opposite started using a jackhammer that drowned out anything the registrar, Lennon, or Powell said. The wedding served as an inspiration for the Beatles\u2019 song Maxwell Silver Hammer. When the registrar asked for the groom to step forward, Harrison stepped forward instead. With no photographs or flowers the wedding party celebrated afterwards, at Epstein's invitation, in Reece's restaurant in Clayton Square, which was the same restaurant where Lennon's parents, Alfred Lennon and Julia Lennon, had celebrated their marriage in 1938. Lennon was 21 years old, and Powell 22. The newlyweds had no honeymoon, as Lennon had to play an engagement at the Riverpark Ballroom in Chester the same night, although they did travel to the Hotel George V in Paris, for a belated honeymoon on 16 September, but were accompanied by Epstein, even though he had not been invited to join them." }, "Operation Barbarossa-1": { "title": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Operation Barbarossa (German: Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the code name for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, which started on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II. The operation put into action Nazi Germany's ideological goal of conquering the western Soviet Union so as to repopulate it with Germans. The German Generalplan Ost aimed to use some of the conquered as slave labour for the Axis war effort, to acquire the oil reserves of the Caucasus and the agricultural resources of Soviet territories, and eventually to annihilate the Slavic peoples and create Lebensraum for Germany." }, "Prevention of type 2 diabetes-2": { "title": "Prevention of type 2 diabetes", "section": "Lifestyle", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Many interventions to promote healthy lifestyles have been shown to prevent diabetes. A combination of diet and physical activity promotion through counselling and support programs decrease weight, improve systolic blood pressure, improve cholesterol levels and decrease risk of diabetes." }, "Milk caps (game)-1": { "title": "Milk caps (game)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pogs, generically called milk caps, is a game that was popular among children during the early-mid 1990s." }, "Jon Jones-1": { "title": "Jon Jones", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jonathan Dwight Jones (born July 19, 1987) is an American professional mixed martial artist who is signed with the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Widely regarded as one of the greatest mixed martial artists, he is the current and two-time undisputed UFC Light Heavyweight Champion. He has been champion since December 29, 2018, and previously held the title from March 20, 2011, to April 28, 2015. Jones also held the interim UFC Light Heavyweight Championship. As of August 19, 2019, he is #1 in the UFC men's pound-for-pound rankings." }, "Depression (mood)-4": { "title": "Depression (mood)", "section": "Factors", "headers": [ "Personality" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Changes in personality or in one's social environment can affect levels of depression. High scores on the personality domain neuroticism make the development of depressive symptoms as well as all kinds of depression diagnoses more likely, and depression is associated with low extraversion. Other personality indicators could be: temporary but rapid mood changes, short term hopelessness, loss of interest in activities that used to be of a part of one's life, sleep disruption, withdrawal from previous social life, appetite changes, and difficulty concentrating." }, "Speed limits in the United States-1": { "title": "Speed limits in the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Speed limits in the United States are set by each state or territory. States have also allowed counties and municipalities to enact typically lower limits. Highway speed limits can range from an urban low of 20\u00a0mph (32\u00a0km/h) to a rural high of 85\u00a0mph (137\u00a0km/h). Speed limits are typically posted in increments of five miles per hour (8\u00a0km/h). Some states have lower limits for trucks and at night, and occasionally there are minimum speed limits." }, "Religious significance of Jerusalem-15": { "title": "Religious significance of Jerusalem", "section": "In Islam", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Part of Jerusalem's significance and holiness to Muslims derives from its strong association with Abraham, David, Solomon, and Jesus. They are all regarded as Prophets of Islam and their stories are mentioned in the Qur'an." }, "Jon Jones-2": { "title": "Jon Jones", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "At age 23, with his victory over Maur\u00edcio Rua in 2011, Jones became the youngest champion since the UFC instituted weight classes. He holds many UFC records in the light heavyweight division, including the most title defenses, most wins, longest win streak, and most submission victories. During much of his championship reign, Jones has been widely considered to be the best pound-for-pound fighter in the world. Never stopped nor outscored during his career, Jones's only professional loss is a controversial disqualification against Matt Hamill, a result that Hamill and UFC President Dana White dispute." }, "Cane toad-10": { "title": "Cane toad", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The cane toad is very large; the females are significantly longer than males, reaching a typical length of 10\u201315\u00a0cm (4\u20136\u00a0in), with a maximum of 24\u00a0cm (9.4\u00a0in). Larger toads tend to be found in areas of lower population density. They have a life expectancy of 10 to 15\u00a0years in the wild, and can live considerably longer in captivity, with one specimen reportedly surviving for 35\u00a0years." }, "Race to grow the hottest pepper-1": { "title": "Race to grow the hottest pepper", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The race to grow the hottest pepper is an informal competition since the early 1990s among growers of chili peppers primarily in the US, the UK, and Australia, to develop ever-hotter peppers. Pepper species and cultivars registering over 1,000,000 Scoville Heat units (SHU) are called \"super-hots\"." }, "Kaffir lime-2": { "title": "Kaffir lime", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Its fruit and leaves are used in Southeast Asian cuisine and its essential oil is used in perfumery. Its rind and crushed leaves emit an intense citrus fragrance." }, "Head coach-4": { "title": "Head coach", "section": "American football", "headers": [ "High school football" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "As with most head coaches, high school coaches are primarily tasked with organizing and training football players. This includes creating game plans, evaluating players, and leading the team during competition." }, "Dog-54": { "title": "Dog", "section": "Roles with humans", "headers": [ "Early roles" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression \"three dog night\" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning." }, "Poverty-56": { "title": "Poverty", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "Impact on health and mortality" ], "para_index": 56, "content": "Poverty has been shown to impede cognitive function. One way in which this may happen is that financial worries put a severe burden on one's mental resources so that they are no longer fully available for solving complicated problems. The reduced capability for problem solving can lead to suboptimal decisions and further perpetuate poverty. Many other pathways from poverty to compromised cognitive capacities have been noted, from poor nutrition and environmental toxins to the effects of stress on parenting behavior, all of which lead to suboptimal psychological development. Neuroscientists have documented the impact of poverty on brain structure and function throughout the lifespan." }, "Shrimp-1": { "title": "Shrimp", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Shrimp are decapod crustaceans with elongated bodies and a primarily swimming mode of locomotion \u2013 most commonly Caridea and Dendrobranchiata. More narrow definitions may be restricted to Caridea, to smaller species of either group or to only the marine species. Under a broader definition, shrimp may be synonymous with prawn, covering stalk-eyed swimming crustaceans with long narrow muscular tails (abdomens), long whiskers (antennae), and slender legs. Any small crustacean which resembles a shrimp tends to be called one. They swim forward by paddling with swimmerets on the underside of their abdomens, although their escape response is typically repeated flicks with the tail driving them backwards very quickly. Crabs and lobsters have strong walking legs, whereas shrimp have thin, fragile legs which they use primarily for perching." }, "Sesame Street-7": { "title": "Sesame Street", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "By the end of the 1990s, Sesame Street faced societal and economic challenges, including changes in viewing habits of young children, competition from other shows, the development of cable television, and a drop in ratings. After the turn of the 21st century, Sesame Street made major structural changes. For example, starting in 2002, its format became more narrative and included ongoing storylines. After its thirtieth anniversary in 1999, due to the popularity of the Muppet Elmo the show also incorporated a popular segment known as \"Elmo's World\". In 2009, the show was awarded the Outstanding Achievement Emmy for its 40 years on the air." }, "Sir Roger Conant, 1st Baronet-3": { "title": "Sir Roger Conant, 1st Baronet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "He lost the Chesterfield seat at the 1935 general election, but after the retirement in 1937 of Stanley Baldwin, he was returned to Parliament at a by-election for Baldwin's Bewdley constituency in Worcestershire. He held the seat until its abolition for the 1950 general election, when he was elected as MP for Rutland and Stamford." }, "Forbidden City-1": { "title": "Forbidden City", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Forbidden City (Chinese: \u6545\u5bab; pinyin: G\u00f9g\u014dng) is a palace complex in central Beijing, China. It houses the Palace Museum, and was the former Chinese imperial palace and state residence of the Emperor of China from the Ming dynasty (since the Yongle Emperor) to the end of the Qing dynasty, between 1420 and 1924. The Forbidden City served as the home of Chinese emperors and their households and was the ceremonial and political center of the Chinese government for almost 500 years." }, "Doctorate-18": { "title": "Doctorate", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Research doctorate" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Criteria for admission to doctoral programs varies. In the U.S. and the U.K., students may be admitted with a bachelor's degree, while elsewhere, e.g. in Finland, a master's degree is required. The time required to complete a research doctorate varies from three years, excluding undergraduate study, to six years or more." }, "Black Death-1": { "title": "Black Death", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Black Death, also known as the Pestilence and the Plague, was the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, resulting in the deaths of up to 75\u2013200 million people in Eurasia and North Africa, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351. Plague, the disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, was the cause; Y. pestis infection most commonly results in bubonic plague, but can cause septicaemic or pneumonic plagues." }, "LeBron James-42": { "title": "LeBron James", "section": "Player profile", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Standing 6\u00a0feet 9\u00a0inches (2.06\u00a0m) and weighing 250 pounds (113\u00a0kg), James has mainly played at the small forward position but has also started at point guard, shooting guard and power forward, but he can also play the other position. His athletic and versatile playing style has drawn comparisons to Hall of Famers Oscar Robertson, Magic Johnson, and Michael Jordan. As of June 2019, James's career averages are 27.2 points, 7.4 rebounds, 7.2 assists, 1.6 steals, and 0.8 blocks per game. Since 2011, he has been ranked the best player in the NBA by ESPN and Sports Illustrated." }, "Cayenne pepper-1": { "title": "Cayenne pepper", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The cayenne pepper is a type of Capsicum annuum. It is usually a moderately hot chili pepper used to flavor dishes. Cayenne peppers are a group of tapering, 10 to 25\u00a0cm long, generally skinny, mostly red-colored peppers, often with a curved tip and somewhat rippled skin, which hang from the bush as opposed to growing upright. Most varieties are generally rated at 30,000 to 50,000 Scoville units." }, "Iron Chef-1": { "title": "Iron Chef", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Iron Chef (\u6599\u7406\u306e\u9244\u4eba, Ry\u014dri no Tetsujin, literally \"Ironmen of Cooking\") is a Japanese television cooking show produced by Fuji Television. The series, which premiered on October 10, 1993, is a stylized cook-off featuring guest chefs challenging one of the show's resident \"Iron Chefs\" in a timed cooking battle built around a specific theme ingredient. The series ended on September 24, 1999, although occasional specials were produced until 2002. The series aired 309 episodes. Repeats are regularly aired on the Food Network in Canada, the Cooking Channel in the United States and on Special Broadcasting Service in Australia. Fuji TV aired a new version of the show, titled Iron Chef (\u30a2\u30a4\u30a2\u30f3\u30b7\u30a7\u30d5, Aian Shefu), starting on October 26, 2012." }, "Barcelona-1": { "title": "Barcelona", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Barcelona (/\u02ccb\u0251\u02d0rs\u0259\u02c8lo\u028an\u0259/ BAR-s\u0259-LOH-n\u0259, Catalan:\u00a0[b\u0259\u027es\u0259\u02c8lon\u0259], Spanish:\u00a0[ba\u027e\u03b8e\u02c8lona]) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within city limits, its urban area extends to numerous neighbouring municipalities within the Province of Barcelona and is home to around 4.8 million people, making it the fifth most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris, the Ruhr area, Madrid, and Milan. It is one of the largest metropolises on the Mediterranean Sea, located on the coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Bes\u00f2s, and bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range, the tallest peak of which is 512 metres (1,680 feet) high." }, "Vanessa Ives-1": { "title": "Vanessa Ives", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Vanessa Ives is a fictional character on Showtime's Penny Dreadful, created by John Logan and portrayed by Eva Green. Ives is the main protagonist of the story, and is introduced as a mysterious and powerful medium. Her unique powers make her extremely desirable to the Fallen Angels, who seek to unleash her destiny as the Mother of Evil, the harbinger of the End of Days." }, "Garlic-22": { "title": "Garlic", "section": "Properties", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "citation needed] A large number of sulfur compounds contribute to the smell and taste of garlic. Allicin has been found to be the compound most responsible for the \"hot\" sensation of raw garlic. This chemical opens thermo-transient receptor potential channels that are responsible for the burning sense of heat in foods. The process of cooking garlic removes allicin, thus mellowing its spiciness. Allicin, along with its decomposition products diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide, are major contributors to the characteristic odor of garlic, with other allicin-derived compounds, such as vinyldithiins and ajoene. Because of its strong odor, garlic is sometimes called the \"stinking rose\". When eaten in quantity, garlic may be strongly evident in the diner's sweat and garlic breath the following day. This is because garlic's strong-smelling sulfur compounds are metabolized, forming allyl methyl sulfide. Allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) cannot be digested and is passed into the blood. It is carried to the lungs and the skin, where it is excreted. Since digestion takes several hours, and release of AMS several hours more, the effect of eating garlic may be present for a long time." }, "Jews-1": { "title": "Jews", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jews (Hebrew: \u05d9\u05b0\u05d4\u05d5\u05bc\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd ISO 259-2 Yehudim, Israeli pronunciation [jehu\u02c8dim]) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites and Hebrews of historical Israel and Judah. Jewish ethnicity, nationhood, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the ethnic religion of the Jewish people, while its observance varies from strict observance to complete nonobservance." }, "Mosque-1": { "title": "Mosque", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A mosque (/m\u0252sk/; from Arabic: \u0645\u064e\u0633\u0652\u062c\u0650\u062f\u200e, romanized:\u00a0masjid, pronounced\u00a0[masd\u0292id]; (from the word sujood) means a place of kneeling.) is a place of worship for Muslims. Any act of worship that follows the Islamic rules of prayer can be said to create a mosque, whether or not it takes place in a special building. Informal and open-air places of worship are called musalla, while mosques used for communal prayer on Fridays are known as j\u0101mi\u02bf. Mosque buildings typically contain an ornamental niche (mihrab) set into the wall that indicates the direction of Mecca (qiblah), ablution facilities and minarets from which calls to prayer are issued. The pulpit (minbar), from which the Friday (jumu'ah) sermon (khutba) is delivered, was in earlier times characteristic of the central city mosque, but has since become common in smaller mosques. Mosques typically have segregated spaces for men and women. This basic pattern of organization has assumed different forms depending on the region, period and denomination." }, "Drow-1": { "title": "Drow", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The drow (/dra\u028a/ or /dro\u028a/) or dark elves are a generally evil, dark-skinned, and white-haired subrace of elves in the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy roleplaying game." }, "Kangaroo-38": { "title": "Kangaroo", "section": "Interaction with humans", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "There are very few records of kangaroos attacking humans without provocation; however, several such unprovoked attacks in 2004 spurred fears of a rabies-like disease possibly affecting the marsupials. The only reliably documented case of a fatality from a kangaroo attack occurred in New South Wales, in 1936. A hunter was killed when he tried to rescue his two dogs from a heated fray. Other suggested causes for erratic and dangerous kangaroo behaviour include extreme thirst and hunger. In July 2011, a male red kangaroo attacked a 94-year-old woman in her own backyard as well as her son and two police officers responding to the situation. The kangaroo was capsicum sprayed (pepper sprayed) and later put down after the attack." }, "Heresy-3": { "title": "Heresy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In certain historical Christian, Muslim and Jewish cultures, among others, espousing ideas deemed heretical has been and in some cases still is met with censure ranging from excommunication to the death penalty." }, "Sunburn-26": { "title": "Sunburn", "section": "Prevention", "headers": [ "UV intensity" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Limiting sun exposure between the hours of 10am and 4pm, when UV rays are the strongest Seeking shade when UV rays are most intense Wearing sun-protective clothing including a wide brim hat, sunglasses, and tightly-woven, loose-fitting clothing Using sunscreen Avoiding tanning beds and artificial UV exposure The strength of sunlight is published in many locations as a UV Index. Sunlight is generally strongest when the sun is close to the highest point in the sky. Due to time zones and daylight saving time, this is not necessarily at 12 noon, but often one to two hours later. Seeking shade including using umbrellas and canopies can reduce the amount of UV exposure, but does not block all UV rays. The WHO recommends following the shadow rule: \"Watch your shadow \u2013 Short shadow, seek shade!\"" }, "Relay race-11": { "title": "Relay race", "section": "Relays in athletics", "headers": [ "Rules and strategy" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Each runner must hand off the baton to the next runner within a certain zone, usually marked by triangles on the track. In sprint relays, runners typically use a \"blind handoff\", where the second runner stands on a spot predetermined in practice and starts running when the first runner hits a visual mark on the track (usually a smaller triangle). The second runner opens their hand behind them after a few strides, by which time the first runner should be caught up and able to hand off the baton. Usually a runner will give an auditory signal, such as \"Stick!\" repeated several times, for the recipient of the baton to put out his hand. In middle-distance relays or longer, runners begin by jogging while looking back at the incoming runner and holding out a hand for the baton." }, "Caspian Sea-2": { "title": "Caspian Sea", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The wide and endorheic Caspian Sea has a north\u2013south orientation and its main freshwater inflow, the Volga River, enters at the shallow north end. Two deep basins occupy its central and southern areas. These lead to horizontal differences in temperature, salinity, and ecology. The Caspian Sea spreads out over nearly 1,200 kilometres (750\u00a0mi) from north to south, with an average width of 320\u00a0km (200\u00a0mi). It covers a region of around 386,400\u00a0km2 (149,200\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) and its surface is about 27\u00a0m (89\u00a0ft) below sea level. The sea bed in the southern part reaches as low as 1,023\u00a0m (3,356\u00a0ft) below sea level, which is the second lowest natural depression on Earth after Lake Baikal (\u22121,180\u00a0m or \u22123,870\u00a0ft). The ancient inhabitants of its coast perceived the Caspian Sea as an ocean, probably because of its saltiness and large size." }, "Olive oil-28": { "title": "Olive oil", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Skin care" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Olive oil is popular for use in massaging infants and toddlers, but scientific evidence of its efficacy is mixed. One analysis of olive oil versus mineral oil found that, when used for infant massage, olive oil can be considered a safe alternative to sunflower, grapeseed and fractionated coconut oils. This stands true particularly when it is mixed with a lighter oil like sunflower, which \"would have the further effect of reducing the already low levels of free fatty acids present in olive oil\". Another trial stated that olive oil lowered the risk of dermatitis for infants in all gestational stages when compared with emollient cream. However, yet another study on adults found that topical treatment with olive oil \"significantly damages the skin barrier\" when compared to sunflower oil, and that it may make existing atopic dermatitis worse. The researchers concluded that due to the negative outcome in adults, they do not recommend the use of olive oil for the treatment of dry skin and infant massage." }, "Black-tailed jackrabbit-1": { "title": "Black-tailed jackrabbit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), also known as the American desert hare, is a common hare of the western United States and Mexico, where it is found at elevations from sea level up to 10,000\u00a0ft (3,000\u00a0m). Reaching a length around 2\u00a0ft (61\u00a0cm), and a weight from 3 to 6\u00a0lb (1.4 to 2.7\u00a0kg), the black-tailed jackrabbit is the one of the largest North American hares. Black-tailed jackrabbits occupy mixed shrub-grassland terrains. Their breeding depends on the location; it typically peaks in spring, but may continue all year round in warm climates. Young are born fully furred with eyes open; they are well camouflaged and are mobile within minutes of birth, thus females do not protect or even stay with the young except during nursing. The average litter size is around four, but may be as low as two and as high as seven in warm regions." }, "Portuguese Colonial War-2": { "title": "Portuguese Colonial War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The prevalent Portuguese and international historical approach considers the Portuguese Colonial War as was perceived at the time: a single conflict fought in three separate theaters of operations: Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique (sometimes including the 1954 Indian Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and 1961 Indian Annexation of Goa) rather than a number of separate conflicts as the emergent African countries aided each other during the war." }, "Third-person pronoun-106": { "title": "Third-person pronoun", "section": "Other languages", "headers": [ "Korean" ], "para_index": 106, "content": "There are no pure gender specific third-person pronouns in Korean. In translation or in creative writing in the modern Korean, the coined term \uadf8\ub140 \"geu-nyeo\" (\uadf8 \"geu\", a demonstrative meaning 'that' and \ub140 \"nyeo\", derivative of a Chinese character \u5973 'woman') is used to refer to a third-person female and \uadf8 \"geu\" (originally a demonstrative) is used to refer to either a male third person or sometimes a neutral gender." }, "Orgasm-1": { "title": "Orgasm", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Orgasm (from Greek \u1f40\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 orgasmos \"excitement, swelling\"; also sexual climax) is the sudden discharge of accumulated sexual excitement during the sexual response cycle, resulting in rhythmic muscular contractions in the pelvic region characterized by sexual pleasure. Experienced by males and females, orgasms are controlled by the involuntary or autonomic nervous system. They are often associated with other involuntary actions, including muscular spasms in multiple areas of the body, a general euphoric sensation and, frequently, body movements and vocalizations. The period after orgasm (known as the refractory period) is often a relaxing experience, attributed to the release of the neurohormones oxytocin and prolactin as well as endorphins (or \"endogenous morphine\")." }, "United States Armed Forces-3": { "title": "United States Armed Forces", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The U.S. Armed Forces are one of the largest military forces in terms of personnel. It draws its personnel from a large pool of paid volunteers. Although conscription has been used in the past, it has not been used since 1973, but the Selective Service System retains the power to conscript males, and requires that all male citizens and residents residing in the U.S. between the ages of 18\u201325 register with the service. On February 22, 2019, however, a federal district court ruled that registering only males for Selective Service is unconstitutional; the case is now pending appeal." }, "Toronto Star-31": { "title": "Toronto Star", "section": "Current developments", "headers": [ "Paywall" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "In October 2012, the Star announced its intention to implement a paywall on its website, thestar.com, which was made effective on August 13, 2013. Readers with daily home delivery had free access to all its digital content. Those without a digital subscription can view up to ten articles a month. The paywall does not apply to its sister sites, such as wheels.ca (automotive news and classifieds) or Workopolis (career search). However, during late 2013, the Star announced that it would end its paywall, which it did on April 1, 2015." }, "Aldi-33": { "title": "Aldi", "section": "Business practices", "headers": [ "Advertising policy" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "Aldi has a policy in Germany of not advertising, apart from a weekly newsletter of special prices called \"Aldi informs\" that is distributed in stores and by direct mail and often printed in local newspapers. It claims this is a cost saving that can be passed on to consumers. In Germany, Aldi has never used an external advertising agency." }, "Zelda Williams-1": { "title": "Zelda Williams", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Zelda Rae Williams (born July 31, 1989) is an American actress, voice actress, director, producer, and writer. She is the daughter of late actor and comedian Robin Williams and film producer Marsha Garces Williams." }, "Baroque-1": { "title": "Baroque", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Baroque (UK: /b\u0259\u02c8r\u0252k/, US: /b\u0259\u02c8ro\u028ak/; French:\u00a0[ba\u0281\u0254k]) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1740s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including the Iberian Peninsula it continued, together with new styles, until the first decade of the 1800s. It followed Renaissance art and Mannerism and preceded the Rococo (in the past often referred to as \"late Baroque\") and Neoclassical styles. It was encouraged by the Catholic Church as a means to counter the simplicity and austerity of Protestant architecture, art and music, though Lutheran Baroque art developed in parts of Europe as well." }, "Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act-18": { "title": "Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act", "section": "Penalty", "headers": [ "Criminal penalty" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The criminal penalty stipulation was increased from a maximum fine of $500 and six months imprisonment to a maximum fine of $5,000 and one year's imprisonment. Furthermore, in the second case of second conviction, the penalty was increased to $10,000 fine and two years imprisonment. The maximum amount of a misdemeanor offense was increased $100,000 under the Criminal Fines and Improvement Act of 1987. In addition, $250,000 will be fined for an individual for a felony conviction. Respectively, $200,000 and $500,000 will be fined in case of an organization for a misdemeanor and felony conviction." }, "Hammerstein Ballroom-4": { "title": "Hammerstein Ballroom", "section": "Notable events", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The Hammerstein Ballroom has seen performances from a wide variety of musical acts and its popularity has varied over the years due mainly to competition within the neighborhood." }, "Shift work-11": { "title": "Shift work", "section": "Health effects", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "One study suggests that, for those working a night shift (such as 23:00 to 07:00), it may be advantageous to sleep in the evening (14:00 to 22:00) rather than the morning (08:00 to 16:00). The study's evening sleep subjects had 37% fewer episodes of attentional impairment than the morning sleepers." }, "Healthy diet-2": { "title": "Healthy diet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A healthy diet may contain fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and includes little to no processed food and sweetened beverages. The requirements for a healthy diet can be met from a variety of plant-based and animal-based foods, although a non-animal source of vitamin B12 is needed for those following a vegan diet. Various nutrition guides are published by medical and governmental institutions to educate individuals on what they should be eating to be healthy. Nutrition facts labels are also mandatory in some countries to allow consumers to choose between foods based on the components relevant to health." }, "Iron Man-2": { "title": "Iron Man", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A wealthy American business magnate, playboy, and ingenious scientist, Anthony Edward \"Tony\" Stark suffers a severe chest injury during a kidnapping. When his captors attempt to force him to build a weapon of mass destruction, he instead creates a mechanized suit of armor to save his life and escape captivity. Later, Stark develops his suit, adding weapons and other technological devices he designed through his company, Stark Industries. He uses the suit and successive versions to protect the world as Iron Man. Although at first concealing his true identity, Stark eventually declared that he was, in fact, Iron Man in a public announcement." }, "Year-66": { "title": "Year", "section": "Symbols", "headers": [ "Symbol" ], "para_index": 66, "content": "a = 31556925.445 seconds (approximately 365.24219265 ephemeris days) This differs from the above definition of 365.25 days by about 20 parts per million. The joint document says that definitions such as the Julian year \"bear an inherent, pre-programmed obsolescence because of the variability of Earth\u2019s orbital movement\", but then proposes using the length of the tropical year as of 2000 AD (specified down to the millisecond), which suffers from the same problem. (The tropical year oscillates with time by more than a minute.)" }, "The Exorcist (film series)-16": { "title": "The Exorcist (film series)", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Upon its release on December 26, 1973, the film received mixed reviews from critics, \"ranging from 'classic' to 'claptrap'\". Stanley Kauffmann, in The New Republic, wrote, \"This is the most scary film I\u2019ve seen in years \u2014 the only scary film I've seen in years\u2026 If you want to be shaken \u2014 and I found out, while the picture was going, that that's what I wanted \u2014 then The Exorcist will scare the hell out of you\". Variety noted that it was, \"an expert telling of a supernatural horror story\u2026 The climactic sequences assault the senses and the intellect with pure cinematic terror\". In Castle of Frankenstein, Joe Dante opined, \"[A]n amazing film, and one destined to become at the very least a horror classic. Director William Friedkin's film will be profoundly disturbing to all audiences, especially the more sensitive and those who tend to 'live' the movies they see\u2026 Suffice it to say, there has never been anything like this on the screen before\"." }, "Pickled cucumber-3": { "title": "Pickled cucumber", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Brined pickles" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Brined pickles are prepared using the traditional process of natural fermentation in a brine which makes them grow sour. The brine concentration can vary between 20 and more than 40 grams of salt per litre of water (3.2\u20136.4\u00a0oz/imp\u00a0gal or 2.7\u20135.3\u00a0oz/US\u00a0gal). There is no vinegar used in the brine of naturally fermented pickled cucumbers." }, "Order of the British Empire-6": { "title": "Order of the British Empire", "section": "Styles and honorary knighthoods", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the queen is not head of state, and may permit use of post-nominal letters but not the title of Sir or Dame. Occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame. Honorary appointees who later become a citizen of a Commonwealth realm can convert their appointment from honorary to substantive, then enjoy all privileges of membership of the order, including use of the title of Sir and Dame for the senior two ranks of the Order. An example is Irish broadcaster Terry Wogan, who was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the Order in 2005, and on successful application for British citizenship, held alongside his Irish citizenship, was made a substantive member and subsequently styled as Sir Terry Wogan." }, "Saint Peter-81": { "title": "Saint Peter", "section": "Connection to Rome", "headers": [ "Scholarly views" ], "para_index": 81, "content": "The ancient historian Josephus describes how Roman soldiers would amuse themselves by crucifying criminals in different positions, and it is likely that this would have been known to the author of the Acts of Peter. The position attributed to Peter's crucifixion is thus plausible, either as having happened historically or as being an invention by the author of the Acts of Peter. Death, after crucifixion head down, is unlikely to be caused by suffocation, the usual \"cause of death in ordinary crucifixion\"." }, "Lumberjack-5": { "title": "Lumberjack", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Lumberjack Lifestyle" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Lumberjacks worked in lumber camps and often lived a migratory life, following timber harvesting jobs as they opened. Being a lumberjack was seasonal work. Lumberjacks were exclusively men. They usually lived in bunkhouses or tents. Common equipment included the axe and cross-cut saw. Lumberjacks could be found wherever there were vast forests to be harvested and a demand for wood, most likely in Scandinavia, Canada, and parts of the United States. In the U.S., many lumberjacks were of Scandinavian ancestry, continuing the family tradition. American lumberjacks were first centred in north-eastern states such as Maine. They then followed the general westward migration on the continent to the Upper Midwest, and finally the Pacific Northwest. Stewart Holbrook documented the emergence and westward migration of the classic American lumberjack in his first book, Holy Old Mackinaw: A Natural History of the American Lumberjack. He often wrote colourfully about lumberjacks in his subsequent books, romanticizing them as hard-drinking, hard-working men. Logging camps were slowly phased out between World War II and the early 1960s as crews could by then be transported to remote logging sites in motor vehicles." }, "Prime number-24": { "title": "Prime number", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Primality of one" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Most early Greeks did not even consider 1 to be a number, so they could not consider its primality. A few mathematicians from this time also considered the prime numbers to be a subdivision of the odd numbers, so they also did not consider 2 to be prime. However, Euclid and a majority of the other Greek mathematicians considered 2 as prime. The medieval Islamic mathematicians largely followed the Greeks in viewing 1 as not being a number." }, "Nine Inch Nails-21": { "title": "Nine Inch Nails", "section": "History", "headers": [ "The Downward Spiral (1993\u20131997)" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "The music video for \"Closer,\" directed by Mark Romanek, was in MTV's frequent rotation, although the network, deeming it too graphic, heavily censored the original. The video shows events in a laboratory dealing with religion, sexuality, animal cruelty, politics, and terror; controversial imagery included a nude bald woman with a crucifix mask, a monkey tied to a cross, a pig's head spinning on some type of machine, a diagram of a vulva, Reznor wearing an S&M mask while swinging in shackles, and of him wearing a ball gag. A radio edit that partially mutes the song's explicit lyrics also received extensive airtime." }, "The Comedy of Errors-1": { "title": "The Comedy of Errors", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "yimm The Comedy of Errors is one of William Shakespeare's early plays. It is his shortest and one of his most farcical comedies, with a major part of the humour coming from slapstick and mistaken identity, in addition to puns and word play. The Comedy of Errors is, along with The Tempest, one of only two Shakespearean plays to observe the Aristotelian principle of unity of time\u2014that is, that the events of a play should occur over 24 hours. It has been adapted for opera, stage, screen and musical theatre numerous times worldwide. In the centuries following its premiere, the play's title has entered the popular English lexicon as an idiom for \"an event or series of events made ridiculous by the number of errors that were made throughout\"." }, "Albany, New York-2": { "title": "Albany, New York", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Albany is known for its rich history, commerce, culture, architecture, and institutions of higher education. Albany constitutes the economic and cultural core of the Capital District of New York State, which comprises the Albany\u2013Schenectady\u2013Troy, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area, including the nearby cities and suburbs of Troy, Schenectady, and Saratoga Springs. With a 2013 Census-estimated population of 1.1\u00a0million the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state. As of the 2010 census, the population of Albany was 97,856." }, "Psychic-1": { "title": "Psychic", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A psychic is a person who claims to use extrasensory perception (ESP) to identify information hidden from the normal senses, particularly involving telepathy or clairvoyance, or who performs acts that are apparently inexplicable by natural laws. Although many people believe in psychic abilities, the scientific consensus is that there is no proof of the existence of such powers, and describes the practice as pseudoscience. The word \"psychic\" is also used as an adjective to describe such abilities." }, "Telephone-22": { "title": "Telephone", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Early commercial instruments" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "1844: Innocenzo Manzetti first mooted the idea of a \"speaking telegraph\" or telephone. Use of the \"speaking telegraph\" and \"sound telegraph\" monikers would eventually be replaced by the newer, distinct name, \"telephone\". 26 August 1854: Charles Bourseul published an article in the magazine L'Illustration (Paris): \"Transmission \u00e9lectrique de la parole\" (electric transmission of speech), describing a \"make-and-break\" type telephone transmitter later created by Johann Reis. 26 October 1861: Johann Philipp Reis (1834\u20131874) publicly demonstrated the Reis telephone before the Physical Society of Frankfurt. Reis' telephone was not limited to musical sounds. Reis also used his telephone to transmit the phrase \"Das Pferd frisst keinen Gurkensalat\" (\"The horse does not eat cucumber salad\"). 22 August 1865, La Feuille d'Aoste reported \"It is rumored that English technicians to whom Mr. Manzetti illustrated his method for transmitting spoken words on the telegraph wire intend to apply said invention in England on several private telegraph lines\". However telephones would not be demonstrated there until 1876, with a set of telephones from Bell. 28 December 1871: Antonio Meucci files patent caveat No. 3335 in the U.S. Patent Office titled \"Sound Telegraph\", describing communication of voice between two people by wire. A 'patent caveat' was not an invention patent award, but only an unverified notice filed by an individual that he or she intends to file a regular patent application in the future. 1874: Meucci, after having renewed the caveat for two years does not renew it again, and the caveat lapses. 6 April 1875: Bell's U.S. Patent 161,739 \"Transmitters and Receivers for Electric Telegraphs\" is granted. This uses multiple vibrating steel reeds in make-break circuits. 11 February 1876: Elisha Gray invents a liquid transmitter for use with a telephone but does not build one. 14 February 1876: Gray files a patent caveat for transmitting the human voice through a telegraphic circuit. 14 February 1876: Alexander Graham Bell applies for the patent \"Improvements in Telegraphy\", for electromagnetic telephones using what is now called amplitude modulation (oscillating current and voltage) but which he referred to as \"undulating current\". 19 February 1876: Gray is notified by the U.S. Patent Office of an interference between his caveat and Bell's patent application. Gray decides to abandon his caveat. 7 March 1876: Bell's U.S. patent 174,465 \"Improvement in Telegraphy\" is granted, covering \"the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically\u2026by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound.\" 10 March 1876: The first successful telephone transmission of clear speech using a liquid transmitter when Bell spoke into his device, \"Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you.\" and Watson heard each word distinctly. 30 January 1877: Bell's U.S. patent 186,787 is granted for an electromagnetic telephone using permanent magnets, iron diaphragms, and a call bell. 27 April 1877: Edison files for a patent on a carbon (graphite) transmitter. The patent 474,230 was granted 3 May 1892, after a 15-year delay because of litigation. Edison was granted patent 222,390 for a carbon granules transmitter in 1879. Early telephones were technically diverse. Some used a water microphone, some had a metal diaphragm that induced current in an electromagnet wound around a permanent magnet, and some were dynamic \u2013 their diaphragm vibrated a coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet or the coil vibrated the diaphragm. The sound-powered dynamic variants survived in small numbers through the 20th century in military and maritime applications, where its ability to create its own electrical power was crucial. Most, however, used the Edison/Berliner carbon transmitter, which was much louder than the other kinds, even though it required an induction coil which was an impedance matching transformer to make it compatible with the impedance of the line. The Edison patents kept the Bell monopoly viable into the 20th century, by which time the network was more important than the instrument." }, "Ubuntu version history-146": { "title": "Ubuntu version history", "section": "Release history", "headers": [ "Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (Focal Fossa)" ], "para_index": 146, "content": "Ubuntu 20.04 LTS, codenamed Focal Fossa, is the latest Long Term Support release and was released on 23 April 2020." }, "American Idol-10": { "title": "American Idol", "section": "Judges and hosts", "headers": [ "Judges" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "In the eighth season, Latin Grammy Award-nominated singer-songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi was added as a fourth judge. She stayed for two seasons and left the show before the tenth season. Paula Abdul left the show before the ninth season after failing to agree to terms with the show producers. Emmy Award-winning talk show host Ellen DeGeneres replaced Paula Abdul for that season, but left after just one season. On January 11, 2010, Simon Cowell left the show to pursue introducing the American version of his show The X Factor for 2011." }, "Guru-1": { "title": "Guru", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Guru (/\u02c8\u0261u\u02d0ru\u02d0/, UK also /\u02c8\u0261\u028aru\u02d0, \u02c8\u0261\u028a\u0259r-/; Sanskrit: \u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941, IAST: guru) is a Sanskrit term for a \"teacher, guide, expert, or master\" of certain knowledge or field. In pan-Indian traditions, guru is more than a teacher, in Sanskrit guru means the one who dispels the darkness and takes towards light, traditionally a reverential figure to the student, with the guru serving as a \"counselor, who helps mold values, shares experiential knowledge as much as literal knowledge, an exemplar in life, an inspirational source and who helps in the spiritual evolution of a student\". A guru is also one's spiritual guide, who helps one to discover the same potentialities that the guru has already realized. In the Tagalog language, Indonesian and Malay the word means teacher." }, "Hilo, Hawaii-12": { "title": "Hilo, Hawaii", "section": "Geography and climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Hilo has a tropical rainforest climate (K\u00f6ppen Af), with substantial rainfall throughout the year. Its location on the windward coast (relative to the trade winds), makes it the fourth-wettest city in the United States, behind the southeast Alaskan cities of Whittier, Ketchikan and Yakutat, and one of the wettest in the world. An average of around 126.72 inches (3,220\u00a0mm) of rain fell at Hilo International Airport annually between 1981 and 2010, with 272 days of the year receiving some rain." }, "Kazakhstan-167": { "title": "Kazakhstan", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 167, "content": "The US Census Bureau International Database lists the population of Kazakhstan as 18.9 million (May 2019), while United Nations sources such as the 2019 revision of the World Population Prospects give an estimate of 18,319,618. Official estimates put the population of Kazakhstan at 18.459 million as of April 2019. In 2013, Kazakhstan's population rose to 17,280,000 with a 1.7% growth rate over the past year according to the Kazakhstan Statistics Agency." }, "The Viper Room-1": { "title": "The Viper Room", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Viper Room is a nightclub located on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood, California, United States. It was opened in 1993 and was partly owned by actor Johnny Depp. The other part owner was Sal Jenco who starred in 21 Jump Street with Depp. The club became known for being a hangout of the young Hollywood elite, and was the site where actor River Phoenix died of a drug overdose on Halloween night in 1993. In early 1995, Australian singer and actor Jason Donovan suffered a drug-induced seizure at the club and survived. In November 1997, Australian rock star Michael Hutchence played his last public performance in the Viper Room, a week before his suicide." }, "Counting-14": { "title": "Counting", "section": "Counting in mathematics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "In mathematics, the essence of counting a set and finding a result n, is that it establishes a one-to-one correspondence (or bijection) of the set with the set of numbers {1, 2,\u00a0..., n}. A fundamental fact, which can be proved by mathematical induction, is that no bijection can exist between {1, 2,\u00a0..., n} and {1, 2,\u00a0..., m} unless n = m; this fact (together with the fact that two bijections can be composed to give another bijection) ensures that counting the same set in different ways can never result in different numbers (unless an error is made). This is the fundamental mathematical theorem that gives counting its purpose; however you count a (finite) set, the answer is the same. In a broader context, the theorem is an example of a theorem in the mathematical field of (finite) combinatorics\u2014hence (finite) combinatorics is sometimes referred to as \"the mathematics of counting.\"" }, "Centaur (small Solar System body)-1": { "title": "Centaur (small Solar System body)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Centaurs are small Solar System bodies with either a perihelion or a semi-major axis between those of the outer planets. They generally have unstable orbits because they cross or have crossed the orbits of one or more of the giant planets; almost all their orbits have dynamic lifetimes of only a few million years, but there is one Centaur, 514107 Ka\u02bbepaoka\u02bbawela, which may be in a stable (though retrograde) orbit.[how is this a centaur if the Trojans aren't?] Centaurs typically behave with characteristics of both asteroids and comets. They are named after the mythological centaurs that were a mixture of horse and human. Observational bias toward large objects makes determination of the total Centaur population difficult. Estimates for the number of Centaurs in the Solar System more than 1 km in diameter range from as low as 44,000 to more than 10,000,000" }, "Comma-2": { "title": "Comma", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Some typefaces render it as a small line, slightly curved or straight but inclined from the vertical, or with the appearance of a small, filled-in figure 9. The comma is used in many contexts and languages, mainly to separate parts of a sentence such as clauses, and items in lists, particularly when there are three or more items listed. The word comma comes from the Greek \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 (k\u00f3mma), which originally meant a cut-off piece; specifically, in grammar, a short clause." }, "English alphabet-20": { "title": "English alphabet", "section": "Phonology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "The letters A, E, I, O, and U are considered vowel letters, since (except when silent) they represent vowels, although I and U represent consonants in words such as \"onion\" and \"quail\" respectively." }, "Heart-2": { "title": "Heart", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In humans, other mammals, and birds, the heart is divided into four chambers: upper left and right atria and lower left and right ventricles. Commonly the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the right heart and their left counterparts as the left heart. Fish, in contrast, have two chambers, an atrium and a ventricle, while reptiles have three chambers. In a healthy heart blood flows one way through the heart due to heart valves, which prevent backflow. The heart is enclosed in a protective sac, the pericardium, which also contains a small amount of fluid. The wall of the heart is made up of three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium." }, "Romeo and Juliet-73": { "title": "Romeo and Juliet", "section": "Legacy", "headers": [ "Literature and art" ], "para_index": 73, "content": "The play was the subject of a 2017 GCSE question by the Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations board that was administered to c.\u200914000 students. The board attracted widespread media criticism and derision after the question appeared to confuse the Capulets and the Montagues, with exams regulator Ofqual describing the error as unacceptable." }, "Leonardo da Vinci-1": { "title": "Leonardo da Vinci", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (Italian:\u00a0[leo\u02c8nardo di \u02ccs\u025br \u02c8pj\u025b\u02d0ro da (v)\u02c8vint\u0283i] (listen); 14/15 April 1452\u00a0\u2013\u00a02 May 1519), known as Leonardo da Vinci (English: /\u02ccli\u02d0\u0259\u02c8n\u0251\u02d0rdo\u028a d\u0259 \u02c8v\u026ant\u0283i, \u02ccli\u02d0o\u028a\u02c8-, \u02ccle\u026ao\u028a\u02c8-/ LEE-\u0259-NAR-doh d\u0259 VIN-chee, LEE-oh-, LAY-oh-), was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance whose areas of interest included invention, drawing, painting, sculpture, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, paleontology, and cartography. He has been variously called the father of palaeontology, ichnology, and architecture, and is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time (despite perhaps only 15 of his paintings having survived)." }, "Jimmy Carter-5": { "title": "Jimmy Carter", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "James Earl Carter Jr. was born on October 1, 1924, at the Wise Sanitarium (now the Lillian G. Carter Nursing Center) in Plains, Georgia, a hospital where his mother was employed as a registered nurse. Carter was the first U.S. president to be born in a hospital. He was the eldest son of Bessie Lillian (n\u00e9e\u00a0Gordy) and James Earl Carter Sr. Carter is a descendant of English immigrant Thomas Carter, who settled in Virginia in 1635. Numerous generations of Carters lived as cotton farmers in Georgia. Carter is also a descendant of Thomas Cornell, an ancestor of Cornell University's founder, and is distantly related to Richard Nixon and Bill Gates." }, "Educational technology-1": { "title": "Educational technology", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Educational technology (abbreviated edutech, EduTech, or EdTech) is the combined use of physical hardware, software, and educational theory and practice to facilitate learning. Educational technology creates, uses, and manages technological processes and educational resources to help improve user academic performance. The field has been described as a persisting initiative that seeks to bring learners, teacher, and technical means together in an effective way." }, "Lusotitan-4": { "title": "Lusotitan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "It has been estimated that Lusotitan was 25 meters (82 feet) long. It had long forearms, one of the reasons Mateus assigned it to the Brachiosauridae. In 2010 Gregory S. Paul gave a length of 21 meters (69 ft) and a weight of 30 tonnes (33 short tons)." }, "King Arthur-1": { "title": "King Arthur", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "King Arthur was a legendary British leader who, according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the late 5th and early 6th centuries. The details of Arthur's story are mainly composed of folklore and literary invention, and modern historians generally agree that he is unhistorical. The sparse historical background of Arthur is gleaned from various sources, including the Annales Cambriae, the Historia Brittonum, and the writings of Gildas. Arthur's name also occurs in early poetic sources such as Y Gododdin." }, "Prehistory of Anatolia-28": { "title": "Prehistory of Anatolia", "section": "Bronze Age", "headers": [ "Late Bronze Age (2000\u20131200 BC)", "Hittites", "Old Kingdom" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "The Old Hittite Empire (17th\u201315th centuries BC) was at its height in the 16th century BC, encompassing central Anatolia, north-western Syria as far as Ugarit, and upper Mesopotamia. Kizzuwatna in southern Anatolia controlled the region separating the Hittite Empire from Syria, thereby greatly affecting trade routes. The peace was kept in accordance with both empires through treaties that established boundaries of control." }, "Bitcoin-47": { "title": "Bitcoin", "section": "Design", "headers": [ "Wallets", "Physical wallets" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "Physical wallets store the credentials necessary to spend bitcoins offline and can be as simple as a paper printout of the private key::ch. 10 a paper wallet. A paper wallet is created with a keypair generated on a computer with no internet connection; the private key is written or printed onto the paper and then erased from the computer. The paper wallet can then be stored in a safe physical location for later retrieval. Bitcoins stored using a paper wallet are said to be in cold storage." }, "Leila George-2": { "title": "Leila George", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "George was born in Sydney, Australia to actor and producer Vincent D'Onofrio and actress Greta Scacchi. In 2008, she had acting classes at Brighton College. In 2009, she went to Crawley College which her mother attended as well. In 2010, she studied at the Arts Educational Schools, London. In 2011, she went to Australia to study at Sydney Film School. In 2012, she went to the United States to study at the Lee Strasberg Institute in New York City near her father." }, "Saddam Hussein-101": { "title": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "Execution", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 101, "content": "Saddam was hanged on the first day of Eid ul-Adha, 30 December 2006, despite his wish to be executed by firing squad (which he argued was the lawful military capital punishment citing his military position as the commander-in-chief of the Iraqi military). The execution was carried out at Camp Justice, an Iraqi army base in Kadhimiya, a neighborhood of northeast Baghdad." }, "Swimming-1": { "title": "Swimming", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Swimming is the self-propulsion of a person through water, usually for recreation, sport, exercise, or survival. Locomotion is achieved through coordinated movement of the limbs, the body, or both. Humans can hold their breath underwater and undertake rudimentary locomotive swimming within weeks of birth, as a survival response." }, "Andromeda (constellation)-3": { "title": "Andromeda (constellation)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In Chinese astronomy, the stars that make up Andromeda were members of four different constellations that had astrological and mythological significance; a constellation related to Andromeda also exists in Hindu mythology. Andromeda is the location of the radiant for the Andromedids, a weak meteor shower that occurs in November." }, "Time travel-2": { "title": "Time travel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It is uncertain if time travel to the past is physically possible. Forward time travel, outside the usual sense of the perception of time, is an extensively observed phenomenon and well-understood within the framework of special relativity and general relativity. However, making one body advance or delay more than a few milliseconds compared to another body is not feasible with current technology. As for backward time travel, it is possible to find solutions in general relativity that allow for it, such as a rotating black hole. Traveling to an arbitrary point in spacetime has a very limited support in theoretical physics, and usually is connected only with quantum mechanics or wormholes." }, "Jyoti Amge-1": { "title": "Jyoti Amge", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jyoti Kisange Amge (born 16 December 1993) is an Indian actress notable for being the world's smallest living woman according to Guinness World Records." }, "Anaheim, California-1": { "title": "Anaheim, California", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Anaheim (/\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259ha\u026am/) is a city in Orange County, California, part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 336,265, making it the most populous city in Orange County and the 10th-most populous city in California. Anaheim is the second-largest city in Orange County in terms of land area, and is known for being the home of the Disneyland Resort, the Anaheim Convention Center, and two major sports teams: the Anaheim Ducks ice hockey club and the Los Angeles Angels baseball team." }, "Phobos (moon)-16": { "title": "Phobos (moon)", "section": "Orbital characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "citation needed] The orbital motion of Phobos has been intensively studied, making it \"the best studied natural satellite in the Solar System\" in terms of orbits completed. Its close orbit around Mars produces some unusual effects. With an altitude of 5,989\u00a0km (3,721\u00a0mi), Phobos orbits Mars below the synchronous orbit radius, meaning that it moves around Mars faster than Mars itself rotates. Therefore, from the point of view of an observer on the surface of Mars, it rises in the west, moves comparatively rapidly across the sky (in 4 h 15 min or less) and sets in the east, approximately twice each Martian day (every 11 h 6 min). Because it is close to the surface and in an equatorial orbit, it cannot be seen above the horizon from latitudes greater than 70.4\u00b0. Its orbit is so low that its angular diameter, as seen by an observer on Mars, varies visibly with its position in the sky. Seen at the horizon, Phobos is about 0.14\u00b0 wide; at zenith it is 0.20\u00b0, one-third as wide as the full Moon as seen from Earth. By comparison, the Sun has an apparent size of about 0.35\u00b0 in the Martian sky. Phobos's phases, inasmuch as they can be observed from Mars, take 0.3191 days (Phobos's synodic period) to run their course, a mere 13 seconds longer than Phobos's sidereal period. As seen from Phobos, Mars would appear 6,400 times larger and 2,500 times brighter than the full Moon appears from Earth, taking up a quarter of the width of a celestial hemisphere." }, "Alaska moose-3": { "title": "Alaska moose", "section": "Size and weight", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Alaska moose are sexually dimorphic with males being 40% heavier than females. Male Alaska moose can stand over 2.1\u00a0m (6.9\u00a0ft) at the shoulder, and weigh over 635\u00a0kg (1,400\u00a0lb). The antlers on average have a span of 1.8\u00a0m (5.9\u00a0ft). Antler size and conformation are influenced by genetics, nutrition, and age. The antlers establish social rank and affect mating success. Female Alaska moose stand on average 1.8\u00a0m (5.9\u00a0ft) at the shoulder and can weigh close to 478\u00a0kg (1,054\u00a0lb). The largest Alaska moose was shot in western Yukon in September 1897; it weighed 820\u00a0kg (1,808\u00a0lb), and was 2.33\u00a0m (7.6\u00a0ft) tall at the shoulder. While Alaska moose with the Chukotka moose, matches the extinct Irish elk, they are smaller than Cervalces latifrons, the largest deer of all time." }, "Hamster-2": { "title": "Hamster", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Hamsters are more crepuscular than nocturnal and, in the wild, remain underground during the day to avoid being caught by predators. They feed primarily on seeds, fruits, and vegetation, and will occasionally eat burrowing insects. Physically, they are stout-bodied with distinguishing features that include elongated cheek pouches extending to their shoulders, which they use to carry food back to their burrows, as well as a short tail and fur-covered feet." }, "American Airlines Flight 11-1": { "title": "American Airlines Flight 11", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "American Airlines Flight 11 was a domestic passenger flight that was hijacked by five al-Qaeda members on September 11 in 2001, as part of the September 11 attacks. Mohamed Atta deliberately crashed the plane into the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing all 92 people aboard and an unknown number in the building's impact zone. The aircraft involved, a Boeing 767-223ER, registration N334AA, was flying American Airlines' daily scheduled morning transcontinental service from Logan International Airport in Boston to Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles." }, "QWERTY-7": { "title": "QWERTY", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In November 1868 he changed the arrangement of the latter half of the alphabet, O to Z, right-to-left. In April 1870 he arrived at a four-row, upper case keyboard approaching the modern QWERTY standard, moving six vowel letters, A, E, I, O, U, and Y, to the upper row as follows:" }, "Penguin-1": { "title": "Penguin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Penguins (order Sphenisciformes, family Spheniscidae) are a group of aquatic flightless birds. They live almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere, with only one species, the Gal\u00e1pagos penguin, found north of the equator. Highly adapted for life in the water, penguins have countershaded dark and white plumage and flippers for swimming. Most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid and other forms of sea life which they catch while swimming underwater. They spend roughly half of their lives on land and the other half in the sea." }, "Milk-32": { "title": "Milk", "section": "Production worldwide", "headers": [ "Production yields" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "FAO reports Israel dairy farms are the most productive in the world, with a yield of 12,546 kilograms (27,659\u00a0lb) milk per cow per year. This survey over 2001 and 2007 was conducted by ICAR (International Committee for Animal Recording) across 17 developed countries. The survey found that the average herd size in these developed countries increased from 74 to 99 cows per herd between 2001 and 2007. A dairy farm had an average of 19 cows per herd in Norway, and 337 in New Zealand. Annual milk production in the same period increased from 7,726 to 8,550\u00a0kg (17,033 to 18,850\u00a0lb) per cow in these developed countries. The lowest average production was in New Zealand at 3,974\u00a0kg (8,761\u00a0lb) per cow. The milk yield per cow depended on production systems, nutrition of the cows, and only to a minor extent different genetic potential of the animals. What the cow ate made the most impact on the production obtained. New Zealand cows with the lowest yield per year grazed all year, in contrast to Israel with the highest yield where the cows ate in barns with an energy-rich mixed diet." }, "Zebra mussel-14": { "title": "Zebra mussel", "section": "As an invasive species", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "The native distribution of the species is in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea in Eurasia. Zebra mussels have become an invasive species in North America, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and Sweden. They disrupt the ecosystems by monotypic colonization, and damage harbors and waterways, ships and boats, and water treatment and power plants. Water treatment plants are most affected because the water intakes bring the microscopic free-swimming larvae directly into the facilities. Zebra mussels also cling to pipes under the water and clog them." }, "Chick-fil-A-18": { "title": "Chick-fil-A", "section": "Corporate culture", "headers": [ "Sunday closure" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The founder's beliefs are responsible for the chain's most well-known and distinctive feature: all Chick-fil-A locations (both corporate owned and franchised) are closed on Sundays, as well as on Thanksgiving and Christmas. Cathy states as the final step in his Five-Step recipe for Business Success \"I was not so committed to financial success that I was willing to abandon my principles and priorities. One of the most visible examples of this is our decision to close on Sunday. Our decision to close on Sunday was our way of honoring God and of directing our attention to things that mattered more than our business.\"" }, "Dale Earnhardt-23": { "title": "Dale Earnhardt", "section": "NASCAR career", "headers": [ "Death" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "During the Daytona 500 at Daytona International Speedway on February 18, 2001, Earnhardt was killed in a three-car crash on the final lap of the race. He collided with Ken Schrader after making small contact with Sterling Marlin and hit the outside wall head-on. He\u2019d been blocking Schrader on the outside and Marlin on the inside at the time of the crash. Earnhardt's and Schrader's cars both slid off the track's asphalt banking into the infield grass just inside of turn 4. Seconds later, his driver Michael Waltrip won the race, with his teammate and son Dale Earnhardt Jr. finishing second. Earnhardt's death was officially pronounced at the Halifax Medical Center at 5:16 PM Eastern Standard Time (22:16 UTC); he was 49 years old. NASCAR president Mike Helton confirmed Earnhardt's death in a statement to the press. An autopsy conducted on February 19, 2001 concluded that Earnhardt sustained a fatal basilar skull fracture. Days later, on February 22, public funeral services were held at the Calvary Church in Charlotte, North Carolina." }, "Marsupial-26": { "title": "Marsupial", "section": "Anatomy", "headers": [ "Reproductive system", "Female reproductive system", "Early development" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "An infant marsupial is known as a joey. Marsupials have a very short gestation period\u2014usually around four to five weeks, but as low as 12 days for some species\u2014and the joey is born in an essentially fetal state. The blind, furless, miniature newborn, the size of a jelly bean, crawls across its mother's fur to make its way into the pouch, where it latches onto a teat for food. It will not re-emerge for several months, during which time it develops fully. After this period, the joey begins to spend increasing lengths of time out of the pouch, feeding and learning survival skills. However, it returns to the pouch to sleep, and if danger threatens, it will seek refuge in its mother's pouch for safety." }, "Disney's Animal Kingdom-1": { "title": "Disney's Animal Kingdom", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Disney's Animal Kingdom is a zoological theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. Owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products division, it is the largest theme park in the world, covering 580 acres (230\u00a0ha). The park opened on Earth Day, April 22, 1998, and was the fourth theme park built at the resort. The park is dedicated and themed entirely around the natural environment and animal conservation, a philosophy once pioneered by Walt Disney himself." }, "Audible (store)-11": { "title": "Audible (store)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "In July 2016, Audible introduced Audible Channels, its exclusive version of podcasts." }, "Reiki-2": { "title": "Reiki", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Reiki is a pseudoscience, and is used as an illustrative example of pseudoscience in scholarly texts and academic journal articles. It is based on qi (\"chi\"), which practitioners say is a universal life force, although there is no empirical evidence that such a life force exists." }, "Crane (bird)-1": { "title": "Crane (bird)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cranes are a family, the Gruidae, of large, long-legged, and long-necked birds in the group Gruiformes. The 15 species of cranes are placed in 3 genera, Antigone, Balearica, and Grus. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Cranes live on all continents except Antarctica and South America." }, "Achaemenid Assyria-41": { "title": "Achaemenid Assyria", "section": "Assyria after the Achaemenid period", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "In the late fourth century BC, Alexander the Great led his Greco-Macedonian army to conquer the Achaemenid Empire. The empire's vast territory and numerous tributary peoples ensured that rebellion would be a constant problem. This new Greek Empire relied upon the administrative system put in place by the Persians to govern these new lands; consequently, the Assyrian lands of Athura and Mada were administrated as such by their own satraps. When Alexander the Great died, the Greek successor state of the Seleucid Empire, created in the Babylonian War, retained control of much of the Persian Empire. The Babylonian Chronicles now show the vitality of Greek culture in ancient cities like Babylon." }, "Freediving-47": { "title": "Freediving", "section": "Safety", "headers": [ "Statistics and notable accidents" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "clarification needed][citation needed] Nicholas Mevoli, a diver from New York died on 17 November 2013 after losing consciousness on surfacing from a 3-minute 38 second dive to a depth of 72 metres during an official record attempt in the \"constant weight without fins\" event. He had previously reached greater depths and longer times in other disciplines." }, "The Hobbit-1": { "title": "The Hobbit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Hobbit, or There and Back Again is a children's fantasy novel by English author J. R. R. Tolkien. It was published on 21 September 1937 to wide critical acclaim, being nominated for the Carnegie Medal and awarded a prize from the New York Herald Tribune for best juvenile fiction. The book remains popular and is recognized as a classic in children's literature." }, "Brown-20": { "title": "Brown", "section": "Brown in science and nature", "headers": [ "Brown hair" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "A dark brown iris is most common in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. A light brown iris is most common in North Africa, Eastern Europe, the Americas and West Asia. Brown is the second most common color of human hair, after black. It is caused by higher levels of the natural dark pigment eumelanin, and lower levels of the pale pigment pheomelanin. Brown eumelanin is more common among Europeans, while black eumelanin is more often found in the hair on non-Europeans. A small amount of black eumelanin, in the absence of other pigments, results in grey hair. A small amount of brown eumelanin in the absence of other pigments results in blond hair." }, "Whole genome sequencing-6": { "title": "Whole genome sequencing", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The first organism to have its entire genome sequenced was Haemophilus influenzae in 1995. After it, the genomes of other bacteria and some archaea were first sequenced, largely due to their small genome size. H. influenzae has a genome of 1,830,140 base pairs of DNA. In contrast, eukaryotes, both unicellular and multicellular such as Amoeba dubia and humans (Homo sapiens) respectively, have much larger genomes (see C-value paradox). Amoeba dubia has a genome of 700 billion nucleotide pairs spread across thousands of chromosomes. Humans contain fewer nucleotide pairs (about 3.2 billion in each germ cell - note the exact size of the human genome is still being revised) than A. dubia however their genome size far outweighs the genome size of individual bacteria." }, "Monopoly-1": { "title": "Monopoly", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A monopoly (from Greek \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, m\u00f3nos, 'single, alone' and \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, p\u014dle\u00een, 'to sell') exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity. This contrasts with a monopsony which relates to a single entity's control of a market to purchase a good or service, and with oligopoly which consists of a few sellers dominating a market. Monopolies are thus characterized by a lack of economic competition to produce the good or service, a lack of viable substitute goods, and the possibility of a high monopoly price well above the seller's marginal cost that leads to a high monopoly profit. The verb monopolise or monopolize refers to the process by which a company gains the ability to raise prices or exclude competitors. In economics, a monopoly is a single seller. In law, a monopoly is a business entity that has significant market power, that is, the power to charge overly high prices. Although monopolies may be big businesses, size is not a characteristic of a monopoly. A small business may still have the power to raise prices in a small industry (or market)." }, "Lunar eclipse-23": { "title": "Lunar eclipse", "section": "Occurrence", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "At least two lunar eclipses and as many as five occur every year, although total lunar eclipses are significantly less common. If the date and time of an eclipse is known, the occurrences of upcoming eclipses are predictable using an eclipse cycle, like the saros." }, "Hubble Space Telescope-69": { "title": "Hubble Space Telescope", "section": "Scientific results", "headers": [ "Important discoveries" ], "para_index": 69, "content": "Hubble has helped resolve some long-standing problems in astronomy, while also raising new questions. Some results have required new theories to explain them." }, "Atari video game burial-1": { "title": "Atari video game burial", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Atari video game burial was a mass burial of unsold video game cartridges, consoles, and computers in a New Mexico landfill site, undertaken by American video game and home computer company Atari, Inc. in 1983. Up until 2014, the goods buried were rumored to be unsold copies of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, one of the biggest commercial failures in video gaming and often cited as one of the worst video games ever released, along with the Atari 2600 port of Pac-Man, which was commercially successful but critically maligned." }, "Obstructive sleep apnea-2": { "title": "Obstructive sleep apnea", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Individuals with OSA are rarely aware of difficulty breathing, even upon awakening. It is often recognized as a problem by others who observe the individual during episodes or is suspected because of its effects on the body. OSA is commonly accompanied with snoring. The terms obstructive sleep apnea syndrome or obstructive sleep apnea\u2013hypopnea syndrome are used to refer to OSA when it is associated with symptoms during the daytime (e.g. excessive daytime sleepiness, decreased cognitive functions). Symptoms may be present for years or even decades without identification, during which time the individual may become conditioned to the daytime sleepiness and fatigue associated with significant levels of sleep disturbance. Individuals who generally sleep alone are often unaware of the condition, without a regular bed-partner to notice and make them aware of the signs." }, "Hamster-1": { "title": "Hamster", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hamsters are rodents (order Rodentia) belonging to the subfamily Cricetinae, which contains 19 species classified in seven genera. They have become established as popular small house pets. The best-known species of hamster is the golden or Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), which is the type most commonly kept as pets. Other hamster species commonly kept as pets are the three species of dwarf hamster, Campbell's dwarf hamster (Phodopus campbelli), the winter white dwarf hamster (Phodopus sungorus) and the Roborovski hamster (Phodopus roborovskii)." }, "Trickle-down economics-1": { "title": "Trickle-down economics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Trickle-down economics, also called trickle-down theory, refers to the economic proposition that taxes on businesses and the wealthy in society should be reduced as a means to stimulate business investment in the short term and benefit society at large in the long term. In recent history, the term has been used by critics of supply-side economic policies, such as \"Reaganomics.\" Whereas general supply-side theory favors lowering taxes overall, trickle-down theory more specifically targets taxes on the upper end of the economic spectrum." }, "Marxism-3": { "title": "Marxism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Marxism has had a profound impact on global academia and has influenced many fields such as archaeology, art history, anthropology, media studies, science studies, political science, theater, history, sociology, art history and theory, cultural studies, education, economics, ethics, criminology, geography, literary criticism, aesthetics, film theory, critical psychology and philosophy." }, "Deepwater Horizon oil spill-71": { "title": "Deepwater Horizon oil spill", "section": "Consequences", "headers": [ "Economy" ], "para_index": 71, "content": "The spill had a strong economic impact to BP and also the Gulf Coast's economy sectors such as offshore drilling, fishing and tourism. Estimates of lost tourism dollars were projected to cost the Gulf coastal economy up to 22.7\u00a0billion through 2013. In addition, Louisiana reported that lost visitor spending through the end of 2010 totaled $32\u00a0million, and losses through 2013 were expected to total $153\u00a0million in this state alone. The Gulf of Mexico commercial fishing industry was estimated to have lost $247\u00a0million as a result of postspill fisheries closures. One study projects that the overall impact of lost or degraded commercial, recreational, and mariculture fisheries in the Gulf could be $8.7\u00a0billion by 2020, with a potential loss of 22,000 jobs over the same time frame. BP's expenditures on the spill included the cost of the spill response, containment, relief well drilling, grants to the Gulf states, claims paid, and federal costs, including fines and penalties. Due to the loss of the market value, BP had dropped from the second to the fourth largest of the four major oil companies by 2013. During the crisis, BP gas stations in the United States reported a sales drop of between 10 and 40% due to backlash against the company." }, "Sesame Street-1": { "title": "Sesame Street", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sesame Street is an American educational children's television series that combines live action, sketch comedy, animation and puppetry. It is produced by Sesame Workshop (known as the Children's Television Workshop (CTW) until June 2000) and was created by Joan Ganz Cooney and Lloyd Morrisett. The program is known for its images communicated through the use of Jim Henson's Muppets, and includes short films, with humor and cultural references. The series premiered on November 10, 1969, to positive reviews, some controversy, and high viewership; it has aired on the U.S.'s national public television provider PBS since its debut, with its first run moving to premium channel HBO on January 16, 2016, then its sister streaming service HBO Max in 2020." }, "Golden Gate Bridge-1": { "title": "Golden Gate Bridge", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the one-mile-wide (1.6\u00a0km) strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The structure links the U.S. city of San Francisco, California\u2014the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula\u2014to Marin County, carrying both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait. The bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco, California, and the United States. It was initially designed by engineer Joseph Strauss in 1917. It has been declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers." }, "Toyota Prius-1": { "title": "Toyota Prius", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Toyota Prius (/\u02c8pri\u02d0\u0259s/; Japanese:\u30c8\u30e8\u30bf\u30fb\u30d7\u30ea\u30a6\u30b9, Toyota Puriusu) is a full hybrid electric automobile developed and manufactured by Toyota since 1997. Initially offered as a 4-door sedan, it has been produced only as a 5-door liftback since 2003." }, "Lancelot du Lac (film)-3": { "title": "Lancelot du Lac (film)", "section": "Plot summary", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "King Arthur has sent out 100 knights to retrieve the Holy Grail. Arthur is dismayed when it turns out that the mission was futile and 70 knights have died in its course. Among those who have returned is Lancelot, the lover of Queen Guinevere. Soon Lancelot again takes part in a tournament. There he gets injured. While Lancelot seeks recovery in his own castle, Arthur learns about his wife's affair and, heavily agitated by Mordred, he puts Queen Guinevere in prison. With Lancelot's help she breaks out. Arthur starts immediately a campaign against the castle where the lovers were looking for shelter. During the siege Lancelot happens to kill his old mate Gawain. Driven by sorrow he tries to end the fight and wants to negotiate a treaty with King Arthur. When he witnesses how Mordred commits an attempt on Arthur he joins without hesitating the side of the king. In the final scene, many knights, among whom Arthur, lie dead or wounded after the battle. Lancelot, wounded himself, utters Guinevere's name before falling over." }, "Fiat Chrysler Automobiles-1": { "title": "Fiat Chrysler Automobiles", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V., often abbreviated as FCA, is an Italian-American multinational corporation and is the world's eighth largest auto maker. The group was established in October 2014 by merging Fiat and Chrysler into a new holding company. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles' corporate headquarters is domiciled in Amsterdam, and the financial headquarters are in London, both for tax purposes. The holding company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and Milan's Borsa Italiana. Exor N.V., an Italian investment group controlled by the Agnelli family, owns 29.19% of FCA and controls 44.31% through a loyalty voting mechanism." }, "Ninth Doctor-1": { "title": "Ninth Doctor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Ninth Doctor is an incarnation of the Doctor, the protagonist of the BBC science fiction television programme Doctor Who. He is portrayed by Christopher Eccleston during the first series of the show's revival in 2005. Within the programme's narrative, the Doctor is a time travelling, humanoid alien from a race known as the Time Lords. At the end of life, the Doctor can regenerate his body, but in doing so gains a new physical appearance and with it, a distinct new personality." }, "TARDIS-14": { "title": "TARDIS", "section": "General characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Apart from the ability to travel in space and time (and on occasion, to other dimensions), the most remarkable characteristic of a TARDIS is that its interior is much larger than it appears from the outside. The explanation is that a TARDIS is \"dimensionally transcendental\", meaning that its exterior and interior exist in separate dimensions. In The Robots of Death (1977), the Fourth Doctor tried to explain this to his companion Leela, using the analogy of how a larger cube can appear to be able to fit inside a smaller one if the larger cube is farther away, yet immediately accessible at the same time (see Tesseract). According to the Doctor, transdimensional engineering was \"a key Time Lord discovery\". To those unfamiliar with this aspect of a TARDIS, stepping inside the ship for the first time usually results in a reaction of shocked disbelief as they see the interior dimensions (\"It's bigger on the inside!\"). The Eleventh Doctor is particularly fond of this reaction, and is surprised and confused when Clara Oswald (in \"The Snowmen\", 2012) inverts the usual response by saying \"It's smaller on the outside.\"" }, "Political positions of the Republican Party-3": { "title": "Political positions of the Republican Party", "section": "Economic policies", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Republican party leaders strongly believe that free markets and individual achievement are the primary factors behind economic prosperity. To this end, they advocate in favor of laissez-faire economics, fiscal conservatism, and eliminating government run welfare programs in favor of private sector nonprofits and encouraging personal responsibility." }, "International Mathematical Olympiad-2": { "title": "International Mathematical Olympiad", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The content ranges from extremely difficult algebra and pre-calculus problems to problems on branches of mathematics not conventionally covered at school and often not at university level either, such as projective and complex geometry, functional equations, combinatorics, and well-grounded number theory, of which extensive knowledge of theorems is required. Calculus, though allowed in solutions, is never required, as there is a principle that anyone with a basic understanding of mathematics should understand the problems, even if the solutions require a great deal more knowledge. Supporters of this principle claim that this allows more universality and creates an incentive to find elegant, deceptively simple-looking problems which nevertheless require a certain level of ingenuity." }, "Rahul Dravid-9": { "title": "Rahul Dravid", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Dravid was born in a Marathi family in Indore, Madhya Pradesh. His family later moved to Bangalore, Karnataka, where he was raised. His mother tongue is Marathi. Dravid's father Sharad Dravid worked for a company that makes jams and preserves, giving rise to the later nickname Jammy. His mother, Pushpa, was a professor of architecture at the University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering (UVCE), Bangalore. Dravid has a younger brother named Vijay. He did his schooling at St. Joseph's Boys High School, Bangalore and earned a degree in commerce from St. Joseph's College of Commerce, Bangalore. He was selected to India national cricket team while studying MBA in St Joseph's College of Business Administration. He is fluent in several languages, Marathi, Kannada, English and Hindi." }, "Cyprus-100": { "title": "Cyprus", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "Religion" ], "para_index": 100, "content": "The majority of Greek Cypriots identify as Greek Orthodox, whereas most Turkish Cypriots are adherents of Sunni Islam. According to Eurobarometer 2005, Cyprus was the second most religious state in the European Union at that time, after Malta (although in 2005 Romania wasn't in the European Union; currently Romania is the most religious state in the EU) (see Religion in the European Union). The first President of Cyprus, Makarios III, was an archbishop. The current leader of the Greek Orthodox Church of Cyprus is Archbishop Chrysostomos II." }, "The Great Gatsby-1": { "title": "The Great Gatsby", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional towns of West Egg and East Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922. The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession with the beautiful former debutante Daisy Buchanan. Considered to be Fitzgerald's magnum opus, The Great Gatsby explores themes of decadence, idealism, resistance to change, social upheaval and excess, creating a portrait of the Roaring Twenties that has been described as a cautionary tale regarding the American Dream." }, "Nirvana (band)-1": { "title": "Nirvana (band)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Nirvana was an American rock band formed in Aberdeen, Washington, in 1987. Founded by lead singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic, the band went through a succession of drummers before recruiting Dave Grohl in 1990. Though Nirvana dissolved in 1994 after the death of Cobain, their music maintains a popular following and continues to influence modern rock and roll culture." }, "Hollywood-1": { "title": "Hollywood", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hollywood is a neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California, notable as the home of the U.S. film industry, including several of its historic studios. Its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry and the people associated with it." }, "Quintet-1": { "title": "Quintet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A quintet is a group containing five members. It is commonly associated with musical groups, such as a string quintet, or a group of five singers, but can be applied to any situation where five similar or related objects are considered a single unit." }, "Email-9": { "title": "Email", "section": "Origin", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Computer-based mail and messaging became possible with the advent of time-sharing computers in the early 1960s, and informal methods of using shared files to pass messages were soon expanded into the first mail systems. Most developers of early mainframes and minicomputers developed similar, but generally incompatible, mail applications. Over time, a complex web of gateways and routing systems linked many of them. Many US universities were part of the ARPANET (created in the late 1960s), which aimed at software portability between its systems. In 1971 the first ARPANET network email was sent, introducing the now-familiar address syntax with the '@' symbol designating the user's system address. The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) protocol was introduced in 1981." }, "Lettuce-4": { "title": "Lettuce", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Lettuce is a rich source of vitamin K and vitamin A, and a moderate source of folate and iron. Contaminated lettuce is often a source of bacterial, viral, and parasitic outbreaks in humans, including E. coli and Salmonella." }, "Television-2": { "title": "Television", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Television became available in crude experimental forms in the late 1920s, but it would still be several years before the new technology would be marketed to consumers. After World War II, an improved form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses, and institutions. During the 1950s, television was the primary medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US and most other developed countries. The availability of multiple types of archival storage media such as Betamax and VHS tapes, high-capacity hard disk drives, DVDs, flash drives, high-definition Blu-ray Discs, and cloud digital video recorders has enabled viewers to watch pre-recorded material\u2014such as movies\u2014at home on their own time schedule. For many reasons, especially the convenience of remote retrieval, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity. Another development was the move from standard-definition television (SDTV) (576i, with 576 interlaced lines of resolution and 480i) to high-definition television (HDTV), which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats: 1080p, 1080i and 720p. Since 2010, with the invention of smart television, Internet television has increased the availability of television programs and movies via the Internet through streaming video services such as Netflix, Amazon Video, iPlayer and Hulu." }, "Cell (biology)-16": { "title": "Cell (biology)", "section": "Subcellular components", "headers": [ "Organelles" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Organelles are parts of the cell which are adapted and/or specialized for carrying out one or more vital functions, analogous to the organs of the human body (such as the heart, lung, and kidney, with each organ performing a different function). Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have organelles, but prokaryotic organelles are generally simpler and are not membrane-bound." }, "Helium-4": { "title": "Helium", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "On Earth it is relatively rare\u20145.2 ppm by volume in the atmosphere. Most terrestrial helium present today is created by the natural radioactive decay of heavy radioactive elements (thorium and uranium, although there are other examples), as the alpha particles emitted by such decays consist of helium-4 nuclei. This radiogenic helium is trapped with natural gas in concentrations as great as 7% by volume, from which it is extracted commercially by a low-temperature separation process called fractional distillation. Previously, terrestrial helium\u2014a non-renewable resource, because, once released into the atmosphere it readily escapes into space\u2014was thought to be in increasingly short supply. However, recent studies suggest that helium produced deep in the earth by radioactive decay can collect in natural gas reserves in larger than expected quantities, in some cases, having been released by volcanic activity." }, "Citizen's arrest-2": { "title": "Citizen's arrest", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Despite the practice's name, in most countries, the arresting person is usually designated as a person with arrest powers, who need not be a citizen of the country in which they are acting. For example, in the British jurisdiction of England and Wales, the power comes from section 24A(2) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, called \"any person arrest\". This legislation states \"any person\" has these powers, and does not state that they need to be a British citizen." }, "Sahara-12": { "title": "Sahara", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "The permanent dissolution of clouds allows unhindered light and thermal radiation. The stability of the atmosphere above the desert prevents any convective overturning, thus making rainfall virtually non-existent. As a consequence, the weather tends to be sunny, dry and stable with a minimal chance of rainfall. Subsiding, diverging, dry air masses associated with subtropical high-pressure systems are extremely unfavorable for the development of convectional showers. The subtropical ridge is the predominant factor that explains the hot desert climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification BWh) of this vast region. The descending airflow is the strongest and the most effective over the eastern part of the Great Desert, in the Libyan Desert: this is the sunniest, driest and the most nearly \"rainless\" place on the planet, rivaling the Atacama Desert, lying in Chile and Peru." }, "Nuchal ligament-10": { "title": "Nuchal ligament", "section": "Clinical significance", "headers": [ "Other animals" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "All dogs (and all living Canidae - wolves, foxes, and wild dogs) possess a similar ligament connecting the spinous process of their first thoracic (or chest) vertebrae to the back of the axis bone (second cervical or neck bone), which supports the weight of the head without active muscle exertion, thus saving energy. This ligament is analogous in function (but different in exact structural detail) to the nuchal ligament found in ungulates. This ligament allows dogs to carry their heads while running long distances, such as while following scent trails with their nose to the ground, without expending much energy." }, "Hulk-57": { "title": "Hulk", "section": "Characterization", "headers": [ "Powers and abilities" ], "para_index": 57, "content": "Banner is considered one of the greatest scientific minds on Earth, possessing \"a mind so brilliant it cannot be measured on any known intelligence test.\" Norman Osborn estimates that he is the fourth most-intelligent person on Earth. Banner holds expertise in biology, chemistry, engineering, medicine, physiology, and nuclear physics. Using this knowledge, he creates advanced technology dubbed \"Bannertech\", which is on par with technological development from Tony Stark or Doctor Doom. Some of these technologies include a force field that can protect him from the attacks of Hulk-level entities, and a teleporter." }, "Doves as symbols-5": { "title": "Doves as symbols", "section": "Judaism", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "According to the biblical story (Genesis 8:11), a dove was released by Noah after the flood in order to find land; it came back carrying a freshly plucked olive leaf (Hebrew: \u05e2\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d9\u05ea alay zayit),[Gen 8:11] a sign of life after the Flood and of God's bringing Noah, his family and the animals to land. Rabbinic literature interpreted the olive leaf as \"the young shoots of the Land of Israel\" or the dove's preference for bitter food in God's service, rather than sweet food in the service of men." }, "Netflix-55": { "title": "Netflix", "section": "Services", "headers": [ "History" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "On July 12, 2011, Netflix announced that it would separate its existing subscription plans into two separate plans: one covering the streaming and the other DVD rental services. The cost for streaming would be $7.99 per month, while DVD rental would start at the same price. The announcement led to panned reception among Netflix's Facebook followers, who posted negative comments on its wall. Twitter comments spiked a negative \"Dear Netflix\" trend. The company defended its decision during its initial announcement of the change: \"Given the long life we think DVDs by mail will have, treating DVDs as a $2 add-on to our unlimited streaming plan neither makes great financial sense nor satisfies people who just want DVDs. Creating an unlimited-DVDs-by-mail plan (no streaming) at our lowest price ever, $7.99, does make sense and will ensure a long life for our DVDs-by-mail offering.\" In a reversal, Netflix announced in October that its streaming and DVD-rental plans would remain branded together." }, "Parachute-1": { "title": "Parachute", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag (or in the case of ram-air parachutes, aerodynamic lift). Parachutes are usually made out of light, strong fabric, originally silk, now most commonly nylon. They are typically dome-shaped, but vary, with rectangles, inverted domes, and others found. A variety of loads are attached to parachutes, including people, food, equipment, space capsules, and bombs." }, "Asparagaceae-1": { "title": "Asparagaceae", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Asparagaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. Its best known member is Asparagus officinalis, garden asparagus." }, "Pinniped-24": { "title": "Pinniped", "section": "Anatomy and physiology", "headers": [ "Senses" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "The pinniped ear is adapted for hearing underwater, where it can hear sound frequencies at up to 70,000\u00a0Hz. In air, hearing is somewhat reduced in pinnipeds compared to many terrestrial mammals. While they are capable of hearing a wide range of frequencies (e.g. 500 to 32,000\u00a0Hz in the northern fur seal, compared to 20 to 20,000\u00a0Hz in humans), their airborne hearing sensitivity is weaker overall. One study of three species\u2014the harbor seal, California sea lion and northern elephant seal\u2014found that the sea lion was best adapted for airborne hearing, the harbor seal was equally capable of hearing in air and water, and the elephant seal was better adapted for underwater hearing. Although pinnipeds have a fairly good sense of smell on land, it is useless underwater as their nostrils are closed." }, "Brazil-43": { "title": "Brazil", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "Brazil is the only country in the world that has the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn running through it. Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of the terrain lies between 200 metres (660\u00a0ft) and 800 metres (2,600\u00a0ft) in elevation. The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country. The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills." }, "Dietary Reference Intake-3": { "title": "Dietary Reference Intake", "section": "Parameters", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Estimated Average Requirements (EAR), expected to satisfy the needs of 50% of the people in that age group based on a review of the scientific literature. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine to meet the requirements of 97.5% of healthy individuals in each life-stage and sex group. The definition implies that the intake level would cause a harmful nutrient deficiency in just 2.5%. It is calculated based on the EAR and is usually approximately 20% higher than the EAR (See Calculating the RDA). Adequate Intake (AI), where no RDA has been established, but the amount established is somewhat less firmly believed to be adequate for everyone in the demographic group. Tolerable upper intake levels (UL), to caution against excessive intake of nutrients (like vitamin A) that can be harmful in large amounts. This is the highest level of daily nutrient consumption that is considered to be safe for, and cause no side effects in, 97.5% of healthy individuals in each life-stage and sex group. The definition implies that the intake level would cause a harmful nutrient excess in just 2.5%. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has also established ULs which do not always agree with U.S. ULs. For example, adult zinc UL is 40\u00a0mg in U.S. and 25\u00a0mg in EFSA. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR), a range of intake specified as a percentage of total energy intake. Used for sources of energy, such as fats and carbohydrates. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL defined the same as in United States, but values may differ." }, "Polyamory-1": { "title": "Polyamory", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Polyamory (from Greek \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd poly, \"many, several\", and Latin amor, \"love\") is the practice of, or desire for, intimate relationships with more than one partner, with the informed consent of all partners involved. It has been described as \"consensual, ethical, and responsible non-monogamy\". People who identify as polyamorous believe in an open relationship with a conscious management of jealousy; they reject the view that sexual and relational exclusivity are necessary for deep, committed, long-term loving relationships." }, "Magna Carta-5": { "title": "Magna Carta", "section": "History", "headers": [ "13th century", "Background" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Magna Carta originated as an unsuccessful attempt to achieve peace between royalist and rebel factions in 1215, as part of the events leading to the outbreak of the First Barons' War. England was ruled by King John, the third of the Angevin kings. Although the kingdom had a robust administrative system, the nature of government under the Angevin monarchs was ill-defined and uncertain. John and his predecessors had ruled using the principle of vis et voluntas, or \"force and will\", taking executive and sometimes arbitrary decisions, often justified on the basis that a king was above the law. Many contemporary writers believed that monarchs should rule in accordance with the custom and the law, with the counsel of the leading members of the realm, but there was no model for what should happen if a king refused to do so." }, "Iron Man-71": { "title": "Iron Man", "section": "Powers, abilities, and equipment", "headers": [ "Skills" ], "para_index": 71, "content": "Tony Stark is an inventive genius whose expertise in the fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and computer science rivals that of Reed Richards, Hank Pym, and Bruce Banner, and his expertise in electrical engineering and mechanical engineering surpasses even theirs. He is regarded as one of the most intelligent characters in the Marvel Universe. He graduated with advanced degrees in physics and engineering at the age of 17 from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and further developed his knowledge ranging from artificial intelligence to quantum mechanics as time progressed. His expertise extends to his ingenuity in dealing with difficult situations, such as difficult foes and deathtraps, in which he is capable of using available tools, including his suit, in unorthodox but effective ways. He is well respected in the business world, able to command people's attention when he speaks on economic matters, having over the years built up several multimillion-dollar companies from virtually nothing. He is noted for the loyalty he commands from and returns to those who work for him, as well as for his business ethics. Thus he immediately fired an employee who made profitable, but illegal, sales to Doctor Doom. He strives to be environmentally responsible in his businesses." }, "James Bond-2": { "title": "James Bond", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The character\u2014also known by their code number 007\u2014has also been adapted for television, radio, comic strip, video games and film. The films are the longest continually running film series of all time and have grossed over US$7.040 billion in total, making it the sixth-highest-grossing film series to date, which started in 1962 with Dr. No, starring Sean Connery as Bond. As of 2020, there have been twenty-four films in the Eon Productions series. The most recent Bond film, Spectre (2015), stars Daniel Craig in his fourth portrayal of Bond; he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series. There have also been two independent productions of Bond films: Casino Royale (a 1967 spoof) and Never Say Never Again (a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon-produced film, Thunderball). In 2015 the series was estimated to be worth $19.9 billion, making James Bond one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time." }, "History of eugenics-21": { "title": "History of eugenics", "section": "History", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "One of the earliest modern advocates of eugenics (before it was labeled as such) was Alexander Graham Bell. In 1881 Bell investigated the rate of deafness on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. From this he concluded that deafness was hereditary in nature and, through noting that congenitally deaf parents were more likely to produce deaf children, tentatively suggested that couples where both were deaf should not marry, in his lecture Memoir upon the formation of a deaf variety of the human race presented to the National Academy of Sciences on 13 November 1883. However, it was his hobby of livestock breeding which led to his appointment to biologist David Starr Jordan's Committee on Eugenics, under the auspices of the American Breeders' Association (ABA). The committee unequivocally extended the principle to humans." }, "New York Public Library-28": { "title": "New York Public Library", "section": "Branch libraries", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "The system has 39 libraries in Manhattan, 35 in the Bronx, and 13 in Staten Island. The newest is the 53rd Street Branch in Manhattan, which opened on June 26, 2016. As of 2016[update], the New York Public Library consisted of four research centers and 88 neighborhood branch libraries in the three boroughs served. All libraries in the NYPL system may be used free of charge by all visitors. As of 2010[update], the research collections contain 44,507,623 items (books, videotapes, maps, etc.), while the branch libraries contain 8,438,775 items. Together the collections total nearly 53 million items, a number surpassed only by the Library of Congress and the British Library." }, "Billboard 200-26": { "title": "Billboard 200", "section": "Artist milestones", "headers": [ "Most top-10 albums" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "The Rolling Stones (37) Barbra Streisand (34) Frank Sinatra (32) (tie) The Beatles (32) (tie) Note: As a musician, Paul McCartney has the most top 10 albums, with 51. This includes 32 with The Beatles, 7 albums with the group Wings, 1 album credited to him and his first wife Linda McCartney, and 11 solo albums." }, "Major depressive disorder-22": { "title": "Major depressive disorder", "section": "Diagnosis", "headers": [ "Clinical assessment" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "A diagnostic assessment may be conducted by a suitably trained general practitioner, or by a psychiatrist or psychologist, who records the person's current circumstances, biographical history, current symptoms, and family history. The broad clinical aim is to formulate the relevant biological, psychological, and social factors that may be impacting on the individual's mood. The assessor may also discuss the person's current ways of regulating mood (healthy or otherwise) such as alcohol and drug use. The assessment also includes a mental state examination, which is an assessment of the person's current mood and thought content, in particular the presence of themes of hopelessness or pessimism, self-harm or suicide, and an absence of positive thoughts or plans. Specialist mental health services are rare in rural areas, and thus diagnosis and management is left largely to primary-care clinicians. This issue is even more marked in developing countries. The mental health examination may include the use of a rating scale such as the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Beck Depression Inventory or the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised. The score on a rating scale alone is insufficient to diagnose depression to the satisfaction of the DSM or ICD, but it provides an indication of the severity of symptoms for a time period, so a person who scores above a given cut-off point can be more thoroughly evaluated for a depressive disorder diagnosis. Several rating scales are used for this purpose." }, "Blues-37": { "title": "Blues", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Prewar blues" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "The lively Memphis blues style, which developed in the 1920s and 1930s near Memphis, Tennessee, was influenced by jug bands such as the Memphis Jug Band or the Gus Cannon's Jug Stompers. Performers such as Frank Stokes, Sleepy John Estes, Robert Wilkins, Joe McCoy, Casey Bill Weldon and Memphis Minnie used a variety of unusual instruments such as washboard, fiddle, kazoo or mandolin. Memphis Minnie was famous for her virtuoso guitar style. Pianist Memphis Slim began his career in Memphis, but his distinct style was smoother and had some swing elements. Many blues musicians based in Memphis moved to Chicago in the late 1930s or early 1940s and became part of the urban blues movement." }, "Second Sophistic-3": { "title": "Second Sophistic", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "citation needed] The term \"Second Sophistic\" comes from Philostratus. In his Lives of the Sophists, Philostratus traces the beginnings of the movement to the orator Aeschines in the 4th century BC. But its earliest representative was really Nicetes of Smyrna, in the late 1st century AD. Unlike the original Sophistic movement of the 5th century BC, the Second Sophistic was little concerned with politics. But it was, to a large degree, to meet the everyday needs and respond to the practical problems of Graeco-Roman society. It came to dominate higher education and left its mark on many forms of literature. The period from around AD 50 to 100 was a period when oratorical elements dealing with the first sophists of Greece were reintroduced to the Roman Empire. The province of Asia embraced the Second Sophistic the most. Diococceianus (or Chrysostomos) and Aelius Aristides were popular sophists of the period. They orated over topics like poetry and public speaking. They did not teach debate or anything that had to do with politics because rhetoric was restrained due to the imperial government\u2019s rules." }, "Noah-2": { "title": "Noah", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "According to the Genesis account, Noah labored faithfully to build the Ark at God's command, ultimately saving not only his own family, but mankind itself and all land animals, from extinction during the Flood. Afterwards, God made a covenant with him and promised never again to destroy all the earth's creatures with a flood. The flood narrative is followed by the story of the Curse of Ham." }, "Germany in the early modern period-9": { "title": "Germany in the early modern period", "section": "Baroque period and Thirty Years' War", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The Thirty Years' War (1618\u20131648) was a religious war principally fought in Germany, where it involved most of the European powers. The conflict began between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, but gradually developed into a general, political war involving most of Europe. The Thirty Years' War was a continuation of the France-Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence, and in turn led to further warfare between France and the Habsburg powers." }, "Firing pin-1": { "title": "Firing pin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A firing pin or striker is part of the firing mechanism used in a firearm or explosive device. Firing pins may take many forms, though the types used in fuzes for single-use devices (such as landmines, artillery shells, cluster munitions and grenades) generally have a sharpened point. In contrast, firing pins used in firearms usually have a small, rounded portion designed to strike the primer of a cartridge, detonating the priming compound, which then ignites the propellant (inside) or fires the detonator and booster." }, "Self-harm-17": { "title": "Self-harm", "section": "Pathophysiology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "The motivations for self-harm vary, as it may be used to fulfill a number of different functions. These functions include self-harm being used as a coping mechanism which provides temporary relief of intense feelings such as anxiety, depression, stress, emotional numbness and a sense of failure or self-loathing. There is also a positive statistical correlation between self-harm and emotional abuse. Self-harm may become a means of managing and controlling pain, in contrast to the pain experienced earlier in the person's life of which they had no control over (e.g., through abuse)." }, "Chinese zodiac-5": { "title": "Chinese zodiac", "section": "Signs", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Rat \u2013 \u9f20, sh\u01d4 (\u5b50) (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Water) Ox \u2013 \u725b, ni\u00fa (\u4e11) (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Earth) Tiger \u2013 \u864e, h\u01d4 (\u5bc5) (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Wood) Rabbit \u2013 \u5154, t\u00f9 (\u536f) (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Wood) Dragon \u2013 \u9f99/\u9f8d, l\u00f3ng (\u8fb0) (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Earth) Snake \u2013 \u86c7, sh\u00e9 (\u5df3) (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Fire) Horse \u2013 \u9a6c/\u99ac, m\u01ce (\u5348) (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Fire) Goat \u2013 \u7f8a, y\u00e1ng (\u672a) (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Earth) Monkey \u2013 \u7334, h\u00f3u (\u7533) (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Metal) Rooster \u2013 \u9e21/\u96de, j\u012b (\u9149) (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Metal) Dog \u2013 \u72d7, g\u01d2u (\u620c) (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Earth) Pig \u2013 \u732a/\u8c6c, zh\u016b (\u4ea5) (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Water) In Chinese astrology the animal signs assigned by year represent how others perceive you or how you present yourself. It is a common misconception that the animals assigned by year are the only signs, and many Western descriptions of Chinese astrology draw solely on this system. In fact, there are also animal signs assigned by month (called \"inner animals\"), by day (called \"true animals\") and hours (called \"secret animals\"). The Earth is all 12 signs, 5 seasons." }, "Cape Town-3": { "title": "Cape Town", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Located on the shore of Table Bay, Cape Town, as the oldest urban area in South Africa, was developed by the United East India Company (VOC) as a supply station for Dutch ships sailing to East Africa, India, and the Far East. Jan van Riebeeck's arrival on 6 April 1652 established VOC Cape Colony, the first permanent European settlement in South Africa. Cape Town outgrew its original purpose as the first European outpost at the Castle of Good Hope, becoming the economic and cultural hub of the Cape Colony. Until the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the development of Johannesburg, Cape Town was the largest city in South Africa." }, "Horseradish-2": { "title": "Horseradish", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The plant is probably native to southeastern Europe and western Asia. It is commonly used worldwide. It grows up to 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) tall, and is cultivated primarily for its large, white, tapered root." }, "Reception of WikiLeaks-37": { "title": "Reception of WikiLeaks", "section": "Response from corporations", "headers": [ "U.S. diplomatic cables leak responses" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "On 3 December, PayPal, the payment processor owned by eBay, permanently ended the account of the Wau Holland Foundation that had been redirecting donations to WikiLeaks. PayPal alleged that the account violated its \"Acceptable Use Policy\", specifically that the account was used for \"activities that encourage, promote, facilitate or instruct others to engage in illegal activity.\" The Vice President of PayPal stated later that they stopped accepting payments after the \"State Department told us these were illegal activities. It was straightforward.\" Later the same day, he said that his previous statement was incorrect, and that it was in fact based on a letter from the State Department to WikiLeaks. On 8 December 2010, the Wau Holland Foundation released a press statement, saying it has filed a legal action against PayPal for blocking its account used for WikiLeaks payments and for libel due to PayPal's allegations of \"illegal activity\"." }, "Image macro-1": { "title": "Image macro", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An image macro is digital media featuring a picture, or artwork, superimposed with some form of text. They are one of the most common forms of internet memes, a term that has come to mean the rapid dissemination and uptake of \"particular idea[s] presented as [...] written text, image, language 'move', or some other unit of" }, "Plumber-9": { "title": "Plumber", "section": "how plumber works?", "headers": [ "Canada" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In Canada, licensing requirements differ by province, however the provinces have pooled resources to develop an Interprovincial Program Guide that developed and maintains apprenticeship training standards across all provinces. The Red Seal Program, formally known as the Interprovincial Standards Red Seal Program, is a program that sets common standards to assess the skills of tradespeople across Canada. The Red Seal, when affixed to a provincial or territorial trade certificate, indicates that a tradesperson has demonstrated the knowledge required for the national standard in that trade." }, "Western honey bee-1": { "title": "Western honey bee", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The western honey bee or European honey bee (Apis mellifera) is the most common of the 7\u201312 species of honey bees worldwide. The genus name Apis is Latin for \"bee\", and mellifera is the Latin for \"honey-bearing\", referring to the species' production of honey." }, "Term of office-11": { "title": "Term of office", "section": "United States", "headers": [ "Federal" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "In the United States, the president of the United States is elected indirectly through the United States Electoral College to a four-year term, with a term limit of two terms (totaling eight years) or a maximum of ten years if the president acted as president for two years or less in a term where another was elected as president, imposed by the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1951." }, "Chlorine-62": { "title": "Chlorine", "section": "Applications", "headers": [ "Sanitation, disinfection, and antisepsis", "Disinfection" ], "para_index": 62, "content": "During the Paris cholera outbreak of 1832, large quantities of so-called chloride of lime were used to disinfect the capital. This was not simply modern calcium chloride, but chlorine gas dissolved in lime-water (dilute calcium hydroxide) to form calcium hypochlorite (chlorinated lime). Labarraque's discovery helped to remove the terrible stench of decay from hospitals and dissecting rooms, and by doing so, effectively deodorised the Latin Quarter of Paris. These \"putrid miasmas\" were thought by many to cause the spread of \"contagion\" and \"infection\" \u2013 both words used before the germ theory of infection. Chloride of lime was used for destroying odors and \"putrid matter\". One source claims chloride of lime was used by Dr. John Snow to disinfect water from the cholera-contaminated well that was feeding the Broad Street pump in 1854 London, though three other reputable sources that describe that famous cholera epidemic do not mention the incident. One reference makes it clear that chloride of lime was used to disinfect the offal and filth in the streets surrounding the Broad Street pump\u2014a common practice in mid-nineteenth century England." }, "Sweetener (song)-1": { "title": "Sweetener (song)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Sweetener\" is a song by American singer Ariana Grande from her fourth studio album of the same name, released in 2018. The song was written by Grande and its producer Pharrell Williams." }, "Crickets as pets-4": { "title": "Crickets as pets", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Modern Western sources recommend keeping pet crickets in transparent jars or small terrariums providing at least two inches of soil for burrowing and containing egg-crate shells or similar objects for shelter. A cricket's life span is short: Development from an egg to imago takes from one to two months. The imago then lives for around one month. Cricket hobbyists have to frequently replace aging insects with younger ones which are either specifically bred for cricket fighting or caught in the wild. This makes crickets less appealing as pets in Western countries. The speed of growth, coupled with the ease of breeding and raising larvae, makes industrial-grown crickets a preferred and inexpensive food source for pet birds, reptiles, and spiders." }, "Operation Overlord-1": { "title": "Operation Overlord", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II. The operation was launched on 6 June 1944 with the Normandy landings. A 1,200-plane airborne assault preceded an amphibious assault involving more than 5,000 vessels. Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on 6 June, and more than two million Allied troops were in France by the end of August." }, "Hamlet-3": { "title": "Hamlet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Hamlet is considered among the most powerful and influential works of world literature, with a story capable of \"seemingly endless retelling and adaptation by others\". It was one of Shakespeare's most popular works during his lifetime and still ranks among his most performed, topping the performance list of the Royal Shakespeare Company and its predecessors in Stratford-upon-Avon since 1879. It has inspired many other writers\u2014from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Charles Dickens to James Joyce and Iris Murdoch\u2014and has been described as \"the world's most filmed story after Cinderella\"." }, "Ancient Egypt-73": { "title": "Ancient Egypt", "section": "Culture", "headers": [ "Religious beliefs" ], "para_index": 73, "content": "Beliefs in the divine and in the afterlife were ingrained in ancient Egyptian civilization from its inception; pharaonic rule was based on the divine right of kings. The Egyptian pantheon was populated by gods who had supernatural powers and were called on for help or protection. However, the gods were not always viewed as benevolent, and Egyptians believed they had to be appeased with offerings and prayers. The structure of this pantheon changed continually as new deities were promoted in the hierarchy, but priests made no effort to organize the diverse and sometimes conflicting myths and stories into a coherent system. These various conceptions of divinity were not considered contradictory but rather layers in the multiple facets of reality." }, "Good King Wenceslas-1": { "title": "Good King Wenceslas", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Good King Wenceslas\" is a Christmas carol that tells a story of a Bohemian king going on a journey and braving harsh winter weather to give alms to a poor peasant on the Feast of Stephen (December 26, the Second Day of Christmas). During the journey, his page is about to give up the struggle against the cold weather, but is enabled to continue by following the king's footprints, step for step, through the deep snow. The legend is based on the life of the historical Saint Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia or Svat\u00fd V\u00e1clav in Czech (907\u2013935). The name Wenceslas is a Latinised version of the old Czech language \"Venceslav\"." }, "European cucumber-2": { "title": "European cucumber", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "They do not have a layer of wax on them, and the skin is tender when ripe." }, "Meow (cat)-2": { "title": "Meow (cat)", "section": "Weight", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "pounds (18.0 kilograms). Domestic cats are as large as most other members of the genus Felis, typically weighing between 4 kilograms (8.8\u00a0lb) and 5 kilograms (11\u00a0lb). Meow weighed 18.0 kilograms (39.7\u00a0lb), the heaviest cat in the world\u2014though not on record. Himmy, a cat from Australia, had weighed 21.3 kilograms (46.8 pounds) upon dying during his tenth year, in 1986. Guinness World Records has since stopped recording the world's heaviest pets to discourage deliberate overfeeding." }, "Audi TT-1": { "title": "Audi TT", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Audi TT is a 2-door sports car marketed by Volkswagen Group subsidiary Audi since 1998, and now in its third generation. The first two generations were assembled by the Audi subsidiary Audi Hungaria Motor Kft. in Gy\u0151r, Hungary, using bodyshells manufactured and painted at Audi's Ingolstadt plant and parts made entirely by the Hungarian factory for the third generation." }, "American Heart Association-19": { "title": "American Heart Association", "section": "Criticisms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "The association was criticized for its recommendations of low-fat diets and its \"Heart Check Program\", which approved unhealthy foods such as processed cereals high in sugar in exchange of a payment. The association explained that its recommendations continually evolve according to the latest high quality evidence, and all incomes is versed to scientific research." }, "Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)-5": { "title": "Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)", "section": "Characterization", "headers": [ "Etymology" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Mercury was used in the manufacturing of felt hats during the 19th century, causing a high rate of mercury poisoning among those working in the hat industry. Mercury poisoning causes neurological damage, including slurred speech, memory loss, and tremors, which led to the phrase \"mad as a hatter\". In the Victorian age, many workers in the textile industry, including hatters, often suffered from starvation and overwork, and were particularly prone to develop illnesses affecting the nervous system, such as central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis, which is portrayed in novels like Alton Locke by Charles Kingsley and North and South by Elizabeth Gaskell, which Lewis Carroll had read. Many such workers were sent to Pauper Lunatic Asylums, which were supervised by Lunacy Commissioners such as Samuel Gaskell and Robert Wilfred Skeffington Lutwidge, Carroll's uncle. Carroll was familiar with the conditions at asylums and visited at least one, the Surrey County Asylum, himself, which treated patients with so-called non-restraint methods and occupied them, amongst others, in gardening, farming and hat-making. Besides staging theatre plays, dances and other amusements, such asylums also held tea-parties." }, "Egyptian mongoose-2": { "title": "Egyptian mongoose", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Egyptian mongoose's long, coarse fur is grey to reddish brown and ticked with brown and yellow flecks. Its snout is pointed, its ears are small. Its slender body is 48\u201360\u00a0cm (1\u00a0ft 7\u00a0in\u20132\u00a0ft 0\u00a0in) long with a 33\u201354\u00a0cm (1\u00a0ft 1\u00a0in\u20131\u00a0ft 9\u00a0in) long black tipped tail. Its hind feet and a small area around the eyes are furless. It has 35\u201340 teeth, with highly developed carnassials, used for shearing meat." }, "Goldfish-28": { "title": "Goldfish", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "In aquaria" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Like most species in the carp family, goldfish produce a large amount of waste both in their feces and through their gills, releasing harmful chemicals into the water. Build-up of this waste to toxic levels can occur in a relatively short period of time, and can easily cause a goldfish's death. For common and comet varieties, each goldfish should have about 20 US gallons (76\u00a0l; 17\u00a0imp\u00a0gal) of water. Fancy goldfish (which are smaller) should have about 10 US gallons (38\u00a0l; 8.3\u00a0imp\u00a0gal) per goldfish. The water surface area determines how much oxygen diffuses and dissolves into the water. A general rule is have 1 square foot (0.093\u00a0m2). Active aeration by way of a water pump, filter or fountain effectively increases the surface area." }, "Eucharist-65": { "title": "Eucharist", "section": "Ritual and liturgy", "headers": [ "Protestantism", "Methodist" ], "para_index": 65, "content": "John Wesley, a founder of Methodism, said that it was the duty of Christians to receive the sacrament as often as possible. Methodists in the United States are encouraged to celebrate the Eucharist every Sunday, though it is typically celebrated on the first Sunday of each month, while a few go as long as celebrating quarterly (a tradition dating back to the days of circuit riders that served multiple churches). Communicants may receive standing, kneeling, or while seated. Gaining more wide acceptance is the practice of receiving by intinction (receiving a piece of consecrated bread or wafer, dipping it in the blessed wine, and consuming it). The most common alternative to intinction is for the communicants to receive the consecrated juice using small, individual, specially made glass or plastic cups known as communion cups. The United Methodist Church practices open communion, inviting \"all who intend a Christian life, together with their children\" to receive Communion." }, "Year 2000 problem-23": { "title": "Year 2000 problem", "section": "Programming problem", "headers": [ "The need for bit conservation", "Early attention" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "While using 3 digit years and 3 digit dates within that year was used by some, others chose to use the number of days since a fixed date, such as 1 January 1900. Inaction was not an option, and risked major failure. Embedded systems with similar date logic were expected to malfunction and cause utilities and other crucial infrastructure to fail." }, "Depression (mood)-13": { "title": "Depression (mood)", "section": "Connections", "headers": [ "Alcoholism" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Alcohol can be a depressant which slows down some regions of the brain, like the prefrontal and temporal cortex, negatively affecting our rationality and memory. It also lowers the level of serotonin in our brain, which could potentially lead to higher chances of a depressive mood." }, "Shooting of Philando Castile-48": { "title": "Shooting of Philando Castile", "section": "Legacy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "Castile, a school cafeteria worker, frequently paid for lunches for students who owed money or could not afford to pay. Inspired by this example, the Philando Castile Relief Foundation was created. The charity focuses on paying school lunch debts and addressing gun violence in the Minneapolis area. The charity's money comes in part from a civil settlement between Castile's family and the city of St. Anthony. In April, 2019 the foundation gave $8000 to wipe out the accumulated lunch debt of all seniors at Robbinsdale Cooper High School in New Hope, Minn. The debt was threatening the ability of students to graduate. The foundation earlier gave $10,000 for school lunches to the J.J. Hill Montessori Magnet School where Philando Castile worked. Valerie Castile spoke at U.S. House Representative Ilhan Omar's press conference on a bill ending the shaming of students who pay meal debt. Castile said, \"If we can give a tax cut to the rich, then we can make sure that students are fed at school and not shamed.\"" }, "Thigh-1": { "title": "Thigh", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In human anatomy, the thigh is the area between the hip (pelvis) and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the lower limb." }, "Unsolved Mysteries-1": { "title": "Unsolved Mysteries", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Unsolved Mysteries is an American television series, created by John Cosgrove and Terry Dunn Meurer. Documenting cold cases and paranormal phenomena, it began as a series of seven specials, presented by Raymond Burr, Karl Malden, and Robert Stack, beginning on NBC on January 20, 1987, becoming a full-fledged series on October 5, 1988, hosted by Stack. After nine seasons on NBC, the series moved to CBS for its 10th season on November 13, 1997. After adding Virginia Madsen as a co-host during season 11 failed to boost slipping ratings, CBS canceled the series after only a two-season, 12-episode run on June 11, 1999. The series was revived by Lifetime in 2000, with season 12 beginning on July 2, 2001. Unsolved Mysteries aired 103 episodes on Lifetime, before ending on September 20, 2002, an end that coincided with Stack's illness and eventual death." }, "Northern Hemisphere-2": { "title": "Northern Hemisphere", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Owing to the Earth's axial tilt, winter in the Northern Hemisphere lasts from the December solstice (typically December 21 UTC) to the March equinox (typically March 20 UTC), while summer lasts from the June solstice through to the September equinox (typically on 23 September UTC). The dates vary each year due to the difference between the calendar year and the astronomical year." }, "Gospel music-1": { "title": "Gospel music", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Gospel music is a genre of Christian music. The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of gospel music varies according to culture and social context. Gospel music is composed and performed for many purposes, including aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, and as an entertainment product for the marketplace. Gospel music usually has dominant vocals (often with strong use of harmony) with Christian lyrics. Gospel music can be traced to the early 17th century, with roots in the black oral tradition. Hymns and sacred songs were often repeated in a call and response fashion. Most of the churches relied on hand clapping and foot stomping as rhythmic accompaniment. Most of the singing was done a cappella. The first published use of the term \"gospel song\" probably appeared in 1874. The original gospel songs were written and composed by authors such as George F. Root, Philip Bliss, Charles H. Gabriel, William Howard Doane, and Fanny Crosby. Gospel music publishing houses emerged. The advent of radio in the 1920s greatly increased the audience for gospel music. Following World War II, gospel music moved into major auditoriums, and gospel music concerts became quite elaborate." }, "Oprah Winfrey-4": { "title": "Oprah Winfrey", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "By the mid-1990s, Winfrey had reinvented her show with a focus on literature, self-improvement, mindfulness, and spirituality. Though she was criticized for unleashing a confession culture, promoting controversial self-help ideas, and having an emotion-centered approach, she has also been praised for overcoming adversity to become a benefactor to others. Winfrey had also emerged as a political force in the 2008 presidential race, delivering about one million votes to Barack Obama in the razor close 2008 Democratic primary. In 2013, Winfrey was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Obama and honorary doctorate degrees from Duke and Harvard. In 2008, she formed her own network, Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN)." }, "Hulk-45": { "title": "Hulk", "section": "Characterization", "headers": [ "Personality" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "Bruce Banner During his decades of publication, Banner has been portrayed differently, but common themes persist. Banner, a physicist, is sarcastic and seemingly very self-assured when he first appears in Incredible Hulk #1, but is also emotionally withdrawn in most fashions. Banner designed the gamma bomb which caused his affliction, and the ironic twist of his self-inflicted fate has been one of the most persistent common themes. Arie Kaplan describes the character thus: \"Robert Bruce Banner lives in a constant state of panic, always wary that the monster inside him will erupt, and therefore he can't form meaningful bonds with anyone.\" As a child, Banner's father Brian often got mad and physically abused both Banner and his mother, creating the psychological complex of fear, anger, and the fear of anger and the destruction it can cause that underlies the character. Banner has been shown to be emotionally repressed, but capable of deep love for Betty Ross, and for solving problems posed to him. Under the writing of Paul Jenkins, Banner was shown to be a capable fugitive, applying deductive reasoning and observation to figure out the events transpiring around him. On the occasions that Banner has controlled the Hulk's body, he has applied principles of physics to problems and challenges and used deductive reasoning. It was shown after his ability to turn into the Hulk was taken away by the Red Hulk that Banner has been extremely versatile as well as cunning when dealing with the many situations that followed. When he was briefly separated from the Hulk by Doom, Banner became criminally insane, driven by his desire to regain the power of the Hulk, but once the two recombined he came to accept that he was a better person with the Hulk to provide something for him to focus on controlling rather than allowing his intellect to run without restraint against the world." }, "Types of tennis match-3": { "title": "Types of tennis match", "section": "Standard types of match", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Doubles is played by two teams of two players each, most often all-male or all-female. It utilizes a wider court than singles matches: it includes the area in the alley (tramlines, in British terminology), whereas singles does not. The two players on the receiving side change positions after each point played (one at the net and the other near the baseline, preparing to return serve)." }, "Arvanites-1": { "title": "Arvanites", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Arvanites (/\u02c8\u0251\u02d0rv\u0259na\u026ats/; Greek: \u0391\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, Arvanites; Arvanitika: Arb\u00ebresh\u00eb/\u0391\u03c1b\u03b5\u0330\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u0308\u03b5\u0330 or Arb\u00ebror\u00eb) are a bilingual population group in Greece who traditionally speak Arvanitika, an Albanian language variety, along with Greek. They settled in southern Greece during the late Middle Ages and were the dominant population element in parts of the Peloponnese, Attica and Boeotia until the 19th century. Arvanites today self-identify as Greeks as a result of a process of assimilation, and do not consider themselves Albanian. They call themselves Arvanites (in Greek) and Arb\u00ebror (in their language). Arvanitika is in a state of attrition due to language shift towards Greek and large-scale internal migration to the cities and subsequent intermingling of the population during the 20th century." }, "The Lion King (musical)-2": { "title": "The Lion King (musical)", "section": "Production history", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The musical debuted on July 8, 1997 in Minneapolis, Minnesota at the Orpheum Theatre and was successful before premiering on Broadway at the New Amsterdam Theatre on October 15, 1997 in previews, with the official opening on November 13, 1997. On June 13, 2006, the Broadway production moved to the Minskoff Theatre to make way for the musical version of Mary Poppins, where it is still running after more than 9,000 performances. It is Broadway's third longest-running show in history, and has grossed more than $1 billion, making it the highest grossing Broadway production of all time. Over 100 million people worldwide have seen the musical and it has earned numerous awards and honors, including six Tony Awards, one for Best Musical and Best Direction of a Musical, making director Julie Taymor the first woman to earn such an honor." }, "Poaceae-15": { "title": "Poaceae", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The stems of grasses, called culms, are usually cylindrical (more rarely flattened, but not 3-angled) and are hollow, plugged at the nodes, where the leaves are attached. Grass leaves are nearly always alternate and distichous (in one plane), and have parallel veins. Each leaf is differentiated into a lower sheath hugging the stem and a blade with entire (i.e., smooth) margins. The leaf blades of many grasses are hardened with silica phytoliths, which discourage grazing animals; some, such as sword grass, are sharp enough to cut human skin. A membranous appendage or fringe of hairs called the ligule lies at the junction between sheath and blade, preventing water or insects from penetrating into the sheath." }, "Butler-1": { "title": "Butler", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A butler is a domestic worker in a large household. In great houses, the household is sometimes divided into departments with the butler in charge of the dining room, wine cellar, and pantry. Some also have charge of the entire parlour floor, and housekeepers caring for the entire house and its appearance. A butler is usually male, and in charge of male servants, while a housekeeper is usually a woman, and in charge of female servants. Traditionally, male servants (such as footmen) were better paid and of higher status than female servants. The butler, as the senior male servant, has the highest servant status. He can also sometimes function as a chauffeur." }, "Marlboro (cigarette)-15": { "title": "Marlboro (cigarette)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "In 2015, Philip Morris announced they would introduce a \"Firm Filter\" to their Marlboro Red, Gold, Silver Blue, Ice Blast and White Menthol variants. Philip Morris managing director for the United Kingdom and Ireland, Martin Inkster, said that the Firm Filter technique was added to \"offer quality you can feel, and it is a cleaner way to stub out your cigarette\"." }, "Jean Harris-6": { "title": "Jean Harris", "section": "Killing", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "On March 10, 1980, Harris made a five-hour, 264-mile drive from the Madeira School in Virginia to Herman Tarnower's home in Purchase, New York, with a .32 caliber revolver in her possession. She later stated that she had planned to commit suicide after talking in person with Tarnower one last time. When she arrived at the house, she noticed Tryforos' lingerie in the bedroom. An argument ensued, and Tarnower allegedly said to her, \"Jesus, Jean, you're crazy! Get out of here!\" According to Harris a struggle over the gun ensued when Harris told Tarnower she was going to kill herself. Prosecutors disputed her claim, noting that she had placed extra ammunition in her pocket before confronting Tarnower. Harris shot Tarnower four times at close range. She later reported that she tried phoning for help from the upstairs bedroom, but that phone was not working. She left in her car to get help not knowing Tarnower's housekeeper had already phoned the police after hearing gunshots. Harris saw police cars headed in the direction of Tarnower's home while she was driving past. She turned her car around and followed the police cars back to his home. She was ultimately arrested and booked for second-degree murder. She pled not guilty, insisting that the shooting was an accident in that the gun had gone off accidentally and repeatedly while Tarnower tried to wrest it away from her." }, "Goldfish-17": { "title": "Goldfish", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "Behavior", "Feeding" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Goldfish-specific food has less protein and more carbohydrate than conventional fish food. Enthusiasts may supplement this diet with shelled peas (with outer skins removed), blanched green leafy vegetables, and bloodworms. Young goldfish benefit from the addition of brine shrimp to their diet. As with all animals, goldfish preferences vary." }, "Disneyland-22": { "title": "Disneyland", "section": "Lands", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Disneyland Park consists of nine themed \"lands\" and a number of concealed backstage areas, and occupies over 100 acres (40\u00a0ha) with the new addition of Mickey and Minnie's Runaway Railway that's coming to Mickeys Toontown in 2022. The park opened with Main Street, U.S.A., Adventureland, Frontierland, Fantasyland, and Tomorrowland, and has since added New Orleans Square in 1966, Bear Country (now known as Critter Country) in 1972, and Mickey's Toontown in 1993, and Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge in 2019. In 1957, Holidayland opened to the public with a nine-acre (3.6\u00a0ha) recreation area including a circus and baseball diamond, but was closed in late 1961. It is often referred to as the \"lost\" land of Disneyland. Throughout the park are \"Hidden Mickeys\", representations of Mickey Mouse heads inserted subtly into the design of attractions and environmental decor. An elevated berm supports the 3\u00a0ft (914\u00a0mm) narrow gauge Disneyland Railroad that circumnavigates the park." }, "Kit (association football)-12": { "title": "Kit (association football)", "section": "Equipment", "headers": [ "Match officials' kit" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Referees, assistant referees and fourth officials wear kits of a similar style to that worn by players; until the 1950s it was more common for a referee to wear a blazer than a jersey. Although not specified in the rules, it is considered a principle of football that officials wear shirts of a different colour to those worn by the two teams and their goalkeepers. Black is the traditional colour worn by officials, and \"the man in black\" is widely used as an informal term for a referee, although increasingly other colours are being used in the modern era to minimise colour clashes. The 1994 World Cup was the first in which FIFA dispensed with black kits for officials. In 1998 Premier League referee David Elleray was forced to change his black shirt for a white one midway through a match between Aston Villa and Wimbledon as it was deemed too similar to the navy blue worn by the Wimbledon players. Referees also sometimes have sponsors' logos on their shirts, although these are normally confined to the sleeves." }, "Franco-American Flag-1": { "title": "Franco-American Flag", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The colors blue, white, and red symbolise both France and the United States of America. The star symbolises Franco-American unity and solidarity to America. The fleur de lys to the right of the flag is in memory of their attachment to French Canada or that of France for those of French origin." }, "Pittsburgh Steelers-32": { "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "section": "Logo and uniforms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "In 2012, the Steelers introduced a new third uniform, consisting of a yellow jersey with black horizontal lines (making a bumble bee like pattern) with black lettering and black numbers placed inside a white box, to represent the jerseys worn by the Steelers in their 1934 season. The rest of the uniform consists of beige pants, yellow with black horizontal stripped socks, and the Steelers regular black helmet. The uniforms were used for the Steelers' 80th anniversary season. Much like the previous alternate these jerseys were so popular that they were used up through the 2016 season. The jerseys were nicknamed the \"bumblebee jerseys\" due to looking like the pattern of a bumble bee. The jerseys were retired after the 2016 season." }, "United Kingdom-25": { "title": "United Kingdom", "section": "History", "headers": [ "From the union with Ireland to the end of the First World War" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Britain fought alongside France, Russia and (after 1917) the United States, against Germany and its allies in the First World War (1914\u20131918). British armed forces were engaged across much of the British Empire and in several regions of Europe, particularly on the Western front. The high fatalities of trench warfare caused the loss of much of a generation of men, with lasting social effects in the nation and a great disruption in the social order." }, "Adrenaline-1": { "title": "Adrenaline", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and medication. Adrenaline is normally produced by both the adrenal glands and a small number of neurons in the medulla oblongata, where it acts as a neurotransmitter involved in regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration). It plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, output of the heart, pupil dilation response and blood sugar level. It does this by binding to alpha and beta receptors. It is found in many animals and some single-celled organisms. Polish physiologist Napoleon Cybulski first isolated epinephrine in 1895." }, "White blood cell-15": { "title": "White blood cell", "section": "Disorders", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Histiocytes Dendritic cells (Although these will often migrate to local lymph nodes upon ingesting antigens) Mast cells Microglia The two commonly used categories of white blood cell disorders divide them quantitatively into those causing excessive numbers (proliferative disorders) and those causing insufficient numbers (leukopenias). Leukocytosis is usually healthy (e.g., fighting an infection), but it also may be dysfunctionally proliferative. WBC proliferative disorders can be classed as myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative. Some are autoimmune, but many are neoplastic." }, "Catal\u00e3o-1": { "title": "Catal\u00e3o", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Catal\u00e3o (Portuguese pronunciation:\u00a0[k\u0250t\u0250\u02c8l\u0250\u0303w]) is a city and municipality located in the south of the state of Goi\u00e1s, in Brazil. It is a large producer of grains, cattle, and phosphates and has a John Deere and Mitsubishi factory." }, "Monday Night Football-7": { "title": "Monday Night Football", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "Scheduling problems" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The problem of having a national spotlight game which during the season's most critical weeks late in the year probably would not show the most important game of the week was long known by the league and network. As a result of this, the NFL wished to move the \"Game of the Week\" idea to Sunday nights as to make flex scheduling possible. This was a move which would ultimately mean the end of Monday Night Football on ABC (cable games are protected from the NFL's flexible scheduling rule adopted for the 2006\u201307 season; the new rule applies only to CBS, Fox, and NBC's Sunday night games). The league currently has no interest in expanding flexible scheduling to include Monday Night Football, citing the logistical issues of moving games back and forth between Sundays and Mondays." }, "Aurangabad district, Maharashtra-1": { "title": "Aurangabad district, Maharashtra", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Aurangabad District is one of the 36 districts of Maharashtra state in western India. It is bordered by the districts of Nashik in west, Jalgaon in north, Jalna in east, and Ahmednagar in south. Aurangabad is a prime city in this district which is also its administrative headquarters. The district has an area of 10,100\u00a0km\u00b2, out of which 37.55% is urban and the remaining is rural. Aurangabad district is a major tourism region in Marathwada." }, "Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival-20": { "title": "Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival", "section": "History", "headers": [ "2009\u20132011" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Organizers eliminated single-day ticket sales for 2010, and instead instituted a new policy offering three-day tickets only, which drew mixed reactions. Headliners included Jay-Z, Muse and Gorillaz, and reunions of Faith No More and Pavement. Despite Tollett's reservations about holding a festival in 2010 due to the economy, Coachella drew 75,000 spectators each day that year, for an estimated aggregate attendance of 225,000, surpassing previous records. Thousands of fans broke through fences, leading to concerns about overcrowding. The festival grossed $21,703,500. International travel was disrupted by the eruption of the Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull volcano in Iceland, resulting in some European acts, such as Frightened Rabbit, Gary Numan and Delphic, canceling their appearances at the festival." }, "Hosta-2": { "title": "Hosta", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Hostas are herbaceous perennial plants, growing from rhizomes or stolons, with broad lanceolate or ovate leaves varying widely in size by species from 1\u201318 in (3\u201345\u00a0cm) long and 0.75\u201312 in (2\u201330\u00a0cm) broad. The smallest varieties are called miniatures. Variation among the numerous cultivars is even greater, with clumps ranging from less than four in (10\u00a0cm) across and three in (8\u00a0cm) high to more than six ft (200\u00a0cm) across and four ft (130\u00a0cm) high. Leaf color in wild species is typically green, although some species (e.g., H. sieboldiana) are known for a glaucous waxy leaf coating that gives a blue appearance to the leaf. Some species have a glaucous white coating covering the underside of the leaves. Natural mutations of native species are known with yellow-green (\"gold\") colored leaves or with leaf variegation (either white/cream or yellowish edges or centers). Variegated plants very often give rise to sports that are the result of the reshuffling of cell layers during bud formation, producing foliage with mixed pigment sections. In seedlings variegation is generally maternally derived by chloroplast transfer and is not a genetically inheritable trait." }, "Ku Klux Klan-104": { "title": "Ku Klux Klan", "section": "History", "headers": [ "National changes", "Historiography of the second Klan", "Indiana and Alabama" ], "para_index": 104, "content": "Racial terrorism was used in smaller towns to suppress black political activity; Elbert Williams of Brownsville, Tennessee was lynched in 1940 for trying to organize black residents to register and vote. That year, Jesse Thornton of Luverne, Alabama was lynched for failing to address a police officer as \"Mister\"." }, "American black bear-29": { "title": "American black bear", "section": "Behavior and life history", "headers": [ "Reproduction and development" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "Sows usually produce their first litter at the age of three to five years, with those living in more developed areas tending to get pregnant at younger ages. The breeding period usually occurs in the June\u2013July period, though it can extend to August in the species' northern range. The breeding period lasts for two to three months. Both sexes are promiscuous. Males try to mate with several females, but large, dominant ones may violently claim a female if another mature male comes near. Sows tend to be short-tempered with their mates after copulating. The fertilized eggs undergo delayed development and do not implant in the female's womb until November. The gestation period lasts 235\u00a0days and litters are usually born in late January to early February. Litter size is between one and six cubs, typically two or three. At birth, cubs weigh 280\u2013450\u00a0g (0.62\u20130.99\u00a0lb) and measure 20.5\u00a0cm (8.1\u00a0in) in length. They are born with fine, gray, down-like hair and their hind quarters are underdeveloped. They typically open their eyes after 28\u201340\u00a0days and begin walking after five weeks. Cubs are dependent on their mother's milk for 30\u00a0weeks and will reach independence at 16\u201318\u00a0months. At the age of six weeks, they attain 900\u00a0g (2.0\u00a0lb), by the age of eight weeks they reach 2.5\u00a0kg (5.5\u00a0lb) and by the age of six months they weigh 18 to 27\u00a0kg (40 to 60\u00a0lb). They reach sexual maturity at the age of three years and attain their full growth at the age of five years." }, "Morocco-1": { "title": "Morocco", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Morocco (/m\u0259\u02c8r\u0252ko\u028a/ (listen); Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u200e, romanized:\u00a0al-Ma\u0121rib, lit.\u00a0'place the sun sets; the west'; Standard Moroccan Tamazight: \u2d4d\u2d4e\u2d56\u2d54\u2d49\u2d31, romanized:\u00a0lme\u0263rib; French: Maroc), officially the Kingdom of Morocco (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u200e, romanized:\u00a0al-Mamlaka al-Ma\u0121ribiyya, lit.\u00a0'The Western Kingdom'; Standard Moroccan Tamazight: \u2d5c\u2d30\u2d33\u2d4d\u2d37\u2d49\u2d5c \u2d4f \u2d4d\u2d4e\u2d56\u2d54\u2d49\u2d31, romanized:\u00a0tageldit n lma\u0263rib; French: Royaume du Maroc), is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south (status disputed). Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta, Melilla and Pe\u00f1\u00f3n de V\u00e9lez de la Gomera, all of them under Spanish jurisdiction, as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands off its coast. The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca. Morocco spans an area of 710,850\u00a0km2 (274,460\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) and has a population of over 36 million." }, "Silver dollar-1": { "title": "Silver dollar", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Silver dollar is a dollar coin made of silver or any white metal. See:" }, "Argon-1": { "title": "Argon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Argon is a chemical element with the symbol\u00a0Ar and atomic number\u00a018. It is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas. Argon is the third-most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere, at 0.934% (9340 ppmv). It is more than twice as abundant as water vapor (which averages about 4000 ppmv, but varies greatly), 23 times as abundant as carbon dioxide (400 ppmv), and more than 500 times as abundant as neon (18 ppmv). Argon is the most abundant noble gas in Earth's crust, comprising 0.00015% of the crust." }, "Letter (alphabet)-3": { "title": "Letter (alphabet)", "section": "Definition and usage", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "A letter is a type of grapheme, which is a contrastive unit in a writing system. The contemporary English-language alphabet consists of twenty-six letters, each of which corresponds to one or more sounds. Letters are combined to form words. A letter is classified as either a consonant or a vowel, depending on how its sound is produced (vowels are a, e, i, o, u, y and w\u2014 with y and w only sometimes classed as vowels[clarification needed]). The basic Roman alphabet is used by hundreds of languages around the world." }, "John Adams-5": { "title": "John Adams", "section": "Early life and education", "headers": [ "Childhood" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "John Adams was born on October 30, 1735 (October 19, 1735, Old Style, Julian calendar), to John Adams Sr. and Susanna Boylston. He had two younger brothers, Peter (1738-1823) and Elihu (1741-1775), and a sister, Jerusha (1748-1810). Adams was born on the family farm in Braintree, Massachusetts. His mother was from a leading medical family of present-day Brookline, Massachusetts. His father was a deacon in the Congregational Church, a farmer, a cordwainer, and a lieutenant in the militia. John Sr. served as a selectman (town councilman) and supervised the building of schools and roads. Adams often praised his father and recalled their close relationship. Adams's great-great-grandfather Henry Adams emigrated to Massachusetts from Braintree, Essex, England, around 1638." }, "Hippopotamus-42": { "title": "Hippopotamus", "section": "Hippos and humans", "headers": [ "Attacks on humans" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "The hippo is considered to be extremely aggressive and has frequently been reported charging and attacking boats. Small boats can easily be capsized by hippos and passengers can be injured or killed by the animals or drown. In one 2014 case in Niger, a boat was capsized by a hippo and 13 people were killed. As hippos will often engage in raiding nearby crops if the opportunity arises, humans may also come in conflict with them on these occasions, with potential for fatalities on both sides." }, "WrestleMania X-1": { "title": "WrestleMania X", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "WrestleMania X was the 10th annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It took place at Madison Square Garden in New York, New York on March 20, 1994. The central focus of the pay-per-view was the WWF World Heavyweight Championship, which was defended in two matches. Lex Luger challenged champion Yokozuna first but was disqualified for pushing the referee. Bret Hart faced Yokozuna later in the evening and won the championship by pinning Yokozuna. This led to a lengthy worked feud between Bret and his brother Owen, who had defeated Bret in the opening match of the pay-per-view." }, "Hulk-1": { "title": "Hulk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Hulk is a fictional superhero appearing in publications by the American publisher Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in the debut issue of The Incredible Hulk (May 1962). In his comic book appearances, the character is both the Hulk, a green-skinned, hulking and muscular humanoid possessing a vast degree of physical strength, and his alter ego Dr. Robert Bruce Banner, a physically weak, socially withdrawn, and emotionally reserved physicist, the two existing as independent personalities and resenting of the other." }, "Vellum-7": { "title": "Vellum", "section": "Manufacture", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Vellum is a translucent material produced from the skin, often split, of a young animal. The skin is washed with water and lime (Calcium hydroxide), but not together. It is then soaked in lime for several days to soften and remove the hair." }, "1984 Summer Olympics-1": { "title": "1984 Summer Olympics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The 1984 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12, 1984, in Los Angeles, California, United States (and other venues around the United States). This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games, the first being in 1932." }, "Beauty and the Beast (1987 TV series)-13": { "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1987 TV series)", "section": "Nielsen ratings", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Catherine Chandler (portrayed by Linda Hamilton) \u2013 A corporate attorney in her father's law firm. After she's abducted, beaten, and her face slashed upon being mistaken for Carol Stabler, Catherine was rescued and tended to by Vincent. After that experience, Catherine changes her life completely and becomes an investigator for the Manhattan District Attorney's Office. In Season Three, Catherine becomes pregnant with Vincent's child and is captured by Gabriel. She is later killed by Gabriel who overdoses her with morphine. Vincent (portrayed by Ron Perlman) \u2013 A man of extremely large build with the facial characteristics of a lion (fanged teeth, a flattened nose and a cleft upper lip) and fingers tipped with claw-like nails. He is also much stronger than ordinary humans and, when enraged, growls and roars like a lion. He wears a hooded cloak to hide his appearance from strangers while walking the city streets at night. His parentage is unknown as he was found as a baby near St Vincent's Hospital and brought to Father by Paracelsus' wife Anna. Vincent has empathic abilities that let him know when Catherine is in danger. Following the death of Catherine, his baby son was captive in the clutches of Gabriel prompting him to take down Gabriel's operations. He does end up surrendering to Gabriel when he hears that his son is ill. This leads up to a rescue mission by Diana and the rest of the \"World Below\". Following the death of Gabriel, Vincent saves his son and names him after Father's real name; Jacob. Vincent's makeup was devised by veteran Hollywood makeup artist Rick Baker. It was Baker who fought for Perlman to be cast and ultimately started a long-lasting friendship. Diana Bennett (portrayed by Jo Anderson) \u2013 Diana is a criminal profiler with the \"210 Division\" of the New York Police Department, which investigates unusual cases beyond the scope of the normal police. She debuted in Season 3 where she was called to investigate Catherine's murder. She later becomes a friend of \"The World Below\" and plays a part in the final battle against Gabriel. Joe Maxwell (portrayed by Jay Acovone) \u2013 A Deputy District Attorney for the Borough of Manhattan and Catherine's immediate superior in the office. In Season Three, Joe is injured in a car explosion caused by Gabriel's crime syndicate. After the murder of Catherine, Joe hires Diana Bennett to find her killer. Joe later meets Father (when it comes to tracking down Gabriel), but has never met Vincent. Isaac Stubbs (portrayed by Ron O'Neal in \"Once Upon a Time\", Delroy Lindo in \"Terrible Savior\" and \"No Way Down\") \u2013 A street-fighting instructor who teaches Catherine to defend herself after she recovers from her attack. Jenny Aronson (portrayed by Terri Hanauer) \u2013 A friend of Catherine's. Edie (portrayed by Ren Woods) \u2013 Works in the computer division of the DA's office in Season 1. Elliot Burch (portrayed by Edward Albert) \u2013 A self-made millionaire and New York building developer who is in love with Catherine. In Season Three, Elliot becomes familiar with Vincent after an encounter with him. Due to a deal with Gabriel, Elliot is involved in a plot to kill Vincent on his boat. Elliot is presumably killed by the boat explosion which wounded Vincent. Charles Chandler (portrayed by John McMartin) \u2013 Catherine's father who is seen in Season 1 and 2 where he runs a law firm that Catherine used to work at. He dies of a stroke in the episode \"Orphans\". Before Charles died, Catherine was able to have Vincent meet her father. Laura Williams (portrayed by Terrylene Sacchetti) \u2013 A deaf girl who lived in \"The World Below\" and struggles living in \"The World Above\" while remaining a helper to her tunnel family and befriending Catherine whom she admires. Devin Wells (portrayed by Bruce Abbott) \u2013 A former inhabitant of \"The World Below\" who grew up with Vincent where they had a brother-like relationship. Dr. Peter Alcroft (portrayed by Joseph Campanella) \u2013 A \"Helper\" who is a fellow medical student and old friend of Jacob Wells. In \"Dead of Winter\", Peter is among the \"Helpers\" that attend Winterfest. John Moreno (portrayed by Bill Marcus) \u2013 The District Attorney that Catherine Chandler and Joe Maxwell work for. Gabriel (portrayed by Stephen McHattie) \u2013 A highly-influential crime boss and the biggest drug trafficker on the East Coast who debuted in Season 3 as a recurring antagonist. He was responsible for Catherine's death and the kidnapping of her baby. After Gabriel's men captured Diana, Vincent surrendered himself to Gabriel's men. In the final battle, Vincent's son is rescued as Vincent wounds Gabriel. After Gabriel mentions that no court would be able to convict him, Gabriel is then shot by Diana who avenges Catherine's death using Catherine's gun. Jonathan Pope (portrayed by John Lehne) \u2013 Gabriel's right-hand man who issues out Gabriel's orders. Doctor (portrayed by Kenneth Kimmins) \u2013 An unnamed doctor who works for Gabriel. He had the Doctor overdose Catherine with morphine following her giving birth to Vincent's baby. When Gabriel revealed this to Vincent at the time when he was his prisoner, he offered Vincent revenge on the Doctor even though the Doctor stated to Vincent that Gabriel made him do it. Vincent was unable to take the Doctor's life causing Gabriel to have one of his men shoot the Doctor as Gabriel says to Vincent \"I always pay my debts\". Jacob Wells/Father (portrayed by Roy Dotrice) \u2013 The patriarch of the \"World Below\" and Vincent's adoptive father. A physician who left the \"World Above\" after being unjustly blacklisted, fired from his job, and having his license to practice medicine stripped from him, Jacob found sanctuary in an early tunnel community and became its leader. He was also the one who helped Vincent heal Catherine after she was attacked by Martin Belmont's men. Mary (portrayed by Ellen Geer) \u2013 The matriarch and midwife of the \"World Below\". Befitting her position, she is very motherly and generous. Mary is particularly devoted to giving back to the \"Helpers\". Mouse (portrayed by David Greenlee) \u2013 Apparently having no other name, at least none that he remembers, he is young tunnel dweller who originally hid from the \"World Below\" community until Vincent caught him stealing some food and invited him into their family. He is infamous for stealing from the \"World Above\", which, in his opinion, exists for no other reason than to be stolen from where he once commented \"Everyone takes things from Up Top. It's what Up Top is there for\". Mouse loves tinkering with machinery and has invented several \"gizmos\" to help his fellow tunnel dwellers. He owns a pet raccoon named Arthur. Pascal (portrayed by Armin Shimerman) \u2013 The shy and gentle \"pipe master\" who is the supervisor of the tunnels' communication system that involves the inhabitants of \"The World Below\" speaking through banging on the pipes. He was born in \"The World Below\" and was trained into understanding morse code by his father. Winslow (portrayed by James Avery) \u2013 A very influential member of the underground community and a member of Father's council. Winslow is a blacksmith by trade. When on a rescue mission with Vincent to save Catherine from Paracelsus in \"To Reign in Hell\", Winslow is killed by Paracelsus' minion Erlik who threw Winslow against the wall. Geoffrey (portrayed by Phillip Waller) \u2013 A young boy who lives in \"The World Below\". Jamie (portrayed by Irina Irvine) \u2013 A teenage girl who lives in \"The World Below\". She is particularly protective of Mouse, defending his often erratic behavior to their elders. In \"To Reign in Hell\", Jamie is shown to be skillful with a crossbow when she uses it in a fight with Paracelsus' minion Erlik. Narcissa (portrayed by Beah Richards) \u2013 An elderly and nearly blind inhabitant of \"The World Below\", she has resided there at least as far back as Vincent's childhood. Narcissa eventually moved far from the other inhabitants into the furthest tunnels where few others venture and even Vincent's knowledge of these areas does not surpass her own. She pretends to be nothing more than a senile old woman, but she is actually a skilled magician and fortune-teller. Rebecca (portrayed Kathryn Spitz) \u2013 A female inhabitant of \"The World Below\" and an expert candlestick maker. William (portrayed by Ritch Brinkley) \u2013 A heavyset man and inhabitant of \"The World Below\" who serves as their cook. His experiences in \"The World Above\" left him bitter and suspicious of almost everyone. William's role as cook makes him feel needed and appreciated as \"The World Above\" never did and he is usually the first to suggest a violent response to any threat to \"The World Below\". John Pater/Paracelsus (portrayed by Tony Jay) \u2013 An inhabitant of \"The World Below\" who was featured in Season 1 and 2 as a recurring antagonist. John Pater was a scientist and a former friend of Jacob Wells' who helped organize \"The World Below\". But when he eventually desired power for himself, the community was forced to exile him. Father describes him as a \"philosopher, scientist, magician\" like the real Paracelsus, the name John Pater eventually takes for himself. When Jacob tries to reason with Paracelsus by calling him by his real name, he commented \"John is dead\". Paracelsus' late wife Anna was the one who discovered the infant Vincent near St. Vincent's Hospital and brought him to Jacob. Paracelsus tried to lead Vincent to siding with him while disguised as Jacob, but was ultimately killed by Vincent during a fit of rage. In his dying breath, Paracelsus quotes \"At last, you are my son.\" 1987\u201388: #50 (13.31 rating) 1988\u201389: #69 (10.38 rating) 1989\u201390: #93 (8.82 rating) Note: Ratings data from TVTango.com" }, "Blackbeard-1": { "title": "Blackbeard", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Edward Teach (alternatively spelled Edward Thatch, c.\u20091680 \u2013 22 November 1718), better known as Blackbeard, was an English pirate who operated around the West Indies and the eastern coast of Britain's North American colonies. Little is known about his early life, but he may have been a sailor on privateer ships during Queen Anne's War before settling on the Bahamian island of New Providence, a base for Captain Benjamin Hornigold, whose crew Teach joined around 1716. Hornigold placed him in command of a sloop that he had captured, and the two engaged in numerous acts of piracy. Their numbers were boosted by the addition to their fleet of two more ships, one of which was commanded by Stede Bonnet; but Hornigold retired from piracy towards the end of 1717, taking two vessels with him." }, "Wardenclyffe Tower-12": { "title": "Wardenclyffe Tower", "section": "Design and operational principles", "headers": [ "Financing" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Tesla made the rounds in New York trying to find investors for his system of wireless transmission, wining and dining them at the Waldorf-Astoria's Palm Garden (the hotel where he was living at the time), The Players Club and Delmonico's. Tesla first went to his old friend George Westinghouse for help. Westinghouse seemed like a natural fit for the project given the large-scale AC equipment Westinghouse manufactured and Tesla's need for similar equipment." }, "Marco Rubio-86": { "title": "Marco Rubio", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 86, "content": "Rubio attends Catholic Mass at Church of the Little Flower in Coral Gables, Florida. He also previously attended Christ Fellowship, a Southern Baptist Church in West Kendall, Florida." }, "Alcatraz Island-1": { "title": "Alcatraz Island", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Alcatraz Island (/\u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259\u02cctr\u00e6z/) is located in San Francisco Bay, 1.25 miles (2.01\u00a0km) offshore from San Francisco, California, United States. The small island was developed with facilities for a lighthouse, a military fortification, a military prison, and a federal prison from 1934 until 21 March 1963. The water currents around the island were high at all times, which presumably decreased the chance of an inmate escaping. Beginning in November 1969, the island was occupied for more than 19 months by a group of Native Americans from San Francisco, who were part of a wave of Native American activism across the U.S., with public protests through the 1970s. In 1972, Alcatraz became part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area and received designation as a National Historic Landmark in 1986." }, "Crocodile-2": { "title": "Crocodile", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Although they appear similar, crocodiles, alligators and the gharial belong to separate biological families. The gharial, with its narrow snout, is easier to distinguish, while morphological differences are more difficult to spot in crocodiles and alligators. The most obvious external differences are visible in the head, with crocodiles having narrower and longer heads, with a more V-shaped than a U-shaped snout compared to alligators and caimans. Another obvious trait is that the upper and lower jaws of the crocodiles are the same width, and the teeth in the lower jaw fall along the edge or outside the upper jaw when the mouth is closed; therefore, all teeth are visible, unlike an alligator, which possesses in the upper jaw small depressions into which the lower teeth fit. Also, when the crocodile's mouth is closed, the large fourth tooth in the lower jaw fits into a constriction in the upper jaw. For hard-to-distinguish specimens, the protruding tooth is the most reliable feature to define the species' family. Crocodiles have more webbing on the toes of the hind feet and can better tolerate saltwater due to specialized salt glands for filtering out salt, which are present, but non-functioning, in alligators. Another trait that separates crocodiles from other crocodilians is their much higher levels of aggression." }, "Hot reading-2": { "title": "Hot reading", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "This technique is used by some television psychics in conjunction with cold reading. The psychics may have clients schedule their appearance ahead of time, and then collect information using collaborators who pose as religious missionaries, magazine sales people, or similar roles. Such visitors can gain a wide understanding of a person from examining their home, where tickets for the show may have been sent in advance. The \"psychic\" may then be briefed on the information, and told where the person will sit in the audience." }, "Meat-1": { "title": "Meat", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Meat is animal flesh that is eaten as food. Humans have hunted and killed animals for meat since prehistoric times. The advent of civilization allowed the domestication of animals such as chickens, sheep, rabbits, pigs and cattle. This eventually led to their use in meat production on an industrial scale with the aid of slaughterhouses." }, "Dwarfism-2": { "title": "Dwarfism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The most common and recognisable form of dwarfism in humans is the genetic disorder achondroplasia, comprising 70% of cases. Growth hormone deficiency is responsible for most other cases. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Those with genetic disorders can sometimes be treated with surgery or physical therapy. Hormone disorders can also be treated with growth hormone therapy before the child's growth plates fuse. Individual accommodations, such as specialized furniture, are often used by people with dwarfism. Many support groups provide services to aid individuals and the discrimination they may face." }, "Blaire White-1": { "title": "Blaire White", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Blaire White is an American YouTuber and political commentator. Describing her beliefs as center-right, she is a critic of third-wave feminism, activists she views as social justice warriors and activist movements like Black Lives Matter. White supported Donald Trump for the President in 2016; however, she had reservations about him and his policies in office. She has been engaged to fellow YouTuber Joey Sarson since June 2018." }, "P. G. Wodehouse-26": { "title": "P. G. Wodehouse", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "1920s" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "The Wodehouses returned to England, where they had a house in London for some years, but Wodehouse continued to cross the Atlantic frequently, spending substantial periods in New York. He continued to work in the theatre. During the 1920s he collaborated on nine musical comedies produced on Broadway or in the West End, including the long-running Sally (1920, New York), The Cabaret Girl (1922, London) and Rosalie (1928, New York). He also wrote non-musical plays, including The Play's the Thing (1926), adapted from Ferenc Moln\u00e1r, and A Damsel in Distress (1928), a dramatisation of his 1919 novel." }, "Tom Jones (singer)-1": { "title": "Tom Jones (singer)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sir Thomas John Woodward OBE (born 7 June 1940), known professionally as Tom Jones, is a Welsh singer. His career began with a string of top-ten hits in the mid-1960s. He has toured regularly, with appearances in Las Vegas (1967\u20132011). Jones's voice has been described by Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic as a \"full-throated, robust baritone\"." }, "Isaac Newton-88": { "title": "Isaac Newton", "section": "Apple incident", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 88, "content": "Various trees are claimed to be \"the\" apple tree which Newton describes. The King's School, Grantham claims that the tree was purchased by the school, uprooted and transported to the headmaster's garden some years later. The staff of the (now) National Trust-owned Woolsthorpe Manor dispute this, and claim that a tree present in their gardens is the one described by Newton. A descendant of the original tree can be seen growing outside the main gate of Trinity College, Cambridge, below the room Newton lived in when he studied there. The National Fruit Collection at Brogdale in Kent can supply grafts from their tree, which appears identical to Flower of Kent, a coarse-fleshed cooking variety." }, "Jell-O-29": { "title": "Jell-O", "section": "Jell-O shots", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "An alternative recipe calls for the addition of an alcoholic beverage to the mix, contributing approximately one third to one half of the liquid added after the gelatin has dissolved in a boil. A serving of the resulting mixture is called a \"Jell-O shot\" at parties. The quantity and timing of the addition of the liquor are vital aspects; it is not possible to make Jell-O shots with liquor alone, as the colloidal proteins in dry gelatin consist of chains which require a hot liquid to denature them before they can then reform as a semisolid colloidal suspension. Pure alcohol cannot be heated sufficiently to break down these proteins, as it evaporates." }, "Christina Aguilera-4": { "title": "Christina Aguilera", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "1980\u20131998: Early life and career beginnings" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Christina Mar\u00eda Aguilera was born in Staten Island, New York City, on December 18, 1980, to musician Shelly Loraine Kearns (n\u00e9e Fidler) and United States Army soldier Fausto Xavier Aguilera. Her father is Ecuadorian[clarify], and her mother has German, Irish, Welsh, and Dutch ancestry. Her family moved frequently because of her father's military service, and lived in places including New Jersey, Texas, New York, and Japan. Aguilera alleged that her father was physically and emotionally abusive. To cope with her turbulent household, she used music as a form of escape. Following her parents' divorce when she was six years old, Aguilera, her younger sister Rachel, and her mother moved into her grandmother's home in Rochester, a suburb in the Pittsburgh area. Her mother later remarried and had one more child. After years of estrangement, Aguilera expressed interest in reconciling with her father in 2012." }, "Onion-30": { "title": "Onion", "section": "Composition", "headers": [ "Eye irritation" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Freshly cut onions often cause a stinging sensation in the eyes of people nearby, and often uncontrollable tears. This is caused by the release of a volatile liquid, syn-propanethial-S-oxide and its aerosol, which stimulates nerves in the eye. This gas is produced by a chain of reactions which serve as a defence mechanism: chopping an onion causes damage to cells which releases enzymes called alliinases. These break down amino acid sulfoxides and generate sulfenic acids. A specific sulfenic acid, 1-propenesulfenic acid, is rapidly acted on by a second enzyme, the lacrimatory factor synthase, producing the syn-propanethial-S-oxide. This gas diffuses through the air and soon reaches the eyes, where it activates sensory neurons. Lacrimal glands produce tears to dilute and flush out the irritant." }, "Frostbite-5": { "title": "Frostbite", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Areas that are usually affected include cheeks, ears, nose and fingers and toes. Frostbite is often preceded by frostnip. The symptoms of frostbite progress with prolonged exposure to cold. Historically, frostbite has been classified by degrees according to skin and sensation changes, similar to burn classifications. However, the degrees do not correspond to the amount of long term damage. A simplification of this system of classification is superficial (first or second degree) or deep injury (third or fourth degree)." }, "Nativity of Jesus in art-12": { "title": "Nativity of Jesus in art", "section": "The wider Nativity story in art", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "The story continues with King Herod asking his advisers about ancient prophesies describing the birth of such a child. As a result of their advice, he sends soldiers to kill every boy child under the age of two in the city of Bethlehem. But Joseph has been warned in a dream, and flees to Egypt with Mary and the baby, Jesus. The gruesome scene of the Massacre of the Innocents, as the murder of the babies is generally referred, was particularly depicted by Early Renaissance and Baroque painters. The Flight into Egypt was another popular subject, showing Mary with the baby on a donkey, led by Joseph (borrowing the older iconography of the rare Byzantine Journey to Bethlehem)." }, "J. K. Rowling-22": { "title": "J. K. Rowling", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "Harry Potter" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Harry Potter is now a global brand worth an estimated US$15\u00a0billion, and the last four Harry Potter books have consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history. The series, totalling 4,195 pages, has been translated, in whole or in part, into 65 languages." }, "Burr\u2013Hamilton duel-35": { "title": "Burr\u2013Hamilton duel", "section": "Aftermath", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "After being attended by Hosack, the mortally wounded Hamilton was taken to the home of William Bayard Jr. in New York, where he received communion from Bishop Benjamin Moore. He died the next day after seeing his wife Elizabeth and their children, in the presence of more than 20 friends and family members; he was buried in the Trinity Churchyard Cemetery in Manhattan. (Hamilton was an Episcopalian at his death.) His political ally Gouverneur Morris gave the eulogy at his funeral and established a private fund to support his widow and children." }, "Crossbow bolt-1": { "title": "Crossbow bolt", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A quarrel or bolt is the ammunition used in a crossbow. The name \"quarrel\" is derived from the French word carr\u00e9, meaning square, referring to their typically square heads. Although their lengths vary, bolts are typically shorter than traditional arrows." }, "Toilet paper-37": { "title": "Toilet paper", "section": "Environmental considerations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "One tree produces about 200 rolls (100 pounds (45\u00a0kg)) of toilet paper and about 83 million rolls are produced per day. Global toilet paper production consumes 27,000 trees daily." }, "Mensa International-5": { "title": "Mensa International", "section": "Membership requirement", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Mensa's requirement for membership is a score at or above the 98th percentile on certain standardised IQ or other approved intelligence tests, such as the Stanford\u2013Binet Intelligence Scales. The minimum accepted score on the Stanford\u2013Binet is 132, while for the Cattell it is 148. Most IQ tests are designed to yield a mean score of 100 with a standard deviation of 15; the 98th-percentile score under these conditions is 131, assuming a normal distribution." }, "White stork-47": { "title": "White stork", "section": "Cultural associations", "headers": [ "Storks and delivery of babies" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "In Slavic mythology and religion, storks were thought to carry unborn souls from Vyraj to Earth in spring and summer. This belief still persists in the modern folk culture of many Slavic countries, in the simplified child story that \"storks bring children into the world\". Storks were seen by Early Slavs as bringing luck, and killing one would bring misfortune. A long-term study that showed a spurious correlation between the numbers of stork nests and human births is widely used in the teaching of basic statistics as an example to highlight that correlation does not necessarily indicate causation. The child-bringing myth has appeared in different forms in history. Children of African American slaves were sometimes told that white babies were brought by storks, while black babies were born from buzzard eggs." }, "Atlantic salmon-1": { "title": "Atlantic salmon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae which is the largest salmon and can grow up to a meter in length. It is found in the northern Atlantic Ocean and in rivers that flow into this ocean. Most populations of this fish species are anadromous, hatching in streams and rivers but moving out to sea as they grow where they mature, after which the adult fish seasonally move upstream again to spawn. When the mature fish re-enter rivers to spawn, they change in colour and appearance. Some populations of this fish only migrate to large lakes, and are \"landlocked\", spending their entire lives in freshwater. Such populations are found throughout the range of the species. Unlike Pacific species of salmon, S. salar is iteroparous, which means it can survive spawning and return to sea to have a go at it again in another year -such individuals can grow to extremely large sizes, although they are rare. The different life stages of the fish are known by many different names in English: alevin, fry, parr and smolt. Atlantic salmon is considered a very healthy food and one of the fish with a more refined taste in many cultures and as such it features in numerous popular traditional cuisines and can fetch a higher price than some other fish. It has thus long been the target of recreational and commercial fishing, and this, as well as habitat destruction, has impacted the population in some areas, and as such the species is the subject of conservation efforts in several countries, which appear to have been somewhat successful since the 2000s. Techniques to farm this species using aquacultural methods have also been developed, and at present it is farmed in great numbers in many places around the world, and although this is now a viable alternative to wild-caught fish it has also attracted criticism from environmentalists." }, "Nuno Gomes (diver)-4": { "title": "Nuno Gomes (diver)", "section": "Records", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "citation needed] Gomes is also a renowned cave diver and holds the official current Guinness World Record for the deepest cave dive, done in Boesmansgat cave (South Africa), to a depth of 283\u00a0m (927\u00a0ft), in 1996. The cave is located at an altitude of more than 1,500\u00a0m (5,000\u00a0ft) above sea level, which resulted in Nuno having to follow a decompression schedule for an equivalent sea level dive depth of 339\u00a0m (1,112\u00a0ft) to prevent decompression sickness (\"the bends\"). The total dive time was 12 hours and 15 minutes; the descent took 14 minutes with 4 minutes spent at the bottom." }, "Dr. Seuss-22": { "title": "Dr. Seuss", "section": "Illness, death, and posthumous honors", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Geisel died of cancer on September 24, 1991, at his home in La Jolla, California, at the age of 87. His ashes were scattered in the Pacific Ocean. On December 1, 1995, four years after his death, University of California, San Diego's University Library Building was renamed Geisel Library in honor of Geisel and Audrey for the generous contributions that they made to the library and their devotion to improving literacy." }, "Old age-12": { "title": "Old age", "section": "Definitions", "headers": [ "Senior citizen" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Senior citizen is a common euphemism for an old person used in American English, and sometimes in British English. It implies that the person being referred to is retired. This in turn usually implies that the person is over the retirement age, which varies according to country. Synonyms include old age pensioner or pensioner in British English, and retiree and senior in American English. Some dictionaries describe widespread use of \"senior citizen\" for people over the age of 65." }, "Coeliac disease-13": { "title": "Coeliac disease", "section": "Cause", "headers": [ "Other grains" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Other cereals such as corn, millet, sorghum, teff, rice, and wild rice are safe for people with coeliac to consume, as well as noncereals such as amaranth, quinoa, and buckwheat. Noncereal carbohydrate-rich foods such as potatoes and bananas do not contain gluten and do not trigger symptoms." }, "Economics of bitcoin-16": { "title": "Economics of bitcoin", "section": "Price and volatility", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "The price of bitcoins has gone through various cycles of appreciation and depreciation referred to by some as bubbles and busts. In 2011, the value of one bitcoin rapidly rose from about US$0.30 to US$32 before returning to US$2. In the latter half of 2012 and during the 2012\u201313 Cypriot financial crisis, the bitcoin price began to rise, reaching a high of US$266 on 10 April 2013, before crashing to around US$50. On 29 November 2013, the cost of one bitcoin rose to the all-time peak of US$1,242. Some evidence suggests that part of this peak in the price of bitcoin was due to price manipulation. In 2014, the price fell sharply, and as of April remained depressed at little more than half 2013 prices. As of August\u00a02014[update] it was under US$600." }, "Jainism-2": { "title": "Jainism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The main religious premises of Jainism are ahi\u1e43s\u0101 (non-violence), anek\u0101ntav\u0101da (many-sidedness), aparigraha (non-attachment) and asceticism. Devout Jains take five main vows: ahi\u1e43s\u0101 (non-violence), satya (truth), asteya (not stealing), brahmacharya (sexual continence), and aparigraha (non-possessiveness). These principles have affected Jain culture in many ways, such as leading to a predominantly vegetarian lifestyle. Parasparopagraho J\u012bv\u0101n\u0101m (the function of souls is to help one another) is its motto and the \u1e46am\u014dk\u0101ra mantra is its most common and basic prayer." }, "African bee-1": { "title": "African bee", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The East African lowland honey bee (Apis mellifera scutellata) is a subspecies of the western honey bee. It is native to central, southern and eastern Africa, though at the southern extreme it is replaced by the Cape honey bee (Apis mellifera capensis). This subspecies has been determined to constitute one part of the ancestry of the Africanized bees (also known as \"killer bees\") spreading through America." }, "Supreme Court of Canada-30": { "title": "Supreme Court of Canada", "section": "Current members", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "The current Chief Justice of Canada is Richard Wagner. He was appointed to the Court as a puisne judge on 5 October 2012 and appointed chief justice, 18 December 2017. The nine justices of the Wagner Court are:" }, "Barack Obama-1": { "title": "Barack Obama", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Barack Hussein Obama II (/b\u0259\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0k hu\u02d0\u02c8se\u026an o\u028a\u02c8b\u0251\u02d0m\u0259/ (listen); born August 4, 1961) is an American politician and attorney who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, Barack Obama was the first African-American president of the United States. He previously served as a U.S. senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004." }, "Carl Linnaeus-1": { "title": "Carl Linnaeus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Carl Linnaeus (/l\u026a\u02c8ni\u02d0\u0259s, l\u026a\u02c8ne\u026a\u0259s/; 23 May 1707 \u2013 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linn\u00e9 (Swedish pronunciation:\u00a0[\u02c8k\u0251\u02d0\u026d f\u0254n l\u026a\u02c8ne\u02d0] (listen)), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. He is known as the \"father of modern taxonomy\". Many of his writings were in Latin, and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linn\u00e6us (after 1761 Carolus a Linn\u00e9)." }, "Bee-40": { "title": "Bee", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "As mimics and models" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "Many bees are aposematically coloured, typically orange and black, warning of their ability to defend themselves with a powerful sting. As such they are models for Batesian mimicry by non-stinging insects such as bee-flies, robber flies and hoverflies, all of which gain a measure of protection by superficially looking and behaving like bees." }, "Grand Theft Auto III-36": { "title": "Grand Theft Auto III", "section": "Controversies", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "The game allows players to participate in sexual activities with prostitutes, and murder them to reclaim the payment. This was met with widespread controversy. The game also received controversy for its depiction of crime, and allowing violence against police officers. Psychologist David Walsh of the National Institute on Media and the Family stated that the game \"glamorizes antisocial and criminal activity\", and that \"the purpose of the game is to perpetrate crime\". In response, Kotaku writer Owen Good wrote that the game does not reward players for \"proficiency at crime, no matter how much it is accused of doing so\". Joanna Weiss of The Boston Globe noted the \"adrenaline\" that players feel when committing crimes in the game, excusing the game's violence due to its mature classification. The National Organization for Women spoke out against the game in January 2002, asking Rockstar and Take-Two to withdraw the game from sale as it \"encourages violence and the degradation of women\". Matt Richtel of The New York Times wrote that the activities within the game \"crossed the line into bad taste\"." }, "It (novel)-1": { "title": "It (novel)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "It is a 1986 horror novel by American author Stephen King. It was his 22nd book, and his 17th novel written under his own name. The story follows the experiences of seven children as they are terrorized by an evil entity that exploits the fears of its victims to disguise itself while hunting its prey. \"It\" primarily appears in the form of Pennywise the Dancing Clown to attract its preferred prey of young children." }, "Eric Roberts filmography-4": { "title": "Eric Roberts filmography", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "To date, Roberts has appeared in over 500 different productions, making him the third-most prolific screen actor of all time." }, "Sahara desert (ecoregion)-5": { "title": "Sahara desert (ecoregion)", "section": "Setting", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The surface of the desert ranges from large areas of sand dunes (erg), to stone plateaus (hamadas), gravel plains (reg), dry valleys (wadis), and salt flats. The only permanent river that crosses the ecoregion is the Nile River, which originates in east Africa and empties northwards into the Mediterranean Sea. Some areas encompass vast underground aquifers resulting in oases, while other regions severely lack water reserves." }, "Cyndi Lauper-76": { "title": "Cyndi Lauper", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "2016\u2013present: Detour and more" ], "para_index": 76, "content": "In January 2017, Lauper was featured on Austin City Limits' 42nd season performing some of her classic songs alongside country tunes from Detour. The episode aired on PBS. In October 2017 she released a new song, \"Hope\", in honor of World Psoriasis Day. \"I know first-hand the impact psoriasis can have and my goal is to give a voice to the millions of Americans who may struggle with their psoriasis,\" said Lauper." }, "Nickel-5": { "title": "Nickel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Nickel is one of four elements (the others are iron, cobalt, and gadolinium) that are ferromagnetic at approximately room temperature. Alnico permanent magnets based partly on nickel are of intermediate strength between iron-based permanent magnets and rare-earth magnets. The metal is valuable in modern times chiefly in alloys; about 68% of world production is used in stainless steel. A further 10% is used for nickel-based and copper-based alloys, 7% for alloy steels, 3% in foundries, 9% in plating and 4% in other applications, including the fast-growing battery sector. As a compound, nickel has a number of niche chemical manufacturing uses, such as a catalyst for hydrogenation, cathodes for batteries, pigments and metal surface treatments. Nickel is an essential nutrient for some microorganisms and plants that have enzymes with nickel as an active site." }, "Dementia-21": { "title": "Dementia", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "Alzheimer's" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "The part of the brain most affected by Alzheimer's is the hippocampus. Other parts that show atrophy (shrinking) include the temporal and parietal lobes. Although this pattern suggests Alzheimer's, the brain shrinkage in Alzheimer's disease is variable, and a brain scan is not sufficient for diagnosis. The relationship between anesthesia and AD is unclear." }, "Glucosinolate-1": { "title": "Glucosinolate", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Glucosinolates are natural components of many pungent plants such as mustard, cabbage, and horseradish. The pungency of those plants is due to mustard oils produced from glucosinolates when the plant material is chewed, cut, or otherwise damaged. These natural chemicals most likely contribute to plant defence against pests and diseases, and impart a characteristic bitter flavor property of cruciferous vegetables." }, "Ted Wheeler-1": { "title": "Ted Wheeler", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Edward Tevis Wheeler (born August 31, 1962) is an American politician who has served as the mayor of Portland, Oregon, since 2017. He previously served as Oregon State Treasurer." }, "Mike DeWine-24": { "title": "Mike DeWine", "section": "Governor of Ohio", "headers": [ "Tenure", "2019" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "On February 22, 2019, President Trump appointed Governor DeWine to the bipartisan Council of Governors." }, "Frigate-6": { "title": "Frigate", "section": "Age of sail", "headers": [ "Origins" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The term \"frigate\" (Italian: fregata; Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Sicilian: fragata; Dutch: fregat; French: fr\u00e9gate) originated in the Mediterranean in the late 15th century, referring to a lighter galley-type warship with oars, sails and a light armament, built for speed and maneuverability. The etymology of the word remains uncertain, although it may have originated as a corruption of aphractus, a Latin word for an open vessel with no lower deck. Aphractus, in turn, derived from the Ancient Greek phrase \u1f04\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c2 (aphraktos naus) \u2013 \"undefended ship\"." }, "Zoroastrianism-48": { "title": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "Religious text", "headers": [ "Avesta" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "The Avesta is a collection of the central religious texts of Zoroastrianism written in the old Iranian dialect of Avestan. The history of the Avesta is speculated upon in many Pahlavi texts with varying degrees of authority, with the current version of the Avesta dating at oldest from the times of the Sasanian Empire. According to Middle Persian tradition, Ahura Mazda created the twenty-one masks of the original Avesta which Zoroaster brought to Vishtaspa. Here, two copies were created, one which was put in the house of archives and the other put in the Imperial treasury. During Alexander's conquest of Persia, the Avesta was burned, and the scientific sections that the Greeks could use were dispersed among themselves. However, there is no strong evidence historically towards these claims and they remain contested academically and within the faith." }, "Shrimp and prawn as food-9": { "title": "Shrimp and prawn as food", "section": "Preparation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Shrimp and prawns are versatile ingredients. Common methods of preparation include baking, boiling, frying, grilling and barbequing . They are as delicate as eggs with regard to cooking time. When they are overcooked, they have a tough and rubbery texture." }, "Lil Wayne-1": { "title": "Lil Wayne", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dwayne Michael Carter Jr. (born September 27, 1982), better known by his stage name Lil Wayne, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record executive, entrepreneur, and actor. His career began in 1996, at the age of 13, when he was discovered by Birdman and joined Cash Money Records as the youngest member of the label. He joined the southern hip hop group Hot Boys, with Cash Money label-mates Juvenile and Turk, in 1997, who became popular following the release of the album Guerrilla Warfare (1999) and the song \"Bling Bling\". For many years, Lil Wayne was the flagship artist of Cash Money Records, before ending his long-tenured deal with the company in June 2018." }, "Night monkey-1": { "title": "Night monkey", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The night monkeys, also known as the owl monkeys or douroucoulis, are the members of the genus Aotus of New World monkeys (monotypic in family Aotidae). The only nocturnal monkeys, they are native to Panama and much of tropical South America. Night monkeys constitute one of the few monkey species that are affected by the often deadly human malaria protozoan Plasmodium falciparum, making them useful as non-human primate experimental subjects in malaria research." }, "Miami-2": { "title": "Miami", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Miami is a major center and leader in finance, commerce, culture, arts, and international trade. The metro area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States, with a GDP of $344.9\u00a0billion as of 2017. In 2018, Miami was classified as an Alpha level global city by the GaWC. In 2019, Miami ranked seventh in the United States and 31st among global cities in terms of business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience, and political engagement. According to a 2018 UBS study of 77 world cities, the city was ranked as the third-richest in the United States and the eighth-richest in the world in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the \"Capital of Latin America\" and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality." }, "KFC-51": { "title": "KFC", "section": "Operations", "headers": [ "Europe", "United Kingdom" ], "para_index": 51, "content": "As of December 2013, there were 784 KFC outlets in the United Kingdom. British turnover was around \u00a3684.5 million in 2013, according to Technomic. About 70 percent of outlets are run by franchisees, with the remainder company owned. The company employs 24,000 people. Around 400 sites are drive-through outlets. Average outlet turnover is between \u00a31 and \u00a31.5 million." }, "Jainism-1": { "title": "Jainism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jainism (/\u02c8d\u0292e\u026an\u026az\u0259m/), traditionally known as Jain Dharma, is an ancient Indian religion. Followers of Jainism are called \"Jains\", a word derived from the Sanskrit word jina, meaning \"victor\". Jainism is transtheistic, and Jains trace their spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-four leaders or tirthankaras. The first of these was Rishabhanatha, who according to Jain tradition lived millions of years ago; the twenty-third was Parshvanatha in 900 BCE, and the twenty-fourth was the Mah\u0101v\u012bra around 500 BCE. Jains believe that Jainism is an eternal dharma with the tirthankaras guiding every cycle of Jain cosmology. Their canonical religious texts are called Agamas." }, "Hell-34": { "title": "Hell", "section": "Abrahamic religions", "headers": [ "Christianity" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "The Christian doctrine of hell derives from passages in the New Testament. The word hell does not appear in the Greek New Testament; instead one of three words is used: the Greek words Tartarus or Hades, or the Hebrew word Gehinnom." }, "Franky Zapata-12": { "title": "Franky Zapata", "section": "Zapata Racing Gear", "headers": [ "Flyboard Air" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Three weeks later he succeeded in crossing the English Channel with his device. The previous attempt on 25 July had been unsuccessful, but during the second try on 4 August 2019, escorted by French Army helicopters and using a backpack fuel reservoir, he accomplished the 35-kilometre (22\u00a0mi) journey in about 20 minutes, including a fueling stop at the midpoint. Zapata reached a speed of 180\u00a0km/h (110\u00a0mph) and maintained an altitude of approximately 15\u00a0m (49\u00a0ft). The trip started at Sangatte in the Pas de Calais region of France and concluded at St Margaret's at Cliffe in Kent, UK where he landed safely." }, "European conger-4": { "title": "European conger", "section": "Description and behavior", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Conger eels have habits similar to moray eels. They usually live amongst rocks in holes, or \"eel pits\", sometimes in one hole together with moray eels. They come out from their holes at night to hunt. These nocturnal predators mainly feed on fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans, although they are thought to scavenge on dead and rotting fish, as well as actively hunt live fish. Congers can be aggressive to humans, and large specimens can pose a danger to divers." }, "Jukebox musical-6": { "title": "Jukebox musical", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "In Europe in the 17th and 18th century, many comic operas were produced that parodied popular songs of the time by performing them with modified lyrics. Com\u00e9die en vaudevilles and ballad operas are two genres that made heavy use of well-known melodies. The Beggar's Opera (1728), the first ballad opera and the most famous, has been called \"the original jukebox musical\"." }, "American Sign Language-40": { "title": "American Sign Language", "section": "Phonology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "Distinctive features in ASL Each sign in ASL is composed of a number of distinctive components, generally referred to as parameters. A sign may use one hand or both. All signs can be described using the five parameters involved in signed languages, which are handshape, movement, palm orientation, location and non-manual markers. Just as phonemes of sound distinguish meaning in spoken languages, those parameters are the phonemes that distinguish meaning in signed languages like ASL. Changing any one of them may change the meaning of a sign, as illustrated by the ASL signs THINK and DISAPPOINTED:" }, "Swiss cuisine-2": { "title": "Swiss cuisine", "section": "Food and dishes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "There are many regional dishes in Switzerland. One example is Z\u00fcrcher Geschnetzeltes, thin strips of veal with mushrooms in a cream sauce served with R\u00f6sti. Italian cuisine is popular in contemporary Switzerland, particularly pasta and pizza. Foods often associated with Switzerland include particular types of cheese and milk chocolate. Swiss cheeses, in particular Emmental cheese, Gruy\u00e8re, Vacherin, and Appenzeller, are famous Swiss products. The most popular cheese dishes are fondue and raclette. Both these dishes were originally regional dishes, but were popularized by the Swiss Cheese Union to boost sales of cheese." }, "Petroleum-2": { "title": "Petroleum", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It consists of naturally occurring hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and may contain miscellaneous organic compounds. The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, mostly zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both intense heat and pressure." }, "Sirius-4": { "title": "Sirius", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Sirius is known colloquially as the \"Dog Star\", reflecting its prominence in its constellation, Canis Major (the Greater Dog). The heliacal rising of Sirius marked the flooding of the Nile in Ancient Egypt and the \"dog days\" of summer for the ancient Greeks, while to the Polynesians, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, the star marked winter and was an important reference for their navigation around the Pacific Ocean." }, "Prison uniform-28": { "title": "Prison uniform", "section": "Prison uniform by nation", "headers": [ "Other countries" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Dark red: supermax, or \"worst of the worst\" Red: high-risk Khaki or Yellow: low-risk White: segregation unit or in specific cases, death row inmates Green or blue: low-risk inmates on work detail (e.g. kitchen, cleaning, laundry, mail, or other tasks) Orange: unspecific, commonly used for any status in some prisons Black/Orange and White stripes: unspecific, commonly used for any status in some prisons Pink: used for special punishment in some prisons In Finland, inmates wear prison uniforms, unless they receive a special permission to use some of their own for sports training. Prison uniforms are red and grey." }, "Paresthesia-1": { "title": "Paresthesia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Paresthesia is an abnormal sensation of the skin (tingling, pricking, chilling, burning, numbness) with no apparent physical cause. Paresthesia may be transient or chronic, and may have any of dozens of possible underlying causes. Paresthesias are usually painless and can occur anywhere on the body, but most commonly occur in the arms and legs." }, "Solar cycle-32": { "title": "Solar cycle", "section": "Patterns", "headers": [ "Hypothesized cycles" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "Periodicity of solar activity with periods longer than the sunspot cycle of about 11 (22) years has been proposed, including:" }, "Haf\u00fe\u00f3r J\u00fal\u00edus Bj\u00f6rnsson-19": { "title": "Haf\u00fe\u00f3r J\u00fal\u00edus Bj\u00f6rnsson", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Family and relationships" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Haf\u00fe\u00f3r was born in Reykjav\u00edk. His father, Bj\u00f6rn, stands at 203\u00a0cm (6\u00a0ft 8\u00a0in), and his mother, Ragnhei\u00f0ur, is also of very tall stature. Haf\u00fe\u00f3r's grandfather, Reynir, is 207\u00a0cm (6\u00a0ft 9\u00a01\u20442\u00a0in) and \"just as broad across the chest\". Reynir recalled in 2014 that Haf\u00fe\u00f3r worked on the family farm outside Reykjav\u00edk as a child and \"was always big, even when he wasn't tall\"." }, "Retail-3": { "title": "Retail", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Most modern retailers typically make a variety of strategic level decisions including the type of store, the market to be served, the optimal product assortment, customer service, supporting services and the store's overall market positioning. Once the strategic retail plan is in place, retailers devise the retail mix which includes product, price, place, promotion, personnel, and presentation. In the digital age, an increasing number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels, including both bricks and mortar and online retailing. Digital technologies are also changing the way that consumers pay for goods and services. Retailing support services may also include the provision of credit, delivery services, advisory services, stylist services and a range of other supporting services." }, "Justin Bieber-1": { "title": "Justin Bieber", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Justin Drew Bieber (/\u02c8bi\u02d0b\u0259r/; born March 1, 1994) is a Canadian singer, songwriter and actor. Discovered at 13 years old by talent manager Scooter Braun after he had watched his YouTube cover song videos, Bieber was signed to RBMG Records in 2008. With Bieber's debut EP My World, released in late 2009, Bieber became the first artist to have seven songs from a debut record chart on the Billboard Hot 100." }, "Central processing unit-46": { "title": "Central processing unit", "section": "Structure and implementation", "headers": [ "Clock rate" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "However, architectural improvements alone do not solve all of the drawbacks of globally synchronous CPUs. For example, a clock signal is subject to the delays of any other electrical signal. Higher clock rates in increasingly complex CPUs make it more difficult to keep the clock signal in phase (synchronized) throughout the entire unit. This has led many modern CPUs to require multiple identical clock signals to be provided to avoid delaying a single signal significantly enough to cause the CPU to malfunction. Another major issue, as clock rates increase dramatically, is the amount of heat that is dissipated by the CPU. The constantly changing clock causes many components to switch regardless of whether they are being used at that time. In general, a component that is switching uses more energy than an element in a static state. Therefore, as clock rate increases, so does energy consumption, causing the CPU to require more heat dissipation in the form of CPU cooling solutions." }, "The Jungle Book-18": { "title": "The Jungle Book", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The academic Jopi Nyman argued in 2001 that the book formed part of the construction of \"colonial English national identity\" within Kipling's \"imperial project\". In Nyman's view, nation, race and class are mapped out in the stories, contributing to \"an imagining of Englishness as a site of power and racial superiority.\" Nyman suggested that The Jungle Book's monkeys and snakes represent \"colonial animals\" and \"racialized Others\" within the Indian jungle, whereas the White Seal promotes \"'truly English' identities in the nationalist allegory\" of that story." }, "Aldi-32": { "title": "Aldi", "section": "Business practices", "headers": [ "In-store layout" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "In March 2019, Aldi S\u00fcd launched a smaller format store in the UK called Aldi Local, with first store in Balham, southern London. The store has a slightly smaller number of products than a regular Aldi, with a preference for fresh products, has no trolleys instead having two sizes of baskets and without the notable \"middle aisle\" of weekly offers. Aldi stores do not play music, except for some stores in Scotland that play Christmas music during December. Some of them have a PA system for announcements (not commercials) but most of them do not have any audio system. In The Netherlands and Belgium, Aldi also sells a-brands." }, "Crinkle-cutting-4": { "title": "Crinkle-cutting", "section": "Waffle fries", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Pommes gaufrettes, grid fries, waffle fries, or criss-cross fries are fries obtained by quarter-turning the potato before each pass over the corrugated blade of a mandoline and deep-frying." }, "Mickey Mouse-1": { "title": "Mickey Mouse", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mickey Mouse is a cartoon character and the mascot of The Walt Disney Company. He was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at the Walt Disney Studios in 1928. An anthropomorphic mouse who typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves, Mickey is one of the world's most recognizable characters." }, "Petroleum jelly-26": { "title": "Petroleum jelly", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Other", "Mechanical, barrier functions" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "A stripe of petroleum jelly can be used to prevent the spread of a liquid. For example, it can be applied close to the hairline when using a home hair dye kit to prevent the hair dye from irritating or staining the skin. It is also used to prevent diaper rash." }, "Israelites-11": { "title": "Israelites", "section": "Terminology", "headers": [ "B'nei Yisrael, \"children of Israel\"" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "In modern Hebrew, b'nei yisrael (\"children of Israel\") can denote the Jewish people at any time in history; it is typically used to emphasize Jewish ethnic identity." }, "Depression (mood)-8": { "title": "Depression (mood)", "section": "Factors", "headers": [ "Psychiatric syndromes" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "A number of psychiatric syndromes feature depressed mood as a main symptom. The mood disorders are a group of disorders considered to be primary disturbances of mood. These include major depressive disorder (MDD; commonly called major depression or clinical depression) where a person has at least two weeks of depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities; and dysthymia, a state of chronic depressed mood, the symptoms of which do not meet the severity of a major depressive episode. Another mood disorder, bipolar disorder, features one or more episodes of abnormally elevated mood, cognition, and energy levels, but may also involve one or more episodes of depression. When the course of depressive episodes follows a seasonal pattern, the disorder (major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, etc.) may be described as a seasonal affective disorder." }, "Doughnut-1": { "title": "Doughnut", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A doughnut or donut (the latter spelling often seen in American English) is a type of fried dough confection or dessert food. The doughnut is popular in many countries and is prepared in various forms as a sweet snack that can be homemade or purchased in bakeries, supermarkets, food stalls, and franchised specialty vendors." }, "Integrated circuit-1": { "title": "Integrated circuit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or \"chip\") of semiconductor material that is normally silicon. The integration of large numbers of tiny MOS transistors into a small chip results in circuits that are orders of magnitude smaller, faster, and less expensive than those constructed of discrete electronic components. The IC's mass production capability, reliability, and building-block approach to circuit design has ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors. ICs are now used in virtually all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the small size and low cost of ICs." }, "Wives aboard Noah's Ark-1": { "title": "Wives aboard Noah's Ark", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Wives aboard Noah's Ark were part of the family that survived the Deluge in the biblical Genesis flood narrative. They are the wife of Noah, and the wives of each of his three sons. Although the Bible only notes the existence of these women, there are extra-Biblical mentions regarding them and their names." }, "Tailor-1": { "title": "Tailor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A tailor is a person who makes, repairs, or alters clothing professionally, especially suits and men's clothing." }, "Triumvirate-5": { "title": "Triumvirate", "section": "Roman triumvirates", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The term is most commonly used by historians to refer to the First Triumvirate of Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Pompey the Great, and the Second Triumvirate of Octavianus (later Caesar Augustus), Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus." }, "Soviet Union-1": { "title": "Soviet Union", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a federal socialist state in Northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 and was the largest country in the world. Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics, in practice its government and economy were highly centralized. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party, with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian SFSR. Other major urban centers were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata and Novosibirsk. It spanned over 10,000 kilometers (6,200\u00a0mi) east to west across 11 time zones and over 7,200 kilometers (4,500\u00a0mi) north to south. Its territory included much of Eastern Europe as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia. It had five climate zones such as tundra, taiga, steppes, desert, and mountains." }, "Florence-1": { "title": "Florence", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Florence (/\u02c8fl\u0252r\u0259ns/ FLORR-\u0259nss; Italian: Firenze [fi\u02c8r\u025bntse] (listen)) is a city in central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,084 inhabitants in 2013, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area." }, "Environmentalist-1": { "title": "Environmentalist", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An environmentalist is a person who is concerned with and/or advocates for the protection of the environment. An environmentalist can be considered a supporter of the goals of the environmental movement, \"a political and ethical movement that seeks to improve and protect the quality of the natural environment through changes to environmentally harmful human activities\". An environmentalist is engaged in or believes in the philosophy of environmentalism." }, "Payday loan-1": { "title": "Payday loan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A payday loan (also called a payday advance, salary loan, payroll loan, small dollar loan, short term, or cash advance loan) is a small, short-term unsecured loan, \"regardless of whether repayment of loans is linked to a borrower's payday.\" The loans are also sometimes referred to as \"cash advances,\" though that term can also refer to cash provided against a prearranged line of credit such as a credit card. Payday advance loans rely on the consumer having previous payroll and employment records. Legislation regarding payday loans varies widely between different countries, and in federal systems, between different states or provinces." }, "White-1": { "title": "White", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "White is the lightest color and is achromatic (having no hue). It is the color of fresh snow, chalk and milk, and is the opposite of black. White objects fully reflect and scatter all the visible wavelengths of light. White on television and computer screens is created by a mixture of red, blue and green light." }, "Athena-1": { "title": "Athena", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Athena or Athene, often given the epithet Pallas, is an ancient Greek goddess associated with wisdom, handicraft, and warfare who was later syncretized with the Roman goddess Minerva. Athena was regarded as the patron and protectress of various cities across Greece, particularly the city of Athens, from which she most likely received her name. She's usually shown in art wearing a helmet and holding a spear. Her major symbols include owls, olive trees, snakes, and the Gorgoneion." }, "Rolling pin-2": { "title": "Rolling pin", "section": "Material", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Rod: Thin rods typically made of wood around 2\u20133\u00a0cm in diameter. They are used by rolling the rod across the dough using one's palm. The pins may be tapered at one or both ends for more pivot control in certain tasks such as making small jiaozi skins or pie shells. Most East Asian or French style rolling pins, and the Turkish Oklava are rod-style. Roller: Consists of a thick heavy roller made of a variety of materials around 7\u201310\u00a0cm in diameter with thinner handles which extend through the roller. They are used by grasping the handles and pushing the pin across the dough. Many Western rolling pins are roller types. Textured: Some specialized rolling pins have textured surfaces that mark and indents the dough surfaces for special breads and pancakes. They may even be embossed with writing. Chakla belan: In Indian cuisine, the rolling pin (belan) is used in combination with a chakla (flat circular rolling board). The dough for chapatis is rolled on the chakla with the help of the belan. Devices like Rotimatic and Rotillicious combine the functions of chakla, belan and round electric cooking griddle also known as tava. Rolling pins come in a variety of sizes, shapes and materials including glass, ceramic, acrylic, bakelite, copper, brass, aluminium, silicone, wood, stainless steel, marble, and plastic. Some are hollow and are able to be filled with cold or warm water to better roll a desired food. Marble rolling pins are often cooled in a refrigerator for maintaining a cold dough while making puff pastry." }, "Hermione Granger-1": { "title": "Hermione Granger", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hermione Jean Granger (/h\u025c\u02d0r\u02c8ma\u026a.\u0259ni/ /\u02c8\u0261re\u026and\u0292\u0259r/) is a fictional character in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series. She first appears in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, as a new student on her way to Hogwarts. After Harry and Ron save her from a mountain troll in the girls' restroom, she becomes best friends with them and often uses her quick wit, deft recall, and encyclopaedic knowledge to lend aid in dire situations. Rowling has stated that Hermione resembles herself as a young girl, with her insecurity and fear of failure." }, "Greek language-3": { "title": "Greek language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "During antiquity, Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world, West Asia and many places beyond. It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire and develop into Medieval Greek. In its modern form, Greek is the official language in two countries, Greece and Cyprus, a recognized minority language in seven other countries, and is one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. The language is spoken by at least 13.4 million people today in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, and Turkey and by the Greek diaspora." }, "Paleolithic diet-12": { "title": "Paleolithic diet", "section": "Health effects", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "The aspects of the paleo diet that advise eating fewer processed foods and less sugar and salt are consistent with mainstream advice about diet. Diets with a paleo nutrition pattern have some similarities to traditional ethnic diets such as the Mediterranean diet that have been found to be healthier than the Western diet. Following the paleo diet, however, can lead to nutritional deficiencies such as those of vitamin\u00a0D and calcium, which in turn could lead to compromised bone health; it can also lead to an increased risk of ingesting toxins from high fish consumption." }, "Taylor Swift-4": { "title": "Taylor Swift", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "1989\u20132003: Early life" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Taylor Alison Swift was born on December 13, 1989, in West Reading, Pennsylvania. Her father, Scott Kingsley Swift, was a stockbroker for Merrill Lynch; her mother, Andrea Gardner Swift (n\u00e9e Finlay), was a homemaker who had worked as a mutual fund marketing executive. Swift, who has said she has Scottish heritage, was named after the singer-songwriter James Taylor. She has a younger brother named Austin Kingsley Swift, who is an actor. Swift spent her early years on a Christmas tree farm, which her father purchased from one of his clients. Swift identifies as a Christian. She attended preschool and kindergarten at the Alvernia Montessori School, run by the Bernadine Franciscan sisters, before transferring to The Wyndcroft School. The family moved to a rented house in the suburban town of Wyomissing, Pennsylvania, where she attended Wyomissing Area Junior/Senior High School." }, "Genghis Khan-15": { "title": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Wives, concubines, and children", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "As was common for powerful Mongol men, Genghis Khan had many wives and concubines. He frequently acquired wives and concubines from empires and societies that he had conquered, these women were often princesses or queens that were taken captive or gifted to him. Genghis Khan gave several of his high-status wives their own ordos or camps to live in and manage. Each camp also contained junior wives, concubines, and even children. It was the job of the Kheshig (Mongol imperial guard) to protect the yurts of Genghis Khan's wives. The guards had to pay particular attention to the individual yurt and camp in which Genghis Khan slept, which could change every night as he visited different wives. When Genghis Khan set out on his military conquests he usually took one wife with him and left the rest of his wives (and concubines) to manage the empire in his absence." }, "The Masque of the Red Death (1964 film)-1": { "title": "The Masque of the Red Death (1964 film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Masque of the Red Death is a 1964 horror film directed by Roger Corman and starring Vincent Price. The story follows a prince who terrorizes a plague-ridden peasantry while merrymaking in a lonely castle with his jaded courtiers. The screenplay, written by Charles Beaumont and R. Wright Campbell, was based upon the 1842 short story of the same name by American author Edgar Allan Poe, and incorporates a subplot based on another Poe tale, \"Hop-Frog'\". Another subplot is drawn from Torture by Hope by Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam." }, "Medicare (United States)-1": { "title": "Medicare (United States)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Medicare is a national health insurance program in the United States, begun in 1966 under the Social Security Administration (SSA) and now administered by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). It primarily provides health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older, but also for some younger people with disability status as determined by the Social Security Administration, as well as people with end stage renal disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease)." }, "Glenn Beck Program-19": { "title": "Glenn Beck Program", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Beck's style of expressing his candid opinions have helped make his shows successful, but have also resulted in protest and advertiser boycotts. In late July 2009, Beck argued that reparations and social justice were driving President Obama's agenda, discussing issues of diversity and institutional racism. That week in response to the Henry Gates controversy, Beck stated that Obama has repeatedly exposed himself as having, \"a deep-seated hatred for white people, or the white culture.\" He concluded that, \"I'm not saying he doesn't like white people. I'm saying he has a problem. This guy is, I believe, a racist.\" These remarks drew criticism from MSNBC commentators, the NAACP, and resulted in as many as 80[citation needed] advertisers boycotting both Beck's show and FNC. Beck later mentioned that he regretted calling Barack Obama a racist, saying that, \"I have a big fat mouth sometimes\"." }, "Larry King-43": { "title": "Larry King", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "From his eight marriages, King has five children and nine grandchildren, as well as four great-grandchildren." }, "J. P. Morgan-4": { "title": "J. P. Morgan", "section": "Childhood and education", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Morgan was born and raised in Hartford, Connecticut, the son of Junius Spencer Morgan (1813\u20131890) and Juliet Pierpont (1816\u20131884) of the influential Morgan family. Pierpont, as he preferred to be known, had a varied education due in part to his father's plans. In the fall of 1848, he transferred to the Hartford Public School, then to the Episcopal Academy in Cheshire, Connecticut (now Cheshire Academy), where he boarded with the principal. In September 1851, he passed the entrance exam for The English High School of Boston, which specialized in mathematics for careers in commerce. In the April 1852, an illness struck Morgan which became more common as his life progressed: Rheumatic fever left him in such pain that he could not walk, and Junius sent him to the Azores to recover." }, "Solar System-37": { "title": "Solar System", "section": "Inner Solar System", "headers": [ "Inner planets", "Mars" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "Mars (1.5\u00a0AU from the Sun) is smaller than Earth and Venus (0.107\u00a0M\u2295). It has an atmosphere of mostly carbon dioxide with a surface pressure of 6.1 millibars (roughly 0.6% of that of Earth). Its surface, peppered with vast volcanoes, such as Olympus Mons, and rift valleys, such as Valles Marineris, shows geological activity that may have persisted until as recently as 2 million years ago. Its red colour comes from iron oxide (rust) in its soil. Mars has two tiny natural satellites (Deimos and Phobos) thought to be either captured asteroids, or ejected debris from a massive impact early in Mars's history." }, "Lighthouse of Alexandria-6": { "title": "Lighthouse of Alexandria", "section": "Construction", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The lighthouse was constructed in the 3rd century BC. After Alexander the Great died, the first Ptolemy (Ptolemy I Soter) announced himself king in 305 BC, and commissioned its construction shortly thereafter. The building was finished during the reign of his son, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, and took twelve years to complete at a total cost of 800\u00a0talents of silver. The light was produced by a furnace at the top, and the tower was said to have been built mostly with solid blocks of limestone. Although, since the lighthouse was over 300 feet tall the use of limestone as the main material is doubtful due to the possibility of collapsing under its own weight. Rather, pink granite found nearby is more probable as it is much stronger and can withstand more weight." }, "Hamlet-2": { "title": "Hamlet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It is Shakespeare's longest play with 30,557 words. Set in Denmark, the play depicts Prince Hamlet and his revenge against his uncle, Claudius, who has murdered Hamlet's father in order to seize his throne and marry Hamlet's mother." }, "Dog-1": { "title": "Dog", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The dog (Canis familiaris when considered a distinct species or Canis lupus familiaris when considered a subspecies of the wolf) is a member of the genus Canis (canines), which forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant terrestrial carnivore. The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa as modern wolves are not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated, which implies that the direct ancestor of the dog is extinct. The dog was the first species to be domesticated, and has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes." }, "Rusev (wrestler)-3": { "title": "Rusev (wrestler)", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Miroslav Barnyashev was born on December 25, 1984, in Plovdiv, which was then part of the People's Republic of Bulgaria. He attended a sports school while growing up and competed in rowing and powerlifting as an adult." }, "The Price Is Right-1": { "title": "The Price Is Right", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Price Is Right is a television game show franchise originally produced by Mark Goodson and Bill Todman, and created by Bob Stewart, and is currently produced and owned by FremantleMedia now Fremantle (Endemol in Netherlands). The franchise centers on television game shows, but also includes merchandise such as video games, printed media and board games. The franchise began in 1956 as a television game show hosted by Bill Cullen and was revamped in 1972. This version was originally hosted by Bob Barker. Since 2007, Drew Carey has hosted the program." }, "Roman numerals-5": { "title": "Roman numerals", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Other common uses include year numbers on monuments and buildings and copyright dates on the title screens of movies and television programs. MCM, signifying \"a thousand, and a hundred less than another thousand\", means 1900, so 1912 is written MCMXII. For the years of this century, MM indicates 2000. This year" }, "The Rockettes-1": { "title": "The Rockettes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Rockettes are an American precision dance company. Founded in 1925 in St. Louis, they have performed at Radio City Music Hall in Manhattan, New York City, since 1932. Until 2015 they also had a touring company. They are best known for starring in the Radio City Christmas Spectacular, an annual Christmas show, and for performing annually at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York. The Rockettes also conduct the Rockette Summer Intensive for dancers aspiring to be Rockettes." }, "J. D. Salinger-2": { "title": "J. D. Salinger", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Salinger published several short stories in Story magazine in the early 1940s before serving in World War II. In 1948, his critically acclaimed story \"A Perfect Day for Bananafish\" appeared in The New Yorker, which became home to much of his later work." }, "Barack Obama-65": { "title": "Barack Obama", "section": "Presidency (2009\u20132017)", "headers": [ "Domestic policy", "Economic policy" ], "para_index": 65, "content": "Play media On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787\u00a0billion economic stimulus package aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening worldwide recession. The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and incentives, and direct assistance to individuals." }, "Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival-3": { "title": "Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Coachella showcases popular and established musical artists as well as emerging artists and reunited groups. It is one of the largest, most famous, and most profitable music festivals in the United States and the world. Each Coachella staged from 2013 to 2015 set new records for festival attendance and gross revenues. The 2017 festival was attended by 250,000 people and grossed $114.6 million. Coachella's success led to Goldenvoice establishing additional music festivals at the site, including the annual Stagecoach country music festival beginning in 2007, the Big 4 thrash metal festival in 2011, and the classic rock-oriented Desert Trip in 2016." }, "Eric Bauza-1": { "title": "Eric Bauza", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Eric Adrian Bauza (born December 7, 1979) is a Canadian voice actor, stand-up comedian and animation artist. His roles include Rudolfo Rivera/White Pantera on El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera, Foop on The Fairly OddParents, Lord Stingray on Superjail!, Chairman Drek from the 2016 Ratchet & Clank game, the Beagle Boys on DuckTales, Flip Champion on Ballmastrz: 9009 and Leonardo in Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. He is also the current voice of characters such as Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Marvin the Martian, Pep\u00e9 Le Pew, Tweety and Woody Woodpecker." }, "Peel (fruit)-1": { "title": "Peel (fruit)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Peel, also known as rind or skin, is the outer protective layer of a fruit or vegetable which can be peeled off. The rind is usually the botanical exocarp, but the term exocarp also includes the hard cases of nuts, which are not named peels since they are not peeled off by hand or peeler, but rather shells because of their hardness." }, "Olympic Games-2": { "title": "Olympic Games", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games (Ancient Greek: \u1f48\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u1f08\u03b3\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2), which were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority." }, "Stroke-15": { "title": "Stroke", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "Early recognition" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "citation needed] Various systems have been proposed to increase recognition of stroke. Different findings are able to predict the presence or absence of stroke to different degrees. Sudden-onset face weakness, arm drift (i.e., if a person, when asked to raise both arms, involuntarily lets one arm drift downward) and abnormal speech are the findings most likely to lead to the correct identification of a case of stroke, increasing the likelihood by 5.5 when at least one of these is present. Similarly, when all three of these are absent, the likelihood of stroke is decreased (\u2013 likelihood ratio of 0.39). While these findings are not perfect for diagnosing stroke, the fact that they can be evaluated relatively rapidly and easily make them very valuable in the acute setting." }, "Constitution of the United Kingdom-5": { "title": "Constitution of the United Kingdom", "section": "Principles", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The UK constitution has not been codified in one document, like the Constitution of South Africa or the Grundgesetz in Germany. However, general constitutional principles run through the law, and central statutes have been recognised as holding \"constitutional\" value. The main sources of law, which \"constitute\" the body politic of the UK, are Acts of Parliament, cases decided by courts, and conventions on how the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, Parliament and the Monarch conduct themselves. Through legislation, case law and conventions, at least four main principles are usually recognised. First, parliamentary sovereignty is a foundational principle. Through the English Reformation, the Civil War, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Act of the Union 1707, Parliament became the dominant source of law, above the judiciary, executive, monarchy, and church. Parliamentary sovereignty means Parliament can make or unmake any law within its practical power to do so, a fact that is usually justified by Parliament upholding other principles, namely the rule of law, democracy, and internationalism. Second, the rule of law has run through the constitution since the Magna Carta 1215 and the Petition of Right 1628. This means the government may only conduct itself according to legal authority, including respect for human rights. Third, at least since 1928, democracy has become a fundamental constitutional principle. Originally only wealthy, property-owning men held rights to vote for the House of Commons, while the king or queen, and/or a hereditary House of Lords, dominated politics. But from 1832 adult citizens slowly won the right to universal suffrage. Fourth, the UK constitution is international: Parliament has consistently augmented its sovereignty and the practical power of UK citizens through membership of international bodies, including the International Labour Organization, the United Nations, the European Convention on Human Rights, the European Union, the World Trade Organization, and the International Criminal Court. EU membership was challenged by the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, and as the government then lost its majority at the 2017 general election, it was unclear what the outcome would be. However, after the 2019 general election, in which the Conservatives won their biggest majority since 1987, it became clear that the UK would leave the EU by the end of January 2020." }, "Causes of mental disorders-58": { "title": "Causes of mental disorders", "section": "Life experience and environmental factors", "headers": [ "Social expectations and esteem" ], "para_index": 58, "content": "How individuals view themselves ultimately determines who they are, their abilities and what they can be. Having both too low of self-esteem as well as too high of one can be detrimental to an individual's mental health. A person's self-esteem plays a much larger role in their overall happiness and quality of life. Poor self-esteem whether it be too high or too low can result in aggression, violence, self-deprecating behavior, anxiety, and other mental disorders." }, "Dendrite-3": { "title": "Dendrite", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Dendrites are one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being an axon. Axons can be distinguished from dendrites by several features including shape, length, and function. Dendrites often taper off in shape and are shorter, while axons tend to maintain a constant radius and be relatively long. Typically, axons transmit electrochemical signals and dendrites receive the electrochemical signals, although some types of neurons in certain species lack axons and simply transmit signals via their dendrites. Dendrites provide an enlarged surface area to receive signals from the terminal buttons of other axons, and the axon also commonly divides at its far end into many branches (telodendria) each of which ends in a nerve terminal, allowing a chemical signal to pass simultaneously to many target cells. Typically, when an electrochemical signal stimulates a neuron, it occurs at a dendrite and causes changes in the electrical potential across the neuron's plasma membrane. This change in the membrane potential will passively spread across the dendrite but becomes weaker with distance without an action potential. An action potential propagates the electrical activity along the membrane of the neuron's dendrites to the cell body and then afferently down the length of the axon to the axon terminal, where it triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. However, synapses involving dendrites can also be axodendritic, involving an axon signaling to a dendrite, or dendrodendritic, involving signaling between dendrites. An autapse is a synapse in which the axon of one neuron transmits signals to its own dendrites." }, "Janissaries-12": { "title": "Janissaries", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "page\u00a0needed] The Janissary corps were distinctive in a number of ways. They wore unique uniforms, were paid regular salaries (including bonuses) for their service, marched to music (the mehter), lived in barracks and were the first corps to make extensive use of firearms. A Janissary battalion was a close-knit community, effectively the soldier's family. By tradition, the Sultan himself, after authorizing the payments to the Janissaries, visited the barracks dressed as a janissary trooper, and received his pay alongside the other men of the First Division. They also served as policemen, palace guards, and fire fighters during peacetime. The Janissaries also enjoyed far better support on campaign than other armies of the time. They were part of a well-organized military machine, in which one support corps prepared the roads while others pitched tents and baked the bread. Their weapons and ammunition were transported and re-supplied by the cebeci corps. They campaigned with their own medical teams of Muslim and Jewish surgeons and their sick and wounded were evacuated to dedicated mobile hospitals set up behind the lines." }, "Iris (mythology)-1": { "title": "Iris (mythology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Greek mythology, Iris (/\u02c8a\u026ar\u026as/; Greek: \u038a\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 Ancient Greek:\u00a0[\u00ee\u02d0ris]) is the personification and goddess of the rainbow and messenger of the gods." }, "Marlboro (cigarette)-17": { "title": "Marlboro (cigarette)", "section": "Advertising", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "The red and white package was designed by the designer Frank Gianninoto. The repositioning of Marlboro as a men's cigarette was handled by Chicago advertiser Leo Burnett. The proposed campaign was to present a lineup of manly figures: sea captains, weightlifters, war correspondents, construction workers, etc. The cowboy was to have been the first in this series. While Philip Morris was concerned about the campaign, they eventually gave the green light." }, "Prince Andrew, Duke of York-3": { "title": "Prince Andrew, Duke of York", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "On 20 November 2019, Prince Andrew suspended his public duties for the \"foreseeable future\" following intense negative reaction regarding a television interview for the BBC's Newsnight programme, aired on 16 November 2019, which was mainly concerned with allegations against him of sexual abuse and his connections to convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein." }, "Alpha-keratin-1": { "title": "Alpha-keratin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Alpha-keratin, or \u03b1-keratin, is a type of keratin found in vertebrates. This protein is the primary component in hairs, horns, mammalian claws, nails and the epidermis layer of the skin. \u03b1-keratin is a fibrous structural protein, meaning it is made up of amino acids that form a repeating secondary structure. The secondary structure of \u03b1-keratin is very similar to that of a traditional protein \u03b1-helix and forms a coiled coil. Due to its tightly wound structure, it can function as one of the strongest biological materials and has various uses in mammals, from predatory claws to hair for warmth. \u03b1-keratin is synthesized through protein biosynthesis, utilizing transcription and translation, but as the cell matures and is full of \u03b1-keratin, it dies, creating a strong non-vascular unit of keratinized tissue." }, "Jainism-29": { "title": "Jainism", "section": "Traditions and sects", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "Excavations at Mathura revealed Jain statues from the time of the Kushan Empire (c.\u00a01st century CE). Tirthankara represented without clothes, and monks with cloth wrapped around the left arm, are identified as the Ardhaphalaka (half-clothed) mentioned in texts. The Yapaniyas, believed to have originated from the Ardhaphalaka, followed Digambara nudity along with several \u015av\u0113t\u0101mbara beliefs. In the modern era, according to Fl\u00fcgel, new Jain religious movements that are a \"primarily devotional form of Jainism\" have developed which resemble \"Jain Mahayana\" style devotionalism." }, "New York Public Library-31": { "title": "New York Public Library", "section": "Services", "headers": [ "Website and digital holdings" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "The NYPL gives cardholders free access from home to thousands of current and historical magazines, newspapers, journals and reference books in subscription databases, including EBSCOhost, which contains full text of major magazines; full text of the New York Times (1995\u2013present), Gale's Ready Reference Shelf which includes the Encyclopedia of Associations and periodical indexes, Books in Print; and Ulrich's Periodicals Directory. The New York Public Library also links to outside resources, such as the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Occupational Outlook Handbook, and the CIA's World Factbook. Databases are available for children, teenagers, and adults of all ages." }, "M4 carbine-31": { "title": "M4 carbine", "section": "Variants", "headers": [ "M4A1" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "The M4A1 carbine is a fully automatic variant of the basic M4 carbine intended for special operations use. The M4A1 was introduced in 1993, and was in service in 1994. The M4A1 was the first M4 model with the removable carry handle. The M4A1 has a \"S-1-F\" (safe/semi-automatic/fully automatic) trigger group, while the M4 has a \"S-1-3\" (safe/semi-automatic/3-round burst) trigger group. The M4A1 is used by almost all U.S special operation units including, but not limited to, Marine Force Recon, Army Rangers, Army Special Forces, Navy SEALs, United States Air Force Pararescue and Air Force Combat Control Teams. It has a maximum effective range of about 500\u00a0to 600 meters (550\u2013660\u00a0yd). The fully automatic trigger gives a more consistent trigger pull, which leads to better accuracy. According to Mark A. Westrom, owner of ArmaLite, Inc., automatic fire is better for clearing rooms than burst fire." }, "Statue of Unity-9": { "title": "Statue of Unity", "section": "Design and construction", "headers": [ "Design" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The total height of the structure is 240\u00a0m (790\u00a0ft), with a base of 58\u00a0m (190\u00a0ft) and the statue of 182\u00a0m (597\u00a0ft). The height of 182 was specifically chosen to match the number of seats in the Gujarat Legislative Assembly." }, "Apollo 13-55": { "title": "Apollo 13", "section": "Flight of Apollo 13", "headers": [ "Reentry and splashdown" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "Ionization of the air around the command module during reentry would typically cause a four-minute communications blackout. Apollo\u00a013's shallow reentry path lengthened this to six minutes, longer than had been expected; controllers feared that the CM's heat shield had failed. Odyssey regained radio contact and splashed down safely in the South Pacific Ocean, 21\u00b038\u203224\u2033S 165\u00b021\u203242\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff21.64000\u00b0S 165.36167\u00b0W\ufeff / -21.64000; -165.36167\ufeff (Apollo 13 splashdown), southeast of American Samoa and 6.5\u00a0km (3.5\u00a0nmi) from the recovery ship, USS Iwo Jima. Although fatigued, the crew was in good condition except for Haise, who was suffering from a serious urinary tract infection because of insufficient water intake. The crew stayed overnight on the ship and flew to Pago Pago, Samoa, the next day. They flew to Hawaii, where President Richard Nixon awarded them the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor. They stayed overnight, and then were flown back to Houston." }, "German Shepherd-25": { "title": "German Shepherd", "section": "Use as a working dog", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "One Mexican German Shepherd, Zuyaqui, was dissected and his body put on display at the Sedena's \"Narco Museum\" in Mexico. He is regarded to be the dog who has captured the most drugs in Mexican police and military history." }, "Silver Snoopy award-8": { "title": "Silver Snoopy award", "section": "Recipients", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Significantly contributed beyond their normal work requirements to the development and implementation of human spaceflight programs while ensuring quality and safety. Accomplished single specific achievements that have had significant impact on attainment of a particular human spaceflight program goal while ensuring quality and safety. Contributed to a major cost saving or a series of lesser cost savings pertaining directly to human spaceflight programs. Has been instrumental in developing modifications to human spaceflight mission hardware, software, or materials that increase reliability, efficiency, or performance. Assisted in operational improvements that increase efficiency or performance. Has been a key player in developing a beneficial process improvement of significant magnitude. Contributed significantly beyond fundamental task accountabilities in support of the NASA programs. Sustained quality performance over an extended period of time in support of human spaceflight programs. Since 1968, the program has awarded almost fifteen thousand people with a Silver Snoopy, as of January\u00a02016[update]." }, "Sphynx cat-5": { "title": "Sphynx cat", "section": "History of the cat breed", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Although hairless cats have been reported throughout history, breeders in Europe have been working on the Sphynx breed since the early 1960s. Two different sets of hairless felines discovered in North America in the 1970s provided the foundation cats for what was shaped into the existing Sphynx breed." }, "Urine therapy-1": { "title": "Urine therapy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In alternative medicine, urine therapy or urotherapy, (also urinotherapy, Orin Therapy, Shivambu, uropathy, or auto-urine therapy) is the application of human urine for medicinal or cosmetic purposes, including drinking of one's own urine and massaging one's skin, or gums, with one's own urine. No scientific evidence exists to support any beneficial health claims of urine therapy." }, "Olympic Games-4": { "title": "Olympic Games", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations (IFs), National Olympic Committees (NOCs), and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, and organises and funds the Games according to the Olympic Charter. The IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies. Over 14,000 athletes competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2018 Winter Olympics combined, in 35 different sports and over 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals: gold, silver, and bronze, respectively." }, "Ageing-46": { "title": "Ageing", "section": "Society and culture", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "Different cultures express age in different ways. The age of an adult human is commonly measured in whole years since the day of birth. Arbitrary divisions set to mark periods of life may include: juvenile (via infancy, childhood, preadolescence, adolescence), early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. More casual terms may include \"teenagers\", \"tweens\", \"twentysomething\", \"thirtysomething\", etc. as well as \"denarian\", \"vicenarian\", \"tricenarian\", \"quadragenarian\", etc." }, "Menudo (soup)-1": { "title": "Menudo (soup)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Menudo, also known as pancita ([little] gut or [little] stomach, from Spanish: Panza; \"Gut/Stomach\") or mole de panza (\"stomach sauce\"), is a traditional Mexican soup, made with cow's stomach (tripe) in broth with a red chili pepper base. It shares a name with a stew from the Philippines made with pork and pork liver." }, "NC State Wolfpack-1": { "title": "NC State Wolfpack", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The NC State Wolfpack is the nickname of the athletic teams representing North Carolina State University. The Wolfpack competes at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I (Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) for college football) as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) for all sports since the 1953\u201354 season. The athletic teams of the Wolfpack compete in 23 intercollegiate varsity sports. NC State is a founding member of the ACC and has won eight national championships: two NCAA championships, two AIAW championships, and four titles under other sanctioning bodies. Most NC State fans and athletes recognize the rivalry with the North Carolina Tar Heels as their biggest." }, "Islamic Golden Age-1": { "title": "Islamic Golden Age", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Islamic Golden Age was a period of cultural, economic, and scientific flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 14th century. This period is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 to 809) with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, the world's largest city by then, where Islamic scholars and polymaths from various parts of the world with different cultural backgrounds were mandated to gather and translate all of the world's classical knowledge into Arabic and Persian. Several historic inventions and significant contributions in numerous fields were made throughout the Golden Age that revolutionized human history." }, "Swimsuit-2": { "title": "Swimsuit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A swimsuit can be worn as an undergarment in sports that require a wetsuit such as water skiing, scuba diving, surfing, and wakeboarding. Swimsuits may also be worn to display the wearer's physical attributes, as in the case of beauty pageants or bodybuilding contests, and glamour photography and magazines like the annual Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue featuring models and sports personalities in swimsuits." }, "Karachi-8": { "title": "Karachi", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Early history" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The expansive Karachi region is believed to have been known to the Ancient Greeks, and may have been the site of Barbarikon, an ancient seaport which was located at the nearby mouth of the Indus River. Karachi may also have been referred to as Ramya in ancient Greek texts. The ancient site of Krokola, a natural harbor west of the Indus where Alexander the Great sailed his a fleet for Babylonia, may have been located near the mouth of Karachi's Malir River, though some believe it was located near Gizri Creek. No other natural harbor exists near the mouth of the Indus that could accommodate a large fleet. Nearchus, who commanded Alexander's naval fleet, also mentioned a hilly island by the name of Morontobara and an adjacent flat island named Bibakta, which colonial historians identified as Karachi's Manora Point and Kiamari (or Clifton), respectively, based on Greek descriptions. Both areas were island until well into the colonial era, when silting in led to them being connected to the mainland." }, "The Simpsons-3": { "title": "The Simpsons", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Since its debut on December 17, 1989, 683 episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast. It is the longest-running American sitcom, and the longest-running American scripted primetime television series, both in terms of seasons and number of episodes. The Simpsons Movie, a feature-length film, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27, 2007, and grossed over $527\u00a0million. Then on October 30, 2007, a video game was released. The Simpsons was renewed on February 6, 2019 for a thirty-first and thirty-second season. The former began airing September 29, 2019 and will conclude on May 17, 2020, and the latter of which will contain the 700th episode. The Simpsons is a joint production by Gracie Films and 20th Century Fox Television and syndicated by 20th Television." }, "Paratrooper-1": { "title": "Paratrooper", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A paratrooper is a military parachutist\u2014someone trained to parachute into an operation, and usually functioning as part of an airborne force. Military parachutists (troops) and parachutes were first used on a large scale during World War II for troop distribution and transportation. Paratroopers are often used in surprise attacks, to seize strategic objectives such as airfields or bridges." }, "International Mathematical Olympiad-1": { "title": "International Mathematical Olympiad", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is a mathematical olympiad for pre-college students, and is the oldest of the International Science Olympiads. The first IMO was held in Romania in 1959. It has since been held annually, except in 1980. More than 100 countries, representing over 90% of the world's population, send teams of up to six students, plus one team leader, one deputy leader, and observers." }, "Paramount leader-1": { "title": "Paramount leader", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In modern Chinese politics, the paramount leader (simplified Chinese: \u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba; traditional Chinese: \u6700\u9ad8\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba; pinyin: Zu\u00ecg\u0101o L\u01d0ngd\u01ceor\u00e9n) of the Communist Party of China and the Government of China is an informal term for the most prominent political leader in the People's Republic of China. The paramount leader is not, however, a formal position nor an office unto itself. The term gained prominence during the era of Deng Xiaoping (1978\u20131989), when he was able to wield political power without necessarily holding any official or formally significant party or government positions at any given time (head of state, head of government or General Secretary)." }, "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis-1": { "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis (n\u00e9e Bouvier /\u02c8bu\u02d0vie\u026a/ BOO-VEE-AY; July 28, 1929 \u2013 May 19, 1994) was First Lady of the United States during the presidency of John F. Kennedy and was regarded as an international icon of style and culture." }, "Michael Jackson-70": { "title": "Michael Jackson", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "Memorial service" ], "para_index": 70, "content": "Mariah Carey, Stevie Wonder, Lionel Richie, Jennifer Hudson, and Shaheen Jafargholi performed at the event. Smokey Robinson and Queen Latifah gave eulogies. Al Sharpton received a standing ovation with cheers when he told Jackson's children, \"Wasn't nothing strange about your daddy. It was strange what your daddy had to deal with. But he dealt with it anyway.\" Jackson's 11-year-old daughter Paris Katherine, speaking publicly for the first time, wept as she addressed the crowd. The Rev. Lucious Smith provided a closing prayer. Jackson's body was entombed on September 3, 2009, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California." }, "Psychiatry-3": { "title": "Psychiatry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The combined treatment of psychiatric medication and psychotherapy has become the most common mode of psychiatric treatment in current practice, but contemporary practice also includes a wide variety of other modalities, e.g., assertive community treatment, community reinforcement, and supported employment. Treatment may be delivered on an inpatient or outpatient basis, depending on the severity of functional impairment or on other aspects of the disorder in question. An inpatient may be treated in a psychiatric hospital. Research and treatment within psychiatry as a whole are conducted on an interdisciplinary basis with other professionals, such as epidemiologists, nurses, or psychologists." }, "Lip piercing-4": { "title": "Lip piercing", "section": "Procedure and healing", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "A home-made saline solution made from non-iodized sea salt and hot distilled or filtered water is a common way to heal a lip piercing and avoid infection. This solution can be used to rinse out the mouth after eating (or the mouth can be rinsed with non-alcoholic, non-antimicrobial mouth wash) and to soak the outside of the piercing. Anything with alcohol, peroxide, iodine, or any strong soaps should be avoided because they may irritate the fresh piercing, and cause additional swelling and trauma during the healing process. Using peroxide, iodine, teatree oil, conventional antibacterial soap, or dish soap can damage or kill the skin in and around the piercing, extending the healing process. The use of Hydrogen peroxide can damage the piercing site more, resulting in irritation of the piercing. The ornament should be periodically cleansed to prevent bacterial plaque accumulation." }, "Billionaire-1": { "title": "Billionaire", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A billionaire, in countries that use the short scale number naming system, is a person with a net worth of at least one billion (1,000,000,000, i.e. a thousand million) units of a given currency, usually major currencies such as the United States dollar, the euro or the pound sterling. Additionally, a centibillionaire (or centi-billionaire) has been deemed applicable to a billionaire worth one hundred billion dollars (100,000,000,000), a mark first achieved in 2017 by Amazon founder Jeff Bezos, with a net worth of $112 billion in a report issued in early 2018. The American business magazine Forbes produces a global list of known U.S. dollar billionaires every year and updates an Internet version of this list in real time. The American oil magnate John D. Rockefeller became the world's first confirmed U.S. dollar billionaire in 1916, and still holds the title of history's wealthiest individual." }, "Baphomet-1": { "title": "Baphomet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Baphomet (/\u02c8b\u00e6fo\u028am\u025bt/;[citation needed] from Medieval Latin: Baffumettus, Baffometi; Occitan: Bafomet or Bafometz) is a deity that the Knights Templar were accused of worshipping, and that subsequently was incorporated into occult and mystical traditions." }, "Viscose-10": { "title": "Viscose", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "French scientist and industrialist Hilaire de Chardonnet (1838\u20131924), inventor of the first artificial textile fiber, artificial silk, created viscose. British scientists Charles Frederick Cross and Edward John Bevan took out British Patent No. 8,700, \"Improvements in Dissolving Cellulose and Allied Compounds\" in May, 1892. In 1893 they formed the Viscose Syndicate to grant licences, and in 1896 formed the British Viscoid Co. Ltd. to exploit the process." }, "Bomber B-5": { "title": "Bomber B", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The Bomber A program was still in the process of selecting the winning design when the first German large capacity engines began testing. Compared to the Jumo 211s in the Ju 88, a pair of such engines would more than double available power, upwards to 5,000\u00a0hp (3680\u00a0kW). With this sort of power, a significantly more capable design could be built, one with considerably larger internal space for a much larger bomb load, more fuel for longer range, and even better speed. Junkers had been studying dramatically more capable versions of the Ju 88 powered by their relatively compact Jumo 222 or the four-crankshaft Jumo 223 diesel engine design from late 1937. No serious work was undertaken, but after Heinrich Hertel left Heinkel and joined Junkers in 1939, the EF 74 design was submitted to the RLM in May 1939." }, "Naloxone-1": { "title": "Naloxone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Naloxone, sold under the brand name Narcan among others, is a medication used to block the effects of opioids. It is commonly used for decreased breathing in opioid overdose. Naloxone may also be combined with an opioid (in the same pill) to decrease the risk of opioid misuse. When given intravenously, naloxone works within two minutes, and when injected into a muscle, it works within five minutes; it may also be sprayed into the nose. The effects of naloxone last about half an hour to an hour. Multiple doses may be required, as the duration of action of most opioids is greater than that of naloxone." }, "Opal Tometi-4": { "title": "Opal Tometi", "section": "Personal life and education", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Opal Tometi is the daughter of Nigerian immigrants. She is the oldest of three children and has two younger brothers. She grew up in Phoenix, Arizona, and now lives in Brooklyn, New York. She received a Bachelor of Arts degree in History and a Masters in Communications and Advocacy from the University of Arizona. On May 7, 2016, she received an honorary doctor of science degree from Clarkson University. Tometi is a former Case Manager for survivors of domestic violence and still provides community education on the issue." }, "Binding of Isaac-3": { "title": "Binding of Isaac", "section": "Biblical narrative", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "According to the Hebrew Bible, God commands Abraham to offer his son Isaac as a sacrifice.[Gen 22:2-8] After Isaac is bound to an altar, a messenger from God stops Abraham before the sacrifice finishes, saying \"now I know you fear God.\" Abraham looks up and sees a ram and sacrifices it instead of Isaac." }, "Ariel (The Little Mermaid)-1": { "title": "Ariel (The Little Mermaid)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ariel is a fictional character and the title character of Walt Disney Pictures' 28th animated film The Little Mermaid (1989). She subsequently appears in the film's prequel television series (1992\u20141994), direct-to-video sequel The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea (2000), and direct-to-video prequel The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning (2008). Ariel is voiced by Jodi Benson in all official animated appearances and merchandise. She is fourth in the Disney Princess lineup, the first nonhuman princess, and the only princess to become a mother to her own child." }, "Astronaut-59": { "title": "Astronaut", "section": "Deaths", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "Eighteen astronauts (fourteen men and four women) have lost their lives during four space flights. By nationality, thirteen were American (including one born in India), four were Russian (Soviet Union), and one was Israeli." }, "Ottoman Empire-1": { "title": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The\u00a0Ottoman Empire\u00a0(/\u02c8\u0252t\u0259m\u0259n/; Ottoman Turkish: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u200e Devlet-i \u02bfAl\u012bye-i \u02bfOsm\u0101n\u012bye, literally \"The Sublime Ottoman State\"; Modern Turkish: Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu or Osmanl\u0131 Devleti; French: Empire ottoman) was a state and caliphate that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct (modern-day Bilecik Province) by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman I. Although initially the dynasty was of Turkic origin, it was Persianised in terms of language, culture, literature and habits. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe, and with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror." }, "Monarchies in Europe-27": { "title": "Monarchies in Europe", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Modern Europe" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "The Kingdom of Portugal was abolished in 1910. The Russian Empire ended in 1917, the Kingdom of Prussia in 1918." }, "White blood cell-3": { "title": "White blood cell", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The number of leukocytes in the blood is often an indicator of disease, and thus the white blood cell count is an important subset of the complete blood count. The normal white cell count is usually between 4 \u00d7 109/L and 1.1 \u00d7 1010/L. In the US, this is usually expressed as 4,000 to 11,000 white blood cells per microliter of blood. White blood cells make up approximately 1% of the total blood volume in a healthy adult, making them substantially less numerous than the red blood cells at 40% to 45%. However, this 1% of the blood makes a large difference to health, because immunity depends on it. An increase in the number of leukocytes over the upper limits is called leukocytosis. It is normal when it is part of healthy immune responses, which happen frequently. It is occasionally abnormal, when it is neoplastic or autoimmune in origin. A decrease below the lower limit is called leukopenia. This indicates a weakened immune system." }, "Voter impersonation (United States)-1": { "title": "Voter impersonation (United States)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Voter impersonation (also sometimes called in-person voter fraud) is a form of electoral fraud in which a person who is eligible to vote in an election votes more than once, or a person who is not eligible to vote does so by voting under the name of an eligible voter. In the United States, voter ID laws have been enacted in a number of states since 2010 with the aim of preventing voter impersonation. Existing research and evidence shows that voter impersonation is extremely rare. In 1997 in Miami, 18 people were arrested for absentee ballot fraud (not voter impersonation) in the mayoral election. Over a recent 14-year period, there were only 31 documented cases of voter impersonation. There is no evidence that it has changed the result of any election." }, "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change-39": { "title": "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "section": "Conferences of the Parties", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "Notes Annex II Party Economy in Transition The United Nations Climate Change Conference are yearly conferences held in the framework of the UNFCCC. They serve as the formal meeting of the UNFCCC Parties (Conferences of the Parties) (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change, and beginning in the mid-1990s, to negotiate the Kyoto Protocol to establish legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. From 2005 the Conferences have also served as the Meetings of Parties of the Kyoto Protocol (CMP). Also parties to the Convention that are not parties to the Protocol can participate in Protocol-related meetings as observers. The first conference (COP1) was held in 1995 in Berlin. The 3rd conference (COP3) was held in Kyoto and resulted in the Kyoto protocol, which was amended during the 2012 Doha Conference (COP18, CMP 8). The COP21 (CMP11) conference was held in Paris and resulted in adoption of the Paris Agreement. Negotiations for the Paris Agreement took place during COP22 in Marrakech, Morocco. The twenty-third COP (\"COP23\") was led by Fiji and took place in Bonn, Germany. COP24 was held in Katowice, Poland." }, "Ronald Reagan-3": { "title": "Ronald Reagan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In 1980, Reagan won the Republican presidential nomination and defeated the incumbent president, Jimmy Carter. At 69\u00a0years, 349\u00a0days of age at the time of his first inauguration, Reagan was the oldest person to assume the U.S. presidency, a distinction he held until 2017, when Donald Trump was inaugurated at age 70\u00a0years, 220\u00a0days. Reagan faced former vice president Walter Mondale when he ran for re-election in 1984 and defeated him, winning the most electoral votes of any U.S. president, 525, or 97.6% of the 538 votes in the Electoral College. It was the second-most lopsided presidential election in modern U.S. history after Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1936 victory over Alfred M. Landon, in which he won 98.5%, or 523, of the (then-total) 531 electoral votes." }, "Jay-Z albums discography-2": { "title": "Jay-Z albums discography", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Jay-Z began his music career in the 1980s, building a reputation as a fledgling rapper in his hometown of Brooklyn and collaborating with his mentor and fellow rapper Jaz-O. Jay-Z later founded Roc-A-Fella Records with close friends Damon Dash and Kareem \"Biggs\" Burke and released his debut studio album Reasonable Doubt in June 1996. The album peaked at number twenty-three on the United States Billboard 200 record chart and has since been recognized as a seminal work of the hip hop genre. Its singles included \"Dead Presidents\", \"Ain't No Nigga\" and \"Can't Knock the Hustle\", all of which reached the top ten on the Billboard Hot Rap Songs chart. In My Lifetime, Vol. 1 (1997), which saw Jay-Z collaborating with producers such as Sean \"Puff Daddy\" Combs and Teddy Riley, peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and earned a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life was released in September 1998 and became his first number-one album in the United States. The album featured the international hits \"Can I Get A...\" and \"Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)\", which both reached top twenty of the Billboard Hot 100. Vol. 2 was certified five times platinum by the RIAA and won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album in 1999. Two more chart-topping albums \u2013 Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter and The Dynasty: Roc La Familia \u2013 followed in December 1999 and October 2000 respectively. The albums included hit singles such as \"Big Pimpin'\" and \"I Just Wanna Love U (Give It 2 Me)\" and featured several guest appearances from artists signed to Roc-A-Fella Records." }, "Creative Commons license-1": { "title": "Creative Commons license", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Play media A Creative Commons (CC) license is one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted \"work\". A CC license is used when an author wants to give other people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they (the author) have created. CC provides an author flexibility (for example, they might choose to allow only non-commercial uses of a given work) and protects the people who use or redistribute an author's work from concerns of copyright infringement as long as they abide by the conditions that are specified in the license by which the author distributes the work." }, "Psychotherapy-32": { "title": "Psychotherapy", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "Postmodern psychotherapies such as narrative therapy and coherence therapy do not impose definitions of mental health and illness, but rather see the goal of therapy as something constructed by the client and therapist in a social context. Systemic therapy also developed, which focuses on family and group dynamics\u2014and transpersonal psychology, which focuses on the spiritual facet of human experience. Other orientations developed in the last three decades include feminist therapy, brief therapy, somatic psychology, expressive therapy, applied positive psychology and the human givens approach. A survey of over 2,500 US therapists in 2006 revealed the most utilized models of therapy and the ten most influential therapists of the previous quarter-century." }, "Satellite-1": { "title": "Satellite", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Play media In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an object that has been intentionally placed into orbit. These objects are called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as Earth's Moon." }, "Sophist-9": { "title": "Sophist", "section": "History", "headers": [ "5th century BC" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Sophists could be described both as teachers and philosophers, having traveled about in Greece teaching their students various life skills, particularly rhetoric and public speaking. These were useful qualities of the time, during which persuasive ability had a large influence on one's political power and economic wealth. Athens became the center of the sophists' activity, due to the city's freedom of speech for non-slave citizens and its wealth of resources. The sophists as a group had no set teachings, and they lectured on subjects that were as diverse as semantics and rhetoric, to ontology, and epistemology. Most sophists claimed to teach ar\u00eate (\u201cexcellence\u201d or \u201cvirtue\u201d) in the management and administration of not only one\u2019s affairs, but the city\u2019s as well. Before the fifth century BC, it was believed that aristocratic birth qualified a person for ar\u00eate and politics. However, Protagoras, who is regarded as the first sophist, argued that ar\u00eate was the result of training rather than birth." }, "Lip piercing-5": { "title": "Lip piercing", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Lip piercings can be placed anywhere around the mouth, but the surface of the lip is not typically pierced itself, except for horizontal lip piercings and canine bites. Piercings in specific positions have certain names. Monroe piercings, for example, are labret studs worn on the upper lip where Marilyn Monroe had her famous beauty mark. Medusa piercings go through the center of the upper lip (the philtrum), perpendicular to the tissue. Labret piercings are pierced with a labret stud and can pierced in the center or off-center. A variation of this is the lowbret, a lower labret. Vertical labret piercings go through the center of the bottom lip, parallel to the tissue. The variation is called the vertical lowbret, which starts inside the mouth between the lower lip and the teeth and travels straight down, exiting on the lower edge of the jawline. Horizontal lip piercings are very rare, and include a horizontal bar on the lower lip that goes through the lip surface. Another variation of the labret is known as the dahlia piercing. The piercings, placed at or very near the corners of the mouth, are named in reference to the murder of Black Dahlia, in which the victim's mouth was cut along the same horizontal line along which these piercings are placed. (See Glasgow smile.)" }, "Oak-2": { "title": "Oak", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Oaks have spirally arranged leaves, with lobate margins in many species; some have serrated leaves or entire leaves with smooth margins. Many deciduous species are marcescent, not dropping dead leaves until spring. In spring, a single oak tree produces both male flowers (in the form of catkins) and small female flowers, meaning that the trees are monoecious. The fruit is a nut called an acorn or oak nut borne in a cup-like structure known as a cupule; each acorn contains one seed (rarely two or three) and takes 6\u201318 months to mature, depending on their species. The acorns and leaves contain tannic acid, which helps to guard from fungi and insects. The live oaks are distinguished for being evergreen, but are not actually a distinct group and instead are dispersed across the genus." }, "Donald Trump-1": { "title": "Donald Trump", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is the 45th and current president of the United States. Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality." }, "Hosta-6": { "title": "Hosta", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Hosta \u00d7 alismifolia - Honshu Hostas are widely cultivated, being particularly useful in the garden as shade-tolerant plants whose striking foliage provides a focal point. The plants are long-lived perennials that are winter hardy in USDA Zones 3 to 8 and recommended for heat zones 8 to 1. Though Hosta plantaginea originates in China, most of the species that provide the modern plants were introduced from Japan to Europe by Philipp Franz von Siebold in the mid-19th century originating from shady locations with more moisture than they are generally cultivated. Newer species have been discovered on the Korean peninsula as well. Hybridization within and among species and cultivars has produced numerous cultivars, with over 6,100 registered and named varieties, and perhaps as many more that are not yet registered with the American Hosta Society. Cultivars with golden- or white-variegated leaves are especially prized.[citation needed] Popular cultivars include 'Francee' (green leaves with white edges), 'Gold Standard' (yellow leaves with green edges, discovered by Pauline Banyai) 'Undulata' (green leaves with white centers), 'June' (blue-green leaves with creamy centers), and 'Sum and Substance' (a huge plant with chartreuse-yellow leaves). Newer, fragrant cultivars such as 'Guacamole' are also popular." }, "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis-19": { "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis", "section": "Marriage to John F. Kennedy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "The newlyweds honeymooned in Acapulco, Mexico, before settling in their new home, Hickory Hill in McLean, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C. Jacqueline developed a warm relationship with her in-laws, Joseph and Rose Kennedy. In the early years of their marriage, the couple faced several personal setbacks. John suffered from Addison's Disease and from chronic and at times debilitating back pain, which had been exacerbated by a war injury; in late 1954, he underwent a near-fatal spinal operation. Additionally, Jacqueline suffered a miscarriage in 1955 and in August 1956 gave birth to a stillborn daughter, Arabella. They subsequently sold their Hickory Hill estate to John's brother Robert, who occupied it with his wife Ethel and their growing family, and bought a townhouse on N Street in Georgetown. Jacqueline and her husband also resided at an apartment at 122 Bowdoin Street in Boston, their permanent Massachusetts residence during JFK's congressional career." }, "Polygamy-34": { "title": "Polygamy", "section": "Religious attitudes to polygamy", "headers": [ "Christianity", "Roman Catholic Church" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "The Roman Catholic Church condemns polygamy; the Catechism of the Catholic Church lists it in paragraph 2387 under the head \"Other offenses against the dignity of marriage\" and states that it \"is not in accord with the moral law.\" Also in paragraph 1645 under the head \"The Goods and Requirements of Conjugal Love\" states \"The unity of marriage, distinctly recognized by our Lord, is made clear in the equal personal dignity which must be accorded to husband and wife in mutual and unreserved affection. Polygamy is contrary to conjugal love which is undivided and exclusive.\"" }, "Audi TT-2": { "title": "Audi TT", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "For each of its three generations, the TT has been available as a 2+2 coup\u00e9 and as a two-seater roadster employing consecutive generations of the Volkswagen Group A platform, starting with the A4\u00a0(PQ34). As a result of this platform-sharing, the Audi TT has identical powertrain and suspension layouts as its related platform-mates; including a front-mounted transversely oriented engine, front-wheel drive or quattro four-wheel drive system, and fully independent front suspension using MacPherson struts." }, "Government of the Han dynasty-1": { "title": "Government of the Han dynasty", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Han dynasty (202 BC \u2013 220 AD) of ancient China was the second imperial dynasty of China, following the Qin dynasty (221\u2013206 BC). It was divided into the periods of Former Han (202 BC \u2013 9 AD) and Later Han (25\u2013220 AD), briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (9\u201323 AD) of Wang Mang. The capital of Western Han was Chang'an, and the capital of Eastern Han was Luoyang. The emperor headed the government, promulgating all written laws, serving as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and presiding as the chief executive official. He appointed all government officials who earned a salary of 600 bushels of grain or more (though these salaries were largely paid in coin cash) with the help of advisors who reviewed each nominee. The empress dowager could either be the emperor's actual or symbolic mother, and was in practice more powerful than the emperor, as she could override his decisions. The emperor's executive powers could also be practiced by any official upon whom he bestowed the Staff of Authority. These powers included the right to execute criminals without the imperial court's permission." }, "Planes, Trains and Automobiles-1": { "title": "Planes, Trains and Automobiles", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Planes, Trains and Automobiles is a 1987 American road buddy comedy film written, produced, and directed by John Hughes. The film stars Steve Martin as Neal Page, a high-strung marketing executive, and John Candy as Del Griffith, a goodhearted but annoying shower curtain ring salesman. They share a three-day odyssey of misadventures trying to get Neal home to Chicago in time for Thanksgiving with his family." }, "Christopher Columbus-68": { "title": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "Accusations of tyranny and brutality", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 68, "content": "Arriving in Santo Domingo while Columbus was away during the explorations of his third voyage, Bobadilla was immediately met with complaints about all three Columbus brothers: Christopher, Bartolomeo, and Diego. Bobadilla reported to Spain that Columbus regularly used torture and mutilation to govern Hispaniola. The 48-page report, found in 2006 in the national archive in the Spanish city of Simancas, contains testimonies from 23 people, including both enemies and supporters of Columbus, about the treatment of colonial subjects by Columbus and his brothers during his seven-year rule." }, "Mavic (UAV)-2": { "title": "Mavic (UAV)", "section": "Mavic series", "headers": [ "Mavic Pro" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Announced in September 2016, the Mavic Pro, which was released in late 2016 was the first of the Mavic series. The drone was considered to be one of the first personalized drones on the market, being capable of capturing 4K video, having a flight range of 4.3 miles (6.9\u00a0km) and a flight time of 27 minutes. In 2017, however, DJI announced the Mavic Pro Platinum which came with a longer flight time (30 mins), thanks to improved motor & performance, and re-designed propellers, making the Mavic both faster and more efficient." }, "Siri-1": { "title": "Siri", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Siri (pronounced /\u02c8s\u026ari/ SIRR-ee) is a virtual assistant that is part of Apple Inc.'s iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, macOS, and tvOS operating systems. The assistant uses voice queries and a natural-language user interface to answer questions, make recommendations, and perform actions by delegating requests to a set of Internet services. The software adapts to users' individual language usages, searches, and preferences, with continuing use. Returned results are individualized." }, "Barrel-2": { "title": "Barrel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Modern wooden barrels for wine-making are made of French common oak (Quercus robur), white oak (Quercus petraea), or American white oak (Quercus alba) and typically have standard sizes: \"Bordeaux type\" 225 litres (59\u00a0US\u00a0gal; 49\u00a0imp\u00a0gal), \"Burgundy type\" 228 litres (60\u00a0US\u00a0gal; 50\u00a0imp\u00a0gal) and \"Cognac type\" 300 litres (79\u00a0US\u00a0gal; 66\u00a0imp\u00a0gal). Modern barrels and casks can also be made of aluminum, stainless steel, and different types of plastic, such as HDPE." }, "Monarch butterfly-1": { "title": "Monarch butterfly", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The monarch butterfly or simply monarch (Danaus plexippus) is a milkweed butterfly (subfamily Danainae) in the family Nymphalidae. Other common names depending on region include milkweed, common tiger, wanderer, and black veined brown. It may be the most familiar North American butterfly, and is considered an iconic pollinator species. Its wings feature an easily recognizable black, orange, and white pattern, with a wingspan of 8.9\u201310.2 cm (\u200b3\u00a01\u20442\u20134 in) A M\u00fcllerian mimic, the viceroy butterfly, is similar in color and pattern, but is markedly smaller and has an extra black stripe across each hindwing." }, "Vocabulary-3": { "title": "Vocabulary", "section": "Definition and usage", "headers": [ "Productive and receptive knowledge" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The first major change distinction that must be made when evaluating word knowledge is whether the knowledge is productive (also called achieve) or receptive (also called receive); even within those opposing categories, there is often no clear distinction. Words that are generally understood when heard or read or seen constitute a person's receptive vocabulary. These words may range from well-known to barely known (see degree of knowledge below). A person's receptive vocabulary is usually the larger of the two. For example, although a young child may not yet be able to speak, write, or sign, he or she may be able to follow simple commands and appear to understand a good portion of the language to which they are exposed. In this case, the child's receptive vocabulary is likely tens, if not hundreds of words, but his or her active vocabulary is zero. When that child learns to speak or sign, however, the child's active vocabulary begins to increase. It is also possible for the productive vocabulary to be larger than the receptive vocabulary, for example in a second-language learner who has learned words through study rather than exposure, and can produce them, but has difficulty recognizing them in conversation." }, "Drew Carey-18": { "title": "Drew Carey", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Other roles and appearances" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "On January 21, 2001, Drew entered as Vince McMahon's guest entrant in the Royal Rumble match." }, "Rabies-15": { "title": "Rabies", "section": "Cause", "headers": [ "Transmission" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The virus has also adapted to grow in cells of cold-blooded vertebrates. Most animals can be infected by the virus and can transmit the disease to humans. Infected bats, monkeys, raccoons, foxes, skunks, cattle, wolves, coyotes, dogs, cats, and mongooses (normally either the small Asian mongoose or the yellow mongoose) present the greatest risk to humans." }, "League of Legends-10": { "title": "League of Legends", "section": "Gameplay", "headers": [ "Game maps", "Summoner's Rift" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Summoner's Rift is the most popular map in League of Legends. On this map type, two teams of five players compete to destroy an enemy building called a Nexus, which is guarded by the enemy team and a number of defensive structures called turrets, or towers. One nexus is located in each enemy base on opposite sides of the map, in the lower-left and upper-right hand corners. These structures continually create weak non-player characters known as minions, which advance toward the enemy base along three paths: top, middle, and bottom lanes. Players compete to advance these waves of minions into the enemy base, which allows them to destroy enemy structures and ultimately win the match. Between lanes are neutral areas of the map known as the 'jungle', arrayed in four quadrants. A shallow river divides the map between the teams, but doesn't actually impede movement; all champions can wade through it no differently than dry land." }, "Martyr-1": { "title": "Martyr", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A martyr (Greek: \u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c2, m\u00e1rtys, \"witness\"; stem \u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1-, m\u00e1rtyr-) is someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, refusing to renounce, or refusing to advocate a religious belief or cause as demanded by an external party. In the martyrdom narrative of the remembering community, this refusal to comply with the presented demands results in the punishment or execution of an actor by an alleged oppressor. Accordingly, the status of the 'martyr' can be considered a posthumous title as a reward for those who are considered worthy of the concept of martyrdom by the living, regardless of any attempts by the deceased to control how they will be remembered in advance. Insofar, the martyr is a relational figure of a society's boundary work that is produced by collective memory. Originally applied only to those who suffered for their religious beliefs, the term has come to be used in connection with people killed for a political cause." }, "Do it yourself-12": { "title": "Do it yourself", "section": "Home Improvement", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In the 1970s, when home video (VCRs) came along, DIY instructors quickly grasped its potential for demonstrating processes by audio-visual means. In 1979, the PBS television series This Old House, starring Bob Vila, premiered and spurred a DIY television revolution. The show was immensely popular, educating people on how to improve their living conditions (and the value of their house) without the expense of paying someone else to do (as much of) the work. In 1994, the HGTV Network cable television channel was launched in the United States and Canada, followed in 1999 by the DIY Network cable television channel. Both were launched to appeal to the growing percentage of North Americans interested in DIY topics, from home improvement to knitting. Such channels have multiple shows revealing how to stretch one's budget to achieve professional-looking results (Design Cents, Design on a Dime, etc.) while doing the work yourself. Toolbelt Diva specifically caters to female DIYers." }, "Mozambique Drill-1": { "title": "Mozambique Drill", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Mozambique Drill, also known as the Failure Drill, or Failure to Stop drill, informally, \"two to the body, one to the head,\" is a close-quarters shooting technique that requires the shooter to fire twice into the torso of a target (known as a double tap or hammered pair to the center of mass), and follow up with a more difficult head shot that, if properly placed, will instantly stop the target if the previous shots failed to do so." }, "Diplomatic immunity-14": { "title": "Diplomatic immunity", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Modern" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "In the 19th century, the Congress of Vienna reasserted the rights of diplomats; and they have been largely respected since then, as the European model has spread throughout the world. Currently, diplomatic relations, including diplomatic immunity, are governed internationally by the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, which has been ratified by almost every country in the world." }, "Roberto del Rosario-2": { "title": "Roberto del Rosario", "section": "Patent rights to Karaoke", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Del Rosario holds a patent to the Sing Along System, a karaoke machine which he developed in 1975. He filed a patent infringement case against a Chinese company before the Supreme Court. In 1996, the court ruled that the company violated his patent rights over his karaoke machine. He is recognized as the sole holder of a patent for a karaoke system in the world. However most scholars credit Daisuke Inoue, a Japanese, as the inventor of the karaoke. Inoue invented the karaoke in 1971." }, "Outline of Venus-2": { "title": "Outline of Venus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Venus \u2013 second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. It has the longest rotation period (243 days) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets. It has no natural satellite. It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon, reaching an apparent magnitude of \u22124.6, bright enough to cast shadows. Because Venus orbits within Earth's orbit it is an inferior planet. Venus is a terrestrial planet and is sometimes called Earth's \"sister planet\" because of their similar size, mass, proximity to the Sun, and bulk composition. It is radically different from Earth in other respects. It has the densest atmosphere of the four terrestrial planets, consisting of more than 96% carbon dioxide. The atmospheric pressure at the planet's surface is 92 times that of Earth, or roughly the pressure found 900\u00a0m (3,000\u00a0ft) underwater on Earth." }, "Royal Observatory, Greenwich-1": { "title": "Royal Observatory, Greenwich", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Royal Observatory, Greenwich (ROG; known as the Old Royal Observatory from 1957 to 1998, when the working Royal Greenwich Observatory, RGO, moved from Greenwich to Herstmonceux) is an observatory situated on a hill in Greenwich Park, overlooking the River Thames. It played a major role in the history of astronomy and navigation, and because the prime meridian passes through it, it gave its name to Greenwich Mean Time. The ROG has the IAU observatory code of 000, the first in the list. ROG, the National Maritime Museum, the Queen's House and Cutty Sark are collectively designated Royal Museums Greenwich." }, "Viscosity-1": { "title": "Viscosity", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of \"thickness\": for example, syrup has a higher viscosity than water." }, "War Doctor-10": { "title": "War Doctor", "section": "Appearances", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The War Doctor appears in archive footage in the 2014 episode \"Listen\". The episode reveals that the barn to which the War Doctor travelled, in order to activate the Moment, was part of the Doctor's childhood home. Through similar footage he also appeared in \"The Zygon Invasion\", during which it is learned that the peace talks orchestrated by himself and his future incarnations resulted in 20 million Zygons taking up residence on Earth disguised as humans as part of an uneasy truce." }, "Pi-1": { "title": "Pi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The number \u03c0 (/pa\u026a/) is a mathematical constant. It is defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, and it also has various equivalent definitions. It appears in many formulas in all areas of mathematics and physics. It is approximately equal to 3.14159. It has been represented by the Greek letter \"\u03c0\" since the mid-18th century, and is spelled out as \"pi\". It is also referred to as Archimedes' constant." }, "Tiger-54": { "title": "Tiger", "section": "Behaviour and ecology", "headers": [ "Hunting and diet" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Tigers are thought to be mainly nocturnal predators, but in areas where humans are absent, remote-controlled, hidden camera traps recorded them hunting in daylight. They generally hunt alone and ambush their prey as most other cats do, overpowering them from any angle, using their body size and strength to knock the prey off balance. Successful hunts usually require the tiger to almost simultaneously leap onto its quarry, knock it over, and grab the throat or nape with its teeth. Despite their large size, tigers can reach speeds of about 49\u201365\u00a0km/h (30\u201340\u00a0mph) but only in short bursts; consequently, tigers must be close to their prey before they break cover. If the prey catches wind of the tiger's presence before this, the tiger usually abandons the hunt rather than chase prey or battle it head-on. Horizontal leaps of up to 10\u00a0m (33\u00a0ft) have been reported, although leaps of around half this distance are more typical. One in 2 to 20 hunts, including stalking near potential prey, ends in a successful kill." }, "Flying Spaghetti Monster-3": { "title": "Flying Spaghetti Monster", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Pastafarian tenets (generally satires of creationism) are presented on Henderson's Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster website, where he is described as \"prophet\", in The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, written by Henderson in 2006, and in The Loose Canon, the Holy Book of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. The central belief is that an invisible and undetectable Flying Spaghetti Monster created the universe. Pirates are revered as the original Pastafarians. Henderson asserts that a decline in the number of pirates over the years is the cause of global warming. The FSM community congregates at Henderson's website to share ideas about the Flying Spaghetti Monster and crafts representing images of it." }, "Capricorn (astrology)-1": { "title": "Capricorn (astrology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Capricorn (\u2651\ufe0e) is the tenth astrological sign in the zodiac out of twelve total zodiac signs, originating from the constellation of Capricornus, the horned goat. It spans the 270\u2013300th degree of the zodiac, corresponding to celestial longitude. Under the tropical zodiac, the sun transits this area from about December 21 to January 21 the following year, and under the sidereal zodiac, the sun transits the constellation of Capricorn from approximately January 16 to February 16. In astrology, Capricorn is considered an earth sign, negative sign, and one of the four cardinal signs. Capricorn is said to be ruled by the planet Saturn." }, "Voyager 2-9": { "title": "Voyager 2", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Spacecraft design", "Attitude control and propulsion" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "RTG inner heat source RTG assembly RTG unit Because of the energy required to achieve a Jupiter trajectory boost with an 1,819-pound (825\u00a0kg) payload, the spacecraft included a propulsion module made of a 2,476-pound (1,125\u00a0kg) solid-rocket motor and eight hydrazine monopropellant rocket engines, four providing pitch and yaw attitude control, and four for roll control. The propulsion module was jettisoned shortly after the successful Jupiter burn." }, "Tony Bennett-27": { "title": "Tony Bennett", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "1965\u20131979: Years of struggle" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Bennett and his wife Patricia had been separated since 1965, their marriage a victim of Bennett's spending too much time on the road, among other factors. In 1969, Patricia sued him for divorce on grounds of adultery. In 1971, their divorce became official. Bennett had become involved with aspiring actress Sandra Grant while filming The Oscar in 1965; the couple lived together for several years, and on December 29, 1971, they quietly married in New York. They had two daughters, Joanna (born 1970) and Antonia (born 1974), and moved to Los Angeles." }, "Lactic acid-5": { "title": "Lactic acid", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In industry, lactic acid fermentation is performed by lactic acid bacteria, which convert simple carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, or galactose to lactic acid. These bacteria can also grow in the mouth; the acid they produce is responsible for the tooth decay known as caries. In medicine, lactate is one of the main components of lactated Ringer's solution and Hartmann's solution. These intravenous fluids consist of sodium and potassium cations along with lactate and chloride anions in solution with distilled water, generally in concentrations isotonic with human blood. It is most commonly used for fluid resuscitation after blood loss due to trauma, surgery, or burns." }, "Demographics of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines-9": { "title": "Demographics of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "section": "Language", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "While the official language is English most Vincentians speak Vincentian Creole, an English-based creole, as their mother tongue. English is used in education, government, religion, and other formal domains, while Creole (or \"dialect\" as it is referred to locally) is used in informal situations such as in the home and among friends." }, "Sodium-36": { "title": "Sodium", "section": "Biological role", "headers": [ "Biological role in humans", "Health" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Studies have found that lowering sodium intake by 2\u00a0g per day tends to lower systolic blood pressure by about two to four mm\u00a0Hg. It has been estimated that such a decrease in sodium intake would lead to between 9 and 17% fewer cases of hypertension." }, "Last prophet-2": { "title": "Last prophet", "section": "Islam", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The phrase Khatamu \u2019n-Nabiyy\u012bn (\"Seal of the Prophets\") is a title used in the Quran to designate the prophet Muhammad. It is generally regarded to mean that Muhammad is the last of the prophets sent by God." }, "Dale Earnhardt Jr.-10": { "title": "Dale Earnhardt Jr.", "section": "Racing career", "headers": [ "2001" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "In 2001, the major event of the season occurred on February 18, in the final corner of the final lap of the 2001 Daytona 500. As Earnhardt Jr. and his teammate Michael Waltrip raced to the finish line, he finished second to Waltrip. His father had crashed in turn 4 after Sterling Marlin made contact with his left rear bumper. Earnhardt Sr. shot up the track into the outside wall behind Waltrip and his son and collected Ken Schrader in the process. Earnhardt Sr. was pronounced dead at 5:16\u00a0pm due to a basilar skull fracture." }, "Presidency of Barack Obama-1": { "title": "Presidency of Barack Obama", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The presidency of Barack Obama began at noon EST on January 20, 2009, when Barack Obama was inaugurated as the 44th President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2017. Obama, a Democrat from Illinois, took office following a decisive victory over Republican John McCain in the 2008 presidential election. Four years later, in the 2012 election, he defeated Republican Mitt Romney to win re-election. He was the first African American president, the first multiracial president, the first non-white president, and the first president to have been born in Hawaii. Obama was succeeded by Republican Donald Trump, who won the 2016 presidential election." }, "Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes-3": { "title": "Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes", "section": "Shortest poem", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Adam Had 'em. \"Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes\" is frequently said to be the shortest poem in the English language, or the shortest in the world. However, many shorter poems have since been written." }, "Port of Baltimore-18": { "title": "Port of Baltimore", "section": "Current operations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Currently the port has major ro-ro (roll-on roll-off) facilities, as well as bulk facilities, especially steel handling. The port handles around 700,000 vehicles per year. Most Mercedes-Benz cars that are imported into the U.S were handled here as well in 2004." }, "English language-1": { "title": "English language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and eventually became a global lingua franca. It is named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to the area of Great Britain that later took their name, England. Both names derive from Anglia, a peninsula on the Baltic Sea. English is most closely related to Frisian and Low Saxon, while its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages, particularly Norse (a North Germanic language), as well as Latin and French." }, "Louvre Pyramid-1": { "title": "Louvre Pyramid", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Louvre Pyramid (Pyramide du Louvre) is a large glass and metal pyramid designed by Chinese-American architect I. M. Pei, surrounded by three smaller pyramids, in the main courtyard (Cour Napol\u00e9on) of the Louvre Palace (Palais du Louvre) in Paris. The large pyramid serves as the main entrance to the Louvre Museum. Completed in 1989, it has become a landmark of the city of Paris." }, "Lucille Ball-24": { "title": "Lucille Ball", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "I Love Lucy and Desi" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "I Love Lucy was not only a star vehicle for Lucille Ball, but also a potential means for her to salvage her marriage to Arnaz. Their relationship had become badly strained, in part because of their hectic performing schedules, which often kept them apart, but mostly due to Desi's attraction to other women." }, "SUNY Downstate Medical Center-1": { "title": "SUNY Downstate Medical Center", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (Downstate) is a public medical school and hospital in New York City. It is part of the State University of New York (SUNY) system and the only academic medical center for health education, research, and patient care serving Brooklyn\u2019s 2.5 million residents. As of Fall 2018, it had a total student body of 1,846 and approximately 8,000 faculty and staff." }, "Marsha Garces Williams-1": { "title": "Marsha Garces Williams", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Marsha Garces Williams (born June 18, 1956) is an American film producer and philanthropist. She was married to actor and comedian Robin Williams from 1989 to 2010." }, "420 (cannabis culture)-1": { "title": "420 (cannabis culture)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "420, 4:20, or 4/20 (pronounced four-twenty) is cannabis culture slang for marijuana consumption, especially smoking around the time 4:20 pm, and also refers to cannabis-oriented celebrations that take place annually on April 20 (which is 4/20 in U.S. form)." }, "World Wide Fund for Nature-1": { "title": "World Wide Fund for Nature", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961, working in the field of wilderness preservation, and the reduction of human impact on the environment. It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States." }, "Caffeine-3": { "title": "Caffeine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Caffeine can have both positive and negative health effects. It can treat and prevent the premature infant breathing disorders bronchopulmonary dysplasia of prematurity and apnea of prematurity. Caffeine citrate is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It may confer a modest protective effect against some diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Some people experience sleep disruption or anxiety if they consume caffeine, but others show little disturbance. Evidence of a risk during pregnancy is equivocal; some authorities recommend that pregnant women limit caffeine to the equivalent of two cups of coffee per day or less. Caffeine can produce a mild form of drug dependence\u00a0\u2013 associated with withdrawal symptoms such as sleepiness, headache, and irritability\u00a0\u2013 when an individual stops using caffeine after repeated daily intake. Tolerance to the autonomic effects of increased blood pressure and heart rate, and increased urine output, develops with chronic use (i.e., these symptoms become less pronounced or do not occur following consistent use)." }, "Vulpes-1": { "title": "Vulpes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Vulpes is a genus of the Caninae. The members of this genus are colloquially referred to as true foxes, meaning they form a proper clade. The word \"fox\" occurs on the common names of species. True foxes are distinguished from members of the genus Canis, such as domesticated dogs, wolves, jackals and coyotes, by their smaller size (5\u201311\u00a0kg) and flatter skull. They have black, triangular markings between their eyes and nose, and the tip of their tail is often a different color from the rest of their pelt. The typical lifespan for this genus is between two and four years, but can reach up to a decade." }, "Sufism-75": { "title": "Sufism", "section": "Devotional practices of Sufis", "headers": [ "Dhikr" ], "para_index": 75, "content": "The dhikr may slightly vary among each order. Some Sufi orders engage in ritualized dhikr ceremonies, or sema. Sema includes various forms of worship such as recitation, singing (the most well known being the Qawwali music of the Indian subcontinent), instrumental music, dance (most famously the Sufi whirling of the Mevlevi order), incense, meditation, ecstasy, and trance." }, "3D printing processes-39": { "title": "3D printing processes", "section": "Printers", "headers": [ "Industry use" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "As of October 2012, additive manufacturing systems were on the market that ranged from $2,000 to $500,000 in price and were employed in industries including aerospace, architecture, automotive, defense, and medical replacements, among many others. As of 2018, 3-D printers have dropped in cost to as little $100 and low-cost higher quality desktop printers are approximately $2500. These types of devices are used widely in industry for prototyping, jig making, fixturing, fixing small custom components, and even additive manufacturing of actual products." }, "WWE Raw-8": { "title": "WWE Raw", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "On June 28, 2000, Viacom won the landmark deal with the WWF to move all of its WWF programs stemming from the lawsuit action against WWF from USA Network. The new television contract and the subsequent purchase of competitor WCW led to many changes in WWF's programming content. Raw Is War premiered on TNN on September 25, 2000." }, "Spice Girls-1": { "title": "Spice Girls", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Spice Girls are an English pop girl group formed in 1994. The group comprises Melanie Brown, also known as Mel B (\"Scary Spice\"), Melanie Chisholm, also known as Mel C (\"Sporty Spice\"), Emma Bunton (\"Baby Spice\"), Geri Halliwell (\"Ginger Spice\"), and Victoria Beckham (\"Posh Spice\"). They were signed to Virgin Records and released their debut single \"Wannabe\" in 1996; it hit number one in 37 countries and commenced their global success. Their debut album Spice sold more than 31 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in history. Their follow-up album, Spiceworld sold over 20 million copies worldwide. The Spice Girls have sold 85 million records worldwide, making them the best-selling girl group of all time, one of the best-selling pop groups of all time, and the biggest British pop success since The Beatles. Among the highest profile acts in 1990s popular culture, Time called them \"arguably the most recognizable face\" of Cool Britannia, the mid-1990s celebration of youth culture in the UK." }, "Computer-43": { "title": "Computer", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Mobile computers" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "The first mobile computers were heavy and ran from mains power. The 50lb IBM 5100 was an early example. Later portables such as the Osborne 1 and Compaq Portable were considerably lighter but still needed to be plugged in. The first laptops, such as the Grid Compass, removed this requirement by incorporating batteries \u2013 and with the continued miniaturization of computing resources and advancements in portable battery life, portable computers grew in popularity in the 2000s. The same developments allowed manufacturers to integrate computing resources into cellular mobile phones by the early 2000s." }, "Protestantism-1": { "title": "Protestantism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Protestantism is the second-largest form of Christianity with a total of 800\u00a0million to 1\u00a0billion adherents worldwide or about 37% of all Christians. It originated with the 16th century Reformation, a movement against what its followers perceived to be errors in the Catholic Church. Protestants reject the Roman Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy and sacraments, but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. They emphasize the priesthood of all believers, justification by faith alone (sola fide) rather than also by good works, and the highest authority of the Bible alone (rather than also with sacred tradition) in faith and morals (sola scriptura). The \"five solae\" summarise basic theological differences in opposition to the Roman Catholic Church." }, "Port of Baltimore-19": { "title": "Port of Baltimore", "section": "Current operations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "In 2012, 36.7 million tons in foreign commerce (imports and exports), valued at $53.9 billion were handled by the port. The Port of Baltimore ranked 11th of 36 USA ports in handling of foreign tonnage and 9th in dollar value of the cargo handled during 2012." }, "Eiffel Tower-2": { "title": "Eiffel Tower", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Constructed from 1887 to 1889 as the entrance to the 1889 World's Fair, it was initially criticised by some of France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, but it has become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world. The Eiffel Tower is the most-visited paid monument in the world; 6.91\u00a0million people ascended it in 2015." }, "Yersinia pestis-1": { "title": "Yersinia pestis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Yersinia pestis (formerly Pasteurella pestis) is a gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped, coccobacillus bacterium, with no spores. It is a facultative anaerobic organism that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis). It causes the disease plague, which takes three main forms: pneumonic, septicemic, and bubonic." }, "Child-4": { "title": "Child", "section": "Biological, legal and social definitions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child defines child as \"a human being below the age of 18 years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier\". This is ratified by 192 of 194 member countries. The term child may also refer to someone below another legally defined age limit unconnected to the age of majority. In Singapore, for example, a child is legally defined as someone under the age of 14 under the \"Children and Young Persons Act\" whereas the age of majority is 21. In U.S. Immigration Law, a child refers to anyone who is under the age of 21." }, "Intel-1": { "title": "Intel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California, in Silicon Valley. It is the world's largest and highest valued semiconductor chip manufacturer based on revenue, and is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, the processors found in most personal computers (PCs). Intel ranked No. 46 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue. Intel is incorporated in Delaware." }, "Hem-3": { "title": "Hem", "section": "Methods", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "There are even hems that do not call for sewing, instead using iron-on materials, netting, plastic clips, or other fasteners. These threadless hems are not common, and are often used only on a temporary basis." }, "Mona Lisa-54": { "title": "Mona Lisa", "section": "Fame", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "In 2014, 9.3\u00a0million people visited the Louvre. Former director Henri Loyrette reckoned that \"80\u00a0percent of the people only want to see the Mona Lisa.\"" }, "Bulk carrier-20": { "title": "Bulk carrier", "section": "Fleet characteristics", "headers": [ "Largest fleets" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Greece, Japan, and China are the top three owners of bulk carriers, with 1,326, 1,041, and 979 vessels respectively. These three nations account for over 53% of the world's fleet." }, "Monarchy of the United Kingdom-1": { "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies (the Bailiwick of Guernsey, the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Isle of Man) and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who ascended the throne in 1952." }, "7 Wonders (board game)-14": { "title": "7 Wonders (board game)", "section": "Expansions", "headers": [ "7 Wonders: Cities (August 2012)" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "The Cities expansion introduces nine city cards (with a black background) to each of the Age card decks. The number of city cards that are shuffled into each age's deck is equal to the number of players. This means that each age now consists of seven play of cards." }, "Survivor: Winners at War-1": { "title": "Survivor: Winners at War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Survivor: Winners at War is the 40th season of the American competitive reality television series Survivor, airing on CBS in the United States and Global in Canada. The season filmed in May and June 2019 and is the eighth consecutive season to be filmed in Fiji." }, "Model (person)-22": { "title": "Model (person)", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Fashion modelling", "Runway modelling" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Male and female models must also possess clear skin, healthy hair, and attractive facial features. Stringent weight and body proportion guidelines form the selection criteria by which established, and would\u2011be, models are judged for their placement suitability, on an ongoing basis. There can be some variation regionally, and by market tier, subject to current prevailing trends at any point, in any era, by agents, agencies and end-clients." }, "Louis Armstrong-1": { "title": "Louis Armstrong", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Louis Daniel Armstrong (August 4, 1901 \u2013 July 6, 1971), nicknamed \"Satchmo\", \"Satch\", and \"Pops\", was an American trumpeter, composer, vocalist, and actor who was among the most influential figures in jazz. His career spanned five decades, from the 1920s to the 1960s, and different eras in the history of jazz. In 2017, he was inducted into the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame." }, "Atlantic cod-7": { "title": "Atlantic cod", "section": "Taxonomy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The Atlantic cod is one of three cod species in the genus Gadus along with Pacific cod and Greenland cod. A variety of fish species are colloquially known as cod, but they are not all classified within the Gadus, though some are in the Atlantic cod family, Gadidae." }, "Agriculture-7": { "title": "Agriculture", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Civilizations" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In Eurasia, the Sumerians started to live in villages from about 8,000 BC, relying on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and a canal system for irrigation. Ploughs appear in pictographs around 3,000 BC; seed-ploughs around 2,300 BC. Farmers grew wheat, barley, vegetables such as lentils and onions, and fruits including dates, grapes, and figs. Ancient Egyptian agriculture relied on the Nile River and its seasonal flooding. Farming started in the predynastic period at the end of the Paleolithic, after 10,000 BC. Staple food crops were grains such as wheat and barley, alongside industrial crops such as flax and papyrus. In India, wheat, barley and jujube were domesticated by 9,000 BC, soon followed by sheep and goats. Cattle, sheep and goats were domesticated in Mehrgarh culture by 8,000\u20136,000 BC. Cotton was cultivated by the 5th\u20134th millennium BC. Archeological evidence indicates an animal-drawn plough from 2,500 BC in the Indus Valley Civilisation." }, "Celery-28": { "title": "Celery", "section": "Nutrition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Celery is used in weight loss diets, where it provides low-calorie dietary fiber bulk. Celery is often incorrectly thought to be a \"negative-calorie food\", the digestion of which burns more calories than the body can obtain. In fact, eating celery provides positive net calories, with digestion consuming only a small proportion of the calories taken in." }, "Steam locomotive-6": { "title": "Steam locomotive", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Britain" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The first full-scale working railway steam locomotive, was the 3\u00a0ft (914\u00a0mm) gauge Coalbrookdale Locomotive, built by Trevithick in 1802. It was constructed for the Coalbrookdale ironworks in Shropshire in the United Kingdom though no record of it working there has survived. On 21 February 1804, the first recorded steam-hauled railway journey took place as another of Trevithick's locomotives hauled a train along the 4\u00a0ft\u00a04\u00a0in (1,321\u00a0mm) tramway from the Pen-y-darren ironworks, near Merthyr Tydfil, to Abercynon in South Wales. Accompanied by Andrew Vivian, it ran with mixed success. The design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its efficiency." }, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow-2": { "title": "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "From the listless repose of the place, and the peculiar character of its inhabitants, who are descendants from the original Dutch settlers, this sequestered glen has long been known by name of Sleepy Hollow\u00a0... A drowsy, dreamy influence seems to hang over the land, and to pervade the very atmosphere. \u2014\u2009Washington Irving, \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" The story is set in 1790 in the countryside around the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town (historical Tarrytown, New York), in a secluded glen known as Sleepy Hollow. Sleepy Hollow is renowned for its ghosts and the haunting atmosphere that pervades the imaginations of its inhabitants and visitors. Some residents say this town was bewitched during the early days of the Dutch settlement, while others claim that the mysterious atmosphere was caused by an old Native American chief, the \"wizard of his tribe ... before the country was discovered by Master Hendrik Hudson.\" The most infamous spectre in the Hollow is the Headless Horseman, supposedly the ghost of a Hessian trooper whose head had been shot off by a stray cannonball during \"some nameless battle\" of the Revolution, and who \"rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head\"." }, "LaVeyan Satanism-40": { "title": "LaVeyan Satanism", "section": "Rites and practices", "headers": [ "Symbolism" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "As a symbol of his Satanic church, LaVey adopted the upturned five-pointed pentagram. The upturned pentagram had previously been used by the French occultist Eliphas L\u00e9vi, and had been adopted by his disciple, Stanislas de Guaita, who merged it with a goat's head in his 1897 book, Key of Black Magic. In the literature and imagery predating LaVey, imagery used to represent the \"satanic\" is denoted by inverted crosses and blasphemous parodies of Christian art. The familiar goat's head inside an inverted pentagram did not become the foremost symbol of Satanism until the founding of the Church of Satan in 1966. LaVey learned of this variant of the symbol after it had been reproduced on the front cover of Maurice Bessy's coffee table book, Pictorial History of Magic and the Supernatural. Feeling that this symbol embodied his philosophy, LaVey decided to adopt it for his Church. In its formative years, the church utilized this image on its membership cards, stationary, medallions and most notably above the altar in the ritual chamber of the Black House." }, "The Lion King-10": { "title": "The Lion King", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Simba collapses in a desert and is rescued by Timon and Pumbaa, a meerkat and warthog, who are fellow outcasts and chase away the vultures. Simba grows up in the jungle with his two new friends, living a carefree life under the motto \"hakuna matata\" (\"no worries\" in Swahili). Now a young adult, Simba rescues Timon and Pumbaa from a hungry lioness, who turns out to be Nala. She and Simba reunite and fall in love, and she urges him to return home, telling him that Pride Lands have become a drought-stricken wasteland under Scar's reign. Feeling guilty over his father's death, Simba refuses and storms off. He then encounters Rafiki, who tells him that Mufasa's spirit lives on in Simba. Simba is visited by the ghost of Mufasa in the night sky, who tells him that he must take his rightful place as king. Realizing that he can no longer run from his past, Simba decides to return to the Pride Lands." }, "Bolinus brandaris-1": { "title": "Bolinus brandaris", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bolinus brandaris (originally called Murex brandaris by Linnaeus and also Haustellum brandaris), and commonly known as the purple dye murex or the spiny dye-murex, is a species of medium-sized predatory sea snail, an edible marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or the rock snails." }, "Capital One-6": { "title": "Capital One", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Monoline credit card company (1994\u20132004)" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Credit Cards \u2013 Capital One issues credit cards in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom and is the 3rd largest credit card issuer, after JPMorgan Chase and Citigroup. As of December 31, 2018, Capital One had $107.350 billion in credit card loans outstanding in the United States and $9.011 billion of credit card loans outstanding in Canada and the United Kingdom, with credit cards representing 47.3% of total loans outstanding. Consumer Banking \u2013 offers banking services, including checking accounts, saving accounts, and money market accounts via its branches and direct bank as well as retail and auto loans. As of December 31, 2018, the company had $2.864 billion in retail loans outstanding and $56.341 billion in car finance loans outstanding, representing 22.9% of total loans outstanding. Commercial banking \u2013 As of December 31, 2018, Capital One had $70.333 billion in loans outstanding secured by commercial, multifamily, and industrial properties, representing 28.6% of total loans outstanding. On July 27, 1994, Richmond, Virginia-based Signet Financial Corp (now part of Wells Fargo) announced the corporate spin-off of its credit card division, OakStone Financial, naming Richard Fairbank as CEO. Signet renamed the subsidiary Capital One in October 1994." }, "Crocodile-35": { "title": "Crocodile", "section": "Taxonomy and phylogeny", "headers": [ "Phylogeny" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "Subfamily Crocodylinae Genus Crocodylus Crocodylus acutus, American crocodile Crocodylus intermedius, Orinoco crocodile Crocodylus johnsoni, freshwater crocodile, or Johnstone's crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis, Philippine crocodile Crocodylus moreletii, Morelet's crocodile or Mexican crocodile Crocodylus niloticus, Nile crocodile or African crocodile (the subspecies found in Madagascar is sometimes called the black crocodile) Crocodylus novaeguineae, New Guinea crocodile Crocodylus palustris, mugger, marsh or Indian crocodile Crocodylus porosus, saltwater crocodile or estuarine crocodile Crocodylus rhombifer, Cuban crocodile Crocodylus siamensis, Siamese crocodile (may be extinct in the wild) Crocodylus suchus, West African crocodile, desert or sacred crocodile Genus Osteolaemus Osteolaemus tetraspis, dwarf crocodile (There has been controversy as to whether or not this is actually two species; recent (2010) DNA analysis indicate three distinct species: O. tetraspis, O. osborni and a third, currently unnamed.) Genus Mecistops Mecistops cataphractus West African slender-snouted crocodile Mecistops leptorhynchus Central African slender-snouted crocodile Genus \u2020Euthecodon Genus \u2020Rimasuchus (formerly Crocodylus lloydi) Genus \u2020Voay Brochu, 2007 (formerly Crocodylus robustus) The cladogram below follows the topology from a 2012 analysis of morphological traits by Christopher A. Brochu and Glenn W. Storrs. Many extinct species of Crocodylus might represent different genera. \"Crocodylus\" pigotti, for example, was placed in the newly erected genus Brochuchus in 2013. C. suchus was not included because its morphological codings were identical to those of C. niloticus. However, the authors suggested that the lack of differences was due to limited specimen sampling, and considered the two species to be distinct. This analysis found weak support for the clade Osteolaeminae. Brochu named Osteolaeminae in 2003 as a subfamily of Crocodylidae separate from Crocodylinae, but the group has since been classified within Crocodylinae. It includes the living genus Osteolaemus as well as the extinct species Voay robustus and Rimasuchus lloydi." }, "Empire State Building-28": { "title": "Empire State Building", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Opening and early years" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "In 1932, the Fifth Avenue Association gave the tower its 1931 \"gold medal\" for architectural excellence, signifying that the Empire State had been the best-designed building on Fifth Avenue to open in 1931. A year later, on March 2, 1933, the movie King Kong was released. The movie, which depicted a large stop motion ape named Kong climbing the Empire State Building, made the still-new building into a cinematic icon." }, "Yellow perch-1": { "title": "Yellow perch", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The yellow perch (Perca flavescens), commonly referred to as perch, striped perch or American perch is a freshwater perciform fish native to much of North America. The yellow perch was described in 1814 by Samuel Latham Mitchill from New York. It is closely related, and morphologically similar to the European perch (Perca fluviatilis); and is sometimes considered a subspecies of its European counterpart. Other common names for yellow perch include American perch, coontail, lake perch, raccoon perch, ring-tail perch, ringed perch, and striped perch. Another nickname for the perch is the Dodd fish." }, "Saturn-1": { "title": "Saturn", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant with an average radius of about nine times that of Earth. It only has one-eighth the average density of Earth; however, with its larger volume, Saturn is over 95 times more massive. Saturn is named after the Roman god of wealth and agriculture; its astronomical symbol (\u2644) represents the god's sickle." }, "Seinfeld-31": { "title": "Seinfeld", "section": "Episodes", "headers": [ "Series finale" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "After nine years on the air, NBC and Jerry Seinfeld announced on December 25, 1997, that the series would end production the following spring in 1998. The announcement made the front page of the major New York newspapers, including the New York Times. Jerry Seinfeld was featured on the cover of Time magazine's first issue of 1998. The series ended with a seventy-five-minute episode (cut to 60 minutes in syndication, in two parts) written by co-creator and ex-executive producer Larry David, which aired on May 14, 1998. Before the finale, a forty-five-minute retrospective clip show, \"The Chronicle\", was aired. The retrospective was expanded to an hour after the original airing and aired again on NBC as an hour-long episode, and has since aired in syndication." }, "Arithmetic-2": { "title": "Arithmetic", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The prehistory of arithmetic is limited to a small number of artifacts which may indicate the conception of addition and subtraction, the best-known being the Ishango bone from central Africa, dating from somewhere between 20,000 and 18,000\u00a0BC, although its interpretation is disputed." }, "La Femme Nikita (TV series)-3": { "title": "La Femme Nikita (TV series)", "section": "Comparison with the film", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The television series differs from the film versions in one fundamental aspect: Nikita (Peta Wilson) is innocent. She is not a killer, nor a drug user, just a homeless young woman in the wrong place at the wrong time. Section One\u2014an elite, top-secret counter-terrorism organization\u2014sets Nikita up to be accused of murdering a police officer and sentenced to life in prison where she supposedly commits suicide and is brought into Section One. Because Nikita will be killed (or \"canceled\") if she fails to comply, she is forced to carry out the organization's ruthless methods of fighting terrorism, while attempting to keep her moral integrity intact. This personal struggle becomes the primary conflict of the series. A key scene in the two theatrical films involves Nikita's first assignment\u2014to murder a VIP in a crowded restaurant. Although the Nikita of the television series eventually does become, by necessity, a ruthless killer, in the television version of this first mission she uses her ingenuity to avoid having to kill the VIP (whereas the film versions of the character completes the assignment). However, despite the machinations of others in power around her, Nikita retains her compassion and humanity." }, "Genghis Khan-1": { "title": "Genghis Khan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Genghis Khan (born Tem\u00fcjin Borjigin, c.\u20091162\u00a0\u2013 August 18, 1227), also officially Genghis Emperor, was the founder and first Great Khan and Emperor of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Empire and being proclaimed Genghis Khan, he launched the Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia. Campaigns initiated in his lifetime include those against the Qara Khitai, Khwarezmia, and the Western Xia and Jin dynasties, and raids into Medieval Georgia, the Kieven Rus', and Volga Bulgaria. These campaigns were often accompanied by large-scale massacres of the civilian populations, especially in the Khwarazmian- and Western Xia\u2013controlled lands. Because of this brutality, which left millions dead, he is considered by many to have been a genocidal ruler. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China. Due to his exceptional military successes, Genghis Khan is often considered to be the greatest conqueror of all time." }, "William Kidd-1": { "title": "William Kidd", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "William Kidd, also known as Captain William Kidd or simply Captain Kidd (c. 1655 \u2013 23 May 1701), was a Scottish sailor who was tried and executed for piracy after returning from a voyage to the Indian Ocean. Some modern historians, for example Sir Cornelius Neale Dalton, deem his piratical reputation unjust." }, "Shotgun-38": { "title": "Shotgun", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Hammerless shotguns" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "Daniel Myron LeFever is credited with the invention of the American hammerless shotgun. Working for Barber & LeFever in Syracuse, N.Y. he introduced his first hammerless shotgun in 1878. This gun was cocked with external cocking levers on the side of the breech. He went on to patent the first truly automatic hammerless shotgun in 1883. This gun automatically cocked itself when the breech was closed. He later developed the mechanism to automatically eject the shells when the breech was opened." }, "Embryo cryopreservation-2": { "title": "Embryo cryopreservation", "section": "Indications", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Embryo cryopreservation is useful for leftover embryos after a cycle of in vitro fertilisation, as patients who fail to conceive may become pregnant using such embryos without having to go through a full IVF cycle. Or, if pregnancy occurred, they could return later for another pregnancy. Spare oocytes or embryos resulting from fertility treatments may be used for oocyte donation or embryo donation to another woman or couple, and embryos may be created, frozen and stored specifically for transfer and donation by using donor eggs and sperm." }, "Cucumber-14": { "title": "Cucumber", "section": "Aroma and taste", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Lebanese cucumbers are small, smooth-skinned and mild, yet with a distinct flavor and aroma. Like the English cucumber, Lebanese cucumbers are nearly seedless. East Asian cucumbers are mild, slender, deep green, and have a bumpy, ridged skin. They can be used for slicing, salads, pickling, etc., and are available year-round. They are usually burpless as well. Persian cucumber, which are mini, seedless, and slightly sweet, are available from Canada during the summer, and all year-round in the US. Easy to cut and peel, it is on average 4\u20137\u00a0in (10\u201318\u00a0cm) long. They are commonly eaten chopped up in plain yogurt with mint or sliced thin and long with salt and lemon juice. Vines are parthenocarpic, requiring no pollinators for fruit set. Beit Alpha cucumbers are small, sweet parthenocarpic cucumbers adapted to the dry climate of the Middle East. Apple cucumbers are short, round cucumbers grown in New Zealand and parts of Europe, known for their light yellow-green color and mildly sweet flavor. When mature, the fruit may grow tiny spines, and contains numerous edible green seeds. The fruit is usually eaten raw, with skin. Sch\u00e4lgurken are eaten in Germany. Their thick skins are peeled and then they braised or fried, often with minced meat or dill. They are often known by the term 'Schmorgurken'. Dosakai is a yellow cucumber available in parts of India. These fruits are generally spherical in shape. It is commonly cooked as curry, added in sambar or soup, daal and also in making dosa-aavakaaya (Indian pickle) and chutney; it is also grown and available through farms in Central California. Kekiri is a smooth skinned cucumber, relatively hard, and not used for salads. It is cooked as spicy curry. It is found in dry zone of Sri Lanka. It becomes orange colored when the fruit is matured. In May 2008, British supermarket chain Sainsbury's unveiled the 'c-thru-cumber', a thin-skinned variety that reportedly does not require peeling. Depending on variety, cucumbers may have a mild melon aroma and flavor, in part resulting from unsaturated aldehydes, such as (E,Z)-nona-2,6-dienal, and the cis- and trans- isomers of 2-nonenal. The slightly bitter taste of cucumber rind results from cucurbitacins." }, "Link (The Legend of Zelda)-1": { "title": "Link (The Legend of Zelda)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Link is the main protagonist of Nintendo's video game series The Legend of Zelda. He appears in several incarnations over the course of the games, and also features in other Nintendo media, including merchandising comic books and animated series. He is one of Nintendo's main icons." }, "Cinnamomum cassia-2": { "title": "Cinnamomum cassia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The tree grows to 10\u201315\u00a0m (33\u201349\u00a0ft) tall, with greyish bark and hard, elongated leaves that are 10\u201315\u00a0cm (3.9\u20135.9\u00a0in) long and have a decidedly reddish colour when young." }, "ABBA-1": { "title": "ABBA", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "ABBA (/\u00e6\u02c8b\u0259/, Swedish pronunciation:\u00a0[\u00b2ab\u02d0a]) are a Swedish pop supergroup formed in Stockholm in 1972 by Agnetha F\u00e4ltskog, Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson, and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. The group's name is an acronym of the first letters of their first names. They became one of the most commercially successful acts in the history of popular music, topping the charts worldwide from 1974 to 1982. ABBA won the Eurovision Song Contest 1974, giving Sweden its first triumph in the contest. They are the most successful group to have taken part in the competition." }, "Coca-Cola formula-9": { "title": "Coca-Cola formula", "section": "Current ingredients", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Despite the implications of its name, there is no evidence that the current version of Coca-Cola syrup contains kola nut extract, which was originally included for its caffeine content. The modern source of that additive is probably caffeine citrate, a byproduct of the decaffeination of coffee." }, "Moli\u00e8re-1": { "title": "Moli\u00e8re", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (baptised 15 January 1622; died 17 February 1673), known by his stage name Moli\u00e8re (UK: /\u02c8m\u0252li\u025b\u0259r, \u02c8mo\u028al-/, US: /mo\u028al\u02c8j\u025b\u0259r, \u02ccmo\u028ali\u02c8\u025b\u0259r/, French:\u00a0[m\u0254lj\u025b\u0281]), was a French playwright, actor and poet, widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in the French language and universal literature. His extant works include comedies, farces, tragicomedies, com\u00e9die-ballets and more. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed at the Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise more often than those of any other playwright today. His influence is such that the French language itself is often referred to as the \"language of Moli\u00e8re\"." }, "Districts of Switzerland-10": { "title": "Districts of Switzerland", "section": "Bern", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "On 1 January 2010, the 26 administrative districts (Amtsbezirke) were combined into 10 new administrative districts (Verwaltungskreise):" }, "Student-54": { "title": "Student", "section": "Americas", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Accordingly, college students are often called Freshmen, Sophomores, Juniors and Seniors (respectively), unless their undergraduate program calls for more than the traditional 4 years." }, "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution-3": { "title": "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Supreme Court has held that the Excessive Fines Clause prohibits fines that are \"so grossly excessive as to amount to a deprivation of property without due process of law.\" The Court struck down a fine as excessive for the first time in United States v. Bajakajian (1998). Under the Excessive Bail Clause, the Supreme Court has held that the federal government cannot set bail at \"a figure higher than is reasonably calculated\" to ensure the defendant's appearance at trial." }, "Corydoras-5": { "title": "Corydoras", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Their main food is bottom-dwelling insects and insect larvae and various worms, as well as some vegetable matter. Although no corys are piscivorous, they will eat flesh from dead fishes. Their feeding method is to search the bottom with their sensory barbels and suck up food items with their mouth, often burying their snout up to their eyes." }, "Snickers-1": { "title": "Snickers", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Snickers is a brand name chocolate bar made by the American company Mars, Incorporated, consisting of nougat topped with caramel and peanuts that has been enrobed in milk chocolate." }, "The Wachowskis-1": { "title": "The Wachowskis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lana Wachowski (born June 21, 1965) and Lilly Wachowski (born December 29, 1967) are American film and television directors, writers and producers. The sisters are both trans women." }, "Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency-1": { "title": "Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Donald Trump was elected President of the United States on November 8, 2016 and was inaugurated on January 20, 2017 as the nation\u2019s 45th and current president. The following articles cover the timeline of the presidency of Donald Trump:" }, "Platypus-4": { "title": "Platypus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The unique features of the platypus make it an important subject in the study of evolutionary biology, and a recognisable and iconic symbol of Australia. It has appeared as a mascot at national events and features on the reverse of the Australian twenty-cent coin, and the platypus is the animal emblem of the state of New South Wales." }, "Shrimp and prawn as food-8": { "title": "Shrimp and prawn as food", "section": "Preparation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "There's a million ways to cook shrimp... shrimp is the fruit of the sea. You can barbecue it, boil it, broil it, bake it, saute it. Dey's uh, shrimp-kabobs, shrimp creole, shrimp gumbo. Pan fried, deep fried, stir-fried. There's pineapple shrimp, lemon shrimp, coconut shrimp, pepper shrimp, shrimp soup, shrimp stew, shrimp salad, shrimp and potatoes, shrimp burger, shrimp sandwich... American soldier \"Bubba\" in Vietnam, in the 1994 romantic-comedy film Forrest Gump Removing the \"sand vein\" (a euphemism for the digestive tract) is referred to as \"deveining\". The sand vein can be removed by making a shallow cut lengthwise down the outer curve of the shrimp's body, allowing the dark ribbon-like digestive tract to be removed with a pointed utensil. Special deveining tools are sometimes used but knives, skewers, and even toothpicks can be used to devein. Alternatively, if the tail has been detached, the vein can be pinched at the tail end and pulled out completely with the fingers. On large shrimp, the \"blood vein\" (a euphemism for the ventral nerve cord) along the inner curve of the shrimp's body is typically removed as well. The shrimp is then rinsed under cold running water. Removing the vein is not essential, as it is not poisonous and is mostly tasteless. Deveining does slightly change the flavor and makes it more consistent. Shrimp also sometimes consume small amounts of sand and the vein might thus be gritty." }, "Prison cell-1": { "title": "Prison cell", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A prison cell, also known as a jail cell, is a small room in a prison or police station where a prisoner is held. Cells greatly vary by their furnishings, hygienic services, and cleanliness, both across countries and based on the level of punishment to which the person being held has been sentenced. Cells can be occupied by one or multiple people depending on factors that include, but are not limited to, inmate population, facility size, resources, or inmate behavior." }, "Nineteen Eighty-Four-1": { "title": "Nineteen Eighty-Four", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Nineteen Eighty-Four: A Novel, often published as 1984, is a dystopian novel by English novelist George Orwell. It was published on 8 June 1949 by Secker & Warburg as Orwell's ninth and final book completed in his lifetime. The story was mostly written at Barnhill, a farmhouse on the Scottish island of Jura, at times while Orwell suffered from severe tuberculosis. Thematically, Nineteen Eighty-Four centres on the consequences of government over-reach, totalitarianism, mass surveillance, and repressive regimentation of all persons and behaviours within society." }, "Nintendo Entertainment System-27": { "title": "Nintendo Entertainment System", "section": "Hardware", "headers": [ "Configurations" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "The original NES, meanwhile, featured a front-loading cartridge covered by a small, hinged door that can be opened to insert or remove a cartridge and closed at other times. It features a more subdued gray, black, and red color scheme. An expansion port was found on the bottom of the unit and the cartridge connector pinout was changed." }, "Lighthouse of Alexandria-1": { "title": "Lighthouse of Alexandria", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Lighthouse of Alexandria, sometimes called the Pharos of Alexandria (/\u02c8f\u025b\u0259r\u0252s/; Ancient Greek: \u1f41 \u03a6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f08\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, contemporary Koine Greek pronunciation:\u00a0[ho p\u02b0\u00e1.ros te\u02d0s a.lek.sandr\u00e9\u02d0a\u02d0s]), was a lighthouse built by the Ptolemaic Kingdom, during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (280\u2013247 BC), which has been estimated to be at least 100 metres (330\u00a0ft) in overall height. One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, for many centuries it was one of the tallest man-made structures in the world." }, "Bacteria-3": { "title": "Bacteria", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water. There are approximately 5\u00d71030 bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass which exceeds that of all plants and animals. Bacteria are vital in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy." }, "Witch trials in the early modern period-1": { "title": "Witch trials in the early modern period", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Prosecutions for the crime of witchcraft reached a highpoint from 1580 to 1630 during the Counter-Reformation and the European wars of religion, when an estimated 50,000 people were burned at the stake, of which roughly 80% were women, and most often over the age of 40." }, "Dean Cain-3": { "title": "Dean Cain", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Cain attended Santa Monica High School, where he excelled in sports. Among his schoolmates were Charlie Sheen, who played on the same baseball team as Cain when they were children, as well as Rob Lowe and his brother, Chad. Cain graduated from high school in 1984 and attended Princeton University, where he starred as a free safety on the football team: he set a Princeton season record with 12 interceptions (in just 10 games) during the 1987 season, and finished his collegiate career with 22 interceptions in 30 games. He dated actress Brooke Shields while at the university. Cain graduated in 1988 with a Bachelor of Arts in history. His senior thesis was titled \"The History and Development of the Functions of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences\"." }, "Louvre Pyramid-2": { "title": "Louvre Pyramid", "section": "Design and construction", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Commissioned by the President of France, Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, in 1984, it was designed by Chinese-American architect I. M. Pei. The structure, which was constructed entirely with glass segments and metal poles," }, "Ludwig van Beethoven-61": { "title": "Ludwig van Beethoven", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "Death" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "Beethoven died on 26 March 1827 at the age of 56; only his friend Anselm H\u00fcttenbrenner and a \"Frau van Beethoven\" (possibly his old enemy Johanna van Beethoven) were present. According to H\u00fcttenbrenner, at about 5 in the afternoon there was a flash of lightning and a clap of thunder: \"Beethoven opened his eyes, lifted his right hand and looked up for several seconds with his first clenched [...] not another breath, not a heartbeat more.\" Many visitors came to the death-bed; some locks of the dead man's hair were retained by H\u00fcttenbrenner and Hiller, amongst others. An autopsy revealed Beethoven suffered from significant liver damage, which may have been due to his heavy alcohol consumption, and also considerable dilation of the auditory and other related nerves." }, "Crips-14": { "title": "Crips", "section": "Alliances and rivalries", "headers": [ "Rivalry with Bloods" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "The Bloods are the main rival of the Crips. The Bloods initially formed to provide members protection from the Crips. This rivalry started in the 1960s when Raymond Washington and other Crip members attacked Sylvester Scott and Benson Owens, two students at Centennial High School. After the incident, Scott formed the Piru street-gang, while Owens established the West Piru street-gang. In late 1972, several gangs that felt victimized by the Crips due to their escalating attacks joined the Piru Street Boys to create a new federation of non-Crip gangs which would later become known as Bloods. Between 1972 and 1979, the rivalry between the Crips and Bloods would grow, accounting for a majority of the gang-related murders in southern Los Angeles. Gang members of the Bloods and Crips occasionally fight against each other and are responsible for a significant portion of gang-related murders in Los Angeles." }, "Saturn-30": { "title": "Saturn", "section": "Natural satellites", "headers": [ "Planetary rings" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Saturn is probably best known for the system of planetary rings that makes it visually unique. The rings extend from 6,630 to 120,700 kilometers (4,120 to 75,000\u00a0mi) outward from Saturn's equator and average approximately 20 meters (66\u00a0ft) in thickness. They are composed predominantly of water ice with trace amounts of tholin impurities, and a peppered coating of approximately 7% amorphous carbon. The particles that make up the rings range in size from specks of dust up to 10\u00a0m. While the other gas giants also have ring systems, Saturn's is the largest and most visible." }, "Royal Society-24": { "title": "Royal Society", "section": "Fellows of the Royal Society (FRS)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "The society's core members are the fellows: scientists and engineers from the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth selected based on having made \"a substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science and medical science\". Fellows are elected for life and gain the right to use the postnominal Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). The rights and responsibilities of fellows also include a duty to financially contribute to the society, the right to stand for council posts and the right to elect new fellows. Up to 52 fellows are elected each year and in 2014 there were about 1,450 living members in total. Election to the fellowship is decided by ten sectional committees (each covering a subject area or set of subjects areas) which consist of existing fellows." }, "Portuguese Colonial War-24": { "title": "Portuguese Colonial War", "section": "Multiethnic societies, competing ideologies, and armed conflict in Portuguese Africa", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "By the 1950s, the European mainland Portuguese territory was inhabited by a society that was poorer and had a much higher illiteracy rate than the average Western European societies or those of North America. It was ruled by an authoritarian and conservative right-leaning dictatorship, known as the Estado Novo regime. By this time, the Estado Novo regime ruled both the Portuguese mainland and several centuries-old overseas territories as theoretically co-equal departments. The possessions were Angola, Cape Verde, Macau, Mozambique, Portuguese Guinea, Portuguese India, Portuguese Timor, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Baptista de Ajud\u00e1 and S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe." }, "Alliteration-1": { "title": "Alliteration", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In literature, alliteration is the conspicuous repetition of identical initial consonant sounds in successive or closely associated syllables within a group of words, even those spelled differently. As a method of linking words for effect, alliteration is also called head rhyme or initial rhyme. For example, \"humble house,\" or \"potential power play.\" A familiar example is \"Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers\". \"Alliteration\" is from the Latin word littera, meaning \"letter of the alphabet\"; it was first coined in a Latin dialogue by the Italian humanist Giovanni Pontano in the 15th century. Alliteration is used poetically in various languages around the world, including Irish, German, Mongolian, Hungarian, American Sign Language, Somali, Finnish, Icelandic." }, "Comedian-1": { "title": "Comedian", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A comedian or comic is a person who seeks to entertain an audience by making them laugh. This might be through jokes or amusing situations, or acting foolish (as in slapstick) or employing prop comedy. A comedian who addresses an audience directly is called a stand-up comedian." }, "Jean Valjean-1": { "title": "Jean Valjean", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jean Valjean is the protagonist of Victor Hugo's 1862 novel Les Mis\u00e9rables. The story depicts the character's 19-year-long struggle to lead a normal life after serving a prison sentence for stealing bread to feed his sister's children during a time of economic depression and various attempts to escape from prison. Valjean is also known in the novel as Monsieur Madeleine, Ultime Fauchelevent, Monsieur Leblanc, and Urbain Fabre." }, "Oath of office of the President of the United States-12": { "title": "Oath of office of the President of the United States", "section": "Use of Bibles", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Theodore Roosevelt did not use a Bible when taking the oath in 1901. Both John Quincy Adams and Franklin Pierce swore on a book of law, with the intention that they were swearing on the constitution. Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in on a Roman Catholic missal on Air Force One. Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, George H. W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump each swore the oath on two Bibles." }, "Drone Racing League-22": { "title": "Drone Racing League", "section": "Technology", "headers": [ "RacerX" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "In July 2017, Ryan Gury and his team of drone engineers designed and hand built the DRL RacerX, setting the Guinness World Record for the Fastest Ground Speed by a Battery-powered Remote-controlled Quadcopter. Weighing less than two pounds, the RacerX hit a top speed of 179.6 miles per hour, the official record-breaking speed was recorded as 163.5 miles per hour." }, "Palindrome-1": { "title": "Palindrome", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A palindrome is a word, number, phrase, or other sequence of characters which reads the same backward as forward, such as madam, racecar. There are also numeric palindromes, including date/time stamps using short digits 11/11/11 11:11 and long digits 02/02/2020. Sentence-length palindromes may be written when allowances are made for adjustments to capital letters, punctuation, and word dividers, such as \"A man, a plan, a canal, Panama!\"." }, "Abaddon-1": { "title": "Abaddon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Hebrew term \"Abaddon\" (Hebrew: \u05d0\u05b2\u05d1\u05b7\u05d3\u05bc\u05d5\u05b9\u05df\u200e Avaddon, meaning \"doom\"), and its Greek equivalent \"Apollyon\" (Greek: \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd, Apoll\u00fd\u014dn) appear in the Bible as both a place of destruction and an angel of the abyss. In the Hebrew Bible, abaddon is used with reference to a bottomless pit, often appearing alongside the place \u05e9\u05b0\u05c1\u05d0\u05d5\u05b9\u05dc (Sheol), meaning the realm of the dead." }, "Chlorine dioxide-25": { "title": "Chlorine dioxide", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Water treatment" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Chlorine dioxide is less corrosive than chlorine and superior for the control of Legionella bacteria." }, "Burger King-1": { "title": "Burger King", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Burger King (BK) is an American multinational chain of hamburger fast food restaurants. Headquartered in the unincorporated area of Miami-Dade County, Florida, the company was founded in 1953 as Insta-Burger King, a Jacksonville, Florida\u2013based restaurant chain. After Insta-Burger King ran into financial difficulties in 1954, its two Miami-based franchisees David Edgerton and James McLamore purchased the company and renamed it \"Burger King\". Over the next half-century, the company changed hands four times, with its third set of owners, a partnership of TPG Capital, Bain Capital, and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners, taking it public in 2002. In late-2010, 3G Capital of Brazil acquired a majority stake in the company, in a deal valued at US$3.26 billion. The new owners promptly initiated a restructuring of the company to reverse its fortunes. 3G, along with partner Berkshire Hathaway, eventually merged the company with the Canadian-based doughnut chain Tim Hortons, under the auspices of a new Canadian-based parent company named Restaurant Brands International." }, "Carrot-42": { "title": "Carrot", "section": "Consumption", "headers": [ "Nutrition" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "The carrot gets its characteristic, bright orange colour from \u03b2-carotene, and lesser amounts of \u03b1-carotene, \u03b3-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin. \u03b1- and \u03b2-carotenes are partly metabolized into vitamin A, providing more than 100% of the Daily Value (DV) per 100 g serving of carrots (right table). Carrots are also a good source of vitamin K (13% DV) and vitamin B6 (11% DV), but otherwise have modest content of other essential nutrients (table)." }, "Samsung Galaxy (original)-1": { "title": "Samsung Galaxy (original)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Samsung GT-I7500 Galaxy is a smartphone manufactured by Samsung that uses the open source Android operating system. It was announced on 27 April 2009 and was released on 29 June 2009 as the first Android-powered device from Samsung Mobile, and the first in what would become the long Galaxy series. It is succeeded by the Samsung i5700 Galaxy Spica." }, "Boy Scouts of America-26": { "title": "Boy Scouts of America", "section": "Program", "headers": [ "Eagle Scout" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Eagle Scout is the highest rank one can receive in Scouts BSA. A Scout who attains this rank is called an Eagle Scout. Since its introduction in 1911, the Eagle Scout rank has been earned by more than two million young men. Requirements include earning at least 21 merit badges and demonstrating Scout Spirit through the Scout Oath and Law, service, and leadership all before or by age 18. This includes an extensive service project that the Scout plans, organizes, leads, and manages. Eagle Scouts are presented with a medal and a badge that visibly recognizes the accomplishments of the Scout. Additional recognition can be earned through Eagle Palms, awarded for completing additional tenure, leadership, and merit badge requirements." }, "Atmosphere of Earth-9": { "title": "Atmosphere of Earth", "section": "Stratification", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere. However, temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude, and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions (see the temperature section, below). Because the general pattern of the temperature/altitude profile, or lapse rate, is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings, the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers. In this way, Earth's atmosphere can be divided (called atmospheric stratification) into five main layers. Excluding the exosphere, the atmosphere has four primary layers, which are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. From highest to lowest, the five main layers are:" }, "Lapidary-11": { "title": "Lapidary", "section": "Techniques", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Most modern lapidary work is done using motorized equipment. Polishing is done with resin- or metal-bonded emery, silicon carbide (carborundum), aluminium oxide (corundum), or diamond dust in successively decreasing particle sizes until a polish is achieved. In older systems, the grinding and polishing powders were applied separately to the grinding or buffing wheel. Often, the final polish will use a different medium such as tin oxide or cerium(IV) oxide. Cutting of harder stones is done with a diamond-edged saw. For softer materials, a medium other than diamonds can be used, such as silicon carbide, garnet, emery, or corundum. Diamond cutting requires the use of diamond tools because of the extreme hardness of diamonds. The cutting, grinding, and polishing operations are usually lubricated with water, oil, or other liquids. Beyond these broader categories, there are other specialized forms of lapidary techniques, such as casting, carving, jewelry, and mosaics." }, "Elk-1": { "title": "Elk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The elk (Cervus canadensis) or wapiti is one of the largest species within the deer family, Cervidae, and one of the largest terrestrial mammals in North America and Northeast Asia. This animal should not be confused with the still larger moose (Alces alces) of North America, alternatively known as \"elk\" in British English and in reference to populations in Eurasia. Elk range in forest and forest-edge habitat, feeding on grasses, plants, leaves, and bark. Male elk have large antlers which are shed each year. Males also engage in ritualized mating behaviors during the rut, including posturing, antler wrestling (sparring), and bugling, a loud series of vocalizations that establishes dominance over other males and attracts females." }, "Dozen-1": { "title": "Dozen", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A dozen (commonly abbreviated doz or dz) is a grouping of twelve." }, "Tropical cyclone-46": { "title": "Tropical cyclone", "section": "Formation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest. However, each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns. On a worldwide scale, May is the least active month, while September is the most active month. November is the only month in which all the tropical cyclone basins are in season." }, "Bitcoin-49": { "title": "Bitcoin", "section": "Design", "headers": [ "Wallets", "Physical wallets" ], "para_index": 49, "content": "Physical wallets can also take the form of metal token coins with a private key accessible under a security hologram in a recess struck on the reverse side. The security hologram self-destructs when removed from the token, showing that the private key has been accessed. Originally, these tokens were struck in brass and other base metals, but later used precious metals as bitcoin grew in value and popularity.:80 Coins with stored face value as high as \u20bf1000 have been struck in gold.:102\u2013104 The British Museum's coin collection includes four specimens from the earliest series:83 of funded bitcoin tokens; one is currently on display in the museum's money gallery. In 2013, a Utahn manufacturer of these tokens was ordered by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) to register as a money services business before producing any more funded bitcoin tokens." }, "Helios-13": { "title": "Helios", "section": "Worship", "headers": [ "Archaic and Classical Greece" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "In Plato's Republic (516\u00a0B), Helios, the Sun, is the symbolic offspring of the idea of the Good." }, "Radioactive waste-1": { "title": "Radioactive waste", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Radioactive waste is a type of hazardous waste that contains radioactive material. Radioactive waste is a by-product of various nuclear technology processes. Industries generating radioactive waste include nuclear medicine, nuclear research, nuclear power, manufacturing, construction, coal and rare-earth mining and nuclear weapons reprocessing. Radioactive waste is regulated by government agencies in order to protect human health and the environment." }, "Pedubastis-2": { "title": "Pedubastis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Pedubast I (c. 829 \u2013 804 BCE), a pharaoh of the 23rd Dynasty Pedubast II (8th or 7th century BCE), a ruler of Tanis Pedubast III (c. 522 \u2013 520 BCE), a rebel pharaoh during the 27th Dynasty Pedubast (high steward), official during the 26th Dynasty In addition, various kinglets of the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt bore the name Pedubast." }, "Kim Kardashian-14": { "title": "Kim Kardashian", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Early endorsements (2010\u20132013)" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "In 2010, Kardashian ventured into several new endorsement deals, including endorsing various food products for Carl's Jr. In January 2010, she starred as Summa Eve in the film Deep in the Valley. In April, Kardashian sparked controversy over the way she held a kitten for a photograph, holding it by the scruff of its neck. With sisters Kourtney and Khlo\u00e9, Kardashian is involved in the retail and fashion industries. They have launched several clothing collections and fragrances. Animal rights organization PETA criticized Kardashian for repeatedly wearing fur coats, and named her as one of the five worst people or organizations of 2010 when it came to animal welfare. June saw Kardashian guest star with Khlo\u00e9 and Kourtney as themselves on the season three premiere episode of the series 90210." }, "Tonsure-1": { "title": "Tonsure", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tonsure (/\u02c8t\u0252n\u0283\u0259r/) is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word t\u014dns\u016bra (meaning \"clipping\" or \"shearing\") and referred to a specific practice in medieval Catholicism, abandoned by papal order in 1972. Tonsure can also refer to the secular practice of shaving all or part of the scalp to show support or sympathy, or to designate mourning. Current usage more generally refers to cutting or shaving for monks, devotees, or mystics of any religion as a symbol of their renunciation of worldly fashion and esteem." }, "Asteroid-38": { "title": "Asteroid", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "Size distribution" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "Asteroids vary greatly in size, from almost 1000\u00a0km for the largest down to rocks just 1\u00a0meter across. The three largest are very much like miniature planets: they are roughly spherical, have at least partly differentiated interiors, and are thought to be surviving protoplanets. The vast majority, however, are much smaller and are irregularly shaped; they are thought to be either battered planetesimals or fragments of larger bodies." }, "Justin Bieber-51": { "title": "Justin Bieber", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 51, "content": "As Bieber resides in the United States, he is reported to possess an O-1 visa for temporary resident status, based on \"extraordinary ability or achievement\" in a field. Bieber has said he is not interested in obtaining US citizenship, and has praised Canada as being \"the best country in the world\", citing its mostly government-funded health care system as a model example. However, in September 2018, TMZ reported that Bieber had begun the process of becoming an American citizen, following his marriage to Hailey Baldwin." }, "Fair trade-1": { "title": "Fair trade", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fair trade is an arrangement designed to help producers in developing countries achieve good trading. Members of the fair trade movement add the payment of higher prices to exporters, as well as improved social and environmental standards. The movement focuses in particular on commodities, or products which are typically exported from developing countries to developed countries, but also used in domestic markets (e.g. Brazil, England, and Bangladesh) most notably handicrafts, coffee, cocoa, wine, sugar, fruit, flowers and gold. The movement seeks to promote greater equity in international trading partnerships through dialogue, transparency, and respect. It promotes sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to, and securing the rights of, marginalized producers and workers in developing countries. Fair trade is grounded in three core beliefs; first, producers have the power to express unity with consumers. Secondly, the world trade practices that currently exist promote the unequal distribution of wealth between nations. Lastly, buying products from producers in developing countries at a fair price is a more efficient way of promoting sustainable development than traditional charity and aid." }, "Grey seal-1": { "title": "Grey seal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) is found on both shores of the North Atlantic Ocean. It is a large seal of the family Phocidae, which are commonly referred to as \"true seals\" or \"earless seals\". It is the only species classified in the genus Halichoerus. Its name is spelled gray seal in the US; it is also known as Atlantic seal and the horsehead seal." }, "French Revolution-1": { "title": "French Revolution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The French Revolution (French: R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise [\u0281ev\u0254lysj\u0254\u0303 f\u0281\u0251\u0303s\u025b\u02d0z]) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies beginning in 1789 and ending in 1799. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, catalyzed violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon who brought many of its principles to areas he conquered in Western Europe and beyond. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the Revolution made a profound impression on the course of modern history, triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and liberal democracies. Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history." }, "Bear-37": { "title": "Bear", "section": "Behavior and life history", "headers": [ "Reproduction and development" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "Play media Gestation typically lasts 6\u20139 months, including delayed implantation, and litter size numbers up to four cubs. Giant pandas may give birth to twins but they can only suckle one young and the other is left to die. In northern living species, birth takes place during winter dormancy. Cubs are born blind and helpless with at most a thin layer of hair, relying on their mother for warmth. The milk of the female bear is rich in fat and antibodies and cubs may suckle for up to a year after they are born. By 2\u20133 months, cubs can follow their mother outside the den. They usually follow her on foot, but sloth bear cubs may ride on their mother's back. Male bears play no role in raising young. Infanticide, where an adult male kills the cubs of another, has been recorded in polar bears, brown bears and American black bears but not in other species. Males kill young to bring the female into estrus. Cubs may flee and the mother defends them even at the cost of her life." }, "Hostess CupCake-4": { "title": "Hostess CupCake", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In 1947, D.R. \"Doc\" Rice, who started his career at Hostess in 1938 with a job that entailed dumping baked cakes on a table, was given the task of developing the Hostess CupCake further. These developments culminated in an updated cupcake in 1950. A white line consisting of squiggles was added to the top in order to distinguish the Hostess CupCake from other brands. The vanilla creme filling was also added. Rice got the idea for using a creme filling when a new machine for injecting filling into Hostess Twinkies became available. Improvements were also made to the cake mix and the chocolate icing in 1950. According to Rice, the updated cupcakes were first produced and test marketed in Detroit." }, "Demographics of Bulgaria-4": { "title": "Demographics of Bulgaria", "section": "Demographic history", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Various estimates have put Bulgaria's medieval population at 1.1 million in 700 AD and 2.6 million in 1365. The latest 2011 census, the population inhabiting Bulgaria is 7,364,570 in total. The peak was in 1989, the year when the borders opened after a half of a century of communist regime, when the population numbered 9,009,018." }, "Cloth face mask-12": { "title": "Cloth face mask", "section": "History", "headers": [ "COVID-19 pandemic" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in March 2020 recommended that if neither respirators nor surgical masks are available, as a last resort, it may be necessary for healthcare workers to use masks that have never been evaluated or approved by NIOSH or homemade masks, though caution should be exercised when considering this option. In April 2020, CDC recommended that the general public wear cloth face coverings in public settings where other social distancing measures are difficult to maintain, such as grocery stores and pharmacies, especially in areas of significant community-based transmission, due to the significance of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic disease transmission." }, "Snow leopard-1": { "title": "Snow leopard", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The snow leopard (Panthera uncia), also known as the ounce, is a large cat native to the mountain ranges of Central and South Asia. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List because the global population is estimated to number less than 10,000 mature individuals and is expected to decline about 10% by 2040. It is threatened by poaching and habitat destruction following infrastructural developments." }, "American Association of People with Disabilities-1": { "title": "American Association of People with Disabilities", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization which advocates for the legal rights of people with disabilities. One of the primary purposes of the AAPD is to further the implementation of the provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act. As a national cross-disability rights organization, AAPD advocates for full civil rights for the 50+ million Americans with disabilities by promoting equal opportunity, economic power, independent living, and political participation." }, "Kublai Khan-73": { "title": "Kublai Khan", "section": "Wives, concubines, and children", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 73, "content": "citation needed] In the 13th century, Marco Polo recorded that Kublai had four wives and a great number of concubines." }, "Finger-2": { "title": "Finger", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Normally humans have five digits, the bones of which are termed phalanges, on each hand, although some people have more or fewer than five due to congenital disorders such as polydactyly or oligodactyly, or accidental or medical amputations. The first digit is the thumb, followed by index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger or pinkie. According to different definitions, the thumb can be called a finger, or not." }, "Sheriff of Nottingham-1": { "title": "Sheriff of Nottingham", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Sheriff of Nottingham is the main antagonist in the legend of Robin Hood. He is generally depicted as an unjust tyrant, who mistreats the local people of Nottinghamshire, subjecting them to unaffordable taxes. Robin Hood fights against him, stealing from the rich, and the Sheriff, in order to give to the poor; a characteristic for which Robin Hood is best known." }, "Milk-51": { "title": "Milk", "section": "Physical and chemical properties", "headers": [ "Sugars and carbohydrates" ], "para_index": 51, "content": "Milk contains several different carbohydrate including lactose, glucose, galactose, and other oligosaccharides. The lactose gives milk its sweet taste and contributes approximately 40% of whole cow's milk's calories. Lactose is a disaccharide composite of two simple sugars, glucose and galactose. Bovine milk averages 4.8% anhydrous lactose, which amounts to about 50% of the total solids of skimmed milk. Levels of lactose are dependent upon the type of milk as other carbohydrates can be present at higher concentrations than lactose in milks." }, "History of Anglo-Saxon England-35": { "title": "History of Anglo-Saxon England", "section": "English unification (10th century)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "When \u00c6thelred died in 911, his widow administered the Mercian province with the title \"Lady of the Mercians\". As commander of the Mercian army she worked with her brother, Edward the Elder, to win back the Mercian lands that were under Danish control. Edward and his successors expanded Alfred's network of fortified burhs, a key element of their strategy, enabling them to go on the offensive. Edward recaptured Essex in 913. Edward's son, \u00c6thelstan, annexed Northumbria and forced the kings of Wales to submit; at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937, he defeated an alliance of the Scots, Danes, and Vikings to become King of all England." }, "Geometry-1": { "title": "Geometry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Geometry (from the Ancient Greek: \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1; geo- \"earth\", -metron \"measurement\") is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer." }, "Geology-1": { "title": "Geology", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Geology (from the Ancient Greek \u03b3\u1fc6, g\u0113 (\"earth\") and -\u03bbo\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, -logia, (\"study of\", \"discourse\")) is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Geology can also include the study of the solid features of any terrestrial planet or natural satellite such as Mars or the Moon. Modern geology significantly overlaps all other earth sciences, including hydrology and the atmospheric sciences, and so is treated as one major aspect of integrated earth system science and planetary science." }, "Coalition-1": { "title": "Coalition", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The term \"coalition\" is the denotation for a group formed when two or more people, factions, states, political parties, militaries etc. agree to work together temporarily in a partnership to achieve a common goal. The word coalition connotes a coming together to achieve a goal." }, "Mammography-3": { "title": "Mammography", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "For the average woman, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends (2016) mammography every two years between the ages of 50 and 74, concluding that \"the benefit of screening mammography outweighs the harms by at least a moderate amount from age 50 to 74 years and is greatest for women in their 60s\". The American College of Radiology and American Cancer Society recommend yearly screening mammography starting at age 40. The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (2012) and the European Cancer Observatory (2011) recommend mammography every 2 to 3 years between ages 50 and 69. These task force reports point out that in addition to unnecessary surgery and anxiety, the risks of more frequent mammograms include a small but significant increase in breast cancer induced by radiation. Additionally, mammograms should not be performed with increased frequency in patients undergoing breast surgery, including breast enlargement, mastopexy, and breast reduction. The Cochrane Collaboration (2013) concluded after ten years that trials with adequate randomization did not find an effect of mammography screening on total cancer mortality, including breast cancer. The authors of this Cochrane review write: \"If we assume that screening reduces breast cancer mortality by 15% and that overdiagnosis and over-treatment is at 30%, it means that for every 2,000 women invited for screening throughout 10 years, one will avoid dying of breast cancer and 10 healthy women, who would not have been diagnosed if there had not been screening, will be treated unnecessarily. Furthermore, more than 200 women will experience important psychological distress including anxiety and uncertainty for years because of false positive findings.\" The authors conclude that the time has come to re-assess whether universal mammography screening should be recommended for any age group. They state that universal screening may not be reasonable. The Nordic Cochrane Collection updated research in 2012 and stated that advances in diagnosis and treatment make mammography screening less effective today, rendering it \u201cno longer effective.\u201d They conclude that \u201cit therefore no longer seems reasonable to attend\u201d for breast cancer screening at any age, and warn of misleading information on the internet." }, "Smartphone-5": { "title": "Smartphone", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The development of the smartphone was enabled by several key technological advances. The exponential scaling and miniaturization of MOSFETs (MOS transistors) down to sub-micron levels during the 1990s\u20132000s (as predicted by Moore's law) made it possible to build portable smart devices such as smartphones, as well as enabling the transition from analog to faster digital wireless mobile networks (leading to Edholm's law). Other important enabling factors include the lithium-ion battery, an indispensable energy source enabling long battery life, invented in the 1980s and commercialized in 1991, and the development of more mature software platforms that allowed mobile device ecosystems to develop independently of data providers." }, "\u017dRK Kumanovo-1": { "title": "\u017dRK Kumanovo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\u017dRK Kumanovo is a women's handball club from Kumanovo in Republic of Macedonia. \u017dRK Kumanovo competes in the Super Liga." }, "Billion-2": { "title": "Billion", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "1,000,000,000, i.e. one thousand million, or 109 (ten to the ninth power), as defined on the short scale. This is now the meaning in both British and American English. 1,000,000,000,000, i.e. one million million, or 1012 (ten to the twelfth power), as defined on the long scale. This is one thousand times larger than the short scale billion, and equivalent to the short scale trillion. This is the historic definition of a billion in British English. American English adopted the short scale definition from the French. The United Kingdom used the long scale billion until 1974, when the government officially switched to the short scale, but since the 1950s the short scale had already been increasingly used in technical writing and journalism; the long scale definition still enjoys some limited usage in the UK." }, "Fever-2": { "title": "Fever", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Treatment to reduce fever is generally not required. Treatment of associated pain and inflammation, however, may be useful and help a person rest. Medications such as ibuprofen or paracetamol (acetaminophen) may help with this as well as lower temperature. Measures such as putting a cool damp cloth on the forehead and having a slightly warm bath are not useful and may simply make a person more uncomfortable. Children younger than three months require medical attention, as might people with serious medical problems such as a compromised immune system or people with other symptoms. Hyperthermia does require treatment." }, "Buffalo wing-10": { "title": "Buffalo wing", "section": "Preparation", "headers": [ "Sauce" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Cayenne pepper, hot sauce and melted butter or margarine are the base of the Buffalo wing sauce, which may be made mild, medium, or hot. Commercial ready-to-use wing sauce is made with varying levels of spiciness. The cooked chicken wings are placed in a bowl or pot and shaken to coat the wings completely covering them in sauce before serving." }, "Prince Andrew, Duke of York-22": { "title": "Prince Andrew, Duke of York", "section": "Association with Jeffrey Epstein", "headers": [ "Friendship with Epstein and sex abuse allegations" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "On 30 December 2014, a Florida court filing by lawyers Bradley J. Edwards and Paul G. Cassell alleged that Prince Andrew was one of several prominent figures, including \"a former prime minister\" and lawyer Alan Dershowitz, to have participated in sexual activities with a minor later identified as Virginia Roberts Giuffre, who was allegedly trafficked for sex by Epstein. An affidavit from Giuffre was included in an earlier lawsuit from 2008 accusing the U.S. Justice Department of violating the Crime Victims Rights Act during Epstein\u2019s first criminal case by not allowing several of his victims to challenge his plea deal; the Duke was otherwise not a party to the lawsuit." }, "Honey badger-12": { "title": "Honey badger", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Honey badgers are the largest terrestrial mustelids in Africa. Adults measure 23 to 28\u00a0cm (9.1 to 11.0\u00a0in) in shoulder height and 55\u201377\u00a0cm (22\u201330\u00a0in) in body length, with the tail adding another 12\u201330\u00a0cm (4.7\u201311.8\u00a0in). Females are smaller than males. In Africa, males weigh 9 to 16\u00a0kg (20 to 35\u00a0lb) while females weigh 5 to 10\u00a0kg (11 to 22\u00a0lb) on average. The mean weight of adult honey badgers from different areas has been reported at anywhere between 6.4 to 12\u00a0kg (14 to 26\u00a0lb), with a median of roughly 9\u00a0kg (20\u00a0lb), per various studies. This positions it as the third largest known badger, after the European badger and hog badger, and fourth largest extant terrestrial mustelid after additionally the wolverine. However, the average weight of three wild females from Iraq was reported as 18\u00a0kg (40\u00a0lb), about the typical size of the males from largest-bodied populations of wolverines or from male European badgers in late autumn, indicating that they can attain much larger than typical sizes in favorable conditions. However, an adult female and two males in India were relatively small, at the respective weights of 6.4\u00a0kg (14\u00a0lb) and a median of 8.4\u00a0kg (19\u00a0lb). Skull length is 13.9\u201314.5\u00a0cm (5.5\u20135.7\u00a0in) in males and 13\u00a0cm (5.1\u00a0in) for females." }, "Bone fracture-22": { "title": "Bone fracture", "section": "Treatment", "headers": [ "Immobilization" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Occasionally smaller bones, such as phalanges of the toes and fingers, may be treated without the cast, by buddy wrapping them, which serves a similar function to making a cast. A device called a Suzuki frame may be used in cases of deep, complex intra-articular digit fractures. By allowing only limited movement, immobilization helps preserve anatomical alignment while enabling callus formation, toward the target of achieving union." }, "Jim Walton-1": { "title": "Jim Walton", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "James Carr Walton (born June 7, 1948) is an heir to the fortune of Walmart, the world's largest retailer. As of March 2020, Walton was the 8th-richest person in the world, with a net worth of US$54.6 billion. He is the youngest son of Sam Walton." }, "Veganism-1": { "title": "Veganism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of animal products, particularly in diet, and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals. A follower of the diet or the philosophy is known as a vegan. Distinctions may be made between several categories of veganism. Dietary vegans (also known as \"strict vegetarians\") refrain from consuming meat, eggs, dairy products, and any other animal-derived substances. An ethical vegan (also known as a \"moral vegetarian\") is someone who not only follows a vegan diet but extends the philosophy into other areas of their lives, and opposes the use of animals for any purpose. Another term is \"environmental veganism\", which refers to the avoidance of animal products on the premise that the industrial farming of animals is environmentally damaging and unsustainable." }, "Brown rockfish-3": { "title": "Brown rockfish", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The brown rockfish is native to the northwestern Pacific. Its range extends from Bahia San Hipolito in southern Baja California to Prince William Sound in the northern Gulf of Alaska. These fish are most abundant in the central and southern parts of Puget Sound and from southern Baja California to Bodega Bay in northern California." }, "Seraph-2": { "title": "Seraph", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Tradition places seraphim in the highest rank in Christian angelology and in the fifth rank of ten in the Jewish angelic hierarchy. A seminal passage in the Book of Isaiah (Isaiah 6:1\u20138) used the term to describe six-winged beings that fly around the Throne of God crying \"holy, holy, holy\". This throne scene, with its triple invocation of holiness (a formula that came to be known as the Trisagion), profoundly influenced subsequent theology, literature and art. Its influence is frequently seen in works depicting angels, heaven and apotheosis. Seraphim are mentioned as celestial beings in an influential Hellenistic work, the Book of Enoch, and the Book of Revelation." }, "Big Ben-47": { "title": "Big Ben", "section": "Bells", "headers": [ "Great Bell" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "The main bell, officially known as the Great Bell but better known as Big Ben, is the largest bell in the tower and part of the Great Clock of Westminster. It sounds an E-natural." }, "Quiet (Metal Gear)-1": { "title": "Quiet (Metal Gear)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Quiet (Japanese: \u30af\u30ef\u30a4\u30a8\u30c3\u30c8, Hepburn: Kuwaietto) is a fictional character from Konami's Metal Gear series. Created by Hideo Kojima, designed by Yoji Shinkawa, and based on and played by Stefanie Joosten, Quiet appears in the 2015 action-adventure stealth game, Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain as one of the game bosses opposing the protagonist Venom Snake, but can also become an ally who can go on missions with him. The character is a skilled assassin and sniper with superhuman abilities belonging to the covert strike force XOF, a rogue division of the American intelligence agency Cipher. Depending on the player's actions, she can be captured by Venom Snake and eventually used as a member of his Diamond Dogs mercenary group." }, "Tongue-5": { "title": "Tongue", "section": "In humans", "headers": [ "Structure" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The tongue is a muscular hydrostat that forms part of the floor of the oral cavity. The left and right sides of the tongue are separated by a vertical section of fibrous tissue known as the lingual septum. This division is along the length of the tongue save for the very back of the pharyngeal part and is visible as a groove called the median sulcus. The human tongue is divided into anterior and posterior parts by the terminal sulcus which is a V-shaped groove. The apex of the terminal sulcus is marked by a blind foramen, the foramen cecum, which is a remnant of the median thyroid diverticulum in early embryonic development. The anterior oral part is the visible part situated at the front and makes up roughly two-thirds the length of the tongue. The posterior pharyngeal part is the part closest to the throat, roughly one-third of its length. These parts differ in terms of their embryological development and nerve supply." }, "Anthony Quinn-30": { "title": "Anthony Quinn", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Quinn's first wife was the adopted daughter of Cecil B. DeMille, the actress Katherine DeMille; they wed in 1937. The couple had five children: Christopher (1938\u20131941), Christina (born December 1, 1941), Catalina (born November 21, 1942), Duncan (born August 4, 1945), and Valentina (born December 26, 1952). Their first child, Christopher, aged two, drowned in the lily pond of next-door neighbor W. C. Fields." }, "Mercury (element)-3": { "title": "Mercury (element)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Mercury is used in thermometers, barometers, manometers, sphygmomanometers, float valves, mercury switches, mercury relays, fluorescent lamps and other devices, though concerns about the element's toxicity have led to mercury thermometers and sphygmomanometers being largely phased out in clinical environments in favor of alternatives such as alcohol- or galinstan-filled glass thermometers and thermistor- or infrared-based electronic instruments. Likewise, mechanical pressure gauges and electronic strain gauge sensors have replaced mercury sphygmomanometers." }, "La Femme Nikita (film)-2": { "title": "La Femme Nikita (film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The film stars Anne Parillaud as the title character, a teen who robs a pharmacy and murders a policeman. She is sentenced to life in prison, where her captors fake her death," }, "Adolescent sexuality in the United States-53": { "title": "Adolescent sexuality in the United States", "section": "Legal issues", "headers": [ "Age of consent" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "In some common law jurisdictions, statutory rape is sexual activity in which one person is below the age required to legally consent to the behavior. Although it usually refers to adults engaging in sex with minors under the age of consent, it is a generic term, and very few jurisdictions use the actual term \"statutory rape\" in the language of statutes." }, "Names of the Romani people-11": { "title": "Names of the Romani people", "section": "Gypsy and gipsy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The English term gipsy or gypsy is commonly used to indicate Romani people, Tinkers and Travellers, and use of the word gipsy in modern-day English is so pervasive (and is a legal term under English law\u2014see below) that some Romani organizations use it in their own organizational names. However\u2014according to the few who study the Romani people and a large percent of the Romani people\u2014the word has been tainted by its use as a racial slur and a pejorative connoting illegality and irregularity, and some modern dictionaries either recommend avoiding use of the word gypsy entirely or give it a negative or warning label." }, "James Irwin-23": { "title": "James Irwin", "section": "Organizations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Irwin was a member of the Air Force Association and the Society of Experimental Test Pilots. He was also a Freemason, initiated in Tejon Lodge No. 104 in Colorado Springs." }, "Knight-4": { "title": "Knight", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In the Late Medieval period, new methods of warfare began to render classical knights in armour obsolete. Yet, the titles remained in many countries. The ideals of chivalry were popularized in medieval literature, particularly the literary cycles known as the Matter of France, relating to the legendary companions of Charlemagne and his men-at-arms, the paladins, and the Matter of Britain, relating to the legend of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table." }, "Acral lentiginous melanoma-1": { "title": "Acral lentiginous melanoma", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Acral lentiginous melanoma is a kind of lentiginous skin melanoma. Melanoma is a serious skin cancer that arises from pigment cells (melanocytes). Although acral lentiginous melanoma is rare in people with lighter skin types, it is the most common subtype in people with darker skins. Acral lentiginous melanoma is observed on the palms, soles, under the nails and in the oral mucosa. It occurs on non-hair-bearing surfaces of the body, which may or may not be exposed to sunlight. It is also found on mucous membranes. It is the most common form of melanoma diagnosed amongst Asian and sub-Saharan African ethnic groups. The average age at diagnosis is between sixty and seventy years." }, "Advertising revenue-10": { "title": "Advertising revenue", "section": "Notable platforms", "headers": [ "Amazon" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "As of 2018, Amazon was reported to be the third largest online advertising platform and saw predicted advertising revenues sit at above $4 billion. With a reported 197 million unique online visitors per month, Amazon has a wide customer outreach similar to Google and Facebook. Amazon currently allows its users to pay to have their products made more visible on target customer's screens and also allows sellers to act as affiliates, being paid a referral commission of up to 15%.[citation needed] As of May 2019, Amazon is attempting to expand its affiliate advertising program by partnering with other large online media agencies and heavily trafficked websites. Amazon has reportedly reached out to online media giants Buzzfeed and The New York Times with an offer that would see them being paid in order to recommend or advertise products on their site. Such advertisements would include a link to the Amazon page where a potential customer could buy the product and in return, the media agencies would receive a percentage commission of the purchase." }, "Maize-11": { "title": "Maize", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Columbian exchange" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "After the arrival of Europeans in 1492, Spanish settlers consumed maize and explorers and traders carried it back to Europe and introduced it to other countries. Spanish settlers far preferred wheat bread to maize, cassava, or potatoes. Maize flour could not be substituted for wheat for communion bread, since in Christian belief only wheat could undergo transubstantiation and be transformed into the body of Christ. Some Spaniards worried that by eating indigenous foods, which they did not consider nutritious, they would weaken and risk turning into Indians. \"In the view of Europeans, it was the food they ate, even more than the environment in which they lived, that gave Amerindians and Spaniards both their distinctive physical characteristics and their characteristic personalities.\" Despite these worries, Spaniards did consume maize. Archeological evidence from Florida sites indicate they cultivated it as well." }, "Amphibious vehicle-22": { "title": "Amphibious vehicle", "section": "Wheeled", "headers": [ "Unarmored", "Cars" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Amphibious automobiles have been conceived from ca. 1900, however the Second World War significantly stimulated their development. Two of the most significant amphibious cars to date were developed during World War II. The most proliferous was the German Schwimmwagen, a small jeep-like 4x4 vehicle designed by the Porsche engineering firm in 1942 and widely used in World War II. The amphibious bodywork was designed by Erwin Komenda, the firm's body construction designer, using the engine and drive train of the K\u00fcbelwagen. An amphibious version of the Willys MB jeep, the Ford GPA or 'Seep' (short for Sea jeep) was developed during World War II as well. A specially modified GPA, called Half-Safe, was driven and sailed around the world by Australian Ben Carlin in the 1950s." }, "Urban planner-1": { "title": "Urban planner", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An urban planner or an urban planning engineer is a professional who practices in the field of urban planning." }, "Mental disorder-4": { "title": "Mental disorder", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Common mental disorders include depression, which affects about 300 million, bipolar disorder, which affects about 60 million, dementia, which affects about 50 million, and schizophrenia and other psychoses, which affects about 23 million people globally. Stigma and discrimination can add to the suffering and disability associated with mental disorders, leading to various social movements attempting to increase understanding and challenge social exclusion." }, "Pancake-57": { "title": "Pancake", "section": "Regional varieties", "headers": [ "Europe", "Poland" ], "para_index": 57, "content": "In Poland, thin cr\u00eape-style pancakes are called nale\u015bniki (pronounced naleshniki). They are usually rolled and served with a variety of savoury or sweet fillings as a main dish or a dessert. Sweet fillings include fresh fruits (e.g. bilberries), jams (often apple jam), and soft white cheese with sugar. Savoury fillings include fried vegetables, fried chicken, minced meat, spinach, and a variety of added ingredients such as potatoes, mushrooms, cabbage or ham. Another Polish dish reassembling pancakes are racuchy. They are smaller and thicker than nale\u015bniki and can be stuffed with apple slices." }, "Bugs Bunny-20": { "title": "Bugs Bunny", "section": "Development", "headers": [ "World War II" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Although it was usually Porky Pig who brought the Looney Tunes films to a close with his stuttering, \"That's all, folks!\", Bugs replaced him at the end of Hare Tonic and Baseball Bugs, bursting through a drum just as Porky did, but munching on a carrot and saying in his Bronx/Brooklyn accent, \"And that's the end!\"" }, "Crystallophone-2": { "title": "Crystallophone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "One of the best known crystallophones is the glass harmonica, a set of rotating glass bowls which produce eerie, clear tones when rubbed with a wet finger. Musical glasses, the glass harp, were documented in Persia in the 14th century. The \"ethereal\" quality of instruments such as the glass harmonica exemplified the Empfindsamkeit and for a while, \"the instrument was extraordinarily popular...[but] About 1830 the instrument fell into oblivion.\"" }, "Eva Green-4": { "title": "Eva Green", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Green starred as Morgan Pendragon in the Starz historical fantasy series Camelot (2011). She also starred as Vanessa Ives in the Showtime horror drama series Penny Dreadful (2014\u20132016), earning a nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series \u2013 Drama at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards." }, "Movie theater-3": { "title": "Movie theater", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "A great variety of films are shown at cinemas, ranging from animated films to blockbusters to documentaries. The smallest movie theaters have a single viewing room with a single screen. In the 2010s, most movie theaters had multiple screens. The largest theater complexes, which are called multiplexes\u2014a concept developed in Canada in the 1950s \u2014 have up to thirty screens. The audience members often sit on padded seats, which in most theaters are set on a sloped floor, with the highest part at the rear of the theater. Movie theaters often sell soft drinks, popcorn, and candy, and some theaters sell hot fast food. In some jurisdictions, movie theaters can be licensed to sell alcoholic drinks." }, "Mary, mother of Jesus-14": { "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "section": "New Testament", "headers": [ "Annunciation" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Num.1:7 & Ex.6:23] Mary resided in \"her own house\"[Lk.1:56] in Nazareth in Galilee, possibly with her parents, and during her betrothal\u2014the first stage of a Jewish marriage\u2014the angel Gabriel announced to her that she was to be the mother of the promised Messiah by conceiving him through the Holy Spirit, and, after initially expressing incredulity at the announcement, she responded, \"I am the handmaid of the Lord. Let it be done unto me according to your word.\" Joseph planned to quietly divorce her, but was told her conception was by the Holy Spirit in a dream by \"an angel of the Lord\"; the angel told him to not hesitate to take her as his wife, which Joseph did, thereby formally completing the wedding rites." }, "Barrel-1": { "title": "Barrel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A barrel or cask is a hollow cylindrical container with a bulging center, longer than it is wide. They are traditionally made of wooden staves and bound by wood or metal hoops." }, "Ethanol-1": { "title": "Ethanol", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula C 2H 6O. Its formula can be also written as CH 3\u2212CH 2\u2212OH or C 2H 5OH (an ethyl group linked to a hydroxyl group), and is often abbreviated as EtOH. Ethanol is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with a slight characteristic odor. It is a psychoactive substance and is the principal active ingredient found in alcoholic drinks." }, "Earth-15": { "title": "Earth", "section": "Chronology", "headers": [ "Origin of life and evolution" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Chemical reactions led to the first self-replicating molecules about four billion years ago. A half billion years later, the last common ancestor of all current life arose. The evolution of photosynthesis allowed the Sun's energy to be harvested directly by life forms. The resultant molecular oxygen (O 2) accumulated in the atmosphere and due to interaction with ultraviolet solar radiation, formed a protective ozone layer (O 3) in the upper atmosphere. The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the development of complex cells called eukaryotes. True multicellular organisms formed as cells within colonies became increasingly specialized. Aided by the absorption of harmful ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer, life colonized Earth's surface. Among the earliest fossil evidence for life is microbial mat fossils found in 3.48\u00a0billion-year-old sandstone in Western Australia, biogenic graphite found in 3.7\u00a0billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks in Western Greenland, and remains of biotic material found in 4.1\u00a0billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. The earliest direct evidence of life on Earth is contained in 3.45 billion-year-old Australian rocks showing fossils of microorganisms." }, "The Rocky Horror Picture Show-5": { "title": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "A criminologist narrates the tale of the newly engaged and innocent couple, Brad Majors and Janet Weiss, who find themselves lost and with a flat tire on a cold and rainy late November evening, near a town called Denton in 1974. Seeking a telephone, the couple walks to a nearby castle where they discover a group of strange and outlandish people who are holding an Annual Transylvanian Convention. They are soon swept into the world of Dr. Frank-N-Furter, a self-proclaimed \"sweet transvestite from Transsexual, Transylvania\". The ensemble of convention attendees also includes servants Riff Raff, his sister Magenta, and a groupie named Columbia." }, "Dosa-1": { "title": "Dosa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A dosa is a rice pancake, originating from South Asia, made from a fermented batter. It is somewhat similar to a crepe in appearance. Its main ingredients are rice and black gram, ground together in a fine, smooth batter with a dash of salt. Dosas are a typical part of the Southern Indian and Sri Lankan Tamil diets, but the dish is now popular all over the Indian subcontinent. Traditionally, dosas are served hot along with sambar and chutney. They can be consumed with idli podi as well." }, "Evander Holyfield-7": { "title": "Evander Holyfield", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Evander Holyfield was born on October 19, 1962, in the mill town of Atmore, Alabama. The youngest of nine children, Holyfield was much younger than his other siblings and was born from a different father. Holyfield's family later moved to Atlanta, Georgia where he was raised in the crime-ridden Bowen Homes Housing Projects. He began boxing at age seven and won the Boys Club boxing tournament. At 13, he qualified to compete in his first Junior Olympics. By age 15, Holyfield became the Southeastern Regional Champion, winning this tournament and the Best Boxer Award. By 1984 he had a record of 160 wins and 14 losses, with 76 by knockout." }, "Star Wars Rebels-2": { "title": "Star Wars Rebels", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It takes place during an era when the Galactic Empire is hunting down the last of the Jedi while a fledgling rebellion against the Empire is taking form. The visual style of the series is inspired by the original Star Wars trilogy concept art by Ralph McQuarrie. The series features new characters, along with some from the original trilogy and from the previous CGI series, The Clone Wars. The series premiered as a one-hour television film, Spark of Rebellion, on October 3, 2014, on Disney Channel prior to the premiere of the series on October 13 on Disney XD. The second season premiered on June 20, 2015, with a one-hour television film, The Siege of Lothal. The third season premiered on September 24, 2016, with the television film, Steps Into Shadow. The fourth and last season premiered on October 16, 2017, with another one-hour television film, Heroes of Mandalore. Its final episode aired on March 5, 2018." }, "People's Volunteer Army-1": { "title": "People's Volunteer Army", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The (Chinese) People's Volunteer Army (PVA; simplified Chinese: \u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5fd7\u613f\u519b; traditional Chinese: \u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u6c11\u5fd7\u9858\u8ecd; pinyin: Zh\u014dnggu\u00f3 R\u00e9nm\u00edn Zh\u00ecyu\u00e0nj\u016bn; literally: 'China People Volunteering Army') was the armed expatriate volunteer forces deployed by the People's Republic of China during the Korean War. Although all units in the PVA were actually transferred from the People's Liberation Army (the official name of the Chinese armed forces) under orders of Mao Zedong, the PVA was separately constituted in order to prevent an official war with the United States. The PVA entered Korea on October 19, 1950, and completely withdrew by October 1958. The nominal commander and political commissar of the PVA was Peng Dehuai before the ceasefire agreement in 1953, although both Chen Geng and Deng Hua served as acting commander and commissar after April 1952 due to Peng's illness. The initial (October 25 \u2013 November 5, 1950) units in the PVA included 38th, 39th, 40th, 42nd, 50th, 66th Corps totalling 250,000 men, and eventually about 3 million Chinese civilian and military personnel served in Korea by July 1953." }, "Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan-1": { "title": "Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan (Arabic: \u0671\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u064a\u0652\u062e \u0632\u064e\u0627\u064a\u0650\u062f \u0628\u0650\u0646 \u0633\u064f\u0644\u0652\u0637\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u0646\u064e\u0647\u0652\u064a\u064e\u0627\u0646\u200e, romanized:\u00a0Ash-Shaykh Z\u0101yed bin Sul\u1e6d\u0101n \u0100l Nahy\u0101n); 6 May 1918\u00a0\u2013 2 November 2004) was the ruler of Abu Dhabi for more than 30 years (6 August 1966\u00a0\u2013 2 November 2004). He was the founding father and the principal driving force behind the formation of the United Arab Emirates, becoming the Union's first Ra\u02be\u012bs (President), a post which he held for a period of almost 33 years (1971 until his death in 2004). He is popularly referred to in the UAE as the Father of the Nation." }, "Sand cat-50": { "title": "Sand cat", "section": "Behaviour and ecology", "headers": [ "Hunting and diet" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "In central Iran, remains of Blanford's jerboa (Jaculus blanfordi) and Balochistan gerbil (Gerbillus nanus) were the most frequent prey species found around dens of sand cats." }, "LG Electronics-1": { "title": "LG Electronics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "LG Electronics Inc. (Korean:\u00a0LG \uc804\uc790; RR:\u00a0LG Jeonja) is a South Korean multinational electronics company headquartered in Yeouido-dong, Seoul, South Korea." }, "Jack Dempsey-23": { "title": "Jack Dempsey", "section": "Early life and career", "headers": [ "Title defenses" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Dempsey's second title defense was in December 1920 against Bill Brennan at Madison Square Garden, New York City. After 10 rounds, Brennan was ahead on points, and Dempsey's left ear was bleeding profusely. Dempsey rebounded to stop Brennan in the 12th round." }, "Music in psychological operations-1": { "title": "Music in psychological operations", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Music can be used as a tool of psychological warfare. The term \"music torture\" is sometimes used to describe the practice.[citation needed] While it is acknowledged by United States interrogation experts to cause discomfort, it has also been characterized as having no \"long-term effects\"." }, "Crocus sativus-6": { "title": "Crocus sativus", "section": "Use", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Saffron is considered to be the most valuable spice by weight. See spice. Depending on the size of harvested stigmas, 50,000\u201375,000 Crocus sativus plants are needed to produce about 1 pound of saffron; each flower only produces three stigmas. Stigmas should be harvested mid-morning when the flowers are fully opened. The saffron crocus (Crocus sativus) should not be confused with \"meadow\" saffron or autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale) which is poisonous." }, "Auditing (Scientology)-1": { "title": "Auditing (Scientology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In the Church of Scientology, auditing is a process whereby the auditor takes an individual, known as a PC or \"preclear,\" through times in their life and gets rid of any past or current negative situations that may have a hold on to them due to falsehoods that may reside with those situations, and have heretofore been uninspected." }, "Lieutenant-12": { "title": "Lieutenant", "section": "Army ranks", "headers": [ "Lieutenant", "Second lieutenant" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Australia Bangladesh Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil (Primeiro Tenente) Canada French ONF France Georgia Germany Greece India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan (JASDF) Korea, North (Navy, senior lieutenant) Korea, South (Marine) North Macedonia Mexico Poland Pakistan Romania Russia (senior lieutenant) South Africa Sweden Thailand United Kingdom United States Venezuelan Army Second lieutenant is usually the most junior grade of commissioned officer. In most cases, newly commissioned officers do not remain at the rank for long before being promoted, and both university graduates and officers commissioned from the ranks may skip the rank altogether.[citation needed] In non-English-speaking countries, the equivalent rank title may translate as \"second lieutenant\", \"lieutenant\", \"sub-lieutenant\" or \"junior lieutenant\". Non-English terms include alferes (Portuguese Army and Air Force), alf\u00e9rez (Spanish Army and Air Force), f\u00e4nrik (Swedish Armed Forces), ensign, Leutnant (German Army), letnan (Indonesian National Armed Forces), poru\u010d\u00edk (Czech Army), segen mishne (Israel Defense Forces) or l\u00f8jtnant (Danish Army)." }, "Cooktop-8": { "title": "Cooktop", "section": "Electric", "headers": [ "Induction" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "For nearly all models of induction cooktops, a cooking vessel must be made of, or contain, a ferromagnetic metal such as cast iron or some stainless steels. However, copper, glass, non magnetic stainless steels, and aluminum vessels can be used if placed on a ferromagnetic disk which functions as a conventional hotplate." }, "Size of the Roman army-3": { "title": "Size of the Roman army", "section": "Republican period (509 - 31 BC)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "We know from Livy that at the time of the Latin War (340-338 BC) there were normally two armies enlisted, composed of two legions of 4,200-5,000 infantry and 300 cavalry each, for a total armed force of 16,800-20,000 infantry and 1,200 cavalry. with an equal number of allied infantry and three times as many cavalry - i.e. 16,800-20,000 infantry and 3,600 cavalry (called socii)." }, "Porsche 911-129": { "title": "Porsche 911", "section": "Water-cooled engines (1998\u2013present)", "headers": [ "991 Series (2012 \u2013 2019)", "911 GT2 RS" ], "para_index": 129, "content": "L twin-turbocharged flat-6 engine that produces a maximum power of 700\u00a0PS (515\u00a0kW; 690\u00a0hp) at 7,000 rpm and 750\u00a0N\u22c5m (550\u00a0lb\u22c5ft) of torque, making it the most powerful 911 ever built.[citation needed] Unlike the previous GT2 versions, this car is fitted with a 7-speed PDK transmission to handle the excessive torque produced from the engine. Porsche claims that this car will accelerate from 0 to 60\u00a0mph (97\u00a0km/h) in 2.7\u00a0seconds, and has a top speed of 340\u00a0km/h (210\u00a0mph). The car has a roof made of magnesium, front lid, front and rear spoilers and boot lid made of carbon, front and rear apron made of lightweight polyurethane, rear and side windows made of polycarbonate and features a titanium exhaust system. Porsche claims that the car will have a wet weight of 1,470\u00a0kg (3,241\u00a0lb). A Weissach package option is available, which reduces the weight by 30\u00a0kg (66\u00a0lb), through the use of additional carbon-fiber and titanium parts. These include the roof, the anti-roll bars and the coupling rods on both axles made out of carbon-fiber while the package also includes a set of light-weight magnesium wheels." }, "Big Ben-1": { "title": "Big Ben", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Big Ben is the nickname for the Great Bell of the striking clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London and is usually extended to refer to both the clock and the clock tower. The official name of the tower in which Big Ben is located was originally the Clock Tower, but it was renamed Elizabeth Tower in 2012 to mark the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II." }, "Fair trade-5": { "title": "Fair trade", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Some criticisms have been raised about fair trade systems. One 2015 study in a journal published by the MIT Press concluded that producer benefits were close to zero because there was an oversupply of certification, and only a fraction of produce classified as fair trade was actually sold on fair trade markets, just enough to recoup the costs of certification. A study published by the Journal of Economic Perspecitives however suggests that Fair Trade does achieve many of its intended goals, although on a comparatively modest scale relative to the size of national economies. Some research indicates that the implementation of certain fair trade standards can cause greater inequalities in some markets where these rigid rules are inappropriate for the specific market. In the fair trade debate there are complaints of failure to enforce the fair trade standards, with producers, cooperatives, importers and packers profiting by evading them. One proposed alternative to fair trade is direct trade, which eliminates the overhead of the fair trade certification, and allows suppliers to receive higher prices much closer to the retail value of the end product. Some suppliers use relationships started in a fair trade system to autonomously springboard into direct sales relationships they negotiate themselves, whereas other direct trade systems are supplier-initiated for social responsibility reasons similar to a fair trade system." }, "Longest recorded sniper kills-1": { "title": "Longest recorded sniper kills", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Reports regarding the longest recorded sniper kills that contain information regarding the shooting distance and the identity of the sniper have been presented to the general public since 1967.[citation needed] Snipers in modern warfare have had a substantial history following the development of long distance weaponry. As weapons, ammunition, and aids to determine ballistic solutions improved, so too did the distance from which a kill could be targeted. In mid-2017 it was reported that an unnamed Canadian special forces operator, based in Iraq, had set a new record of 3,540\u00a0m (3,871\u00a0yd), beating the record previously held by British Corporal of Horse Craig Harrison at 2,475 m (2,707 yd)." }, "Godzilla-1": { "title": "Godzilla", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Godzilla (Japanese: \u30b4\u30b8\u30e9, Hepburn: Gojira) (/\u0261\u0252d\u02c8z\u026al\u0259/; [\u0261o\ua71cd\u0291i\u027ea] (listen)) is a fictional monster, or kaiju, originating from a series of Japanese films of the same name. The character first appeared in Ishir\u014d Honda's 1954 film Godzilla and became a worldwide pop culture icon, appearing in various media, including 32 films produced by Toho, three Hollywood films and numerous video games, novels, comic books and television shows. Godzilla has been dubbed the King of the Monsters, a phrase first used in Godzilla, King of the Monsters!, the Americanized version of the original film." }, "Foreign relations of Switzerland-23": { "title": "Foreign relations of Switzerland", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Participation in peacekeeping" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Since 1999, the Swiss army is participating through SWISSCOY in the peace keeping mission of the Kosovo Force (KFOR) based on UN-resolution 1244, with prolonged presence until 2014, after approval by the Swiss federal assembly in Spring 2011. Main duties include the supervision of civilian reconstruction efforts, monitoring and protection of patrimonial sites, military police and medical assistance." }, "Seraph-20": { "title": "Seraph", "section": "In Islam", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Seraphim (Sarufiyyun or Musharifin) are mentioned in a hadith from Al-Tirmidhi, about a conversation between Muhammad and God, during the Night Journey, concerning what is between the Heavens and the earth, often interpreted as a reference to the \"Exalted assembly\" disputing the creation of Adam in Surah 38:69. Apart from that, Seraphim rarely appear in Islam. Sometimes, specific archangels, like Jibr\u0101\u02be\u012bl and Israfil, are identified as Seraphim. Robert Southey also noted an Islamic narration about Angels commanded to prostrate before Adam, whereupon Iblis refused as he boasted about himself being a Seraph created from celestial fire, more excellent than Adam." }, "Peach-5": { "title": "Peach", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Prunus persica grows up to 7\u00a0m (23\u00a0ft) tall and wide. However, when pruned properly, trees are usually 3\u20134\u00a0m (10\u201313\u00a0ft) tall and wide. The leaves are lanceolate, 7\u201316\u00a0cm (2.8\u20136.3\u00a0in) long, 2\u20133\u00a0cm (0.79\u20131.18\u00a0in) broad, pinnately veined. The flowers are produced in early spring before the leaves; they are solitary or paired, 2.5\u20133\u00a0cm diameter, pink, with five petals. The fruit has yellow or whitish flesh, a delicate aroma, and a skin that is either velvety (peaches) or smooth (nectarines) in different cultivars. The flesh is very delicate and easily bruised in some cultivars, but is fairly firm in some commercial varieties, especially when green. The single, large seed is red-brown, oval shaped, approximately 1.3\u20132\u00a0cm long, and is surrounded by a wood-like husk. Peaches, along with cherries, plums and apricots, are stone fruits (drupes). There are various heirloom varieties, including the Indian Peach, or Indian Blood Peach, which arrives in the latter part of the summer, and can have color ranging from red and white, to purple." }, "Pound sterling-19": { "title": "Pound sterling", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Anglo-Saxon" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "The origins of sterling lie in the reign of King Offa of Mercia (757\u2013796), who introduced the silver penny. It copied the denarius of the new currency system of Charlemagne's Frankish Empire. As in the Carolingian system, 240 pennies weighed 1 pound (corresponding to Charlemagne's libra), with the shilling corresponding to Charlemagne's solidus and equal to 12 pennies. At the time of the penny's introduction, it weighed 22.5 troy grains of fine silver (32 tower grains; about 1.5 g), indicating that the Mercian pound weighed 5,400 troy grains (the Mercian pound became the basis of the tower pound, which also weighed 5,400 troy grains, equivalent to 7,680 tower grains, about 350g)." }, "Astronomy-2": { "title": "Astronomy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Astronomy is one of the oldest natural sciences. The early civilizations in recorded history made methodical observations of the night sky. These include the Babylonians, Greeks, Indians, Egyptians, Chinese, Maya, and many ancient indigenous peoples of the Americas. In the past, astronomy included disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation, observational astronomy, and the making of calendars. Nowadays, professional astronomy is often said to be the same as astrophysics." }, "The Borgias (2011 TV series)-14": { "title": "The Borgias (2011 TV series)", "section": "Episodes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "citation needed] The first season consists of nine episodes; the premiere encompassed two episodes, with the remaining seven episodes being first-aired each week following. The second season consisted of ten episodes, the first half of which were written by show creator Neil Jordan, whereas the latter half was written by noted English writer-director David Leland, who joined the series' staff as co-showrunner and producer and directed its last two episodes. The finale of season 2 was written by Guy Burt, who also helped storyline the season. Season 3, the show's final season, again consists of ten episodes, four of which were written by Burt, while the other six, including the final episode, were again written by Jordan." }, "Forbidden City-2": { "title": "Forbidden City", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Constructed from 1406 to 1420, the complex consists of 980 buildings and covers 72 hectares (over 180 acres). The palace exemplifies traditional Chinese palatial architecture, and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987, and is listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world." }, "Golden Rule-1": { "title": "Golden Rule", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Golden Rule is the principle of treating others as you want to be treated. It is a maxim that is found in many religions and cultures. It can be considered an ethic of reciprocity in some religions, although different religions treat it differently." }, "Lifeboat (shipboard)-3": { "title": "Lifeboat (shipboard)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Ship-launched lifeboats are lowered from davits on a ship's deck, and are hard to sink in normal circumstances. The cover serves as protection from sun, wind and rain, can be used to collect rainwater, and is normally made of a reflective or fluorescent material that is highly visible. Lifeboats have oars, flares and mirrors for signaling, first aid supplies, and food and water for several days. Some lifeboats are more capably equipped to permit self-rescue, with supplies such as a radio, an engine and sail, heater, navigational equipment, solar water stills, rainwater catchments and fishing equipment." }, "The Office-1": { "title": "The Office", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Office is a mockumentary sitcom that was first made in the United Kingdom and has now been remade in many other countries. The longest-running version of the series is the American adaptation, which ran for 9 seasons from 2005 to 2013 for a total of 201 episodes. The total overall viewership is in the hundreds of millions worldwide. According to Nielsen as of April 2019, \u201cThe Office\u201d is the No. 1 on Netflix. Viewers can continue to watch the show on Netflix until 2021; after, it will be found on NBCUniversal\u2019s streaming service." }, "George W. Bush Childhood Home-1": { "title": "George W. Bush Childhood Home", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "George W. Bush Childhood Home is a historic house that was home to former U.S. Presidents George W. Bush and George H.W. Bush from 1951 to 1955. It is located at 1412 W. Ohio Ave. in Midland, Texas." }, "Stephen Colbert-30": { "title": "Stephen Colbert", "section": "Politics", "headers": [ "2008 presidential bid" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "\u2039\u00a0The template Wikinews is being considered for merging.\u00a0\u203a Under his fictional persona in The Colbert Report, Colbert dropped hints of a potential presidential run throughout 2007, with speculation intensifying following the release of his book, I Am America (And So Can You!), which was rumored to be a sign that he was indeed testing the waters for a future bid for the White House. On October 16, 2007, he announced his candidacy on his show, stating his intention to run on both the Republican and Democratic platforms, but only as a \"favorite son\" in his native South Carolina. He later abandoned plans to run as a Republican due to the $35,000 fee required to file for the South Carolina primary; however, he continued to seek a place on the Democratic ballot and on October 28, 2007, campaigned in the South Carolina state capital of Columbia, where he was presented with the key to the city by Mayor Bob Coble." }, "Downtown Los Angeles-1": { "title": "Downtown Los Angeles", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Downtown Los Angeles (DTLA) is the central business district of Los Angeles, California, as well as a diverse residential neighborhood of some 85,000 people. A 2013 study found that the district is home to over 500,000 jobs. It is also part of Central Los Angeles." }, "September-3": { "title": "September", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "September (from Latin septem, \"seven\") was originally the seventh of ten months in the oldest known Roman calendar, the calendar of Romulus c.\u2009750 BC, with March (Latin Martius) the first month of the year until perhaps as late as 451 BC. After the calendar reform that added January and February to the beginning of the year, September became the ninth month but retained its name. It had 29 days until the Julian reform, which added a day." }, "Pancake-7": { "title": "Pancake", "section": "Regional varieties", "headers": [ "Africa", "Horn of Africa" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Pancakes in the Horn of Africa (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia) are known as injera (sometimes transliterated as enjera, budenaa (Oromo), or canjeero (Somali)). Injera is a yeast-risen flatbread with a unique, slightly spongy texture. Traditionally, it is made out of teff flour and is a national dish in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Canjeero, also known as lahooh or lahoh, is a similar kind of flatbread eaten in Somalia and Yemen." }, "Wolverine-1": { "title": "Wolverine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The wolverine (/\u02c8w\u028alv\u0259ri\u02d0n/) (also spelled wolverene), Gulo gulo (Gulo is Latin for \"glutton\"), also referred to as the glutton, carcajou, skunk bear, or quickhatch (from East Cree, kwiihkwahaacheew), is the largest land-dwelling species of the family Mustelidae. It is a stocky and muscular carnivore, more closely resembling a small bear than other mustelids. A solitary animal, it has a reputation for ferocity and strength out of proportion to its size, with the documented ability to kill prey many times larger than itself." }, "Dieting-1": { "title": "Dieting", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dieting is the practice of eating food in a regulated and supervised fashion to decrease, maintain, or increase body weight, or to prevent and treat diseases, such as diabetes and obesity. A restricted diet is more often pursued by those wanting to lose weight. Continuous dieting is recommended by US guidelines for obese or diabetic individuals to reduce body weight and improve general health. Some people follow a diet to gain weight (usually in the form of muscle). Diets can also be used to maintain a stable body weight and improve health." }, "Hulk-9": { "title": "Hulk", "section": "Publication history", "headers": [ "Concept and creation" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Lee gave the Hulk's alter ego the alliterative name \"Bruce Banner\" because he found he had less difficulty remembering alliterative names. Despite this, in later stories he misremembered the character's name and referred to him as \"Bob Banner\", an error which readers quickly picked up on. The discrepancy was resolved by giving the character the official full name \"Robert Bruce Banner.\"" }, "Ninja-1": { "title": "Ninja", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A ninja (\u5fcd\u8005, Japanese pronunciation:\u00a0[\u0272i\ua71c\u0272d\u0291a]) or shinobi (\u5fcd\u3073, [\u0255inobi]) was a covert agent or mercenary in feudal Japan. The functions of a ninja included espionage, deception, and surprise attacks. Their covert methods of waging irregular warfare were deemed dishonorable and beneath the honor of the samurai. Though shinobi proper, as specially trained spies and mercenaries, appeared in the 15th century during the Sengoku period, antecedents may have existed as early as the 12th century." }, "Saga-2": { "title": "Saga", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The most famous saga-genre is the \u00cdslendingas\u00f6gur (sagas concerning Icelanders), which feature Viking voyages, migration to Iceland, and feuds between Icelandic families. But sagas' subject matter is diverse, including pre-Christian Scandinavian legends; saints and bishops both from Scandinavia and elsewhere; Scandinavian kings and contemporary Icelandic politics; and chivalric romances either translated from Continental European languages or composed locally." }, "Black Sea-2": { "title": "Black Sea", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Black Sea has an area of 436,400\u00a0km2 (168,500\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) (not including the Sea of Azov), a maximum depth of 2,212\u00a0m (7,257\u00a0ft), and a volume of 547,000\u00a0km3 (131,000\u00a0cu\u00a0mi). It is constrained by the Pontic Mountains to the south, Caucasus Mountains to the east, Crimean Mountains to the north, Strandzha to the southwest, Balkan Mountains to the west, Dobrogea Plateau to the northwest, and features a wide shelf to the northwest." }, "Greed-10": { "title": "Greed", "section": "Views", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Dante's 14th century epic poem Inferno assigns those committed to the deadly sin of greed to punishment in the fourth of the nine circles of Hell. The inhabitants are misers, hoarders, and spendthrifts; they must constantly battle one another. The guiding spirit, Virgil, tells the poet these souls have lost their personality in their disorder, and are no longer recognizable: \"That ignoble life, Which made them vile before, now makes them dark, And to all knowledge indiscernible.\" In Dante's Purgatory, avaricious penitents were bound and laid face down on the ground for having concentrated too much on earthly thoughts. Dante's near-contemporary, Geoffrey Chaucer, wrote of greed in his Prologue to The Pardoner's Tale these words: \"Radix malorum est Cupiditas\"(or \u201cthe root of all evil is greed\u201d); however the Pardoner himself serves us as a charicature of churchly greed." }, "Robert Downey Jr.-38": { "title": "Robert Downey Jr.", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "2008\u2013present: Iron Man, blockbuster films and further success" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "In 2012, Downey reprised the role of Tony Stark in The Avengers. The film received positive reviews and was highly successful at the box office, becoming the third highest-grossing film of all time both in the United States and worldwide. His film, the David Dobkin-directed dramedy The Judge, a project co-produced by his production company Team Downey, was the opening film at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2014. Downey played Tony Stark again in Iron Man 3 (2013), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019). According to Deadline, he will also be seen in Black Widow (2020), which takes place after Civil War." }, "Barry Nelson-2": { "title": "Barry Nelson", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Nelson was born in San Francisco, California, the son of Norwegian immigrants, Betsy (n\u00e9e Christophersen) and Trygve Nielsen His year of birth has been subject to some debate, but his 1943 Army enlistment record and his 1993 voter registration records list 1917 as the year of his birth." }, "Boris Johnson-1": { "title": "Boris Johnson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (/\u02c8f\u025bf\u0259l/; born 19 June 1964) is a British politician, author, and former journalist who has served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party since 2019. He was Foreign Secretary from 2016 to 2018 and Mayor of London from 2008 to 2016. Johnson was Member of Parliament for Henley from 2001 to 2008 and has been MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip since 2015. Ideologically, he identifies as a one-nation conservative." }, "Donny Hathaway-1": { "title": "Donny Hathaway", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Donny Edward Hathaway (October 1, 1945 \u2013 January 13, 1979) was an American soul singer, keyboardist, songwriter, and arranger. Hathaway has been described as a \"soul legend\" by Rolling Stone. His enduring songs include \"The Ghetto\", \"This Christmas\", \"Someday We'll All Be Free\", and \"Little Ghetto Boy.\u201d Hathaway is also renowned for his signature versions of \"A Song for You\", \"For All We Know\", and \"I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know,\u201d along with \"Where Is the Love\" and \"The Closer I Get to You\", two of many collaborations with Roberta Flack. He's been inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame and won one Grammy from four nominations. Hathaway was also posthumously bestowed with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award." }, "Wonder Woman (2017 film)-3": { "title": "Wonder Woman (2017 film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Wonder Woman had its world premiere in Shanghai on May 15, 2017, and was released in the United States on June 2, 2017, in 4DX, RealD 3D, and IMAX 3D by Warner Bros. Pictures. The film received largely positive reviews, with praise for its direction, acting, visuals, action sequences, and musical score. However, it also received criticism for the main villain and the climax. It grossed over $821\u00a0million worldwide, making it the tenth highest-grossing film of 2017 as well as the highest-grossing film by a solo female director. As of August 2019, Rotten Tomatoes has listed the film fourth on its list of the \"Best Superhero Movies of All Time\", and the American Film Institute selected it as one of the top 10 films of 2017. A sequel, Wonder Woman 1984, is scheduled to be released on August 14, 2020, with Jenkins returning as director, and Gadot and Pine reprising their roles." }, "Cat-28": { "title": "Cat", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "Size" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "It averages about 46\u00a0cm (18\u00a0in) in head-to-body length and 23\u201325\u00a0cm (9.1\u20139.8\u00a0in) in height, with about 30\u00a0cm (12\u00a0in) long tails. Males are larger than females." }, "United Nations Conference on Trade and Development-3": { "title": "United Nations Conference on Trade and Development", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The primary objective of UNCTAD is to formulate policies relating to all aspects of development including trade, aid, transport, finance and technology. The conference ordinarily meets once in four years; the permanent secretariat is in Geneva." }, "Larry King-37": { "title": "Larry King", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "King has been married eight times, to seven women. He married high-school sweetheart Freda Miller in 1952 at age 19. That union ended the following year at the behest of their parents, who reportedly had the marriage annulled. King was later briefly married to Annette Kaye, who gave birth to his son, Larry Jr., in November 1961. King did not meet Larry Jr. until the latter was in his thirties. Larry Jr. and his wife, Shannon, have three children." }, "Late Bronze Age collapse-4": { "title": "Late Bronze Age collapse", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Only a few powerful states, particularly Assyria, Egypt (albeit badly weakened), and Elam, survived the Bronze Age collapse \u2013 but by the end of the 12th century BC, Elam waned after its defeat by Nebuchadnezzar I, who briefly revived Babylonian fortunes before suffering a series of defeats by the Assyrians. Upon the death of Ashur-bel-kala in 1056 BC, Assyria went into a comparative decline for the next 100 or so years, its empire shrinking significantly. By 1020 BC Assyria appears to have controlled only the areas in its immediate vicinity; the well-defended Assyria itself was not threatened during the collapse." }, "Asparagus-2": { "title": "Asparagus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It was once classified in the lily family, like the related Allium species, onions and garlic. However, genetic research places lilies, Allium, and asparagus in three separate families\u2014the Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, and Asparagaceae, respectively\u2014with the Amaryllidaceae and Asparagaceae being grouped together in the order Asparagales. Sources differ as to the native range of Asparagus officinalis, but generally include most of Europe and western temperate Asia. It is widely cultivated as a vegetable crop." }, "War Doctor-8": { "title": "War Doctor", "section": "Appearances", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The War Doctor's origins are given in the mini-episode \"The Night of the Doctor\", set during the Time War referred to in the series. After the Eighth Doctor (Paul McGann) is killed in a spaceship crash while trying to save an innocent woman, who rejected his efforts because she regards the Time Lords and the Daleks as equally monstrous for the collateral damage inflicted in the war, he is temporarily resurrected by the Sisterhood of Karn (last seen in The Brain of Morbius) and urged to take a stand and join the war. He is offered an elixir designed to trigger a life-saving regeneration into a form of his choice. Feeling the universe has no more need for a doctor, he requests to become a warrior. After regenerating into the War Doctor, he disowns the name of the Doctor, with his new incarnation's first words being \"Doctor no more\"." }, "Walt Disney Studios (division)-1": { "title": "Walt Disney Studios (division)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Walt Disney Studios is an American film studio, one of the four business segments of The Walt Disney Company. The studio, one of the \"Big Five\" major film studios and best known for its multi-faceted film divisions, is based at the eponymous Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. Founded in 1923, it is the fourth-oldest among the major studios." }, "Liberty Bell-27": { "title": "Liberty Bell", "section": "Traveling icon of freedom (1866\u20131947)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "By 1909, the bell had made six trips, and not only had the cracking become worse, but souvenir hunters had deprived it of over one percent of its weight. (Its weight was reported as 2,080\u00a0lb (940\u00a0kg) in 1904.) When, in 1912, the organizers of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition requested the bell for the 1915 fair in San Francisco, the city was reluctant to let it travel again. The city finally decided to let it go as the bell had never been west of St. Louis, and it was a chance to bring it to millions who might never see it otherwise. However, in 1914, fearing that the cracks might lengthen during the long train ride, the city installed a metal support structure inside the bell, generally called the \"spider.\" In February 1915, the bell was tapped gently with wooden mallets to produce sounds that were transmitted to the fair as the signal to open it, a transmission that also inaugurated transcontinental telephone service. Some five million Americans saw the bell on its train journey west. It is estimated that nearly two million kissed it at the fair, with an uncounted number viewing it. The bell was taken on a different route on its way home; again, five million saw it on the return journey. Since the bell returned to Philadelphia, it has been moved out of doors only five times: three times for patriotic observances during and after World War I, and twice as the bell occupied new homes in 1976 and 2003. Chicago and San Francisco had obtained its presence after presenting petitions signed by hundreds of thousands of children. Chicago tried again, with a petition signed by 3.4\u00a0million schoolchildren, for the 1933 Century of Progress Exhibition and New York presented a petition to secure a visit from the bell for the 1939 New York World's Fair. Both efforts failed." }, "Sandro Botticelli-1": { "title": "Sandro Botticelli", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi (c.\u20091445 \u2013 May 17, 1510), known as Sandro Botticelli (/\u02ccb\u0252t\u026a\u02c8t\u0283\u025bli/, Italian:\u00a0[\u02c8sandro botti\u02c8t\u0283\u025blli]), was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance. He belonged to the Florentine School under the patronage of Lorenzo de' Medici, a movement that Giorgio Vasari would characterize less than a hundred years later in his Vita of Botticelli as a \"golden age\". Botticelli's posthumous reputation suffered until the late 19th century; since then, his work has been seen to represent the linear grace of Early Renaissance painting." }, "Japan-2": { "title": "Japan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions. About three-fourths of the country's terrain is mountainous. As a result, Japan is one of the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world. The largest urban area is the Greater Tokyo Area centered on the capital city of Tokyo, which is the most populous metropolitan area in the world and home to more than 38 million people. Japan is the eleventh most populous country in the world with a population of 126.2 million." }, "Debris-1": { "title": "Debris", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Debris (UK: /\u02c8d\u025bbri\u02d0, \u02c8de\u026abri\u02d0/, US: /d\u0259\u02c8bri\u02d0/) is rubble, wreckage, ruins, litter and discarded garbage/refuse/trash, scattered remains of something destroyed, discarded, or as in geology, large rock fragments left by a melting glacier etc. Depending on context, debris can refer to a number of different things. The first apparent use of the French word in English is in a 1701 description of the army of Prince Rupert upon its retreat from a battle with the army of Oliver Cromwell, in England." }, "Natural burial-1": { "title": "Natural burial", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Natural burial is the interment of the body of a dead person in the soil in a manner that does not inhibit decomposition but allows the body to be naturally recycled. It is an alternative to other contemporary Western burial methods and funerary customs." }, "Flag of Gabon-5": { "title": "Flag of Gabon", "section": "Design", "headers": [ "Symbolism" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The colours and symbols of the flag carry cultural, political, and regional meanings. The yellow alludes to the Equator \u2013 which cuts across the country \u2013 and also symbolizes the sun. The green epitomizes the natural resources of Gabon, as well as its \"extensive forested area\" that the Gabonese people are economically dependent on in the form of lumber. The blue represents the sea, specifically the South Atlantic Ocean along which the country has an \"extensive coast\". While Whitney Smith in the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica and Dorling Kindersley's Complete Flags of the World describe the centre band as solely yellow, The World Factbook characterizes it as both yellow and gold." }, "Libra (astrology)-2": { "title": "Libra (astrology)", "section": "Air sign", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Libra is one of the three zodiac air signs, the others being Gemini and Aquarius. In astrology, a broad description of those who are born under these signs are calm, rational, and detached when dealing with situations. The sign of Libra is symbolized by the scales and is associated with the Roman deity Iustitia. According to the writer Manilius, Roman judges are born under the sign of Libra." }, "Metallica-6": { "title": "Metallica", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Formation and early years (1981\u20131982)" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The band name came from Ulrich's friend Ron Quintana, who was brainstorming names for a fanzine and was considering MetalMania or Metallica. After hearing the two names, Ulrich wanted Metallica for his band, so he suggested Quintana use MetalMania instead. Dave Mustaine replied to an advertisement for a lead guitarist; Ulrich and Hetfield recruited him after seeing his expensive guitar equipment. In early 1982, Metallica recorded its first original song, \"Hit the Lights\", for the Metal Massacre I compilation. Hetfield played bass, rhythm guitar and sang while Lloyd Grant was credited with a guitar solo and Lars Ulrich played drums. Metal Massacre I was released on June 14, 1982; early pressings listed the band incorrectly as \"Mettallica\", angering the band. The song generated word of mouth and the band played its first live performance on March 14, 1982, at Radio City in Anaheim, California, with newly recruited bassist Ron McGovney. Their first live success came early; they were chosen to open for British heavy metal band Saxon at one gig of their 1982 US tour. This was Metallica's second gig. Metallica recorded its first demo, Power Metal, whose name was inspired by Quintana's early business cards in early 1982." }, "Human mission to Mars-2": { "title": "Human mission to Mars", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "citation needed] The exploration of Mars has been a goal of national space programs for decades. Conceptual work for missions that would involve human explorers has been ongoing since the 1950s, with planned missions typically being stated as taking place anywhere between 10 and 30 years from the time they are drafted. The list of crewed Mars mission plans shows the various mission proposals that have been put forth by multiple organizations and space agencies in this field of space exploration. Plans have varied from scientific expeditions, in which a small group (between two and eight astronauts) would visit Mars for a period of a few weeks or year, to the permanent colonization of Mars." }, "Hippolytus of Rome-2": { "title": "Hippolytus of Rome", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Starting in the fourth century, various legends arose about him, identifying him as a priest of the Novatianist schism or as a soldier converted by Saint Lawrence. He has also been confused with another martyr of the same name. Pope Pius IV identifies him as \"Saint Hippolytus, Bishop of Pontus\" who was martyred in the reign of Severus Alexander through his inscription on a statue found at the Church of Saint Lawrence in Rome and kept at the Vatican as photographed and published in Bunsen." }, "Cheeseburger-8": { "title": "Cheeseburger", "section": "Origins", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The largest cheeseburger ever made weighed 2,014 pounds (914\u00a0kg), including \"60 pounds (27\u00a0kg) of bacon, 50 pounds (23\u00a0kg) of lettuce, 50 pounds (23\u00a0kg) of sliced onions, 40 pounds (18\u00a0kg) of pickles, and 40 pounds (18\u00a0kg) of cheese.\" The record was set in 2012 by Minnesota's Black Bear Casino, breaking the previous record of 881 pounds (400\u00a0kg)." }, "Binaural (album)-1": { "title": "Binaural (album)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Binaural is the sixth studio album by U.S. alternative rock band Pearl Jam, released May 16, 2000 through Epic Records. Following a full-scale tour in support of its previous album, Yield (1998), Pearl Jam took a short break before reconvening toward the end of 1999 to begin work on a new album. During the production of the album, the band encountered hindrances such as singer Eddie Vedder's writer's block, and guitarist Mike McCready's entrance into rehabilitation due to an addiction to prescription drugs. This is Pearl Jam's first album to feature former Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron, who joined during 1998's Yield Tour to replace Jack Irons." }, "Plains zebra-13": { "title": "Plains zebra", "section": "Physical description", "headers": [ "Stripes" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "The purpose of the bold black-and-white striping of zebras has been a subject of debate among biologists for over a century. A 2012 study suggests that stripes may have developed to discourage biting flies. Experiments have demonstrated that the stripes polarize light in such a way that it discourages tabanids (biting flies) in a manner not shown with other coat patterns. A 2014 study also supports the theory that they are a form of protection from biting flies and compared to other wild equines, zebras live in areas with the highest fly activity. The quagga appears to have lived in areas with lesser amounts of fly activity than other zebras. Another study from 2015 determined that environment temperature is a strong predictor for zebra striping patterns and proposed that the stripes may be related to thermoregulation." }, "Developing country-1": { "title": "Developing country", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A developing country (or a low and middle income country (LMIC), less developed country, less economically developed country (LEDC), or underdeveloped country) is a country with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. There is also no clear agreement on which countries fit this category. A nation's GDP per capita compared with other nations can also be a reference point. In general, the United Nations accepts any country's claim of itself being \"developing\"." }, "Osiris myth-1": { "title": "Osiris myth", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Osiris myth is the most elaborate and influential story in ancient Egyptian mythology. It concerns the murder of the god Osiris, a primeval king of Egypt, and its consequences. Osiris's murderer, his brother Set, usurps his throne. Meanwhile, Osiris's wife Isis restores her husband's body, allowing him to posthumously conceive their son, Horus. The remainder of the story focuses on Horus, the product of the union of Isis and Osiris, who is at first a vulnerable child protected by his mother and then becomes Set's rival for the throne. Their often violent conflict ends with Horus's triumph, which restores Maat (cosmic and social order) to Egypt after Set's unrighteous reign and completes the process of Osiris's resurrection." }, "Toyota Hilux-1": { "title": "Toyota Hilux", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Toyota Hilux (Japanese: \u30c8\u30e8\u30bf\u30fb\u30cf\u30a4\u30e9\u30c3\u30af\u30b9, Toyota Hairakkusu) (stylized as HiLux and historically as Hi-Lux) is a series of pickup trucks produced and marketed by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota. The majority of these vehicles were sold as pickup truck or cab chassis variants, although they could be configured in a variety of body styles. The pickup truck was sold with the HiLux name in most markets, but in North America, the Hilux name was retired in 1976 in favor of Truck, Pickup Truck, or Compact Truck. In North America, the popular option package, the SR5 (Sport Rally 5-Speed), was colloquially used as a model name for the truck, even though the option package was also used on other Toyota models, like the 1972 to 1979 Corolla. In 1984, the Toyota Trekker, the camper version of the Hilux, was renamed the 4Runner in Venezuela, Australia and North America, and the Hilux Surf in Japan. In 1995, Toyota introduced a new pickup model, the Tacoma, in North America, thus discontinuing the Hilux/Pickup. The 4Runner is now a full SUV, and the more recent models of the Hilux are separate in appearance from the Tacoma." }, "Lincoln Tunnel-5": { "title": "Lincoln Tunnel", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "Tubes" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Each tube provides a 21.5-foot-wide (6.6\u00a0m) roadway with two lanes and 13 feet (4.0\u00a0m) of vertical clearance. Most vehicles carrying hazmats are not allowed in the tunnel, and trucks cannot use the center tube. There is a width limit of 8\u00a0feet 6\u00a0inches (2.59\u00a0m) for vehicles entering the tunnel." }, "Polynesia-1": { "title": "Polynesia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Polynesia (UK: /\u02ccp\u0252l\u026a\u02c8ni\u02d0zi\u0259/, US: /-\u0292\u0259/; from Greek: \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c2 polys \"many\" and Greek: \u03bd\u1fc6\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 n\u0113sos \"island\") is a subregion of Oceania, made up of more than 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. The indigenous people who inhabit the islands of Polynesia are termed Polynesians, sharing many similar traits including language family, culture, and beliefs. Historically, they had a strong tradition of sailing and using stars to navigate at night. The largest country in Polynesia is New Zealand." }, "Legolas-4": { "title": "Legolas", "section": "Fictional history", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Legolas is introduced at the Council of Elrond in Rivendell, where he came as a messenger from his father to discuss Gollum's escape from their guard. Legolas was chosen to be a member of the Fellowship of the Ring, charged with destroying the One Ring. He accompanied the other members in their travels from Rivendell to Amon Hen, serving as the company's archer. When the fellowship was trapped by a snowstorm while crossing the Misty Mountains, Legolas scouted ahead, running lightly over the snow, and told Aragorn and Boromir that the thick snow they were trying to push through was only a narrow wall. Back in the lowlands of Hollin, Legolas helped fend off an attack by Saruman's wolves. Gandalf then led the fellowship on a journey underground through Moria. In Moria, Legolas helped fight off orcs and recognized \"Durin's Bane\" as a Balrog. After Gandalf's death, Aragorn led the Fellowship to the Elven realm of Lothl\u00f3rien. Legolas spoke to the elf-sentries there on behalf of the Fellowship." }, "Connecticut-61": { "title": "Connecticut", "section": "History", "headers": [ "20th century", "Post-World War II economic expansion" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "Connecticut lost some wartime factories following the end of hostilities, but the state shared in a general post-war expansion that included the construction of highways and resulting in middle-class growth in suburban areas." }, "President of Mexico-4": { "title": "President of Mexico", "section": "Requirements to hold office", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "To be eligible to serve as president, Article 82 of the Constitution specifies that the following requirements must be met:" }, "The Hobbit-20": { "title": "The Hobbit", "section": "Concept and creation", "headers": [ "Influences" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Tolkien scholar Mark T. Hooker has catalogued a lengthy series of parallels between The Hobbit and Jules Verne's Journey to the Center of the Earth. These include, among other things, a hidden runic message and a celestial alignment that direct the adventurers to the goals of their quests." }, "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory-27": { "title": "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory", "section": "Audiobook", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "citation needed] The book was first made into a feature film as a musical, titled Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971), directed by Mel Stuart, produced by David L. Wolper, and starring Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka, character actor Jack Albertson as Grandpa Joe, and Peter Ostrum as Charlie Bucket. The film had an estimated budget of $2.9\u00a0million but grossed only $4\u00a0million and was considered a box-office disappointment. Exponential home video and DVD sales, as well as repeated television airings, resulted in the film's subsequently becoming a cult classic. Concurrently with the 1971 film, the Quaker Oats Company introduced a line of candies whose marketing uses the book's characters and imagery. The BBC produced an adaptation for Radio 4 in the early 1980s.[citation needed] In 1985, the Charlie and the Chocolate Factory video game was released for the ZX Spectrum by developer Soft Options and publisher Hill MacGibbon. Another film version, titled Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), directed by Tim Burton and starring Johnny Depp as Willy Wonka, Freddie Highmore as Charlie Bucket, Deep Roy as the Oompa-Loompas, Philip Wiegratz as Augustus Gloop, and Geoffrey Holder as the Narrator, was a hit, grossing about $470\u00a0million worldwide with an estimated budget of $150\u00a0million. The 1971 and 2005 films are consistent with the written work to varying degrees. The Burton film greatly expanded Willy Wonka's personal back-story borrowing many themes and elements from the book's sequel. Both films heavily expanded the personalities of the four bad children and their parents from the limited descriptions in the book.[citation needed] A video game, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory based on Burton's adaptation, was released on 11 July 2005. On 1 April 2006, the British theme park Alton Towers opened a family attraction themed around the story. The ride features a boat section, where guests travel around the chocolate factory in bright pink boats on a chocolate river. In the final stage of the ride, guests enter one of two glass elevators, where they join Willy Wonka as they travel around the factory, eventually shooting up and out through the glass roof. The Estate of Roald Dahl sanctioned an operatic adaptation called The Golden Ticket. It was written by American composer Peter Ash and British librettist Donald Sturrock. The Golden Ticket has completely original music and was commissioned by American Lyric Theater, Lawrence Edelson (producing artistic director), and Felicity Dahl. The opera received its world premiere at Opera Theatre of Saint Louis on 13 June 2010, in a co-production with American Lyric Theater and Wexford Festival Opera. A musical based on the novel, titled Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, premiered at the West End's Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in May 2013 and officially opened on 25 June. The show is directed by Sam Mendes, with new songs by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman, and stars Douglas Hodge as Willy Wonka. The production broke records for weekly ticket sales. Coincidentally, Hodge was also the voice of a Charlie and the Chocolate Factory audiobook, as part of a package of Roald Dahl CDs read by celebrities. In October 2016, Variety reported that Warner Bros has acquired the rights to the Willy Wonka character from the Roald Dahl Estate and is planning a new film centred around the eccentric character with David Heyman producing with the Dahl Estate manager Michael Siegel; Kevin McCormick is executive producing and Simon Rich is penning the script while Courtenay Valenti and Jon Gonda are overseeing the project for the studio. In February 2018, Paul King entered final negotiations to direct the film. On November 27, 2018, Netflix was revealed to be developing an \"animated series event\" based on Roald Dahl's books, which will include a television series based on Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and the novel's sequel Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator. In March 5, 2020, it was reported that Taika Waititi will write, direct, and executive-produce both the series and a spin-off animated series focused on the Oompa Loompas. In 2002, Monty Python member Eric Idle narrated the audiobook version of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory." }, "Dawes Act-1": { "title": "Dawes Act", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Dawes Act of 1887 (also known as the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887; named after Senator Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts) authorized the President of the United States to subdivide Native American tribal landholdings into allotments for Native American heads of families and individuals, transferring traditional systems of land tenure into government-imposed systems of private property by forcing Native Americans to \"assume a capitalist and proprietary relationship with property\" that did not previously exist. The act also opened remaining Native land for appropriation by white settlers. Before private property could be dispensed, the government now had to determine \"which Indians were eligible\" for allotments, which propelled an \"official search for a federal definition of Indian-ness.\"" }, "Birthday cake-9": { "title": "Birthday cake", "section": "Candles and theories of origin", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In many cultures the person whose birthday is being celebrated is invited to make a wish, and blow out candles. Though the exact origin and significance of this ritual is unknown, there are multiple theories which try to explain this tradition." }, "Muscle atrophy-1": { "title": "Muscle atrophy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Muscle atrophy is the loss of skeletal muscle mass that can be caused by immobility, aging, malnutrition, medications, or a wide range of injuries or diseases that impact the musculoskeletal or nervous system. Muscle atrophy leads to muscle weakness and causes disability." }, "Professional wrestling match types-4": { "title": "Professional wrestling match types", "section": "Team matches", "headers": [ "Tag team match" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "On most occasions, one member of the team competes in the ring with one or more of his or her teammates standing behind the ropes. Wrestlers switch positions by \"tagging\" one another, usually similar to a high five and, as a result, these teams are referred to as tag teams. This can create tension during the match as an injured wrestler in the middle of the ring attempts to reach his or her teammates, often with the heel team preventing them from doing so. In typical tag team matches, standard wrestling rules apply with a match ending by pinfall, submission, countout, or disqualification." }, "Japanese Black-1": { "title": "Japanese Black", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Japanese Black (Japanese: \u9ed2\u6bdb\u548c\u7a2e, Kuroge Washu) is a breed of Japanese beef cattle. It is one of six native Japanese cattle breeds, and one of the four Japanese breeds known as wagy\u016b, the others being the Japanese Brown, the Japanese Polled and the Japanese Shorthorn." }, "Aloe vera-20": { "title": "Aloe vera", "section": "Toxicity", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Orally ingested non-decolorized aloe vera leaf extract was listed by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, along with goldenseal, among \"chemicals known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity\"." }, "Independence Day (United States)-1": { "title": "Independence Day (United States)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Independence Day (colloquially the Fourth of July or July 4th) is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the Declaration of Independence of the United States, on July 4, 1776. The Continental Congress declared that the thirteen American colonies were no longer subject (and subordinate) to the monarch of Britain, King George III, and were now united, free, and independent states. The Congress had voted to declare independence two days earlier, on July 2, but it was not declared until July 4." }, "William Jennings Bryan-30": { "title": "William Jennings Bryan", "section": "Presidential candidate and party leader", "headers": [ "Between presidential campaigns, 1901\u20131907" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Prior to the 1904 Democratic National Convention, Alton Parker, a New York judge and conservative ally of David Hill, was seen as the front-runner for the Democratic presidential nomination. Conservatives feared that Bryan would join with publisher William Randolph Hearst to block Parker's nomination. Seeking to appease Bryan and other progressives, Hill agreed to a party platform that omitted mention of the gold standard and criticized trusts. Parker won the Democratic nomination, but Roosevelt won the election by the largest popular vote margin since the Civil War. Parker's crushing defeat vindicated Bryan, who published a post-election edition of The Commoner that advised its readers: \"Do not Compromise with Plutocracy.\"" }, "Hwasong-15-3": { "title": "Hwasong-15", "section": "November 2017 test", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "North Korea claimed the missile reached an altitude of around 4,475\u00a0km and traveled 950\u00a0km downrange, flying for a total time of 53 minutes. Based on its trajectory and distance, the missile would have a range of more than 13,000\u00a0km (8,100 miles) \u2013 more than enough to reach Washington D.C. and the rest of the United States, albeit, according to the Union of Concerned Scientists, probably with a reduced payload. Several important US allies, including the United Kingdom and France, also lie within the missile's theoretical range, which covers most of Earth's land masses except South America, the Caribbean, and the majority of Antarctica." }, "Acetylene-14": { "title": "Acetylene", "section": "Applications", "headers": [ "Welding" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Approximately 20% of acetylene is supplied by the industrial gases industry for oxyacetylene gas welding and cutting due to the high temperature of the flame. Combustion of acetylene with oxygen produces a flame of over 3,600\u00a0K (3,330\u00a0\u00b0C; 6,020\u00a0\u00b0F), releasing 11.8\u00a0kJ/g. Oxyacetylene is the hottest burning common fuel gas. Acetylene is the third-hottest natural chemical flame after dicyanoacetylene's 5,260\u00a0K (4,990\u00a0\u00b0C; 9,010\u00a0\u00b0F) and cyanogen at 4,798\u00a0K (4,525\u00a0\u00b0C; 8,177\u00a0\u00b0F). Oxy-acetylene welding was a popular welding process in previous decades. The development and advantages of arc-based welding processes have made oxy-fuel welding nearly extinct for many applications. Acetylene usage for welding has dropped significantly. On the other hand, oxy-acetylene welding equipment is quite versatile \u2013 not only because the torch is preferred for some sorts of iron or steel welding (as in certain artistic applications), but also because it lends itself easily to brazing, braze-welding, metal heating (for annealing or tempering, bending or forming), the loosening of corroded nuts and bolts, and other applications. Bell Canada cable-repair technicians still use portable acetylene-fuelled torch kits as a soldering tool for sealing lead sleeve splices in manholes and in some aerial locations. Oxyacetylene welding may also be used in areas where electricity is not readily accessible. Oxy-acetylene cutting is used in many metal fabrication shops. For use in welding and cutting, the working pressures must be controlled by a regulator, since above 15\u00a0psi (100\u00a0kPa), if subjected to a shockwave (caused, for example, by a flashback), acetylene decomposes explosively into hydrogen and carbon." }, "Javier Sotomayor-1": { "title": "Javier Sotomayor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Javier Sotomayor Sanabria (Spanish pronunciation:\u00a0[xa\u02c8\u03b2je\u027e sotoma\u02c8\u029do\u027e]; born October 13, 1967) is a retired Cuban track and field athlete, who specialized in the high jump and is the current world record holder. The 1992 Olympic champion, he was the dominant high jumper of the 1990s; his personal best of 2.45\u00a0m (8\u00a0ft 1/2 in) makes him the only person to have ever cleared eight feet." }, "Orthotics-1": { "title": "Orthotics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Orthotics (Greek: \u039f\u03c1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c2, romanized:\u00a0ortho, lit.\u00a0'to straighten, to align') is a medical specialty that focuses on the design and application of orthoses. An orthosis (plural: orthoses) is \"an externally applied device used to modify the structural and functional characteristics of the neuromuscular and skeletal system\". An orthotist is the primary medical clinician responsible for the prescription, manufacture and management of orthoses." }, "Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot-3": { "title": "Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot", "section": "First self-propelled vehicle", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "French Army Captain Cugnot was one of the first to successfully employ a device for converting the reciprocating motion of a steam piston into a rotary motion by means of a ratchet arrangement. A small version of his three-wheeled fardier \u00e0 vapeur (\"steam dray\") was made and used in 1769 (a fardier was a massively built two-wheeled horse-drawn cart for transporting very heavy equipment, such as cannon barrels)." }, "The Canterbury Tales-7": { "title": "The Canterbury Tales", "section": "Text", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Even the oldest surviving manuscripts of the Tales are not Chaucer's originals. The very oldest is probably MS Peniarth 392 D (called \"Hengwrt\"), written by a scribe shortly after Chaucer's death. Another famous example is the Ellesmere Manuscript, a manuscript handwritten by one person with illustrations by several illustrators; the tales are put in an order that many later editors have followed for centuries. The first version of The Canterbury Tales to be published in print was William Caxton's 1476 edition. Only 10 copies of this edition are known to exist, including one held by the British Library and one held by the Folger Shakespeare Library." }, "Amoeba-1": { "title": "Amoeba", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An amoeba (/\u0259\u02c8mi\u02d0b\u0259/; rarely spelt am\u0153ba; plural am(o)ebas or am(o)ebae /\u0259\u02c8mi\u02d0bi/), often called an amoeboid, is a type of cell or unicellular organism which has the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopods. Amoebae do not form a single taxonomic group; instead, they are found in every major lineage of eukaryotic organisms. Amoeboid cells occur not only among the protozoa, but also in fungi, algae, and animals." }, "Unemployment-153": { "title": "Unemployment", "section": "History", "headers": [ "21st century" ], "para_index": 153, "content": "About 25,000,000 people in the world's 30 richest countries lost their jobs between the end of 2007 and the end of 2010, as the economic downturn pushed most countries into recession. In April 2010, the US unemployment rate was 9.9%, but the government's broader U-6 unemployment rate was 17.1%. In April 2012, the unemployment rate was 4.6% in Japan. In a 2012 story, the Financial Post reported, \"Nearly 75 million youth are unemployed around the world, an increase of more than 4 million since 2007. In the European Union, where a debt crisis followed the financial crisis, the youth unemployment rate rose to 18% last year from 12.5% in 2007, the ILO report shows.\" In March 2018, according to US Unemployment Rate Statistics, the unemployment rate was 4.1%, below the 4.5\u20135.0% norm." }, "Christian symbolism-6": { "title": "Christian symbolism", "section": "Early Christian symbols", "headers": [ "Cross and crucifix" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The cross (crucifix, Greek stauros) in this period was represented by the letter T. Clement of Alexandria in the early 3rd century calls it \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd (\"the Lord's sign\") he repeats the idea, current as early as the Epistle of Barnabas, that the number 318 (in Greek numerals, \u03a4\u0399\u0397) in Genesis 14:14 was a foreshadowing (a \"type\") of the cross (T, an upright with crossbar, standing for 300) and of Jesus (\u0399\u0397, the first two letters of his name \u0399\u0397\u03a3\u039f\u03a5\u03a3, standing for 18)." }, "Hunting-1": { "title": "Hunting", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hunting is the practice of seeking, pursuing and capturing or killing wild animals. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for meat, recreation, to remove predators that can be dangerous to humans or domestic animals, to remove pests that destroy crops or kill livestock, or for trade. Many non-human species also hunt - see predation." }, "Believe (Justin Bieber album)-1": { "title": "Believe (Justin Bieber album)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Believe is the third studio album by Canadian singer Justin Bieber, released on June 15, 2012, by Island Records. Looking to transition from the teen pop styles of his two-piece debut effort My World (2009) and My World 2.0 (2010), Bieber opted to create a follow-up record that featured more prominent elements of dance-pop and contemporary R&B. As executive producers, mentor Usher and manager Scooter Braun enlisted collaborators including Darkchild, Hit-Boy, Diplo and Max Martin with the intention of creating a mature-sounding project." }, "Swiss Guards-3": { "title": "Swiss Guards", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The earliest Swiss guard unit to be established on a permanent basis was the Hundred Swiss (Cent\u00a0Suisses), which served at the French court from 1490 to 1817. This small force was complemented in 1567 by a Swiss Guards regiment. In the 18th and early 19th centuries several other Swiss Guard units existed for periods in various European courts." }, "Sam Vincent (voice actor)-1": { "title": "Sam Vincent (voice actor)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Samuel Vincent Khouth (born October 5, 1971) is a Canadian voice actor and singer, best known for voicing Double D from Ed, Edd n Eddy, Guy Hamdon / SheZow and SheZap from SheZow, and Krypto from Krypto the Superdog. He also voiced Athrun Zala from Mobile Suit Gundam SEED, Hikaru Shindo from Hikaru no Go, Julian Star from Cardcaptors, and Tieria Erde from Mobile Suit Gundam 00. Other roles include Forge from X-Men: Evolution and Baby Bugs, Baby Tweety, and Baby Daffy from Baby Looney Tunes, Sideswipe from Transformers: Armada and the voices of Aerrow and Dark Ace from Storm Hawks. He is also known for Sonic's singing voice in Sonic Underground, Martin and the alien Billy of Martin Mystery, from 2018 onwards is the voice of Lloyd Garmadon in Ninjago and Chris Quantum from Superbook." }, "Inferno (Dante)-1": { "title": "Inferno (Dante)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Inferno (pronounced\u00a0[i\u0271\u02c8f\u025brno]; Italian for \"Hell\") is the first part of Italian writer Dante Alighieri's 14th-century epic poem Divine Comedy. It is followed by Purgatorio and Paradiso. The Inferno tells the journey of Dante through Hell, guided by the ancient Roman poet Virgil. In the poem, Hell is depicted as nine concentric circles of torment located within the Earth; it is the \"realm ... of those who have rejected spiritual values by yielding to bestial appetites or violence, or by perverting their human intellect to fraud or malice against their fellowmen\". As an allegory, the Divine Comedy represents the journey of the soul toward God, with the Inferno describing the recognition and rejection of sin." }, "Apollo 15-1": { "title": "Apollo 15", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Apollo 15 was the ninth crewed mission in the United States' Apollo program, and the fourth to land on the Moon. It was the first J\u00a0mission, with a longer stay on the Moon and a greater focus on science than earlier landings. Apollo 15 saw the first use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle." }, "Milky Way-1": { "title": "Milky Way", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains the Solar System, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye. The term Milky Way is a translation of the Latin via lactea, from the Greek \u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 (galax\u00edas k\u00fdklos, \"milky circle\"). From Earth, the Milky Way appears as a band because its disk-shaped structure is viewed from within. Galileo Galilei first resolved the band of light into individual stars with his telescope in 1610. Until the early 1920s, most astronomers thought that the Milky Way contained all the stars in the Universe. Following the 1920 Great Debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis, observations by Edwin Hubble showed that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies." }, "National Diet Building-11": { "title": "National Diet Building", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Current Diet Building" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The Diet Building was eventually constructed between 1920 and 1936 with a floor plan based on Fukuzo's entry. The roof and tower of the building might have been inspired by another entrant, third prize winner Takeuchi Shinshichi, and are believed to have been chosen because they reflected a more modern hybrid architecture than the purely European and East Asian designs proposed by other architects. While the actual source for the \"Pyramid\" roof remains unclear, Japanese historian Jonathan Reynolds suggests it was \"probably borrowed\" from Shinshichi although an image of the entry is not provided but instead he thanks fellow historian of Africa studies at Columbia, Zoe Strother, for mentioning that Shinshichi's design resembles the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, which was a model for some prominent Western designs in the early 1900s, such as John Russell Pope's 1911 award-winning House of the Temple in Washington, D.C. and the downtown Los Angeles City Hall, completed in 1928." }, "Elizabeth II-1": { "title": "Elizabeth II", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is the Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms." }, "Jim Gianopulos-1": { "title": "Jim Gianopulos", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "James N. Gianopulos (Greek: \u03a4\u03b6\u03ad\u03b9\u03bc\u03c2 \u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bd\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2) is a Greek-American businessman. He serves as the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of Paramount Pictures." }, "Soulseek-1": { "title": "Soulseek", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Soulseek is a peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing network and application. The term Soulseek might refer to (1) one of the two networks, or (2) one of the three official user client interfaces. Soulseek is used mostly to exchange music, although users are able to share a variety of files. Soulseek was created by Nir Arbel, an Israeli programmer from Safed." }, "Rudyard Kipling-2": { "title": "Rudyard Kipling", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Kipling's works of fiction include The Jungle Book (1894), Kim (1901), and many short stories, including \"The Man Who Would Be King\" (1888). His poems include \"Mandalay\" (1890), \"Gunga Din\" (1890), \"The Gods of the Copybook Headings\" (1919), \"The White Man's Burden\" (1899), and \"If\u2014\" (1910). He is seen as an innovator in the art of the short story. His children's books are classics; one critic noted \"a versatile and luminous narrative gift.\"" }, "Eritrean Navy-1": { "title": "Eritrean Navy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Eritrean Navy is a smaller branch of the Eritrean Defence Forces. It is responsible for the security of the entire coastline of Eritrea, more than 1,100\u00a0km, as well as the Eritrean territorial waters." }, "Durian-1": { "title": "Durian", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The durian (/\u02c8dj\u028a\u0259ri\u0259n, \u02c8d\u028ar-, -\u00e6n/) is the fruit of several tree species belonging to the genus Durio. There are 30 recognised Durio species, at least nine of which produce edible fruit, with over 300 named varieties in Indonesia, 100 in Thailand and 100 in Malaysia. Durio zibethinus is the only species available in the international market: other species are sold in their local regions. It is native to Borneo and Sumatra." }, "Amtrak-1": { "title": "Amtrak", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The National Railroad Passenger Corporation, doing business as Amtrak (reporting marks AMTK, AMTZ), is a passenger railroad service that provides medium and long-distance intercity service in the contiguous United States and to nine Canadian cities." }, "Geography of Iowa-1": { "title": "Geography of Iowa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The geography of Iowa includes the study of bedrock, landforms, rivers, geology, paleontology and urbanisation of the U.S. state of Iowa. The state covers an area of 56,272.81 sq mi (145,746\u00a0km2)." }, "Prison uniform-24": { "title": "Prison uniform", "section": "Prison uniform by nation", "headers": [ "United States of America" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "At the end of the 20th century, orange jumpsuits and white T-Shirts became commonplace, mostly for cost issues then later on orange scrubs and white T-Shirts. In many cases, prison uniforms are better suited to the comfort and durability required for long term inmates, and these new uniforms are used mostly in local jails for short term inmates and offenders awaiting trial or transportation to a more permanent facility. Striped uniforms, in general, have made a significant comeback into the jail and prison system for a variety of reasons, such as mistaking jumpsuit-clad workers as inmates. False reporting of people in similar clothing has become a problem in some counties, so many have switched back to using striped uniforms (Mostly Orange and White) due to the unambiguous nature of these garments being associated with inmates." }, "Personal injury-26": { "title": "Personal injury", "section": "United States", "headers": [ "Insurance" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "In the United States, personal injury in the sense of \"bodily injury\" to others is often covered by liability insurance. Most businesses carry commercial general liability policies. Different states have different rules regarding auto insurance, but generally, a driver's liability insurance is available to compensate others whom that driver may inadvertently injure, and uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage is available to compensate the driver for injuries inflicted upon the driver by someone else. Therefore, an insurance company will provide a legal defense to the defendant and may settle with the plaintiff (victim)." }, "Balearic Islands-1": { "title": "Balearic Islands", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Balearic Islands (/\u02ccb\u00e6li\u02c8\u00e6r\u026ak/ BAL-ee-ARR-ik, also US: /\u02ccb\u0251\u02d0l-/ BAHL-, UK: /b\u0259\u02c8l\u026a\u0259r\u026ak/ b\u0259-LEER-ik; Catalan: Illes Balears [\u02c8i\u028e\u0259z b\u0259l\u0259\u02c8as]; Spanish: Islas Baleares [\u02c8izlaz \u03b2ale\u02c8a\u027ees]) are an archipelago of Spain in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula." }, "Grading systems by country-216": { "title": "Grading systems by country", "section": "North America", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 216, "content": "At most schools, colleges and universities in the United States, letter grades follow a five-point system, using the letters A, B, C, D and E/F, with A indicating excellent, C indicating average and F indicating failing. Additionally, most schools calculate a student's grade point average (GPA) by assigning each letter grade a number and averaging those numerical values. Generally, American schools equate an A with a numerical value of 4.0. Most graduate schools require a 3.0 (B) average to take a degree, with C or C\u2212 being the lowest grade for course credit. Most undergraduate schools require a 2.0, or C average to obtain a degree with a minimum of D or D\u2212 to pass a course. For most secondary schools, the minimum overall and course passes are both D or D\u2212. Some districts, such as Mount Olive Township School District in New Jersey, have eliminated D as a passing grade for their students due to a high failure rate." }, "Edward Banfield (railroad engineer)-1": { "title": "Edward Banfield (railroad engineer)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Edward Banfield (9 February 1837 \u2013 6 July 1872) was an English railroad engineer who drove the first locomotive (La Porte\u00f1a) through Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1857 as part of the Buenos Aires Western Railway. He was the first General Manager of the British-owned Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway between 1865 and 1872, founded in Argentina by Edward Lund in 1862. Banfield died in 1872, and the town of Banfield in Buenos Aires Province, founded in 1873, was named after him. The professional Argentine football club Club Atl\u00e9tico Banfield also carries his name." }, "Mysophobia-4": { "title": "Mysophobia", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "excessive hand washing an avoidance of locations that might contain a high presence of germs a fear of physical contact, especially with strangers excessive effort dedicated to cleaning and sanitizing one's environment a refusal to share personal items a fear of becoming ill Mysophobia greatly affects the everyday life of individuals and can range in severity of symptoms from difficult breathing, excessive perspiration, increased heart rate, and states of panic when exposed to germ-enhanced conditions." }, "Swallow-7": { "title": "Swallow", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Like the unrelated swifts and nightjars, which hunt in a similar way, they have short bills, but strong jaws and a wide gape. Their body length ranges from about 10\u201324\u00a0cm (3.9\u20139.4\u00a0in) and their weight from about 10\u201360\u00a0g (0.35\u20132.12\u00a0oz). The wings are long, pointed, and have nine primary feathers. The tail has 12 feathers and may be deeply forked, somewhat indented, or square-ended. A long tail increases maneuverability, and may also function as a sexual adornment, since the tail is frequently longer in males. In barn swallows the tail of the male is 18% longer than those of the female, and females will select mates on the basis of tail length." }, "Michael Jordan-2": { "title": "Michael Jordan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Jordan played three seasons for coach Dean Smith with the North Carolina Tar Heels. As a freshman, he was a member of the Tar Heels' national championship team in 1982. Jordan joined the Bulls in 1984 as the third overall draft pick, and quickly emerged as a league star, entertaining crowds with his prolific scoring. His leaping ability, demonstrated by performing slam dunks from the free throw line in Slam Dunk Contests, earned him the nicknames \"Air Jordan\" and \"His Airness\". He also gained a reputation as one of the best defensive players in basketball. He won his first NBA championship with the Bulls in 1991, and followed that achievement with titles in 1992 and 1993, securing a \"three-peat\". Although Jordan abruptly retired from basketball before the 1993\u201394 NBA season and started a new career in Minor League Baseball, he returned to the Bulls in March 1995 and led them to three additional championships in 1996, 1997, and 1998, as well as a then-record 72 regular-season wins in the 1995\u201396 NBA season. He retired for a second time in January 1999 but returned for two more NBA seasons from 2001 to 2003 as a member of the Washington Wizards." }, "Ontology-1": { "title": "Ontology", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ontology (Latin: ontologia) is the philosophical study of being. More broadly, it studies concepts that directly relate to being, in particular becoming, existence, reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations. Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology often deals with questions concerning what entities exist or may be said to exist and how such entities may be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences." }, "Joker (character)-28": { "title": "Joker (character)", "section": "Character biography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "The 2000s began with the crossover story \"Emperor Joker\", in which the Joker steals Mister Mxyzptlk's reality-altering power and remakes the universe in his image (torturing and killing Batman daily, before resurrecting him). When the supervillain then tries to destroy the universe, his reluctance to eliminate Batman makes him lose control, and Superman defeats him. Broken by his experience, Batman's experiences of death are transferred to Superman by the Spectre so he can heal mentally. In \"Joker: Last Laugh\" (2001), the doctors at Arkham Asylum convince the character that he is dying in an attempt to rehabilitate him. Instead, the Joker (flanked by an army of \"Jokerized\" supervillains) launches a final crime spree. Believing that Robin (Tim Drake) has been killed in the chaos, Dick Grayson beats the Joker to death (although Batman revives his foe to keep Grayson from being a murderer), and the villain succeeds in making a member of the Bat-family break their rule against killing." }, "Megadeth-88": { "title": "Megadeth", "section": "Artistry", "headers": [ "Legacy" ], "para_index": 88, "content": "Having sold about 38 million units worldwide, Megadeth is one of the few bands from the 1980s American underground metal scene to have achieved mass commercial success. Along with contemporaries Metallica, Slayer, and Anthrax, Megadeth is regarded as one of the core founding groups of thrash metal. These bands are often referred to as the \"big four\" of thrash metal, responsible for the genre's development and popularization. Loudwire ranked Megadeth the third best thrash metal band of all time, praising the group's \"provoking lyrics and mind-warping virtuosity\". CMJ New Music Report called the band's debut album a seminal release and a representative of \"the golden age of speed metal\". Similarly, Billboard called the band's second album Peace Sells... but Who's Buying? a \"landmark of the thrash movement\" whose lyrics it found still relevant. MTV also recognized the band as an influential metal act, highlighting the technical aspect of the early albums." }, "Milk-57": { "title": "Milk", "section": "Processing", "headers": [ "Pasteurization", "Filtration" ], "para_index": 57, "content": "Microfiltration is a process that partially replaces pasteurization and produces milk with fewer microorganisms and longer shelf life without a change in the taste of the milk. In this process, cream is separated from the skimmed milk and is pasteurized in the usual way, but the skimmed milk is forced through ceramic microfilters that trap 99.9% of microorganisms in the milk (as compared to 99.999% killing of microorganisms in standard HTST pasteurization). The skimmed milk then is recombined with the pasteurized cream to reconstitute the original milk composition." }, "Tom and Jerry-1": { "title": "Tom and Jerry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tom and Jerry is an American animated franchise and series of comedy short films created in 1940 by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. Best known for its 161 theatrical short films by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, the series centers on a friendship/rivalry (a love-hate relationship) between the title characters Tom, a cat, and Jerry, a mouse. Many shorts also feature several recurring characters." }, "Pearl hunting-1": { "title": "Pearl hunting", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pearl hunting, also known as pearling, is the activity of recovering pearls from wild molluscs, usually oysters or mussels, in the sea or fresh water. Pearl hunting used to be prevalent in the Persian Gulf region and Japan. Pearl diving began in the 1850s on the northern and north-western coast of Australia, and started in the Torres Strait, off Far North Queensland in the 1870s." }, "Prunus-1": { "title": "Prunus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Prunus is a genus of trees and shrubs, which includes the fruits plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, apricots, and almonds." }, "Armistice of 11 November 1918-1": { "title": "Armistice of 11 November 1918", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was the armistice signed at Le Francport near Compi\u00e8gne that ended fighting on land, sea and air in World War I between the Allies and their opponent, Germany. Previous armistices had been agreed with Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Also known as the Armistice of Compi\u00e8gne from the place where it was signed at 5:45\u00a0a.m. by the French Marshal Foch, it came into force at 11:00\u00a0a.m. Paris time on 11 November 1918 and marked a victory for the Allies and a defeat for Germany, although not formally a surrender." }, "Salvation in Christianity-2": { "title": "Salvation in Christianity", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "While the idea of Jesus' death as an atonement for human sin was derived from the Hebrew Bible, and was elaborated in Paul's epistles and in the Gospels, Paul saw the faithful redeemed by participation in Jesus' death and rising. Early Christians regarded themselves as partaking in a new covenant with God, open to both Jews and Gentiles, due to the sacrificial death and subsequent exaltation of Jesus Christ." }, "1788\u201389 United States presidential election-6": { "title": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "All 69 electors cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 different candidates, including John Jay, who finished second with nine electoral votes. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened." }, "Hyena-18": { "title": "Hyena", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "Build" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "3.1.4.13.1.3.1 Although Hyenas lack perineal scent glands, they have a large pouch of naked skin located at the anal opening. Large anal glands above the anus open into this pouch. Several sebaceous glands are present between the openings of the anal glands and above them. These glands produce a white, creamy secretion that the hyenas paste onto grass stalks. The odour of this secretion is very strong, smelling of boiling cheap soap or burning, and can be detected by humans several metres downwind. The secretions are primarily used for territorial marking, though both the aardwolf and the striped hyena will spray them when attacked." }, "The Jungle Book (franchise)-1": { "title": "The Jungle Book (franchise)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Jungle Book is a Disney media franchise that commenced in 1967 with the theatrical release of The Jungle Book. It is based on Rudyard Kipling's works of the same name. The franchise includes a 2003 sequel to the animated film and three live-action films produced by Walt Disney Pictures." }, "Italian cuisine-27": { "title": "Italian cuisine", "section": "Ingredients", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "In Northern Italy though there are many kinds of stuffed pasta, polenta and risotto are equally popular if not more so. Ligurian ingredients include several types of fish and seafood dishes. Basil (found in pesto), nuts, and olive oil are very common. In Emilia-Romagna, common ingredients include ham (prosciutto), sausage (cotechino), different sorts of salami, truffles, grana, Parmigiano-Reggiano, and tomatoes (Bolognese sauce or rag\u00f9)." }, "Hominidae-1": { "title": "Hominidae", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Hominidae (/h\u0252\u02c8m\u026an\u026adi\u02d0/), whose members are known as great apes or hominids (/\u02c8h\u0252m\u026an\u026adz/), are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: Pongo, the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan; Gorilla, the eastern and western gorilla; Pan, the common chimpanzee and the bonobo; and Homo, of which only modern humans remain." }, "Airplane-2": { "title": "Airplane", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Wright brothers invented and flew the first airplane in 1903, recognized as \"the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight\". They built on the works of George Cayley dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying gliders). Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal also studied heavier-than-air flight. Following its limited use in World War I, aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of World War II. The first jet aircraft was the German Heinkel He 178 in 1939. The first jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet, was introduced in 1952. The Boeing 707, the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to at least 2013." }, "Twin-59": { "title": "Twin", "section": "Unusual twinnings", "headers": [ "Monozygotic twins of different sexes" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "Among monozygotic twins, in extremely rare cases, twins have been born with different sexes (one male, one female). When monozygotic twins are born with different sexes it is because of chromosomal defects. The probability of this is so small that multiples having different sexes is universally accepted as a sound basis for in utero clinical determination that the multiples are not monozygotic." }, "Environmentalism-1": { "title": "Environmentalism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Environmentalism or environmental rights is a broad philosophy, ideology, and social movement regarding concerns for environmental protection and improvement of the health of the environment, particularly as the measure for this health seeks to incorporate the impact of changes to the environment on humans, animals, plants and non-living matter. While environmentalism focuses more on the environmental and nature-related aspects of green ideology and politics, ecology combines the ideology of social ecology and environmentalism." }, "Islam by country-1": { "title": "Islam by country", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Adherents of Islam constitute the world's second largest religious group. According to a study in 2015, Islam has 1.8 billion adherents, making up about 24.1% of the world population. Most Muslims are either of two denominations: Sunni (80\u201385%, roughly 1.5 billion people) or Shia (15-20%, roughly 240\u2013340 million people). Islam is the dominant religion in Central Asia, Indonesia, Middle East, North Africa, the Sahel and some other parts of Asia. The diverse Asia-Pacific region contains the highest number of Muslims in the world, easily surpassing the Middle East and North Africa." }, "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)-6": { "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Years later, in a nearby village, a book-loving and an independent-minded girl named Belle dreams of adventure and wants more than the little village can offer. She is seen as an outsider by the villagers. Her appearance attracts the attentions of Gaston, an ill-mannered and narcissistic hunter whose advances she has to brush off, as well as his bumbling sidekick Lefou. On his way to a fair to showcase his latest invention (an automatic wood-chopper), Belle's father and inventor Maurice gets lost in the forest and seeks refuge in the Beast's castle, but the Beast imprisons him for trespassing. When Maurice's horse returns without him, Belle ventures out in search of him, and finds him locked in the castle dungeon. The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice's place." }, "Northern Mariana Islands-1": { "title": "Northern Mariana Islands", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Northern Mariana Islands, officially the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI; Chamorro: Sankattan Siha Na Islas Mari\u00e5nas; Filipino: Komonwelt ng mga Isla ng Hilagang Mariana; Refaluwasch or Carolinian: Commonwealth T\u00e9\u00e9l Fal\u00faw kka Ef\u00e1ng ll\u00f3l Marianas; formerly in Spanish: Islas Marianas del Norte, in German: N\u00f6rdliche Marianen, and in Japanese: \u5317\u30de\u30ea\u30a2\u30ca\u8af8\u5cf6), is an insular area and commonwealth of the United States consisting of 14 islands in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The CNMI includes the 14 northernmost islands in the Mariana Archipelago except the southernmost island of the chain, Guam, which is a separate U.S. territory. The CNMI and Guam are the westernmost territories of the United States." }, "Leopard cat-1": { "title": "Leopard cat", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) is a small wild cat native to continental South, Southeast and East Asia. Since 2002 it has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List as it is widely distributed although threatened by habitat loss and hunting in parts of its range." }, "Adobe Creative Suite-1": { "title": "Adobe Creative Suite", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Adobe Creative Suite (CS) is a now-discontinued software suite of graphic design, video editing, and web development applications developed by Adobe Systems. Each edition consisted of several Adobe applications, e.g., Photoshop, Acrobat, Premiere Pro or After Effects, InDesign, and Illustrator that are the industry standard applications for many graphic design positions." }, "Callus-3": { "title": "Callus", "section": "Cause", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Normally, a callus will form on any part of the skin exposed to excess friction over a long period of time. For example, people often develop calluses on the middle finger or ring finger of their dominant hand due to writing with a pen or pencil. Another cause is from playing string instruments like the guitar or the violin; calluses will develop on the four fingers of the hand used in holding the strings down to the fingerboard, and sometimes on the fingers of the hand used for pizzicato or strumming. Weightlifters commonly experience callus on the upper-palm area due to repeated friction. Calluses are also very common on the fingers of rock climbers on almost all of their fingers. There are many activities that can result in the formation of a callus, which may even be viewed as a badge of experience and commitment to the activity." }, "Back pain-43": { "title": "Back pain", "section": "Pregnancy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "Typical factors aggravating the back pain of pregnancy include standing, sitting, forward bending, lifting, and walking. Back pain in pregnancy may also be characterized by pain radiating into the thigh and buttocks, night-time pain severe enough to wake the patient, pain that is increased during the night-time, or pain that is increased during the day-time." }, "The Powerpuff Girls-7": { "title": "The Powerpuff Girls", "section": "Characters", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "As depicted in the opening sequence of each episode, the Powerpuff Girls Blossom, Bubbles, and Buttercup were created by Professor Utonium in an attempt to create the \"perfect little girl\" using a mixture of \"sugar, spice, and everything nice\". However, he accidentally spilled a mysterious substance called \"Chemical X\" into the mixture, creating three girls and granting all three superpowers including flight, super strength, superhuman speed, near invulnerability, x-ray vision, superhuman senses, red heat vision, energy projection, invisibility, and control over lightning and fire. In the original pilot, the accidental substance was a can of \"Whoopass\", which was replaced by \"Chemical X\" in the aired version." }, "Tracking (dog)-3": { "title": "Tracking (dog)", "section": "Physiological mechanisms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Although dogs are capable of following both visual and olfactory cues, it appears that scent is their most effective source of information. Equipped with enhanced physical and neurological olfactory structures, a dogs sense of smell is much more advanced compared to that of humans. Specialized turbinate bones in the canine nasal cavity allows for increased exposure of chemical receptor cells to the air. This, paired with a proportionally large segment of brain devoted to olfaction processing, results in the enhanced smelling ability of canines." }, "Pinto Colvig-1": { "title": "Pinto Colvig", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Vance DeBar Colvig Sr. (September 11, 1892 \u2013 October 3, 1967), professionally Pinto Colvig, was an American vaudeville actor, voice actor, newspaper cartoonist and circus performer, whose schtick was playing the clarinet off-key while mugging. Colvig was the original performer of the Disney characters Pluto and Goofy, as well as Bozo the Clown. In 1993, he was posthumously made a Disney Legend for his contributions to Walt Disney Films, including Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Fun and Fancy Free." }, "Racial hierarchy-11": { "title": "Racial hierarchy", "section": "White supremacy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Some experts[who?] believe that the material basis for white supremacy does not come from an idea of European superiority. They believe that the actual basis of white supremacy is \"in a system of white-skin privileges, a system of preferences for white labor and other white people in employment, land usage and ownership, housing immigration, and society generally.\" Other experts[who?] believe that there are three pillars of white supremacy. The first pillar is \"slaveability/anti-Black racism, which is all based on the idea that Black people were made to be slaves and that they are property. One theory explains that in a capitalist system, workers become commodities. In this theory, a racial hierarchy is used to give non-black races a chance to avoid being commodified in the capitalist system. Black people are at the bottom of this hierarchy and other races are relieved that they are not at the bottom. The second pillar is genocide. This pillar states that non-indigenous people should eliminate the indigenous race in order to stake claim to the indigenous people's land. This pillar is an example of colonization. The last pillar's focus is on orientalism, which establishes that certain groups of \"foreign people\" are menaces to a society or empire. These pillars not only victimize minorities but also make them become part of the supremacy as each of the pillars explained singles out one particular group. In this way, all other groups can share in the fact that they are not part of the specific group being discriminated against. White supremacy functions through all three of these pillars or logics. Binaries like the Black-White binary and the indigenous-settler binary also play a significant part in white supremacy as any race can find themselves closer to one of the sides of the binary and possibly get discriminated against or avoid discrimination altogether. For example, if a Native American had a lighter skin complexion, the fact that he/she is closer to the white side of the Black-White binary makes it possible for them to avoid discrimination because they are closer to being white than black." }, "Haf\u00fe\u00f3r J\u00fal\u00edus Bj\u00f6rnsson-15": { "title": "Haf\u00fe\u00f3r J\u00fal\u00edus Bj\u00f6rnsson", "section": "Strongman career", "headers": [ "Arnold Strongman Classic" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Haf\u00fe\u00f3r defended his title at the Arnold Strongman Classic 2019; he finished on 45 points, 4.5 points ahead of runner-up Martins Licis. He also improved on his elephant bar world record, increasing it to 474\u00a0kg (1,045\u00a0lb) with his second attempt. He tried for 501\u00a0kg (1,105\u00a0lb) in his third attempt but was unsuccessful." }, "21st century-1": { "title": "21st century", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The 21st (twenty-first) century is the current century of the Anno Domini era or Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1, 2001, and will end on December 31, 2100. It is the first century of the 3rd millennium." }, "Guitar Hero-1": { "title": "Guitar Hero", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Guitar Hero series (sometimes referred to as the Hero series) is a series of music rhythm games first published in 2005 by RedOctane and Harmonix, and distributed by Activision, in which players use a guitar-shaped game controller to simulate playing lead, bass guitar, and rhythm guitar across numerous rock songs. Players match notes that scroll on-screen to colored fret buttons on the controller, strumming the controller in time to the music in order to score points, and keep the virtual audience excited. The games attempt to mimic many features of playing a real guitar, including the use of fast-fingering hammer-ons and pull-offs and the use of the whammy bar to alter the pitch of notes. Most games support single player modes, typically a Career mode to play through all the songs in the game, and both competitive and cooperative multiplayer modes. With the introduction of Guitar Hero World Tour in 2008, the game includes support for a four-player band including vocals and drums. The series initially used mostly cover versions of songs created by WaveGroup Sound, but most recent titles feature soundtracks that are fully master recordings, and in some cases, special re-recordings, of the songs. Later titles in the series feature support for downloadable content in the form of new songs." }, "QWERTY-8": { "title": "QWERTY", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "In 1873 Sholes's backer, James Densmore, successfully sold the manufacturing rights for the Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer to E. Remington and Sons. The keyboard layout was finalized within a few months by Remington's mechanics and was ultimately presented:" }, "Futurama-1": { "title": "Futurama", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Futurama is an American adult animated science-fiction sitcom created by Matt Groening that aired on Fox from March 28, 1999 to August 10, 2003 and on Comedy Central from March 23, 2008 to September 4, 2013. The series follows the adventures of slacker Philip J. Fry, who is cryogenically preserved for 1000 years and is revived in the 31st century. Fry finds work at an interplanetary delivery company, working alongside the one-eyed Turanga Leela and robot Bender Bending Rodriguez. The series was envisioned by Groening in the mid-1990s while working on The Simpsons; he brought David X. Cohen aboard to develop storylines and characters to pitch the show to Fox." }, "War-1": { "title": "War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "War is intense armed conflict between states, governments, societies, or paramilitary groups such as mercenaries, insurgents and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, aggression, destruction, and mortality, using regular or irregular military forces. Warfare refers to the common activities and characteristics of types of war, or of wars in general. Total war is warfare that is not restricted to purely legitimate military targets, and can result in massive civilian or other non-combatant suffering and casualties." }, "Steve Ward (boxer)-1": { "title": "Steve Ward (boxer)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Steve Ward (born c. 1956) is a British professional boxer, notable for being the oldest professional boxer in the world. He was confirmed as such in 2011 at age 54. He lost the distinction in 2015, when an older fighter competed in a professional bout, but regained it later that year when he fought professionally at 59. His original boxing career lasted from 1977 to 1987. He made a comeback in 2010 and finally retired in 2017 after losing the WBC veteran heavyweight championship title to Andreas Sidon." }, "Coeliac disease-36": { "title": "Coeliac disease", "section": "Diagnosis", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "There are several tests that can be used. The level of symptoms may determine the order of the tests, but all tests lose their usefulness if the person is already eating a gluten-free diet. Intestinal damage begins to heal within weeks of gluten being removed from the diet, and antibody levels decline over months. For those who have already started on a gluten-free diet, it may be necessary to perform a rechallenge with some gluten-containing food in one meal a day over 6 weeks before repeating the investigations." }, "Goofy-2": { "title": "Goofy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Goofy debuted in animated cartoons, starting in 1932 with Mickey's Revue as Dippy Dawg, who is older than Goofy would come to be. Later the same year, he was re-imagined as a younger character, now called Goofy, in the short The Whoopee Party. During the 1930s, he was used extensively as part of a comedy trio with Mickey and Donald. Starting in 1939, Goofy was given his own series of shorts that were popular in the 1940s and early 1950s. Two Goofy shorts were nominated for an Oscar: How to Play Football (1944) and Aquamania (1961). He also co-starred in a short series with Donald, including Polar Trappers (1938), where they first appeared without Mickey Mouse. Three more Goofy shorts were produced in the 1960s after which Goofy was only seen in television and Disney comics. He returned to theatrical animation in 1983 with Mickey's Christmas Carol. His last theatrical appearance was How to Hook Up Your Home Theater in 2007. Goofy has also been featured in television, most extensively in Goof Troop (1992), House of Mouse (2001\u20132003), Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006\u20132016), Mickey Mouse (2013\u2013present), and Mickey and the Roadster Racers (2017\u2013present)." }, "Fields Medal-2": { "title": "Fields Medal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Fields Medal is regarded as one of the highest honors a mathematician can receive, and has been described as the mathematician's Nobel Prize, although there are several key differences, including frequency of award, number of awards, and age limits. According to the annual Academic Excellence Survey by ARWU, the Fields Medal is consistently regarded as the top award in the field of mathematics worldwide, and in another reputation survey conducted by IREG in 2013\u201314, the Fields Medal came closely after the Abel Prize as the second most prestigious international award in mathematics." }, "Public domain-1": { "title": "Public domain", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The public domain consists of all the creative work to which no exclusive intellectual property rights apply. Those rights may have expired, been forfeited, expressly waived, or may be inapplicable." }, "Chives-1": { "title": "Chives", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Chives, scientific name Allium schoenoprasum, are an edible species of the genus Allium. Their close relatives include the common onions, garlic, shallot, leek, scallion,, and Chinese onion." }, "Borneo-1": { "title": "Borneo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Borneo (/\u02c8b\u0254\u02d0rnio\u028a/; Malay: Pulau Borneo, Indonesian: Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and east of Sumatra." }, "Wonder Woman (2017 film)-31": { "title": "Wonder Woman (2017 film)", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "Box office" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Wonder Woman grossed $412.6\u00a0million in the United States and Canada and $409.3\u00a0million in other territories for a worldwide total of $821.8\u00a0million, against an estimated production budget of $120\u2013150\u00a0million. Estimates for the number the film needed to surpass internationally in order to cover its production and promotional costs and break even ranged from $300\u00a0million to $460\u00a0million. Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $252.9\u00a0million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues, making it the 6th most profitable release of 2017." }, "Primary election-5": { "title": "Primary election", "section": "Primaries in the United States", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Closed primary. People may vote in a party's primary only if they are registered members of that party prior to election day. Independents cannot participate. Note that because some political parties name themselves independent, the terms \"non-partisan\" or \"unaffiliated\" often replace \"independent\" when referring to those who are not affiliated with a political party. Thirteen states & Washington D.C.,\u00a0\u2013 Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, Pennsylvania, and Wyoming\u00a0\u2013 have closed primaries. Semi-closed. As in closed primaries, registered party members can vote only in their own party's primary. Semi-closed systems, however, allow unaffiliated voters to participate as well. Depending on the state, independents either make their choice of party primary privately, inside the voting booth, or publicly, by registering with any party on Election Day. Fifteen states\u00a0\u2013 Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Utah, and West Virginia\u00a0\u2013 have semi-closed primaries that allow voters to register or change party preference on election day. Massachusetts allows unenrolled voters or members of minor parties to vote in the primary of either major party, but registration or party changes must be done no fewer than 20 days prior to the primary. Open primary. A registered voter may vote in any party primary regardless of his or her own party affiliation. Fourteen states - Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Hawaii, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin - have open primaries. When voters do not register with a party before the primary, it is called a pick-a-party primary because the voter can select which party's primary he or she wishes to vote in on election day. Because of the open nature of this system, a practice known as raiding may occur. Raiding consists of voters of one party crossing over and voting in the primary of another party, effectively allowing a party to help choose its opposition's candidate. The theory is that opposing party members vote for the weakest candidate of the opposite party in order to give their own party the advantage in the general election. An example of this can be seen in the 1998 Vermont senatorial primary with the nomination of Fred Tuttle as the Republican candidate in the general election[citation needed]. Semi-open. A registered voter need not publicly declare which political party's primary that they will vote in before entering the voting booth. When voters identify themselves to the election officials, they must request a party's specific ballot. Only one ballot is cast by each voter. In many states with semi-open primaries, election officials or poll workers from their respective parties record each voter's choice of party and provide access to this information. The primary difference between a semi-open and open primary system is the use of a party-specific ballot. In a semi-open primary, a public declaration in front of the election judges is made and a party-specific ballot given to the voter to cast. Certain states that use the open-primary format may print a single ballot and the voter must choose on the ballot itself which political party's candidates they will select for a contested office. Blanket primary. A primary in which the ballot is not restricted to candidates from one party. Nonpartisan blanket primary. A primary in which the ballot is not restricted to candidates from one party, where the top two candidates advance to the general election regardless of party affiliation. Louisiana has famously operated under this system, which has been nicknamed the \"jungle primary.\" California has used a nonpartisan blanket primary since 2012 after passing Proposition 14 in 2010, and the State of Washington has used a nonpartisan blanket primary since 2008. The United States is one of the few countries to select candidates through popular vote in a primary election system; most countries rely on party leaders or paid up party members to select candidates, as was previously the case in the U.S. In modern politics, primary elections have been described as a significant vehicle for taking decision-making from political insiders to the voters, though this is disputed by select political science research. The selection of candidates for federal, state, and local general elections takes place in primary elections organized by the public administration for the general voting public to participate in for the purpose of nominating the respective parties' official candidates; state voters start the electoral process for governors and legislators through the primary process, as well as for many local officials from city councilors to county commissioners. The candidate who moves from the primary to be successful in the general election takes public office." }, "Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990-1": { "title": "Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 or ADA (42 U.S.C.\u00a0\u00a7\u00a012101) is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability. It affords similar protections against discrimination to Americans with disabilities as the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which made discrimination based on race, religion, sex, national origin, and other characteristics illegal. In addition, unlike the Civil Rights Act, the ADA also requires covered employers to provide reasonable accommodations to employees with disabilities, and imposes accessibility requirements on public accommodations." }, "University of Pittsburgh-2": { "title": "University of Pittsburgh", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The university is composed of 17 undergraduate and graduate schools and colleges at its urban Pittsburgh campus, home to the university's central administration and 28,391 undergraduate, graduate, and professional students. The university also includes four undergraduate schools located at campuses within Western Pennsylvania: Bradford, Greensburg, Johnstown, and Titusville. The 132-acre Pittsburgh campus has multiple contributing historic buildings of the Schenley Farms Historic District, most notably its 42-story Gothic revival centerpiece, the Cathedral of Learning. The campus is situated adjacent to the flagship medical facilities of its closely affiliated University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) and its flagship hospital UPMC Presbyterian in on campus, as well as the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, Schenley Park, and Carnegie Mellon University." }, "Dieting-21": { "title": "Dieting", "section": "Nutrition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Reducing meat to 70g per person per day. Prioritising plant proteins. Promoting fish from sustainable sources. Moderate dairy consumption. Focusing on wholegrain starchy foods. Promoting seasonal locally sourced fruits and vegetables. Reducing high fat, sugar and salty foods overconsumption. Promoting tap water and unsweetened tea/coffee as the de facto choice for healthy hydration. Reducing food waste. Weight loss diets that manipulate the proportion of macronutrients (low-fat, low-carbohydrate, etc.) have been shown to be no more effective than diets that maintain a typical mix of foods with smaller portions and perhaps some substitutions (e.g. low-fat milk, or less salad dressing). Extreme diets may, in some cases, lead to malnutrition." }, "AK-47-2": { "title": "AK-47", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Design work on the AK-47 began in 1945. In 1946, the AK-47 was presented for official military trials, and in 1948, the fixed-stock version was introduced into active service with selected units of the Soviet Army. An early development of the design was the AKS (S\u2014Skladnoy or \"folding\"), which was equipped with an underfolding metal shoulder stock. In early 1949, the AK-47 was officially accepted by the Soviet Armed Forces and used by the majority of the member states of the Warsaw Pact." }, "Morris County, New Jersey-4": { "title": "Morris County, New Jersey", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Etymology" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Morris County was named after Colonel Lewis Morris, governor of New Jersey in 1738/9, the year the county was named." }, "Cucumber-4": { "title": "Cucumber", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "Flowering and pollination" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Most cucumber cultivars, however, are seeded and require pollination. Thousands of hives of honey bees are annually carried to cucumber fields just before bloom for this purpose. Cucumbers may also be pollinated by bumblebees and several other bee species. Most cucumbers that require pollination are self-incompatible, so pollen from a different plant is required to form seeds and fruit. Some self-compatible cultivars exist that are related to the 'Lemon' cultivar. Symptoms of inadequate pollination include fruit abortion and misshapen fruit. Partially pollinated flowers may develop fruit that are green and develop normally near the stem end, but are pale yellow and withered at the blossom end." }, "JPEG-1": { "title": "JPEG", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Play media JPEG (/\u02c8d\u0292e\u026ap\u025b\u0261/ JAY-peg) is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images, particularly for those images produced by digital photography. The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in image quality. Since its introduction in 1992, JPEG has been the most widely used image compression standard in the world, and the most widely used digital image format, with several billion JPEG images produced every day as of 2015." }, "Hand-6": { "title": "Hand", "section": "Structure", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Many mammals and other animals have grasping appendages similar in form to a hand such as paws, claws, and talons, but these are not scientifically considered to be grasping hands. The scientific use of the term hand in this sense to distinguish the terminations of the front paws from the hind ones is an example of anthropomorphism. The only true grasping hands appear in the mammalian order of primates. Hands must also have opposable thumbs, as described later in the text." }, "Tampon-11": { "title": "Tampon", "section": "Health aspects", "headers": [ "Toxic shock syndrome" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Follow package directions for insertion Choose the lowest absorbency needed for one's flow (test of absorbency is approved by FDA) Follow guidelines and directions of tampon usage (located on box's label) Consider using cotton or cloth tampons rather than rayon Change the tampon at least every 6 to 8 hours or more often if needed Alternate usage between tampons and pads Avoid tampon usage overnight or when sleeping Increase awareness of the warning signs of Toxic Shock Syndrome and other tampon-associated health risks (and remove the tampon as soon as a risk factor is noticed) Cases of tampon-connected TSS are very rare in the United Kingdom and United States. A study by Tierno also determined that all cotton tampons were less likely to produce the conditions in which TSS can grow, this was done using a direct comparison of 20 brands of tampons including conventional cotton/rayon tampons and 100% organic cotton tampons from Natracare. In fact Dr Tierno goes as far to state that \"The bottom line is that you can get TSS with synthetic tampons but not with an all-cotton tampon.\"" }, "Roewe 550-2": { "title": "Roewe 550", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The car, codenamed W261 during development, is the work of a joint Anglo Chinese collaboration with ex experts of Rover, at consultancy firm Ricardo 2010 and SAIC had car development team. The 550 was previewed at the 2007 Shanghai Auto Show, in the form of the Roewe W2 concept car." }, "Funeral-8": { "title": "Funeral", "section": "Religious funerals", "headers": [ "Christian" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Congregations of varied denominations perform different funeral ceremonies, but most involve offering prayers, scripture reading from the Bible, a sermon, homily, or eulogy, and music. One issue of concern as the 21st century began was with the use of secular music at Christian funerals, a custom generally forbidden by the Roman Catholic Church." }, "Golden Gate Bridge-12": { "title": "Golden Gate Bridge", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Design" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Irving Morrow, a relatively unknown residential architect, designed the overall shape of the bridge towers, the lighting scheme, and Art Deco elements, such as the tower decorations, streetlights, railing, and walkways. The famous International Orange color was Morrow's personal selection, winning out over other possibilities, including the US Navy's suggestion that it be painted with black and yellow stripes to ensure visibility by passing ships." }, "Cookware and bakeware-4": { "title": "Cookware and bakeware", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "A good cooking pot design has an \"overcook edge\" which is what the lid lies on. The lid has a dripping edge that prevents condensation fluid from dripping off when handling the lid (taking it off and holding it 45\u00b0) or putting it down." }, "The Divergent Series: Insurgent-3": { "title": "The Divergent Series: Insurgent", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Divergent Series: Insurgent was released on March 20, 2015, in the United States in the IMAX 3D format as well as regular 3D and 2D. Critical reaction to the film was mixed to negative: some considered the film to be an improvement over its predecessor, with the visual style, action sequences, and Woodley's performance being singled out for praise; criticism focused on the film's storyline and derivative nature. The film was a commercial success, grossing $52.2 million in its opening weekend and reaching the number one spot at the box-office. During its release in theaters, the film earned over US$297 million worldwide." }, "Solar System-2": { "title": "Solar System", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Solar System formed 4.6\u00a0billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar molecular cloud. The vast majority of the system's mass is in the Sun, with the majority of the remaining mass contained in Jupiter. The four smaller inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, are terrestrial planets, being primarily composed of rock and metal. The four outer planets are giant planets, being substantially more massive than the terrestrials. The two largest, Jupiter and Saturn, are gas giants, being composed mainly of hydrogen and helium; the two outermost planets, Uranus and Neptune, are ice giants, being composed mostly of substances with relatively high melting points compared with hydrogen and helium, called volatiles, such as water, ammonia and methane. All eight planets have almost circular orbits that lie within a nearly flat disc called the ecliptic." }, "Apple-38": { "title": "Apple", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "Pollination" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "Apples are self-incompatible; they must cross-pollinate to develop fruit. During the flowering each season, apple growers often utilize pollinators to carry pollen. Honey bees are most commonly used. Orchard mason bees are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. Bumblebee queens are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in sufficient number to be significant pollinators." }, "Portuguese Empire-4": { "title": "Portuguese Empire", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "When King Philip II of Spain (Philip I of Portugal) seized the Portuguese crown in 1580 there began a 60-year union between Spain and Portugal known to subsequent historiography as the Iberian Union. The realms continued to have separate administrations. As the King of Spain was also King of Portugal, Portuguese colonies became the subject of attacks by three rival European powers hostile to Spain: the Dutch Republic, England, and France. With its smaller population, Portugal found itself unable to effectively defend its overstretched network of trading posts, and the empire began a long and gradual decline. Eventually, Brazil became the most valuable colony of the second era of empire (1663\u20131825), until, as part of the wave of independence movements that swept the Americas during the early 19th century, it broke away in 1822." }, "Dog fighting in the United States-1": { "title": "Dog fighting in the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dog fighting in the United States is an activity in which fights between two game dogs are staged as a form of entertainment and gambling. Such activity has existed since the early 19th century in the United States and was gradually prohibited in all states. It continues as an underground activity in both rural and urban locations." }, "Cindy Crawford-9": { "title": "Cindy Crawford", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Crawford is 5\u00a0feet 9\u00a0inches (175\u00a0cm) tall with brown hair and eyes. Her measurements are 34\u201325.5\u201336\". Crawford's trademark is a mole (or \"beauty mark\") above her upper lip. She is so closely associated with this physical feature that she appeared in an Australian advertising campaign for flavoured milk featuring a TV commercial wherein she \"licked off\" her own mole. During the beginning of her career, the mole was removed from her modeling pictures, including her first Vogue cover.[citation needed] Her resemblance to model Gia Carangi led her to being known as \"Baby Gia\"." }, "Call waiting-9": { "title": "Call waiting", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Call waiting was introduced to North America in the early 1970s when the first generation of electronic switch machines built by Western Electric, Electronic Signaling System 1 started to replace older mechanical equipment in the old Bell System local telephone companies. At first, some smaller municipalities were able to offer customers call waiting only on a specific phone exchange (e.g., phone customers in Trenton, Michigan initially had to have a phone number starting with 671 to have call waiting, since 671 was at that time the only exchange in that area served by one of the new ESS switches), but as demand for it became more widespread, it eventually became available on all phone exchanges as the older equipment was phased out." }, "Anne Boleyn-1": { "title": "Anne Boleyn", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Anne Boleyn (/\u02c8b\u028al\u026an, b\u028a\u02c8l\u026an/; c. 1501 \u2013 19 May 1536) was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII. Their marriage, and her execution for treason and other charges by beheading, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that marked the start of the English Reformation. Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Howard, and was educated in the Netherlands and France, largely as a maid of honour to Queen Claude of France. Anne returned to England in early 1522, to marry her Irish cousin James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond; the marriage plans were broken off, and instead she secured a post at court as maid of honour to Henry VIII's wife, Catherine of Aragon." }, "New York Public Library-30": { "title": "New York Public Library", "section": "Services", "headers": [ "Website and digital holdings" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "The Library website provides access to the library's catalogs, online collections and subscription databases. It also has information about the library's free events, exhibitions, computer classes and English as a Second Language (ESL) classes. The two online catalogs, LEO (which searches the circulating collections) and CATNYP (which searches the research collections) allow users to search the library's holdings of books, journals and other materials. The LEO system allows cardholders to request books from any branch and have them delivered to any branch." }, "Stamped circuit board-4": { "title": "Stamped circuit board", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Both the plastic and the metal are initially processed on separate reels, .i.e. in accordance with the requirements the materials are individually structured by stamping (\u201cbrought into form\u201c) and then merged." }, "Hudson Bay-12": { "title": "Hudson Bay", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "A line from Nuvuk Point (62\u00b021\u2032N 78\u00b006\u2032W\ufeff / \ufeff62.350\u00b0N 78.100\u00b0W\ufeff / 62.350; -78.100) to Leyson Point, the Southeastern extreme of Southampton Island, through the Southern and Western shores of Southampton Island to its Northern extremity, thence a line to Beach Point (66\u00b003\u2032N 86\u00b006\u2032W\ufeff / \ufeff66.050\u00b0N 86.100\u00b0W\ufeff / 66.050; -86.100) on the Mainland. Northern Hudson Bay has a polar climate (K\u00f6ppen: ET) being one of the few places in the world where this type of climate is found south of 60 \u00b0N, going further south towards Quebec, where Inukjuak is still dominated by the tundra. From Arviat, Nunavut to the west to the south and southeast prevails the subarctic climate (K\u00f6ppen: Dfc). This is because in the central summer months, heat waves can advance and leave the weather cool, where the average temperature of the month is above 10 \u00b0C. At the southern end in the extension known as James Bay arises the humid continental climate with a more pronounced and hot summer. (K\u00f6ppen: Dfb) The average annual temperature in almost the entire bay is around 0\u00a0\u00b0C (32\u00a0\u00b0F) or below. Except for the James Bay area the average water temperature is 7\u00a0\u00b0C (45\u00a0\u00b0F) to the south in January. Although the difference is small in summer in the extreme northeast, wintery temperatures are four to five degrees colder coming near \u221227\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221217\u00a0\u00b0F)." }, "Gratuity-19": { "title": "Gratuity", "section": "By region", "headers": [ "Asia", "Japan" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Tipping culture is not practiced in Japan and may cause confusion or insult if attempted without using an envelope. Like many other countries in East Asia, Japanese people see tipping as insulting." }, "Marist Red Foxes-25": { "title": "Marist Red Foxes", "section": "Sports sponsored", "headers": [ "Crew" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Marist routinely participates in the annual ECAC championships, the NYSCCA (New York State) rowing championships and the IRA national championships." }, "Hermes-2": { "title": "Hermes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In myth, Hermes functioned as the emissary and messenger of the gods, and was often presented as the son of Zeus and Maia, the Pleiad. Just as well, he is regarded as \"the divine trickster,\" for which Homer offers the most popular account in his Hymn to Hermes." }, "Shia\u2013Sunni relations-4": { "title": "Shia\u2013Sunni relations", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In recent years, Sunni\u2013Shia relations have been increasingly marked by conflict, particularly the Iran\u2013Saudi Arabia proxy conflict. Sectarian violence persists to this day from Pakistan to Yemen and is a major element of friction throughout the Middle East and South Asia. Tensions between communities have intensified during power struggles, such as the Bahraini uprising, the Iraq War, the Syrian Civil War and the formation of the self-styled Islamic State of Iraq and Syria that has launched a genocide against Shias." }, "Aldi-5": { "title": "Aldi", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The brothers' idea was to subtract the legal maximum rebate of 3% before sale. The market leaders at the time, which often were co-operatives, required their customers to collect rebate stamps and to send them at regular intervals to reclaim their money. The Albrecht brothers also rigorously removed merchandise that did not sell from their shelves, cutting costs by neither advertising nor selling fresh produce and keeping the size of their retail outlets small." }, "Catholic Church-3": { "title": "Catholic Church", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Of its seven sacraments the Eucharist is the principal one, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven, honoured in dogmas and devotions. Its teaching includes Divine Mercy, sanctification through faith and evangelization of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching, which emphasises voluntary support for the sick, the poor, and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and health care in the world." }, "Buzz Aldrin-1": { "title": "Buzz Aldrin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Buzz Aldrin (/\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ldr\u026an/; born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American engineer, former astronaut and fighter pilot. Aldrin made three spacewalks as pilot of the 1966 Gemini 12 mission, and as the lunar module pilot on the 1969 Apollo 11 mission, he and mission commander Neil Armstrong were the first two humans to land on the Moon." }, "Al-Farabi-10": { "title": "Al-Farabi", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Life and education" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Al-Farabi spent almost his entire life in Baghdad. In the auto-biographical passage preserved by Ibn Ab\u012b U\u1e63aibi\u02bfa, Farabi stated that he had studied logic, medicine and sociology with Y\u016b\u1e25ann\u0101 bin \u1e24ayl\u0101n up to and including Aristotle's Posterior Analytics, i.e., according to the order of the books studied in the curriculum, F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b was claiming that he had studied Porphyry's Eisagoge and Aristotle's Categories, De Interpretatione, Prior and Posterior Analytics. His teacher, bin \u1e24ayl\u0101n, was a Nestorian cleric. This period of study was probably in Baghdad, where Al-Masudi records that Y\u016b\u1e25ann\u0101 died during the reign of Al-Muqtadir (295-320/908-32). He was in Baghdad at least until the end of September 942, as recorded in notes in his Mab\u0101de\u02be \u0101r\u0101\u02be ahl al-mad\u012bna al-f\u0101\u017cela. He finished the book in Damascus the following year (331), i.e., by September 943). He also studied in T\u00e9touan, Morocco and lived and taught for some time in Aleppo. Farabi later visited Egypt, finishing six sections summarizing the book Mab\u0101de\u02be in Egypt in 337/July 948 \u2013 June 949 when he returned to Syria, where he was supported by Sayf al-Dawla, the Hamdanid ruler. Al-Masudi, writing barely five years after the fact (955-6, the date of the composition of the Tanb\u012bh), says that Farabi died in Damascus in Rajab 339 (between 14 December 950 and 12 January 951)." }, "Sigil of Baphomet-2": { "title": "Sigil of Baphomet", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In the literature and imagery predating LaVey, imagery used to represent the \"Satanic\" is denoted by inverted crosses and blasphemous parodies of Christian art. The familiar goat's head inside an inverted pentagram did not become the foremost symbol of Satanism until the founding of the Church of Satan in 1966. The original goat pentagram containing the Hebrew letters at the five points of the pentagram spelling out Leviathan (\u05dc\u05d5\u05d9\u05ea\u05df) first appeared in the book La Clef de la Magie Noire by French occultist Stanislas de Guaita, in 1897. This symbol was later used in Maurice Bessy's book A Pictorial History of Magic and the Supernatural, with the words \"Samael\" and \"Lilith\" removed. During his years of research into the \u201cblack arts\u201d, LaVey had come across this book and added it to his collection. When he chose to turn his magic circle, the Order of the Trapezoid, into the Church of Satan, he decided that the symbol was the one which most fully embodied the principles which were the bedrock of the Satanic church. Contrary to claims made against the Church by detractors, LaVey never claimed to have created this particular symbol. In its formative years, this particular version of the symbol was utilized by the Church on membership cards, stationary, medallions and most notably above the altar in the ritual chamber of the Black House. During the writing of The Satanic Bible, it was decided that a unique version of the symbol should be rendered to be identified exclusively with the Church. The complete graphic now known as the Sigil of Baphomet, named such for the first time in LaVey's The Satanic Rituals, first appeared on the cover of The Satanic Mass LP in 1968 and later on the cover of The Satanic Bible in 1969. This version was drawn by LaVey and attributed to \"Hugo Zorilla\" (a pseudonym used by LaVey in some of his art) and is trademarked by the Church." }, "Sloth moth-3": { "title": "Sloth moth", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Chrysaugine moths, such as Cryptoses spp., spend their lives as adults in the fur of sloths, particularly the three-toed species, except when the sloths descend to defecate and females fly to the sloth dung to oviposit. An imbalance in population sex ratios favouring males has been noticed and surmised as female moths not making it back to host sloths after ovipositing." }, "Game of Thrones-10": { "title": "Game of Thrones", "section": "Cast and characters", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "In King's Landing, the capital, Ned's friend King Robert Baratheon (Mark Addy), shares a loveless marriage with Cersei Lannister (Lena Headey), who has taken her twin brother, the \"Kingslayer\" Ser Jaime Lannister (Nikolaj Coster-Waldau), as her lover. She loathes her younger brother, the dwarf Tyrion Lannister (Peter Dinklage), who is attended by his mistress Shae (Sibel Kekilli) and the sellsword Bronn (Jerome Flynn). Cersei's father is Lord Tywin Lannister (Charles Dance), and she also has two young sons: Joffrey (Jack Gleeson) and Tommen (Dean-Charles Chapman). Joffrey is guarded by the scar-faced warrior Sandor \"the Hound\" Clegane (Rory McCann)." }, "Oh No, Ross and Carrie!-2": { "title": "Oh No, Ross and Carrie!", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The hosts, Ross Blocher and Carrie Poppy, met at a book club meeting at the Center for Inquiry (CFI) West, where they discovered they had a mutual love for The Simpsons television program. They were also both interested in religion and fringe science, so they decided to attend a meeting of the Kabbalah Centre in LA together and analyze the claims made there. That experience inspired them to start their own podcast centered around such investigations." }, "Juno (mythology)-1": { "title": "Juno (mythology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Juno (English: /\u02c8d\u0292u\u02d0no\u028a/ JOO-noh; Latin: IVNO, I\u016bn\u014d [\u02c8ju\u02d0no\u02d0]) is an ancient Roman goddess, the protector and special counselor of the state. A daughter of Saturn, she is the wife of Jupiter and the mother of Mars, Vulcan, Bellona and Juventas. She is the Roman equivalent of Hera, queen of the gods in Greek mythology; like Hera, her sacred animal was the peacock. Her Etruscan counterpart was Uni, and she was said to also watch over the women of Rome. As the patron goddess of Rome and the Roman Empire, Juno was called Regina (\"Queen\") and was a member of the Capitoline Triad (Juno Capitolina), centered on the Capitoline Hill in Rome; it consisted of her, Jupiter, and Minerva, goddess of wisdom." }, "Zorro-2": { "title": "Zorro", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In the stories, Zorro has a high bounty on his head, but is too skilled and cunning for the bumbling authorities to catch, and he also delights in publicly humiliating them. Zorro is an acrobat and an expert in various weapons, but the one he employs most frequently is his rapier, which he uses often to carve the initial \"Z\" on his defeated foes, and other objects. He is also an accomplished rider, his trusty steed being a black horse called Tornado." }, "Sara Paxton-3": { "title": "Sara Paxton", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Paxton was born in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California, as the only child of Lucia (n\u00e9e Menchaca Zuckerman) and Steve Paxton. Her mother was born to a Jewish family in Monterrey, Mexico, and raised in Ciudad Acu\u00f1a. Paxton's father is of English, Irish, and Scottish descent and he converted to Judaism upon marrying her mother. Both her parents are dentists. Paxton's father is distantly related to the late actor Bill Paxton." }, "QWERTY-4": { "title": "QWERTY", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The construction of the \"Type Writer\" had two flaws that made the product susceptible to jams." }, "Pith-1": { "title": "Pith", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pith, or medulla, is a tissue in the stems of vascular plants. Pith is composed of soft, spongy parenchyma cells, which store and transport nutrients throughout the plant. In eudicotyledons, pith is located in the center of the stem. In monocotyledons, it extends also into flowering stems and roots. The pith is encircled by a ring of xylem; the xylem, in turn, is encircled by a ring of phloem." }, "Y.M.C.A. (song)-2": { "title": "Y.M.C.A. (song)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The song remains popular and is played at many sporting events in the US and Europe, with crowds joining in on the dance in which arm movements are used to spell out the four letters of the song's title." }, "Desert-1": { "title": "Desert", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation. About one-third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid. This includes much of the polar regions where little precipitation occurs and which are sometimes called polar deserts or \"cold deserts\". Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls, by the temperature that prevails, by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location." }, "Dragon Ball-2": { "title": "Dragon Ball", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Balls. Toriyama's manga was adapted and divided into two anime series produced by Toei Animation: Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z, which together were broadcast in Japan from 1986 to 1996. Additionally, the studio has developed 20 animated feature films and three television specials, as well as two anime sequel series titled Dragon Ball GT (1996\u20131997) and Dragon Ball Super (2015\u20132018). From 2009 to 2015, a revised version of Dragon Ball Z aired in Japan under the title Dragon Ball Kai, as a recut that follows the manga's story more faithfully by removing most of the material featured exclusively in the anime. Several companies have developed various types of merchandising based on the series leading to a large media franchise that includes films, both animated and live-action, collectible trading card games, numerous action figures, along with several collections of soundtracks and numerous video games. Dragon Ball is one of the top twenty highest-grossing media franchises of all time, having generated more than $20 billion in total franchise revenue as" }, "Fallout: New Vegas-1": { "title": "Fallout: New Vegas", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fallout: New Vegas is a post-apocalyptic action role-playing video game developed by Obsidian Entertainment and published by Bethesda Softworks. It was announced in April 2009 and released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on October 19, 2010. A spin-off of the Fallout series, the game is set in a post-apocalyptic open world environment that encompasses a region consisting of Arizona, California, and Nevada. It is set in a world that deviated onto an alternate timeline thanks to Atomic Age technology, which eventually led to a global nuclear apocalypse in the year 2077 in an event referred to as \"The Great War\", caused by a major conflict between the U.S. and China over natural resources. The main story of New Vegas takes place in the year 2281, four years after the events of Fallout 3 and 204 years after the bombs fell. It is not a direct sequel, but does mark the return of several elements found in Fallout 2." }, "Harold Godwinson-1": { "title": "Harold Godwinson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Harold Godwinson (c.\u20091022\u00a0\u2013 14 October 1066), often called Harold II, was the last crowned Anglo-Saxon king of England. Harold reigned from 6 January 1066 until his death at the Battle of Hastings, fighting the Norman invaders led by William the Conqueror during the Norman conquest of England. His death marked the end of Anglo-Saxon rule over England." }, "The Jungle Book (1967 film)-26": { "title": "The Jungle Book (1967 film)", "section": "Release and reception", "headers": [ "Critical reception" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Retrospective reviews were also positive, with the film's animation, characters and music receiving much praise throughout the years. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of 87% based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"With expressive animation, fun characters, and catchy songs, The Jungle Book endures as a crowd-pleasing Disney classic\". In 1990, when the film had its last theatrical re-release, Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly considered that The Jungle Book \"isn't a classic Walt Disney film on the order of, say, Cinderella or Pinocchio, but it's one of Disney's liveliest and funniest\". Charles Solomon, reviewing for the Los Angeles Times, thought the film's crew was \"near the height of their talents\" and the resulting film \"remains a high-spirited romp that will delight children\u2014and parents weary of action films with body counts that exceed their box-office grosses\". In 2010, Empire described the film as one that \"gets pretty much everything right\", regarding that the vibrant animation and catchy songs overcame the plot deficiencies." }, "Helen Mirren-1": { "title": "Helen Mirren", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dame Helen Lydia Mirren, DBE (n\u00e9e\u00a0Mironoff; born 26 July 1945) is an English actor. Excelling on stage with the National Youth Theatre, her performance as Cleopatra in Antony and Cleopatra in 1965 saw her invited to join the Royal Shakespeare Company before she made her West End stage debut in 1975. Since then, Mirren has also had success in television and film. She is one of the few performers who have achieved the Triple Crown of Acting in the US. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance as Queen Elizabeth II in The Queen, the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for the same role in The Audience, and has won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie four times." }, "Bethlehem-1": { "title": "Bethlehem", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bethlehem (/\u02c8b\u025b\u03b8l\u026ah\u025bm/; Arabic: \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0645\u200e Bayt La\u1e25m, \"House of Meat\"; Hebrew: \u05d1\u05b5\u05bc\u05d9\u05ea \u05dc\u05b6\u05d7\u05b6\u05dd Bet Le\u1e25em, Hebrew pronunciation:\u00a0[bet \u02c8le\u03c7em], \"House of Bread\"; Ancient Greek: \u0392\u03b7\u03b8\u03bb\u03b5\u03ad\u03bc Greek pronunciation:\u00a0[b\u025b\u02d0t\u02b0le.\u00e9m]; Latin: Bethleem; initially named after Canaanite fertility god Lehem) is a city located in the central West Bank, Palestine, about 10\u00a0km (6.2 miles) south of Jerusalem. Its population is approximately 25,000 people. It is the capital of the Bethlehem Governorate. The economy is primarily tourist-driven, peaking during the Christmas season, when Christians make pilgrimage to the Church of the Nativity. Rachel's Tomb, an important Jewish holy site, is located at the northern entrance of Bethlehem." }, "Mixed drink-1": { "title": "Mixed drink", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A mixed drink is a beverage in which two or more ingredients are mixed. Some contain liquor, others are non-alcoholic. A \"spirit and mixer\" is any combination of one spirit with one non-alcoholic component, such as gin and tonic, whereas a \"cocktail\" generally comprises three or more ingredients." }, "Larry King-1": { "title": "Larry King", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Larry King (born Lawrence Harvey Zeiger, November 19, 1933) is an American television and radio host, whose work has been recognized with awards including two Peabodys, an Emmy award, and 10 Cable ACE Awards." }, "2008 Summer Olympics-1": { "title": "2008 Summer Olympics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The 2008 Summer Olympics (Chinese: \u4e8c\u96f6\u96f6\u516b\u5e74\u590f\u5b63\u5965\u8fd0\u4f1a; pinyin: \u00c8r l\u00edng l\u00edng b\u0101 Ni\u00e1n Xi\u00e0j\u00ec \u00c0oy\u00f9nhu\u00ec), officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad (Chinese: \u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5c4a\u590f\u5b63\u5965\u6797\u5339\u514b\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f1a; pinyin: D\u00ec \u00c8rsh\u00edji\u01d4 Ji\u00e8 Xi\u00e0j\u00ec \u00c0ol\u00ednp\u01d0k\u00e8 Y\u00f9nd\u00f2nghu\u00ec), and commonly known as Beijing 2008 (Chinese: \u5317\u4eac\u4e8c\u96f6\u96f6\u516b; pinyin: B\u011bij\u012bng \u00c8r l\u00edng l\u00edng b\u0101), was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing, China." }, "Records of heads of state-7": { "title": "Records of heads of state", "section": "Longest-reigning/serving", "headers": [ "Monarch", "Female monarch", "Longest current reigning female monarch" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The longest current reigning female monarch is Elizabeth II, who is the Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms, and is a constitutional monarch. She has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and New Zealand, since February 6, 1952, but all of the other countries she is at present queen of had yet to gain independence at the time of her accession." }, "Climate of Florida-8": { "title": "Climate of Florida", "section": "Wind", "headers": [ "Winter" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Four hardiness zones exist. USDA zone 11b is found in Key West and the Florida Keys where average extreme lows range from 40 to 50\u00a0\u00b0F (4 to 10\u00a0\u00b0C). Zone 10 is found in coastal South Florida where annual extreme low temperatures range from 30 to 40\u00a0\u00b0F (\u22121 to 4\u00a0\u00b0C), though parts of coastal Miami Beach are zone 11. Next is zone 9b across interior central Florida, where low temperatures range from 25 to 30\u00a0\u00b0F (\u22124 to \u22121\u00a0\u00b0C). The coolest, zone 8, is located in northwestern Florida from roughly Gainesville and northwest including Tallahassee. Low temperatures range from 10 to 20\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221212 to \u22127\u00a0\u00b0C)." }, "Robert Downey Jr.-5": { "title": "Robert Downey Jr.", "section": "Early life and family", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "As a child, Downey was \"surrounded by drugs.\" His father, a drug addict, allowed Downey to use marijuana at age six, an incident which his father later said he regretted. Downey later stated that drug use became an emotional bond between him and his father: \"When my dad and I would do drugs together, it was like him trying to express his love for me in the only way he knew how.\" Eventually, Downey began spending every night abusing alcohol and \"making a thousand phone calls in pursuit of drugs.\"" }, "Jehovah's Witnesses and salvation-5": { "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses and salvation", "section": "The 'anointed'", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Based on their understanding of scriptures such as Revelation 14:1-4, Jehovah's Witnesses believe that exactly 144,000 faithful Christians go to heaven to rule with Christ in the kingdom of God. They, with Jesus, will also perform priestly duties that will bring faithful mankind to perfect health and 'everlasting life'. They believe that most of those are already in heaven, and that the \"remnant\" at Revelation 12:17 (KJV) refers to those remaining alive on earth who will be immediately resurrected to heaven when they die. The Witnesses understand Jesus\u2019 words at John 3:3\u2014\"except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God\"\u2014to apply to the 144,000 who are \"born again\" as \"anointed\" sons of God in heaven. They teach that the New Testament, which they refer to as the Christian Greek Scriptures, is primarily directed to the 144,000, and by extension, to those associated with them. They believe that the terms \"Israel of God\" (Galatians 6:16), \"little flock\" (Luke 12:32), \"New Jerusalem,\" and \"the bride, the Lamb's wife\" (Revelation 21:2,9) in the New Testament also refer to the same group of \"anointed\" Christians." }, "Wembley Arena-59": { "title": "Wembley Arena", "section": "Transport", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "Train services are operated by Chiltern Railways from Wembley Stadium station to London Marylebone and Birmingham. London Buses route 92 stops directly outside the arena. Wembley Central station is located nearby on High Road and is served by London Overground, London Underground, Southern and London Northwestern Railway services." }, "Continuing education-9": { "title": "Continuing education", "section": "For professionals", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Within the domain of continuing education, professional continuing education is a specific learning activity generally characterized by the issuance of a certificate or continuing education units (CEU) for the purpose of documenting attendance at a designated seminar or course of instruction. Licensing bodies in a number of fields (such as teaching and healthcare) impose continuing education requirements on members who hold licenses to continue practicing a particular profession. These requirements are intended to encourage professionals to expand their foundations of knowledge and stay up-to-date on new developments." }, "Jackson Pollock-3": { "title": "Jackson Pollock", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "A reclusive and volatile personality, Pollock struggled with alcoholism for most of his life. In 1945, he married the artist Lee Krasner, who became an important influence on his career and on his legacy. Pollock died at the age of 44 in an alcohol-related single-car accident when he was driving. In December 1956, four months after his death, Pollock was given a memorial retrospective exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City. A larger, more comprehensive exhibition of his work was held there in 1967. In 1998 and 1999, his work was honored with large-scale retrospective exhibitions at MoMA and at The Tate in London." }, "Gray whale-7": { "title": "Gray whale", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Gray whales measure from 4.9\u00a0m (16\u00a0ft) in length for newborns to 13\u201315\u00a0m (43\u201349\u00a0ft) for adults (females tend to be slightly larger than adult males). Newborns are a darker gray to black in color. A mature gray whale can reach 40\u00a0t (44 short tons), with a typical range of 15\u201333\u00a0t (17\u201336 short tons), making them the ninth largest sized species of cetacean." }, "Middle school-88": { "title": "Middle school", "section": "United States", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 88, "content": "Middle schools in the United States usually cover grades 6\u20138 or 7\u20139. Historically, local public control (and private alternatives) have allowed for some variation in the organization of schools. Elementary school includes kindergarten through to fifth or sixth grade but some elementary schools have four or eight grades - up to ages 10 or 14 (also known as the intermediate grades). Basic subjects are taught and pupils often remain in one or two classrooms throughout the school day, except for physical education, library, music, art, and computer classes. In 2001, there were about 3.6 million children in each grade in the United States. \"Middle schools\" and \"junior high schools\" are schools that span grades 5 or 6 to 8 and 7 to 8, respectively, but junior high schools spanning grades 7 to 9 are also common." }, "Battle of Actium-2": { "title": "Battle of Actium", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Octavian's victory enabled him to consolidate his power over Rome and its dominions. He adopted the title of Princeps (\"first citizen\") and in 27 BC was awarded the title of Augustus (\"revered\") by the Roman Senate. This became the name by which he was known in later times. As Augustus, he retained the trappings of a restored Republican leader, but historians generally view his consolidation of power and the adoption of these honorifics as the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire." }, "Hooke (Martian crater)-2": { "title": "Hooke (Martian crater)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Some of the dunes have gullies on them. While these gullies may be a bit different then ones found on crater walls and other steep slopes, they have been thought by some to be caused by flowing water." }, "Eccles Building-1": { "title": "Eccles Building", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building houses the main offices of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. It is located at 20th Street and Constitution Avenue, N.W., in Washington, D.C. The building, designed in the stripped classicism style, was designed by Paul Philippe Cret and completed in 1937. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt dedicated the building on October 20, 1937." }, "Virtual reality-58": { "title": "Virtual reality", "section": "Concerns and challenges", "headers": [ "Health and safety" ], "para_index": 58, "content": "Virtual reality sickness (also known as cybersickness) occurs when a person's exposure to a virtual environment causes symptoms that are similar to motion sickness symptoms. Women are significantly more affected than men by headset-induced symptoms, at rates of around 77% and 33% respectively. The most common symptoms are general discomfort, headache, stomach awareness, nausea, vomiting, pallor, sweating, fatigue, drowsiness, disorientation, and apathy. For example, Nintendo's Virtual Boy received much criticism for its negative physical effects, including \"dizziness, nausea, and headaches\". These motion sickness symptoms are caused by a disconnect between what is being seen and what the rest of the body perceives. When the vestibular system, the body's internal balancing system, does not experience the motion that it expects from visual input through the eyes, the user may experience VR sickness. This can also happen if the VR system does not have a high enough frame rate, or if there is a lag between the body's movement and the onscreen visual reaction to it. Because approximately 25\u201340% of people experience some kind of VR sickness when using VR machines, companies are actively looking for ways to reduce VR sickness." }, "Alan Turing-3": { "title": "Alan Turing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Turing played a crucial role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the Nazis in many crucial engagements, including the Battle of the Atlantic, and in so doing helped win the war. Due to the problems of counterfactual history, it is hard to estimate the precise effect Ultra intelligence had on the war, but at the upper end it has been estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years and saved over 14\u00a0million lives." }, "Atopy-4": { "title": "Atopy", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Atopic sensitization is considered IgE positivity or prick test positivity to any common food or air born allergen. Atopic conditions are considered: atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis (hay fever), allergic asthma. The likelihood of having asthma, rhinitis and atopic dermatitis together is 10 times higher than could be expected by chance. Atopy is more common among individuals with a number of different conditions, such as eosinophilic esophagitis, non-celiac gluten sensitivity." }, "Reddit-1": { "title": "Reddit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Reddit (/\u02c8r\u025bd\u026at/, stylized in its logo as reddit) is an American social news aggregation, web content rating, and discussion website. Registered members submit content to the site such as links, text posts, and images, which are then voted up or down by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called \"subreddits\", which cover a variety of topics like news, science, movies, video games, music, books, fitness, food, and image-sharing. Submissions with more up-votes appear towards the top of their subreddit and, if they receive enough up-votes, ultimately on the site's front page. Despite strict rules prohibiting harassment, Reddit's administrators spend considerable resources on moderating the site." }, "The Jungle Book (2016 film)-6": { "title": "The Jungle Book (2016 film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "En route, Shere Khan ambushes them, but Mowgli manages to escape amidst a water buffalo stampede. Later, Mowgli meets an enormous reticulated python named Kaa, who hypnotizes him. While under her influence, Mowgli sees a vision of his father being killed by Shere Khan while protecting him. Kaa attempts to devour Mowgli, but she is attacked by a himalayan brown bear named Baloo who rescues the unconscious Mowgli. Mowgli later awakens and retrieves some difficult-to-access honey for Baloo as repayment, with the two bonding in the process. Mowgli agrees to stay with Baloo until the winter season arrives. Meanwhile, upon learning that Mowgli has left the jungle, Shere Khan kills Akela and threatens the pack to lure Mowgli out." }, "Chinchilla-3": { "title": "Chinchilla", "section": "Species", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The two living species of chinchilla are Chinchilla chinchilla (formerly known as Chinchilla brevicaudata) and Chinchilla lanigera. C. chinchilla has a shorter tail, a thicker neck and shoulders, and shorter ears than C. lanigera. The former species is currently facing extinction; the latter, though rare, can be found in the wild. Domesticated chinchillas are thought to be of the C. lanigera species." }, "Robot-assisted surgery-2": { "title": "Robot-assisted surgery", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In the case of robotically-assisted minimally-invasive surgery, instead of directly moving the instruments, the surgeon uses one of two methods to administer the instruments. These include using a direct telemanipulator or through computer control. A telemanipulator is a remote manipulator that allows the surgeon to perform the normal movements associated with the surgery. The robotic arms carry out those movements using end-effectors and manipulators to perform the actual surgery. In computer-controlled systems, the surgeon uses a computer to control the robotic arms and its end-effectors, though these systems can also still use telemanipulators for their input. One advantage of using the computerized method is that the surgeon does not have to be present, leading to the possibility for remote surgery." }, "Flag of Nazi Germany-1": { "title": "Flag of Nazi Germany", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The flag of Nazi Germany, officially the flag of the German Reich, featured a red flag with the swastika on a white disc. This flag came into use initially as the banner of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) after its foundation. Following the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in 1933, the flag was adopted as the one of the nation's dual national flags, the other being the black-white-red horizontal tricolour of the German Empire." }, "Red Sea-16": { "title": "Red Sea", "section": "Oceanography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "The climate of the Red Sea is the result of two monsoon seasons; a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon. Monsoon winds occur because of differential heating between the land and the sea. Very high surface temperatures and high salinities make this one of the warmest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world. The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about 26\u00a0\u00b0C (79\u00a0\u00b0F) in the north and 30\u00a0\u00b0C (86\u00a0\u00b0F) in the south, with only about 2\u00a0\u00b0C (3.6\u00a0\u00b0F) variation during the winter months. The overall average water temperature is 22\u00a0\u00b0C (72\u00a0\u00b0F). Temperature and visibility remain good to around 200\u00a0m (656\u00a0ft). The sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents." }, "Harry Houdini-39": { "title": "Harry Houdini", "section": "Notable escapes", "headers": [ "Buried alive stunt" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "Houdini's final buried alive was an elaborate stage escape that featured in his full evening show. Houdini would escape after being strapped in a straitjacket, sealed in a casket, and then buried in a large tank filled with sand. While posters advertising the escape exist (playing off the Bey challenge by boasting \"Egyptian Fakirs Outdone!\"), it is unclear whether Houdini ever performed buried alive on stage. The stunt was to be the feature escape of his 1927 season, but Houdini died on October 31, 1926. The bronze casket Houdini created for buried alive was used to transport Houdini's body from Detroit to New York following his death on Halloween." }, "Othello-41": { "title": "Othello", "section": "Performance history", "headers": [ "20th century" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "The most notable American production may be Margaret Webster's 1943 staging starring Paul Robeson as Othello and Jos\u00e9 Ferrer as Iago. This production was the first ever in America to feature a black actor playing Othello with an otherwise all-white cast (there had been all-black productions of the play before). It ran for 296 performances, almost twice as long as any other Shakespearean play ever produced on Broadway. Although it was never filmed, it was the first lengthy performance of a Shakespeare play released on records, first on a multi-record 78 RPM set and then on a 3-LP one. Robeson had first played the role in London in 1930 in a cast that included Peggy Ashcroft as Desdemona and Ralph Richardson as Roderigo, and would return to it in 1959 at Stratford on Avon with co-stars Mary Ure, Sam Wanamaker and Vanessa Redgrave. The critics had mixed reactions to the \"flashy\" 1959 production which included mid-western accents and rock-and roll drumbeats but gave Robeson primarily good reviews. W. A. Darlington of The Daily Telegraph ranked Robeson's Othello as the best he had ever seen while the Daily Express, which had for years before published consistently scathing articles about Robeson for his leftist views, praised his \"strong and stately\" performance (though in turn suggested it was a \"triumph of presence not acting\")." }, "American Airlines Flight 77-1": { "title": "American Airlines Flight 77", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "American Airlines Flight 77 was a scheduled American Airlines domestic transcontinental passenger flight from Washington Dulles International Airport in Dulles, Virginia, to Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles, California. The Boeing 757-223 aircraft serving the flight was hijacked by five Saudi men affiliated with al-Qaeda on September 11, 2001, as part of the September 11 attacks. They deliberately crashed the plane into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, near Washington, D.C., killing all 64 people on board, including the five hijackers and six crew, as well as 125 people in the building." }, "Hellenistic philosophy-3": { "title": "Hellenistic philosophy", "section": "Hellenistic schools of thought", "headers": [ "Sophism" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Pythagoras of Croton (570\u2013495 BC) Hippasus (5th century BC) In Ancient Greece, the sophists were a category of teachers who specialized in using the tools of philosophy and rhetoric for the purpose of teaching arete (excellence, virtue) predominantly to young statesmen and nobility." }, "Family of Donald Trump-11": { "title": "Family of Donald Trump", "section": "Immediate family", "headers": [ "Children", "Barron Trump" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Barron William Trump (born March 20, 2006) is Donald Trump's youngest child and his only child with Melania Trump. He is of German and Scottish descent on his father's side and Slovenian descent on his mother's side. In May 2006, Barron Trump was baptized at the Episcopal Church of Bethesda-by-the-Sea in Palm Beach, Florida. He attended the Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School in Manhattan. Barron is fluent in English and Slovene. During his early childhood, Barron made several television appearances, including on The Apprentice and a May 16, 2006, episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show at only two months old. Barron did not immediately move into the White House when his father became president, but remained at Trump Tower with his mother until the end of the 2016\u20132017 school year. Melania and Barron moved to the White House on June 11, 2017. He now attends St. Andrew's Episcopal School in Potomac, Maryland." }, "Streptococcal pharyngitis-2": { "title": "Streptococcal pharyngitis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Strep throat is spread by respiratory droplets from an infected person. It may be spread directly or by touching something that has droplets on it and then touching the mouth, nose, or eyes. Some people may carry the bacteria without symptoms. It may also be spread by skin infected with group A strep. The diagnosis is made based on the results of a rapid antigen detection test or throat culture in those who have symptoms." }, "Disney Parks, Experiences and Products-1": { "title": "Disney Parks, Experiences and Products", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Disney Parks, Experiences and Products, Inc., formerly Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide, Inc. and informally known as Disney Parks, is one of The Walt Disney Company's four major business segments and a subsidiary. It was founded on April 1, 1971, exactly six months before the opening of Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida just outside of Orlando, Florida." }, "Rapa Nui people-9": { "title": "Rapa Nui people", "section": "Culture", "headers": [ "Moai" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The best-known aspect of the Rapa Nui culture is the moai, the 887 human figures carved from rock between 1250 and 1500 CE and transported throughout Easter Island. The moai were believed to be the living faces of ancestors and had all been toppled by 1868. The moai rest on large stone platforms called ahu, the most famous of which are Ahu Tongariki, the largest ahu, and Ahu Vinapu. Some moai have hats of red volcanic stone known as Pukao. Currently, the Rapa Nui and the Chilean government are focused on preserving and restoring the statues, including denoting an area that includes many of the statues, Rapa Nui National Park, as a World Heritage site." }, "Peter Fonda-58": { "title": "Peter Fonda", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 58, "content": "Fonda died from respiratory failure caused by lung cancer at his home in Los Angeles on August 16, 2019 at the age of 79." }, "In God We Trust-15": { "title": "In God We Trust", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "On paper currency, it first appeared on the silver certificate in 1957, followed by other certificates. Federal Reserve Notes and United States Notes were circulated with the motto starting from 1964 to 1966, depending on the denomination. (Of these, only Federal Reserve Notes are still circulated.)" }, "Places in Harry Potter-31": { "title": "Places in Harry Potter", "section": "Schools", "headers": [ "Durmstrang" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "The Durmstrang Institute for Magical Learning (German: Durmstrang-Institut f\u00fcr Zauberei) is a magic school that makes its first appearance in Goblet of Fire. The school has existed for at least 700 years, when they began participating in the Triwizard Tournament. Dumbledore welcomes Durmstrang's students as \"our friends from the North\", and J. K. Rowling is said to have located the school somewhere in Northern Scandinavia. Durmstrang students wear heavy furs with blood-red robes. The students of Durmstrang mentioned by name are Russians and Bulgarians. Durmstrang is portrayed as an all-boys school in the film, but according to the book, it is co-ed. Several female students are mentioned, though not by name." }, "Life expectancy-10": { "title": "Life expectancy", "section": "Human patterns", "headers": [ "Variation over time" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "17th-century English life expectancy was only about 35 years, largely because infant and child mortality remained high. Life expectancy was under 25 years in the early Colony of Virginia, and in seventeenth-century New England, about 40 percent died before reaching adulthood. During the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. The under-5 mortality rate in London decreased from 745 in 1730\u20131749 to 318 in 1810\u20131829." }, "James Cotton-1": { "title": "James Cotton", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "James Henry Cotton (July 1, 1935 \u2013 March 16, 2017) was an American blues harmonica player, singer and songwriter, who performed and recorded with many of the great blues artists of his time and with his own band. He played drums early in his career but is famous for his harmonica playing." }, "Frozen (2013 film)-6": { "title": "Frozen (2013 film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Following her 21st birthday, Elsa is to be crowned queen of Arendelle. She is afraid that the kingdom's citizens might find out about her powers and fear her. The castle gates open to the public and visiting dignitaries for the first time in years. Among them are the scheming Duke of Weselton and the dashing Prince Hans of the Southern Isles, with whom Anna falls in love at first sight. Elsa's coronation takes place without incident, but she still remains distant from Anna. Anna and Hans develop a romantic connection during the coronation festivities, and he impulsively proposes to her, but Elsa objects when they seek her blessing. Hurt and confused, Anna protests, begging Elsa to explain her fear and isolation. The emotional strain causes Elsa to accidentally unleash her powers before the court. Branded a monster by the Duke, Elsa flees to the North Mountain, where she finally acknowledges her powers, building an ice palace in which to live a hermit life. In the process, her magic unintentionally engulfs Arendelle in an eternal winter." }, "Outer space-56": { "title": "Outer space", "section": "Effect on biology and human bodies", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 56, "content": "As a consequence of rapid decompression, oxygen dissolved in the blood empties into the lungs to try to equalize the partial pressure gradient. Once the deoxygenated blood arrives at the brain, humans lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes. Blood and other body fluids boil when the pressure drops below 6.3\u00a0kPa, and this condition is called ebullism. The steam may bloat the body to twice its normal size and slow circulation, but tissues are elastic and porous enough to prevent rupture. Ebullism is slowed by the pressure containment of blood vessels, so some blood remains liquid. Swelling and ebullism can be reduced by containment in a pressure suit. The Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS), a fitted elastic garment designed in the 1960s for astronauts, prevents ebullism at pressures as low as 2 kPa. Supplemental oxygen is needed at 8\u00a0km (5.0\u00a0mi) to provide enough oxygen for breathing and to prevent water loss, while above 20\u00a0km (12\u00a0mi) pressure suits are essential to prevent ebullism. Most space suits use around 30\u201339\u00a0kPa of pure oxygen, about the same as on the Earth's surface. This pressure is high enough to prevent ebullism, but evaporation of nitrogen dissolved in the blood could still cause decompression sickness and gas embolisms if not managed." }, "UTC\u221208:00-1": { "title": "UTC\u221208:00", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "UTC\u221208:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of \u221208:00. This time is used in:" }, "World Championship Wrestling-4": { "title": "World Championship Wrestling", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Soon thereafter, WCW went out of business, and the WWF purchased selected WCW assets in 2001, including its video library, some wrestler contracts, and selected intellectual property, including the WCW name and championships. The corporate subsidiary, which was retained to deal with legal obligations and reverted to the Universal Wrestling Corporation name, officially became defunct in 2017. Its headquarters were located in Atlanta, Georgia." }, "Smartphone-16": { "title": "Smartphone", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Early smartphones" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Phones that made effective use of any significant data connectivity were still rare outside Japan until the introduction of the Danger Hiptop in 2002, which saw moderate success among U.S. consumers as the T-Mobile Sidekick. Later, in the mid-2000s, business users in the U.S. started to adopt devices based on Microsoft's Windows Mobile, and then BlackBerry smartphones from Research In Motion. American users popularized the term \"CrackBerry\" in 2006 due to the BlackBerry's addictive nature. In the U.S., the high cost of data plans and relative rarity of devices with Wi-Fi capabilities that could avoid cellular data network usage kept adoption of smartphones mainly to business professionals and \"early adopters.\"" }, "Tire fire-1": { "title": "Tire fire", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tire fires are events that involve the combustion of large quantities of tires, typically in locations where they are stored, dumped, or processed. They exist in two forms: as fast-burning events, leading to almost immediate loss of control, and as slow-burning pyrolysis which can continue for over a decade. They are noted for being difficult to extinguish. Such fires produce much smoke, which carries toxic chemicals from the breakdown of synthetic rubber compounds while burning." }, "Daily Mirror-1": { "title": "Daily Mirror", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Daily Mirror is a British national daily tabloid newspaper founded in 1903. It is owned by parent company Reach plc. From 1985 to 1987, and from 1997 to 2002, the title on its masthead was simply The Mirror. It had an average daily print circulation of 716,923 in December 2016, dropping markedly to 587,803 the following year. Its Sunday sister paper is the Sunday Mirror. Unlike other major British tabloids such as The Sun and the Daily Mail, the Mirror has no separate Scottish edition; this function is performed by the Daily Record and Sunday Mail, which incorporate certain stories from the Mirror that are of Scottish significance." }, "Vasili III of Russia-1": { "title": "Vasili III of Russia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Vasili III Ivanovich (Russian: \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0439 III \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447, also Basil; 26 March 1479\u00a0\u2013 3 December 1533) was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1505 to 1533. He was the son of Ivan III Vasiliyevich and Sophia Paleologue and was christened with the name Gavriil (\u0413\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0438\u043b). He had three brothers: Yuri, born in 1480, Simeon, born in 1487 and Andrei, born in 1490, as well as five sisters: Elena (born and died in 1474), Feodosiya (born and died in 1475), another Elena (born 1476), another Feodosiya (born 1485) and Eudoxia (born 1492). He is sometimes mockingly referred to as Vasili the Adequate due to his rule taking place between those of Ivan the Great and his son Ivan the Terrible, as well as the relative uneventfulness of his reign." }, "Kingdom of Hungary-1": { "title": "Kingdom of Hungary", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the 20th century (1000\u20131946 with the exception of 1918\u20131920). The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000; his family (the \u00c1rp\u00e1d dynasty) led the monarchy for 300\u00a0years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European middle power within the Western world." }, "Social distancing-1": { "title": "Social distancing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, is a set of non-pharmaceutical interventions or measures taken to prevent the spread of a contagious disease by maintaining a physical distance between people and reducing the number of times people come into close contact with each other. It typically involves keeping a certain distance from others (the distance specified may differ from time to time and country to country) and avoiding gathering together in large groups." }, "Mollymawk-4": { "title": "Mollymawk", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Thalassarche chlororhynchos, Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross Thalassarche carteri, Indian yellow-nosed albatross Thalassarche bulleri, Buller's albatross Thalassarche cauta, shy albatross Thalassarche steadi, white-capped albatross Thalassarche eremita, Chatham albatross Thalassarche salvini, Salvin's albatross Thalassarche impavida, Campbell albatross Thalassarche chrysostoma, grey-headed albatross Thalassarche melanophrys, black-browed albatross \u2020Thalassarche thyridata Mollymawks have the largest range in size of all the albatross genera, as their wingspans are 180\u00a0to 256\u00a0cm (71\u2013101\u00a0in). Mollymawks have what has been described as gull-like plumage, with dark black backs, mantle and tails and lighter heads, underwings and bellies. The heads of several species are often slightly darker grey, or have dark around the eyes. They all have a colourful pinkish flesh stripe from their gape to their ear that is shown during displays. They have distinctive bill structure and colouring which makes for easier identifying than other albatrosses. The bills of mollymawks are either brightly coloured orange or yellow, or dark with several bright yellow lines." }, "Operation Barbarossa-4": { "title": "Operation Barbarossa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The failure of Operation Barbarossa reversed the fortunes of the Third Reich. Operationally, German forces achieved significant victories and occupied some of the most important economic areas of the Soviet Union (mainly in Ukraine) and inflicted, as well as sustained, heavy casualties. Despite these early successes, the German offensive stalled in the Battle of Moscow at the end of 1941, and the subsequent Soviet winter counteroffensive pushed German troops back. The Germans had confidently expected a quick collapse of Soviet resistance as in Poland, but the Red Army absorbed the German Wehrmacht's strongest blows and bogged it down in a war of attrition for which the Germans were unprepared. The Wehrmacht's diminished forces could no longer attack along the entire Eastern Front, and subsequent operations to retake the initiative and drive deep into Soviet territory\u2014such as Case Blue in 1942 and Operation Citadel in 1943\u2014eventually failed, which resulted in the Wehrmacht's retreat and collapse." }, "Football War-1": { "title": "Football War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Football War (Spanish: La guerra del f\u00fatbol; colloquial: Soccer War or the Hundred Hours' War also known as 100 Hour War) was a brief war fought between El Salvador and Honduras in 1969. Existing tensions between the two countries coincided with rioting during a 1970 FIFA World Cup qualifier. The war began on 14 July 1969, when the Salvadoran military launched an attack against Honduras. The Organization of American States (OAS) negotiated a cease-fire on the night of 18 July (hence \"100 Hour War\"), which took full effect on 20 July. Salvadoran troops were withdrawn in early August." }, "Egyptian pyramid construction techniques-28": { "title": "Egyptian pyramid construction techniques", "section": "Great Pyramid", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Some research suggests alternate estimates to the accepted workforce size. For instance, mathematician Kurt Mendelssohn calculated that the workforce may have been 50,000 men at most, while Ludwig Borchardt and Louis Croon placed the number at 36,000. According to Miroslav Verner, a workforce of no more than 30,000 was needed in the Great Pyramid's construction. Evidence suggests that around 5,000 were permanent workers on salaries with the balance working three- or four-month shifts in lieu of taxes while receiving subsistence \"wages\" of ten loaves of bread and a jug of beer per day. Zahi Hawass believes that the majority of workers may have been volunteers. It is estimated that only 4,000 of the total workforce were labourers who quarried the stone, hauled blocks to the pyramid and set the blocks in place. The vast majority of the workforce provided support services such as scribes, toolmakers and other backup services. The tombs of supervisors contain inscriptions regarding the organisation of the workforce. There were two crews of approximately 2,000 workers sub-divided into named gangs of 1,000. The gangs were divided into five phyles of 200 which were in turn split into groups of around 20 workers grouped according to their skills, with each group having their own project leader and a specific task." }, "Breathing-18": { "title": "Breathing", "section": "Composition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Inhaled air is by volume 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen and small amounts of other gasses including argon, carbon dioxide, neon, helium, and hydrogen." }, "Moustache-9": { "title": "Moustache", "section": "Development and care", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The moustache forms its own stage in the development of facial hair in adolescent males." }, "Conor McGregor-7": { "title": "Conor McGregor", "section": "Professional mixed martial arts career", "headers": [ "Early career (2008\u20132013)" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "On 9 March 2008, McGregor had his first professional MMA bout, as a lightweight, defeating Gary Morris with a second-round TKO. After McGregor won his second fight against Mo Taylor, he made his featherweight debut in a loss via kneebar against submission specialist Artemij Sitenkov. After a victory at featherweight in his next bout against Stephen Bailey, McGregor contemplated a different career path before his mother contacted his coach John Kavanagh and reinvigorated him to continue pursuing mixed martial arts." }, "Robert Stack-35": { "title": "Robert Stack", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Comedy actor and later career" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "citation needed] He began hosting Unsolved Mysteries in 1987. He thought very highly of the interactive nature of the show, saying that it created a \"symbiotic\" relationship between viewer and program, and that the hotline was a great crime-solving tool. Unsolved Mysteries aired from 1987 to 2002, first as specials in 1987 (Stack did not host all the specials, which were previously hosted by Raymond Burr and Karl Malden), then as a regular series on NBC (1988\u20131997), then on CBS (1997\u20131999) and finally on Lifetime (2001\u20132002). Stack served as the show's host during its entire original series run." }, "QWERTY-17": { "title": "QWERTY", "section": "Properties", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Contrary to popular belief, the QWERTY layout was not designed to slow the typist down, but rather to speed up typing by preventing jams. Indeed, there is evidence that, aside from the issue of jamming, placing often-used keys farther apart increases typing speed, because it encourages alternation between the hands. There is another origin story in the Smithsonian that the QWERTY keyboard was made for telegraph operators and has this layout to make it easy for the telegraph operator to work. (On the other hand, in the German keyboard the Z has been moved between the T and the U to help type the frequent digraphs TZ and ZU in that language.) Almost every word in the English language contains at least one vowel letter, but on the QWERTY keyboard only the vowel letter \"A\" is on the home row, which requires the typist's fingers to leave the home row for most words." }, "Double-slit experiment-2": { "title": "Double-slit experiment", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The experiment belongs to a general class of \"double path\" experiments, in which a wave is split into two separate waves that later combine into a single wave. Changes in the path lengths of both waves result in a phase shift, creating an interference pattern. Another version is the Mach\u2013Zehnder interferometer, which splits the beam with a mirror. In the basic version of this experiment, a coherent light source, such as a laser beam, illuminates a plate pierced by two parallel slits, and the light passing through the slits is observed on a screen behind the plate. The wave nature of light causes the light waves passing through the two slits to interfere, producing bright and dark bands on the screen \u2013 a result that would not be expected if light consisted of classical particles. However, the light is always found to be absorbed at the screen at discrete points, as individual particles (not waves); the interference pattern appears via the varying density of these particle hits on the screen. Furthermore, versions of the experiment that include detectors at the slits find that each detected photon passes through one slit (as would a classical particle), and not through both slits (as would a wave). However, such experiments demonstrate that particles do not form the interference pattern if one detects which slit they pass through. These results demonstrate the principle of wave\u2013particle duality." }, "Anterior cruciate ligament injury-2": { "title": "Anterior cruciate ligament injury", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The underlying mechanism often involves a rapid change in direction, sudden stop, landing after a jump, or direct contact to the knee. It is more common in athletes, particularly those who participate in alpine skiing, football (soccer), American football, or basketball. Diagnosis is typically made by physical examination and is sometimes supported by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Physical examination will often show tenderness around the knee joint, reduced range of motion of the knee, and increased looseness of the joint." }, "Gogoplata-1": { "title": "Gogoplata", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A gogoplata, foot choke \"Piroplata\" or kagato-jime (\u8e35\u7d5e) is a type of chokehold that utilizes the shin bone. This technique is often used in Kodokan Judo, submission grappling, and BJJ." }, "Jack Black-1": { "title": "Jack Black", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Thomas Jacob \"Jack\" Black (born August 28, 1969) is an American actor, comedian, singer, musician, songwriter, and YouTube personality. He is known for his roles in films such as High Fidelity (2000), Shallow Hal (2001), School of Rock (2003), King Kong (2005), Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny (2006), The Holiday (2006), the Kung Fu Panda franchise (2008\u20132016), Tropic Thunder (2008), Gulliver's Travels (2010), Bernie (2011), Goosebumps (2015), Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2017) and its sequel, Jumanji: The Next Level (2019). For his work in School of Rock and Bernie, he gained Golden Globe nominations. He was inducted into Hollywood's Walk of Fame in 2018." }, "Bee-27": { "title": "Bee", "section": "Sociality", "headers": [ "Solitary and communal bees" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Most other bees, including familiar insects such as carpenter bees, leafcutter bees and mason bees are solitary in the sense that every female is fertile, and typically inhabits a nest she constructs herself. There is no division of labor so these nests lack queens and worker bees for these species. Solitary bees typically produce neither honey nor beeswax." }, "ABBA-121": { "title": "ABBA", "section": "Success in the United States", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 121, "content": "The group also had 12 Top 20 singles on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart with two of them, \"Fernando\" and \"The Winner Takes It All\", reaching number-one. \"Lay All Your Love on Me\" was ABBA's fourth number-one single on a Billboard chart, topping the Hot Dance Club Play chart." }, "Rank in Judo-6": { "title": "Rank in Judo", "section": "Highest ranking j\u016bd\u014dka", "headers": [ "K\u014dd\u014dkan-graded j\u016bdan holders" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The ninth (kudan) and tenth degree black belt (j\u016bdan) and, theoretically, those higher, have no formal requirements. Only 15 individuals have been promoted to the rank of K\u014dd\u014dkan 10th dan. On January 6, 2006, three individuals were promoted to this rank simultaneously: Daigo Toshir\u014d, Ichir\u014d Abe, and \u014csawa Yoshimi. This is the most ever at the same time, and the first in 22 years. No one has ever been promoted to a rank higher than 10th dan, but in theory the Judo rank system is not limited to 10 degrees of black belt. The English language edition (1955) of Illustrated Kodokan Judo, edited by the K\u014dd\u014dkan, says:" }, "Great Salt Lake-22": { "title": "Great Salt Lake", "section": "Hydrology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Because of its high salt concentration, the lake water is unusually dense, and most people can float more easily than in other bodies of water, particularly in Gunnison Bay, the saltier north arm of the lake." }, "Crane (bird)-22": { "title": "Crane (bird)", "section": "Behaviour and ecology", "headers": [ "Breeding" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Cranes are territorial and generally seasonal breeders. Seasonality varies both between and within species, depending on local conditions. Migratory species begin breeding upon reaching their summer breeding grounds, between April and June. The breeding season of tropical species, however, is usually timed to coincide with the wet or monsoon seasons. Territory sizes also vary depending on location. Tropical species can maintain very small territories, for example sarus cranes in India can breed on territories as small as one hectare where the area is of sufficient quality and disturbance by humans is minimised. In contrast, red-crowned crane territories may require 500 hectares, and pairs may defend even larger territories than that, up to several thousand hectares. Territory defence is usually performed by the male. Because of this, females are much less likely to retain the territory than males in the event of the death of a partner." }, "It (character)-1": { "title": "It (character)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "It is the title character in Stephen King's 1986 horror novel It. The character is an ancient cosmic evil which preys upon the children of Derry, Maine, roughly every 27 years, using a variety of powers that include the ability to shapeshift, manipulate, and go unnoticed by adults. During the course of the story, It primarily appears in the form of Pennywise the Dancing Clown." }, "Flag of Nazi Germany-4": { "title": "Flag of Nazi Germany", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Origins" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "\"I myself, meanwhile, after innumerable attempts, had laid down a final form; a flag with a red background, a white disk, and a black swastika in the middle. After long trials I also found a definite proportion between the size of the flag and the size of the white disk, as well as the shape and thickness of the swastika.\" \u2014\u2009Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (1925) Following the Nazi Party seizing control of the country on 30 January 1933, the black-red-gold tricolour flag was discarded; a ruling on 12 March established two legal national flags: the reintroduced black-white-red imperial tricolour and the flag of the Nazi Party." }, "Andromeda Galaxy-56": { "title": "Andromeda Galaxy", "section": "Amateur observing", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 56, "content": "The Andromeda Galaxy is the most distant object and the only spiral galaxy outside of our Milky Way able to be seen with the naked eye. The galaxy is commonly located in the sky in reference to the constellations Cassiopeia and Pegasus. Andromeda is best seen during autumn nights in the Northern Hemisphere when it passes high overheard, reaching its highest point around midnight in October, and two hours later each successive month. It rises in the west in September and sets in the east in February. From the Southern Hemisphere the Andromeda Galaxy is visible between October and December, best viewed from as far north as possible. Binoculars can reveal some larger structures of the galaxy and its two brightest satellite galaxies, M32 and M110. An amateur telescope can reveal Andromeda's disk, some of its brightest globular clusters, dark dust lanes and the large star cloud NGC 206." }, "Legal working age-1": { "title": "Legal working age", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The legal working age is the minimum age required by law for a person to work, in each country or jurisdiction, if they have not reached yet the age of majority. Activities that are dangerous, harmful to the health or that may affect the morals of minors fall into this category." }, "Protractor-4": { "title": "Protractor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Some protractors are simple half-discs. More advanced protractors, such as the bevel protractor, have one or two swinging arms, which can be used to help measure the angle." }, "Kitten-4": { "title": "Kitten", "section": "Etymology and development", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "For the first several weeks, kittens cannot urinate or defecate without being stimulated by their mother. They also cannot regulate their body temperature for the first three weeks, so kittens born in temperatures less than 27\u00a0\u00b0C (81\u00a0\u00b0F) can die from hypothermia if their mother does not keep them warm. The mother's milk is very important for the kittens' nutrition and proper growth. This milk transfers antibodies to the kittens, which helps protect them against infectious disease. Newborn kittens are unable to produce concentrated urine, and so have a very high requirement for fluids. Kittens open their eyes about seven to ten days after birth. At first, the retina is poorly developed and vision is poor. Kittens cannot see as well as adult cats until about ten weeks after birth." }, "Southern Hemisphere-9": { "title": "Southern Hemisphere", "section": "Demographics and human geography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Around 800 million humans live in the Southern Hemisphere, representing only 10\u201312% of the total global human population of 7.3 billion. Of those 800 million people, more than 200 million live in Brazil, the largest country by land area in the Southern Hemisphere, while 145 million live on the island of Java, the most populous island in the world. The most populous nation in the Southern Hemisphere is Indonesia, with 267 million people (roughly 30 million of whom live north of the Equator on the northern portions of the islands of Sumatra, Borneo, and Sulawesi, while the rest of the population lives in the Southern Hemisphere). Portuguese is the most spoken language in the Southern Hemisphere, followed by Spanish and Javanese." }, "Don't ask, don't tell-1": { "title": "Don't ask, don't tell", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Don't ask, don't tell\" (DADT) was the official United States policy on military service by gays, bisexuals, and lesbians, instituted by the Clinton Administration on February 28, 1994, when Department of Defense Directive 1304.26 issued on December 21, 1993, took effect, lasting until September 20, 2011. The policy prohibited military personnel from discriminating against or harassing closeted homosexual or bisexual service members or applicants, while barring openly gay, lesbian, or bisexual persons from military service. This relaxation of legal restrictions on service by gays and lesbians in the armed forces was mandated by United States federal law Pub.L.\u00a0103\u2013160 (10 U.S.C.\u00a0\u00a7\u00a0654), which was signed November 30, 1993. The policy prohibited people who \"demonstrate a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts\" from serving in the armed forces of the United States, because their presence \"would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion that are the essence of military capability\"." }, "New Zealand-7": { "title": "New Zealand", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "New Zealand is one of the last major landmasses settled by humans. Radiocarbon dating, evidence of deforestation and mitochondrial DNA variability within M\u0101ori populations suggest that Eastern Polynesians first settled the New Zealand archipelago between 1250 and 1300, although newer archaeological and genetic research points to a date no earlier than about 1280, with at least the main settlement period between about 1320 and 1350, consistent with traditions from genealogy. This represented a culmination in a long series of voyages through the Pacific islands. Over the centuries that followed, the Polynesian settlers developed a distinct culture now known as M\u0101ori. The population formed different iwi (tribes) and hap\u016b (subtribes) which would sometimes cooperate, sometimes compete and sometimes fight against each other. At some point a group of M\u0101ori migrated to R\u0113kohu, now known as the Chatham Islands, where they developed their distinct Moriori culture. The Moriori population was all but wiped out between 1835 and 1862, largely because of Taranaki M\u0101ori invasion and enslavement in the 1830s, although European diseases also contributed. In 1862 only 101 survived, and the last known full-blooded Moriori died in 1933." }, "Walt Disney Concert Hall-1": { "title": "Walt Disney Concert Hall", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Walt Disney Concert Hall at 111 South Grand Avenue in downtown Los Angeles, California, is the fourth hall of the Los Angeles Music Center and was designed by Frank Gehry. It opened on October 24, 2003. Bounded by Hope Street, Grand Avenue, and 1st and 2nd Streets, it seats 2,265 people and serves, among other purposes, as the home of the Los Angeles Philharmonic orchestra and the Los Angeles Master Chorale. The hall is a compromise between a vinyard-style seating configuration, like the Berliner Philharmonie by Hans Scharoun, and a classical shoebox design like the Vienna Musikverein or the Boston Symphony Hall." }, "Neon lighting-3": { "title": "Neon lighting", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Neon was discovered in 1898 by the British scientists William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers. After obtaining pure neon from the atmosphere, they explored its properties using an \"electrical gas-discharge\" tube that was similar to the tubes used for neon signs today. Georges Claude, a French engineer and inventor, presented neon tube lighting in essentially its modern form at the Paris Motor Show from December 3\u201318, 1910. Claude, sometimes called \"the Edison of France\", had a near monopoly on the new technology, which became very popular for signage and displays in the period 1920-1940. Neon lighting was an important cultural phenomenon in the United States in that era; by 1940, the downtowns of nearly every city in the US were bright with neon signage, and Times Square in New York City was known worldwide for its neon extravagances. There were 2000 shops nationwide designing and fabricating neon signs. The popularity, intricacy, and scale of neon signage for advertising declined in the U.S. following the Second World War (1939\u20131945), but development continued vigorously in Japan, Iran, and some other countries. In recent decades architects and artists, in addition to sign designers, have again adopted neon tube lighting as a component in their works." }, "Michael Phelps-1": { "title": "Michael Phelps", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Michael Fred Phelps II (born June 30, 1985) is an American former competitive swimmer and the most successful and most decorated Olympian of all time, with a total of 28 medals. Phelps also holds the all-time records for Olympic gold medals (23), Olympic gold medals in individual events (13), and Olympic medals in individual events (16). When he won eight gold medals at the 2008 Beijing Games, Phelps broke fellow American swimmer Mark Spitz's 1972 record of seven first-place finishes at any single Olympic Games. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Phelps had already tied the record of eight medals of any color at a single Games by winning six gold and two bronze medals. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Phelps won four gold and two silver medals, and at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, he won five gold medals and one silver. This made him the most successful athlete of the Games for the fourth Olympics in a row." }, "Battle of Puebla-11": { "title": "Battle of Puebla", "section": "Celebration", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "On 9 May 1862, President Ju\u00e1rez declared that the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla would be a national holiday, regarded as \"Battle of Puebla Day\" or \"Battle of Cinco de Mayo\"." }, "Dorothea Wendling-1": { "title": "Dorothea Wendling", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "(Maria) Dorothea Wendling, n\u00e9e Spurni (21 March 1736 \u2013 20 August 1811) was a German soprano. Born in Stuttgart, she is remembered for being the singer for whom Mozart wrote the role of Ilia in Idomeneo, re di Creta. She sang the role of Sabina in the 1768 premiere of Ignaz Holzbauer's opera Adriano en Siria\u00a0[es], based on Metastasio's libretto of that name." }, "Julius Caesar-1": { "title": "Julius Caesar", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Gaius Julius Caesar (/\u02c8si\u02d0z\u0259r/ SEE-z\u0259r, Latin:\u00a0[\u02c8\u0261a\u02d0\u026a.\u028as \u02c8ju\u02d0l\u026a.\u028as \u02c8kae\u032fsar]; 12 July 100\u00a0BC \u2013 15 March 44\u00a0BC) was a Roman statesman and general who played a critical role in the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. He was also a historian and author of Latin prose." }, "Rede Globo-1": { "title": "Rede Globo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rede Globo (Portuguese:\u00a0[\u02c8\u0281ed\u0292i \u02c8\u0261lobu], Globe Network), or simply Globo, is a Brazilian free-to-air television network, launched by media proprietor Roberto Marinho on 26 April 1965. It is owned by media conglomerate Grupo Globo, being by far the largest of its holdings. Globo is the largest commercial TV network in Latin America and the second-largest commercial TV network in the world just behind the American ABC Television Network and the largest producer of telenovelas. All of this makes Globo renowned as one of the most important television networks in the world and Grupo Globo one of the largest media groups." }, "Conor McGregor-2": { "title": "Conor McGregor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "McGregor is a former Cage Warriors featherweight and lightweight champion. In 2015, at UFC 194, he defeated Jos\u00e9 Aldo for the UFC Featherweight Championship via knockout 13 seconds into the first round, which is the fastest victory in UFC title fight history. Upon defeating Eddie Alvarez for the UFC Lightweight Championship at UFC 205, McGregor became the first fighter in UFC history to hold titles in two weight divisions simultaneously." }, "Lil Jon-1": { "title": "Lil Jon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jonathan Smith (born January 17, 1971), better known by his stage name Lil Jon, is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer and DJ based in Atlanta, Georgia. He was the lead frontman of the multi-platinum selling rap group, Lil Jon & The East Side Boyz and was instrumental in the emergence of the hip/hop subgenre crunk. He is credited with bringing the genre into mainstream success, producing Top 10 Billboard Hot 100 singles \"Get Low,\" \"Goodies,\" \"Cyclone,\" \"Freek-a-Leek,\" and \"Yeah!\". \"Yeah!\" won a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Performance. Lil Jon is also a frequent collaborator with friend and fellow rapper Pitbull. In 2013, Lil Jon collaborated with DJ Snake and released the EDM multi-platinum hit, \"Turn Down for What,\" that won Billboard Music Award for Top Dance/Electronic Song. The music video for the single, released in 2014, was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Music Video, and has been viewed over 900 million times on YouTube as of October 2019. As of 2016, Lil Jon is listed as one of the Top Billboard Music Award Winners of All Time. In 2019, Lil Jon achieved his 8th #1 on Billboard\u2019s Rhythmic Chart as a songwriter on the song \"My Type\" by Oakland rapper Saweetie." }, "Yellow pages-2": { "title": "Yellow pages", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In many countries, including Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and elsewhere, \"Yellow Pages\" (or any applicable local translations), as well as the \"Walking Fingers\" logo first introduced in the 1970s by the Bell System-era AT&T, are registered trademarks, though the owner varies from country to country, usually being held by the main national telephone company (or a subsidiary or spinoff thereof). However, in the United States, neither the name nor the logo was registered as trademarks by AT&T, and are freely used by several publishers. This can sometimes be very confusing as YP (AT&T) and yellow pages are similar in nature." }, "Curling-28": { "title": "Curling", "section": "Equipment", "headers": [ "Curling broom" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "The curling broom, or brush, is used to sweep the ice surface in the path of the stone (see sweeping) and is also often used as a balancing aid during delivery of the stone." }, "American English-2": { "title": "American English", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and is the de facto common language used by the federal and state governments, to the extent that all laws and compulsory education presume English as the primary language. English is explicitly given official status by 32 of the 50 state governments. While the local courts in some divisions of the United States grant equivalent status to both English and another language\u2014for example, English and Spanish in Puerto Rico\u2014under federal law, English is still the official language for any matters being referred to the United States district court for the territory." }, "Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan-7": { "title": "Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan", "section": "Family and personal life", "headers": [ "Early life" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Erdo\u011fan was born in the Kas\u0131mpa\u015fa, a poor neighborhood of Istanbul, to which his family had moved from Rize Province in the 1930s. His parents were Ahmet Erdo\u011fan (1905\u201388) and Tenzile Erdo\u011fan (n\u00e9e Mutlu; 1924\u20132011)." }, "Elizabeth I of England-68": { "title": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 68, "content": "While it has become normative to record the death of the Queen as occurring in 1603, following English calendar reform in the 1750s, at the time England observed New Year's Day on 25 March, commonly known as Lady Day. Thus Elizabeth died on the last day of the year 1602 in the old calendar. The modern convention is to use the old calendar for the date and month while using the new for the year." }, "Modern flat Earth societies-1": { "title": "Modern flat Earth societies", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Modern flat Earth societies are organizations that promote the pseudoscientific belief that the Earth is flat while denying the Earth's sphericity, contrary to over two millenia of scientific consensus. Such groups date from the middle of the 20th century; some adherents are serious and some are not. Those who are serious are often motivated by religion or conspiracy theories." }, "Jim Foster (activist)-4": { "title": "Jim Foster (activist)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Foster was approached by fledgling gay politician Harvey Milk in 1973. Milk sought Foster's endorsement for his first campaign for Supervisor. Foster, who through the Toklas club had staked out a position that it was best for the gay community to work with liberal establishment politicians than try to elect gay candidates, refused to support Milk's campaign. This led to an enmity between the men which lasted until Milk's assassination in 1978. It has been suggested that this enmity, which extended to the Toklas club and the Milk-founded San Francisco Gay Democratic Club, may have hampered the LGBT community's early efforts to address the spread of HIV in San Francisco." }, "Illustrations of the rule against perpetuities-2": { "title": "Illustrations of the rule against perpetuities", "section": "The fertile octogenarian", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The fertile octogenarian is a fictitious character that comes up when applying the rule against perpetuities. The rule presumes that anyone, even an octogenarian (i.e., someone between 80 and 90 years of age) can parent a child, regardless of sex or health. For instance, suppose that a will devises a piece of land known as Blackacre \"to A for her life, and then to the first of A's children to reach 25 years of age.\" A is, at the time the will is probated, an 85-year-old woman. In applying the rule against perpetuities, an imaginative lawyer will argue (and a court must accept under the common law rule itself) that A could have a child in her 86th year and then in her 87th year all of A's other children could die, then in her 88th year A herself could die. Because the interest will not vest until her new child reaches 25 years of age, which cannot happen until more than 21 years after A and her other children (together who form the \"lives in being\" to which the rule refers) have all died, the rule against perpetuities makes the entire gift \"to the first of A's children to reach 25 years of age\" void. A will hold Blackacre for life, and then the property will revert to the person whose will transferred it to A in the first place. (Actually, it will go to that person's estate, since the will was probated only after his death.)" }, "Helen Keller Day-5": { "title": "Helen Keller Day", "section": "Origins", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 \u2013 June 1, 1968) was an American author, political activist, and lecturer. She was the first deafblind person to earn a bachelor of arts degree." }, "Tandem bicycle-2": { "title": "Tandem bicycle", "section": "Terminology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The term tandem refers to the seating arrangement (fore to aft, not side by side), not the number of riders. A bike with two riders side by side is called a sociable." }, "Intellectual disability-1": { "title": "Intellectual disability", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability and mental retardation (MR), is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. It is defined by an IQ under 70, in addition to deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors that affect everyday, general living." }, "Sicilian Defence, Accelerated Dragon-1": { "title": "Sicilian Defence, Accelerated Dragon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Accelerated Dragon (or Accelerated Fianchetto) is a chess opening variation of the Sicilian Defence that begins with the moves:" }, "Keelhauling-2": { "title": "Keelhauling", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The common supposition is that keelhauling amounted to a sentence of either death by extreme torture, or minimally a physical trauma likely to permanently maim. The hull of the ship was usually covered in barnacles and other marine growth, and thus, keelhauling would typically result in serious lacerations, of which the victim could later suffer infection and scarring. If the victim was dragged slowly, his weight might lower him sufficiently to miss the barnacles, but this method would frequently result in his drowning. There was also a risk of head trauma from colliding against the hull or keel, especially if the ship was in motion." }, "Miami-15": { "title": "Miami", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Geology" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "In terms of land area, Miami is one of the smallest major cities in the United States. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city encompasses a total area of 56.06\u00a0sq\u00a0mi (145.2\u00a0km2), of which 35.99\u00a0sq\u00a0mi (93.2\u00a0km2) is land and 20.08\u00a0sq\u00a0mi (52.0\u00a0km2) is water. That means Miami comprises over 470,000 people in about 36 square miles (93\u00a0km2), making it one of the most densely populated cities in the United States, along with New York City, San Francisco, Boston, Chicago, and Philadelphia." }, "3D computer graphics-1": { "title": "3D computer graphics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "3D computer graphics, or three-dimensional computer graphics (in contrast to 2D computer graphics), are graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data (often Cartesian) that is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images. The resulting images may be stored for viewing later (possibly as an animation) or displayed in real time." }, "Tire fire-3": { "title": "Tire fire", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Extinguishing tire fires is difficult. The fire releases a dark, thick smoke that contains cyanide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and products of butadiene and styrene. Burning tires are heated, and, as they have a low thermal conductivity, they are difficult to cool down. Moreover, they frequently burn inside even if they are extinguished from outside, and easily reignite when hot. One possible remedy is to cover the fire with sand, reducing the supply of oxygen and the exhaust of smoke. After extinguishing and cooling down (which may last several days), toxic chemicals can be neutralized." }, "Disciple whom Jesus loved-4": { "title": "Disciple whom Jesus loved", "section": "Sources", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "It is this disciple who, while reclining beside Jesus at the Last Supper, asks Jesus who it is that will betray him, after being requested by Peter to do so.[Jn 13:23-25] Later at the crucifixion, Jesus tells his mother, \"Woman, here is your son\", and to the Beloved Disciple he says, \"Here is your mother.\"[Jn 19:26-27] When Mary Magdalene discovers the empty tomb, she runs to tell the Beloved Disciple and Peter. The two men rush to the empty tomb and the Beloved Disciple is the first to reach it. However, Peter is the first to enter.[Jn 20:1-10] In John 21, the last chapter of the Gospel of John, the Beloved Disciple is one of seven fishermen involved in the miraculous catch of 153 fish.[Jn 21:1-25] Also in the book's final chapter, after Jesus implies the manner in which Peter will die, Peter sees the Beloved Disciple following them and asks, \"What about him?\" Jesus answers, \"If I want him to remain until I come, what is that to you? You follow Me.\"[John 21:20-23] Again in the Gospel's last chapter, it states that the very book itself is based on the written testimony of the disciple whom Jesus loved.[John 21:24] The other Gospels do not mention anyone in parallel circumstances who could be directly linked to the Beloved Disciple. For example, in Luke 24:12, Peter runs to the tomb. Matthew, Mark, and Luke do not mention any one of the 12 disciples having witnessed the crucifixion." }, "Snoop Dogg-88": { "title": "Snoop Dogg", "section": "Business ventures and investments", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 88, "content": "In October 2015, Broadus launched his new digital media business, Merry Jane, that focuses on news about marijuana. \"Merry Jane is cannabis 2.0\", he said in a promotional video for the media source. \"A crossroads of pot culture, business, politics, health.\"" }, "Harry Potter-1": { "title": "Harry Potter", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling. The novels chronicle the lives of a young wizard, Harry Potter, and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The main story arc concerns Harry's struggle against Lord Voldemort, a dark wizard who intends to become immortal, overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry of Magic and subjugate all wizards and Muggles (non-magical people)." }, "Solar cycle-1": { "title": "Solar cycle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The solar cycle or solar magnetic activity cycle is a nearly periodic 11-year change in the Sun's activity measured in terms of variations in the number of observed sunspots on the solar surface. Sunspots have been observed since the early 17th century and the sunspot time series is the longest, continuously observed (recorded) time series of any natural phenomena. Accompanying the 11 year quasi-periodicity in sunspots, the large-scale dipolar (north-south) magnetic field component of the Sun also flips every 11 years, however, the peak in the dipolar field lags the peak in the sunspot number, with the former occurring at the minimum between two cycles. Levels of solar radiation and ejection of solar material, the number and size of sunspots, solar flares, and coronal loops all exhibit a synchronized fluctuation, from active to quiet to active again, with a period of 11 years. This cycle has been observed for centuries by changes in the Sun's appearance and by terrestrial phenomena such as auroras. Solar activity, driven both by the sunspot cycle and transient aperiodic processes govern the environment of the Solar System planets by creating space weather and impact space- and ground-based technologies as well as the Earth's atmosphere and also possibly climate fluctuations on scales of centuries and longer." }, "Han Solo-36": { "title": "Han Solo", "section": "Influence and critical reaction", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Han Solo is a reckless smuggler with a sarcastic wit; he is \"a very practical guy\" and considers himself \"a materialist\"; but the adventures in the first Star Wars movie evoke his compassion, a trait \"he didn't know he possessed\"." }, "Skills management-7": { "title": "Skills management", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "There are different types of skills in the corporate world. Soft Skills, communication skills, business writing, corporate presentation, public speaking, sales, marketing, leadership and managerial skills are few of the skills." }, "Vodka-24": { "title": "Vodka", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Sweden" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Up until the 1950s, vodka was not used as a designation for Swedish distilled beverages, which were instead called br\u00e4nnvin (\"burn-wine\"), the word having the same etymology as the Dutch Brandewijn, which is the base for the word brandy. This beverage has been produced in Sweden since the late 15th century, although the total production was still small in the 17th century. From the early 18th century, production expanded, although production was prohibited several times, during grain shortages. Although initially a grain product, potatoes started to be used in the production in the late 18th century, and became dominant from the early 19th century. From the early 1870s, distillery equipment was improved." }, "Marxism-1": { "title": "Marxism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation. It originates from the works of 19th-century German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism has developed into many different branches and schools of thought, with the result that there is now no single definitive Marxist theory." }, "Chinook salmon-2": { "title": "Chinook salmon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Chinook are anadromous fish native to the North Pacific Ocean and the river systems of western North America, ranging from California to Alaska, as well as Asian rivers ranging from northern Japan to the Palyavaam River in the Arctic northeast Siberia. They have been introduced to other parts of the world, including New Zealand, the Great Lakes of North America, and Patagonia. A large Chinook is a prized and sought-after catch for a sporting angler. The flesh of the salmon is also highly valued for its dietary nutritional content, which includes high levels of important omega-3 fatty acids. Some populations are endangered; however, many are healthy. The Chinook salmon has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List. According to NOAA the Chinook salmon population along the California coast is declining, from factors such as overfishing, loss of freshwater and estuarine habitat, hydropower development, poor ocean conditions, and hatchery practices." }, "Spanish\u2013American War-2": { "title": "Spanish\u2013American War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The main issue was Cuban independence. Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish rule. The U.S. later backed these revolts upon entering the Spanish\u2013American War. There had been war scares before, as in the Virginius Affair in 1873, but in the late 1890s, American public opinion was agitated by reports of gruesome Spanish atrocities. The business community had just recovered from a deep depression and feared that a war would reverse the gains. It lobbied vigorously against going to war. President William McKinley ignored the exaggerated yellow press and sought a peaceful settlement. The United States Navy armored cruiser USS\u00a0Maine mysteriously exploded and sank in Havana Harbor; political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed McKinley into a war that he had wished to avoid." }, "Saltwater fish-3": { "title": "Saltwater fish", "section": "Captivity", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Saltwater aquariums are a multi-million dollar industry in the United States. About 10 million marine fish are imported into the United States each year for aquarium use. The United States imports more saltwater fish than any other country in the world. There are approximately 2,000 different species of saltwater fish that are imported and used in captivity. In many circumstances, fish used for marine trade are collected using harmful tactics such as cyanide. One way that people are trying to protect the coral reefs is by breeding marine fish in captivity. Captive-bred fish are known to be healthier and likely to live longer. Captive-bred fish are less susceptible to disease because they have not been exposed to the wild and they have not been damaged during the shipment process. Fish that are bred in captivity are already accustomed to aquarium habitats and food." }, "Horror film-1": { "title": "Horror film", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A horror film is a film that seeks to elicit fear for entertainment purposes. Initially inspired by literature from authors such as Edgar Allan Poe, Bram Stoker, and Mary Shelley, horror has existed as a film genre for more than a century. The macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes. Horror may also overlap with the fantasy, supernatural fiction, and thriller genres." }, "Washington Monument-26": { "title": "Washington Monument", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Construction", "Resumption" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "The building of the monument proceeded quickly after Congress had provided sufficient funding. In four years, it was completed, with the 100-ounce (2.83\u00a0kg) aluminum apex/lightning-rod being put in place on December 6, 1884. The apex was the largest single piece of aluminum cast at the time, when aluminum commanded a price comparable to silver. Two years later, the Hall\u2013H\u00e9roult process made aluminum easier to produce and the price of aluminum plummeted, though it should have provided a lustrous, non-rusting apex. The monument opened to the public on October 9, 1888." }, "Robert Downey Jr.-12": { "title": "Robert Downey Jr.", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "1996\u20132001: Career troubles" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "From 1996 through 2001, Downey was arrested numerous times on charges related to drugs including cocaine, heroin, and marijuana and went through drug treatment programs unsuccessfully, explaining in 1999 to a judge: \"It's like I have a shotgun in my mouth, and I've got my finger on the trigger, and I like the taste of the gun metal.\" He explained his relapses by claiming to have been addicted to drugs since the age of eight, due to the fact that his father, also an addict previously, had been giving them to him." }, "The Doctor (Doctor Who)-7": { "title": "The Doctor (Doctor Who)", "section": "Character biography", "headers": [ "Early life" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The Doctor's subsequent childhood on Gallifrey has been little described. In \"Hell Bent\" it is revealed that he was a high-born Gallifreyan. In The Time Monster, the Doctor says he grew up in a house on a mountainside, and talks about a hermit who lived under a tree behind the house and inspired the Doctor when he was depressed. He is later reunited with this former mentor, now on Earth posing as the abbot K'anpo Rimpoche, in Planet of the Spiders. In \"The Girl In The Fireplace\", Madame de Pompadour, who psychically linked with his memories, claimed that the Doctor experienced a very lonely childhood. An elderly woman on Gallifrey died and was shrouded in veils and surrounded by flies, giving the Doctor recurring nightmares which the confession dial in \"Heaven Sent\" would later visualise to torment him. In \"Listen\", it is revealed the Doctor as a child often slept alone in a barn in The Drylands (a desert region outside the city capital), was withdrawn from other children, and was cared for by guardian figures who privately doubted the child's ability as an eventual Time Lord. Through the dialogue, it is suggested that several Gallifreyan children were pressured into joining the army, a path which did not sit right with the Doctor's pacifist beliefs, and as a result he wished to enroll into the Time Lord Academy instead." }, "Curdling-3": { "title": "Curdling", "section": "Cheese and tofu", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Milk and soy milk are curdled intentionally to make cheese and tofu by the addition of enzymes (typically rennet), acids (including lemon juice), or various salts (magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, or gypsum); the curds are then pressed." }, "Olga Kurylenko-2": { "title": "Olga Kurylenko", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "She was discovered as a model in Moscow at the age of 13. She moved to Paris to pursue a modelling career at the age of 16 and started her acting career in 2005. She found success as an actress for her role as Nika Boronina in the film adaptation of the video game Hitman (2007), and then mainstream prominence with the role of Bond girl Camille Montes in the 22nd James Bond film, Quantum of Solace (2008). More recently she starred in Stephen S. Campanelli's Momentum (2015), Terrence Malick's To the Wonder (2012), alongside Tom Cruise in Oblivion (2013), with Russell Crowe in The Water Diviner (2014), alongside Rowan Atkinson in the spy comedy film Johnny English Strikes Again (2018) and The Room (2019)." }, "Crucifixion of Jesus-65": { "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", "section": "Medical aspects", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 65, "content": "In his book The Crucifixion of Jesus, physician and forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe studied the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus in great detail. Zugibe carried out a number of experiments over several years to test his theories while he was a medical examiner. These studies included experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging at specific angles and the amount of pull on each hand was measured, in cases where the feet were also secured or not. In these cases the amount of pull and the corresponding pain was found to be significant." }, "Napoleonic Wars-1": { "title": "Napoleonic Wars", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Napoleonic Wars (1803\u20131815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom. It produced a brief period of French domination over most of Europe. The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and its resultant conflict. The wars are often categorised into five conflicts, each termed after the coalition that fought Napoleon: the Third Coalition (1805), the Fourth (1806\u201307), the Fifth (1809), the Sixth (1813\u201314), and the Seventh (1815)." }, "IPhone-178": { "title": "IPhone", "section": "Models", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 178, "content": "25 different iPhone models have been produced. The models in bold are current flagship devices:" }, "J. K. Rowling-15": { "title": "J. K. Rowling", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "Harry Potter" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "In 1995, Rowling finished her manuscript for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone which was typed on an old manual typewriter. Upon the enthusiastic response of Bryony Evens, a reader who had been asked to review the book's first three chapters, the Fulham-based Christopher Little Literary Agency agreed to represent Rowling in her quest for a publisher. The book was submitted to twelve publishing houses, all of which rejected the manuscript. A year later she was finally given the green light (and a \u00a31,500 advance) by editor Barry Cunningham from Bloomsbury, a publishing house in London. The decision to publish Rowling's book owes much to Alice Newton, the eight-year-old daughter of Bloomsbury's chairman, who was given the first chapter to review by her father and immediately demanded the next. Although Bloomsbury agreed to publish the book, Cunningham says that he advised Rowling to get a day job, since she had little chance of making money in children's books. Soon after, in 1997, Rowling received an \u00a38,000 grant from the Scottish Arts Council to enable her to continue writing." }, "Adrenal tumor-8": { "title": "Adrenal tumor", "section": "Tumors of the Adrenal Medulla", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The adrenal medulla is located anatomically at the center of each adrenal gland, and is composed of neuroendocrine (chromaffin) cells which produce and release epinephrine (adrenaline) into the bloodstream in response to activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma are the two most important tumors which arise from the adrenal medulla. Both tumors may also arise from extra-adrenal sites, specifically, in the paraganglia of the sympathetic chain." }, "DC Comics-4": { "title": "DC Comics", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Golden Age" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Entrepreneur Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson founded National Allied Publications in Autumn 1934 intended as an American comic book publishing company. The first publishing of the company debuted with the tabloid-sized New Fun: The Big Comic Magazine #1 (the first of a comic series later called More Fun Comics) with a cover date of February 1935. An anthology title essential for containing original stories not reprinted from newspaper strips unlike many comic book series before. While superhero comics are what DC Comics is known for throughout modern times, the genres in the anthology titles consisted of funnies, Western comics and adventure-related stories starting out. The character Doctor Occult, created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster in December 1935 within the issue No. 6 of New Fun Comics, is considered as the earliest recurring superhero created by DC that is still used. The company created a second recurring title called New Comics No. 1 released in December 1935 which would be the start of the long-running Adventure Comics series featuring many anthology titles as well." }, "Drew Carey-14": { "title": "Drew Carey", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Game show host", "The Price Is Right" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "After taping the pilot episode for Power of 10, Carey was contacted by CBS about replacing Bob Barker\u2014who had earlier announced his own retirement\u2014as host of The Price Is Right. After initially turning down the offer, Carey announced on Late Show with David Letterman that he would succeed Barker as host of the program beginning in the fall of 2007. His first episode of The Price Is Right was taped on August 15, 2007, and his shows began airing on October 15, 2007. In response to replacing Barker as host of the game show, Carey stated \"You can't replace Bob Barker. I don't compare myself to anybody... It's only about what you're doing and supposed to do, and I feel like I'm supposed to be doing this.\" When Carey began hosting, the set, theme music, and show logo were updated. Carey has retained Barker's closing comment about spaying and neutering pets. In 2017, Carey celebrated his 10 years as host of the show, joining Barker as the only two to have hosted for at least a decade." }, "Archery-1": { "title": "Archery", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Archery is the art, sport, practice, or skill of using a bow to shoot arrows. The word comes from the Latin arcus. Historically, archery has been used for hunting and combat. In modern times, it is mainly a competitive sport and recreational activity. A person who participates in archery is typically called an archer or a bowman, and a person who is fond of or an expert at archery is sometimes called a toxophilite." }, "Polo-51": { "title": "Polo", "section": "Players", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 51, "content": "Each team consists of four mounted players, which can be mixed teams of both men and women." }, "History of trade of the People's Republic of China-2": { "title": "History of trade of the People's Republic of China", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In 2013 China surpassed the United States as the largest trading nation in the world and plays a vital role in international trade, and has increasingly engaged in trade organizations and treaties in recent years. China became a member of the World Trade Organization in 2001. China also has free trade agreements with several nations, including China\u2013Australia Free Trade Agreement, China\u2013South Korea Free Trade Agreement, ASEAN\u2013China Free Trade Area, Switzerland and Pakistan." }, "Amy Winehouse-4": { "title": "Amy Winehouse", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Winehouse was plagued by drug and alcohol addiction. She died of alcohol poisoning on 23 July 2011 at the age of 27. After her death, Back to Black became the UK's best-selling album of the 21st century temporarily. It is also among the best-selling albums in UK history. VH1 ranked Winehouse 26th on their list of the 100 Greatest Women in Music." }, "Henrietta Lacks-19": { "title": "Henrietta Lacks", "section": "Medical and scientific research", "headers": [ "Consent issues and privacy concerns" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Neither Henrietta Lacks nor her family gave her physicians permission to harvest her cells. At that time, permission was neither required nor customarily sought. The cells were used in medical research and for commercial purposes. In the 1980s, family medical records were published without family consent. A similar issue was brought up in the Supreme Court of California case of Moore v. Regents of the University of California in 1990. The court ruled that a person's discarded tissue and cells are not their property and can be commercialized." }, "Chief executive officer-3": { "title": "Chief executive officer", "section": "Responsibilities", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The responsibilities of an organization's CEO are set by the organization's board of directors or other authority, depending on the organization's legal structure. They can be far-reaching or quite limited and are typically enshrined in a formal delegation of authority. Typically, responsibilities include being a decision maker on strategy and other key policy issues, leader, manager, and executor. The communicator role can involve speaking to the press and the rest of the outside world, as well as to the organization's management and employees; the decision-making role involves high-level decisions about policy and strategy. As a leader of the company, the CEO advises the board of directors, motivates employees, and drives change within the organization. As a manager, the CEO presides over the organization's day-to-day operations. The term refers to the person who makes all the key decisions regarding the company, which includes all sectors and fields of the business, including operations, marketing, business development, finance, human resources, etc. The CEO of a company is not necessarily the owner of the company. The CEO of a political party is often entrusted with fundraising, particularly for election campaigns." }, "Chlorine-1": { "title": "Chlorine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Chlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent: among the elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity on the Pauling scale, behind only oxygen and fluorine." }, "Fever-7": { "title": "Fever", "section": "Diagnosis", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Temperature in the anus (rectum/rectal) is at or over 37.5\u201338.3\u00a0\u00b0C (99.5\u2013100.9\u00a0\u00b0F) An ear (tympanic) or forehead (temporal) temperature may also be used. Temperature in the mouth (oral) is at or over 37.2\u00a0\u00b0C (99.0\u00a0\u00b0F) in the morning or over 37.7\u00a0\u00b0C (99.9\u00a0\u00b0F) in the afternoon Temperature under the arm (axillary) is at or over 37.2\u00a0\u00b0C (99.0\u00a0\u00b0F) In adults, the normal range of oral temperatures in healthy individuals is 33.2\u201338.2\u00a0\u00b0C (91.8\u2013100.8\u00a0\u00b0F), while when taken rectally it is 34.4\u201337.8\u00a0\u00b0C (93.9\u2013100.0\u00a0\u00b0F), for ear measurement it is 35.4\u201337.8\u00a0\u00b0C (95.7\u2013100.0\u00a0\u00b0F), and for armpit (axillary) measurement it is 35.5\u201337.0\u00a0\u00b0C (95.9\u201398.6\u00a0\u00b0F). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine defines a fever as a morning oral temperature of >37.2\u00a0\u00b0C (>98.9\u00a0\u00b0F) or an afternoon oral temperature of >37.7\u00a0\u00b0C (>99.9\u00a0\u00b0F) although normal daily temperature variation has been described as 0.5\u00a0\u00b0C (0.9\u00a0\u00b0F).[verification needed] Normal body temperatures vary depending on many factors, including age, sex, time of day, ambient temperature, activity level, and more. A raised temperature is not always a fever; for example, the temperature of a healthy person rises when he or she exercises, but this is not considered a fever, as the set point is normal.[citation needed] On the other hand, a \"normal\" temperature may be a fever, if it is unusually high for that person; for example, medically frail elderly people have a decreased ability to generate body heat, so a \"normal\" temperature of 37.3\u00a0\u00b0C (99.1\u00a0\u00b0F) may represent a clinically significant fever." }, "Streptococcal pharyngitis-1": { "title": "Streptococcal pharyngitis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Streptococcal pharyngitis, also known as strep throat, is an infection of the back of the throat including the tonsils caused by group A streptococcus (GAS). Common symptoms include fever, sore throat, red tonsils, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. A headache, and nausea or vomiting may also occur. Some develop a sandpaper-like rash which is known as scarlet fever. Symptoms typically begin one to three days after exposure and last seven to ten days." }, "Hershey's Kisses-10": { "title": "Hershey's Kisses", "section": "Wrapper history & varieties", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The original wrapper was silver-colored foil and Hershey's Kisses were only available in this single color for decades. In 1962 Hershey became one of the first companies to change its wrappers for seasonal sales. That was the first year that Kisses chocolates were available in different colored foil wrappers: red, green, and silver-wrapped candies were manufactured to coincide with the Christmas season. This idea was the suggestion of John Figi, owner of Figi's \u201cGifts in Good Taste\u201d - a mail order food gifts company based in Marshfield, Wisconsin. The green and red colored wrapped chocolates were featured for the first time in the Figi's Christmas catalog." }, "Black Lives Matter-20": { "title": "Black Lives Matter", "section": "Strategies and tactics", "headers": [ "Direct action" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "BLM generally engages in direct action tactics that make people uncomfortable enough that they must address the issue. BLM has been known to build power through protest and rallies. BLM has also staged die-ins and held one during the 2015 Twin Cities Marathon." }, "February 2008 lunar eclipse-9": { "title": "February 2008 lunar eclipse", "section": "", "headers": [ "Eclipse Season" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Sun right ascension: 22 hours, 15 minutes, 30.0 seconds" }, "Courage-1": { "title": "Courage", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Courage (also called bravery or valour) is the choice and willingness to confront agony, pain, danger, uncertainty, or intimidation. Physical courage is bravery in the face of physical pain, hardship, even death or threat of death, while moral courage is the ability to act rightly in the face of popular opposition, shame, scandal, discouragement, or personal loss." }, "Porsche 911-94": { "title": "Porsche 911", "section": "Water-cooled engines (1998\u2013present)", "headers": [ "997 (2005\u20132012)", "997 GT3" ], "para_index": 94, "content": "The 911 GT3 was added to the 997 lineage on 23 February 2006. Performance figures include a 0\u2013100 kilometres per hour (0\u201362\u00a0mph) acceleration time of 4.1\u00a0seconds and a top speed of 310\u00a0km/h (193\u00a0mph), almost as fast as the Turbo. Porsche's factory reports were proven to be conservative about the performance of the car; Excellence magazine tested the 997 GT3 and recorded a 0\u2013100\u00a0km/h of 3.9\u00a0seconds and a top speed of 312\u00a0km/h (194\u00a0mph). It was at that time crowned \"the best handling car in America\" by Motor Trend." }, "Cochineal-10": { "title": "Cochineal", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Cochineal insects are soft-bodied, flat, oval-shaped scale insects. The females, wingless and about 5\u00a0mm (0.20\u00a0in) long, cluster on cactus pads. They penetrate the cactus with their beak-like mouthparts and feed on its juices, remaining immobile unless alarmed. After mating, the fertilised female increases in size and gives birth to tiny nymphs. The nymphs secrete a waxy white substance over their bodies for protection from water loss and excessive sun. This substance makes the cochineal insect appear white or grey from the outside, though the body of the insect and its nymphs produces the red pigment, which makes the insides of the insect look dark purple. Adult males can be distinguished from females in that males have wings, and are much smaller." }, "Depeche Mode-1": { "title": "Depeche Mode", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Depeche Mode (/d\u0259\u02ccp\u025b\u0283-, di\u02d0-, d\u026a-/) are an English electronic music band formed in Basildon, Essex in 1980. The group as of now consists of a trio of Dave Gahan (lead vocals and co-songwriting), Martin Gore (keyboards, guitar, co-lead vocals and main songwriting), and Andy Fletcher (keyboards)." }, "Hypothermia-2": { "title": "Hypothermia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Hypothermia has two main types of causes. It classically occurs from exposure to extreme cold. It may also occur from any condition that decreases heat production or increases heat loss. Commonly this includes alcohol intoxication but may also include low blood sugar, anorexia, and advanced age. Body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of 36.5\u201337.5\u00a0\u00b0C (97.7\u201399.5\u00a0\u00b0F) through thermoregulation. Efforts to increase body temperature involve shivering, increased voluntary activity, and putting on warmer clothing. Hypothermia may be diagnosed based on either a person's symptoms in the presence of risk factors or by measuring a person's core temperature." }, "Sea otter-1": { "title": "Sea otter", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The sea otter (Enhydra lutris) is a marine mammal native to the coasts of the northern and eastern North Pacific Ocean. Adult sea otters typically weigh between 14 and 45\u00a0kg (31 and 99\u00a0lb), making them the heaviest members of the weasel family, but among the smallest marine mammals. Unlike most marine mammals, the sea otter's primary form of insulation is an exceptionally thick coat of fur, the densest in the animal kingdom. Although it can walk on land, the sea otter is capable of living exclusively in the ocean." }, "The Little Prince-11": { "title": "The Little Prince", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The prince tells of his love for a vain and silly rose that began growing on the asteroid's surface some time ago. The rose is given to pretension, exaggerating ailments to gain attention and have the prince care for her. The prince says he nourished the rose and attended her, making a screen or glass globe to protect her from the cold wind, watering her, and keeping off the caterpillars." }, "T-Mobile-1": { "title": "T-Mobile", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "T-Mobile is the brand name used by the mobile communications subsidiaries of the German telecommunications company Deutsche Telekom AG. The brand is active in the Czech Republic (T-Mobile Czech Republic), the Netherlands (T-Mobile Netherlands), Poland (T-Mobile Polska), United States (T-Mobile US), and in Hungary (Magyar Telekom)" }, "CPU core voltage-14": { "title": "CPU core voltage", "section": "Dual-voltage CPU", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Dual-voltage CPUs were introduced for performance gain when increasing clock speeds and finer semiconductor fabrication processes caused excess heat generation and power supply concerns, especially regarding laptop computers. Using a voltage regulator, the external I/O voltage levels was transformed to lower voltages to reduce power draw, resulting in less heat for the ability to operate at higher frequencies." }, "Mike Pence-4": { "title": "Mike Pence", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Pence was inaugurated as vice president of the United States on January 20, 2017. He had withdrawn his gubernatorial reelection campaign in July to become the running mate of Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump, who went on to win the 2016 presidential election. He is regarded as a strong supporter of Trump. In February 2020, Pence was appointed chairman of the White House Coronavirus Task Force, established in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States." }, "Super Bowl LIV-53": { "title": "Super Bowl LIV", "section": "Officials", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "San Francisco 49ers vs. Kansas City Chiefs\u2014Game summary at Hard Rock Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida Date: February 2, 2020 Game time: 6:30\u00a0p.m. EST/5:30\u00a0p.m. CST/3:30\u00a0p.m. PST Game weather: 64\u00a0\u00b0F (18\u00a0\u00b0C) Game attendance: 62,417 Referee: Bill Vinovich (52) TV announcers\u00a0(Fox): Joe Buck, Troy Aikman, Erin Andrews, Chris Myers and Mike Pereira Recap, Game Book 1Completions/attempts 2Carries 3Long gain 4Receptions 5Times targeted Super Bowl LIV had seven officials. The numbers in parentheses below indicate their uniform numbers." }, "No Exit-1": { "title": "No Exit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "No Exit (French: Huis Clos, pronounced\u00a0[\u0265i klo]) is a 1944 existentialist French play by Jean-Paul Sartre. The original title is the French equivalent of the legal term in camera, referring to a private discussion behind closed doors. The play was first performed at the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre du Vieux-Colombier in May 1944. The play begins with three characters who find themselves waiting in a mysterious room. It is a depiction of the afterlife in which three deceased characters are punished by being locked into a room together for eternity. It is the source of Sartre's especially famous quotation \"L'enfer, c'est les autres\" or \"Hell is other people\", a reference to Sartre's ideas about the look and the perpetual ontological struggle of being caused to see oneself as an object from the view of another consciousness." }, "Primary education-2": { "title": "Primary education", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The International Standard Classification of Education considers primary education as a single phase where programmes are typically designed to provide fundamental skills in reading, writing and mathematics and to establish a solid foundation for learning. This is ISCED Level 1: Primary education or first stage of basic education." }, "Clint Eastwood-67": { "title": "Clint Eastwood", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Relationships, marriages, affairs and children" ], "para_index": 67, "content": "In an unpublicized affair, Eastwood sired two legally fatherless children, Scott (born 1986) and Kathryn (born 1988) with Jacelyn Reeves, a flight attendant. When Locke and Eastwood separated in 1989, Locke filed a palimony lawsuit. In the early- to mid-1990s, Eastwood had a relationship with actress Frances Fisher that produced a daughter, Francesca (born 1993). Eastwood was married for the second time in 1996 to news anchor Dina Ruiz, who gave birth to their daughter Morgan that same year. Ruiz and Eastwood's marriage lasted until 2013. He has been seen with other women since then." }, "Boeing 737-13": { "title": "Boeing 737", "section": "Development", "headers": [ "Launch" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "The launch decision for the $150 million development was made by the board on February 1, 1965. Lufthansa became the launch customer on February 19, 1965, with an order for 21 aircraft, worth $67\u00a0million in 1965, after the airline received assurances from Boeing that the 737 project would not be canceled. Consultation with Lufthansa over the previous winter resulted in an increase in capacity to 100 seats. This was later renamed the 737-100. It competed primarily with the McDonnell Douglas DC-9, then its MD-80/MD-90 derivatives." }, "Dolphin-20": { "title": "Dolphin", "section": "Anatomy", "headers": [ "Locomotive" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Dolphins have two pectoral flippers, containing four digits, a boneless dorsal fin for stability, and a tail fin for propulsion. Although dolphins do not possess external hind limbs, some possess discrete rudimentary appendages, which may contain feet and digits. Dolphins are fast swimmers in comparison to seals which typically cruise at 9\u201328 kilometres per hour (5.6\u201317.4\u00a0mph); the killer whale (orca), in comparison, can travel at speeds up to 55.5 kilometres per hour (34.5\u00a0mph). The fusing of the neck vertebrae, while increasing stability when swimming at high speeds, decreases flexibility, which means they are unable to turn their heads. River dolphins, however, have non-fused neck vertebrae and are able to turn their head up to 90\u00b0. Dolphins swim by moving their tail fin and rear body vertically, while their flippers are mainly used for steering. Some species log out of the water, which may allow them to travel faster. Their skeletal anatomy allows them to be fast swimmers. All species have a dorsal fin to prevent themselves from involuntarily spinning in the water." }, "Xenophobia-1": { "title": "Xenophobia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Xenophobia, from the Greek xenos, meaning \"stranger\" or \"foreigner\", and phobos, meaning \"fear\", is the fear or hatred of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange. It is an expression of perceived conflict between an ingroup and an outgroup and may manifest in suspicion by the one of the other's activities, a desire to eliminate their presence, and fear of losing national, ethnic or racial identity." }, "Man-6": { "title": "Man", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Humans exhibit sexual dimorphism in many characteristics, many of which have no direct link to reproductive ability, although most of these characteristics do have a role in sexual attraction. Most expressions of sexual dimorphism in humans are found in height, weight, and body structure, though there are always examples that do not follow the overall pattern. For example, men tend to be taller than women, but there are many people of both sexes who are in the mid-height range for the species." }, "Hydropower-1": { "title": "Hydropower", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hydropower or water power (from Greek: \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1, \"water\") is power derived from the energy of falling or fast-running water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes. Since ancient times, hydropower from many kinds of watermills has been used as a renewable energy source for irrigation and the operation of various mechanical devices, such as gristmills, sawmills, textile mills, trip hammers, dock cranes, domestic lifts, and ore mills. A trompe, which produces compressed air from falling water, is sometimes used to power other machinery at a distance." }, "Kala namak-1": { "title": "Kala namak", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Kala namak is a kiln-fired rock salt used in South Asia with a sulphurous, pungent-smell. It is also known as \"Himalayan black salt\", Sulemani namak, bit lobon, kala noon, or pada loon and manufactured from the salts mined in the regions surrounding the Himalayas." }, "Microplastics-1": { "title": "Microplastics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Microplastics are very small pieces of plastic that pollute the environment. Microplastics are not a specific kind of plastic, but rather any type of plastic fragment that is less than 5\u00a0mm in length according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). They enter natural ecosystems from a variety of sources, including cosmetics, clothing, and industrial processes." }, "Camera phone-22": { "title": "Camera phone", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Experiments" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "There were several early videophones and cameras that included communication capability. Some devices experimented with integration of the device to communicate wirelessly with the Internet, which would allow instant media sharing with anyone anywhere. The DELTIS VC-1100 by Japanese company Olympus was the world's first digital camera with cellular phone transmission capability, revealed in the early 1990s and released in 1994. In 1995, Apple experimented with the Apple Videophone/PDA. There was also a digital camera with cellular phone designed by Shosaku Kawashima of Canon in Japan in May 1997. In Japan, two competing projects were run by Sharp and Kyocera in 1997. Both had cell phones with integrated cameras. However, the Kyocera system was designed as a peer-to-peer video-phone as opposed to the Sharp project which was initially focused on sharing instant pictures. That was made possible when the Sharp devices was coupled to the Sha-mail infrastructure designed in collaboration with American technologist Kahn. The Kyocera team was led by Kazumi Saburi.[citation needed] In 1995, work by James Greenwold of Bureau Of Technical Services, in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, was developing a pocket video camera for surveillance purposes. By 1999, the Tardis recorder was in prototype and being used by the government. Bureau Of Technical Services advanced further by the patent No. 6,845,215,B1 on \"Body-Carryable, digital Storage medium, Audio/Video recording Assembly\"." }, "Semi-trailer truck-18": { "title": "Semi-trailer truck", "section": "Regional configurations", "headers": [ "Europe", "United Kingdom" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Most UK trailers are 45\u00a0ft (13.7\u00a0m) long and, dependent on the position of the fifth wheel and kingpin, a coupled tractor unit and trailer will have a combined length of between 50 and 55\u00a0ft (15.25 and 16.75\u00a0m). Although the Construction and Use Regulations allow a maximum rigid length of 60\u00a0ft (18.2\u00a0m), this, combined with a shallow kingpin and fifth wheel set close to the rear of the tractor unit, can give an overall length of around 75\u00a0ft (22." }, "Sodium chloride-13": { "title": "Sodium chloride", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Miscellaneous industrial uses" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Sodium chloride is sometimes used as a cheap and safe desiccant because of its hygroscopic properties, making salting an effective method of food preservation historically; the salt draws water out of bacteria through osmotic pressure, keeping it from reproducing, a major source of food spoilage. Even though more effective desiccants are available, few are safe for humans to ingest." }, "Ammonia-1": { "title": "Ammonia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. A stable binary hydride, and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell. It is a common nitrogenous waste, particularly among aquatic organisms, and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products. It is mainly collected by downward displacement of both air and water." }, "Aviation fuel-4": { "title": "Aviation fuel", "section": "Types of aviation fuel", "headers": [ "Conventional aviation fuels", "Jet fuel" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Jet fuel is a clear to straw-colored fuel, based on either an unleaded kerosene (Jet A-1), or a naphtha-kerosene blend (Jet B). Similar to diesel fuel, it can be used in either compression ignition engines or turbine engines." }, "Pledge of Allegiance-2": { "title": "Pledge of Allegiance", "section": "Recital", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge, as do many government meetings at local levels, and meetings held by many private organizations. All states except California, Hawaii, Iowa, Vermont, and Wyoming require a regularly scheduled recitation of the pledge in public schools. California requires a \"patriotic exercise\" every day, which would be satisfied by the Pledge, but it is not universally enforced. The Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students cannot be compelled to recite the Pledge, nor can they be punished for not doing so. In a number of states, state flag pledges of allegiance are required to be recited after this." }, "Graduation-11": { "title": "Graduation", "section": "By country", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Graduation traditions vary across universities observing different cultures." }, "Ixodes pacificus-11": { "title": "Ixodes pacificus", "section": "Life Cycle", "headers": [ "Disease Transmission" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "In order for a human to be infected by the bacterium, the tick carrying it must be attached for approximately 36 to 48 hours. Due to the smaller size of the nymphal stage ticks, approximately 2 mm, they are more likely to go unnoticed when attached to a human. This enables a nymph to potentially stay attached longer to the host it is feeding on. For this reason, the nymphal stage is primarily responsible for transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi." }, "Push-button-1": { "title": "Push-button", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A push-button (also spelled pushbutton) or simply button is a simple switch mechanism to control some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made out of hard material, usually plastic or metal. The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate the human finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are most often biased switches, although many un-biased buttons (due to their physical nature) still require a spring to return to their un-pushed state." }, "Alpha-keratin-4": { "title": "Alpha-keratin", "section": "Biochemistry", "headers": [ "Properties" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The property of most biological importance of alpha-keratin is its structural stability. When exposed to mechanical stress, \u03b1-keratin structures can retain their shape and therefore can protect what they surround. Under high tension, alpha-keratin can even change into beta-keratin, a stronger keratin formation that has a secondary structure of beta-pleated sheets. Alpha-keratin tissues also show signs of viscoelasticity, allowing them to both be able to stretch and absorb impact to a degree, though they are not impervious to fracture. Alpha-keratin strength is also affected by water content in the intermediate filament matrix; higher water content decreases the strength and stiffness of the keratin cell due to their effect on the various hydrogen bonds in the alpha-keratin network." }, "Eric Clapton-80": { "title": "Eric Clapton", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Relationships and children" ], "para_index": 80, "content": "In 1998 Clapton, then 53, met 22-year-old administrative assistant Melia McEnery in Columbus, Ohio, at a party given for him after a performance. He quietly dated her for a year, and went public with the relationship in 1999. They married on 1 January 2002 at St Mary Magdalene church in Clapton's birthplace, Ripley. They have three daughters, Julie Rose (born 13 June 2001), Ella May (born 14 January 2003), and Sophie Belle (born 1 February 2005) His grandson Isaac Eric Owen Bartlett was born in June 2013 to his oldest daughter Ruth and her husband Dean Bartlett." }, "Hamlet-4": { "title": "Hamlet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The story of Shakespeare's Hamlet was derived from the legend of Amleth, preserved by 13th-century chronicler Saxo Grammaticus in his Gesta Danorum, as subsequently retold by the 16th-century scholar Fran\u00e7ois de Belleforest. Shakespeare may also have drawn on an earlier Elizabethan play known today as the Ur-Hamlet, though some scholars believe Shakespeare wrote the Ur-Hamlet, later revising it to create the version of Hamlet we now have. He almost certainly wrote his version of the title role for his fellow actor, Richard Burbage, the leading tragedian of Shakespeare's time. In the 400 years since its inception, the role has been performed by numerous highly acclaimed actors in each successive century." }, "Isabella of Portugal-4": { "title": "Isabella of Portugal", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "Childhood" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Isabella was born in Lisbon, Portugal on 24 October 1503 and named after her maternal grandmother and aunt, who had been her father's first wife. She was the second child and first daughter of King Manuel I of Portugal and his second wife, Maria of Aragon. Isabella was second-in-line to the throne until the birth of her brother Luis in 1506." }, "Ashland, Oregon-1": { "title": "Ashland, Oregon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ashland is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. It lies along Interstate 5 approximately 16 miles (26\u00a0km) north of the California border and near the south end of the Rogue Valley. The city's population was 20,078 at the 2010 census and was estimated to be 21,263 as of 2018." }, "Dr. Seuss-1": { "title": "Dr. Seuss", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Theodor Seuss \"Ted\" Geisel (/su\u02d0s \u02c8\u0261a\u026az\u0259l, z\u0254\u026as -/ (listen); March 2, 1904 \u2013 September 24, 1991) was an American children's author, political cartoonist, illustrator, poet, animator, screenwriter, and filmmaker. He is known for his work writing and illustrating more than 60 books under the pen name Dr. Seuss (/su\u02d0s, zu\u02d0s/,). His work includes many of the most popular children's books of all time, selling over 600 million copies and being translated into more than 20 languages by the time of his death." }, "Peter Fonda-48": { "title": "Peter Fonda", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Later career" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "Fonda's later appearances include American Bandits: Frank and Jesse James (2010) for Fred Olen Ray; The Trouble with Bliss (2011); episodes of CSI: NY; Smitty (2012); Harodim (2012); As Cool as I Am (2013); Copperhead (2013); The Ultimate Life (2013); The Harvest (2013); HR (2014); House of Bodies (2014); Jesse James: Lawman (2015); The Runner (2015) with Nicolas Cage; The Ballad of Lefty Brown (2017); The Most Hated Woman in America (2017); Borderland (2017); You Can't Say No (2018); and Boundaries (2018) with Christopher Plummer. He was an executive producer of the documentary The Big Fix (2012)." }, "Pickled cucumber-20": { "title": "Pickled cucumber", "section": "Nutrition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Like pickled vegetables such as sauerkraut, sour pickled cucumbers (technically a fruit) are low in calories. They also contain a moderate amount of vitamin K, specifically in the form of K1. 30-gram sour pickled cucumber offers 12\u201316\u00a0\u00b5g, or approximately 15\u201320%, of the Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamin\u00a0K. It also offers 3 kilocalories (13\u00a0kJ), most of which come from carbohydrate. However, most sour pickled cucumbers are also high in sodium; one pickled cucumber can contain 350\u2013500\u00a0mg, or 15\u201320% of the American recommended daily limit of 2400\u00a0mg." }, "Shark-59": { "title": "Shark", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "Feeding" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "Most sharks are carnivorous. Basking sharks, whale sharks, and megamouth sharks have independently evolved different strategies for filter feeding plankton: basking sharks practice ram feeding, whale sharks use suction to take in plankton and small fishes, and megamouth sharks make suction feeding more efficient by using the luminescent tissue inside of their mouths to attract prey in the deep ocean. This type of feeding requires gill rakers\u2014long, slender filaments that form a very efficient sieve\u2014analogous to the baleen plates of the great whales. The shark traps the plankton in these filaments and swallows from time to time in huge mouthfuls. Teeth in these species are comparatively small because they are not needed for feeding." }, "Signs and symptoms of pregnancy-15": { "title": "Signs and symptoms of pregnancy", "section": "Examples", "headers": [ "Regurgitation and heartburn" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Regurgitation and heartburn in pregnancy can be at least alleviated by eating multiple small meals a day, avoiding eating within three hours of going to bed, and sitting up straight when eating." }, "Rock in Rio-21": { "title": "Rock in Rio", "section": "Rio de Janeiro", "headers": [ "Rock in Rio 7" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Friday 18 September Palco Mundo: Queen + Adam Lambert, OneRepublic, The Script, Rock in Rio 30 Anos Palco Sunset: Tribute to C\u00e1ssia Eller, Lenine + Na\u00e7\u00e3o Zumbi + Martin Fondse, Ira! + Rappin' Hood and Tony Tornado, D\u00f4nica + Arthur Verocai Eletr\u00f4nica: DJ Meme, Kerry Chandler, Barbara Tucker, Tribute to Lincoln Olivetti, Tribute to Raul Seixas Saturday 19 September Palco Mundo: Metallica, M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce, Royal Blood, Gojira Palco Sunset: Korn, Ministry + Burton C. Bell, Angra + Dee Snider + Doro Pesch, Noturnall + Michael Kiske Eletr\u00f4nica: Crookers, Headhunterz, Tropkillaz, A Liga, Chemical Surf Sunday 20 September Palco Mundo: Rod Stewart, Elton John, Seal, Os Paralamas do Sucesso Palco Sunset: John Legend, Magic!, Baby do Brasil, Alice Caymmi + Eumir Deodato Eletr\u00f4nica: Matador, Pig and Dan, Gui Boratto, Flow & Zeo ft. Karina Zeviani, Elekfantz Thursday 24 September Palco Mundo: System of a Down, Queens of the Stone Age, Hollywood Vampires, CPM 22 Palco Sunset: Deftones, Lamb of God, Halestorm, Project46 + John Wayne Eletr\u00f4nica: Vintage Culture, Anderson Noise + Mau Mau + Renato Cohen, 2 Attack (Paula Chalup + Mau Mau) Friday 25 September Palco Mundo: Slipknot, Faith No More, Mastodon, De La Tierra Palco Sunset: Steve Vai + Camerata Florian\u00f3polis, Nightwish + Tony Kakko, Moonspell + Derrick Green, Cl\u00e1ssicos do Terror Eletr\u00f4nica: Alok, Felguk, Marcelo Cic, Volkoder, Hnqo Saturday 26 September Palco Mundo: Rihanna, Sam Smith, Sheppard, Lulu Santos Palco Sunset: S\u00e9rgio Mendes + Carlinhos Brown, Ang\u00e9lique Kidjo, Erasmo Carlos + Ultraje a Rigor, Brothers of Brazil Eletr\u00f4nica: Matthias Tanzmann + Davide Squillace, DJ Vibe + Rui Vargas, Leo Janeiro + Leozinho, Conti + Mandi Sunday 27 September Palco Mundo: Katy Perry, A-ha, Aluna George, Cidade Negra Palco Sunset: Rio 450 Anos, Al Jarreau, Aurea + Boss AC, Suricato + Raul Mid\u00f3n Eletr\u00f4nica: Life is a Loop, Diego Miranda + Rodrigo Sh\u00e0, Ely Yabu, Amanda Chang The seventh Brazilian edition was held in the City of Rock from September 15 to September 24, 2017. The headliners were Maroon 5, Justin Timberlake, Aerosmith, Bon Jovi, Guns N' Roses, The Who, and Red Hot Chili Peppers. Singer Lady Gaga was scheduled to perform on September 15, but had to cancel 24 hours before due to fibromyalgia. Maroon 5 performed a second concert due to her absence. Shawn Mendes and 5 Seconds of Summer also performed." }, "Hobbit-1": { "title": "Hobbit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hobbits are a fictional human-like race in the novels of J. R. R. Tolkien. About half the height of humans, they are also referred to as Halflings. They live barefooted, and live in underground houses which have windows, as they are typically built into the sides of hills." }, "Rick and Morty-27": { "title": "Rick and Morty", "section": "Home media", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "The 11-episode first season was released on DVD (2-disc set) and Blu-ray (single BD-50 disc) on October 7, 2014. Special features include commentary and animatics for every episode, deleted scenes, behind the scenes featurette and commentaries by special guests Matt Groening, Robert Kirkman, Pendleton Ward, Al Jean and others. The 10-episode second season was released on DVD (2-disc set) and Blu-ray (single BD-50 disc) on June 7, 2016. Special features include behind the scenes, commentary and animatics for every episode, deleted animatic sketches and a \"Plumbus Owner's Manual\" booklet. The 10-episode third season, was released on DVD (2-disc set) and Blu-ray (single BD-50 disc) on May 15, 2018. Special features include exclusive commentary and animatics for every episode, \"inside the episode\", the origins of Rick and Morty, and an exclusive \"inside the recording booth\" session. On February 12, 2019, a set containing seasons 1-3 was released on DVD and Blu-ray." }, "Facebook-3": { "title": "Facebook", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Facebook can be accessed from devices with Internet connectivity, such as personal computers, tablets and smartphones. After registering, users can create a profile revealing information about themselves. They can post text, photos and multimedia which is shared with any other users that have agreed to be their \"friend\", or, with a different privacy setting, with any reader. Users can also use various embedded apps, join common-interest groups, buy and sell items or services on Marketplace, and receive notifications of their Facebook friends' activities and activities of Facebook pages they follow. Facebook claimed that it had more than 2.3\u00a0billion monthly active users as of December 2018." }, "Vitamin C-12": { "title": "Vitamin C", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Scurvy" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "The disease scurvy is caused by vitamin C deficiency and can be prevented and treated with vitamin C-containing foods or dietary supplements. It takes at least a month of little to no vitamin C before symptoms occur. Early symptoms are malaise and lethargy, progressing to shortness of breath, bone pain, bleeding gums, susceptibility to bruising, poor wound healing, and finally fever, convulsions and eventual death. Until quite late in the disease the damage is reversible, as healthy collagen replaces the defective collagen with vitamin C repletion. Treatment can be orally or by intramuscular or intravenous injection. Scurvy was known to Hippocrates in the classical era. The disease was shown to be prevented by citrus fruit in an early controlled trial by a Royal Navy surgeon, James Lind, in 1747, and from 1796 lemon juice was issued to all Royal Navy crewmen." }, "Peregrine falcon-15": { "title": "Peregrine falcon", "section": "Ecology and behaviour", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The air pressure from such a dive could possibly damage a bird's lungs, but small bony tubercles on a falcon's nostrils are theorized to guide the powerful airflow away from the nostrils, enabling the bird to breathe more easily while diving by reducing the change in air pressure. To protect their eyes, the falcons use their nictitating membranes (third eyelids) to spread tears and clear debris from their eyes while maintaining vision. A study testing the flight physics of an \"ideal falcon\" found a theoretical speed limit at 400\u00a0km/h (250\u00a0mph) for low-altitude flight and 625\u00a0km/h (388\u00a0mph) for high-altitude flight. In 2005, Ken Franklin recorded a falcon stooping at a top speed of 389\u00a0km/h (242\u00a0mph). The life span of peregrine falcons in the wild is up to 19 years 9 months. Mortality in the first year is 59\u201370%, declining to 25\u201332% annually in adults. Apart from such anthropogenic threats as collision with human-made objects, the peregrine may be killed by larger hawks and owls." }, "Chef-17": { "title": "Chef", "section": "Culinary education", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Like many skilled trades, chefs usually go through a formal apprenticeship which includes many years of on-the-job training. Culinary schools and restaurants offer these apprenticeships. To become an apprentice, one must be at least 18 years old and have a high school diploma or GED. Apprenticeships usually take 3 to 4 years to complete and combine classroom instruction with on-the-job training. The training period for a chef is generally four years as an apprentice. A newly qualified chef is advanced or more commonly a torquecommis-chef, consisting of first-year commis, second-year commis, and so on. The rate of pay is usually in accordance with the chefs. Like all other chefs except the executive-chef, trainees are placed in sections of the kitchen (e.g., the starter (appetizer) or entr\u00e9e sections) under the guidance of a demi-chef de partie and are given relatively basic tasks. Ideally, over time, a commis will spend a certain period in each section of the kitchen to learn the basics. Unaided, a commis may work on the vegetable station of a kitchen." }, "Pacific War-2": { "title": "Pacific War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Second Sino-Japanese War between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China had been in progress since 7 July 1937, with hostilities dating back as far as 19 September 1931 with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. However, it is more widely accepted that the Pacific War itself began on 7/8 December 1941, when the Japanese invaded Thailand and attacked the British colonies of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong as well as the United States military and naval bases in Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam, and the Philippines." }, "Whole Foods Market-24": { "title": "Whole Foods Market", "section": "History", "headers": [ "2017\u2013present: Amazon subsidiary" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "In February 2017, Whole Foods Market said it would close nine of its stores and lowered its financial projections for the year, as the natural-foods company struggled with increased competition and slowing sales growth.[citation needed] In late April 2017, Whole Foods reported their sixth consecutive quarter of declining sales, and announced that the company would be closing nine stores: two each in Colorado and California, and one each in Georgia, Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, and Illinois. The loss of revenue was attributed to foot traffic being down and other supermarkets offering a similar experience for a lower cost." }, "Shirley Bassey-1": { "title": "Shirley Bassey", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dame Shirley Veronica Bassey, DBE (/\u02c8b\u00e6si/; born 8 January 1937) is a Welsh singer whose career began in the mid-1950s, and is well known both for her powerful voice and for recording the theme songs to the James Bond films Goldfinger (1964), Diamonds Are Forever (1971), and Moonraker (1979). In January 1959, Bassey became the first Welsh person to gain a No. 1 single." }, "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)-8": { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Upon their return to the Emerald City, the Wizard stalls in fulfilling his promises until Toto pulls back a curtain and exposes the \"Wizard\" as a middle-aged man operating machinery and speaking into a microphone. Admitting to being a humbug, he insists that he is \"a good man but a bad wizard.\" The Wizard then gives the Scarecrow a diploma, the Lion a medal and the Tin Man a ticking heart-shaped watch, helping them see that the attributes they sought were already within them. He then offers to take Dorothy and Toto home in his hot air balloon, revealing that he is also from Kansas and was originally a carnival worker before a tornado brought him to the Emerald City, whereupon he accepted the job as Wizard due to hard times." }, "Phobos (moon)-4": { "title": "Phobos (moon)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Phobos is one of the least reflective bodies in the Solar System, with an albedo of just 0.071. Surface temperatures range from about \u22124\u00a0\u00b0C (25\u00a0\u00b0F) on the sunlit side to \u2212112\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212170\u00a0\u00b0F) on the shadowed side. The defining surface feature is the large impact crater, Stickney, which takes up a substantial proportion of the moon's surface. In November 2018, astronomers concluded that the many grooves on Phobos were caused by boulders ejected from the asteroid impact that created Stickney and rolled around on the surface of the moon. An alternative theory is that the grooves are stretch marks caused by tidal forces." }, "Durian-29": { "title": "Durian", "section": "Flavour and odour", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "The five cells are silky-white within, and are filled with a mass of firm, cream-coloured pulp, containing about three seeds each. This pulp is the edible part, and its consistence and flavour are indescribable. A rich custard highly flavoured with almonds gives the best general idea of it, but there are occasional wafts of flavour that call to mind cream-cheese, onion-sauce, sherry-wine, and other incongruous dishes. Then there is a rich glutinous smoothness in the pulp which nothing else possesses, but which adds to its delicacy. It is neither acidic nor sweet nor juicy; yet it wants neither of these qualities, for it is in itself perfect. It produces no nausea or other bad effect, and the more you eat of it the less you feel inclined to stop. In fact, to eat Durians is a new sensation worth a voyage to the East to experience. ... as producing a food of the most exquisite flavour it is unsurpassed. Wallace described himself as being at first reluctant to try it because of the aroma, \"but in Borneo I found a ripe fruit on the ground, and, eating it out of doors, I at once became a confirmed Durian eater\". He cited one traveller from 1599: \"it is of such an excellent taste that it surpasses in flavour all other fruits of the world, according to those who have tasted it.\" He cites another writer: \"To those not used to it, it seems at first to smell like rotten onions, but immediately after they have tasted it they prefer it to all other food. The natives give it honourable titles, exalt it, and make verses on it.\" Despite having tried many foods that are arguably more eccentric, Andrew Zimmern, host of Bizarre Foods, was unable to finish a durian upon sampling it, due to his intolerance of its strong taste." }, "Doctor Strange-1": { "title": "Doctor Strange", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Doctor Stephen Strange is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by artist Steve Ditko and writer Stan Lee, the character first appeared in Strange Tales #110 (cover-dated July 1963). Doctor Strange serves as the Sorcerer Supreme, the primary protector of Earth against magical and mystical threats. Inspired by stories of black magic and Chandu the Magician, Strange was created during the Silver Age of Comic Books to bring a different kind of character and themes of mysticism to Marvel Comics." }, "Edgar Allan Poe-3": { "title": "Edgar Allan Poe", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the next several years working for literary journals and periodicals, becoming known for his own style of literary criticism. His work forced him to move among several cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. He married his 13-year-old cousin, Virginia Clemm, in 1836, but Virginia died of tuberculosis in 1847. In January 1845, Poe published his poem \"The Raven\" to instant success. He planned for years to produce his own journal The Penn (later renamed The Stylus), but before it could be produced, he died in Baltimore on October 7, 1849, at age 40. The cause of his death is unknown and has been variously attributed to disease, alcoholism, substance abuse, suicide, and other causes." }, "Vulcan (mythology)-17": { "title": "Vulcan (mythology)", "section": "Theology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "The Roman concept of the god seems to associate him to both the destructive and the fertilizing powers of fire." }, "Marsupial-15": { "title": "Marsupial", "section": "Anatomy", "headers": [ "Reproductive system" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Marsupials' reproductive systems differ markedly from those of placental mammals. During embryonic development, a choriovitelline placenta forms in all marsupials. In bandicoots, an additional chorioallantoic placenta forms, although it lacks the chorionic villi found in eutherian placentas." }, "Earth Day-1": { "title": "Earth Day", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Earth Day is an annual event celebrated around the world on April 22 to demonstrate support for environmental protection. First celebrated in 1970, it now includes events coordinated globally by the Earth Day Network in more than 193 countries." }, "Cat food-9": { "title": "Cat food", "section": "Natural diet", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Cats are obligate carnivores\u2014meaning, they are true carnivores and depend upon the nutrients present in animal flesh for their dietary needs. Even domesticated cats will relish freshly killed meat from rodents, rabbits, amphibians, birds, reptiles and fish, but cats are also opportunistic feeders and will readily take cooked food as well as dried cat food when offered, if that food is palatable. The natural diet of cats therefore does not include any vegetable matter, although cats have been known to eat certain plants and grasses occasionally, usually as an emetic." }, "Apollo 15-2": { "title": "Apollo 15", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The mission began on July 26, 1971, and ended on August 7, the lunar surface exploration taking place between July 30 and August 2. Commander David Scott and Lunar Module Pilot James Irwin landed near Hadley Rille and explored the local area using the rover, allowing them to travel further from the lunar module than had been possible on previous missions. They spent 18\u200b1\u20442 hours on the Moon's surface on extravehicular activity (EVA), and collected 170 pounds (77\u00a0kg) of surface material." }, "Hey Arnold!-1": { "title": "Hey Arnold!", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hey Arnold! is an American animated children's television series created by Craig Bartlett that aired on Nickelodeon from October 7, 1996, to June 8, 2004. The show centers on a fourth grader named Arnold, who lives with his grandparents in an inner-city tenement. Episodes center on his experiences navigating urban life while dealing with the problems he and his friends encounter." }, "Coffee-28": { "title": "Coffee", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "The traditional method of planting coffee is to place 20 seeds in each hole at the beginning of the rainy season. This method loses about 50% of the seeds' potential, as about half fail to sprout. A more effective process of growing coffee, used in Brazil, is to raise seedlings in nurseries that are then planted outside at six to twelve months. Coffee is often intercropped with food crops, such as corn, beans, or rice during the first few years of cultivation as farmers become familiar with its requirements. Coffee plants grow within a defined area between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, termed the bean belt or coffee belt." }, "Elephant-12": { "title": "Elephant", "section": "Taxonomy and phylogeny", "headers": [ "Evolution and extinct relatives" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Proboscideans experienced several evolutionary trends, such as an increase in size, which led to many giant species that stood up to 500\u00a0cm (16\u00a0ft 5\u00a0in) tall. As with other megaherbivores, including the extinct sauropod dinosaurs, the large size of elephants likely developed to allow them to survive on vegetation with low nutritional value. Their limbs grew longer and the feet shorter and broader. The feet were originally plantigrade and developed into a digitigrade stance with cushion pads and the sesamoid bone providing support. Early proboscideans developed longer mandibles and smaller craniums while more derived ones developed shorter mandibles, which shifted the head's centre of gravity. The skull grew larger, especially the cranium, while the neck shortened to provide better support for the skull. The increase in size led to the development and elongation of the mobile trunk to provide reach. The number of premolars, incisors and canines decreased. The cheek teeth (molars and premolars) became larger and more specialized, especially after elephants started to switch from C3-plants to C4-grasses, which caused their teeth to undergo a three-fold increase in teeth height as well as substantial multiplication of lamellae after about five million years ago. Only in the last million years or so did they return to a diet mainly consisting of C3 trees and shrubs. The upper second incisors grew into tusks, which varied in shape from straight, to curved (either upward or downward), to spiralled, depending on the species. Some proboscideans developed tusks from their lower incisors. Elephants retain certain features from their aquatic ancestry, such as their middle ear anatomy." }, "Grave-1": { "title": "Grave", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A grave is a location where a dead body (typically that of a human, although sometimes that of an animal) is buried. Graves are usually located in special areas set aside for the purpose of burial, such as graveyards or cemeteries." }, "Duke-1": { "title": "Duke", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A duke (male) can either be a monarch ranked below the emperor, king, and grand duke ruling over a duchy or a member of royalty or nobility, historically of highest rank, below princes of nobility and grand dukes. The title comes from French duc, itself from the Latin dux, 'leader', a term used in republican Rome to refer to a military commander without an official rank (particularly one of Germanic or Celtic origin), and later coming to mean the leading military commander of a province. In most countries, the word duchess is the female equivalent. However, in some countries (such as the UK), the term duke is used even for females, and the word duchess is reserved for those who marry dukes." }, "Human-1": { "title": "Human", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Humans (Homo sapiens) are the only extant members of the subtribe Hominina. Together with chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans, they are part of the family Hominidae (the great apes, or hominids). Humans are terrestrial animals, characterized by their erect posture and bipedal locomotion; high manual dexterity and heavy tool use compared to other animals; open-ended and complex language use compared to other animal communications; larger, more complex brains than other animals; and highly advanced and organized societies." }, "Suzuki Baleno (2015)-14": { "title": "Suzuki Baleno (2015)", "section": "Other markets", "headers": [ "Indonesia" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "The hatchback was launched in the country on 10 August 2017 at the 25th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show. The Indonesian market Baleno is based on the Baleno RS, the top-of-the-line variant of the Baleno with sportier grille and bumper, and it replaced the third generation Swift in Indonesia. Fully imported from India, it is the only market besides South Africa where Baleno is offered with a four-cylinder 1.4 L petrol engine, since it is positioned to compete with Honda Jazz and Toyota Yaris, both equipped with 1.5 L engine. Only one trim level is offered, with either 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission. The Indonesian market Baleno received its facelift on 20 December 2019, once again based on the facelifted Baleno RS." }, "Glass-2": { "title": "Glass", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Although brittle, silicate glass is extremely durable, and many examples of glass fragments exist from early glass-making cultures. Archaeological evidence suggests glass-making dates back to at least 3,600 BCE in Mesopotamia, Egypt, or Syria. The earliest known glass objects were beads, perhaps created accidentally during metal-working or the production of faience. Due to its ease of formability into any shape, glass has been traditionally used for vessels: bowls, vases, bottles, jars and drinking glasses. In its most solid forms, it has also been used for paperweights and marbles. Glass can be coloured by adding metal salts or painted and printed with vitreous enamels, leading to its use in stained glass windows and other glass art objects." }, "Adrenal tumor-9": { "title": "Adrenal tumor", "section": "Tumors of the Adrenal Medulla", "headers": [ "Neuroblastoma" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Neuroblastoma is an aggressive cancer of immature neuroblastic cells (precursors of neurons), and is one of the most common pediatric cancers, with a median age at diagnosis of two years. Adrenal neuroblastoma typically presents with a rapidly enlarging abdominal mass. Although the tumor has often spread to distant parts of the body at the time of diagnosis, this cancer is unusual in that many cases are highly curable when the spread is limited to the liver, skin, and/or bone marrow (stage IVS). Related, but less aggressive tumors composed of more mature neural cells include ganglioneuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma. Neuroblastic tumors often produce elevated levels of catecholamine hormone metabolites, such as vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid, and may produce severe watery diarrhea through production of vasoactive intestinal peptide. Treatment of neuroblastoma includes surgery and radiation therapy for localized disease, and chemotherapy for metastatic disease." }, "Death Magnetic-47": { "title": "Death Magnetic", "section": "Commercial performance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "Death Magnetic was certified 2x platinum (two million units sold) by the RIAA on June 28, 2010." }, "Mediterranean Sea-11": { "title": "Mediterranean Sea", "section": "Names and etymology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The Carthaginians called it the \"Syrian Sea\". In ancient Syrian texts, Phoenician epics and in the Hebrew Bible, it was primarily known as the \"Great Sea\", HaYam HaGadol, (Numbers; Book of Joshua; Ezekiel) or simply as \"The Sea\" (1 Kings). However, it has also been called the \"Hinder Sea\" because of its location on the west coast of Greater Syria or the Holy Land (and therefore behind a person facing the east), which is sometimes translated as \"Western Sea\". Another name was the \"Sea of the Philistines\", (Book of Exodus), from the people inhabiting a large portion of its shores near the Israelites. In Modern Hebrew, it is called HaYam HaTikhon 'the Middle Sea'. In Classic Persian texts was called Dary\u0101y-e \u0160\u0101m (\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0645) \"The Western Sea\" or \"Syrian Sea\"." }, "Svante Arrhenius-1": { "title": "Svante Arrhenius", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Svante August Arrhenius (/\u0251\u02d0\u02c8re\u026ani\u028as/; 19 February 1859 \u2013 2 October 1927) was a Swedish scientist. Originally a physicist, but often referred to as a chemist, Arrhenius was one of the founders of the science of physical chemistry. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1903, becoming the first Swedish Nobel laureate. In 1905, he became director of the Nobel Institute, where he remained until his death." }, "Lawyer-1": { "title": "Lawyer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A lawyer or attorney is a person who practices law, as an advocate, attorney, attorney at law, barrister, barrister-at-law, bar-at-law, canonist, canon lawyer, civil law notary, counsel, counselor, counsellor, solicitor, legal executive, or public servant preparing, interpreting and applying law, but not as a paralegal or charter executive secretary. Working as a lawyer involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific individualized problems, or to advance the interests of those who hire lawyers to perform legal services. The role of the lawyer varies greatly across different legal jurisdictions." }, "Soulcalibur (video game)-1": { "title": "Soulcalibur (video game)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Soulcalibur (\u30bd\u30a6\u30eb\u30ad\u30e3\u30ea\u30d0\u30fc, S\u014drukyarib\u0101) is a weapon-based 3D fighting game developed by Project Soul and produced by Namco. It is the second game in the Soulcalibur series, preceded by Soul Edge in December 1995. Originally released in arcades in July 30, 1998, it ran on the Namco System 12 hardware. It was ported to the Dreamcast in 1999 with new features and improved graphics. The North American version was released in September 1999 as a launch game for the Dreamcast and was part of the successful launch of the new console. It became available as a downloadable title on the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Marketplace in July 2008 and it is forward compatible with the Xbox One along with the sequel, Soulcalibur II." }, "Travis (chimpanzee)-8": { "title": "Travis (chimpanzee)", "section": "Incidents", "headers": [ "2009 attack" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "On February 16, 2009, at around 3:40 p.m., Travis attacked Sandra Herold's 55-year-old friend Charla Nash, inflicting devastating injuries to her face and limbs. Travis had left the house with Sandra Herold's car keys, and Nash came to help get the chimp back in the house; upon seeing Nash holding a Tickle Me Elmo\u2014one of his favorite toys\u2014Travis immediately attacked her. Travis was familiar with Nash, who had also worked at the Herolds' towing company, although Nash had a different hairstyle at the time of the attack, which may have confused and alarmed him. He had been taking medication for Lyme disease. Herold, then 70 years old, attempted to stop Travis by hitting him with a shovel and stabbing him with a butcher knife. \"For me to do something like that \u2013 put a knife in him \u2013 was like putting one in myself,\" Herold later said. The chimp turned around, she said, as if to say, \"'Mom, what did you do?'\" The animal grew angrier. Herold then called 9-1-1 and pleaded for help. Travis' screams can be heard in the background of the tape as Sandra pleaded for police, who initially believed the call to be a hoax, until she started screaming, \"He's eating her!\" Emergency medical services waited for police before approaching the house. Travis walked up to the police car when it arrived, tried to open a locked passenger door, and smashed a side-view mirror. Then he went calmly around to the driver's-side door and opened it, at which point Officer Frank Chiafari shot him several times. Travis retreated to the house, where he was found dead next to his cage." }, "Tax collector-1": { "title": "Tax collector", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A tax collector or a taxman is a person who collects unpaid taxes from other people or corporations. The term could also be applied to those who audit tax returns. Tax collectors are often portrayed in fiction as being evil, and in the modern world share a similar stereotype to that of lawyers." }, "Secretary-1": { "title": "Secretary", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A secretary, administrative professional, or personal assistant is a person whose work consists of supporting management, including executives, using a variety of project management, communication, or organizational skills. However this role should not be confused with the role of an executive secretary, who differs from a personal assistant. In many countries, an executive secretary is a high-ranking position in the administrative hierarchy. In fact in Pakistan, federal secretaries are dubbed as the most influential people in the country." }, "Bleach-4": { "title": "Bleach", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Chlorine, a powerful oxidizer, is the active agent in many household bleaches. Since pure chlorine is a toxic corrosive gas, these products usually contain hypochlorite which releases chlorine when needed. \"Bleaching powder\" usually means a formulation containing calcium hypochlorite." }, "Isaac Newton-46": { "title": "Isaac Newton", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "Death" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "Newton died in his sleep in London on 20 March 1727 (OS 20 March 1726; NS 31 March 1727). His body was buried in Westminster Abbey. Voltaire may have been present at his funeral. A bachelor, he had divested much of his estate to relatives during his last years, and died intestate. His papers went to John Conduitt and Catherine Barton. After his death, Newton's hair was examined and found to contain mercury, probably resulting from his alchemical pursuits. Mercury poisoning could explain Newton's eccentricity in late life." }, "1804 United States presidential election-3": { "title": "1804 United States presidential election", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Though Jefferson had only narrowly defeated Adams in 1800, he was widely popular due to the Louisiana Purchase and a strong economy. He carried almost every state, including most states in the Federalist stronghold of New England. Several states did not hold a popular vote for president, but Jefferson dominated the popular vote in the states that did. Jefferson's 45.6 percentage point victory margin in the popular vote remains the highest victory margin in a presidential election in which there were multiple major party candidates." }, "Types of chocolate-6": { "title": "Types of chocolate", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Milk chocolate is solid chocolate made with milk added in the form of powdered milk, liquid milk, or condensed milk. In 1875 a Swiss confectioner, Daniel Peter, developed the first solid milk-chocolate using condensed milk, which had been invented by Henri Nestl\u00e9, Peter's neighbour in Vevey. European Union regulations specify a minimum of 25% cocoa solids. However, an agreement was reached in 2000 that allowed an exception from these regulations in the UK, Ireland, and Malta, where \"milk chocolate\" can contain only 20% cocoa solids. Such chocolate is labelled as \"family milk chocolate\" elsewhere in the European Union. Cadbury is the leading brand of milk chocolate in the United Kingdom. The United States government requires a 10% concentration of chocolate liquor. The Hershey Company is the largest producer in the US. The actual Hershey process is a trade secret, but experts speculate that the milk is partially lipolyzed, producing butyric acid, and then the milk is pasteurized, stabilizing it for use. This process gives the product a particular taste, to which the US public has developed an affinity, to the extent that some rival manufacturers now add butyric acid to their milk chocolates. Dark chocolate, also known as \"plain chocolate\", is produced using a higher percentage of cocoa with all fat content coming from cocoa butter instead of milk, but there are also \"dark milk\" chocolates and many degrees of hybrids. Dark chocolate can be eaten as is, or used in cooking, for which thicker baking bars, usually with high cocoa percentages ranging from 70% to 100%, are sold. Baking chocolate containing no added sugar may be labeled \"unsweetened chocolate\". Semisweet and bittersweet are terms for dark chocolate traditionally used in the United States to indicate the amount of added sugar. Typically, bittersweet chocolate has less sugar than semisweet chocolate, but the two are interchangeable when baking. Both must contain a minimum of 35% cocoa solids; many brands now print on the package the percentage of cocoa in the chocolate. Couverture chocolate is a high-quality class of chocolate, containing a high percentage of cocoa solids that includes a higher percentage of cocoa butter than other chocolate, and precisely tempered. Couverture chocolate is used by professionals for dipping, coating, molding and garnishing ('couverture' means 'covering' in French). Popular brands of couverture chocolate used by pastry chefs include: Valrhona, Lindt & Spr\u00fcngli, Scharffen Berger, Callebaut, and Guittard. White chocolate is made of sugar, milk, and cocoa butter, without the cocoa solids. It is pale ivory colour, and lacks many of the compounds found in milk and dark chocolates. It remains solid at room temperature as that is below the melting point of cocoa butter. Ruby chocolate is a type of chocolate created by Barry Callebaut. The variety was in development from 2004, and was released to the public in 2017. The chocolate type is made from the Ruby cocoa bean, resulting in a distinct red colour and a different flavour, described as \"sweet yet sour\". Raw chocolate is chocolate that has not been processed, heated, or mixed with other ingredients. It is sold in chocolate-growing countries, and to a much lesser extent in other countries, often promoted as healthy. Compound chocolate is the name for a confection combining cocoa with other vegetable fat, usually tropical fats or hydrogenated fats, as a replacement for cocoa butter. It is often used for candy bar coatings. In many countries it may not legally be called \"chocolate\". Modeling chocolate is a chocolate paste made by melting chocolate and combining it with corn syrup, glucose syrup, or golden syrup. It is primarily used by cakemakers and p\u00e2tisseries to add decoration to cakes and pastries. Cocoa powder is the pulverized cocoa solids left after extracting almost all the cocoa butter. It is used to add chocolate flavour in baking, and for making chocolate drinks. There are two types of unsweetened cocoa powder: natural cocoa produced by the Broma process, with no additives, and Dutch process cocoa, which is additionally processed with alkali to neutralize its natural acidity. Natural cocoa is light in colour and somewhat acidic, and is commonly used in recipes that also use baking soda; as baking soda is an alkali, combining it with natural cocoa creates a leavening action that allows the batter to rise during baking. Dutch cocoa is slightly milder in taste, with a darker colour. It is frequently used for chocolate drinks such as hot chocolate due to its ease in blending with liquids. However, Dutch processing destroys most of the flavonoids present in cocoa. Flavours such as mint, vanilla, coffee, orange, or strawberry are sometimes added to chocolate in a creamy form or in very small pieces. Chocolate bars frequently contain added ingredients such as peanuts, nuts, fruit, caramel, and crisped rice. Pieces of chocolate, in various flavours, are sometimes added to breakfast cereals and ice cream." }, "Severus Snape-47": { "title": "Severus Snape", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "IGN listed Snape as their 4th top Harry Potter character, saying that he makes \"quite an impact in the Harry Potter series\", and IGN's Joe Utichi called Snape his favourite Harry Potter character and praised his character development. Shortly after the release of the final film, MTV held a public poll for fans to vote for the best character in the series, and Snape was voted #1. Around the same time, Empire magazine held a public poll for fans to vote for the 25 greatest characters in the series, and Snape once again came in at #1. In May 2011, Snape was again voted as the No. 1 favourite Harry Potter character in a public poll held by the Bloomsbury publishing house. In 2014, Watchmojo.com ranked him No. 1 on their \"Top 10 Harry Potter Characters\" list (beating Harry Potter; who is ranked #2) while they ranked him No. 3 on their \"Top 10 Most Gut-Wrenching Harry Potter Deaths\" list two years later." }, "Supermarket-3": { "title": "Supermarket", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Shelf space is also reserved for canned and packaged goods and for various non-food items such as kitchenware, household cleaners, pharmacy products and pet supplies. Some supermarkets also sell other household products that are consumed regularly, such as alcohol (where permitted), medicine, and clothing, and some sell a much wider range of non-food products: DVDs, sporting equipment, board games, and seasonal items (e.g., Christmas wrapping paper in December)." }, "Great Pyramid of Giza-4": { "title": "Great Pyramid of Giza", "section": "History and description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Egyptologists believe the pyramid was built as a tomb for the Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu (often Hellenized as \"Cheops\") and was constructed over a 20-year period. Khufu's vizier, Hemiunu (also called Hemon), is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid. It is thought that, at construction, the Great Pyramid was originally 146.6 metres (481.0\u00a0ft) tall, but with the removal of its original casing, its present height is 137 metres (449.5\u00a0ft). The lengths of the sides at the base are difficult to reconstruct, given the absence of the casing, but recent analyses put them in a range between 230.26 metres (755.4\u00a0ft) and 230.44 metres (756.0\u00a0ft). The volume, including an internal hillock, is roughly 2,300,000 cubic metres (81,000,000\u00a0cu\u00a0ft)." }, "Ophthalmology-1": { "title": "Ophthalmology", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ophthalmology (/\u02cc\u0252f\u03b8\u00e6l\u02c8m\u0252l\u0259d\u0292i/) is a branch of medicine and surgery which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. An ophthalmologist is a specialist in ophthalmology. The credentials include a degree in medicine, followed by additional four to five years of ophthalmology residency training. Ophthalmology residency training programs may require a one-year pre-residency training in internal medicine, pediatrics, or general surgery. Additional specialty training (or fellowship) may be sought in a particular aspect of eye pathology. Ophthalmologists are allowed to use medications to treat eye diseases, implement laser therapy, and perform surgery when needed. Ophthalmologists may participate in academic research on the diagnosis and treatment for eye disorders." }, "Unsafe abortion-2": { "title": "Unsafe abortion", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Unsafe abortions results in complications for about 7 million women a year. Unsafe abortions are also one of the leading causes of deaths during pregnancy and childbirth (about 5-13% of all deaths during this period). Most unsafe abortions occur where abortion is illegal, or in developing countries where affordable and well-trained medical practitioners are not readily available, or where modern birth control is unavailable." }, "Donald Trump-3": { "title": "Donald Trump", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Trump entered the 2016 presidential race as a Republican and defeated 16 other candidates in the primaries. His political positions have been described as populist, protectionist, and nationalist. Despite not being favored in most forecasts, he was elected over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton, although he lost the popular vote. He became the oldest first-term U.S. president, and the first without prior military or government service. His election and policies have sparked numerous protests. Trump has made many false or misleading statements during his campaign and presidency. The statements have been documented by fact-checkers, and the media have widely described the phenomenon as unprecedented in American politics. Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racially charged or racist." }, "Mallard-2": { "title": "Mallard", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The female lays eight to 13 creamy white to greenish-buff spotless eggs, on alternate days. Incubation takes 27 to 28 days and fledging takes 50 to 60 days. The ducklings are precocial and fully capable of swimming as soon as they hatch." }, "Revolutionary Road-4": { "title": "Revolutionary Road", "section": "Plot summary", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Set in 1955, the novel focuses on the hopes and aspirations of Frank and April Wheeler, self-assured Connecticut suburbanites who see themselves as very different from their neighbors in the Revolutionary Hill Estates. In the opening scene, April stars in an embarrassingly bad amateur dramatic production of The Petrified Forest. After the performance, Frank and April have a fight on the side of the highway, and Frank later begins an affair with his office colleague Maureen Grube." }, "Polio vaccine-30": { "title": "Polio vaccine", "section": "History", "headers": [ "1950\u20131955", "Jonas Salk" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "The first effective polio vaccine was developed in 1952 by Jonas Salk and a team at the University of Pittsburgh that included Julius Youngner, Byron Bennett, L. James Lewis, and Lorraine Friedman, which required years of subsequent testing. Salk went on CBS radio to report a successful test on a small group of adults and children on 26 March 1953; two days later, the results were published in JAMA. Larger quantities of vaccine were produced for Salk by a team in Toronto led by Leone N. Farrell. Beginning 23 February 1954, the vaccine was tested at Arsenal Elementary School and the Watson Home for Children in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania." }, "Frost (temperature)-1": { "title": "Frost (temperature)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Frost or freezing occurs when the temperature of air falls below the freezing point of water (0\u00a0\u00b0C, 32\u00a0\u00b0F, 273.15 K). This is usually measured at the height of 1.2\u00a0m above the ground surface." }, "Henry Ford Company-1": { "title": "Henry Ford Company", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Henry Ford Company was the second company for Henry Ford, founded November 1901. It resulted from the reorganization of the Detroit Automobile Company, his first unsuccessful attempt at automobile manufacture a year before. In March 1902, Ford left the company following a dispute with his financial backers, William Murphy and Lemuel Bowen, as Ford was devoting considerable time to the sport of auto racing and his Ford 999 race car. In a final settlement, Ford left with his name and US $900; he went on to start the Ford Motor Company in 1903 at the Ford Mack Avenue Plant." }, "Pallor mortis-1": { "title": "Pallor mortis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pallor mortis (Latin: pallor \"paleness\", mortis \"of death\"), the first stage of death, is an after-death paleness that occurs in those with light/white skin. An opto-electronical colour measurement device is used to measure pallor mortis on bodies." }, "Algae-1": { "title": "Algae", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Algae (/\u02c8\u00e6ld\u0292i, \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i/; singular alga /\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259/) is an informal term for a large, diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms that are not necessarily closely related, and is thus polyphyletic. Included organisms range from unicellular microalgae, such as Chlorella and the diatoms, to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelp, a large brown alga which may grow up to 50\u00a0m in length. Most are aquatic and autotrophic and lack many of the distinct cell and tissue types, such as stomata, xylem and phloem, which are found in land plants. The largest and most complex marine algae are called seaweeds, while the most complex freshwater forms are the Charophyta, a division of green algae which includes, for example, Spirogyra and stoneworts." }, "Noah-1": { "title": "Noah", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Abrahamic religions, Noah (/\u02c8no\u028a.\u0259/ NOH-\u0259) was the tenth and last of the pre-Flood patriarchs. His story is contained in the Hebrew Bible, in the Book of Genesis, chapters 5\u20139 and in the Qur'an. The Genesis flood narrative is among the best-known stories of the Bible. Noah is also portrayed as \"the first tiller of the soil\" and the inventor of wine." }, "Adventures of Mowgli-1": { "title": "Adventures of Mowgli", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Adventures of Mowgli (Russian: \u041c\u0430\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0438; also spelled Maugli) is an animated feature-length story originally released as five animated shorts of about 20 minutes each between 1967 and 1971 in the Soviet Union. It is based on Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book. They were directed by Roman Davydov and made by Soyuzmultfilm studio. In 1973, the five films were combined into a single 96-minute feature film. The Russian DVD release of the restored footage, distributed by \"Krupnyy Plan\" and \"Lizard\", separates the animation into the original five parts." }, "Diabetes-27": { "title": "Diabetes", "section": "Pathophysiology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Insulin is the principal hormone that regulates the uptake of glucose from the blood into most cells of the body, especially liver, adipose tissue and muscle, except smooth muscle, in which insulin acts via the IGF-1. Therefore, deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of its receptors play a central role in all forms of diabetes mellitus." }, "Jack Frost (TV special)-1": { "title": "Jack Frost (TV special)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jack Frost is a 1979 Christmas stop motion animated television special produced by Rankin/Bass Productions. It was directed by Jules Bass and Arthur Rankin, Jr., written by Romeo Muller, narrated by Buddy Hackett, and starring Robert Morse, Debra Clinger, and Paul Frees. The special premiered on NBC on December 13, 1979 and tells the tale of Jack Frost and his adventures as a human. It airs annually on AMC as part of its Best Christmas Ever programming block." }, "William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign-1": { "title": "William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The 1908 U.S. Presidential election occurred in the backdrop of the Progressive achievements of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's second term as well as against the U.S. recovery following the Panic of 1907. In this election, Roosevelt's chosen successor, Republican William Howard Taft, ran in large part on Roosevelt's Progressive legacy and decisively defeated former Congressman and three-time Democratic U.S. Presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan (who also advocated progressive ideas in his campaign). Overall, the 1908 presidential campaign and election were about labor issues, trusts, campaign finance reform, imperialism, and corruption." }, "Major General Comte Jean de Rochambeau-1": { "title": "Major General Comte Jean de Rochambeau", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Major General Comte Jean de Rochambeau is a bronze statue by Fernand Hamar which honors Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, a French nobleman and general who played a major role in helping the Thirteen Colonies win independence during the American Revolution." }, "Magic: The Gathering-2": { "title": "Magic: The Gathering", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Each game of Magic represents a battle between wizards known as planeswalkers who cast spells, use artifacts, and summon creatures as depicted on individual cards in order to defeat their opponents, typically, but not always, by draining them of their 20 starting life points in the standard format. Although the original concept of the game drew heavily from the motifs of traditional fantasy role-playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons, the gameplay bears little similarity to pencil-and-paper adventure games, while simultaneously having substantially more cards and more complex rules than many other card games." }, "Estonian language-1": { "title": "Estonian language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Estonian language (eesti keel [\u02c8e\u02d0sti \u02c8ke\u02d0l] (listen)) is a Uralic language of the Finnic branch spoken in Estonia. It is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people; 922,000 people in Estonia and 160,000 outside Estonia. It is a Southern Finnic language and is the second-most-spoken language among all the Finnic languages." }, "Metal-35": { "title": "Metal", "section": "Categories", "headers": [ "Base, noble and precious metals" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "A longtime goal of the alchemists was the transmutation of base metals into precious metals including such coinage metals as silver and gold. Most coins today are made of base metals with no intrinsic value, in the past, coins frequently derived their value primarily from their precious metal content." }, "Tom and Jerry-2": { "title": "Tom and Jerry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In its original run, Hanna and Barbera produced 114 Tom and Jerry shorts for MGM from 1940 to 1958. During this time, they won seven Academy Awards for Animated Short Film, tying for first place with Walt Disney's Silly Symphonies with the most awards in the category. After the MGM cartoon studio closed in 1957, MGM revived the series with Gene Deitch directing an additional 13 Tom and Jerry shorts for Rembrandt Films from 1961 to 1962. Tom and Jerry then became the highest-grossing animated short film series of that time, overtaking Looney Tunes. Chuck Jones then produced another 34 shorts with Sib Tower 12 Productions between 1963 and 1967. Three more shorts were produced, The Mansion Cat in 2001, The Karate Guard in 2005, and A Fundraising Adventure in 2014, making a total of 164 shorts." }, "Mary, mother of Jesus-2": { "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The gospels of Matthew and Luke in the New Testament and the Qur'an describe Mary as a virgin. In Matthew and Luke she is betrothed/Erusin to Joseph. According to Christian theology she conceived Jesus through the Holy Spirit while still a virgin. She accompanied Joseph to Bethlehem, where Jesus was born." }, "Callington-1": { "title": "Callington", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Callington (Cornish: Kelliwik) is a civil parish and town in east Cornwall, England, United Kingdom about 7 miles (11\u00a0km) north of Saltash and 9 miles (14\u00a0km) south of Launceston." }, "Niue-54": { "title": "Niue", "section": "Economy", "headers": [ "Tourism" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Tourism is one of the three priority economic sectors (the other two are fisheries and agriculture) for economic development. In 2006, estimated visitor expenditure reached US$1.6 million (equivalent to about $2M in 2019) making tourism a major industry for Niue. Niue will continue to receive direct support from the government and overseas donor agencies. The only airport is Niue International Airport. Air New Zealand is the sole airline, flying twice a week from Auckland. In the early 1990s Niue International Airport was served by a local airline, Niue Airlines, but it closed in 1992." }, "Barrel-4": { "title": "Barrel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Barrels have a variety of uses, including storage of liquids such as water, oil, and alcohol arrack, and sake. They are also employed to hold maturing beverages such as wine, cognac, armagnac, sherry, port, whiskey, and beer. Other commodities once stored in wooden casks include gunpowder, meat, fish, paint, honey, nails and tallow. Early casks were bound with wooden hoops and in the 19th century these were gradually replaced by metal hoops that were stronger, more durable and took up less space. The term barrel can also refer to roughly cylindrical containers or drums made of modern materials like plastic, steel or aluminium." }, "Tooth decay-76": { "title": "Tooth decay", "section": "Treatment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 76, "content": "Destroyed tooth structure does not fully regenerate, although remineralization of very small carious lesions may occur if dental hygiene is kept at optimal level. For the small lesions, topical fluoride is sometimes used to encourage remineralization. For larger lesions, the progression of dental caries can be stopped by treatment. The goal of treatment is to preserve tooth structures and prevent further destruction of the tooth. Aggressive treatment, by filling, of incipient carious lesions, places where there is superficial damage to the enamel, is controversial as they may heal themselves, while once a filling is performed it will eventually have to be redone and the site serves as a vulnerable site for further decay." }, "Toyota Supra-77": { "title": "Toyota Supra", "section": "Fifth generation (J29/DB)", "headers": [ "Specifications" ], "para_index": 77, "content": "Toyota GR Supra A90 Edition Rear view Interior The Supra is powered by two BMW-sourced engine options: a turbocharged 2.0-litre inline-four or a turbocharged 3.0-litre inline-six engine. The 2.0-litre engine is currently only offered in Japan, select Asian countries and Europe, the United States is set to receive the engine for the 2021 model year. The 2.0-litre engine has variable power outputs of 145\u2013190\u00a0kW (194\u2013255\u00a0hp; 197\u2013258\u00a0PS) from 4,500 to 6,500\u00a0rpm or 5,000 to 6,500\u00a0rpm and 320\u2013400\u00a0N\u22c5m (236\u2013295\u00a0lbf\u22c5ft) of torque from 1,450 to 4,200\u00a0rpm or 1,550 to 4,400\u00a0rpm, while the 3.0-litre engine has a power output of 250\u2013285\u00a0kW (335\u2013382\u00a0hp; 340\u2013387\u00a0PS) from 5,000 to 6,500\u00a0rpm or 5,800 to 6,500\u00a0rpm and 495\u2013500\u00a0N\u22c5m (365\u2013369\u00a0lbf\u22c5ft) from 1,600 to 4,500\u00a0rpm or 1,800 to 5,000\u00a0rpm, with power sent to the rear wheels through a ZF 8HP 8-speed automatic transmission. A manual transmission option is currently not offered. The 2.0\u00a0L model can accelerate from 0\u201397\u00a0km/h (0\u201360\u00a0mph) in 5.2 to 6.5\u00a0seconds, while the 3.0\u00a0L model can accelerate from 0\u201397\u00a0km/h (0\u201360\u00a0mph) in 3.9\u20134.1\u00a0seconds, 0.7\u20130.5 seconds quicker than the turbocharged variant of the A80 Supra and has an electronically limited top speed of 249\u00a0km/h (155\u00a0mph)." }, "Sheriff of Nottingham-2": { "title": "Sheriff of Nottingham", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It is not conclusively known exactly who this character is based on, but it would have been one of (or a composite of multiple of) the people who have occupied the post of the High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests. If, as in many versions of the Robin Hood legend, the action of the story is placed during the absence of King Richard I of England during the Third Crusade, the character could be identified with the little-known William de Wendenal; however, the Sheriff more usually remains either anonymous or pseudonymous." }, "American Sign Language-29": { "title": "American Sign Language", "section": "Varieties", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "There is also a distinct variety of ASL used by the Black Deaf community. Black ASL evolved as a result of racially segregated schools in some states, which included the residential schools for the deaf. Black ASL differs from standard ASL in vocabulary, phonology, and some grammatical structure. While African American English (AAE) is generally viewed as more innovating than standard English, Black ASL is more conservative than standard ASL, preserving older forms of many signs. Black sign language speakers use more two-handed signs than in mainstream ASL, are less likely to show assimilatory lowering of signs produced on the forehead (e.g. KNOW) and use a wider signing space. Modern Black ASL borrows a number of idioms from AAE; for instance, the AAE idiom \"I feel you\" is calqued into Black ASL." }, "Christianity in the modern era-12": { "title": "Christianity in the modern era", "section": "Early modern period (c.1500 - c.1750)", "headers": [ "Age of Enlightenment (1640\u20131740)", "Puritan movement" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "The most famous and well-known emigration to America was the migration of the Puritans, or pilgrims, left England so that they could live in an area with Puritanism established as the exclusive civic religion. Though they had left England because of the suppression of their religious practice, most Puritans had thereafter originally settled in the Low Countries but found the licentiousness there, where the state hesitated from enforcing religious practice, as unacceptable, so with hopes of a Puritan utopia, they set out to establish the English colonies of New England, which later became the United States." }, "Garlic-61": { "title": "Garlic", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Spiritual and religious uses" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "In folklore, garlic has been regarded as a force for both good and evil. In Europe, many cultures have used garlic for protection or white magic, perhaps owing to its reputation in folk medicine. Central European folk beliefs considered garlic a powerful ward against demons, werewolves, and vampires. To ward off vampires, garlic could be worn, hung in windows, or rubbed on chimneys and keyholes." }, "Klingon-1": { "title": "Klingon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Klingons (/\u02c8kl\u026a\u014b(\u0261)\u0252n/ KLING-(g)on; Klingon: tlhIngan [\u02c8t\u0361\u026c\u026a\u014b\u0251n]) are a fictional species in the science fiction franchise Star Trek." }, "Bruce Lee-15": { "title": "Bruce Lee", "section": "Career and education", "headers": [ "1959 to 1964: Continuous studies and martial arts breakthrough" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Lee dropped out of college in early 1964 and moved to Oakland to live with James Yimm Lee. James Lee was twenty years senior to Bruce Lee and a well-known Chinese martial artist in the area. Together, they founded the second Jun Fan martial arts studio in Oakland. James Lee was also responsible for introducing Bruce Lee to Ed Parker, an American martial artist and organizer of the Long Beach International Karate Championships where Bruce Lee was later \"discovered\" by Hollywood.[citation needed] At the invitation of Ed Parker, Lee appeared in the 1964 Long Beach International Karate Championships and performed repetitions of two-finger push-ups (using the thumb and the index finger of one hand) with feet at approximately shoulder-width apart. In the same Long Beach event he also performed the \"One inch punch.\" Lee stood upright, his right foot forward with knees bent slightly, in front of a standing, stationary partner. Lee's right arm was partly extended and his right fist approximately one inch (2.5\u00a0cm) away from the partner's chest. Without retracting his right arm, Lee then forcibly delivered the punch to volunteer Bob Baker while largely maintaining his posture, sending Baker backwards and falling into a chair said to be placed behind Baker to prevent injury, though Baker's momentum soon caused him to fall to the floor. Baker recalled, \"I told Bruce not to do this type of demonstration again. When he punched me that last time, I had to stay home from work because the pain in my chest was unbearable\". It was at the 1964 championships that Lee first met Taekwondo master Jhoon Goo Rhee. The two developed a friendship\u2014a relationship from which they benefited as martial artists. Rhee taught Lee the side kick in detail, and Lee taught Rhee the \"non-telegraphic\" punch. In Oakland's Chinatown in 1964, Lee had a controversial private match with Wong Jack Man, a direct student of Ma Kin Fung, known for his mastery of Xingyiquan, Northern Shaolin, and T'ai chi ch'uan. According to Lee, the Chinese community issued an ultimatum to him to stop teaching non-Chinese people. When he refused to comply, he was challenged to a combat match with Wong. The arrangement was that if Lee lost, he would have to shut down his school, while if he won, he would be free to teach white people, or anyone else. Wong denied this, stating that he requested to fight Lee after Lee boasted during one of his demonstrations at a Chinatown theatre that he could beat anyone in San Francisco, and that Wong himself did not discriminate against Whites or other non-Chinese people. Lee commented, \"That paper had all the names of the sifu from Chinatown, but they don't scare me\". Individuals known to have witnessed the match include Cadwell, James Lee (Bruce Lee's associate, no relation), and William Chen, a teacher of T'ai chi ch'uan. Wong and William Chen stated that the fight lasted an unusually long 20\u201325 minutes. Wong claims that although he had originally expected a serious but polite bout, Lee aggressively attacked him with intent to kill. When Wong presented the traditional handshake, Lee appeared to accept the greeting, but instead, Lee immediately thrust his hand as a spear aimed at Wong's eyes. Forced to defend his life, Wong nonetheless refrained from striking Lee with killing force when the opportunity presented itself because it could have earned him a prison sentence, but used illegal cufflings under his sleeves. The fight ended due to Lee's \"unusually winded\" condition, as opposed to a decisive blow by either fighter. By contrast, according to Bruce Lee, Linda Lee Cadwell, and James Yimm Lee, the fight lasted a mere 3 minutes with a decisive victory for Lee. In Cadwell's account, \"The fight ensued, it was a no-holds-barred fight, it took three minutes. Bruce got this guy down to the ground and said 'Do you give up?' and the man said he gave up\". A couple of weeks after the bout, Lee gave an interview claiming that he had defeated an unnamed challenger, which Wong says was an obvious reference to him. In response, Wong published his own account of the fight in the Chinese Pacific Weekly, a Chinese-language newspaper in San Francisco, with an invitation to a public rematch if Lee was not satisfied with the account. Lee did not respond to the invitation despite his reputation for violently responding to every provocation, and there were no further public announcements by either, though Lee continued to teach white people. Lee had abandoned thoughts of a film career in favour of pursuing martial arts. However, a martial arts exhibition on Long Beach in 1964 eventually led to the invitation by television producer William Dozier for an audition for a role in the pilot for \"Number One Son\" about Lee Chan, the son of Charlie Chan. The show never materialized, but Dozier saw potential in Lee." }, "Nirvana (band)-3": { "title": "Nirvana (band)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Following extensive tours and the 1992 compilation album Incesticide and EP Hormoaning, Nirvana released their third studio album, In Utero (1993), to critical acclaim. Its abrasive, less mainstream sound challenged the band's audience, and though less successful than Nevermind, it was a commercial success. Nirvana disbanded following Cobain's death in April 1994. Various posthumous releases have been overseen by Novoselic, Grohl, and Cobain's widow Courtney Love. The posthumous live album MTV Unplugged in New York (1994) won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in 1996." }, "Horchata-1": { "title": "Horchata", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Horchata (/\u0254\u02d0r\u02c8t\u0283\u0251\u02d0t\u0259/; Spanish:\u00a0[o\u027e\u02c8t\u0283ata] (listen)), or orxata (Valencian:\u00a0[o\u027e\u02c8\u0283ata]), is a name given to various kinds of plant milk beverages of similar taste and appearance. It originated at least as far back as 13th-century Valencia, where it is known as chufa horchata. In Spain it is made with soaked, ground, and sweetened tiger nuts, but in Mexico and other parts of the Americas the base is white rice. In West African countries such as Nigeria and Mali, it is known as kunnu aya. Different varieties can be served hot or cold, and it is even used as a flavour in other beverages, such as frapp\u00e9 coffee." }, "Tonsillitis-1": { "title": "Tonsillitis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, typically of rapid onset. It is a type of pharyngitis. Symptoms may include sore throat, fever, enlargement of the tonsils, trouble swallowing, and large lymph nodes around the neck. Complications include peritonsillar abscess." }, "Mount Everest-1": { "title": "Mount Everest", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mount Everest (Nepali: Sagarmatha \u0938\u0917\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0925\u093e; Tibetan: Chomolungma \u0f47\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f58\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f42\u0fb3\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f58; Chinese: Zhumulangma \u73e0\u7a46\u6717\u739b) is Earth's highest mountain above sea level, located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas. The China\u2013Nepal border runs across its summit point." }, "Ham-11": { "title": "Ham", "section": "Methods", "headers": [ "Dry-cured" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Most modern dry cure hams also use nitrites (either sodium nitrite or potassium nitrate), which are added along with the salt. Nitrates are used because they prevent bacterial growth and, in a reaction with the meat's myoglobin, give the product a desirable dark red color. The amount and mixture of salt and nitrites used have an effect on the shrinkage of the meat. Because of the toxicity of nitrite (the lethal dose of nitrite for humans is about 22\u00a0mg per kg body weight), some areas specify a maximum allowable content of nitrite in the final product. Under certain conditions, especially during cooking, nitrites in meat can react with degradation products of amino acids, forming nitrosamines, which are known carcinogens." }, "Honey badger-6": { "title": "Honey badger", "section": "Taxonomy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The honey badger is the only species of the genus Mellivora. Although in the 1860s it was assigned to the badger subfamily, the Melinae, it is now generally agreed that it bears very few similarities to the Melinae. It is much more closely related to the marten subfamily, Guloninae, but furthermore is assigned its own subfamily, Mellivorinae. Differences between Mellivorinae and Guloninae include differences in their dentition formulae. Though not in the same subfamily as the wolverines, which are a genus of large-sized and atypical Guloninae, the honey badger can be regarded as another, analogous, form of outsized weasel or polecat." }, "MCI 102DL3 & D4500-4": { "title": "MCI 102DL3 & D4500", "section": "Development", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The production model was named 102DL3 and entered production in October 1992, followed by introduction into service in 1993. Early buyers included Peter Pan Lines, Fullington Trailways, and Horizon Coach Lines. The coach was immediately known for its surprisingly high speed, large size, and the durability of its integral construction. At the time, Greyhound Canada owned MCI, so they tested the model in 1992, but didn't order any until 1995." }, "Passover Seder-2": { "title": "Passover Seder", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Seder customs include telling the story, discussing the story, drinking four cups of wine, eating matza, partaking of symbolic foods placed on the Passover Seder Plate, and reclining in celebration of freedom. The Seder is the most commonly celebrated Jewish ritual, performed by Jews all over the world." }, "Climate of the Arctic-40": { "title": "Climate of the Arctic", "section": "Temperature", "headers": [ "Arctic Basin" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "In the figure above showing station climatologies, the lower-left plot, for NP 7\u20138, is representative of conditions over the Arctic Basin. This plot shows data from the Soviet North Pole drifting stations, numbers 7 and 8. It shows the average temperature in the coldest months is in the \u221230s, and the temperature rises rapidly from April to May; July is the warmest month, and the narrowing of the maximum and minimum temperature lines shows the temperature does not vary far from freezing in the middle of summer; from August through December the temperature drops steadily. The small daily temperature range (the length of the vertical bars) results from the fact that the sun's elevation above the horizon does not change much or at all in this region during one day." }, "Nintendo video game consoles-1": { "title": "Nintendo video game consoles", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Japanese multinational consumer electronics company Nintendo has developed seven home video game consoles and multiple portable consoles for use with external media, as well as dedicated consoles and other hardware for their consoles. As of September\u00a030, 2015[update], Nintendo has sold over 722.22\u00a0million hardware units." }, "Seed-52": { "title": "Seed", "section": "Germination", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 52, "content": "In order for the seed coat to split, the embryo must imbibe (soak up water), which causes it to swell, splitting the seed coat. However, the nature of the seed coat determines how rapidly water can penetrate and subsequently initiate germination. The rate of imbibition is dependent on the permeability of the seed coat, amount of water in the environment and the area of contact the seed has to the source of water. For some seeds, imbibing too much water too quickly can kill the seed. For some seeds, once water is imbibed the germination process cannot be stopped, and drying then becomes fatal. Other seeds can imbibe and lose water a few times without causing ill effects, but drying can cause secondary dormancy." }, "Great Dane-10": { "title": "Great Dane", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The Great Dane combines, in its regal appearance, strength, and elegance with great size and a powerful, well-formed, smoothly muscled body. It is one of the giant working breeds, but is unique in that its general conformation must be so well balanced that it never appears clumsy, and shall move with a long reach and powerful drive. The Great Dane is a short-haired breed with a strong, galloping figure. In the ratio between length and height, the Great Dane should be square. The male dog should not be less than 30\u00a0in (76\u00a0cm) at the shoulders, a female 28\u00a0in (71\u00a0cm). Danes under minimum height are disqualified. From year to year, the tallest living dog is typically a Great Dane. Previous record holders include Gibson, Titan, and George; however, the current record holder is a black Great Dane named Zeus that stood 111.8\u00a0cm (44.0\u00a0in) at the shoulder before his death in September 2014. He was also the tallest dog on record (according to Guinness World Records), beating the previous holder, the aforementioned George that stood 109.2\u00a0cm (43.0\u00a0in) at the shoulder." }, "The Office (American TV series)-2": { "title": "The Office (American TV series)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Like its British counterpart, the series was filmed in a single-camera setup without a studio audience or a laugh track in order to simulate the look of an actual documentary. The series debuted on NBC as a mid-season replacement and aired 201 episodes over the course of its run. The Office originally featured Steve Carell, Rainn Wilson, John Krasinski, Jenna Fischer, and B. J. Novak as the main cast, however, the series experienced numerous changes to its ensemble cast during its run. Notable stars outside the original main cast include Ed Helms, Mindy Kaling, Craig Robinson, James Spader, and Ellie Kemper." }, "Queen Victoria-1": { "title": "Queen Victoria", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819\u00a0\u2013 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. She adopted the additional title of Empress of India on 1 May 1876. Known as the Victorian era, her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than that of any of her predecessors. It was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire." }, "Sweep picking-1": { "title": "Sweep picking", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sweep picking is a guitar playing technique. When sweep picking, the guitarist plays single notes on consecutive strings with a 'sweeping' motion of the pick, while using the fretting hand to produce a specific series of notes that are fast and fluid in sound. Both hands essentially perform an integral motion in unison to achieve the desired effect." }, "Barack Obama Sr.-3": { "title": "Barack Obama Sr.", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Barack Obama Sr. was born in 1936 in Rachuonyo District on the shores of Lake Victoria just outside Kendu Bay, British Kenya, at the time a colony and protectorate of the British Empire. He was raised in the village of Nyang'oma Kogelo, Siaya District, Nyanza Province. His family are members of the Luo ethnic group." }, "Ditylenchus dipsaci-6": { "title": "Ditylenchus dipsaci", "section": "Hosts and symptoms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "D. dipsaci has an extensive host range. Major damage occurs in garlic, onion, carrot, fava bean, alfalfa, oats, and strawberry. Ornamental plants can also be infected including hyacinth and tulip. It is estimated that this pathogen infects 400\u2013500 plant species worldwide." }, "Mother Teresa-1": { "title": "Mother Teresa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mother Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu (born Anjez\u00eb Gonxhe Bojaxhiu, Albanian:\u00a0[a\u02c8\u0272\u025bz\u0259 \u02c8\u0261\u0254nd\u0292\u025b b\u0254ja\u02c8d\u0292iu]; 26 August 1910\u00a0\u2013 5 September 1997), honoured in the Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta, was an Albanian-Indian Roman Catholic nun and missionary. She was born in Skopje (now the capital of North Macedonia), then part of the Kosovo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. After living in Skopje for eighteen years, she moved to Ireland and then to India, where she lived for most of her life." }, "Berlin University of the Arts-5": { "title": "Berlin University of the Arts", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The university's origins date back to the foundation of Academie der Mal-, Bild- und Baukunst (Academy of the Art of Painting, Pictorial Art, and Architecture), the later Prussian Academy of Arts, at the behest of Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg. The two predecessor organisations were K\u00f6niglich Akademischen Hochschule f\u00fcr aus\u00fcbende Tonkunst (Royal Academy of Musical Performing Art) established in 1869 under Joseph Joachim, which also had adopted the tradition of the famous Stern Conservatory, and the Berlin State School of Fine Arts founded in 1875." }, "Dustin Hoffman-7": { "title": "Dustin Hoffman", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Hoffman was named after stage and silent screen actor Dustin Farnum. His elder brother, Ronald, is a lawyer and economist. Hoffman is Jewish, from an Ashkenazi Jewish family of immigrants from Kiev, Russian Empire, and Ia\u0219i, Romania (the family's surname was spelled \"Goikhman\" in the Russian Empire)." }, "Citric acid-39": { "title": "Citric acid", "section": "Safety", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "Although a weak acid, exposure to pure citric acid can cause adverse effects. Inhalation may cause cough, shortness of breath, or sore throat. Over-ingestion may cause abdominal pain and sore throat. Exposure of concentrated solutions to skin and eyes can cause redness and pain. Long-term or repeated consumption may cause erosion of tooth enamel." }, "Astral plane-3": { "title": "Astral plane", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Barzakh, olam mithal or intermediate world in Islam is a related concept. In Judaism, it is known as the \"World of Yetzirah\", according to Lurianic Kabbalah." }, "La Femme Nikita (film)-1": { "title": "La Femme Nikita (film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "La Femme Nikita (French pronunciation:\u00a0\u200b[la fam nikita], literally \"The Woman Nikita\"), also called Nikita, is a 1990 action thriller film written and directed by Luc Besson." }, "Talking animals in fiction-1": { "title": "Talking animals in fiction", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Talking animals are a common theme in mythology and folk tales, as well as children's literature. Fictional talking animals often are anthropomorphic, possessing human-like qualities but appearing as a creature. The usage of talking animals enable storytellers to combine the basic characteristics of the animal with human behavior, to apply metaphor, and to entertain children." }, "The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers-2": { "title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Continuing the plot of The Fellowship of the Ring, the film intercuts three storylines. Frodo and Sam continue their journey towards Mordor to destroy the One Ring, meeting and joined by Gollum, the ring's former owner. Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli come to the war-torn nation of Rohan and are reunited with the resurrected Gandalf, before fighting at the Battle of Helm's Deep. Merry and Pippin escape capture, meet Treebeard the Ent, and help to plan an attack on Isengard." }, "Newt-1": { "title": "Newt", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A newt is a salamander in the subfamily Pleurodelinae. The terrestrial juvenile phase is called an eft. Unlike other members of the family Salamandridae, newts are semiaquatic, alternating between aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Not all aquatic salamanders are considered newts, however. More than 100 known species of newts are found in North America, Europe, North Africa and Asia. Newts metamorphose through three distinct developmental life stages: aquatic larva, terrestrial juvenile (eft), and adult. Adult newts have lizard-like bodies and return to the water every year to breed, otherwise living in humid, cover-rich land habitats." }, "Bodybuilding-1": { "title": "Bodybuilding", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bodybuilding is the use of progressive resistance exercise to control and develop one's musculature for aesthetic purposes. An individual who engages in this activity is referred to as a bodybuilder. In competitive bodybuilding, bodybuilders appear in lineups and perform specified poses (and later individual posing routines) for a panel of judges who rank the competitors based on criteria such as symmetry, muscularity, size, conditioning, posing, and stage presentation. Bodybuilders prepare for competitions through the elimination of nonessential body fat, enhanced at the last stage by a combination of extracellular dehydration and carbohydrate loading, to achieve maximum muscular definition and vascularity, as well as tanning and shaving to accentuate the contrast of the skin under the spotlights. Some bodybuilders use anabolic steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs to build muscles and recover from injuries more quickly; however, competitions sometimes ban using them because of the health risks or considerations regarding fair competition. Despite some calls for testing for steroids, the leading bodybuilding federation (National Physique Committee) does not." }, "Calcium-36": { "title": "Calcium", "section": "Biological and pathological role", "headers": [ "Bone disease" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "As calcium is required for bone development, many bone diseases can be traced to the organic matrix or the hydroxyapatite in molecular structure or organization of bone. Osteoporosis is a reduction in mineral content of bone per unit volume, and can be treated by supplementation of calcium, vitamin D, and bisphosphonates. Inadequate amounts of calcium, vitamin D, or phosphates can lead to softening of bones, called osteomalacia." }, "Christopher Columbus-43": { "title": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "Voyages", "headers": [ "Second voyage" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "Michele da Cuneo, Columbus's childhood friend from Savona, sailed with Columbus during the second voyage and wrote: \"In my opinion, since Genoa was Genoa, there was never born a man so well equipped and expert in the art of navigation as the said lord Admiral.\" Columbus named the small island of \"Saona\u00a0... to honor Michele da Cuneo, his friend from Savona.\"" }, "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (video game)-3": { "title": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (video game)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In what was initially deemed an urban legend, reports from 1983 stated that as a result of overproduction and returns, millions of unsold cartridges were secretly buried in an Alamogordo, New Mexico landfill and covered with a layer of concrete. In April 2014, diggers hired to investigate the claim confirmed that the Alamogordo landfill contained many E.T. cartridges, among other games. James Heller, the former Atari manager who was in charge of the burial, was also at the excavation and admitted to the Associated Press that 728,000 cartridges of various games were buried." }, "Hebrew Bible-1": { "title": "Hebrew Bible", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Hebrew Bible, which is also called the Tanakh (/t\u0251\u02d0\u02c8n\u0251\u02d0x/; \u05ea\u05b8\u05bc\u05e0\u05b8\u05f4\u05da\u05b0, pronounced\u00a0[ta\u02c8na\u03c7] or the [t\u0259\u02c8nax]; also Tenakh, Tenak, Tanach), or sometimes the Mikra, is the canonical collection of Hebrew scriptures, including the Torah. These texts are almost exclusively in Biblical Hebrew, with a few passages in Biblical Aramaic instead (in the books of Daniel and Ezra, the verse Jeremiah 10:11, and some single words). The Hebrew Bible is also the textual source for the Christian Old Testament. The form of this text that is authoritative for Rabbinic Judaism is known as the Masoretic Text (MT) and it consists of 24 books, while the translations divide essentially the same material into 39 books for the Protestant Bible." }, "Kanji-49": { "title": "Kanji", "section": "Readings", "headers": [ "Special readings" ], "para_index": 49, "content": "Jukujikun are when the standard kanji for a word are related to the meaning, but not the sound. The word is pronounced as a whole, not corresponding to sounds of individual kanji. For example, \u4eca\u671d (\"this morning\") is jukujikun, and read neither as *ima'asa, the kun'yomi of the characters, infrequently as konch\u014d, the on'yomi of the characters, and not as any combination thereof. Instead it is read as kesa, a native bisyllabic Japanese word that may be seen as a single morpheme, or as a fusion of ky\u014d (previously kefu), \"today\", and asa, \"morning\". Likewise, \u4eca\u65e5 (\"today\") is also jukujikun, usually read with the native reading ky\u014d; its on'yomi, konnichi, does occur in certain words and expressions, especially in the broader sense \"nowadays\" or \"current\", such as \u4eca\u65e5\u7684 (\"present-day\"), although in the phrase konnichi wa (\"good day\"), konnichi is typically spelled wholly with hiragana rather than with the kanji \u4eca\u65e5." }, "2006 Lebanon War-1": { "title": "2006 Lebanon War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The 2006 Lebanon War, also called the 2006 Israel\u2013Hezbollah War and known in Lebanon as the July War (Arabic: \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\u200e, \u1e24arb Tamm\u016bz) and in Israel as the Second Lebanon War (Hebrew: \u05de\u05dc\u05d7\u05de\u05ea \u05dc\u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4\u200e, Milhemet Levanon HaShniya), was a 34-day military conflict in Lebanon, Northern Israel and the Golan Heights. The principal parties were Hezbollah paramilitary forces and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). The conflict started on 12 July 2006, and continued until a United Nations-brokered ceasefire went into effect in the morning on 14 August 2006, though it formally ended on 8 September 2006 when Israel lifted its naval blockade of Lebanon. Due to unprecedented Iranian military support to Hezbollah before and during the war, some consider it the first round of the Iran\u2013Israel proxy conflict, rather than a continuation of the Arab\u2013Israeli conflict." }, "Geology of the Moon-1": { "title": "Geology of the Moon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Play media The geology of the Moon (sometimes called selenology, although the latter term can refer more generally to \"lunar science\") is quite different from that of Earth. The Moon lacks a true atmosphere, which eliminates erosion due to weather; it does not have any known form of plate tectonics, it has a lower gravity, and because of its small size, it cooled more rapidly. The complex geomorphology of the lunar surface has been formed by a combination of processes, especially impact cratering and volcanism. The Moon is a differentiated body, with a crust, mantle, and core." }, "New Testament-1": { "title": "New Testament", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The New Testament (Ancient Greek: \u1f29 \u039a\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u1f74 \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7, transl. H\u0113 Kain\u1e15 Diath\u1e17k\u0113; Latin: Novum Testamentum) is the second part of the Christian biblical canon, the first being the Old Testament. The New Testament discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christianity. Christians regard both the Old and New Testaments together as sacred scripture." }, "Economic history of the United States-201": { "title": "Economic history of the United States", "section": "Middle 19th century", "headers": [ "Financial issues of reconstruction" ], "para_index": 201, "content": "The Civil War had been financed primarily by issuing short-term and long-term bonds and loans, plus inflation caused by printing paper money, plus new taxes. Wholesale prices had more than doubled, and reduction of inflation was a priority for Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch. A high priority, and by far the most controversial, was the currency question. The old paper currency issued by state banks had been withdrawn, and Confederate currency was worthless. The national banks had issued $207 million in currency, which was backed by gold and silver. The federal treasury had issued $428 million in greenbacks, which was legal tender but not backed by gold or silver. In addition about $275 million of coin was in circulation. The new administration policy announced in October would be to make all the paper convertible into specie, if Congress so voted. The House of Representatives passed the Alley Resolution on December 18, 1865 by vote of 144 to 6. In the Senate it was a different matter, for the key player was Senator John Sherman, who said that inflation contraction was not nearly as important as refunding the short-term and long-term national debt. the war had been largely financed by national debt, in addition to taxation and inflation. The national debt stood at $2.8 billion. By October 1865, most of it in short term and temporary loans. Wall Street bankers typified by Jay Cooke believe that the economy was about to grow rapidly, thanks to the development of agriculture through the Homestead Act, the expansion of railroads, especially rebuilding the devastated Southern railroads and n opening the transcontinental line to the West Coast, and especially the flourishing of manufacturing during the war. The goal premium over greenbacks was hundred and $145 in greenbacks to $100 in gold, and the optimists thought that they heavy demand for currency in an era of prosperity would return the ratio to 100. A compromise was reached in April 1866, that limited the treasury to a currency contraction of only $10 million over six months. Meanwhile, the Senate refunded the entire national debt, but the House failed to act. By early 1867, postwar prosperity was a reality, and the optimists wanted an end to contraction, which Congress ordered in January 1868. Meanwhile, the Treasury issued new bonds at a lower interest rate to refinance the redemption of short-term debt. while the old state bank notes were disappearing from circulation, new national bank notes, backed by species, were expanding. By 1868 inflation was minimal." }, "Windows Firewall-2": { "title": "Windows Firewall", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "When Windows XP was originally shipped in October 2001, it included a limited firewall called \"Internet Connection Firewall\". It was disabled by default due to concerns with backward compatibility, and the configuration screens were buried away in network configuration screens that many users never looked at. As a result, it was rarely used. In mid-2003, the Blaster worm attacked a large number of Windows machines, taking advantage of flaws in the RPC Windows service.[1][dead link] Several months later, the Sasser worm did something similar. The ongoing prevalence of these worms through 2004 resulted in unpatched machines being infected within a matter of minutes. Because of these incidents, as well as other criticisms that Microsoft was not being active in protecting customers from threats, Microsoft decided to significantly improve both the functionality and the interface of Windows XP's built-in firewall, rebrand it as Windows Firewall, and switched it on by default since Windows XP SP2." }, "Logging-1": { "title": "Logging", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Logging is the cutting, skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto trucks or skeleton cars. Logging is the process of cutting trees, processing them, and moving them to a location for transport. It is the beginning of a supply chain that provides raw material for many products societies worldwide use for housing, construction, energy, and consumer paper products. Logging systems are also used to manage forests, reduce the risk of wildfires, and restore ecosystem functions." }, "Planetary habitability-64": { "title": "Planetary habitability", "section": "Four classes of habitable planets based on water", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 64, "content": "Class II habitats include bodies which initially enjoy Earth-like conditions, but do not keep their ability to sustain liquid water on their surface due to stellar or geophysical conditions. Mars, and possibly Venus are examples of this class where complex life forms may not develop." }, "Pet-2": { "title": "Pet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Two of the most popular pets are dogs and cats; the technical term for a cat lover is an ailurophile and a dog lover a cynophile. Other animals commonly kept include: rabbits; ferrets; pigs; rodents, such as gerbils, hamsters, chinchillas, rats, mice, and guinea pigs; avian pets, such as parrots, passerines and fowls; reptile pets, such as turtles, alligators, crocodiles, lizards, and snakes; aquatic pets, such as fish, freshwater and saltwater snails, amphibians like frogs and salamanders; and arthropod pets, such as tarantulas and hermit crabs. Small pets may be grouped together as pocket pets, while the equine and bovine group include the largest companion animals." }, "Moose-9": { "title": "Moose", "section": "Habitat, range, and distribution", "headers": [ "Habitat" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Moose require habitat with adequate edible plants (e.g., pond grasses, young trees and shrubs), cover from predators, and protection from extremely hot or cold weather. Moose travel among different habitats with the seasons to address these requirements. Moose are cold-adapted mammals with thickened skin, dense, heat-retaining coat, and a low surface:volume ratio, which provides excellent cold tolerance but poor heat tolerance. Moose survive hot weather by accessing shade or cooling wind, or by immersion in cool water. In hot weather, moose are often found wading or swimming in lakes or ponds. When heat-stressed, moose may fail to adequately forage in summer and may not gain adequate body fat to survive the winter. Also, moose cows may not calve without adequate summer weight gain. Moose require access to both young forest for browsing and mature forest for shelter and cover. Forest disturbed by fire and logging promotes the growth of fodder for moose. Moose also require access to mineral licks, safe places for calving and aquatic feeding sites." }, "Pacific War-3": { "title": "Pacific War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Pacific War saw the Allies pitted against Japan, the latter aided by Thailand and to a lesser extent by the Axis allies, Germany and Italy. Fighting consisted of some of the largest naval battles in history, and incredibly fierce battles and war crimes across Asia and the Pacific Islands, resulting in immense loss of human life. The war culminated in massive Allied air raids over Japan, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, accompanied by the Soviet Union's declaration of war and invasion of Manchuria and other territories on 9 August 1945, causing the Japanese to announce an intent to surrender on 15 August 1945. The formal surrender of Japan ceremony took place aboard the battleship USS\u00a0Missouri in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945. After the war, Japan lost all rights and titles to its former possessions in Asia and the Pacific, and its sovereignty was limited to the four main home islands and other minor islands as determined by the Allies. Japan's Shinto Emperor relinquished much of his authority and his divine status through the Shinto Directive in order to pave the way for extensive cultural and political reforms." }, "Beaver-1": { "title": "Beaver", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The beaver (genus Castor) is a large, primarily nocturnal, semiaquatic rodent. Castor includes two extant species, the North American beaver (Castor canadensis) (native to North America) and Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) (Eurasia). Beavers are known for building dams, canals, and lodges (homes). They are the second-largest rodent in the world (after the capybara). Their colonies create one or more dams to provide still, deep water to protect against predators, and to float food and building material. The North American beaver population was once more than 60 million, but as of 1988 was 6\u201312 million. This population decline is the result of extensive hunting for fur, for glands used as medicine and perfume, and because the beavers' harvesting of trees and flooding of waterways may interfere with other land uses." }, "Maritime pilot-1": { "title": "Maritime pilot", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A maritime pilot, marine pilot, harbor pilot, port pilot, ship pilot, bar pilot, or simply pilot, is a sailor who maneuvers ships through dangerous or congested waters, such as harbors or river mouths. They are navigational experts possessing knowledge of the particular waterway such as its depth, currents, and hazards." }, "Rick and Morty-4": { "title": "Rick and Morty", "section": "Premise and main characters", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The show revolves around the adventures of the members of the Smith household, which consists of parents Jerry and Beth, their children Summer and Morty, and Beth's father, Rick Sanchez, who lives with them as a guest. According to Justin Roiland, the family lives outside of Seattle, Washington. The adventures of Rick and Morty, however, take place across an infinite number of realities, with the characters travelling to other planets and dimensions through portals and Rick's flying car." }, "Theft-52": { "title": "Theft", "section": "By jurisdiction", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 52, "content": "Theft laws, including the distinction between grand theft and petty theft for cases falling within its jurisdiction, vary by state. This distinction is established by statute, as are the penological consequences. Most commonly, statutes establishing the distinction between grand theft and petty theft do so on the basis of the value of the money or property taken by the thief or lost by the victim, with the dollar threshold for grand theft varying from state to state. Most commonly, the penological consequences of the distinction include the significant one that grand theft can be treated as a felony, while petty theft is generally treated as a misdemeanor." }, "Pimp My Ride-5": { "title": "Pimp My Ride", "section": "Format", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Each car is a custom \"pimp\", tailored to the personalities and interests of the owners. For example, a Need for Speed: Underground fan had his car painted to look like one specially customized in the Need for Speed: Underground 2 game, while a bowler had a ball spinner installed in his trunk, a badminton player had a badminton net installed in the back of his Dodge Caravan, and a surfer got a clothes dryer in the back of his Volkswagen Type 2. Work usually includes new paint, accessories, chrome, tires, and rims, and internal electronics (DVD players, video games, large TFT screens, and other cutting-edge accessories). Most changes are only cosmetic, and mechanical work is generally only done to enable the car to run; the show has replaced entire engines with new engines. Both WCC and GAS are well known for putting their own whimsical touches in their work, such as the aforementioned dryer, or an electric fireplace in the trunk of another vehicle." }, "Barack Obama-128": { "title": "Barack Obama", "section": "Post-presidency (2017\u2013present)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 128, "content": "On March 2, 2017, the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum awarded the annual Profile in Courage Award to Obama \"for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage.\" In his first public appearance out of office, Obama appeared at a seminar at the University of Chicago on April 24. The seminar was aimed at the engagement with a new generation as well as an appeal for their participation in politics. On May 4, three days ahead of the French presidential election, Obama publicly endorsed centrist Emmanuel Macron over right-wing populist Marine Le Pen: \"He appeals to people's hopes and not their fears, and I enjoyed speaking to Emmanuel recently to hear about his independent movement and his vision for the future of France.\" Macron went on to win the election." }, "White rice-1": { "title": "White rice", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "White rice is milled rice that has had its husk, bran, and germ removed. This alters the flavor, texture and appearance of the rice and helps prevent spoilage and extend its storage life. After milling, the rice is polished, resulting in a seed with a bright, white, shiny appearance." }, "Rice-8": { "title": "Rice", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The rice plant can grow to 1\u20131.8\u00a0m (3.3\u20135.9\u00a0ft) tall, occasionally more depending on the variety and soil fertility. It has long, slender leaves 50\u2013100\u00a0cm (20\u201339\u00a0in) long and 2\u20132.5\u00a0cm (0.79\u20130.98\u00a0in) broad. The small wind-pollinated flowers are produced in a branched arching to pendulous inflorescence 30\u201350\u00a0cm (12\u201320\u00a0in) long. The edible seed is a grain (caryopsis) 5\u201312\u00a0mm (0.20\u20130.47\u00a0in) long and 2\u20133\u00a0mm (0.079\u20130.118\u00a0in) thick." }, "Brussels sprout-1": { "title": "Brussels sprout", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Brussels sprout is a member of the Gemmifera Group of cabbages (Brassica oleracea), grown for its edible buds." }, "Woodrow Wilson-77": { "title": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "Race relations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 77, "content": "Wilson continued to appoint African Americans to positions that had traditionally been filled by blacks, overcoming opposition from many southern senators. However, the Wilson administration escalated the discriminatory hiring policies and segregation of government offices that had begun under President Theodore Roosevelt, and had continued under President Taft. In Wilson's first month in office, Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson urged the president to establish segregated government offices. Wilson did not adopt Burleson's proposal to segregate all government departments, but he allowed Cabinet members to segregate their respective departments. By the end of 1913, many departments, including the navy, had segregated work spaces, restrooms, and cafeterias. There was almost no opposition in Congress toward these policies, most of which would stay in place for years afterward. Wilson's African-American supporters, who had crossed party lines to vote for him in 1912, were bitterly disappointed, and they protested these changes. Wilson defended his administration's segregation policy in a July 1913 letter responding to civil rights activist Oswald Garrison Villard, arguing that segregation removed \"friction\" between the races." }, "Ottoman Empire-96": { "title": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "Religion", "Islam" ], "para_index": 96, "content": "Muslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered a fifth column for the rival Safavid empire. Selim was also responsible for an unprecedented and rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire into the Middle East, especially through his conquest of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. With these conquests, Selim further solidified the Ottoman claim for being an Islamic caliphate, although Ottoman sultans had been claiming the title of caliph since the 14th century starting with Murad I (reigned 1362 to 1389). The caliphate would remain held by Ottoman sultans for the rest of the office's duration, which ended with its abolition on 3 March 1924 by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the exile of the last caliph, Abd\u00fclmecid II, to France." }, "Washington Monument-2": { "title": "Washington Monument", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Construction of the monument began in 1848 and was halted for a period of 23 years, from 1854 to 1877 due to a lack of funds, a struggle for control over the Washington National Monument Society, and the American Civil War. Although the stone structure was completed in 1884, internal ironwork, the knoll, and installation of memorial stones were not completed until 1888. A difference in shading of the marble, visible approximately 150 feet (46\u00a0m) or 27% up, shows where construction was halted and later resumed with marble from a different source. The original design was by Robert Mills (1781\u20131855) of South Carolina, but he did not include his proposed colonnade due to a lack of funds, proceeding only with a bare obelisk. The cornerstone was laid on July 4, 1848; the first stone was laid atop the unfinished stump on August 7, 1880; the capstone was set on December 6, 1884; the completed monument was dedicated on February 21, 1885; and officially opened October 9, 1888." }, "Megabyte-5": { "title": "Megabyte", "section": "Definitions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Base 2 1 MB = 1048576 bytes (= 10242 B = 220 B) is the definition used by Microsoft Windows in reference to computer memory, such as RAM. This definition is synonymous with the unambiguous binary prefix mebibyte. In this convention, one thousand and twenty-four megabytes (1024 MB) is equal to one gigabyte (1 GB), where 1 GB is 10243 bytes." }, "Excommunication-39": { "title": "Excommunication", "section": "Christianity", "headers": [ "Anabaptist tradition" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "In the ideal, discipline in the Anabaptist tradition requires the church to confront a notoriously erring and unrepentant church member, first directly in a very small circle and, if no resolution is forthcoming, expanding the circle in steps eventually to include the entire church congregation. If the errant member persists without repentance and rejects even the admonition of the congregation, that person is excommunicated or excluded from church membership. Exclusion from the church is recognition by the congregation that this person has separated himself or herself from the church by way of his or her visible and unrepentant sin. This is done ostensibly as a final resort to protect the integrity of the church. When this occurs, the church is expected to continue to pray for the excluded member and to seek to restore him or her to its fellowship. There was originally no inherent expectation to shun (completely sever all ties with) an excluded member, however differences regarding this very issue led to early schisms between different Anabaptist leaders and those who followed them." }, "Hades-11": { "title": "Hades", "section": "Mythology", "headers": [ "God of underworld" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Hades ruled the dead, assisted by others over whom he had complete authority. The House of Hades was described as full of \"guests,\" though he rarely left the Underworld. He cared little about what happened in the world above, as his primary attention was ensuring none of his subjects ever left. He strictly forbade his subjects to leave his domain and would become quite enraged when anyone tried to leave, or if someone tried to steal the souls from his realm. His wrath was equally terrible for anyone who tried to cheat death or otherwise crossed him, as Sisyphus and Pirithous found out to their sorrow. While usually indifferent to his subjects, Hades was very focused on the punishment of these two people; particularly Pirithous, as he entered the underworld in an attempt to steal Persephone for himself, and consequently was forced onto the \"Chair of Forgetfulness\". Another myth is about the Greek god Asclepius who was originally a demigod, son of Apollo and Coronis, a Thessalian princess. During his lifetime, he became a famous and talented physician, who eventually was able to bring the dead back to life. Feeling cheated, Plouton persuaded Zeus to kill him with a thunderbolt. After his death, he was brought to Olympus where he became a god. Hades was only depicted outside of the Underworld once in myth, and even that is believed to have been an instance where he had just left the gates of the Underworld, which was when Heracles shot him with an arrow as Hades was attempting to defend the city of Plyos. After he was shot, however, he traveled to Olympus to heal. Besides Heracles, the only other living people who ventured to the Underworld were also heroes: Odysseus, Aeneas (accompanied by the Sibyl), Orpheus, who Hades showed uncharacteristic mercy towards at Persephone's persuasion, who was moved by Orpheus' music, Theseus with Pirithous, and, in a late romance, Psyche. None of them were pleased with what they witnessed in the realm of the dead. In particular, the Greek war hero Achilles, whom Odysseus conjured with a blood libation, said:" }, "Stephen Sauvestre-3": { "title": "Stephen Sauvestre", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Sauvestre contributed to the design of the Eiffel Tower, adding the decorative arches to the base, a glass pavilion to the first level and the cupola at the top. He also chose the color of the tower. He received the support of Gustave Eiffel who bought the rights to the patent on the design which he had filed together with Maurice Koechlin and \u00c9mile Nouguier." }, "Hard Rock Stadium-22": { "title": "Hard Rock Stadium", "section": "History and facts", "headers": [ "Permanent seating" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "The 65,326 permanent seats for football and soccer configurations break down as follows: For the general 19-inch (48\u00a0cm) seats with chair back and armrests, there are 27,397 in the lower deck and 34,736 in the upper deck. There are 10,209 of the bigger club 21-inch (53\u00a0cm) seats with chair back and armrests. In the 193 executive suites with 10, 12, 16, 20, and 24 seats, there are a total of 3,198. There are also 300 seating locations for disabled persons, 150 seats for working press, and 10 radio/TV booths." }, "King Kong (2005 film)-1": { "title": "King Kong (2005 film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "King Kong is a 2005 epic monster adventure film co-written, produced, and directed by Peter Jackson. A second remake of the 1933 film of the same title, the film stars Naomi Watts, Jack Black, Adrien Brody, and, through motion capture, Andy Serkis as the title character. Set in 1933, it follows the story of an ambitious filmmaker who coerces his cast and hired ship crew to travel to the mysterious Skull Island. There, they encounter prehistoric creatures living on the island as well as a legendary giant gorilla known as Kong, whom they capture and take to New York City." }, "Crossroads Kitchen-6": { "title": "Crossroads Kitchen", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "In 2017 Tasting Table named them one of the eight best vegan restaurants in the U.S. and The Daily Meal named them one of the best vegan restaurants in the United States." }, "Brussels sprout-13": { "title": "Brussels sprout", "section": "Nutrients, phytochemicals and research", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Brussels sprouts, as with broccoli and other brassicas, contain sulforaphane, a phytochemical under basic research for its potential biological properties. Although boiling reduces the level of sulforaphane, steaming, microwave cooking, and stir frying do not cause a significant loss." }, "Shield-2": { "title": "Shield", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Shields vary greatly in size and shape, ranging from large panels that protect the user's whole body to small models (such as the buckler) that were intended for hand-to-hand-combat use. Shields also vary a great deal in thickness; whereas some shields were made of relatively deep, absorbent, wooden planking to protect soldiers from the impact of spears and crossbow bolts, others were thinner and lighter and designed mainly for deflecting blade strikes. Finally, shields vary greatly in shape, ranging in roundness to angularity, proportional length and width, symmetry and edge pattern; different shapes provide more optimal protection for infantry or cavalry, enhance portability, provide secondary uses such as ship protection or as a weapon and so on." }, "Easy Rider-32": { "title": "Easy Rider", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "Box office" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "It was the third highest-grossing film of 1969, with a worldwide gross $60 million, including $41.7 million domestically in the US and Canada." }, "2020 United States Census-1": { "title": "2020 United States Census", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The United States Census of 2020 is the twenty-fourth United States Census. Census Day, the reference day used for the census, was April 1, 2020. Other than a pilot study during the 2000 census, this is the first U.S. census to offer options to respond online or by phone, in addition to the option to respond on a paper form as with previous censuses." }, "Democratic Party (United States)-4": { "title": "Democratic Party (United States)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Fifteen Democrats have served as President of the United States. The first was Andrew Jackson, who was the seventh president and served from 1829 to 1837. The most recent was Barack Obama, who was the 44th and held office from 2009 to 2017. As of 2020, the Democrats hold a majority in the House of Representatives, 15 state government trifectas (governorship and both legislative chambers), the mayoralty of most major American cities, and 19 total state legislatures. Four of the nine sitting justices of the Supreme Court were appointed by Democratic presidents." }, "Pacifism-1": { "title": "Pacifism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pacifism is opposition to war, militarism or violence. The word pacifism was coined by the French peace campaigner \u00c9mile Arnaud (1864\u20131921) and adopted by other peace activists at the tenth Universal Peace Congress in Glasgow in 1901. A related term is ahimsa (to do no harm), which is a core philosophy in Indian Religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. While modern connotations are recent, having been explicated since the 19th century, ancient references abound." }, "C-SPAN-14": { "title": "C-SPAN", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Expansion and technology" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Since the late 1990s, C-SPAN has significantly expanded its online presence. In January 1997, C-SPAN began real-time streaming of C-SPAN and C-SPAN2 on its website, the first time that Congress had been live streamed online. To cover the Democratic and Republican conventions and the presidential debates of 2008, C-SPAN created two standalone websites: the Convention Hub and the Debate Hub. In addition to real-time streams of C-SPAN's television networks online, c-span.org features further live programming such as committee hearings and speeches that are broadcast later in the day, after the House and Senate have left." }, "Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-1": { "title": "Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Archduke Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria (18 December 1863\u00a0\u2013 28 June 1914) was the heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary. His assassination in Sarajevo is considered the most immediate cause of World War I." }, "Nicole Kidman-1": { "title": "Nicole Kidman", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Nicole Mary Kidman AC (born 20 June 1967) is an Australian-American actress and producer. She has won many awards including an Academy Award, two Primetime Emmy Awards and five Golden Globe Awards. She was listed among the highest-paid actresses in the world in 2006, 2018, and 2019. Time magazine twice named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world, in 2004 and 2018." }, "Adolescence-1": { "title": "Adolescence", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Adolescence (from Latin adolescere, meaning 'to grow up') is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood (age of majority). Adolescence is usually associated with the teenage years, but its physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier and end later. For example, puberty now typically begins during preadolescence, particularly in females. Physical growth (particularly in males) and cognitive development can extend into the early twenties. Thus, age provides only a rough marker of adolescence, and scholars have found it difficult to agree upon a precise definition of adolescence." }, "Descendants 3-3": { "title": "Descendants 3", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "When the barrier is opened for the new VKs, Hades, the god of the underworld, attempts to escape, but Mal beats him back in her dragon form. That night, unable to contain her jealousy of Mal, Audrey steals the Queen's Crown and Maleficent's Scepter from The Museum of Cultural History. The theft and Hades' escape attempt has the citizens panicking. Mal, as future Queen, decides the best way to protect the subjects and restore peace is to close the barrier permanently, meaning no new VKs can come, nor can anyone enter the Isle." }, "Geometry-38": { "title": "Geometry", "section": "Contemporary geometry", "headers": [ "Euclidean geometry" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "Euclidean geometry is geometry in its classical sense. As it models the space of the physical world, it is used in many scientific areas, such as mechanics, astronomy, crystallography, and many technical fields, such as engineering, architecture, geodesy, aerodynamics, and navigation. The mandatory educational curriculum of the majority of nations includes the study of Euclidean concepts such as points, lines, planes, angles, triangles, congruence, similarity, solid figures, circles, and analytic geometry." }, "Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990-6": { "title": "Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990", "section": "Titles", "headers": [ "Title I\u2014employment" ], "para_index": 6, "content": ".C.\u00a0\u00a7\u00a7\u00a012111\u201312117. The ADA states that a \"covered entity\" shall not discriminate against \"a qualified individual with a disability\". This applies to job application procedures, hiring, advancement and discharge of employees, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment. \"Covered entities\" include employers with 15 or more employees, as well as employment agencies, labor organizations, and joint labor-management committees. There are strict limitations on when a covered entity can ask job applicants or employees disability-related questions or require them to undergo medical examination, and all medical information must be kept confidential." }, "Merida (Brave)-10": { "title": "Merida (Brave)", "section": "Appearances", "headers": [ "Brave" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "In Brave, Merida lives in the mystical Scottish kingdom of DunBroch with her mother, Queen Elinor, her father, King Fergus, and her mischievous triplet brothers, Hamish, Hubert, and Harris. Elinor attempts to convince Merida to be a perfect princess. However, Merida enjoys riding through the Highlands on her horse, Angus, and practicing archery and swordplay; she inherited those skills from her father." }, "Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan-3": { "title": "Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "D'Artagnan had a career in espionage for Cardinal Mazarin, in the years after the first Fronde. Due to d'Artagnan's faithful service during this period, Louis XIV entrusted him with many secret and delicate situations that required complete discretion. He followed Mazarin during his exile in 1651 in the face of the hostility of the aristocracy. In 1652 d'Artagnan was promoted to lieutenant in the Gardes Fran\u00e7aises, and fought at the Battle of Stenay in 1654, as well as in sieges at Landrecies and Saint-Ghislaine, then to captain in 1655. In 1658, he became a second lieutenant in the newly reformed Musketeers. This was a promotion, as the Musketeers were far more prestigious than the Gardes-Fran\u00e7aises." }, "Harley Quinn-1": { "title": "Harley Quinn", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Harley Quinn (Dr. Harleen Frances Quinzel) is a fictional character appearing in media published by DC Entertainment. Created by Paul Dini and Bruce Timm to serve as a new supervillain and a romantic interest for the Joker in Batman: The Animated Series in September 1992, she was later adapted into DC Comics' Batman comic book canon, beginning with The Batman Adventures #12 (September 1993)." }, "Sailing ship-1": { "title": "Sailing ship", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sail plans A sailing ship is a sea-going vessel that uses sails mounted on masts to harness the power of wind and propel the vessel. There is a variety of sail plans that propel sailing ships, employing square-rigged or fore-and-aft sails. Some ships carry square sails on each mast\u2014the brig and full-rigged ship, said to be \"ship-rigged\" when there are three or more masts. Others carry only fore-and-aft sails on each mast\u2014schooners. Still others employ a combination of square and fore-and aft sails, including the barque, barquentine, and brigantine. Sailing ships developed differently in Asia, which produced the junk and dhow\u2014vessels that incorporated innovations absent in European ships of the time. Technically in the Age of Sail a ship was a specific type of vessel, with a bowsprit and three masts, each of which consists of a lower, top, and topgallant mast." }, "Walker (Star Wars)-33": { "title": "Walker (Star Wars)", "section": "Merchandise", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "Utilized by the Republic, Empire and First Order All Terrain Attack Pod (AT-AP): Featured in Revenge of the Sith and Clone Wars media, as a variation of the AT-PT. Alex Jaeger designed the AT-AP per Lucas' request to \"diversify the Clone armor\". Nicknamed the \"sniper tank\", the AT-AP features a variety of artillery weapons, a retractable third leg for stability, and other offensive features. All Terrain Open Transport (AT-OT): Introduced in Revenge of the Sith and other sources, is a heavily armored transport whose open design makes it vulnerable from above. The AT-OT can transport 34 clone troopers, who are protected by thick armor and four laser cannons. During the late stages of Revenge of the Sith's development, it was called the \"Clone CAT walker\". All Terrain Recon Transports (AT-RT): Introduced in Revenge of the Sith operated by clone troopers searching for Yoda (Frank Oz) on Kashyyyk. The AT-RT is described as a precursor to the AT-ST, though it also shares similarities to the AT-PTs of the same era. A scene cut from Revenge of the Sith would have shown Yoda distracting clone troopers while Chewbacca removes them from their AT-RT in a manner similar to how he obtains control of an AT-ST in Return of the Jedi. AT-RT animators studied AT-ST movement to recreate part of the \"original funkiness of movement\" caused by the stop-animation style used in the original trilogy. All Terrain Defense Pod (AT-DP): Introduced in Star Wars Rebels as the is a powerful predecessor of the AT-ST and has the ability to dock with flying transports, much like the AT-TE can. On Lothal, many of these chicken walkers are used for hunting the young rebellion. All Terrain Mobile Artillery (AT-MA): Introduced in The Force Awakens. was a model of quadruped base defense walker used by the First Order to defended Starkiller Base. While it resembled the All Terrain Armored Transport once used by the Galactic Empire in terms of size and weaponry, the AT-MA was primarily designed for defense, rather than transport or assault. Several of these walkers were deployed across the planet to protect its installations, and at least three of them were present during General Armitage Hux's speech before the destruction of the Hosnian system. Several AT-MAs were portrayed in the ground vehicles storage area of a Resurgent-class Star Destroyer. All Terrain Armoured Cargo Transport (AT-ACT): Introduced in Rogue One, the walkers are slightly larger than the standard AT-AT, with a hollowed-out center section that can hold a cargo container. Director Gareth Edwards instructed the film's concept artists to design walkers based on their idealized memory of the AT-AT. As depicted in the film, AT-ACTs appear to be easier to destroy than AT-ATs. Under sustained fire, their leg joints can be destroyed, causing the vehicle to fall, and they can be broken in half when fired upon without the cargo container in place. All Terrain MegaCaliber Six (AT-M6): Featured in The Last Jedi, dubbed \"gorilla walkers\", as a class of walking siege-artillery vehicles used by the First Order. The First Order also uses updated versions of the AT-AT and AT-ST to support and screen AT-M6 siege operations. All Terrain Heavy Hauler (AT-HH): Featured in The Last Jedi, utilizing many more legs than most walkers to allow it to tow heavy cargo. All Terrain Heavy Scout (AT-HS): A model of walker fielded by the First Order. The LEGO version of the AT-HS was based on a piece of concept art for The Last Jedi which, although canon, was ultimately not used in the final cut of the film. All Terrain Cold-weather Mobile Heavy Cannon (AT-CMHC): A remodeled variant of the Umbaran UMHC used by the Imperial Military. This prototype model was specialized in sub-zero temperatures. Utilized by other factions Umbaran mobile heavy cannon (UMHC): Used by Umbarans during the Clone Wars. Later, both the Imperial Army and Alliance to Restore the Republic used them during the Galactic Civil War. MHCs were heavily armored and had an articulated electromagnetic plasma cannon mounted on top of its dome-like body. All Terrain Personnel Transport (AT-PT): Introduced during the climax of Timothy Zahn's novel Dark Force Rising, is a two-legged, one-person vehicle designed for the Old Republic as a \"personal weapons platform for ground soldiers.\" The AT-PT is equipped with two blaster cannons, a concussion grenade launcher, and an array of sensors. The AT-PT is also featured in several video games, including Star Wars: Rogue Squadron, Star Wars: Force Commander, and Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds. Mountain Terrain Armored Transport (MT-AT): Introduced in Jedi Academy Trilogy, dubbed \"spider walkers\", are octrupedalism specially for mountain terrain. All Terrain Anti-Aircraft (AT-AA): Featured in various Expanded Universe media, is a four-legged anti-aircraft vehicle used by the Galactic Empire. The All Terrain Advance Raider (AT-AR) appears in Marvel Comics' Star Wars series and an All Terrain Experimental Transport (AT-XT) appears in LucasArts' Star Wars: The Clone Wars game. DK Publishing's Attack of the Clones: Incredible Cross-Sections book mentions an All Terrain Heavy Enforcer. Kenner released AT-AT and AT-ST toys as part of their Empire Strikes Back line, and Hasbro released toys based on those molds when the Special Edition trilogy was distributed. Micro Machines also released AT-AT, AT-ST, and AT-TE toys. Both Decipher Inc. and Wizards of the Coast published AT-AT and AT-ST cards for their Star Wars Customizable Card Game and Star Wars Trading Card Game, respectively. Lego has released AT-AT, AT-ST, AT-AP, AT-OT, AT-RT, and AT-TE models." }, "Article Two of the United States Constitution-4": { "title": "Article Two of the United States Constitution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Section 2 of Article Two lays out the powers of the presidency, establishing that the president serves as the commander-in-chief of the military, among many other roles. This section gives the president the power to grant pardons." }, "George W. Bush-5": { "title": "George W. Bush", "section": "Early life and career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "George Walker Bush was born on July 6, 1946, at Yale\u2013New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, while his father was a student at Yale. He was the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin and Dorothy. Another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U.S. Senator from Connecticut. His father was Ronald Reagan's vice president from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U.S. president from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, and Scottish roots." }, "Stunner (professional wrestling)-13": { "title": "Stunner (professional wrestling)", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Stone Cold stunner" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "The true Stone Cold stunner as popularized and stated by Steve Austin, always involves a boot to the gut before the 3/4 facelock is applied. Kevin Owens, Velvet Sky, Disco Inferno, Willie Mack and Becky Lynch have also used this move." }, "Hate group-17": { "title": "Hate group", "section": "Religious hate groups", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "citation needed] Westboro Baptist Church is considered a hate group by multiple sources and the WBC is monitored as such by the Anti-Defamation League and the Southern Poverty Law Center. The church has been involved in actions against gay people since at least 1991, when it sought a crackdown on homosexual activity at Gage Park six blocks northwest of the church. In addition to conducting anti-gay protests at military funerals, the organization pickets celebrity funerals and public events. Protests have also been held against Jews and Catholics, and some protests have included WBC members stomping on the American flag or flying the flag upside down on a flagpole. The church also has made statements such as \"thank God for dead soldiers,\" \"God blew up the troops,\" and \"God hates America.\" The church has faced several accusations of brainwashing and has been criticised as a cult. because of its provocative stance against homosexuality and the United States, and it has been condemned by many mainstream gay rights opponents as well as by gay rights supporters." }, "Coronavirus recession-13": { "title": "Coronavirus recession", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "Coronavirus pandemic" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "The COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); the outbreak was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, declared to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11 March 2020. The pandemic has led to severe global socioeconomic disruption, the postponement or cancellation of sporting, religious, political and cultural events, and widespread shortages of supplies exacerbated by panic buying. Schools, universities and colleges have closed either on a nationwide or local basis in 190 countries, affecting approximately 73.5 percent of the world's student population. Many governments have restricted or advised against all non-essential travel to and from countries and areas affected by the outbreak. However, the virus is already spreading within communities in large parts of the world, with many not knowing where or how they were infected." }, "Pledge of Allegiance-43": { "title": "Pledge of Allegiance", "section": "Controversy", "headers": [ "Legal challenges" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit, ruling that \"\u2026 the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who don't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message.\" The case against the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District had been brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase \"under God\" in the pledge created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers \"second-class citizens.\" In a twenty-one page decision, Bauman wrote, \"Under [the association members'] reasoning, the very constitution under which [the members] seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional, an absurd proposition which [association members] do not and cannot advance here.\" Bauman said the student could skip the pledge, but upheld a New Jersey law that says pupils must recite the pledge unless they have \"conscientious scruples\" that do not allow it. He noted, \"As a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787.\u201d" }, "Parkinson's disease-20": { "title": "Parkinson's disease", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "Neuropsychiatric" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Behavior and mood alterations are more common in PD without cognitive impairment than in the general population, and are usually present in PD with dementia. The most frequent mood difficulties are depression, apathy, and anxiety. Establishing the diagnosis of depression is complicated by the fact that the body language of depression may masquerade as PD including a sad expressionless anxious face, a hang dog appearance, slow movement, and monotonous speech. Up to 30% of people with PD may experience symptoms of anxiety, ranging from a generalized anxiety disorder to social phobia, panic disorders and obsessive compulsive disorders. They contribute to impaired quality of life and increased severity of motor symptoms such as on/off fluctuations or freezing episodes." }, "Cotton-1": { "title": "Cotton", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose. Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will increase the dispersal of the seeds." }, "Popular Science-1": { "title": "Popular Science", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Popular Science (also known as PopSci) is an American quarterly magazine carrying popular science content, which refers to articles for the general reader on science and technology subjects. Popular Science has won over 58 awards, including the American Society of Magazine Editors awards for its journalistic excellence in 2003 (for General Excellence), 2004 (for Best Magazine Section), and 2019 (for Single-Topic Issue). With roots beginning in 1872, Popular Science has been translated into over 30 languages and is distributed to at least 45 countries." }, "Sweden-1": { "title": "Sweden", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sweden (/\u02c8swi\u02d0.d\u0259n/; Swedish: Sverige [\u02c8sv\u00e6\u030crj\u025b] (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige [\u02c8k\u00f4\u02d0n\u0275\u014ba\u02ccri\u02d0k\u025bt \u02c8sv\u00e6\u030crj\u025b] (listen)), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, Finland to the east, and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the \u00d6resund Strait. At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe, the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area. The capital city is Stockholm. Sweden has a total population of 10.3\u00a0million of which 2.6 million have a foreign background. Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born, or born in Sweden with foreign born parents. It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre (57/sq\u00a0mi) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country." }, "Colossus (comics)-55": { "title": "Colossus (comics)", "section": "Powers and abilities", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "Colossus is a mutant with the ability to transform his entire body into a form of \"organic steel\", with properties similar to osmium but of still unknown composition. Colossus must transform his entire body into this armored state; he cannot transform only a portion of his body. When he transforms, he gains approximately 1\u00a0ft (30\u00a0cm) in height; official figures state his height at about 7\u00a0ft 5\u00a0in (230\u00a0cm) in transformed state versus 6\u00a0ft 6\u00a0in (200\u00a0cm) in normal human form. His weight is more than doubled. In his armored form, Colossus possesses superhuman levels of strength, as well as superhuman stamina and durability. His physical strength is currently greater than when he first joined the X-Men due to the realignment of his cells by Magneto following an injury during the Mutant Massacre. While in his armored form, Colossus requires no food, water, or even oxygen to sustain himself, and is extremely resistant to injury. He is capable of withstanding great impacts, large caliber bullets, falling from tremendous heights, electricity, and certain magical attacks. While he has great resistance to temperature extremes of hot and cold, extreme heat followed by rapid super-cooling has been shown to cause damage. As he is vulnerable to the anti-metal Antarctic Vibranium in his metal form, his body instinctively shifts to human form when faced with an Antarctic Vibranium weapon." }, "Shark-62": { "title": "Shark", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "Feeding" ], "para_index": 62, "content": "Other sharks feed on squid or fish, which they swallow whole. The viper dogfish has teeth it can point outwards to strike and capture prey that it then swallows intact. The great white and other large predators either swallow small prey whole or take huge bites out of large animals. Thresher sharks use their long tails to stun shoaling fishes, and sawsharks either stir prey from the seabed or slash at swimming prey with their tooth-studded rostra." }, "Huma Abedin-8": { "title": "Huma Abedin", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "State Department, Clinton Foundation, Teneo, 2009\u20132013" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "In 2009, Abedin was appointed deputy chief of staff to Clinton in the State Department, under a \"special government employee\" arrangement created by the department which allowed her to work for private clients as a consultant while also serving as an adviser to the Secretary of State. Under this arrangement, she did consultant work for Teneo, a strategic consulting firm whose clients included Coca-Cola and MF Global, and served as a paid consultant to the Clinton Foundation, while continuing her role as body woman to Clinton. The New York Times reported that an associate of Abedin's said the arrangement also allowed her to work from her home in New York City, rather than at the State Department's headquarters in Washington, to be able to spend more time with her child and husband." }, "Driving test-4": { "title": "Driving test", "section": "Test requirements", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Depending on the country and on the driver's license category, the practical test includes driving on the public, open road as well as different maneuverability test, which are usually carried out in a controlled environment such as:" }, "God in Islam-13": { "title": "God in Islam", "section": "Attributes", "headers": [ "Mercy" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Praise be to Allah, the Creator of the heavens and the earth, Who appointeth the angels messengers having wings two, three and four. He multiplieth in creation what He will. Lo! Allah is Able to do all things. \u2014\u2009Quran\u00a035:1\u00a0(Translated by\u00a0Pickthall) We have built the heaven with might, and We it is Who make the vast extent (thereof). \u2014\u2009Quran\u00a051:47\u00a0(Translated by\u00a0Pickthall) Verily We created man from a product of wet earth; Then placed him as a drop (of seed) in a safe lodging; Then fashioned We the drop a clot, then fashioned We the clot a little lump, then fashioned We the little lump bones, then clothed the bones with flesh, and then produced it as another creation. So blessed be Allah, the Best of creators! \u2014\u2009Quran\u00a023:12-14\u00a0(Translated by\u00a0Pickthall) The most commonly used names in the primary sources are Al-Rahman, meaning \"Most Compassionate\" and Al-Rahim, meaning \"Most Merciful\". The former compasses the whole creation, therefore applying to God's mercy in that it gives every necessary condition to make life possible. The latter applies to God's mercy in that it gives favor for good deeds. Thus Al-Rahman includes both the believers and the unbelievers, but Al-Rahim only the believers. God is said to love forgiving, with a hadith stating God would replace a sinless people with one who sinned but still asked repentance. Also, the word Rahman comes from the word Rahm which means the womb of the mother, so it is a comparison between God's mercy to the mercy of a mother with her child." }, "Smooth jazz-2": { "title": "Smooth jazz", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Smooth jazz is a commercially oriented, crossover jazz which came to prominence in the 1980s, displacing the more venturesome jazz fusion from which it emerged. It avoids the improvisational \"risk-taking\" of jazz fusion, emphasizing melodic form. Much of the music was initially \"a combination of jazz with easy-listening pop music and lightweight R&B\"." }, "Julian calendar-69": { "title": "Julian calendar", "section": "New Year's Day", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 69, "content": "The Roman calendar began the year on 1 January, and this remained the start of the year after the Julian reform. However, even after local calendars were aligned to the Julian calendar, they started the new year on different dates. The Alexandrian calendar in Egypt started on 29 August (30 August after an Alexandrian leap year). Several local provincial calendars were aligned to start on the birthday of Augustus, 23 September. The indiction caused the Byzantine year, which used the Julian calendar, to begin on 1 September; this date is still used in the Eastern Orthodox Church for the beginning of the liturgical year. When the Julian calendar was adopted in AD 988 by Vladimir I of Kiev, the year was numbered Anno Mundi 6496, beginning on 1 March, six months after the start of the Byzantine Anno Mundi year with the same number. In 1492 (AM 7000), Ivan III, according to church tradition, realigned the start of the year to 1 September, so that AM 7000 only lasted for six months in Russia, from 1 March to 31 August 1492." }, "Michelle Obama-21": { "title": "Michelle Obama", "section": "Family and education", "headers": [ "Family life" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Before meeting Obama, Michelle had told her mother she intended to focus solely on her career. The couple's first date was to Spike Lee's movie Do the Right Thing (1989). Barack Obama has said that the couple had an \"opposites attract\" scenario in their initial interest in each other, since Michelle had stability from her two-parent home while he was \"adventurous\". They married on October 3, 1992. After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwent in vitro fertilisation to conceive their daughters Malia Ann (born 1998) and Natasha (known as Sasha, born 2001)." }, "Edward Snowden-77": { "title": "Edward Snowden", "section": "Asylum in Russia", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 77, "content": "On June 23, 2013, Snowden landed at Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport aboard a commercial Aeroflot flight from Hong Kong. On August 1, after 39 days in the transit section, he left the airport and was granted temporary asylum in Russia for one year. A year later, his temporary asylum having expired, Snowden received a three-year residency permit allowing him to travel freely within Russia and to go abroad for up to three months. He was not granted permanent political asylum. In January 2017, a spokesperson for the Russian foreign ministry wrote on Facebook that Snowden's asylum, which was due to expire in 2017, was extended by \"a couple more years\". Snowden's lawyer Anatoly Kucherena said the extension was valid until 2020." }, "Wembley Stadium-2": { "title": "Wembley Stadium", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Wembley Stadium is owned by the governing body of English football, the Football Association (the FA), through its subsidiary Wembley National Stadium Ltd (WNSL). The FA headquarters are in the stadium. With 90,000 seats, it is the largest football stadium in England, the largest stadium in the UK and the second-largest stadium in Europe." }, "Koala-50": { "title": "Koala", "section": "Conservation issues", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "One of the biggest anthropogenic threats to the koala is habitat destruction and fragmentation. In coastal areas, the main cause of this is urbanisation, while in rural areas, habitat is cleared for agriculture. Native forest trees are also taken down to be made into wood products. In 2000, Australia ranked fifth in the world by deforestation rates, having cleared 564,800 hectares (1,396,000 acres). The distribution of the koala has shrunk by more than 50% since European arrival, largely due to fragmentation of habitat in Queensland. The koala's \"vulnerable\" status in Queensland and New South Wales means that developers in these states must consider the impacts on this species when making building applications. In addition, koalas live in many protected areas." }, "The WB-16": { "title": "The WB", "section": "History", "headers": [ "1997\u20132000: Courting the teen market" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "With three hit shows in its roster, The WB continued to build its teen fanbase the following season with college drama Felicity (which made a star out of lead Keri Russell) and the wicca-themed Charmed (which was also produced by Aaron Spelling, and co-starred Alyssa Milano and 90210 alumnus Shannen Doherty), both of which set new records for the network when they respectively premiered to 7.1 and 7.7 million viewers; Charmed had the highest-rated premiere on the network until Smallville broke its record, debuting to 8.4 million viewers in October 2001. At the start of the 1998\u201399 season, the network expanded its programming to Thursday nights. That season, 7th Heaven overtook Dawson's Creek as the network's highest-rated program, and garnered The WB the highest ratings it would ever see \u2013 the show's February 8, 1999 episode attracted 12.5 million viewers." }, "Alfred Hitchcock-70": { "title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Later years: 1966\u20131980", "Knighthood and death" ], "para_index": 70, "content": "His last public appearance was on 16 March 1980, when he introduced the next year's winner of the American Film Institute award. He died of kidney failure the following month, on 29 April, in his Bel Air home. Donald Spoto, one of Hitchcock's biographers, wrote that Hitchcock had declined to see a priest, but according to Jesuit priest Mark Henninger, he and another priest, Tom Sullivan, celebrated Mass at the filmmaker's home, and Sullivan heard his confession. Hitchcock was survived by his wife and daughter. His funeral was held at Good Shepherd Catholic Church in Beverly Hills on 30 April, after which his body was cremated. His remains were scattered over the Pacific Ocean on 10 May 1980." }, "Rules of the Eurovision Song Contest-11": { "title": "Rules of the Eurovision Song Contest", "section": "Performer", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Albania \u2013 Albania only allows songs performed in Albanian at Festivali i K\u00ebng\u00ebs, the competition used to select their entry for the contest. They have often translated the lyrics of their entrant into English, as in 2014, 2016, 2017 and 2020. \u00a0Denmark \u2013 the Danish national selection procedure allows freedom of language, but if the winning song from their national competition is in Danish, it must be re-written in English for the competition.[citation needed] \u00a0France \u2013 The French entry in 2008 caused controversy as it was performed mostly in English, and many people were unhappy about being represented with an English song.[citation needed] Since then, 2012, 2016, 2017 and 2019 entries have been performed in both French and English. \u00a0Iceland \u2013 Iceland requires their artists to sing in Icelandic in the semi-finals of S\u00f6ngvakeppnin, the Icelandic selection process, but they may translate the song in the final. \u00a0Italy \u2013 in the Sanremo Music Festival, used to select their entry for the contest, the song must be sung in Italian. The artist theoretically can choose to perform the song in English at Eurovision, but as of 2020, no artist has chosen to perform their song at Eurovision entirely in English \u2013 at maximum, some stanzas were translated into English. \u00a0Macedonia \u2013 Macedonia held a vote to decide whether their 2005 entry should be in English or Macedonian. The song was performed in English. \u00a0Portugal \u2013 Though since 2017 different languages are allowed to compete in their national selection, as of 2020, all of their entries have been performed in Portuguese. \u00a0Serbia \u2013 after failing to qualify in 2017 with a song in English, since 2018 artists must sing in Serbian at their national selection. \u00a0Sweden \u2013 while it is not required for the winning entry of Melodifestivalen, the Swedish selection process, to be translated into English for Eurovision, it has usually been done so (if allowed in the rules), as in 1965, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004, and 2006. Current rules state that countries are allowed to have up to six performers on stage. Performers must be aged 16 or older, on the day of the semi-final in the year of the Contest. The age restriction rule was introduced in 1990, as two contestants the year before had been 11 and 12 years old. From 1990 until 2003 the performer could still be 15 years old at the time of the contest, if their 16th birthday was later in the same year. In 2004 this was changed to the current rule. The introduction of this rule means that Sandra Kim, who was 13 when she won for Belgium in 1986, will remain the youngest winner unless the age limit is lowered. No restriction on the nationality of the performers exists, which has resulted in countries being represented by artists who are not nationals of that country. One of the most well-known winning artists was Canadian C\u00e9line Dion who represented Switzerland in 1988. The performer only needs to be 16 when the event takes place and not when they are selected, as proven when Lindsay Dracass was selected to represent the United Kingdom in 2001 and again when Triinu Kivilaan was selected to represent Switzerland in 2005, despite both of these performers only being 15 at their respective times of selection. In Dracass' case, she had to be issued a special visa to enable her to travel to Copenhagen." }, "Jaclyn Linetsky-3": { "title": "Jaclyn Linetsky", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Linetsky began her career in 1994 at the age of 8 when she acted in stage productions. At age 10, she was in a radio milk advertisement. In 2000, Linetsky dubbed the English voice of the titular character in the preschool animated series Caillou until her death in 2003. She also provided the voices for Bitzi in the 2002 animated series Daft Planet, Lori Mackney in What's with Andy? (2003\u20132004), Kit on Kit and Kaboodle, Yukari on Tommy and Oscar, Brenda on Rotten Ralph and Meg in Mega Babies." }, "Foot (unit)-1": { "title": "Foot (unit)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The foot (pl.\u00a0feet; abbreviation:\u00a0ft; symbol:\u00a0\u2032, the prime symbol) is a unit of length in the imperial and US customary systems of measurement. Since the International Yard and Pound Agreement of 1959, one foot is defined as 0.3048\u00a0meter exactly. In customary and imperial units, the foot comprises 12\u00a0inches and three feet compose a yard." }, "Reza Shah-19": { "title": "Reza Shah", "section": "Rule as the Shah", "headers": [ "Modernization" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Reza Shah was the first Iranian Monarch in 1400 years who paid respect to the Jews by praying in the synagogue when visiting the Jewish community of Isfahan; an act that boosted the self-esteem of the Iranian Jews and made Reza Shah their second most respected Iranian leader after Cyrus the Great. Reza Shah's reforms opened new occupations to Jews and allowed them to leave the ghetto. This point of view, however, may be refuted by the claims that the anti-Jewish incidents of September 1922 in parts of Tehran was a plot by Reza Khan." }, "Urine therapy-5": { "title": "Urine therapy", "section": "Modern claims and findings", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "An exhaustive description of the composition of human urine was prepared for NASA in 1971. Urine is an aqueous solution of greater than 95% water. The remaining constituents are, in order of decreasing concentration: urea 9.3 g/L, chloride 1.87 g/L, sodium 1.17 g/L, potassium 0.750 g/L, creatinine 0.670 g/L and other dissolved ions, inorganic and organic compounds." }, "Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics-2": { "title": "Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Both men and women had very similar schedules of events. Men competed in 24 events and women in 23, as their schedule lacked the 50\u00a0km race walk. In addition, both the men's 110 m hurdles and decathlon are reflected in the women's schedule by the 100 m hurdles and heptathlon, respectively." }, "Depleted uranium-50": { "title": "Depleted uranium", "section": "Health considerations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and numerous other systems can be affected by uranium exposure because, in addition to being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal, although less toxic than other heavy metals, such as arsenic and mercury. It is weakly radioactive but is 'persistently' so because of its long half-life. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry states that: \"to be exposed to radiation from uranium, you have to eat, drink, or breathe it, or get it on your skin.\" If DU particles do enter an individual, the type of danger presented\u2014toxic vs. radiological\u2014and the organ most likely to be affected depend on the solubility of the particles." }, "Felinae-1": { "title": "Felinae", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Felinae are a subfamily of the family Felidae. This subfamily comprises the small cats having a bony hyoid, because of which they are able to purr but not roar." }, "Portuguese Guinea-4": { "title": "Portuguese Guinea", "section": "Era of the slave trade", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "This area was the source of an estimated 150,000 African slaves transported by the Portuguese, mainly from Upper Guinea before 1500, some used to grow cotton and indigo in the previously uninhabited Cape Verde islands. Portuguese traders and exiled criminals penetrated the rivers and creeks of Upper Guinea forming a mulatto population using Portuguese-based Creole language as their lingua franca. However, after 1500 the main area of Portuguese interest, both for gold and slaves, was further south in the Gold Coast." }, "Saddam Hussein-2": { "title": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "As vice president under the ailing General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, and at a time when many groups were considered capable of overthrowing the government, Saddam created security forces through which he tightly controlled conflicts between the government and the armed forces. In the early 1970s, Saddam nationalized oil and foreign banks leaving the system eventually insolvent mostly due to the Iran\u2013Iraq War, the Gulf War, and UN sanctions. Through the 1970s, Saddam cemented his authority over the apparatus of government as oil money helped Iraq's economy to grow at a rapid pace. Positions of power in the country were mostly filled with Sunni Arabs, a minority that made up only a fifth of the population." }, "Dictatorship of the proletariat-24": { "title": "Dictatorship of the proletariat", "section": "Vladimir Lenin", "headers": [ "Proletarian government" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Soviet democracy granted voting rights to the majority of the populace who elected the local soviets, who elected the regional soviets and so on until electing the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. Capitalists were disenfranchised in the Russian soviet model. However, according to Lenin in a developed country it would be possible to dispense with the disenfranchisement of capitalists within the democratic proletarian dictatorship as the proletariat would be guaranteed of an overwhelming majority." }, "Intercondylar area-6": { "title": "Intercondylar area", "section": "Structure", "headers": [ "Intercondyloid eminence" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The intercondyloid eminence, (intercondylar eminence or tibial spine), is a structure of the tibia. It lies between the articular facets of the proximal tibia, but nearer the posterior than the anterior aspect of the bone, surmounted on either side by a prominent tubercle, on to the sides of which the articular facets are prolonged. In front of and behind the intercondyloid eminence are rough depressions (fossae, for the attachment of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments and the menisci." }, "Ronald Reagan-1": { "title": "Ronald Reagan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ronald Wilson Reagan (/\u02c8re\u026a\u0261\u0259n/; February 6, 1911 \u2013 June 5, 2004) was an American politician who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989 and became a highly influential voice of modern conservatism. Prior to his presidency, he was a Hollywood actor and union leader before serving as the 33rd governor of California from 1967 to 1975." }, "Dopamine-1": { "title": "Dopamine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families. It functions both as a hormone and a neurotransmitter, and plays several important roles in the brain and body. It is an amine synthesized by removing a carboxyl group from a molecule of its precursor chemical L-DOPA, which is synthesized in the brain and kidneys. Dopamine is also synthesized in plants and most animals. In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter\u2014a chemical released by neurons (nerve cells) to send signals to other nerve cells. The brain includes several distinct dopamine pathways, one of which plays a major role in the motivational component of reward-motivated behavior. The anticipation of most types of rewards increases the level of dopamine in the brain,[failed verification] and many addictive drugs increase dopamine release or block its reuptake into neurons following release. Other brain dopamine pathways are involved in motor control and in controlling the release of various hormones. These pathways and cell groups form a dopamine system which is neuromodulatory." }, "Logogram-1": { "title": "Logogram", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In a written language, a logogram or logograph is a written character that represents a word or phrase. Chinese characters (including Chinese hanzi, Japanese kanji and Korean hanja) are logograms; some Egyptian hieroglyphs and some graphemes in cuneiform script are also logograms. The use of logograms in writing is called logography, and a writing system that is based on logograms is called a logographic system." }, "Secondary education-1": { "title": "Secondary education", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Secondary education covers two phases on the International Standard Classification of Education scale. Level 2 or lower secondary education (less common junior secondary education) is considered the second and final phase of basic education, and level 3 (upper) secondary education is the stage before tertiary education. Every country aims to provide basic education, but the systems and terminology remain unique to them. Secondary education typically takes place after six years of primary education and is followed by higher education, vocational education or employment. Like primary education, in most countries secondary education is compulsory, at least until the age of 16. Children typically enter the lower secondary phase around age 11. Compulsory education sometimes extends to age 19." }, "Photic zone-3": { "title": "Photic zone", "section": "Life in the photic zone", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Ninety percent of marine life lives in the photic zone, which is approximately two hundred meters deep. This includes phytoplankton (plants), including dinoflagellates, diatoms, cyanobacteria, coccolithophorids, and cryptomonads. It also includes zooplankton, the consumers in the photic zone. There are carnivorous meat eaters and herbivorous plant eaters. Next, copepods are the small crustaceans distributed everywhere in the photic zone, and are actually the biggest group of animals on the planet. Finally, there are nekton (animals that can propel themselves, like fish, squids, and crabs), which are the largest and the most obvious animals in the photic zone, but their quantity is the smallest among all the groups." }, "Unicode-18": { "title": "Unicode", "section": "Origin and development", "headers": [ "History" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The Unicode Consortium was incorporated in California on 3 January 1991, and in October 1991, the first volume of the Unicode standard was published. The second volume, covering Han ideographs, was published in June 1992." }, "Old age-99": { "title": "Old age", "section": "Life expectancy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 99, "content": "In October 2016, scientists identified the maximum human lifespan at an average age of 115, with an absolute upper limit of 125 years. However, the concept of a maximum lifespan in humans is still widely debated among the scientific community." }, "L. Ron Hubbard-86": { "title": "L. Ron Hubbard", "section": "Rise of Scientology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 86, "content": "Despite objections, on December 18, 1953, Hubbard incorporated the Church of Scientology, Church of American Science and Church of Spiritual Engineering in Camden, New Jersey. Hubbard, his wife Mary Sue and his secretary John Galusha became the trustees of all three corporations. The reason for Scientology's religious transformation was explained by officials of the HAS:" }, "Infant-7": { "title": "Infant", "section": "Physical characteristics of newborns", "headers": [ "Weight" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In developed countries, the average birth weight of a full-term newborn is approximately 3.4\u00a0kg (7\u00a01\u20442\u00a0lb), and is typically in the range of 2." }, "Operating system-1": { "title": "Operating system", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs." }, "Sense-45": { "title": "Sense", "section": "Human sensation", "headers": [ "External", "Somatosensory system (touch)" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "Somatosensation is considered a general sense, as opposed to the special senses discussed in this section. Somatosensation is the group of sensory modalities that are associated with touch and interoception. The modalities of somatosensation include pressure, vibration, light touch, tickle, itch, temperature, pain, kinesthesia. Somatosensation, also called tactition (adjectival form: tactile) is a perception resulting from activation of neural receptors, generally in the skin including hair follicles, but also in the tongue, throat, and mucosa. A variety of pressure receptors respond to variations in pressure (firm, brushing, sustained, etc.). The touch sense of itching caused by insect bites or allergies involves special itch-specific neurons in the skin and spinal cord. The loss or impairment of the ability to feel anything touched is called tactile anesthesia. Paresthesia is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of the skin that may result from nerve damage and may be permanent or temporary." }, "D\u00fcsseldorf-1": { "title": "D\u00fcsseldorf", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "D\u00fcsseldorf (often Dusseldorf in English sources; UK: /\u02c8d\u028as\u0259ld\u0254\u02d0rf/, US: /\u02c8dju\u02d0s-/, German: [\u02c8d\u028fsl\u0329d\u0254\u0281f] (listen); Low Franconian and Ripuarian: D\u00fcsseld\u00f6rp ([\u02c8d\u028fsl\u0329d\u0153\u0250\u032fp]); archaic Dutch: Dusseldorp) is the capital and second-largest city of the most populous German state of North Rhine-Westphalia after Cologne, and the seventh-largest city in Germany, with a population of 617,280. At the confluence of the Rhine and its tributary D\u00fcssel, the city lies in the centre of both the Rhine-Ruhr and the Rhineland Metropolitan Regions with the Cologne Bonn Region to its south and the Ruhr to its north. Most of the city lies on the right bank of the Rhine (as opposed to Cologne, whose city centre lies on the river's left bank). The city is the largest in the German Low Franconian dialect area (closely related to Dutch). \"Dorf\" meaning \"village\" in German, the \"-dorf\" suffix (English cognate: thorp) is unusual in the German-speaking area for a settlement of D\u00fcsseldorf's size." }, "Voting rights in the United States-101": { "title": "Voting rights in the United States", "section": "Noncitizen voting", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 101, "content": "More than 40 states or territories, including colonies before the Declaration of Independence, have at some time allowed noncitizens who satisfied residential requirements to vote in some or all elections. This in part reflected the strong continuing immigration to the United States. Some cities like Chicago, towns or villages (in Maryland) today allow noncitizen residents to vote in school or local elections. In 1875, the Supreme Court in Minor v. Happersett noted that \"citizenship has not in all cases been made a condition precedent to the enjoyment of the right of suffrage. Thus, in Missouri, persons of foreign birth, who have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States, may under certain circumstances vote\". Federal law prohibits noncitizens from voting in federal elections." }, "Cephalophore-1": { "title": "Cephalophore", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A cephalophore (from the Greek for \"head-carrier\") is a saint who is generally depicted carrying their own head. In Christian art, this was usually meant to signify that the subject in question had been martyred by beheading. Handling the halo in this circumstance offers a unique challenge for the artist: some put the halo where the head used to be, others have the saint carrying the halo along with the head, and some split the difference." }, "CD-R-7": { "title": "CD-R", "section": "Physical characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "A standard CD-R is a 1.2\u00a0mm (0.047\u00a0in) thick disc made of polycarbonate about 120\u00a0mm (5\") in diameter. The 120\u00a0mm (5\") disc has a storage capacity of 74 minutes of audio or 650 Megabytes of data. CD-R/RWs are available with capacities of 80 minutes of audio or 737,280,000 bytes (700\u00a0MiB), which they achieve by molding the disc at the tightest allowable tolerances specified in the Orange Book CD-R/CD-RW standards. The engineering margin that was reserved for manufacturing tolerance has been used for data capacity instead, leaving no tolerance for manufacturing; for these discs to be truly compliant with the Orange Book standard, the manufacturing process must be perfect ." }, "Auburn, New York-1": { "title": "Auburn, New York", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Auburn is a city in Cayuga County, New York, United States, located at the north end of Owasco Lake, one of the Finger Lakes, in Central New York. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 27,687. As the largest city of Cayuga County, it is the county seat, and the site of the maximum-security Auburn Correctional Facility, as well as the William H. Seward House Museum and the house of abolitionist Harriet Tubman." }, "Gerard B\u00e9rchet-2": { "title": "Gerard B\u00e9rchet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Nylon is a synthetic polymer that can be melt-processed into fibers, films, and shapes and has significant applications in a wide variety of commercial products including apparel, electrical equipment, and food packaging. Neoprene or polychloroprene is a synthetic rubber produced by the polymerization of chloroprene. It is used in a wide variety of applications, such as electrical insulation, laptop sleeves, and automotive fan belts." }, "The Song of Roland-27": { "title": "The Song of Roland", "section": "Modern adaptations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "The Chanson de Roland has an important place in the background of Graham Greene's The Confidential Agent, published in 1939. The book's protagonist had been a Medieval scholar specialising in this work, until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War forced him to become a soldier and secret agent. Throughout the book, he repeatedly compares himself and other characters with the characters of \"Roland\". Particularly, the book includes a full two pages of specific commentary, which is relevant to its 20th-century plot line: \"Oliver, when he saw the Saracens coming, urged Roland to blow his horn and fetch back Charlemagne \u2013 but Roland wouldn't blow. A big brave fool. In war one always chooses the wrong hero. Oliver should have been the hero of that song, instead of being given second place with the blood-thirsty Bishop Turpin.(...) In the Oxford version Oliver is reconciled in the end, he gives Roland his death-blow by accident, his eyes blinded by wounds. [But] the story had been tidied up. In truth, Oliver strikes his friend down in full knowledge \u2013 because of what he has done to his men, all the wasted lives. Oliver dies hating the man he loves \u2013 the big boasting courageous fool who was more concerned with his own glory than with the victory of his faith. This makes the story tragedy, not just heroics\"." }, "Mixed martial arts-83": { "title": "Mixed martial arts", "section": "Common disciplines", "headers": [ "Taekwondo" ], "para_index": 83, "content": "Several accomplished MMA fighters have an extensive background in taekwondo. Some fighters who use taekwondo techniques in MMA are former UFC lightweight champion and WEC lightweight champion Anthony Pettis, who is 3rd dan black belt as well as an instructor, and former UFC middleweight champion Anderson Silva, who is 5th dan black belt and still competes in taekwondo." }, "Unsinkable Sam-1": { "title": "Unsinkable Sam", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Unsinkable Sam (also known as Oskar or Oscar) is the apocryphal nickname of a ship's cat who purportedly served during World War II with both the Kriegsmarine and the Royal Navy and survived the sinking of three ships." }, "Atopy-5": { "title": "Atopy", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Allergic reactions can range from sneezing and rhinorrhoea to anaphylaxis and even death." }, "Javier Sotomayor-11": { "title": "Javier Sotomayor", "section": "First world record 1988", "headers": [ "World indoor record in 1989" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Sotomayor set the current world indoor record of 2.43 metres (7\u00a0ft 11.67\u00a0in) on March 4, 1989 in Budapest." }, "Supreme Court of the United States-1": { "title": "Supreme Court of the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States of America. It has ultimate (and largely discretionary) appellate jurisdiction over all federal and state court cases that involve a point of federal law, and original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases, specifically \"all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party\". The Court holds the power of judicial review, the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the Constitution. It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating either the Constitution or statutory law. However, it may act only within the context of a case in an area of law over which it has jurisdiction. The Court may decide cases having political overtones, but it has ruled that it does not have power to decide non-justiciable political questions." }, "New Testament-9": { "title": "New Testament", "section": "Books", "headers": [ "The Gospels" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Each of the four gospels in the New Testament narrates the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth, with the exception of Mark which in the original text ends with the empty tomb and has no account of the post-resurrection appearances. The word \"gospel\" derives from the Old English g\u014dd-spell (rarely godspel), meaning \"good news\" or \"glad tidings\". The gospel was considered the \"good news\" of the coming Kingdom of Messiah, and the redemption through the life and death of Jesus, the central Christian message. Gospel is a calque (word-for-word translation) of the Greek word \u03b5\u1f50\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, euangelion (eu- \"good\", -angelion \"message\")." }, "Clark Gable-1": { "title": "Clark Gable", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "William Clark Gable (February 1, 1901 \u2013 November 16, 1960) was an American film actor, often referred to as \"The King of Hollywood\". He had roles in more than 60 motion pictures in a wide variety of genres in a career that lasted 37 years, three decades of which was as a leading man. Gable died of a heart attack; his final on screen appearance was of an aging cowboy in The Misfits, released posthumously in 1961." }, "Construction worker-1": { "title": "Construction worker", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A construction worker is a manual laborer employed in the physical construction of the built environment and its infrastructure." }, "Happy, Happy Birthday Baby-1": { "title": "Happy, Happy Birthday Baby", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Happy, Happy Birthday Baby\" is a 1957 song written by Margo Sylvia & Gilbert Lopez. \"Happy, Happy Birthday Baby\" was originally performed by The Tune Weavers, who had their only hit with this song. Both Margo Sylvia and Gilbert Lopez were members of The Tune Weavers. The single went to number four on the R&B chart and went to number five on the Hot 100. The B-side of \"Happy, Happy Birthday Baby, was The Tune Weavers version of \"Ol' Man River\"" }, "Internet-13": { "title": "Internet", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Since 1995, the Internet has tremendously impacted culture and commerce, including the rise of near instant communication by email, instant messaging, telephony (Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP), two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information and knowledge, commerce, entertainment and social networking. During the late 1990s, it was estimated that traffic on the public Internet grew by 100 percent per year, while the mean annual growth in the number of Internet users was thought to be between 20% and 50%. This growth is often attributed to the lack of central administration, which allows organic growth of the network, as well as the non-proprietary nature of the Internet protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from exerting too much control over the network. As of 31\u00a0March\u00a02011[update], the estimated total number of Internet users was 2.095 billion (30.2% of world population). It is estimated that in 1993 the Internet carried only 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunication, by 2000 this figure had grown to 51%, and by 2007 more than 97% of all telecommunicated information was carried over the Internet." }, "Moby-Dick-1": { "title": "Moby-Dick", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Moby-Dick; or, The Whale is an 1851 novel by American writer Herman Melville. The book is the sailor Ishmael's narrative of the obsessive quest of Ahab, captain of the whaling ship Pequod, for revenge on Moby Dick, the giant white sperm whale that on the ship's previous voyage bit off Ahab's leg at the knee. A contribution to the literature of the American Renaissance, the work's genre classifications range from late Romantic to early Symbolist. Moby-Dick was published to mixed reviews, was a commercial failure, and was out of print at the time of the author's death in 1891. Its reputation as a \"Great American Novel\" was established only in the 20th century, after the centennial of its author's birth. William Faulkner said he wished he had written the book himself, and D. H. Lawrence called it \"one of the strangest and most wonderful books in the world\" and \"the greatest book of the sea ever written\". Its opening sentence, \"Call me Ishmael\", is among world literature's most famous." }, "Chickpea-1": { "title": "Chickpea", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The chickpea or chick pea (Cicer arietinum) is an annual legume of the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. Its different types are variously known as gram or Bengal gram, garbanzo or garbanzo bean, Egyptian pea, chana, and chole. Chickpea seeds are high in protein. It is one of the earliest cultivated legumes, and 7500-year-old remains have been found in the Middle East." }, "Universe-8": { "title": "Universe", "section": "Definition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The universe is often defined as \"the totality of existence\", or everything that exists, everything that has existed, and everything that will exist. In fact, some philosophers and scientists support the inclusion of ideas and abstract concepts\u2014such as mathematics and logic\u2014in the definition of the universe. The word universe may also refer to concepts such as the cosmos, the world, and nature." }, "Double-slit experiment-1": { "title": "Double-slit experiment", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In modern physics, the double-slit experiment is a demonstration that light and matter can display characteristics of both classically defined waves and particles; moreover, it displays the fundamentally probabilistic nature of quantum mechanical phenomena. This type of experiment was first performed, using light, by Thomas Young in 1801, as a demonstration of the wave behavior of light. At that time it was thought that light consisted of either waves or particles. With the beginning of modern physics, about a hundred years later, it was realized that light could in fact show behavior characteristic of both waves and particles. In 1927, Davisson and Germer demonstrated that electrons show the same behavior, which was later extended to atoms and molecules. Thomas Young's experiment with light was part of classical physics well before quantum mechanics, and the concept of wave-particle duality. He believed it demonstrated that the wave theory of light was correct, and his experiment is sometimes referred to as Young's experiment or Young's slits." }, "Disco-1": { "title": "Disco", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Disco is a genre of dance music and a subculture that emerged in the 1970s from the United States\u2019 urban nightlife scene. Its sound is typified by four-on-the-floor beats, syncopated basslines, string sections, horns, electric piano, synthesizers, and electric rhythm guitars." }, "Snow-3": { "title": "Snow", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Major snow-prone areas include the polar regions, the northernmost half of the Northern Hemisphere and mountainous regions worldwide with sufficient moisture and cold temperatures. In the Southern Hemisphere, snow is confined primarily to mountainous areas, apart from Antarctica." }, "Daemonologie-6": { "title": "Daemonologie", "section": "Structure", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "In writing the book, King James was heavily influenced by his personal involvement in the North Berwick witch trials from 1590. Following the execution of a notorious sorcerer in the year 1591, the news of the trials was narrated in a news pamphlet titled Newes from Scotland and was included as the final chapter of the text. The book endorses the practice of witch hunting in a Christian society. James begins the book: The fearefull aboundinge at this time in this countrie, of these detestable slaves of the Devil, the Witches or enchanters, hath moved me (beloved reader) to dispatch in post, this following treatise of mine (...) to resolve the doubting (...) both that such assaults of Satan are most certainly practised, and that the instrument thereof merits most severely to be punished." }, "Tom Jones (singer)-2": { "title": "Tom Jones (singer)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "His performing range has included pop, R&B, show tunes, country, dance, soul and gospel. In 2008, the New York Times called Jones a musical \"shape shifter\", who could \"slide from soulful rasp to pop croon, with a voice as husky as it was pretty\". Jones has sold over 100\u00a0million records, with 36 Top 40 hits in the UK and 19 in the US, including \"It's Not Unusual\", \"What's New Pussycat\", the theme song for the 1965 James Bond film Thunderball, \"Green, Green Grass of Home\", \"Delilah\", \"She's a Lady\", \"Kiss\" and \"Sex Bomb\"." }, "Oscar Wilde-68": { "title": "Oscar Wilde", "section": "Trials", "headers": [ "Wilde v. Queensberry" ], "para_index": 68, "content": "Queensberry was arrested for criminal libel; a charge carrying a possible sentence of up to two years in prison. Under the 1843 Libel Act, Queensberry could avoid conviction for libel only by demonstrating that his accusation was in fact true, and furthermore that there was some \"public benefit\" to having made the accusation openly. Queensberry's lawyers thus hired private detectives to find evidence of Wilde's homosexual liaisons." }, "Quetiapine-32": { "title": "Quetiapine", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Sustained-release" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "On May 18, 2007, AstraZeneca announced that the U.S. FDA approved Seroquel XR for acute treatment of schizophrenia. During its 2007 Q2 earnings conference, AstraZeneca announced plans to launch Seroquel XR in the U.S. during August 2007. However, Seroquel XR has become available in U.S. pharmacies only after the FDA approved Seroquel XR for use as maintenance treatment for schizophrenia, in addition to acute treatment of the illness, on November 16, 2007. The company has not provided a reason for the delay of Seroquel XR's launch." }, "Peach-23": { "title": "Peach", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "Cultivars" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Peach breeding has favored cultivars with more firmness, more red color, and shorter fuzz on the fruit surface. These characteristics ease shipping and supermarket sales by improving eye appeal. However, this selection process has not necessarily led to increased flavor. Peaches have a short shelf life, so commercial growers typically plant a mix of different cultivars to have fruit to ship all season long." }, "1980 United States presidential election-50": { "title": "1980 United States presidential election", "section": "General election", "headers": [ "Results" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "The election was held on November 4, 1980. Ronald Reagan and running mate George H. W. Bush beat Carter by almost 10 percentage points in the popular vote. Republicans also gained control of the Senate on Reagan's coattails for the first time since 1952. The electoral college vote was a landslide, with 489 votes (representing 44 states) for Reagan and 49 for Carter (representing six states and Washington, D.C.). NBC News projected Reagan as the winner at 8:15 pm EST (5:15 PST), before voting was finished in the West, based on exit polls; it was the first time a broadcast network used exit polling to project a winner, and took the other broadcast networks by surprise. Carter conceded defeat at 9:50 pm EST. Carter's loss was the worst performance by an incumbent president since Herbert Hoover lost to Franklin D. Roosevelt by a margin of 18% in 1932. Also, Carter was the first incumbent Democrat to serve only one full term since James Buchanan and lose re-election since Andrew Johnson; Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms while Harry Truman and Lyndon B. Johnson served one full term in addition to respectively taking over following the deaths of Franklin D. Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy." }, "Parking lot-1": { "title": "Parking lot", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A parking lot (American English) or car park (British English), also known as a car lot, is a cleared area that is intended for parking vehicles. Usually, the term refers to a dedicated area that has been provided with a durable or semi-durable surface. In most countries where cars are the dominant mode of transportation, parking lots are a feature of every city and suburban area. Shopping malls, sports stadiums, megachurches and similar venues often feature parking lots of immense area. See also multistorey car park." }, "Anime-10": { "title": "Anime", "section": "Format", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The home distribution of anime releases were popularized in the 1980s with the VHS and LaserDisc formats. The VHS NTSC video format used in both Japan and the United States is credited as aiding the rising popularity of anime in the 1990s. The LaserDisc and VHS formats were transcended by the DVD format which offered the unique advantages; including multiple subtitling and dubbing tracks on the same disc. The DVD format also has its drawbacks in its usage of region coding; adopted by the industry to solve licensing, piracy and export problems and restricted region indicated on the DVD player. The Video CD (VCD) format was popular in Hong Kong and Taiwan, but became only a minor format in the United States that was closely associated with bootleg copies." }, "Phineas and Ferb-3": { "title": "Phineas and Ferb", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The show follows the adventures of stepbrothers Phineas Flynn (Vincent Martella) and Ferb Fletcher (Thomas Sangster), who live in the fictional city of Danville, in a (never specified) tri-state area, as they seek ways to occupy their time during their summer vacation. Often these adventures involve elaborate, life-sized and ostensibly dangerous construction projects. Phineas's older sister, Candace Flynn (Ashley Tisdale), has two obsessions: \"busting\" Phineas and Ferb's schemes and ideas, and winning the attention of a boy named Jeremy (Mitchel Musso). Meanwhile, the boys' pet platypus, Perry, acts as a secret agent for an all-animal government organization called the O.W.C.A. (\"Organization Without a Cool Acronym\"), fighting Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz." }, "Gettysburg Battlefield-1": { "title": "Gettysburg Battlefield", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Gettysburg Battlefield is the area of the July 1\u20133, 1863, military engagements of the Battle of Gettysburg within and around the borough of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Locations of military engagements extend from the 4-acre (1.6\u00a0ha) site of the first shot at Knoxlyn Ridge on the west of the borough, to East Cavalry Field on the east. A military engagement prior to the battle was conducted at the Gettysburg Railroad trestle over Rock Creek, which was burned on June 27." }, "Around the World in Eighty Days-1": { "title": "Around the World in Eighty Days", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Around the World in Eighty Days (French: Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours) is an adventure novel by the French writer Jules Verne, first published in French in 1872. In the story, Phileas Fogg of London and his newly employed French valet Passepartout attempt to circumnavigate the world in 80 days on a \u00a320,000 wager (\u00a32,242,900 in 2019) set by his friends at the Reform Club. It is one of Verne's most acclaimed works." }, "American football field-2": { "title": "American football field", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "m) (53\u00a01\u20443 yards) wide. In addition, there are end zones extending another 10 yards (9.144\u00a0m) past the goal lines to the \"end lines\", for a total length of 120 yards (109.7\u00a0m). When the \"football field\" is used as unit of measurement, it is usually understood to mean 100 yards (91.44\u00a0m), although technically the full length of the official field, including the end zones, is 120 yards (109.7\u00a0m). White markings on the field identify the distance from the end zone. Inbound lines, or hash marks, are short parallel lines that mark off 1 yard (0.91\u00a0m) increments. In most forms of professional football in the U.S., including the National Football League and most forms of indoor football, the hash marks are in line with the goal posts, both being 18 feet 6 inches apart in the NFL and between 9 and 10 feet in indoor football. High school football and college football fields have hash marks significantly wider than the goal posts. The college football standard, which was the previous standard in the NFL (from 1945 to 1971), is 40 feet apart (20 yards from the sidelines), introduced in 1993. Previously, the college width was the same as the high school standard, at one-third of the width of the field (53\u200b1\u20443 feet). Yard lines, which can run the width of the field, are marked every 5 yards (4.6\u00a0m). A one yard long line is placed near each end of the field; this line is marked at the center of the two-yard line in professional play and at the three-yard line in college play; this is to denote the line of scrimmage for a point after touchdown kick (the NFL moved up the line of scrimmage for such kicks to the 15-yard line in 2015, but the dash is still there to denote the line of scrimmage for a two-point conversion). Numerals that display the distance from the closest goal line in multiples of ten (up to the 50 yard line) are placed on both sides of the field every ten yards, with arrows right by the numerals to indicate the closer goal line; some fields may denote the goal line with a \"G\". Weighted pylons are placed on the inside corner of the intersections of the sidelines, goal lines, and end lines. Including the end zones, the total area of an American football field is 57,600 square feet (5,350\u00a0m2)." }, "Anne Boleyn-6": { "title": "Anne Boleyn", "section": "Early years", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, later Earl of Wiltshire and Earl of Ormond, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Howard, daughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk. Thomas Boleyn was a well-respected diplomat with a gift for languages; he was also a favourite of Henry VII of England, who sent him on many diplomatic missions abroad. Anne and her siblings grew up at Hever Castle in Kent. However, the siblings were born in Norfolk at the Boleyn home at Blickling. A lack of parish records from the period has made it impossible to establish Anne's date of birth. Contemporary evidence is contradictory, with several dates having been put forward by various historians. An Italian, writing in 1600, suggested that she had been born in 1499, while Sir Thomas More's son-in-law, William Roper, indicated a much later date of 1512. Her birth is widely accepted by scholars and historians as being most likely sometime between 1501 and 1507." }, "Kitchen stove-1": { "title": "Kitchen stove", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A kitchen stove, often called simply a stove or a cooker, is a kitchen appliance designed for the purpose of cooking food. Kitchen stoves rely on the application of direct heat for the cooking process and may also contain an oven, used for baking. \"Cookstoves\" (also called \"cooking stoves\" or \"wood stoves\") are heated by burning wood or charcoal; \"gas stoves\" are heated by gas; and \"electric stoves\" by electricity. A stove with a built-in cooktop is also called a range." }, "Barack Obama Sr.-1": { "title": "Barack Obama Sr.", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Barack Hussein Obama Sr. (/\u02c8b\u00e6r\u0259k hu\u02d0\u02c8se\u026an o\u028a\u02c8b\u0251\u02d0m\u0259/; 18 June 1936 \u2013 24 November 1982) was a Kenyan senior governmental economist and the father of Barack Obama, the 44th president of the United States. He is a central figure of his son's memoir, Dreams from My Father (1995). Obama married in 1954 and had two children with his first wife, Kezia. He was selected for a special program to attend college in the United States and studied at the University of Hawaii where he met Stanley Ann Dunham, whom he married in 1961. They had a son, Barack II. Dunham divorced Obama three years later. The elder Obama later went to Harvard University for graduate school, where he earned an M.A. in economics, and returned to Kenya in 1964. He saw his son Barack once more, when he was about 10." }, "Comic book-5": { "title": "Comic book", "section": "American comic books", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Historians generally divide the timeline of the American comic book into eras. The Golden Age of Comic Books began in the 1930s, which is generally considered the beginning of the comic book as it is known today. The Silver Age of Comic Books is generally considered to date from the first successful revival of the then-dormant superhero form, with the debut of the Flash in Showcase #4 (Oct. 1956). The Silver Age lasted through the late 1960s or early 1970s, during which time Marvel Comics revolutionized the medium with such naturalistic superheroes as Stan Lee and Jack Kirby's Fantastic Four and Lee and Steve Ditko's Spider-Man. The demarcation between the Silver Age and the following era, the Bronze Age of Comic Books, is less well-defined, with the Bronze Age running from the very early 1970s through the mid-1980s. The Modern Age of Comic Books runs from the mid-1980s to the present day." }, "Hey Arnold!-7": { "title": "Hey Arnold!", "section": "Premise", "headers": [ "Setting" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Hey Arnold! takes place in the fictional American city of Hillwood. While its geographic location is never revealed outright, Bartlett described the city as \"an amalgam of large northern cities I have loved, including Seattle (my hometown), Portland (where I went to art school) and Brooklyn (the bridge, the brownstones, the subway)\". Bartlett, having grown up in Seattle, based many of the show's events on his own experience growing up in the city. Evan Levine of the Houston Chronicle commented on the series' \"backdrop of dark streets, nighttime adventures and rundown buildings, all seen from a child's point of view\"." }, "Uniting Church in Australia-1": { "title": "Uniting Church in Australia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Uniting Church in Australia (UCA) was founded on 23 June 1977, when most congregations of the Methodist Church of Australasia, about two-thirds of the Presbyterian Church of Australia and almost all the churches of the Congregational Union of Australia united under the Basis of Union. According to the church, it had 243,000 members in 2018. In the 2016 census, about 870,200 Australians identified with the church; in the 2011 census, the figure was 1,065,796. The UCA is Australia's third-largest Christian denomination, behind the Catholic and the Anglican Churches. There are around 2,000 UCA congregations, and 2001 National Church Life Survey (NCLS) research indicated that average weekly attendance was about 10 per cent of census figures." }, "Agnes Sampson-7": { "title": "Agnes Sampson", "section": "Arrest", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "(This aforesaid Agnes Sampson which was the elder Witch, was taken and brought to Holyrood Palace before the Kings Majesty and sundry other of the nobility of Scotland, where she was straightly examined, but all the persuasions which the Kings majesty used to her with ye rest of his counsel, might not provoke or induce her to confess any thing, but stood stiffly in the denial of all that was laid to her charge: whereupon they caused her to be confined away to prison, there to receive such torture as hath been lately provided for witches in that country: and for as much as by due examination of witchcraft and witches in Scotland, it hath lately been found that the Devil doth generally mark them with a privie mark, by reason the Witches have confessed themselves, that the Devil doth lick them with his tongue in some private part of their body, before he doth receive them to be his servants, which mark commonly is given them under the hair in some part of their body, whereby it may not easily be found out or seen, although they be searched: and generally so long as the mark is not seen to those which search them, so long the parties that hath the mark will never confess anything. Therefore by special commandment this Agnes Sampson had all her hair shaven off, in each part of her body, and her head thrawen with a rope according to the custom of that Country, being a pain most grievous, which she continued almost an hour, during which time she would not confess any thing until the Devils mark was found upon her privates, then she immediately confessed whatsoever was demanded of her, and justifying those persons aforesaid to be notorious witches.) According to the Newes from Scotland, Agnes Sampson confessed to causing the storm that drowned Jane Kennedy by sinking a dead cat, to which her companions had attached parts of dead man, into the sea near Leith. The same charm raised the storm that had threatened the king on his return from Denmark. The English ambassador Robert Bowes wrote in December 1590 that Sampson had confessed and mentioned attempts to obtain the king's shirt or other personal linen in order to work charms. On 27 January she confessed that the Devil had offered to help her and her children because she was a poor widow. The Devil appeared to her as a black man, a dog, or a hay rick. She had attended a witch's convent at North Berwick with her son-in-law. They collected bones and powdered them for charms against the pains of childbirth. She said that Bowes was \"a little black and fat man with black hair\", who had given the accused gold in a cellar while James VI was in Denmark to make a charm with a toad to hurt the king and make him infertile. Bowes noted that this personal description was inaccurate. Sampson said she had made a wax image of her father-in-law for a woman who complained about his behaviour. According to the pamphlet Newes from Scotland printed in London in 1591:" }, "Winter-8": { "title": "Winter", "section": "Astronomical and other calendar-based reckoning", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "In the Northern Hemisphere, some authorities define the period of winter based on astronomical fixed points (i.e. based solely on the position of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun), regardless of weather conditions. In one version of this definition, winter begins at the winter solstice and ends at the vernal equinox. These dates are somewhat later than those used to define the beginning and end of the meteorological winter \u2013 usually considered to span the entirety of December, January, and February in the Northern Hemisphere and June, July, and August in the Southern." }, "Rosemary Lane (song)-1": { "title": "Rosemary Lane (song)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rosemary Lane \"is an English folksong: a ballad ( Roud #269, Laws K43) that tells a story about the seduction of a domestic servant by a sailor." }, "Sound barrier-11": { "title": "Sound barrier", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Early claims" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "One of the highest recorded instrumented Mach numbers attained for a propeller aircraft is the Mach 0.891 for a Spitfire PR XI, flown during dive tests at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough in April 1944. The Spitfire, a photo-reconnaissance variant, the Mark XI, fitted with an extended 'rake type' multiple pitot system, was flown by Squadron Leader J. R. Tobin to this speed, corresponding to a corrected true airspeed (TAS) of 606\u00a0mph. In a subsequent flight, Squadron Leader Anthony Martindale achieved Mach 0.92, but it ended in a forced landing after over- revving damaged the engine." }, "Jared Fogle-25": { "title": "Jared Fogle", "section": "Legal history", "headers": [ "Plea agreement" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "On November 19, 2015, Fogle formally pleaded guilty before federal judge Tanya Walton Pratt. In a statement, Fogle apologized for his crimes, saying that he wanted a chance to become a \"good, honest person\" and \"redeem [his] life\" after being ensnared in a life of \"deception, lies and complete self-centeredness.\" According to Dr. John Bradford, a forensic psychiatrist who testified for Fogle's defense team, Fogle suffered from a compulsive eating disorder for several years before losing weight, and replaced food with a sense of \"hypersexuality,\" which included \"mild\" or \"weak\" pedophilia. That diagnosis was not accepted by experts in the psychiatry field and was criticized by Pratt and on social media. Liberty Behavioral Health Corp. psychologist Adam Deming suggested that Bradford had meant to say that Fogle's primary sexual attraction was to early teenagers, but that he had a lesser attraction to younger children." }, "Neville Chamberlain-3": { "title": "Neville Chamberlain", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Chamberlain succeeded Stanley Baldwin as prime minister on 28 May 1937. His premiership was dominated by the question of policy towards an increasingly aggressive Germany, and his actions at Munich were widely popular among the British at the time. In response to Hitler's continued aggression, Chamberlain pledged Great Britain to defend Poland's independence if the latter were attacked, an alliance that brought his country into war after the German invasion of Poland. The failure of Allied forces to prevent the German invasion of Norway caused the House of Commons to hold the historic Norway Debate in May 1940. Chamberlain's conduct of the war was heavily criticised by members of all parties and, in a vote of confidence, his government's majority was greatly reduced. Accepting that a national government supported by all the main parties was essential, Chamberlain resigned the premiership because the Labour and Liberal parties would not serve under his leadership. Although he still led the Conservative Party, he was succeeded as prime minister by his colleague Winston Churchill. Until ill health forced him to resign on 22 September 1940, Chamberlain was an important member of the war cabinet as Lord President of the Council, heading the government in Churchill's absence. Chamberlain died at 71 on 9 November 1940 of cancer, six months after leaving the premiership." }, "Crab-1": { "title": "Crab", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Crabs are decapod crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting \"tail\" (abdomen) (Greek: \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c2, romanized:\u00a0brachys = short, \u03bf\u1f50\u03c1\u03ac / \u03bfura = tail), usually hidden entirely under the thorax. They live in all the world's oceans, in fresh water, and on land, are generally covered with a thick exoskeleton and have a single pair of pincers. Many other animals with similar names \u2013 such as hermit crabs, king crabs, porcelain crabs, horseshoe crabs, and crab lice \u2013 are not true crabs." }, "Aristotle-1": { "title": "Aristotle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Aristotle (/\u02c8\u00e6r\u026ast\u0252t\u0259l/; Greek: \u1f08\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 Aristot\u00e9l\u0113s, pronounced\u00a0[aristot\u00e9l\u025b\u02d0s]; 384\u2013322\u00a0BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. Taught by Plato, he was the founder of the Lyceum, the Peripatetic school of philosophy, and the Aristotelian tradition. His writings cover many subjects. including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, esthetics, poetry, theatre, music, rhetoric, psychology, linguistics, economics, politics, and government. Aristotle provided a complex synthesis of the various philosophies existing prior to him. It was above all from his teachings that the West inherited its intellectual lexicon, as well as problems and methods of inquiry. As a result, his philosophy has exerted a unique influence on almost every form of knowledge in the West and it continues to be a subject of contemporary philosophical discussion." }, "Nazareth-54": { "title": "Nazareth", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Nazareth is the largest Arab city in Israel. In 2009, the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics reported that Nazareth's Arab population was 69% Muslim and 30.9% Christian. The greater Nazareth metropolitan area had a population of 210,000, including 125,000 Arabs (59%) and 85,000 Jews (41%). It is the only urban area with over 50,000 residents in Israel where the majority of the population is Arab. The greater Nazareth metropolitan area includes Nof HaGalil, Yafa an-Naseriyye, Reineh, Migdal HaEmek, Ein Mahil, Ilut, Kafr Kanna, Mashhad and Iksal." }, "Julia Roberts-4": { "title": "Julia Roberts", "section": "Early life and family", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Roberts was born on October 28, 1967, in Smyrna, Georgia, to Betty Lou Bredemus (1934\u20132015) and Walter Grady Roberts (1933\u20131977). She is of English, Scottish, Irish, Welsh, German, and Swedish descent. Her father was a Baptist, her mother a Catholic, and she was raised Catholic. Her older brother Eric Roberts (b. 1956), from whom she was estranged for several years until 2004, older sister Lisa Roberts Gillan (b. 1965), and niece Emma Roberts, are also actors. She also had a younger half-sister named Nancy Motes (1976\u20132014)." }, "Party-5": { "title": "Party", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Birthday party" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In Western cultures, birthday parties include a number of common rituals. The guests may be asked to bring a gift for the honored person. Party locations are often decorated with colorful decorations, such as balloons and streamers. A birthday cake is usually served with lit candles that are to be blown out after a \"birthday wish\" has been made. The person being honored will be given the first piece of cake. While the birthday cake is being brought to the table, the song \"Happy Birthday to You\" or some other birthday song is sung by the guests." }, "Mars (mythology)-7": { "title": "Mars (mythology)", "section": "Birth", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Like Ares who was the son of Zeus and Hera, Mars is usually considered to be the son of Jupiter and Juno. However, in a version of his birth given by Ovid, he was the son of Juno alone. Jupiter had usurped the mother's function when he gave birth to Minerva directly from his forehead (or mind); to restore the balance, Juno sought the advice of the goddess Flora on how to do the same. Flora obtained a magic flower (Latin flos, plural flores, a masculine word) and tested it on a heifer who became fecund at once. She then plucked a flower ritually using her thumb, touched Juno's belly, and impregnated her. Juno withdrew to Thrace and the shore of Marmara for the birth." }, "Pope Alexander VI-1": { "title": "Pope Alexander VI", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pope Alexander VI, born Rodrigo de Borja (Valencian: Roderic Llan\u00e7ol i de Borja [ro\u00f0e\u02c8\u027ei\u0261 \u028ean\u02c8s\u0254l i \u00f0e \u02c8b\u0254\u027ed\u0292a], Spanish: Rodrigo Lanzol y de Borja [ro\u02c8\u00f0\u027ei\u0263o lan\u02c8\u03b8ol i \u00f0e \u02c8\u03b2o\u027exa]; 1 January 1431\u00a0\u2013 18 August 1503), was Pope from 11 August 1492 until his death in 1503." }, "Tongue-1": { "title": "Tongue", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication and is used in the act of swallowing. It has importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system. The tongue's upper surface (dorsum) is covered by taste buds housed in numerous lingual papillae. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva and is richly supplied with nerves and blood vessels. The tongue also serves as a natural means of cleaning the teeth. A major function of the tongue is the enabling of speech in humans and vocalization in other animals." }, "Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II-1": { "title": "Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II, billed as \"The Sound and the Fury\" and afterwards infamously referred to as \"The Bite Fight\" or \"The Bite of '97\" was a professional boxing match contested on June 28, 1997, for the WBA Heavyweight Championship. It achieved notoriety as one of the most bizarre fights in boxing history, after Tyson bit off part of Holyfield's ear. Tyson was disqualified from the match and lost his boxing license, though it was later reinstated." }, "Veganism-9": { "title": "Veganism", "section": "Origins", "headers": [ "Vegetarian Society" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "An article in the Society's magazine, the Vegetarian Messenger, in 1851 discussed alternatives to shoe leather, which suggests the presence of vegans within the membership who rejected animal use entirely, not only in diet. By the 1886 publication of Henry S. Salt's A Plea for Vegetarianism and Other Essays, he asserts that, \"It is quite true that most\u2014not all\u2014Food Reformers admit into their diet such animal food as milk, butter, cheese, and eggs...\" Russell Thacher Trall's The Hygeian Home Cook-Book published in 1874 is the first known vegan cookbook in America. The book contains recipes \"without the employment of milk, sugar, salt, yeast, acids, alkalies, grease, or condiments of any kind.\" An early vegan cookbook, Rupert H. Wheldon's No Animal Food: Two Essays and 100 Recipes, was published in London in 1910. The consumption of milk and eggs became a battleground over the following decades. There were regular discussions about it in the Vegetarian Messenger; it appears from the correspondence pages that many opponents of veganism came from vegetarians." }, "Klein Bicycle Corporation-7": { "title": "Klein Bicycle Corporation", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In 1995, Trek bought Klein bikes, after Klein found it hard to compete without the sales network of a larger company in place." }, "Bagel-21": { "title": "Bagel", "section": "Varieties", "headers": [ "New York style" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "The New York bagel contains salt and malt and is boiled in water before baking in a standard oven. The resulting bagel is puffy with a moist crust. The Montreal bagel is smaller (though with a larger hole), crunchier, and sweeter. There is a local belief that New York bagels are the best due to the quality of the local water. However, this belief is heavily debated." }, "Human-6": { "title": "Human", "section": "Etymology and definition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "In common usage, the word \"human\" generally refers to the only extant species of the genus Homo\u2014anatomically and behaviorally modern Homo sapiens." }, "Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)-1": { "title": "Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Hatter is a fictional character in Lewis Carroll's 1865 book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its 1871 sequel Through the Looking-Glass. He is very often referred to as the Mad Hatter, though this term was never used by Carroll. The phrase \"mad as a hatter\" pre-dates Carroll's works. The Hatter and the March Hare are referred to as \"both mad\" by the Cheshire Cat, in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland in the seventh chapter titled \"A Mad Tea-Party\"." }, "Tonsure-5": { "title": "Tonsure", "section": "Hinduism", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The significance of Chudakarana rite of passage is the baby's cyclical step to hygiene and cleanliness. The ritual is typically done about the first birthday, but some texts recommend that it be completed before the third or the seventh year. Sometimes, this ritual is combined with the rite of passage of Upanayana, initiation to formal schooling." }, "Mattress-8": { "title": "Mattress", "section": "Sizes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Mattresses are typically made to conform to bed sizing standards that vary by market. The size of mattress varies between national standards in width and height and depth. Many countries use non-numeric labels such as \"King\", \"Queen\" or \"Double\" to represent these dimensions." }, "Mustelidae-2": { "title": "Mustelidae", "section": "Variety", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Mustelids vary greatly in size and behaviour. The least weasel can be under a foot in length, while the giant otter of Amazonian South America can measure up to 1.7\u00a0m (5\u00a0ft 7\u00a0in) and sea otters can exceed 45\u00a0kg (99\u00a0lb) in weight. The wolverine can crush bones as thick as the femur of a moose to get at the marrow, and has been seen attempting to drive bears away from their kills. The sea otter uses rocks to break open shellfish to eat. The marten is largely arboreal, while the European badger digs extensive networks of tunnels, called setts. Some mustelids have been domesticated: the ferret and the tayra are kept as pets (although the tayra requires a Dangerous Wild Animals licence in the UK), or as working animals for hunting or vermin control. Others have been important in the fur trade\u2014the mink is often raised for its fur." }, "Joffrey Baratheon-6": { "title": "Joffrey Baratheon", "section": "Character description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Joffrey is an amoral sadist who disguises his cruelty with a thin veneer of charm. This is best epitomized by his response when his (then) betrothed offends him: Joffrey pronounces that his mother had taught him never to strike a woman, and so commissions a knight of the Kingsguard to hit her instead. He enjoys forcing people to fight to the death, and enforces cruel punishments for lesser crimes. He has no sense of personal responsibility, blaming failures on others. He lacks self-control and often insults his allies and family members. He is noticeably unintelligent and impulsive, which frequently leads him to make irrational decisions. He appears to have virtually no interests other than sadism and extreme violence, paying no attention to actually governing his kingdom or to anything involving sex even when he is offered exceptionally beautiful women." }, "Freezing-5": { "title": "Freezing", "section": "Supercooling", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Play media In spite of the second law of thermodynamics, crystallization of pure liquids usually begins at a lower temperature than the melting point, due to high activation energy of homogeneous nucleation. The creation of a nucleus implies the formation of an interface at the boundaries of the new phase. Some energy is expended to form this interface, based on the surface energy of each phase. If a hypothetical nucleus is too small, the energy that would be released by forming its volume is not enough to create its surface, and nucleation does not proceed. Freezing does not start until the temperature is low enough to provide enough energy to form stable nuclei. In presence of irregularities on the surface of the containing vessel, solid or gaseous impurities, pre-formed solid crystals, or other nucleators, heterogeneous nucleation may occur, where some energy is released by the partial destruction of the previous interface, raising the supercooling point to be near or equal to the melting point. The melting point of water at 1 atmosphere of pressure is very close to 0\u00a0\u00b0C (32\u00a0\u00b0F, 273.15\u00a0K), and in the presence of nucleating substances the freezing point of water is close to the melting point, but in the absence of nucleators water can supercool to \u221240\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221240\u00a0\u00b0F, 233\u00a0K) before freezing." }, "Hyperglycemia-1": { "title": "Hyperglycemia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hyperglycemia is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma. This is generally a blood sugar level higher than 11.1\u00a0mmol/l (200\u00a0mg/dl), but symptoms may not start to become noticeable until even higher values such as 13.9\u201316.7 mmol/l (~250\u2013300\u00a0mg/dl). A subject with a consistent range between ~5.6 and ~7 mmol/l (100\u2013126 mg/dl) (American Diabetes Association guidelines) is considered slightly hyperglycemic, and above 7 mmol/l (126 mg/dl) is generally held to have diabetes. For diabetics, glucose levels that are considered to be too hyperglycemic can vary from person to person, mainly due to the person's renal threshold of glucose and overall glucose tolerance. On average, however, chronic levels above 10\u201312 mmol/L (180\u2013216 mg/dl) can produce noticeable organ damage over time." }, "Rice pudding-1": { "title": "Rice pudding", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rice pudding is a dish made from rice mixed with water or milk and other ingredients such as cinnamon and raisins." }, "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)-6": { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The house lands in Munchkinland in the Land of Oz. Glinda the Good Witch of the North and the Munchkins welcome her as a heroine, as the falling house has killed the Wicked Witch of the East. Her sister, the Wicked Witch of the West, arrives to claim her ruby slippers, but Glinda transfers them onto Dorothy's feet first. Enraged, the Wicked Witch of the West swears revenge on Dorothy and vanishes. Glinda tells Dorothy to keep the slippers on and follow the yellow brick road to the Emerald City, where she can ask the Wizard of Oz to help her return home. On her journey, Dorothy meets the Scarecrow, who wants a brain, the Tin Woodman, who desires a heart, and the Cowardly Lion, who needs courage. Dorothy invites them to accompany her to Emerald City, where they can also ask the Wizard for help. Despite the Witch's attempts to stop them, they reach the Emerald City and are eventually allowed to see the Wizard, who appears as a ghostly head surrounded by fire and smoke. He agrees to grant their wishes if they prove their worth by bringing him the Witch's broomstick." }, "The Chronic-1": { "title": "The Chronic", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Chronic is the debut studio album by American hip hop producer and rapper Dr. Dre. It was released on December 15, 1992, by his own record label Death Row Records and distributed by Interscope Records. Recording sessions for the album took place in June 1992 at Death Row Studios in Los Angeles and at Bernie Grundman Mastering in Hollywood. The album is named after a slang term for high-grade cannabis, and its cover is an homage to Zig-Zag rolling papers. It was Dr. Dre's first solo album after he had departed from hip hop group N.W.A and its label Ruthless Records over a financial dispute." }, "Family of Barack Obama-2": { "title": "Family of Barack Obama", "section": "Immediate family", "headers": [ "Michelle Obama" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama (born January 17, 1964) is an American lawyer, university administrator, and writer who served as the First Lady of the United States from 2009 to 2017. She is Barack Obama's wife, and was the first African-American first lady. Raised on the South Side of Chicago, Michelle Obama is a graduate of Princeton University and Harvard Law School, and spent her early legal career working at the law firm Sidley Austin, where she met her husband. She subsequently worked as the associate dean of Student Services at the University of Chicago and the vice president for Community and External Affairs of the University of Chicago Medical Center. Barack and Michelle married in 1992." }, "Pork chops and applesauce-1": { "title": "Pork chops and applesauce", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pork chops and applesauce is a traditional dish in Spanish and British cuisine consisting of cooked pork chops and apple sauce. The pork chops can be pan-fried, baked or broiled, and the meat is sometimes breaded prior to cooking. Some people consider the dish to be a comfort food." }, "Christopher Nolan-16": { "title": "Christopher Nolan", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "2003\u20132013: Hollywood success" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "In 2012, Nolan directed his third and final Batman film, The Dark Knight Rises, with Christian Bale reprising the title role. Although Nolan was initially hesitant about returning to the series, he agreed to come back after developing a story with his brother and David S. Goyer that he felt would end the series on a high note. The film was released in July 2012 to positive reviews; Andrew O'Hehir of Salon called it \"arguably the biggest, darkest, most thrilling and disturbing and utterly balls-out spectacle ever created for the screen\", further describing the work as \"auteurist spectacle on a scale never before possible and never before attempted\". Christy Lemire of The Associated Press wrote in her review that Nolan concluded his trilogy in a \"typically spectacular, ambitious fashion\", but disliked the \"overloaded\" story and excessive grimness. Like its predecessor, the film was a box office success, becoming the thirteenth film to reach the billion-dollar mark. During a midnight showing of the film at the Century\u00a016 cinema in Aurora, Colorado, a gunman opened fire inside the theatre, killing 12 people and injuring 58 others. Nolan released a statement to the press expressing his condolences for the victims of what he described as a senseless tragedy." }, "Los Angeles County, California-8": { "title": "Los Angeles County, California", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Baldwin Lake Bouquet Reservoir Castaic Lake Crystal Lake Elizabeth Lake Holiday Lake Hollywood Reservoir Hughes Lake Jackson Lake Las Virgenes Reservoir. Malibou Lake Morris Reservoir Munz Lakes Lake Palmdale Puddingstone Reservoir Pyramid Lake Quail Lake Silver Lake Reservoir Stone Canyon Reservoir Tweedy Lake Westlake in City of Westlake Village Lake Lindero East: Eastside, San Gabriel Valley, portions of the Pomona Valley West: Westside, Beach Cities South: South Bay, South Los Angeles, Palos Verdes Peninsula, Gateway Cities, Los Angeles Harbor Region North: San Fernando Valley, Crescenta Valley, portions of the Conejo Valley, portions of the Antelope Valley and Santa Clarita Valley Central: Downtown Los Angeles, Mid-Wilshire, Northeast Los Angeles Angeles National Forest (part) Los Padres National Forest (part) Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area (part) Los Angeles County had a population of 9,818,605 in the 2010 United States Census. The racial makeup of Los Angeles County was 4,936,599 (50%) White, 1,346,865 (13.7%) Asian, 856,874 (9%) African American, 72,828 (0.7%) Native American, 26,094 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 2,140,632 (21.8%) from other races, and 438,713 (4.5%) from two or more races." }, "Cookie-22": { "title": "Cookie", "section": "Popular culture", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Cookie Monster is a Muppet on the long-running children's television show Sesame Street who is best known for his voracious appetite for cookies and his famous eating phrases, such as \"Me want cookie!\", \"Me eat cookie!\" (or simply \"COOKIE!\"), and \"Om nom nom nom\" (said through a mouth full of food)." }, "Middle Ages-1": { "title": "Middle Ages", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or Medieval Period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages." }, "Bill Farmer-1": { "title": "Bill Farmer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "William Farmer (born November 14, 1952) is an American voice actor and comedian. He has performed the voice of the Disney character Goofy since 1987, and is also the current voice of Pluto and Horace Horsecollar." }, "Leap year-16": { "title": "Leap year", "section": "Gregorian calendar", "headers": [ "Leap day" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "February 29 is a date that usually occurs every four years, and is called the leap day. This day is added to the calendar in leap years as a corrective measure, because the Earth does not orbit the sun in precisely 365 days." }, "Chevrolet Cruze-71": { "title": "Chevrolet Cruze", "section": "Second generation (2014\u2013present)", "headers": [ "Discontinuation" ], "para_index": 71, "content": "Production in China ended in February 2020, following stronger sales of the Chevrolet Monza in that market. This leaves Argentina as the sole remaining producer of the Cruze, for the Latin American market." }, "Henrietta Lacks-4": { "title": "Henrietta Lacks", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Even though some information about the origins of HeLa's immortalized cell lines was known to researchers after 1970, the Lacks family was not made aware of the line's existence until 1975. With knowledge of the cell line's genetic provenance becoming public, its use for medical research and for commercial purposes continues to raise concerns about privacy and patients' rights." }, "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor-1": { "title": "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Frederick Barbarossa (German: Friedrich I., Italian: Federico I; 1122 \u2013 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I, was the Holy Roman Emperor from 2 January 1155 until his death 35 years later. He was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March 1152. He was crowned King of Italy on 24 April 1155 in Pavia and emperor by Pope Adrian\u00a0IV on 18 June 1155 in Rome. Two years later, the term sacrum (\"holy\") first appeared in a document in connection with his empire. He was later formally crowned King of Burgundy, at Arles on 30 June 1178. He was named Barbarossa by the northern Italian cities which he attempted to rule: Barbarossa means \"red beard\" in Italian; in German, he was known as Kaiser Rotbart, which has the same meaning." }, "Reese's Pieces-1": { "title": "Reese's Pieces", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Reese's Pieces are a peanut butter candy manufactured by The Hershey Company; they are oblate spheroid in shape and covered in candy shells that are colored yellow, orange, or brown. They can be purchased in plastic packets, cardboard boxes, or cup-shaped travel containers. The candy was introduced in 1978, and introduced to Canada in 1980." }, "Keelhauling-6": { "title": "Keelhauling", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Keel-Hauling, a punishment inflicted for various offences in the Dutch Navy. It is performed by plunging the delinquent repeatedly under the ship's bottom on one side, and hoisting him up on the other, after having passed under the keel. The blocks, or pullies, by which he is suspended, are fastened to the opposite extremities of the main-yard, and a weight of lead or iron is hung upon his legs to sink him to a competent depth. By this apparatus he is drawn close up to the yard-arm, and thence let fall suddenly into the sea, where, passing under the ship's bottom, he is hoisted up on the opposite side of the vessel. As this extraordinary sentence is executed with a serenity of temper peculiar to the Dutch, the culprit is allowed sufficient intervals to recover the sense of pain, of which indeed he is frequently deprived during the operation. In truth, a temporary insensibility to his sufferings ought by no means to be construed into a disrespect of his judges, when we consider that this punishment is supposed to have peculiar propriety in the depth of winter, whilst the flakes of ice are floating on the stream; and that it is continued till the culprit is almost suffocated for want of air, benumbed with the cold of water, or stunned with the blows his head received by striking the ship's bottom." }, "Lapidary-1": { "title": "Lapidary", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A lapidary (lapidarist, Latin: lapidarius) is an artist or artisan who forms stone, minerals, or gemstones into decorative items such as cabochons, engraved gems (including cameos), and faceted designs. A lapidarist uses the lapidary techniques of cutting, grinding, and polishing. Hardstone carving requires specialized carving techniques." }, "Maror-1": { "title": "Maror", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Maror (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b8\u05e8\u05d5\u05b9\u05e8\u200e m\u0101r\u00f4r) refers to the bitter herbs eaten at the Passover Seder in keeping with the biblical commandment \"with bitter herbs they shall eat it.\" (Exodus 12:8)." }, "Protestantism by country-3": { "title": "Protestantism by country", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Changes in worldwide Protestantism over the last century have been significant. Since 1900, Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, Oceania and South America. That caused Protestantism to be called a primarily non-Western religion. Much of the growth has occurred after World War II, when decolonization of Africa and abolition of various restrictions against Protestants in Latin American countries occurred. According to one source, Protestants constituted respectively 2.5% of South Americans, 2% of Africans, and 0.5% of Asians in 1900. In 2000, percentage of Protestants on mentioned continents was 17%, more than 27% and 5.5%, respectively. According to Mark A. Noll, 79% of Anglicans lived in the United Kingdom in 1910, while most of the remainder was found in the United States and across the British Commonwealth. By 2010, 59% of Anglicans were found in Africa. China is home to the world's largest Protestant minority." }, "Phobos (moon)-2": { "title": "Phobos (moon)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Phobos is a small, irregularly shaped object with a mean radius of 11\u00a0km (7\u00a0mi) and is seven times as massive as the outer moon, Deimos. Phobos is named after the Greek god Phobos, a son of Ares (Mars) and Aphrodite (Venus) and the personification of fear (cf. phobia)." }, "Alan Alda-2": { "title": "Alan Alda", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Alda was born Alphonso Joseph D'Abruzzo on January 28, 1936 in the Bronx, New York City. Alda spent his childhood with his parents travelling around the United States in support of his father's job as a performer in burlesque theatres. His father Robert Alda (born Alfonso Giuseppe Giovanni Roberto D'Abruzzo) was an actor and singer, and his mother Joan Browne was a homemaker and former beauty-pageant winner. His father was of Italian descent and his mother was of Irish ancestry. His adopted surname, \"Alda\", is a portmanteau of ALphonso and D'Abruzzo." }, "Sterilization (microbiology)-14": { "title": "Sterilization (microbiology)", "section": "Heat", "headers": [ "Steam" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "A widely used method for heat sterilization is the autoclave, sometimes called a converter or steam sterilizer. Autoclaves use steam heated to 121\u2013134\u00a0\u00b0C (250\u2013273\u00a0\u00b0F) under pressure. To achieve sterility, the article is placed in a chamber and heated by injected steam until the article reaches a temperature and time setpoint. Almost all the air is removed from the chamber, because air is undesired in the moist heat sterilization process (this is one trait that differs from a typical pressure cooker used for food cooking). The article is held at the temperature setpoint for a period of time which varies depending on what bioburden is present on the article being sterilized and its resistance (D-value) to steam sterilization. A general cycle would be anywhere between 3 and 15 minutes, (depending on the generated heat) at 121\u00a0\u00b0C (250\u00a0\u00b0F) at 100\u00a0kPa (15\u00a0psi), which is sufficient to provide a sterility assurance level of 10\u22124 for a product with a bioburden of 106 and a D-value of 2.0 minutes. Following sterilization, liquids in a pressurized autoclave must be cooled slowly to avoid boiling over when the pressure is released. This may be achieved by gradually depressurizing the sterilization chamber and allowing liquids to evaporate under a negative pressure, while cooling the contents." }, "Shark attack-1": { "title": "Shark attack", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A shark attack is an attack on a human by a shark. Every year, around 80 unprovoked attacks are reported worldwide. Despite their relative rarity, many people fear shark attacks after occasional serial attacks, such as the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916, and horror fiction and films such as the Jaws series. Out of more than 489 shark species, only three are responsible for a double-digit number of fatal, unprovoked attacks on humans: the great white, tiger, and bull. The oceanic whitetip has probably killed many more castaways, but these are not recorded in the statistics." }, "Closed-circuit television-4": { "title": "Closed-circuit television", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "There are about 350 million surveillance cameras worldwide as of 2016. About 65% of these cameras are installed in Asia. The growth of CCTV has been slowing in recent years. The deployment of this technology has facilitated a significant growth in state surveillance, a substantial rise in the methods of advanced social monitoring and control, and a host of crime prevention measures throughout the world." }, "Running injuries-1": { "title": "Running injuries", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Running injuries affect about half of runners annually. The frequency of various RRI depend on the type of running, as runners vary significantly in factors such as speed and mileage. RRI can be both acute and chronic. Many of the common injuries that plague runners are chronic, developing over a longer period of time, as opposed to injury caused by sudden trauma, such as strains. These are often the result of overuse. Common overuse injuries include stress fractures, Achilles tendinitis, Iliotibial band syndrome, Patellofemoral pain (runners knee), and plantar fasciitis." }, "Sexual consent-25": { "title": "Sexual consent", "section": "Education initiatives and policies", "headers": [ "\"No means no\"" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Concerns about the \"no means no\" approach developed, however, because some people cannot say no, either because they are not conscious, intoxicated or facing threats or coercion, with the coercion issue being especially important in cases where there is a power imbalance between two people in a sexual encounter. To address these concerns, there was a shift from 'no means no' to 'yes means yes' (affirmative consent), to ensure that people were not having sexual actions taken on them due to not speaking up or not resisting. Amanda Hess states that a person may not be able to say no, or they may be intoxicated or passed out, or they may freeze up from fear." }, "Kimchi-25": { "title": "Kimchi", "section": "Varieties", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Saeujeot (\uc0c8\uc6b0\uc813) or myeolchijeot is not added to the kimchi spice-seasoning mixture, but is simmered first to reduce odors, eliminate tannic flavor and fats, and then is mixed with a thickener made of rice or wheat starch (\ud480). This technique has been falling into disuse in the past 40 years." }, "Swan Lake-1": { "title": "Swan Lake", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Swan Lake (Russian: \u041b\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0301\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0301\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043e, romanized:\u00a0Lebed\u00ednoye \u00f3zero), Op. 20, is a ballet composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in 1875\u201376. Despite its initial failure, it is now one of the most popular ballets of all time." }, "Expedition Everest-12": { "title": "Expedition Everest", "section": "Facts and details", "headers": [ "Yeti" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "The yeti is the largest and most complex audio-animatronic figure ever built by Walt Disney Imagineering. It is 25 feet (7.6\u00a0m) tall. Its \"skin\" measures 1,000 square feet (93\u00a0m2), and is held in place by 1,000 snaps and 250 zippers. Its movement is controlled by 19 actuators when functioning in \"A-mode\", its full mode of operation. In \"A-mode,\" it can move 5\u00a0ft (1.5\u00a0m) horizontally and 18\u00a0in (46\u00a0cm) vertically. The yeti's roars are provided by voice actor Fred Tatasciore." }, "Yara Shahidi-1": { "title": "Yara Shahidi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Yara Sayeh Shahidi (born February 10, 2000) is an American actress, model, and activist. She gained recognition for her starring role as the oldest daughter Zoey Johnson on the sitcom Black-ish (2014\u2013present) and its spin-off series Grown-ish (2018\u2013present). Her film credits include Imagine That (2009), Smallfoot (2018), and the lead role in The Sun Is Also a Star (2019). Time included her on \"The 30 Most Influential Teens of 2016\" list." }, "Great Pyramid of Giza-2": { "title": "Great Pyramid of Giza", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to the Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu, Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10- to 20-year period concluding around 2560 BC. Initially standing at 146.5 metres (481 feet), the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years until Lincoln Cathedral was finished in 1311 AD. It is estimated that the pyramid weighs approximately 6 million tonnes, and consists of 2.3 million blocks of limestone and granite, some weighing as much as 80 tonnes. Originally, the Great Pyramid was covered by limestone casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface; what is seen today is the underlying core structure. Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base. There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid's construction techniques. Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place." }, "August 2008 lunar eclipse-1": { "title": "August 2008 lunar eclipse", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A partial lunar eclipse took place on August 16, 2008, the second of two lunar eclipses in 2008, with the first being a total eclipse on February 20, 2008. The next lunar eclipse was a penumbral eclipse occurring on February 9, 2009, while the next total lunar eclipse occurred on December 21, 2010." }, "PlayStation 3-2": { "title": "PlayStation 3", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The console was first officially announced at E3 2005, and was released at the end of 2006. It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium. The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services, including the PlayStation Network, as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console, through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita. In September 2009, the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released. It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games. It was lighter and thinner than the original version, and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design, as well as a minor start-up change in software. A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012, further refining and redesigning the console." }, "Holy Grail-32": { "title": "Holy Grail", "section": "Modern interpretations", "headers": [ "Film and other media" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "T. S. Eliot's poem The Waste Land (1922) loosely follows the legend of the Holy Grail and the Fisher King combined with vignettes of contemporary British society. In his first note to the poem Eliot attributes the title to Jessie L. Weston's book on the Grail legend, From Ritual to Romance. The allusion is to the wounding of the Fisher King and the subsequent sterility of his lands. A poem of the same title, though otherwise dissimilar, written by Madison Cawein, was published in 1913 in Poetry. In John Cowper Powys's A Glastonbury Romance (1932) the \"heroine is the Grail,\" and its central concern is with the various myths and legends along with history associated with Glastonbury. It is also possible to see most of the main characters as undertaking a Grail quest. The Grail is central in Charles Williams' novel War in Heaven (1930) and his two collections of poems about Taliessin, Taliessin Through Logres and Region of the Summer Stars (1938). The Silver Chalice (1952) is a non-Arthurian historical Grail novel by Thomas B. Costain. A quest for the Grail appears in Nelson DeMille's adventure novel The Quest (1975), set during the 1970s. Marion Zimmer Bradley's Arthurian revisionist fantasy novel The Mists of Avalon (1983) presented the Grail as a symbol of water, part of a set of objects representing the four classical elements. The main theme of Rosalind Miles' Child of the Holy Grail (2000) in her Guenevere series is the story of the Grail quest by the 14-year-old Galahad. The Grail motif features heavily in Umberto Eco's 2000 novel Baudolino, set in the 12th century. It is the subject of Bernard Cornwell's historical fiction series of books The Grail Quest (2000-2012), set during the Hundred Years War. Influenced by the 1982 publication of the ostensibly non-fiction The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code (2003) has the \"grail\" taken to refer to Mary Magdalene as the \"receptacle\" of Jesus' bloodline (playing on the sang real etymology). In Brown's novel, it is hinted that this Grail was long buried beneath Rosslyn Chapel in Scotland, but that in recent decades its guardians had it moved to a secret chamber embedded in the floor beneath the Inverted Pyramid in the entrance of the Louvre museum. Michael Moorcock's fantasy novel The War Hound and the World's Pain (1981) depicts a supernatural Grail quest set in the era of the Thirty Years' War. German history and fantasy novel author Rainer M. Schr\u00f6der wrote the trilogy Die Bruderschaft vom Heiligen Gral (The Brotherhood of the Holy Grail) about a group of four Knights Templar who save the Grail from the Fall of Acco 1291 and go through an Odyssey to bring it to the Temple in Paris in the first two books, Der Fall von Akkon (2006) and Das Amulett der W\u00fcstenkrieger (2006), while defending the holy relic from the attempts of a satanic sect called Iscarians to steal it. In the third book, Das Labyrinth der schwarzen Abtei (2007), the four heroes must reunite to smuggle the Holy Grail out of the Temple in Paris after the fall of the Knights Templar 1307, again pursued by the Iscarians (who in the novel used the King's animosity against the Templars to their advantage). Interestingly, Schr\u00f6der also indirectily addresses the Cathar Theory by letting the four heroes encounter Cathars - among them old friends from their flight from Acco - on their way to Portugal to seek refuge with the King of Portugal and travel further west. The 15th novel in The Dresden Files series by Jim Butcher, Skin Game (2014), features Harry Dresden being recruited by Denarian and longtime enemy Nichodemus into a heist team seeking to retrieve the Holy Grail from the vault of Hades, the lord of the Underworld. The properties of the item are not explicit, but the relic itself makes an appearance and is in the hands of Nichodemus by the end of the novel's events. In the cinema, the Holy Grail debuted in the 1904 silent film Parsifal, an adaptation of Wagner's opera by Edwin S. Porter. More recent cinematic adaptations include Costain's The Silver Chalice made into a 1954 film by Victor Saville and Brown's The Da Vinci Code turned into a 2006 film by Ron Howard." }, "Pablo Escobar-1": { "title": "Pablo Escobar", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (/\u02c8\u025bsk\u0259b\u0251\u02d0r/; 1 December 1949\u00a0\u2013 2 December 1993) was a Colombian drug lord and narcoterrorist who was the founder and sole leader of the Medell\u00edn Cartel. Dubbed \"The King of Cocaine,\" Escobar is the wealthiest criminal in history, having amassed an estimated net worth of US$30\u00a0billion by the time of his death\u2014equivalent to $59 billion as of 2019\u2014while his drug cartel monopolized the cocaine trade into the United States in the 1980s and 1990s." }, "Durian-50": { "title": "Durian", "section": "Culture and folk medicine", "headers": [ "Cultural influences" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "A common local belief is that the durian is harmful when eaten with coffee or alcoholic beverages. The latter belief can be traced back at least to the 18th century when Rumphius stated that one should not drink alcohol after eating durians as it will cause indigestion and bad breath. In 1929, J. D. Gimlette wrote in his Malay Poisons and Charm Cures that the durian fruit must not be eaten with brandy. In 1981, J. R. Croft wrote in his Bombacaceae: In Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea that \"a feeling of morbidity\" often follows the consumption of alcohol too soon after eating durian. Several medical investigations on the validity of this belief have been conducted with varying conclusions, though a study by the University of Tsukuba finds the fruit's high sulphur content inhibits the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase, causing a 70 percent reduction of the ability to clear toxins from the body." }, "Private first class-8": { "title": "Private first class", "section": "United States", "headers": [ "United States Marine Corps" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "In the United States Marine Corps, the rate of private first class is the second lowest, just under lance corporal and just above Private, equivalent to NATO grade OR-2, being pay grade E-2. It was established on June 3, 1916 to match the already existing Army rank, primarily because US Marine units were \"often called upon to serve\" with US Army organizations, such as in the American Expeditionary Force that served in Europe during World War I (e.g. 4th Marine Brigade of the U.S. Army's 2nd Infantry Division). At the time the two ranks were directly equivalent. However, the USMC rank of PFC is one grade lower (E-2) than the similarly titled US Army rank." }, "Black fly-1": { "title": "Black fly", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A black fly or blackfly (sometimes called a buffalo gnat, turkey gnat, or white socks) is any member of the family Simuliidae of the Culicomorpha infraorder. They are related to the Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae, and Thaumaleidae. Over 2,200 species of black flies have been formally named, of which 15 are extinct. They are divided into two subfamilies: Parasimuliinae contains only one genus and four species; Simuliinae contains all the rest. Over 1,800 of the species belong to the genus Simulium." }, "Arnold Schwarzenegger-6": { "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger was born on July 30, 1947 in Thal, Styria, the second son of Aurelia (n\u00e9e Jadrny; 1922\u20131998) and Gustav Schwarzenegger (1907\u20131972). His father was the local chief of police and had served in World War II as a Hauptfeldwebel after voluntarily joining the Nazi Party in 1938. He was wounded in the Battle of Stalingrad, but was discharged in 1943 following a bout of malaria. He married Aurelia on October 20, 1945; he was 38 and she was 23. According to Schwarzenegger, his parents were very strict: \"Back then in Austria it was a very different world ... if we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents, the rod was not spared.\" He grew up in a Catholic family who attended Mass every Sunday. Gustav had a preference for his elder son, Meinhard, over Schwarzenegger. His favoritism was \"strong and blatant\", which stemmed from unfounded suspicion that Schwarzenegger was not his biological child. Schwarzenegger has said that his father had \"no patience for listening or understanding your problems\". He had a good relationship with his mother, with whom he kept in touch until her death. In later life, he commissioned the Simon Wiesenthal Center to research his father's wartime record, which came up with no evidence of Gustav being involved in atrocities despite his membership in the Nazi Party and Sturmabteilung (SA). Gustav's background received wide press attention during the 2003 California recall campaign." }, "Southwest Airlines-2": { "title": "Southwest Airlines", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The airline was established on March 15, 1967 by Herb Kelleher as Air Southwest Co. and adopted its current name, Southwest Airlines Co., in 1971, when it began operating as an intrastate airline wholly within the state of Texas, first flying between Dallas, Houston and San Antonio. The airline has more than 60,000 employees as of September\u00a02019[update] and operates about 4,000 departures a day during peak travel season." }, "Goat-23": { "title": "Goat", "section": "Diet", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "citation needed] Aside from sampling many things, goats are quite particular in what they actually consume, preferring to browse on the tips of woody shrubs and trees, as well as the occasional broad-leaved plant. However, it can fairly be said that their plant diet is extremely varied, and includes some species which are otherwise toxic. They will seldom consume soiled food or contaminated water unless facing starvation. This is one reason goat-rearing is most often free-ranging, since stall-fed goat-rearing involves extensive upkeep and is seldom commercially viable." }, "Captive killer whales-19": { "title": "Captive killer whales", "section": "Captivity locations", "headers": [ "SeaWorld" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "SeaWorld is a chain of marine mammal parks in the United States and is the largest owner of captive killer whales in the world. The parks feature killer whale, sea lion, and dolphin shows and zoological displays featuring various other marine animals. The parks' icon is Shamu, the orca. Parks include:" }, "Basel-1": { "title": "Basel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Basel (/\u02c8b\u0251\u02d0z\u0259l/ BAH-z\u0259l, German: [\u02c8ba\u02d0zl\u0329] (listen)) or Basle (/b\u0251\u02d0l/ BAHL; French: B\u00e2le [b\u0251l]; Italian: Basilea [bazi\u02c8l\u025b\u02d0a]; Romansh: Basilea [bazi\u02c8le\u02d0a] (listen)) is a city in northwestern Switzerland on the river Rhine. Basel is Switzerland's third-most-populous city (after Z\u00fcrich and Geneva) with about 180,000 inhabitants." }, "Meanwhile (Futurama)-1": { "title": "Meanwhile (Futurama)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Meanwhile\" is the series finale of the American animated television series Futurama. It serves as the 26th episode of the seventh season, and the 140th episode of the series overall. The episode was written by Ken Keeler and directed by Peter Avanzino. It premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on September 4, 2013, along with Futurama Live, a special preshow and aftershow for the occasion." }, "Cheetah-1": { "title": "Cheetah", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus; /\u02c8t\u0283i\u02d0t\u0259/) is a large cat native to Africa and central Iran. It is the fastest land animal, capable of running at 80 to 128\u00a0km/h (50 to 80\u00a0mph), and as such has several adaptations for speed, including a light build, long thin legs and a long tail. Cheetahs typically reach 67\u201394\u00a0cm (26\u201337\u00a0in) at the shoulder, and the head-and-body length is between 1.1 and 1.5\u00a0m (3.6 and 4.9\u00a0ft). Adults typically weigh between 20 and 65\u00a0kg (44 and 143\u00a0lb). Its head is small, rounded, and has a short snout and black tear-like facial streaks. The coat is typically tawny to creamy white or pale buff and is mostly covered with evenly spaced, solid black spots. Four subspecies are recognised." }, "Plovdiv-42": { "title": "Plovdiv", "section": "Population", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "The population by permanent address for the municipality of Plovdiv for 2007 is 380,682, which makes it the second in population in the nation. According to data from the National Institute of Statistics (NSI), the population of people who actually live in Plovdiv is 346,790." }, "Mathematician-12": { "title": "Mathematician", "section": "Activities", "headers": [ "Applied mathematics" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "citation needed] The discipline of applied mathematics concerns itself with mathematical methods that are typically used in science, engineering, business, and industry; thus, \"applied mathematics\" is a mathematical science with specialized knowledge. The term \"applied mathematics\" also describes the professional specialty in which mathematicians work on problems, often concrete but sometimes abstract. As professionals focused on problem solving, applied mathematicians look into the formulation, study, and use of mathematical models in science, engineering, business, and other areas of mathematical practice." }, "Rocket Juice & the Moon-1": { "title": "Rocket Juice & the Moon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rocket Juice & the Moon is the eponymously titled album by the supergroup of the same name, formed in 2008. The group consists Damon Albarn of Blur and Gorillaz, Flea of Red Hot Chili Peppers and Tony Allen, longtime drummer and musical producer for Fela Kuti." }, "Jerusalem-1": { "title": "Jerusalem", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jerusalem (/d\u0292\u0259\u02c8ru\u02d0s\u0259l\u0259m/; Hebrew: \u05d9\u05b0\u05e8\u05d5\u05bc\u05e9\u05b8\u05c1\u05dc\u05b7\u05d9\u05b4\u05dd Yerushal\u00e1yim; Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064f\u062f\u0633\u200e al-Quds or Bayt al-Maqdis, also spelled Baitul Muqaddas) is a city in the Middle East, located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the oldest cities in the world, and is considered holy to the three major Abrahamic religions\u2014Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Both Israel and the Palestinian Authority claim Jerusalem as their capital, as Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there and the State of Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power; however, neither claim is widely recognized internationally." }, "Laptop-43": { "title": "Laptop", "section": "Hardware", "headers": [ "Cooling" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "citation needed] Waste heat from operation is difficult to remove in the compact internal space of a laptop. Early laptops used heat sinks placed directly on the components to be cooled, but when these hot components are deep inside the device, a large space-wasting air duct is needed to exhaust the heat. Modern laptops instead rely on heat pipes to rapidly move waste heat towards the edges of the device, to allow for a much smaller and compact fan and heat sink cooling system. Waste heat is usually exhausted away from the device operator towards the rear or sides of the device. Multiple air intake paths are used since some intakes can be blocked, such as when the device is placed on a soft conforming surface like a chair cushion. It is believed that some designs with metal cases, like Apple's aluminum MacBook Pro and MacBook Air, also employ the case of the machine as a heat sink, allowing it to supplement cooling by dissipating heat out of the device core. Secondary device temperature monitoring may reduce performance or trigger an emergency shutdown if it is unable to dissipate heat, such as if the laptop were to be left running and placed inside a carrying case. Aftermarket cooling pads with external fans can be used with laptops to reduce operating temperatures." }, "Bucharest-5": { "title": "Bucharest", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Economically, Bucharest is the most prosperous city in Romania. The city has a number of large convention facilities, educational institutes, cultural venues, traditional 'shopping arcades' and recreational areas." }, "United Airlines-1": { "title": "United Airlines", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "United Airlines, Inc. (commonly referred to as United) is a major American airline headquartered at Willis Tower in Chicago, Illinois. United operates a large domestic and international route network spanning cities large and small across the United States and all six continents." }, "Osama bin Laden-14": { "title": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "The FBI described bin Laden as an adult as tall and thin, between 1.93\u00a0m (6\u00a0ft 4\u00a0in) and 1.98\u00a0m (6\u00a0ft 6\u00a0in) in height and weighing about 73 kilograms (160\u00a0lb), although the author Lawrence Wright, in his Pulitzer Prize-winning book on Al-Qaeda, The Looming Tower, writes that a number of bin Laden's close friends confirmed that reports of his height were greatly exaggerated, and that bin Laden was actually \"just over 6 feet (1.8\u00a0m) tall\". Eventually, after his death, he was measured to be around 1.93\u00a0m (6\u00a0ft 4\u00a0in). Bin Laden had an olive complexion and was left-handed, usually walking with a cane. He wore a plain white keffiyeh. Bin Laden had stopped wearing the traditional Saudi male keffiyeh and instead wore the traditional Yemeni male keffiyeh. Bin Laden was described as soft-spoken and mild-mannered in demeanor." }, "Gorilla-28": { "title": "Gorilla", "section": "Behaviour", "headers": [ "Communication" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Twenty-five distinct vocalisations are recognised, many of which are used primarily for group communication within dense vegetation. Sounds classified as grunts and barks are heard most frequently while traveling, and indicate the whereabouts of individual group members. They may also be used during social interactions when discipline is required. Screams and roars signal alarm or warning, and are produced most often by silverbacks. Deep, rumbling belches suggest contentment and are heard frequently during feeding and resting periods. They are the most common form of intragroup communication." }, "Fake news in India-1": { "title": "Fake news in India", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fake news in India refers to misinformation, disinformation or mal-information in the country which is spread through word of mouth and traditional media and more recently through digital forms of communication such as edited videos, memes, unverified advertisements and social media propagated rumours. Fake news spread through social media in the country has become a serious problem, with the potential of it resulting in mob violence, as was the case where at least 20 people were killed in 2018 as a result of misinformation circulated on social media." }, "Plato-3": { "title": "Plato", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Plato was the innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms in philosophy. Plato is also considered the founder of Western political philosophy. His most famous contribution is the theory of Forms known by pure reason, in which Plato presents a solution to the problem of universals known as Platonism (also ambiguously called either Platonic realism or Platonic idealism). He is also the namesake of Platonic love and the Platonic solids." }, "2000-1": { "title": "2000", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "2000 (MM) was a century leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2000th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 1000th and last year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 100th and last year of the 20th\u00a0century, and the 1st year of the 2000s decade. 2000 was designated as the International Year for the Culture of Peace and the World Mathematical Year." }, "Paul Verhoeven-1": { "title": "Paul Verhoeven", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Paul Verhoeven (Dutch:\u00a0[\u02c8p\u028cu\u032fl v\u0259r\u02c8\u0266uv\u0259(n)]; born 18 July 1938) is a Dutch director, screenwriter and film producer. Active in both the Netherlands and Hollywood, Verhoeven's blending of graphic violence and sexual content with social satire are trademarks of both his drama and science fiction films. He directed the films Turkish Delight (1973), Soldier of Orange (1977), The Fourth Man (1983), Flesh and Blood (1985), RoboCop (1987), Total Recall (1990), Basic Instinct (1992), Showgirls (1995), Starship Troopers (1997), Hollow Man (2000), Black Book (2006) and Elle (2016)." }, "Celtic languages-1": { "title": "Celtic languages", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Celtic languages (usually /\u02c8k\u025blt\u026ak/, but sometimes /\u02c8s\u025blt\u026ak/ in the US) are a group of related languages descended from Proto-Celtic. They form a branch of the Indo-European language family. The term \"Celtic\" was first used to describe this language group by Edward Lhuyd in 1707, following Paul-Yves Pezron, who made the explicit link between the Celts described by classical writers and the Welsh and Breton languages." }, "Ptolemy XII Auletes-3": { "title": "Ptolemy XII Auletes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Ptolemy XII was recalled from Pontus and proclaimed king of Egypt, while his brother, also named Ptolemy, became king of Cyprus. By his wife Cleopatra\u00a0V, Ptolemy XII had at least one child, Berenice\u00a0IV, and probably Cleopatra\u00a0VII; he had his three youngest children, Arsinoe\u00a0IV, Ptolemy\u00a0XIII, and Ptolemy\u00a0XIV, with an unknown mother. His uncle, Ptolemy\u00a0X, had left Egypt to Rome in the event there were no surviving heirs, making Roman annexation of Egypt a possibility. In an effort to prevent this, Ptolemy\u00a0XII established an alliance with Rome late into his first reign. Rome annexed Cyprus in 58 BC, causing Ptolemy of Cyprus to commit suicide." }, "Death and state funeral of Kim Il-sung-1": { "title": "Death and state funeral of Kim Il-sung", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Kim Il-sung died on the afternoon of 8 July 1994 at age 82. North Korea's government did not report the death for more than 34 hours after it occurred. An official mourning period was declared from 8\u201317 July, during which the national flag was flown at half mast throughout the country, and all forms of amusement and dancing were prohibited." }, "Kublai Khan-76": { "title": "Kublai Khan", "section": "Poetry", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 76, "content": "Dorji, the director of the Secretariat and head of the Bureau of Military Affairs from 1263, but was sickly and died young. Zhenjin, father of Tem\u00fcr Khan, Kublai's successor. Manggala, King of Anxi. Has a son Ananda. Nomukhan Khungjil Aychi Saqulghachi Qughchu Toghan led Mongol armies into Burma and Vietnam. Khulan-temur Tsever Qutlugh Kelmysh Beki married the king Chungnyeol of Goryeo and became empress of the Goryeo. and a further son and two daughters; names unknown. Kublai was a prolific writer of Chinese poetry, though most of his works have not survived. Only one Chinese poem written by him is included in the Selection of Yuan Poetry (\u5143\u8a69\u9078), titled 'Inspiration recorded while enjoying the ascent to Spring Mountain'. It was translated into Mongolian by the Inner Mongolian scholar B.Buyan in the same style as classical Mongolian poetry and transcribed into Cyrillic by Ya.Ganbaatar. It is said that once in spring Kublai Khan went to worship at a Buddhist temple at the Summer Palace in western Khanbaliq (Beijing) and on his way back ascended Longevity Hill (Tumen Nast Uul in Mongolian), where he was filled with inspiration and wrote this poem." }, "Maya Angelou-8": { "title": "Maya Angelou", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Three weeks after completing school, at the age of 17, she gave birth to her son, Clyde (who later changed his name to Guy Johnson)." }, "Smartphone-2": { "title": "Smartphone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Early smartphones were marketed primarily towards the enterprise market, attempting to bridge the functionality of standalone personal digital assistant (PDA) devices with support for cellular telephony, but were limited by their bulky form, short battery life, slow analog cellular networks, and the immaturity of wireless data services. These issues were eventually resolved with the exponential scaling and miniaturization of MOS transistors down to sub-micron levels (Moore's law), the improved lithium-ion battery, faster digital mobile data networks (Edholm's law), and more mature software platforms that allowed mobile device ecosystems to develop independently of data providers." }, "Bipolar disorder-4": { "title": "Bipolar disorder", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Bipolar disorder occurs in approximately 1% of the global population. In the United States, about 3% are estimated to be affected at some point in their life; rates appear to be similar in females and males. The most common age at which symptoms begin is 25. Around a quarter to a third of people with bipolar disorder have financial, social, or work-related problems due to the illness. Bipolar disorder is among the top 20 causes of disability worldwide and leads to substantial costs for society. Due to lifestyle choices and the side effects of medications, the risk of death from natural causes such as coronary heart disease in people with bipolar is twice that of the general population." }, "Solar eclipse-20": { "title": "Solar eclipse", "section": "Predictions", "headers": [ "Geometry" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "The Moon's orbit intersects with the ecliptic at the two nodes that are 180 degrees apart. Therefore, the new moon occurs close to the nodes at two periods of the year approximately six months (173.3 days) apart, known as eclipse seasons, and there will always be at least one solar eclipse during these periods. Sometimes the new moon occurs close enough to a node during two consecutive months to eclipse the Sun on both occasions in two partial eclipses. This means that, in any given year, there will always be at least two solar eclipses, and there can be as many as five." }, "Dustin Hoffman-35": { "title": "Dustin Hoffman", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "1970s: All the President's Men, Kramer vs. Kramer" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "Hoffman next starred in Kramer vs. Kramer (1979) co-starring Meryl Streep and directed by Robert Benton. The film tells the story of a married couple's divorce and its impact on everyone involved, including the couple's young son. Hoffman won his first Academy Award, and the film also received the Best Picture honor, plus the awards for Best Supporting Actress (Streep) and Best Director." }, "Bess Houdini-6": { "title": "Bess Houdini", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "In the 1930s she moved to Hollywood, California, and worked to promote Houdini's memory along with her manager and partner, Edward Saint. On Halloween 1936, Bess and Saint conducted a \"Final Houdini S\u00e9ance\" on the roof of the Knickerbocker Hotel in Hollywood. At the conclusion of the failed s\u00e9ance, beside a photograph of Houdini, she put out the candle that was said to have burned for ten years. In 1943 she said \"ten years [was] long enough to wait for any man.\"" }, "Richard Nixon-1": { "title": "Richard Nixon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 \u2013 April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 until 1974. The nation's 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961, he came to national prominence as a representative and senator from California. After five years in the White House that saw the conclusion to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, d\u00e9tente with the USSR and China, and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency, he became the only president to resign from the office." }, "Cannabis edible-7": { "title": "Cannabis edible", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In some U.S. states that have legalized cannabis, edibles have experienced a dramatic rise in sales. However, there is growing concern about the danger edibles pose to children and inexperienced cannabis consumers, who may easily ingest too much at once, possibly not even realizing the food has been infused. Furthermore, calls to poison control have dramatically increased since 2008 due to dogs ingesting edibles. In Canada, cannabis-infused food products will be legal in October 2019, but regulatory restrictions and reduced consumer interest may inhibit innovation." }, "Stunner (professional wrestling)-1": { "title": "Stunner (professional wrestling)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A stunner is a common term in professional wrestling referring to the \u00be facelock sitout jawbreaker maneuver. It was innovated by Mikey Whipwreck who called it the Whipper-Snapper, but it was popularized by Stone Cold Steve Austin, who faced Whipwreck in Extreme Championship Wrestling. The move was named for Austin's Stone Cold Stunner finisher. It involves an attacking wrestler applying a three-quarter facelock (reaching back and grabbing the head of an opponent, thus pulling the opponent's jaw above the wrestler's shoulder) before falling to a seated position and forcing the opponent's jaw (but predominantly the opponent's neck) to drop down on the shoulder of the attacking wrestler. The free hand is sometimes used to hold the top of the head." }, "Capsicum-1": { "title": "Capsicum", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Capsicum (/\u02c8k\u00e6ps\u026ak\u0259m/), the pepper, is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Its species are native to America, where they have been cultivated for thousands of years. Peppers are cultivated worldwide and used in many cuisines." }, "1944 United States presidential election-1": { "title": "1944 United States presidential election", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The 1944 United States presidential election was the 40th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 7, 1944. The election took place during World War II. Incumbent Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Republican Thomas E. Dewey to win an unprecedented fourth term. Until 1996, this would be the last time in which an incumbent Democratic president would win reelection after serving a full term in office." }, "Nine Inch Nails-10": { "title": "Nine Inch Nails", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Pretty Hate Machine (1989\u20131991)" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Three music videos were created in promotion of the album. MTV aired the videos for \"Down in It\" and \"Head Like a Hole\", but an explicit video for \"Sin\" was only released in partial form for Closure. The original version of the \"Down in It\" video ended with the implication that Reznor's character had fallen off a building and died in the street. This footage attracted the attention of the FBI. As Reznor explains in an interview with Convulsion Magazine:" }, "Hidden camera-2": { "title": "Hidden camera", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The camera may be \"hidden\" because it is not visible to the subject being filmed, or is disguised as another object. Such a camera may not be visible to the subject, for example, because it is fitted with a long-focus lens and located beyond the view of the subject, or located, say, behind a two-way mirror. Hidden cameras can be built into commonly used objects such as television sets, smoke detectors, clock radios, motion detectors, ball caps, plants, and mobile phones. Hidden cameras may be used for household surveillance and may also be used commercially or industrially as security cameras. The proliferation and lower costs of video recording devices have led to an increase in the use of hidden cameras for legitimate surveillance need, as well as for entertainment and other purposes." }, "Photic zone-1": { "title": "Photic zone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The photic zone, euphotic zone, epipelagic zone or sunlight (or sunlit) zone is the uppermost layer of the ocean that receives sunlight, enabling it to perform photosynthesis. It undergoes a series of physical, chemical, and biological processes that supply nutrients into the upper water column. The photic zone is home to the majority of marine life, due to its location." }, "Scientology beliefs and practices-35": { "title": "Scientology beliefs and practices", "section": "Core beliefs and practices", "headers": [ "Science" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "Hubbard originally claimed and insisted that Dianetics was based on the scientific method. He taught that \"the scientific sensibilities [carry] over into the spiritual realities one encounters via auditing on the e-meter.\" Scientologists commonly prefer to describe Hubbard's teachings with words such as knowledge, technology and workability rather than belief or faith. Hubbard described Dianetics and Scientology as \"technologies\" based on his claim of their \"scientific precision and workability.\" Hubbard attempted to \"break down the barrier between scientific (objective, external) and religious (subjective, internal) forms of knowledge.\" Hubbard describes Scientology's epistemology as \"radically subjective: Nothing in Scientology is true for you unless you have observed it and it is true according to your observation.\" This is a type of self-legitimation through science which is also found in other religions such as Christian Science, Religious Science, and Moorish Science Temple of America." }, "Hanging-25": { "title": "Hanging", "section": "Medical effects", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "When cerebral circulation is severely compromised by any mechanism, arterial or venous, death occurs over four or more minutes from cerebral hypoxia, although the heart may continue to beat for some period after the brain can no longer be resuscitated. The time of death in such cases is a matter of convention. In judicial hangings, death is pronounced at cardiac arrest, which may occur at times from several minutes up to 15 minutes or longer after hanging. During suspension, once the prisoner has lapsed into unconsciousness, rippling movements of the body and limbs may occur for some time which are usually attributed to nervous and muscular reflexes. In Britain, it was normal to leave the body suspended for an hour to ensure death." }, "Snoopy-2": { "title": "Snoopy", "section": "Traits", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Snoopy is a loyal, imaginative and good-natured beagle who is prone to imagining fantasy lives, including being an author, a college student known as \"Joe Cool\", an attorney and a British World War I flying ace. He is perhaps best known in this last persona, wearing an aviator's helmet and goggles and a scarf while carrying a swagger stick (like a stereotypical British Army officer of World War I and II)." }, "Global Positioning System-1": { "title": "Global Positioning System", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally NAVSTAR GPS, is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force. It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the relatively weak GPS signals." }, "Eric Clapton-78": { "title": "Eric Clapton", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Relationships and children" ], "para_index": 78, "content": "\"I think this got made because Eric was in the right mood. He's an incredibly private man and despite his immense success, he's never cared if he got any publicity at all, he just loves his music\u00a0... I think it might be something to do with his age, as he turned 70 a couple of years ago. He said to me, \"I didn't want it to be done after I was dead and for it to be wrong.\" Maybe he thought his time had come to lay it all out on the table.'\" Clapton briefly dated funk singer Betty Davis. He married Pattie Boyd in 1979, but their marriage was marred by his infidelities and domestic violence. In an interview with The Sunday Times, Clapton admitted he was abusive to Boyd when he was a \"full-blown\" alcoholic. In 1984 while recording Behind the Sun, Clapton began a relationship with Yvonne Kelly, the manager of AIR Studios Montserrat. Although both were married to other partners at the time, they had a daughter in January 1985. She was named Ruth Kelly Clapton, but her existence was kept from the public until the media realized she was his child in 1991." }, "Battle of the Alamo-1": { "title": "Battle of the Alamo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Battle of the Alamo (February 23 \u2013 March 6, 1836) was a pivotal event in the Texas Revolution. Following a 13-day siege, Mexican troops under President General Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna reclaimed the Alamo Mission near San Antonio de B\u00e9xar (modern-day San Antonio, Texas, United States), killing the Texian and immigrant occupiers. Santa Anna's cruelty during the battle inspired many Texians, both legal Texas settlers and illegal immigrants from the United States, to join the Texian Army. Buoyed by a desire for revenge, the Texians defeated the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacinto, on April 21, 1836, ending the rebellion." }, "Audi R8-1": { "title": "Audi R8", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Audi R8 is a mid-engine, 2-seater sports car, which uses Audi's trademark quattro permanent all-wheel drive system. It was introduced by the German car manufacturer Audi AG in 2006." }, "Beer-19": { "title": "Beer", "section": "Brewing", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "After boiling, the hopped wort is now cooled, ready for the yeast. In some breweries, the hopped wort may pass through a hopback, which is a small vat filled with hops, to add aromatic hop flavouring and to act as a filter; but usually the hopped wort is simply cooled for the fermenter, where the yeast is added. During fermentation, the wort becomes beer in a process which requires a week to months depending on the type of yeast and strength of the beer. In addition to producing ethanol, fine particulate matter suspended in the wort settles during fermentation. Once fermentation is complete, the yeast also settles, leaving the beer clear." }, "Flag of Gabon-1": { "title": "Flag of Gabon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The flag of Gabon (French: drapeau du Gabon) is a tricolour consisting of three horizontal green, yellow and blue bands. Adopted in 1960 to replace the previous colonial flag containing the French Tricolour at the canton, it has been the flag of the Gabonese Republic since the country gained independence that year. The design of the present flag entailed the removal the Tricolour and the widening of the yellow stripe at the centre." }, "Persecution-1": { "title": "Persecution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group by another individual or group. The most common forms are religious persecution, racism and political persecution, though there is naturally some overlap between these terms. The inflicting of suffering, harassment, imprisonment, internment, fear, or pain are all factors that may establish persecution, but not all suffering will necessarily establish persecution. The suffering experienced by the victim must be sufficiently severe. The threshold level of severity has been a source of much debate." }, "Pledge of Allegiance-1": { "title": "Pledge of Allegiance", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America. Such a pledge was first composed, with a text different from the one used at present, by Captain George Thatcher Balch, a Union Army Officer during the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City schools. The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892, and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942. The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945. The most recent alteration of its wording came on Flag Day in 1954, when the words \"under God\" were added." }, "Brazil-1": { "title": "Brazil", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Brazil (Portuguese: Brasil; Portuguese pronunciation:\u00a0[b\u027ea\u02c8ziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: Rep\u00fablica Federativa do Brasil, listen\u00a0(help\u00b7info)), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At 8.5\u00a0million square kilometers (3.2\u00a0million square miles) and with over 211 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous. Its capital is Bras\u00edlia, and its most populous city is S\u00e3o Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states and the Federal District. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world." }, "Noah-32": { "title": "Noah", "section": "Religious views", "headers": [ "Judaism" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "The righteousness of Noah is the subject of much discussion among rabbis. The description of Noah as \"righteous in his generation\" implied to some that his perfection was only relative: In his generation of wicked people, he could be considered righteous, but in the generation of a tzadik like Abraham, he would not be considered so righteous. They point out that Noah did not pray to God on behalf of those about to be destroyed, as Abraham prayed for the wicked of Sodom and Gomorrah. In fact, Noah is never seen to speak; he simply listens to God and acts on his orders. This led some commentators to offer the figure of Noah as \"the man in a fur coat,\" who ensured his own comfort while ignoring his neighbour. Others, such as the medieval commentator Rashi, held on the contrary that the building of the Ark was stretched over 120 years, deliberately in order to give sinners time to repent. Rashi interprets his father's statement of the naming of Noah (in Hebrew \u05e0\u05b9\u05d7\u05b7) \"This one will comfort us (in Hebrew\u2013 yeNaHamainu \u05d9\u05b0\u05e0\u05b7\u05d7\u05b2\u05de\u05b5\u05e0\u05d5) in our work and in the toil of our hands, which come from the ground that the Lord had cursed\", by saying Noah heralded a new era of prosperity, when there was easing (in Hebrew \u2013 nahah \u2013 \u05e0\u05d7\u05d4) from the curse from the time of Adam when the Earth produced thorns and thistles even where men sowed wheat and that Noah then introduced the plow." }, "Brussels sprout-16": { "title": "Brussels sprout", "section": "Cooking and preparation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Overcooking renders the buds gray and soft, and they then develop a strong flavor and odor that some dislike for its garlic- or onion-odor properties. The odor is associated with the glucosinolate sinigrin, a sulfur compound having characteristic pungency. For taste, roasting Brussels sprouts is a common way to cook them to enhance flavor. Common toppings or additions for Brussels sprouts include Parmesan cheese and butter, balsamic vinegar, brown sugar, chestnuts, or pepper. Another way of cooking Brussels sprouts is to saut\u00e9 them. Brussels sprouts can be pickled as an alternative to cooking them." }, "Pain and suffering-5": { "title": "Pain and suffering", "section": "Size of settlement", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The amount of money damages a claimant gets for pain and suffering will also depend upon the amount claimed in a lawsuit if such is filed or the amount demanded to the responsible party in the underlying claim if it is an insurance claim. Even though a lawyer representing a client in an injury negligence-based lawsuit may claim a certain amount for pain and suffering, the jury or the insurance adjuster will award pain and suffering money for differing reasons. In practice, historically tort cases involving personal injury often involve contingent fees, with attorneys being paid a portion of the pain and suffering damages; one commentator says a typical split of pain and suffering is one-third for the lawyer, one-third for the physician, and one-third for the plaintiff." }, "Glenn Beck-46": { "title": "Glenn Beck", "section": "Political views", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "Beck has described himself as a conservative with libertarian leanings. Among his core values Beck lists personal responsibility, private charity, the right to life, freedom of religion, limited government, and the family as the cornerstone of society. Beck believes in low national debt, and he has said \"A conservative believes that debt creates unhealthy relationships. Everyone, from the government on down, should live within their means and strive for financial independence.\" He supports individual gun ownership rights, is against gun control legislation, and is a supporter of the NRA and its local state chapters." }, "Barbecue-3": { "title": "Barbecue", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "A barbecue can refer to the cooking method itself, the meat cooked this way, or to a type of social event featuring this type of cooking. Barbecuing is usually done outdoors by smoking meat over wood or charcoal. Restaurant barbecue may be cooked in large, specially-designed brick or metal ovens. Barbecue is practiced in many areas of the world and there are numerous regional variations." }, "Backpack-3": { "title": "Backpack", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Large backpacks, used to carry loads over 10 kilograms (22\u00a0lb), as well as smaller sports backpacks (e.g. running, cycling, hiking and hydration), usually offload the largest part (up to about 90%) of their weight onto padded hip belts, leaving the shoulder straps mainly for stabilising the load. This improves the potential to carry heavy loads, as the hips are stronger than the shoulders, and also increases agility and balance, since the load rides nearer the wearer's own center of mass." }, "Malcolm X-50": { "title": "Malcolm X", "section": "Activity after leaving Nation of Islam", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "After leaving the Nation of Islam, Malcolm\u00a0X founded Muslim Mosque, Inc. (MMI), a religious organization, and the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU), a secular group that advocated Pan-Africanism. On March\u00a026, 1964, he briefly met Martin Luther King Jr. for the first and only time\u200d\u2014\u200cand only long enough for photographs to be taken\u200d\u2014\u200cin Washington, D.C., as both men attended the Senate's debate on the Civil Rights bill at the US Capitol building. In April, Malcolm\u00a0X gave a speech titled \"The Ballot or the Bullet\", in which he advised African Americans to exercise their right to vote wisely but cautioned that if the government continued to prevent African Americans from attaining full equality, it might be necessary for them to take up arms." }, "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis-18": { "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis", "section": "Marriage to John F. Kennedy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Bouvier and Kennedy were married on September 12, 1953, at St. Mary's Church in Newport, Rhode Island, in a mass celebrated by Boston's Archbishop Richard Cushing. The wedding was considered the social event of the season with an estimated 700 guests at the ceremony and 1,200 at the reception that followed at Hammersmith Farm. The wedding dress, now housed in the Kennedy Library in Boston, Massachusetts, and the dresses of her attendants were created by designer Ann Lowe of New York City." }, "Andes-18": { "title": "Andes", "section": "Climate and hydrology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The climate in the Andes varies greatly depending on latitude, altitude, and proximity to the sea. Temperature, atmospheric pressure and humidity decrease in higher elevations. The southern section is rainy and cool, the central section is dry. The northern Andes are typically rainy and warm, with an average temperature of 18\u00a0\u00b0C (64\u00a0\u00b0F) in Colombia. The climate is known to change drastically in rather short distances. Rainforests exist just kilometres away from the snow-covered peak Cotopaxi. The mountains have a large effect on the temperatures of nearby areas. The snow line depends on the location. It is at between 4,500 and 4,800\u00a0m (14,800 and 15,700\u00a0ft) in the tropical Ecuadorian, Colombian, Venezuelan, and northern Peruvian Andes, rising to 4,800\u20135,200\u00a0m (15,700\u201317,100\u00a0ft) in the drier mountains of southern Peru south to northern Chile south to about 30\u00b0S before descending to 4,500\u00a0m (14,760\u00a0ft) on Aconcagua at 32\u00b0S, 2,000\u00a0m (6,600\u00a0ft) at 40\u00b0S, 500\u00a0m (1,640\u00a0ft) at 50\u00b0S, and only 300\u00a0m (980\u00a0ft) in Tierra del Fuego at 55\u00b0S; from 50\u00b0S, several of the larger glaciers descend to sea level." }, "Diabetes-28": { "title": "Diabetes", "section": "Pathophysiology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "The body obtains glucose from three main sources: the intestinal absorption of food; the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis), the storage form of glucose found in the liver; and gluconeogenesis, the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates in the body. Insulin plays a critical role in regulating glucose levels in the body. Insulin can inhibit the breakdown of glycogen or the process of gluconeogenesis, it can stimulate the transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells, and it can stimulate the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen." }, "Sacramento River Cats-1": { "title": "Sacramento River Cats", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Sacramento River Cats are a Minor League Baseball team of the Pacific Coast League (PCL) and the Triple-A affiliate of the San Francisco Giants. They are located in West Sacramento, California, and play their home games at Sutter Health Park which opened in 2000 and was known as Raley Field through 2019." }, "Duane Nellis-1": { "title": "Duane Nellis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Marvin Duane Nellis is an American educator and university administrator, currently the president of Ohio University in Athens. He was previously the president of Texas Tech University and the University of Idaho. Nellis previously served as provost and senior vice president at Kansas State University, and dean of the Eberly College of Arts and Science at West Virginia University." }, "Frying-3": { "title": "Frying", "section": "Details", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Fats can reach much higher temperatures than water at normal atmospheric pressure. Through frying, one can sear or even carbonize the surface of foods while caramelizing sugars. The food is cooked much more quickly and has a characteristic crispness and texture. Depending on the food, the fat will penetrate it to varying degrees, contributing richness, lubricity, its own flavor, and calories." }, "Fruit pit carving-1": { "title": "Fruit pit carving", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fruit pit carving (simplied Chinese:\u679c\u6838\u96d5\u523b; traditional Chinese\uff1a\u679c\u6838\u96d5\u523b; pinyin\uff1a gu\u01d2h\u00e9di\u0101ok\u00e8) is a Chinese folk handicraft in which the pits of peach, apricot, olive, Myrica rubra kernels, walnuts, and others are used to create minute patterns of the Buddha, nature, or the Chinese zodiac that are said to repel evil spirits. The carved pits are also used to create jewelry and decorations. Olive core carving has recently been recognized as Intangible Cultural Heritage in Guangdong Province, China. However, the art is now facing extinction because few black olive trees are planted in China and there are very few people interested in learning this art." }, "Brave (2012 film)-1": { "title": "Brave (2012 film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Brave is a 2012 American computer-animated fantasy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It was directed by Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman and co-directed by Steve Purcell. The story is by Chapman, with the screenplay by Andrews, Purcell, Chapman and Irene Mecchi. The film was produced by Katherine Sarafian, with John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton, and Pete Docter as executive producers. The film's voice cast features Kelly Macdonald, Billy Connolly, Emma Thompson, Julie Walters, Robbie Coltrane, Kevin McKidd, and Craig Ferguson. Set in the Scottish Highlands, the film tells the story of a princess named Merida who defies an age-old custom, causing chaos in the kingdom by expressing the desire not to be betrothed. Merida is the first, and currently, only Disney Princess created by Pixar. The film is also dedicated to Steve Jobs, who died before the film's release." }, "Mona Lisa-29": { "title": "Mona Lisa", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Refuge, theft and vandalism" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "In recent decades, the painting has been temporarily moved to accommodate renovations to the Louvre on three occasions: between 1992 and 1995, from 2001 to 2005, and again in 2019. A new queuing system introduced in 2019 reduces the amount of time museum visitors have to wait in line to see the painting. After going through the queue, a group has about 30 seconds to see the painting." }, "Snoopy-1": { "title": "Snoopy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Snoopy is a fictional character, the pet beagle of Charlie Brown in the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz. He can also be found in all of the Peanuts movies and television specials. Since his debut on October 4, 1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip and is considered more famous than Charlie Brown in other countries. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulz's childhood dogs." }, "North American beaver-9": { "title": "North American beaver", "section": "Behavior", "headers": [ "Dam-building" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The purpose of the dam is to create deepwater refugia enabling the beaver to escape from predators. When deep water is already present in lakes, rivers, or larger streams, the beaver may dwell in a bank burrow and bank lodge with an underwater entrance. The beaver dam is constructed using branches from trees the beavers cut down, as well as rocks, grass, and mud. The inner bark, twigs, shoots, and leaves of such trees are also an important part of the beaver's diet. The trees are cut down using their strong incisor teeth. Their front paws are used for digging and carrying and placing materials. The sound of running water dictates when and where a beaver builds its dam. Besides providing a safe home for the beaver, beaver ponds also provide habitat for waterfowl, fish, and other aquatic animals. Their dams help reduce soil erosion and can help reduce flooding. However, beaver dams are not permanent and depend on the beavers' continued presence for their maintenance. Beavers generally concentrate on building and repairing dams in the fall in preparation for the coming winter. In northern areas, they often do not repair breaches in the dam made by otters, and sometimes breach the dam themselves and lower the water level in the pond to create more breathing space under the ice or get easier access to trees below the dam. In a 1988 study in Alberta, Canada, no beavers repaired \"sites of water loss\" during the winter. Of 178 sites of water loss, beavers repaired 78 when water was opened, and did not repair 68. The rest were partially repaired." }, "Kim Kardashian-1": { "title": "Kim Kardashian", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Kimberly Kardashian West (n\u00e9e Kimberly Noel Kardashian; born October 21, 1980) is an American media personality, model, businesswoman, socialite, and actress. Kardashian first gained media attention as a friend and stylist of Paris Hilton but received wider notice after a 2002 sex tape, Kim Kardashian, Superstar, with her then-boyfriend Ray J was released in 2007. Later that year, she and her family began to appear in the E! reality television series Keeping Up with the Kardashians (2007\u2013present). Its success soon led to the creation of spin-offs including Kourtney and Kim Take New York (2011\u20132012) and Kourtney and Kim Take Miami (2009\u20132013)." }, "Moon Jae-in-2": { "title": "Moon Jae-in", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Born to North Korean refugees, Moon was raised in poverty in Busan. Moon excelled in school and studied law at Kyung Hee University. While he was there, he became involved in human rights activism and was imprisoned for organizing a protest against the Yushin Constitution. Moon, a longtime friend of liberal president Roh Moo-hyun as a result of his work in human rights law, was chosen to be Roh's campaign manager in his successful 2002 presidential bid and served in his administration in various official capacities." }, "Ethiopia-90": { "title": "Ethiopia", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 90, "content": "The major portion of Ethiopia lies in the Horn of Africa, which is the easternmost part of the African landmass. The territories that have frontiers with Ethiopia are Eritrea to the north and then, moving in a clockwise direction, Djibouti, the de facto state of Somaliland, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan and Sudan. Within Ethiopia is a vast highland complex of mountains and dissected plateaus divided by the Great Rift Valley, which runs generally southwest to northeast and is surrounded by lowlands, steppes, or semi-desert. There is a great diversity of terrain with wide variations in climate, soils, natural vegetation and settlement patterns." }, "Cauliflower-6": { "title": "Cauliflower", "section": "Horticulture", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Because weather is a limiting factor for producing cauliflower, the plant grows best in cool daytime temperatures 21\u201329\u00a0\u00b0C (70\u201385\u00a0\u00b0F), with plentiful sun, and moist soil conditions high in organic matter and sandy soils. The earliest maturity possible for cauliflower is 7 to 12 weeks from transplanting. In the northern hemisphere, fall season plantings in July may enable harvesting before autumn frost." }, "Heaven-15": { "title": "Heaven", "section": "Abrahamic religions", "headers": [ "New Testament and early Christianity" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Descriptions of Heaven in the New Testament are more fully developed than those in the Old Testament, but are still generally vague. As in the Old Testament, in the New Testament God is described as the ruler of Heaven and Earth, but his power over the Earth is challenged by Satan. Sayings of Jesus recorded in the Gospels of Mark and Luke speak of the \"Kingdom of God\" (Greek: \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u1fe6; basile\u00eda tou theou), while the Gospel of Matthew more commonly uses the term \"Kingdom of Heaven\" (Greek: \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd; basile\u00eda t\u014dn ouran\u014dn). Both phrases have exactly the same meaning, but the author of the Gospel of Matthew changed the name \"Kingdom of God\" to \"Kingdom of Heaven\" in most instances because it was the more acceptable phrase in his own cultural and religious context in the late first century." }, "Doctor's Advocate-10": { "title": "Doctor's Advocate", "section": "Music", "headers": [ "Lyrics" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Doctor's Advocate contains various staples of West Coast hip hop albums including explicit rhymes about gang violence, drug use and sex. The album looks into The Game's relationship with his former mentor Dr. Dre on several tracks, most notably \"Doctor's Advocate\" which also features former Aftermath Entertainment rapper Busta Rhymes. This album is known for its heavy West Coast hip hop sound, something that didn't feature much in his debut The Documentary. He worked with a number of west coast artists such as Nate Dogg, Snoop Dogg, Xzibit and Tha Dogg Pound. Rapreviews said \"He is absolutely quintessentially relentlessly and unapologetically thugging it up on this CD, but unless your name is Joe Lieberman or Tipper Gore you're gonna enjoy the hell out of the dope beats and lyrical bravado and be begging for more.\" DJBooth praised his lyrical skills by saying \"to briefly touch on the lyrics, only Eminem and Lil\u2019 Wayne are currently equals.\" However, once again many critics panned The Game's namedropping throughout the album, but Steve Juon of Rapreviews says that \"some accused him of being a \"name dropper\" back then and still will today, the references seem more in keeping with his \"soldier of the West\" philosophy and less like a filler for lack of content.\"" }, "Composite number-4": { "title": "Composite number", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150. (sequence A002808 in the OEIS) Every composite number can be written as the product of two or more (not necessarily distinct) primes. For example, the composite number 299 can be written as 13 \u00d7 23, and the composite number 360 can be written as 23 \u00d7 32 \u00d7 5; furthermore, this representation is unique up to the order of the factors. This fact is called the fundamental theorem of arithmetic." }, "Symphony of the Seas-4": { "title": "Symphony of the Seas", "section": "Description and design", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Symphony of the Seas measures 361.011 metres (1,184\u00a0ft 5.0\u00a0in) in length and has a gross tonnage of 228,081 across 18 decks. She is able to accommodate 5,518 passengers at double occupancy up to a maximum capacity of 6,680 passengers, as well as a 2,200-person crew. There are 16 decks for guest use, 22 restaurants, 4 pools and 2,759 cabins." }, "YMCA-1": { "title": "YMCA", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "YMCA, sometimes regionally called the Y, is a worldwide youth organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, with more than 64\u00a0million beneficiaries in 120 countries. It was founded on 6 June 1844 by Sir George Williams in London, originally as the Young Men's Christian Association and aims to put Christian principles into practice by developing a healthy \"body, mind, and spirit\"." }, "Chinese zodiac-19": { "title": "Chinese zodiac", "section": "Four Animal Trines", "headers": [ "Third Trine" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "The third Trine consists of the Tiger, Horse, and Dog. These three signs are said to seek true love, to pursue humanitarian causes, to be idealistic and independent but tending to be impulsive. The three are said to be productive, enthusiastic, independent, engaging, dynamic, honorable, loyal and protective, but can also be rash, rebellious, quarrelsome, anxious, disagreeable, and stubborn." }, "The Falcon and the Winter Soldier-5": { "title": "The Falcon and the Winter Soldier", "section": "Cast and characters", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Anthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon: An Avenger and a former pararescueman who was trained by the military in aerial combat using a specially designed wing pack. Wilson was handed the mantle of Captain America by Steve Rogers at the end of Avengers: Endgame (2019), but continues to use the Falcon moniker. The series explores Wilson's actions after receiving Captain America's shield. Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier: An enhanced soldier and Rogers' best friend who reemerged as a brainwashed assassin after being thought killed in action during World War II. Daniel Br\u00fchl as Baron Helmut Zemo: A Sokovian terrorist who was responsible for the Avengers' breakup in Captain America: Civil War (2016). Zemo wears his traditional purple mask from the comics in the series, which he was not depicted with in Civil War. Emily VanCamp as Sharon Carter: A former agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Peggy Carter's niece. VanCamp said that Carter has been on the run since she was last seen in Civil War, and the series would show what she has been doing in that time. Wyatt Russell as John Walker: A militaristic successor to Captain America created by the U.S. government. Additionally, Adepero Oduye, Desmond Chiam, Miki Ishikawa, Noah Mills, and Carl Lumbly have been cast in undisclosed roles." }, "Waltz-2": { "title": "Waltz", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Play media There are many references to a sliding or gliding dance that would evolve into the waltz that date from 16th century Europe, including the representations of the printmaker Hans Sebald Beham. The French philosopher Michel de Montaigne wrote of a dance he saw in 1580 in Augsburg, where the dancers held each other so closely that their faces touched. Kunz Haas (of approximately the same period) wrote, \"Now they are dancing the godless Weller or Spinner.\" \"The vigorous peasant dancer, following an instinctive knowledge of the weight of fall, uses his surplus energy to press all his strength into the proper beat of the bar, thus intensifying his personal enjoyment in dancing.\"" }, "Beam me up, Scotty-1": { "title": "Beam me up, Scotty", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Beam me up, Scotty\" is a catchphrase that made its way into popular culture from the science fiction television series Star Trek: The Original Series. It comes from the command Captain Kirk gives his chief engineer, Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott, when he needs to be transported back to the Starship Enterprise." }, "Limbic system-9": { "title": "Limbic system", "section": "Function", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "citation needed] The limbic system is often incorrectly classified as a cerebral structure,[citation needed] but simply interacts heavily with the cerebral cortex. These interactions are closely linked to olfaction, emotions, drives, autonomic regulation, memory, and pathologically to encephalopathy, epilepsy, psychotic symptoms, cognitive defects. The functional relevance of the limbic system has proven to serve many different functions such as affects/emotions, memory, sensory processing, time perception, attention, consciousness, instincts, autonomic/vegetative control, and actions/motor behavior. Some of the disorders associated with the limbic system and its interacting components are epilepsy and schizophrenia." }, "Jet engine-5": { "title": "Jet engine", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The first practical applications of jet propulsion appeared with the invention of the gunpowder-powered rocket by the Chinese in the 13th century. It was initially a type of firework, and gradually progressed to propel formidable weaponry. The principles used by the Chinese to send their rockets and fireworks was similar to that of a jet engine." }, "Crossing the Red Sea-1": { "title": "Crossing the Red Sea", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Crossing of the Red Sea (Hebrew: \u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05e2\u05ea \u05d9\u05dd \u05e1\u05d5\u05e3 Kriat Yam Suph \u2013 Crossing of the Red Sea or Sea of Reeds) is part of the biblical narrative of the Exodus, the escape of the Israelites, led by Moses, from the pursuing Egyptians in the Book of Exodus. Moses holds out his staff and the Red Sea is parted by God. The Israelites walk on the dry ground and cross the sea, followed by the Egyptian army. Once the Israelites have safely crossed Moses lifts his arms again, the sea closes, and the Egyptians are drowned." }, "Dragon Ball-28": { "title": "Dragon Ball", "section": "Anime", "headers": [ "Main installments", "Dragon Ball", "Dragon Ball Z" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Instead of continuing the anime as Dragon Ball, Toei Animation decided to carry on with their adaptation under a new name and asked Akira Toriyama to come up with the title. Dragon Ball Z (\u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30ebZ(\u30bc\u30c3\u30c8), Doragon B\u014dru Zetto, commonly abbreviated as DBZ) picks up five years after the first series left off and adapts the final 325 chapters of the manga. It premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on April 26, 1989, taking over its predecessor's time slot, and ran for 291 episodes until its conclusion on January 31, 1996. Two television specials based on the Z series were aired on Fuji TV in Japan. The first, The One True Final Battle ~The Z Warrior Who Challenged Frieza \u2013 Son Goku's Father~, renamed Bardock \u2013 The Father of Goku by Funimation, was shown on October 17, 1990. The second special, Defiance in the Face of Despair!! The Remaining Super-Warriors: Gohan and Trunks, renamed The History of Trunks by Funimation, is based on a special chapter of the original manga and aired on February 24, 1993." }, "Metroid (video game)-8": { "title": "Metroid (video game)", "section": "Development", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "After Nintendo's release of commercially successful platforming games in the 1980s, including Donkey Kong (1981), Ice Climber (1985), and Super Mario Bros. (1985), as well as the critically acclaimed adventure game The Legend of Zelda (1986), the company began work on an action game. The game was dubbed Metroid, which is a portmanteau of the words \"metro\" and \"android\". It was co-developed by Nintendo's Research and Development 1 division and Intelligent Systems, and produced by Gunpei Yokoi. Metroid was directed by Satoru Okada and Masao Yamamoto (credited as \"Yamamoto\"), and featured music written by Hirokazu Tanaka (credited as \"Hip Tanaka\"). Makoto Kano (credited under his last name) was tasked to create the scenario, and Hiroji Kiyotake (credited under his last name), Hirofumi Matsuoka (credited as \"New Matsuoka\") and Yoshio Sakamoto (credited as \"Shikamoto\") designed the game's characters. The character design for Samus Aran was created by Kiyotake." }, "Entomophobia-1": { "title": "Entomophobia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Entomophobia is a specific phobia characterized by an excessive or unrealistic fear of one or more classes of insect, and classified as a phobia by the DSM-5. More specific cases included apiphobia (fear of bees), myrmecophobia (fear of ants), and lepidopterophobia (fear of moths and butterflies). One book claims 6% of all US inhabitants have this phobia." }, "Ivan the Terrible-1": { "title": "Ivan the Terrible", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ivan IV Vasilyevich (/\u02c8a\u026av\u0259n/; Russian: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u0301\u043d \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0301\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447, tr. Ivan Vasilyevich; 25 August 1530 \u2013 28 March\u00a0[O.S. 18 March]\u00a01584), commonly known as Ivan the Terrible (Russian: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u0301\u043d \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0301\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439\u200b\u00a0(help\u00b7info) Ivan Grozny; \"Ivan the Formidable\" or \"Ivan the Fearsome\", Latin: Ioannes Severus ), was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and the first Tsar of Russia from 1547 to 1584." }, "Giraffe-2": { "title": "Giraffe", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The giraffe's chief distinguishing characteristics are its extremely long neck and legs, its horn-like ossicones, and its distinctive coat patterns. It is classified under the family Giraffidae, along with its closest extant relative, the okapi. Its scattered range extends from Chad in the north to South Africa in the south, and from Niger in the west to Somalia in the east. Giraffes usually inhabit savannahs and woodlands. Their food source is leaves, fruits and flowers of woody plants, primarily acacia species, which they browse at heights most other herbivores cannot reach. They may be preyed on by lions, leopards, spotted hyenas and African wild dogs. Giraffes live in herds of related females and their offspring, or bachelor herds of unrelated adult males, but are gregarious and may gather in large aggregations. Males establish social hierarchies through \"necking\", which are combat bouts where the neck is used as a weapon. Dominant males gain mating access to females, which bear the sole responsibility for raising the young." }, "Candymonium-6": { "title": "Candymonium", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Candymonium is marketed as the \u201cworld\u2019s sweetest coaster\u201d. The ride will be 4,636 feet (1,413\u00a0m) long with a maximum speed of 76 miles per hour (122\u00a0km/h) and an initial drop of 210 feet (64\u00a0m). The three trains will represent three Hershey\u2019s candies: Reese\u2019s, Kisses, and Twizzlers." }, "Pepper spray-1": { "title": "Pepper spray", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pepper spray (also known as capsaicin spray or capsicum spray) is a lachrymatory agent (a chemical compound that irritates the eyes to cause a burning sensation, pain, and temporary blindness) used in policing, riot control, crowd control, and self-defense, including defense against dogs and bears. Its inflammatory effects cause the eyes to close, taking away vision. This temporary blindness allows officers to more easily restrain subjects and permits people in danger to use pepper spray in self-defense for an opportunity to escape. It also causes temporary discomfort and burning of the lungs which causes shortness of breath." }, "Home run-1": { "title": "Home run", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In baseball, a home run (abbreviated HR) is scored when the ball is hit in such a way that the batter is able to circle the bases and reach home" }, "Hamster-27": { "title": "Hamster", "section": "Reproduction", "headers": [ "Longevity" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Syrian hamsters typically live no more than two to three years in captivity, and less in the wild. Russian hamsters (Campbell's and Djungarian) live about two to four years in captivity, and Chinese hamsters \u200b2\u00a01\u20442\u20133 years. The smaller Roborovski hamster often lives to three years in captivity." }, "Santa Fe, New Mexico-1": { "title": "Santa Fe, New Mexico", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Santa Fe (/\u02ccs\u00e6nt\u0259 \u02c8fe\u026a, \u02c8s\u00e6nt\u0259 fe\u026a/ SAN-t\u0259 FAY, -\u2060 fay; Tewa: Ogh\u00e1 P'o'oge; Northern Tiwa: Hulp'\u00f3'ona; Navajo: Yoot\u00f3) is the capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico. It is the fourth-largest city in New Mexico with a population of 84,612 in 2018, the county seat of Santa Fe County, and its metropolitan area is part of the larger Albuquerque\u2013Santa Fe\u2013Las Vegas combined statistical area which features a population of 1,178,664 as of the 2018 Census Bureau estimate. The city was founded in 1610 as capital of Nuevo M\u00e9xico, after it replaced Espa\u00f1ola as capital, which makes it the oldest state capital in the United States." }, "Sugar-54": { "title": "Sugar", "section": "Health effects", "headers": [ "Recommended dietary intake" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "On May 20, 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced changes to the Nutrition Facts panel displayed on all foods, to be effective by July 2018. New to the panel is a requirement to list \"Added sugars\" by weight and as a percent of Daily Value (DV). For vitamins and minerals, the intent of DVs is to indicate how much should be consumed. For added sugars, the guidance is that 100% DV should not be exceeded. 100% DV is defined as 50 grams. For a person consuming 2000 calories a day, 50 grams is equal to 200 calories and thus 10% of total calories\u2014the same guidance as the World Health Organization. To put this in context, most 355 mL (12 US fl oz) cans of soda contain 39 grams of sugar. In the United States, a government survey on food consumption in 2013\u20132014 reported that, for men and women aged 20 and older, the average total sugar intakes\u2014naturally occurring in foods and added\u2014were, respectively, 125 and 99 g/day." }, "Rand Paul-12": { "title": "Rand Paul", "section": "Medical career", "headers": [ "National Board of Ophthalmology" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In 1995, Paul passed the American Board of Ophthalmology (ABO) boards on his first attempt and earned board-certification under the ABO for 10 years.[citation needed] Prior to this, in 1992, the ABO had changed its certification program, which had previously awarded lifetime certifications, instead requiring doctors to recertify every 10 years. Those who had already been given lifetime certification were allowed to keep it (according to the ABO, they would not legally have been able to rescind these certifications). Shortly after this change, Paul began a campaign to protest it. This effort culminated in 1997 with him creating, \"along with 200 other young ophthalmologists\", the National Board of Ophthalmology (NBO) to offer an alternative certification system, at a cost substantially lower than that of the ABO. Its certification exam, an open book take-home test, was described by one taker as \"probably harder\" and \"more clinically relevant\" than the ABO's exam." }, "Dog food-1": { "title": "Dog food", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dog food is food specifically formulated and intended for consumption by dogs and other related canines. Dogs are considered to be omnivores with a carnivorous bias. They have the sharp, pointed teeth and shorter gastrointestinal tracts of carnivores, better suited for the consumption of meat than of vegetable substances, yet also have 10 genes that are responsible for starch and glucose digestion, as well as the ability to produce amylase, an enzyme that functions to break down carbohydrates into simple sugars - something that carnivores lack. Dogs evolved the ability living alongside humans in agricultural societies, as they managed on scrap leftovers from humans." }, "Scampi-2": { "title": "Scampi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Shrimp Scampi is a food that includes various culinary preparations of certain crustaceans, such as Metanephrops, as well as shrimp or prawns. Shrimp Scampi preparation styles vary regionally. The United Kingdom legally defines scampi specifically as Nephrops norvegicus. Monkfish tail was formerly sometimes used and sold as scampi in the United Kingdom, contravening the Fish Labelling (Amendment) England Regulation 2005 and Schedule 1 of the Food Labelling Regulations 1996." }, "Caracal-2": { "title": "Caracal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Typically nocturnal, the caracal is highly secretive and difficult to observe. It is territorial, and lives mainly alone or in pairs. The caracal is a carnivore that typically preys upon small mammals, birds, and rodents. It can leap higher than 4\u00a0m (12\u00a0ft) and catch birds in midair. It stalks its prey until it is within 5\u00a0m (16\u00a0ft) of it, after which it runs it down and kills its prey with a bite to the throat or to the back of the neck. Both sexes become sexually mature by the time they are one year old and breed throughout the year. Gestation lasts between two and three months, resulting in a litter of one to six kittens. Juveniles leave their mothers at the age of nine to ten months, though a few females stay back with their mothers. The average lifespan of captive caracals is nearly 16 years." }, "Peach (fruit)-3": { "title": "Peach (fruit)", "section": "Varieties", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Hundreds of peach and nectarine cultivars are known. These are classified into two categories \u2014 the freestones and the clingstones, depending on whether the flesh sticks to the stone or not. Freestones are those whose flesh separates readily from the pit. Clingstones are those whose flesh clings tightly to the pit. Some cultivars are partially freestone and clingstone, so are called semifree. Freestone types are preferred for eating fresh, while clingstone types are for canning. The fruit flesh may be creamy white to deep yellow, to dark red; the hue and shade of the color depends on the cultivar." }, "Bed size-6": { "title": "Bed size", "section": "Nomenclature", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "150\u00a0cm \u00d7\u00a0200\u00a0cm (59\u00a0in \u00d7\u00a079\u00a0in) in the UK. 165\u00a0cm \u00d7\u00a0203\u00a0cm (65\u00a0in \u00d7\u00a080\u00a0in) in New Zealand. 180\u00a0cm \u00d7\u00a0190\u00a0cm (71\u00a0in \u00d7\u00a075\u00a0in) in Portugal, but is also available in 195 and 200\u00a0cm (77 and 79\u00a0in) lengths. 180\u00a0cm \u00d7\u00a0200\u00a0cm (71\u00a0in \u00d7\u00a079\u00a0in) in Indonesia. 183\u00a0cm \u00d7\u00a0191\u00a0cm (72\u00a0in \u00d7\u00a075\u00a0in) in Singapore and Malaysia. 183\u00a0cm \u00d7\u00a0203\u00a0cm (72\u00a0in \u00d7\u00a080\u00a0in) in Australia. 183\u00a0cm \u00d7\u00a0216\u00a0cm (72\u00a0in \u00d7\u00a085\u00a0in) in India. 193\u00a0cm \u00d7\u00a0202\u00a0cm (76\u00a0in \u00d7\u00a080\u00a0in) in the US. Because of the growth of international trade and the above potential cause of confusion, bed sizes are becoming more standardised. In most countries, using the International System of Units, bed dimensions most often appear in centimetres, and often only by width and length. In the United States, Canada, and some regions influenced by the former British Empire, dimensions are usually in inches." }, "Cuban Revolution-8": { "title": "Cuban Revolution", "section": "Early stages", "headers": [ "Imprisonment and emigration" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Soon, the Castro brothers joined with other exiles in Mexico to prepare for the overthrow of Batista, receiving training from Alberto Bayo, a leader of Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War. In June 1955, Fidel met the Argentine revolutionary Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara, who joined his cause. Raul and Castro's chief advisor Ernesto aided the initiation of Batista's amnesty. The revolutionaries named themselves the \"26th of July Movement\", in reference to the date of their attack on the Moncada Barracks in 1953." }, "Jon Brower Minnoch-5": { "title": "Jon Brower Minnoch", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "He was discharged from the hospital after 16 months on a strict diet of 1,200\u00a0kcal (5,000\u00a0kJ) per day. He weighed 476\u00a0lb (216\u00a0kg; 34\u00a0st), having lost approximately 924\u00a0lb (419\u00a0kg; 66\u00a0st), the second largest human weight loss ever documented. However, he was readmitted to the hospital just over a year later in October 1981, after his weight increased to 952\u00a0lb (432\u00a0kg; 68\u00a0st). With his underlying condition of edema being incurable and difficult to treat, the decision was made to discontinue treatment, and he died 23 months later on September 10, 1983, aged 41. At the time of his death, he weighed 798\u00a0lb (362\u00a0kg; 57\u00a0st) with a Body Mass Index of 105.3." }, "Black swan-23": { "title": "Black swan", "section": "Behaviour", "headers": [ "Nesting and reproduction" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Generally, black swans in the Southern hemisphere nest in the wetter winter months (February to September), occasionally in large colonies. A black swan nest is essentially a large heap or mound of reeds, grasses and weeds between 1 and 1.5 metres (3\u20134\u00bd feet) in diameter and up to 1 metre high, in shallow water or on islands. A nest is reused every year, restored or rebuilt as needed. Both parents share the care of the nest. A typical clutch contains 4 to 8 greenish-white eggs that are incubated for about 35\u201340 days. Incubation begins after the laying of the last egg, to synchronise the hatching of the chicks. Prior to the commencement of incubation the parent will sit over the eggs without actually warming them. Both sexes incubate the eggs, with the female incubating at night. The change over between incubation periods is marked by ritualised displays by both sexes. If eggs accidentally roll out of the nest both sexes will retrieve the egg using the neck (in other swan species only the female performs this feat). Like all swans, black swans will aggressively defend their nests with their wings and beaks. After hatching, the cygnets are tended by the parents for about 9 months until fledging. Cygnets may ride on their parent's back for longer trips into deeper water, but black swans undertake this behaviour less frequently than mute and black-necked swans." }, "Indigestion-1": { "title": "Indigestion", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Indigestion, also known as dyspepsia, is a condition of impaired digestion. Symptoms may include upper abdominal fullness, heartburn, nausea, belching, or upper abdominal pain. People may also experience feeling full earlier than expected when eating." }, "Year 2000 problem-15": { "title": "Year 2000 problem", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Special committees were set up by governments to monitor remedial work and contingency planning, particularly by crucial infrastructures such as telecommunications, utilities and the like, to ensure that the most critical services had fixed their own problems and were prepared for problems with others. While some commentators and experts argued that the coverage of the problem largely amounted to scaremongering, it was only the safe passing of the main \"event horizon\" itself, 1 January 2000, that fully quelled public fears." }, "George Washington in the American Revolution-10": { "title": "George Washington in the American Revolution", "section": "Major roles", "headers": [ "Intelligence" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "First, he designed the overall strategy of the war, in cooperation with Congress. The goal was always independence. When France entered the war, he worked closely with the soldiers it sent--they were decisive in the great victory at Yorktown in 1781. Second, he provided leadership of troops against the main British forces in 1775\u201377 and again in 1781. He lost many of his battles, but he never surrendered his army during the war, and he continued to fight the British relentlessly until the war's end. Washington worked hard to develop a successful espionage system to detect British locations and plans. In 1778, he formed the Culper Ring to spy on enemy movements in New York City. In 1780 it discovered Benedict Arnold was a traitor. The British intelligence system was completely fooled in 1781, unaware that Washington and the French armies were moving from the Northeast to Yorktown, Virginia. Third, he was charged selecting and guiding the generals. In June 1776, Congress made its first attempt at running the war effort with the committee known as \"Board of War and Ordnance\", succeeded by the Board of War in July 1777, a committee which eventually included members of the military. The command structure of the armed forces was a hodgepodge of Congressional appointees (and Congress sometimes made those appointments without Washington's input) with state-appointments filling the lower ranks. The results of his general staff were mixed, as some of his favorites never mastered the art of command, such as John Sullivan. Eventually, he found capable officers such as Nathanael Greene, Daniel Morgan, Henry Knox (chief of artillery), and Alexander Hamilton (chief of staff). The American officers never equaled their opponents in tactics and maneuver, and they lost most of the pitched battles. The great successes at Boston (1776), Saratoga (1777), and Yorktown (1781) came from trapping the British far from base with much larger numbers of troops. Fourth, he took charge of training the army and providing supplies, from food to gunpowder to tents. He recruited regulars and assigned Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, a veteran of the Prussian general staff, to train them, who transformed Washington's army into a disciplined and effective force. The war effort and getting supplies to the troops were under the purview of Congress, but Washington pressured the Congress to provide the essentials. There was never nearly enough. Washington's fifth and most important role in the war effort was the embodiment of armed resistance to the Crown, serving as the representative man of the Revolution. His long-term strategy was to maintain an army in the field at all times, and eventually this strategy worked. His enormous personal and political stature and his political skills kept Congress, the army, the French, the militias, and the states all pointed toward a common goal. Furthermore, he permanently established the principle of civilian supremacy in military affairs by voluntarily resigning his commission and disbanding his army when the war was won, rather than declaring himself monarch. He also helped to overcome the distrust of a standing army by his constant reiteration that well-disciplined professional soldiers counted for twice as much as poorly trained and led militias. George Washington was a skilled manager of intelligence. He utilized agents behind enemy lines, recruited both Tory and Patriot sources, interrogated travelers for intelligence information, and launched scores of agents on both intelligence and counterintelligence missions. He was adept at deception operations and tradecraft and was a skilled propagandist. He also practiced sound operational security. His main failure was missing all the signals in 1780 that Benedict Arnold was increasingly disaffected and had Loyalist connections.)" }, "Plum-7": { "title": "Plum", "section": "Cultivation and uses", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Plum cultivars include: Damson (purple or black skin, green flesh, clingstone, astringent) Greengage (firm, green flesh and skin even when ripe) Mirabelle (dark yellow, predominantly grown in northeast France) Satsuma plum (firm red flesh with a red skin) Victoria (yellow flesh with a red or mottled skin) Yellowgage or golden plum (similar to greengage, but yellow) Different plum cultivars Damsons Greengages Mirabelles Victoria plums When it flowers in the early spring, a plum tree will be covered in blossoms, and in a good year approximately 50% of the flowers will be pollinated and become plums. Flowering starts after 80 growing degree days." }, "The Matrix (franchise)-4": { "title": "The Matrix (franchise)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The first film was an important critical and commercial success, winning four Academy Awards, introducing popular culture symbols such as the red pill and blue pill, and influencing action filmmaking. For those reasons it has been added to the National Film Registry for preservation. Its first sequel was an even bigger commercial success, becoming the highest-grossing R-rated film in history until it was surpassed by Deadpool in 2016. As of 2006, the franchise has generated $3\u00a0billion in revenue. Warner Bros. Pictures has officially confirmed that a fourth Matrix film is in development with Village Roadshow Pictures for a May 21, 2021 release, with Lana Wachowski co-writing and directing and Reeves and Moss reprising their roles." }, "Robotics-7": { "title": "Robotics", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In 1948, Norbert Wiener formulated the principles of cybernetics, the basis of practical robotics." }, "Least-concern species-1": { "title": "Least-concern species", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A least-concern species is a species that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as evaluated as not being a focus of species conservation. They do not qualify as threatened, near threatened, or (before 2001) conservation dependent." }, "Baroque music-1": { "title": "Baroque music", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Baroque music (UK: /b\u0259\u02c8r\u0252k/ or US: /b\u0259\u02c8ro\u028ak/) is a period or style of Western art music composed from approximately 1600 to 1750. This era followed the Renaissance music era, and was followed in turn by the Classical era, with the galant style marking the transition between Baroque and Classical eras. The Baroque period is divided into three major phases: early, middle, and late. Overlapping in time, they are conventionally dated from 1580 to 1650, from 1630 to 1700, and from 1680 to 1750. Baroque music forms a major portion of the \"classical music\" canon, and is now widely studied, performed, and listened to. The term \"baroque\" comes from the Portuguese word barroco, meaning \"misshapen pearl\". Key composers of the Baroque era include Johann Sebastian Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, George Frideric Handel, Claudio Monteverdi, Domenico Scarlatti, Alessandro Scarlatti, Henry Purcell, Georg Philipp Telemann, Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Arcangelo Corelli, Fran\u00e7ois Couperin, Giuseppe Tartini, Heinrich Sch\u00fctz, Dieterich Buxtehude, and others." }, "The Canterbury Tales-1": { "title": "The Canterbury Tales", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Canterbury Tales (Middle English: Tales of Caunterbury) is a collection of 24 stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400. In 1386, Chaucer became Controller of Customs and Justice of Peace and, in 1389, Clerk of the King's work. It was during these years that Chaucer began working on his most famous text, The Canterbury Tales. The tales (mostly written in verse, although some are in prose) are presented as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together from London to Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The prize for this contest is a free meal at the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return." }, "Movie theater-23": { "title": "Movie theater", "section": "Design", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "citation needed] Traditionally a movie theater, like a stage theater, consists of a single auditorium with rows of comfortable padded seats, as well as a foyer area containing a box office for buying tickets. Movie theaters also often have a concession stand for buying snacks and drinks within the theater's lobby. Other features included are film posters, arcade games and washrooms. Stage theaters are sometimes converted into movie theaters by placing a screen in front of the stage and adding a projector; this conversion may be permanent, or temporary for purposes such as showing arthouse fare to an audience accustomed to plays. The familiar characteristics of relatively low admission and open seating can be traced to Samuel Roxy Rothafel, an early movie theater impresario. Many of these early theaters contain a balcony, an elevated level across the auditorium above the theater's rearmost seats. The rearward main floor \"loge\" seats were sometimes larger, softer, and more widely spaced and sold for a higher price. In conventional low pitch viewing floors the preferred seating arrangement is to use staggered rows. While a less efficient use of floor space this allows a somewhat improved sight line between the patrons seated in the next row toward the screen, provided they do not lean toward one another." }, "BLT-1": { "title": "BLT", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A BLT is a type of sandwich, named for the initials of its primary ingredients, bacon, lettuce and tomato. It can be made with varying recipes according to personal preference. Simple variants include using different types of lettuce, toasting or not, or adding mayonnaise. More pronounced variants can include using turkey bacon or tofu in place of bacon, or removing the lettuce entirely." }, "Boris Yeltsin-1": { "title": "Boris Yeltsin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (Russian: \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d, IPA:\u00a0[b\u0250\u02c8r\u02b2is n\u02b2\u026ak\u0250\u02c8la\u026av\u02b2\u026at\u0255 \u02c8jel\u02b2ts\u0268n] (listen); 1 February 1931 \u2013 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as the first President of Russia from 1991 to 1999. A member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1961 to 1990, he later stood as a political independent, during which time he was ideologically aligned with liberalism and Russian nationalism." }, "Mercedes-Benz 770-6": { "title": "Mercedes-Benz 770", "section": "Series II - W150 (1938\u20131943)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The engine had the same basic architecture as that of the W07, but had been tuned to produce 155\u00a0bhp (116\u00a0kW) at 3000 rpm without supercharging and 230\u00a0bhp (172\u00a0kW) at 3200 rpm with. The transmission now had five forward ratios with a direct fourth gear and an overdrive fifth. Top speed was around 170\u00a0km/h (106\u00a0mph). A twin-supercharged 400\u00a0hp (298\u00a0kW) model was available, able to reach a top speed of around 190\u00a0km/h (118\u00a0mph). A total of five were made." }, "Meryl Streep-9": { "title": "Meryl Streep", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Although Streep appeared in numerous school plays during her high school years, she was uninterested in serious theater until acting in the play Miss Julie at Vassar College in 1969, in which she gained attention across the campus. Vassar drama professor Clinton J. Atkinson noted, \"I don't think anyone ever taught Meryl acting. She really taught herself.\" Streep demonstrated an early ability to mimic accents and to quickly memorize her lines. She received her B.A. cum laude from the college in 1971, before applying for an MFA from the Yale School of Drama. At Yale, she supplemented her course fees by waitressing and typing, and appeared in over a dozen stage productions a year, to the point that she became overworked, developing ulcers. She contemplated quitting acting and switching to study law. Streep played a variety of roles on stage, from Helena in A Midsummer Night's Dream to an 80-year-old woman in a wheelchair in a comedy written by then-unknown playwrights Christopher Durang and Albert Innaurato. She was a student of choreographer Carmen de Lavallade, whom she introduced at the 2017 Kennedy Center Honors. Another one of her teachers was Robert Lewis, one of the co-founders of the Actors Studio. Streep disapproved of some of the acting exercises she was asked to do, remarking that the professors \"delved into personal lives in a way I find obnoxious\". She received her MFA from Yale in 1975. Streep also enrolled as a visiting student at Dartmouth College in the fall of 1970, and received an Honorary Doctor of Arts degree from the college in 1981." }, "Discount store-1": { "title": "Discount store", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A discount store or discount shop is a retail shop which sells products at prices that are lower than the typical market price." }, "King Kong (2005 film)-28": { "title": "King Kong (2005 film)", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "Box office" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "In North America, King Kong grossed $9,755,745 during its Wednesday opening and $50,130,145 over its first weekend for a five-day total of $66.1 million. Some analysts considered these initial numbers disappointing, saying that studio executives had been expecting more. The film went on to gross $218,080,025 in the North American market and ended up in the top five highest grossing films of the year there. The film grossed an additional $344,283,424 at the box office in other regions for a worldwide total of $562,363,449, which not only ranked it in the top five highest-grossing films of 2005 worldwide, but also helped the film bring back more than two and a half times its production budget." }, "Minotaur-7": { "title": "Minotaur", "section": "Creation and appearance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The Minotaur is commonly represented in Classical art with the body of a man and the head and tail of a bull. According to Sophocles' Trachiniai, when the river spirit Achelous seduced Deianira, one of the guises he assumed was a man with the head of a bull." }, "Dem Bones-3": { "title": "Dem Bones", "section": "Artists", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The neck bone (dis)connected from the head bone \u2026 etc\u2026 Fred Waring and his Pennsylvanians recorded the song on 30 April 1947 and released it on the 78 rpm record Decca 23948.. The Delta Rhythm Boys recorded it in 1950 under the name \"Dry Bones\"." }, "July 2009 lunar eclipse-6": { "title": "July 2009 lunar eclipse", "section": "Related lunar eclipses", "headers": [ "Lunar year (354 days)" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "An annular solar eclipse on January 26. A penumbral lunar eclipse on February 9. A penumbral lunar eclipse on July 7. A total solar eclipse on July 22. A penumbral lunar eclipse on August 6. A partial lunar eclipse on December 31. This eclipse is one of five lunar eclipses in a short-lived series. The lunar year series repeats after 12 lunations or 354 days (Shifting back about 10 days in sequential years). Because of the date shift, the Earth's shadow will be about 11 degrees west in sequential events." }, "Serfdom-5": { "title": "Serfdom", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "According to medievalist historian Joseph R. Strayer, the concept of feudalism can also be applied to the societies of ancient Persia, ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt (Sixth to Twelfth dynasty), Islamic-ruled Northern and Central India, China (Zhou dynasty and end of Han dynasty) and Japan during the Shogunate. However, Wu Ta-k'un argued that the Shang-Zhou fengjian were kinship estates, quite distinct from feudalism. James Lee and Cameron Campbell describe the Chinese Qing dynasty (1644\u20131912) as also maintaining a form of serfdom." }, "Dog-42": { "title": "Dog", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "Competitors and predators" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Although dogs are the most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, the potential of feral and free-ranging dogs to compete with other large carnivores is limited by their strong association with humans. For example, a review of the studies in the competitive effects of dogs on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves. Although wolves are known to kill dogs, they tend to live in pairs or in small packs in areas where they are highly persecuted, giving them a disadvantage facing large dog groups." }, "Oven-6": { "title": "Oven", "section": "Cooking", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Double oven: a built-in oven fixture that has either two ovens, or one oven and one microwave oven. It is usually built into the kitchen cabinet. Earth oven: An earth oven is a pit dug into the ground and then heated, usually by rocks or smoldering debris. Historically these have been used by many cultures for cooking. Cooking times are usually long, and the process is usually cooking by slow roasting the food. Earth ovens are among the most common things archaeologists look for at an anthropological dig, as they are one of the key indicators of human civilization and static society. Ceramic oven: The ceramic oven is an oven constructed of clay or any other ceramic material and takes different forms depending on the culture. The Indians refer to it as a tandoor, and use it for cooking. They can be dated back as far as 3,000 BC, and they have been argued to have their origins in the Indus Valley. Brick ovens are also another ceramic type oven. A culture most notable for the use of brick ovens is Italy and its intimate history with pizza. However, its history also dates further back to Roman times, wherein the brick oven was used not only for commercial use but household use as well. Gas oven: One of the first recorded uses of a gas stove and oven referenced a dinner party in 1802 hosted by Zachaus Winzler, where all the food was prepared either on a gas stove or in its oven compartment. In 1834, British inventor James Sharp began to commercially produce gas ovens after installing one in his own house. In 1851, the Bower's Registered Gas Stove was displayed at the Great Exhibition. This stove would set the standard and basis for the modern gas oven. Notable improvements to the gas stove since include the addition of the thermostat which assisted in temperature regulation; also an enamel coating was added to the production of gas stoves and ovens in order to help with easier cleaning. Masonry oven: Masonry ovens consist of a baking chamber made of fireproof brick, concrete, stone, or clay. Though traditionally wood-fired, coal-fired ovens were common in the 19th century. Modern masonry ovens are often fired with natural gas or even electricity, and are closely associated with artisanal bread and pizza. In the past, however, they were also used for any cooking task that required baking. Microwave oven: An oven that cooks food using microwave radiation rather than infrared radiation (typically a fire source). Conceptualized in 1946, Dr. Percy Spencer allegedly discovered the heating properties of microwaves while studying the magnetron. By 1947, the first commercial microwave was in use in Boston, Mass. Toaster oven: Toaster ovens are small electric ovens with a front door, wire rack and removable baking pan. To toast bread with a toaster oven, slices of bread are placed horizontally on the rack. When the toast is done, the toaster turns off, but in most cases the door must be opened manually. Most toaster ovens are significantly larger than toasters, but are capable of performing most of the functions of electric ovens, albeit on a much smaller scale. Wall oven: Wall ovens make it easier to work with large roasting pans and Dutch ovens. A width is typically 24, 27, or 30 inches. Mounted at waist or eye level, a wall oven eliminates bending. However, it can be nested under a countertop to save space. A separate wall oven is expensive compared with a range. Deck oven Rotary oven Steam oven Convection oven Tunnel oven A ceramic oven Stove bench in a German farm's living room A wood-fired pizza oven, a type of masonry oven A microwave oven A toaster oven Traditional clay stove from Serbia (Ethnographic Museum, Belgrade) In cooking, the conventional oven is a kitchen appliance used for roasting and heating. Foods normally cooked in this manner include meat, casseroles and baked goods such as bread, cake and other desserts. In modern times, the oven is used to cook and heat food in many households across the globe." }, "Antiziganism-1": { "title": "Antiziganism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Antiziganism (also antigypsyism, anti-Romanyism, Romaphobia, or anti-Romani sentiment) is hostility, prejudice, discrimination or racism which is specifically directed at Romani people (Roma, Sinti, Iberian Kale, Welsh Kale, Finnish Kale and Romanichal). Non-Romani itinerant groups in Europe such as the Yenish and Irish and Scottish Travellers are often given the misnomer \"gypsy\" and confused with the Romani people. As a result, sentiments which were originally directed at the Romani people are also directed at other traveler groups and they are often referred to as \"antigypsy\" sentiments." }, "Kimchi-31": { "title": "Kimchi", "section": "Varieties", "headers": [ "Season" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Autumn Baechu kimchi is prepared by inserting blended stuffing materials, called sok (literally inside), between layers of salted leaves of uncut, whole Napa cabbage. The ingredients of sok (\uc18d) can vary, depending on the different regions and weather conditions. Generally, baechu kimchi used to have a strong salty flavor until the late 1960s, before which a large amount of myeolchijeot or saeujeot had been used." }, "Latin honors-1": { "title": "Latin honors", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Latin honors are Latin phrases used in some colleges and universities to indicate the level of distinction with which an academic degree has been earned. This system is primarily used in the United States and Canada. It is also used in some Southeastern Asian countries with European colonial history, such as Indonesia and the Philippines, although sometimes translations of these phrases are used instead of the Latin originals. The honors distinction should not be confused with the honors degrees offered in some countries, or with honorary degrees." }, "Actuary-4": { "title": "Actuary", "section": "Responsibilities", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Actuaries use skills primarily in mathematics, particularly calculus-based probability and mathematical statistics, but also economics, computer science, finance, and business. For this reason, actuaries are essential to the insurance and reinsurance industries, either as staff employees or as consultants; to other businesses, including sponsors of pension plans; and to government agencies such as the Government Actuary's Department in the United Kingdom or the Social Security Administration in the United States of America. Actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge, actuaries help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner that will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015, Government Actuary's Department 2015)." }, "Australia-14": { "title": "Australia", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Colonial expansion" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "In 1813, Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth crossed the Blue Mountains, west of Sydney, opening the interior to European settlement. In 1824, Hamilton Hume and former Royal Navy Captain William Hovell led an expedition to find new grazing land in the south of the colony, and also to find an answer to the question of where New South Wales' western rivers flowed. In 1826, the British claim was extended to the whole Australian continent when Major Edmund Lockyer established a settlement on King George Sound (modern-day Albany). By 1850, Anglo-Europeans still had not entered large areas of the inland. Explorers remained ambitious to discover new lands for agriculture or answers to scientific enquiries." }, "Tyson Fury-1": { "title": "Tyson Fury", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tyson Luke Fury (born 12 August 1988) is a British professional boxer. He is a two-time heavyweight world champion, having held the WBC, The Ring magazine and lineal titles since defeating Deontay Wilder in February 2020; previously he held the unified WBA (Super), IBF, WBO, IBO, The Ring, and lineal titles after defeating Wladimir Klitschko in 2015. With his defeat of Wilder, Fury became the third heavyweight, after Floyd Patterson and Muhammad Ali, to hold The Ring magazine title twice, and the first heavyweight in history to have held the WBA (Super), WBC, IBF, WBO, and The Ring magazine titles. As of April 2020, he is ranked as the world's best active heavyweight by ESPN, the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board (TBRB), and BoxRec, as well as the second-best active boxer, pound for pound, by BoxRec, sixth by the TBRB, and seventh by ESPN." }, "Chick-fil-A-2": { "title": "Chick-fil-A", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Many of the company's values are influenced by the religious beliefs of its late founder, S. Truett Cathy, a devout Southern Baptist. All Chick-fil-A restaurants are closed for business on Sundays, as well as on Thanksgiving and Christmas. The company's stance in opposition to same-sex marriage has been the subject of public controversy." }, "Climate of Hawaii-11": { "title": "Climate of Hawaii", "section": "Precipitation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Hawaii differs from many tropical locations with pronounced wet and dry seasons, in that the wet season coincides with the winter months (rather than the summer months more typical of other places in the tropics). For instance, Honolulu's K\u00f6ppen climate classification is the rare As wet-winter subcategory of the Tropical wet and dry climate type." }, "Helen Palmer (author)-5": { "title": "Helen Palmer (author)", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "Post-war success" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "For about a decade following World War II, Ted worked to feed a booming children's book market, creating a bevy of books. During this period, he relied heavily on the encouragement and editorial input of Helen. In fact, throughout much of his career, he relied on her support." }, "Al Capone-3": { "title": "Al Capone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Capone apparently reveled in attention, such as the cheers from spectators when he appeared at ball games. He made donations to various charities and was viewed by many as \"modern-day Robin Hood\". However, the Saint Valentine's Day Massacre, in which seven gang rivals were murdered in broad daylight, damaged the public images of Chicago and Capone, leading influential citizens to demand government action and newspapers to dub Capone \"Public Enemy No. 1\"." }, "Italian Renaissance-1": { "title": "Italian Renaissance", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Italian Renaissance (Italian: Rinascimento [rina\u0283\u0283i\u02c8mento]) was a period in Italian history that covered the 15th (Quattrocento) and 16th (Cinquecento) centuries, spreading across Europe and marking the transition from the Middle Ages to Modernity. Proponents of a \"long Renaissance\" argue that it began in the 14th century (Trecento) and lasted until the 17th century (Seicento). The French word renaissance (rinascimento in Italian) means \"rebirth\" and defines the period as one of cultural revival and renewed interest in classical antiquity after the centuries labeled the Dark Ages by Renaissance humanists. The Renaissance author Giorgio Vasari used the term \"Rebirth\" in his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects in 1550 but the concept became widespread only in the 19th century, after the works of scholars such as Jules Michelet and Jacob Burckhardt." }, "Stephen Sauvestre-1": { "title": "Stephen Sauvestre", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Charles L\u00e9on Stephen Sauvestre (26 December 1847 - 18 June 1919) was a French architect. He is notable for being one of the architects contributing to the design of the world-famous Eiffel Tower, built for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris, France." }, "Parsley-3": { "title": "Parsley", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Parsley is widely used in European, Middle Eastern, and American cuisine. Curly leaf parsley is often used as a garnish. In central Europe, eastern Europe, and southern Europe, as well as in western Asia, many dishes are served with fresh green chopped parsley sprinkled on top. Flat leaf parsley is similar, but it is easier to cultivate, and some say it has a stronger flavor. Root parsley is very common in central, eastern, and southern European cuisines, where it is used as a snack or a vegetable in many soups, stews, and casseroles." }, "Iyer-35": { "title": "Iyer", "section": "Culture", "headers": [ "Housing" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "In ancient times, Iyers, along with Iyengars and other Tamil Brahmins, lived in exclusive Brahmin quarters of their village known as an agrah\u0101ram. Shiva and Vishnu temples were usually situated at the ends of an agrah\u0101ram. In most cases, there would also be a fast-flowing stream or river nearby." }, "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland-3": { "title": "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "\"All in the golden afternoon...\"" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland was published in 1865, three years after Charles Lutwidge Dodgson and the Reverend Robinson Duckworth, on 4 July, rowed up the Isis river in a boat with three young girls\u2014a day known as the \"golden afternoon,\" prefaced in the novel as a poem. The poem might be a confusion or even another Alice-tale, for it turns out that particular day was cool, cloudy and rainy. The three girls would be the daughters of scholar Henry Liddell: Lorina Charlotte Liddell (aged 13; \"Prima\" in the book's prefatory verse); Alice Pleasance Liddell (aged 10; \"Secunda\" in the verse); and Edith Mary Liddell (aged 8; \"Tertia\" in the verse)." }, "The Birth of Venus-1": { "title": "The Birth of Venus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Birth of Venus (Italian: Nascita di Venere [\u02c8na\u0283\u0283ita di \u02c8v\u025b\u02d0nere]) is a painting by the Italian artist Sandro Botticelli, probably made in the mid 1480s. It depicts the goddess Venus arriving at the shore after her birth, when she had emerged from the sea fully-grown (called Venus Anadyomene and often depicted in art). The painting is in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy." }, "Tropicana Field-31": { "title": "Tropicana Field", "section": "Features", "headers": [ "Dining and amenities" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Currently, the top \u2153 of the upper deck seating is tarped over, artificially reducing the stadium's capacity to 36,048 for the 2008 regular season. It was further reduced to 35,041 for the 2008 postseason since the tbt* Party Deck has been reserved by Major League Baseball as an auxiliary press area. On October 14, 2008, the Rays announced that the upper deck tarps would be removed for the remainder of the postseason, starting with a Game 6 of the 2008 American League Championship Series. This increased the capacity of the stadium to nearly 41,000, depending on standing-room-only tickets sold." }, "American Dad!-14": { "title": "American Dad!", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Development of a specific identity" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "In American Dad!'s initial seasons MacFarlane was described as focusing more attention on his coexisting obligation of Family Guy. This was to the extent that American Dad! was completely secondary to him, and he did not understand the show. Because he was not getting the show at the time, he was described as \"just going along for the ride\". Likewise, the rest of the show's creators Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman were also trying to figure out the show and where it was going." }, "Nail (fastener)-1": { "title": "Nail (fastener)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In woodworking and construction, a nail is a small object made of metal (or wood, called a tree nail or \"trunnel\") which is used as a fastener, as a peg to hang something, or sometimes as a decoration. Generally, nails have a sharp point on one end and a flattened head on the other, but headless nails are available. Nails are made in a great variety of forms for specialized purposes. The most common is a wire nail. Other types of nails include pins, tacks, brads, spikes, and cleats." }, "Al Pacino-22": { "title": "Al Pacino", "section": "Film career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Pacino found acting enjoyable and realized he had a gift for it while studying at The Actors Studio. However, his early work was not financially rewarding. After his success on stage, Pacino made his film debut in 1969 with a brief appearance in Me, Natalie, an independent film starring Patty Duke. In 1970, Pacino signed with the talent agency Creative Management Associates (CMA)." }, "Hippie-13": { "title": "Hippie", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Origins" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Along with the New Left and the Civil Rights Movement, the hippie movement was one of three dissenting groups of the 1960s counterculture. Hippies rejected established institutions, criticized middle class values, opposed nuclear weapons and the Vietnam War, embraced aspects of Eastern philosophy, championed sexual liberation, were often vegetarian and eco-friendly, promoted the use of psychedelic drugs which they believed expanded one's consciousness, and created intentional communities or communes. They used alternative arts, street theatre, folk music, and psychedelic rock as a part of their lifestyle and as a way of expressing their feelings, their protests and their vision of the world and life. Hippies opposed political and social orthodoxy, choosing a gentle and nondoctrinaire ideology that favored peace, love and personal freedom, expressed for example in The Beatles' song \"All You Need is Love\". Hippies perceived the dominant culture as a corrupt, monolithic entity that exercised undue power over their lives, calling this culture \"The Establishment\", \"Big Brother\", or \"The Man\". Noting that they were \"seekers of meaning and value\", scholars like Timothy Miller have described hippies as a new religious movement." }, "Peanut butter-1": { "title": "Peanut butter", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Peanut butter is a food paste or spread made from ground, dry-roasted peanuts. It often contains additional ingredients that modify the taste or texture, such as salt, sweeteners, or emulsifiers. Peanut butter is popular in many countries. The United States is a leading exporter of peanut butter and itself consumes $800 million of peanut butter annually." }, "Microplastics-12": { "title": "Microplastics", "section": "Classification", "headers": [ "Nanoplastics" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Nanoplastics are thought to be a risk to environmental and human health. Due to their small size, nanoplastics can cross cellular membranes and affect the functioning of cells. Nanoplastics are lipophilic and models show that polyethylene nanoplastics can be incorporated into the hydrophobic core of lipid bilayers. Nanoplastics are also shown to cross the epithelial membrane of fish accumulating in various organs including the gall bladder, pancreas, and the brain. Little is known on adverse health effects of nanoplastics in organisms including humans. In zebrafish, polystyrene nanoplastics can induce a stress response pathway altering glucose and cortisol levels, which is potentially tied to behavioral changes in stress phases." }, "The Lion King (musical)-1": { "title": "The Lion King (musical)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Lion King is a musical based on the 1994 Walt Disney Animation Studios' animated feature film of the same name with music by Elton John, lyrics by Tim Rice, and book by Roger Allers and Irene Mecchi, along with additional music and lyrics by Lebo M, Mark Mancina, Jay Rifkin, Julie Taymor, and Hans Zimmer. Directed by Taymor, the musical features actors in animal costumes as well as giant, hollow puppets. The show is produced by Disney Theatrical Productions." }, "Porsche Panamera-19": { "title": "Porsche Panamera", "section": "First generation (970 Chassis G1; 2010\u20132016)", "headers": [ "Special editions" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "In March 2015, Porsche announced that they were releasing a new special edition Panamera called the \"Panamera Edition\". The car is based on the base Panamera and includes high-gloss black trim strips outline the windows,19-inch Panamera Turbo wheels with coloured centre caps, the sills were inscribed with the word \"Edition,\" and body-coloured door handles were an additional add on when the customer chose the Porsche Entry & Drive option. The Panamera Edition cost US$80,000." }, "Marshall Applewhite-20": { "title": "Marshall Applewhite", "section": "Nomadic lifestyle", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Applewhite and Nettles feared that they would be assassinated, and taught their followers that their deaths would be similar to those of the two witnesses of the Book of Revelation. Balch and Taylor believe that Applewhite's prison experience and early rejection by audiences contributed to this fear. Applewhite and Nettles later explained to their followers that the former's treatment by the press was a form of assassination and had fulfilled their prophecy. Applewhite took a materialistic view of the Bible, seeing it as a record of extraterrestrial contact with humanity. He drew heavily from the Book of Revelation, although he avoided traditional theological terminology and took a somewhat negative tone towards Christianity. He only lectured about a small number of verses and never tried to develop a system of theology." }, "Space Shuttle Columbia-1": { "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Space Shuttle Columbia (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-102) was the first space-rated orbiter in NASA's Space Shuttle fleet. It launched for the first time on mission STS-1 on April 12, 1981, the first flight of the Space Shuttle program. Serving for over 22 years, it completed 27 missions before disintegrating during re-entry near the end of its 28th mission, STS-107 on February 1, 2003, resulting in the deaths of all seven crew members." }, "Neon lamp-25": { "title": "Neon lamp", "section": "Color", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Neon indicator lamps are normally orange, and are frequently used with a colored filter over them to improve contrast and change their color to red or a redder orange, or less often green." }, "Nylon-21": { "title": "Nylon", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Early marketing strategies" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "DuPont changed its campaign strategy, emphasizing that nylon was made from \"coal, air and water\", and started focusing on the personal and aesthetic aspects of nylon, rather than its intrinsic qualities. Nylon was thus domesticated, and attention shifted to the material and consumer aspect of the fiber with slogans like \"If it's nylon, it's prettier, and oh! How fast it dries!\"." }, "Spaghetti-2": { "title": "Spaghetti", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Originally, spaghetti was notably long, but shorter lengths gained in popularity during the latter half of the 20th century and now it is most commonly available in 25\u201330\u00a0cm (10\u201312\u00a0in) lengths. A variety of pasta dishes are based on it and it is frequently served with tomato sauce or meat or vegetables." }, "Americans-34": { "title": "Americans", "section": "Language", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "English is the de facto national language. Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws\u2014such as U.S. naturalization requirements\u2014standardize English. In 2007, about 226 million, or 80% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. Spanish, spoken by 12% of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language. Some Americans advocate making English the country's official language, as it is in at least twenty-eight states. Both English and Hawaiian are official languages in Hawaii by state law." }, "Sodium hypochlorite-46": { "title": "Sodium hypochlorite", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Bleaching" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "Household bleach is, in general, a solution containing 3\u20138% sodium hypochlorite, by weight, and 0.01\u20130.05% sodium hydroxide; the sodium hydroxide is used to slow the decomposition of sodium hypochlorite into sodium chloride and sodium chlorate." }, "Seasons of Love-1": { "title": "Seasons of Love", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Seasons of Love\" is a song from the 1996 Broadway musical Rent, written and composed by Jonathan Larson. The song starts with an ostinato piano motif, which provides the harmonic framework for the cast to sing \"Five hundred twenty-five thousand, six hundred minutes\" (the number of minutes in a common year [60 minutes \u00d7 24 hours \u00d7 365 days]). The main instruments used throughout the song are piano, vocals, guitar, organ, bass and drums." }, "Green Eggs and Ham-5": { "title": "Green Eggs and Ham", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Green Eggs and Ham is one of Seuss's \"Beginner Books\", written with very simple vocabulary for beginning readers. The vocabulary of the text consists of just 50 words and was the result of a bet between Seuss and Bennett Cerf, Dr. Seuss's publisher, that Seuss (after completing The Cat in the Hat using 236 words) could not complete an entire book without exceeding that limit. The 50 words are: a, am, and, anywhere, are, be, boat, box, car, could, dark, do, eat, eggs, fox, goat, good, green, ham, here, house, I, if, in, let, like, may, me, mouse, not, on, or, rain, Sam, say, see, so, thank, that, the, them, there, they, train, tree, try, will, with, would, you." }, "Diary-19": { "title": "Diary", "section": "Published diaries", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "A strong psychological effect may arise from having an audience for one's self-expression, even if this is the book one writes in, only read by oneself \u2013 particularly in adversity. Anne Frank went so far as to address her diary as \"Kitty.\" Friedrich Kellner, a court official in Nazi Germany, thought of his diary as a weapon for any future fight against tyrants and terrorism, and named it \"Mein Widerstand,\" My Opposition. Victor Klemperer was similarly concerned with recording for the future the tyrannies and hypocrisies of Nazi Germany and of its East German successor state in his diaries. In none of these cases, however, did the authors anticipate early \u2013 or indeed any \u2013 publication." }, "Tropical cyclone-86": { "title": "Tropical cyclone", "section": "Notable tropical cyclones", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 86, "content": "The smallest storm on record, Tropical Storm Marco, formed during October 2008 and made landfall in Veracruz. Marco generated tropical storm-force winds only 37 kilometres (23\u00a0mi) in diameter. Hurricane John is the longest-lasting tropical cyclone on record, lasting 31\u00a0days in 1994. Before the advent of satellite imagery in 1961, however, many tropical cyclones were underestimated in their durations. John is also the longest-tracked tropical cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere on record, with a path of 8,250\u00a0mi (13,280\u00a0km). Cyclone Rewa of the 1993\u201394 South Pacific and Australian region cyclone seasons had one of the longest tracks observed within the Southern Hemisphere, traveling a distance of over 5,545\u00a0mi (8,920\u00a0km) during December 1993 and January 1994." }, "Nazareth-1": { "title": "Nazareth", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Nazareth (/\u02c8n\u00e6z\u0259r\u0259\u03b8/; Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0635\u0650\u0631\u064e\u0629\u200e, an-N\u0101\u1e63ira; Hebrew: \u05e0\u05b8\u05e6\u05b0\u05e8\u05b7\u05ea, Natzrat; Aramaic: \u0722\u0728\u072a\u072c\u200e, Na\u1e63rath) is the largest city in the Northern District of Israel. Nazareth is known as \"the Arab capital of Israel\". In 2018 its population was 77,064. The inhabitants are predominantly Arab citizens of Israel, of whom 69% are Muslim and 30.9% Christian. Nof HaGalil (formerly Nazareth Illit (lit. \"Upper Nazareth\"), declared a separate city in June 1974, is built alongside old Nazareth, and had a Jewish population of 40,312 in 2014." }, "Southwest Chief-1": { "title": "Southwest Chief", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Southwest Chief (formerly the Southwest Limited and Super Chief) is a passenger train operated by Amtrak on a 2,265-mile (3,645\u00a0km) route through the Midwestern and Southwestern United States. It runs between Chicago, Illinois and Los Angeles, California, passing through Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and California. Amtrak bills the route as one of its most scenic, with views of the Painted Desert and the Red Cliffs of Sedona, as well as the plains of Iowa, Kansas and Colorado. According to Amtrak, it affords views that are not possible while traveling along interstate highways." }, "Johann Sebastian Bach-34": { "title": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "Leipzig (1723\u20131750)", "Final years and death (1740\u20131750)" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "In January 1749, Bach's daughter Elisabeth Juliane Friederica married his pupil Johann Christoph Altnickol. Bach's health was, however, declining. On 2 June, Heinrich von Br\u00fchl wrote to one of the Leipzig burgomasters to request that his music director, Johann Gottlob Harrer, fill the Thomaskantor and Director musices posts \"upon the eventual\u00a0... decease of Mr. Bach\". Becoming blind, Bach underwent eye surgery, in March 1750 and again in April, by the British eye surgeon John Taylor, a man widely understood today as a charlatan and believed to have blinded hundreds of people. Bach died on 28 July 1750 from complications due to the unsuccessful treatment. An inventory drawn up a few months after Bach's death shows that his estate included five harpsichords, two lute-harpsichords, three violins, three violas, two cellos, a viola da gamba, a lute and a spinet, along with 52 \"sacred books\", including works by Martin Luther and Josephus. The composer's son Carl Philipp Emanuel saw to it that The Art of Fugue, although still unfinished, was published in 1751. Together with one of the composer's former students, Johann Friedrich Agricola, the son also wrote the obituary (\"Nekrolog\"), which was published in Mizler's Musikalische Bibliothek\u00a0[de], the organ of the Society of Musical Sciences, in 1754." }, "Lobster-14": { "title": "Lobster", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Symbiotic animals of the genus Symbion, the only member of the phylum Cycliophora, live exclusively on lobster gills and mouthparts. Different species of Symbion have been found on the three commercially important lobsters of the North Atlantic Ocean \u2013 Nephrops norvegicus, Homarus gammarus, and Homarus americanus." }, "Broom-1": { "title": "Broom", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Play media A broom is a cleaning tool consisting of usually stiff fibers (often made of materials such as plastic, hair, or corn husks) attached to, and roughly parallel to, a cylindrical handle, the broomstick. It is thus a variety of brush with a long handle. It is commonly used in combination with a dustpan." }, "Antiseptic-1": { "title": "Antiseptic", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Antiseptics (from Greek \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03af anti, \"against\" and \u03c3\u03b7\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 s\u0113ptikos, \"putrefactive\") are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction. Antiseptics are generally distinguished from antibiotics by the latter's ability to safely destroy bacteria within the body, and from disinfectants, which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects." }, "Rachel Carson-44": { "title": "Rachel Carson", "section": "Life and work", "headers": [ "Death" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "Weakened from breast cancer and her treatment regimen, Carson became ill with a respiratory virus in January 1964. Her condition worsened, and in February, doctors found that she had severe anemia from her radiation treatments and in March they discovered that the cancer had reached her liver. She died of a heart attack on April 14, 1964, in her home in Silver Spring, Maryland." }, "Unemployment in the United States-21": { "title": "Unemployment in the United States", "section": "Recent employment trends", "headers": [ "Effect of COVID-19 on increasing unemployment in 2020" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has had a deep impact on the rate of unemployment in the United States. The World Economic Forum predicts a possible rise in the unemployment rate to 20%, a figure unseen since the Great Depression. The United States Congress has passed laws to provide unemployment benefits, such as the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020, the Families First Coronavirus Response Act, and the CARES Act. On May 8, 2020, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that 20.5 million nonfarm jobs were lost and the unemployment rate rose to 14.7 percent in April." }, "Generalized anxiety disorder-20": { "title": "Generalized anxiety disorder", "section": "Prevention", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Foods high in omega-3 fatty acids including oily fish such as salmon and mackerel reduce the inflammatory response and thus increase serotonin availability." }, "Adam and Eve-2": { "title": "Adam and Eve", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In the Book of Genesis of the Hebrew Bible, chapters one through five, there are two creation narratives with two distinct perspectives. In the first, Adam and Eve are not named. Instead, God created humankind in God's image and instructed them to multiply and to be stewards over everything else that God had made. In the second narrative, God fashions Adam from dust and places him in the Garden of Eden. Adam is told that he can eat freely of all the trees in the garden, except for a tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Subsequently, Eve is created from one of Adam's ribs to be his companion. They are innocent and unembarrassed about their nakedness. However, a serpent deceives Eve into eating fruit from the forbidden tree, and she gives some of the fruit to Adam. These acts give them additional knowledge, but it gives them the ability to conjure negative and destructive concepts such as shame and evil. God later curses the serpent and the ground. God prophetically tells the woman and the man what will be the consequences of their sin of disobeying God. Then he banishes them from the Garden of Eden." }, "Suicide-7": { "title": "Suicide", "section": "Risk factors", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Factors that affect the risk of suicide include mental disorders, drug misuse, psychological states, cultural, family and social situations, genetics, and experiences of trauma or loss. Mental disorders and substance misuse frequently co-exist. Other risk factors include having previously attempted suicide, the ready availability of a means to take one's life, a family history of suicide, or the presence of traumatic brain injury. For example, suicide rates have been found to be greater in households with firearms than those without them." }, "Maple syrup-6": { "title": "Maple syrup", "section": "Sources", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "A few other (but not all) species of maple (Acer) are also sometimes used as sources of sap for producing maple syrup, including the box elder or Manitoba maple (Acer negundo), the silver maple (A. saccharinum), and the bigleaf maple (A. macrophyllum). Similar syrups may also be produced from walnut, birch or palm trees, among other sources." }, "Jesus in Islam-2": { "title": "Jesus in Islam", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "As in the Christian New Testament, the Quran (the central religious text of Islam) describes Jesus as the Messiah (al-Masih in Arabic), born of a virgin, performing miracles, accompanied by disciples, rejected by the Jewish establishment, and being raised to heaven. The Quran differs in denying Jesus was crucified or died on the cross, and especially in rejecting the divinity of Jesus as God incarnate, or the Son of God." }, "Hair coloring-11": { "title": "Hair coloring", "section": "Application techniques", "headers": [ "On-scalp" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Root touch-up, where color is applied only to the most recent section of re-growth (usually the first inch of hair nearest the scalp) Root touch-ups are repeated every 4\u20136 weeks as the natural color grows in and becomes apparent. People who color their hair to disguise gray often have these root touch-ups. All-over color, where the person wants all of their hair to be a different solid color Block coloring, where the person wants two or more colors applied to their hair, resulting in dimension and contrast All coloring techniques can be used with any type of color. For lightening, the hair sometimes has to be bleached before coloring." }, "Elijah-43": { "title": "Elijah", "section": "Elijah in Judaism", "headers": [ "Elijah's cup" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "In the Talmudic literature, Elijah would visit rabbis to help solve particularly difficult legal problems. Malachi had cited Elijah as the harbinger of the eschaton. Thus, when confronted with reconciling impossibly conflicting laws or rituals, the rabbis would set aside any decision \"until Elijah comes.\"" }, "Virginia General Assembly-1": { "title": "Virginia General Assembly", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Virginia General Assembly is the legislative body of the Commonwealth of Virginia, and the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World, established on July 30, 1619. The General Assembly is a bicameral body consisting of a lower house, the Virginia House of Delegates, with 100 members, and an upper house, the Senate of Virginia, with 40 members. Combined together, the General Assembly consists of 140 elected representatives from an equal number of constituent districts across the commonwealth. The House of Delegates is presided over by the Speaker of the House, while the Senate is presided over by the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. The House and Senate each elect a clerk and sergeant-at-arms. The Senate of Virginia's clerk is known as the \"Clerk of the Senate\" (instead of as the \"Secretary of the Senate\", the title used by the U.S. Senate)." }, "Eleventh grade-1": { "title": "Eleventh grade", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Eleventh grade, junior year, or grade 11 (called Year 12 in England) is the eleventh, and for some countries final, grade of secondary schools. Students are typically 16\u201317 years of age, depending on the country and the students' birthdays." }, "Spartina patens-2": { "title": "Spartina patens", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It is a hay-like grass found in the upper areas of brackish coastal salt marshes. It is a slender and wiry plant that grows in thick mats 30\u201360\u00a0cm high, green in spring and summer, and turns light brown in late fall and winter. The stems are wispy and hollow, and the leaves roll inward and appear round. Because its stems are weak, the wind and water action can bend the grass, creating the appearance of a field of tufts and cowlicks. Like its relative smooth cordgrass S. alterniflora, saltmeadow cordgrass produces flowers and seeds on only one side of the stalk. Flowers are a deep purple from June to October and turn brown in the winter months." }, "Petco-1": { "title": "Petco", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Petco Animal Supplies, Inc., or simply Petco, is an American pet retailer in the United States, with corporate offices in San Diego and San Antonio. Petco sells pet products and services, as well as certain types of live animals. Petco sells and holds fish, reptiles, small birds, hamsters, guinea pigs, and mice for adoption. Pet services include grooming and dog training. The company also owns the naming rights to the Petco Park baseball stadium, which is home of the San Diego Padres." }, "Jeff Buckley-3": { "title": "Jeff Buckley", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In 1997, Buckley moved to Memphis, Tennessee, to resume work on the album, to be titled My Sweetheart the Drunk, recording many four-track demos while also playing weekly solo shows at a local venue. On May 29, 1997, while awaiting the arrival of his band from New York, he drowned during a spontaneous evening swim, fully clothed, in the Mississippi River when he was caught in the wake of a passing boat; his body was found on June 4." }, "Missionaries of Charity-1": { "title": "Missionaries of Charity", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Missionaries of Charity (Latin: Missionariarum a Caritate) is a Catholic (Latin Church) religious congregation established in 1950 by Mother Teresa, now known in the Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta. In 2012 it consisted of over 4,500 religious sisters. Members of the order designate their affiliation using the order's initials, \"M.C.\" A member of the congregation must adhere to the vows of chastity, poverty, obedience, and the fourth vow, to give \"wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor.\" Today, the order consists of both contemplative and active branches in several countries." }, "Brazilian Navy-62": { "title": "Brazilian Navy", "section": "Brazilian Navy today", "headers": [ "Ships and submarines" ], "para_index": 62, "content": "The Brazilian Navy stated in 2018 that they had purchased the helicopter carrier ship HMS\u00a0Ocean from their British counterparts. Rechristened as PHM Atl\u00e2ntico, this multi-purpose helicopter carrier is presently the flagship of Brazilian Navy." }, "Iowa Assessments-2": { "title": "Iowa Assessments", "section": "Content", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "needs update] ITBS are written in levels 5-14. Each test level consists of a series of tests administered in content sections with each section designed to measure specific skills. Test levels 5-8 are administered to students from kindergarten through second grade (K-2). School districts employ the series of tests in primary grades to gain information about classes and students for instructional planning, to supplement teacher observations regarding student abilities, and to establish a basis for subsequent annual evaluation of student progress. Sections for levels 5-8 include: Vocabulary, Word Analysis, Reading Comprehension, Listening, Language, Mathematics, Social Studies (Levels 7 and 8 only), Science (Levels 7 and 8 only), and Sources of Information." }, "Rabies-33": { "title": "Rabies", "section": "Treatment", "headers": [ "After onset" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "A treatment known as the Milwaukee protocol, which involves putting a person into a chemically induced coma and using antiviral medications, has been proposed but subsequently found not to be useful. It initially came into use in 2003, following Jeanna Giese, a teenager from Wisconsin, becoming the first person known to have survived rabies without preventive treatments before symptom onset. She, however, already had antibodies against rabies when she initially arrived at hospital. While this treatment has been tried multiple times more, there have been no further cases of survival. The protocol has since been assessed as an ineffective treatment with concerns related to the costs and ethics of its use." }, "Jane Austen-11": { "title": "Jane Austen", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "Steventon" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "In 1768, the family finally took up residence in Steventon. Henry was the first child to be born there, in 1771. At about this time Cassandra could no longer ignore the signs that little George was developmentally disabled. He was subject to seizures, may have been deaf and mute, and she chose to send him out to be fostered. In 1773, Cassandra was born, followed by Francis in 1774, and Jane in 1775." }, "African elephant-26": { "title": "African elephant", "section": "Behavior and ecology", "headers": [ "Reproduction" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "African elephants are at their most fertile between the ages of 25 and 45. Calves are born after a gestation period of up to nearly two years. The calves are cared for by their mother and other young females in the group, known as allomothering." }, "Dynamite-1": { "title": "Dynamite", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dynamite is an explosive made of nitroglycerin, sorbents (such as powdered shells or clay) and stabilizers. It was invented by the Swedish chemist and engineer Alfred Nobel in Geesthacht, Northern Germany and patented in 1867. It rapidly gained wide-scale use as a more powerful alternative to black powder." }, "Giant panda-13": { "title": "Giant panda", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "The giant panda has a body shape typical of bears. It has black fur on its ears, eye patches, muzzle, legs, arms and shoulders. The rest of the animal's coat is white. Although scientists do not know why these unusual bears are black and white, speculation suggests that the bold colouring provides effective camouflage in their shade-dappled snowy and rocky habitat. The giant panda's thick, wooly coat keeps it warm in the cool forests of its habitat. The panda's skull shape is typical of durophagous carnivorans. It has evolved from previous ancestors to exhibit larger molars with increased complexity and expanded temporal fossa. A 110.45\u00a0kg (243.5\u00a0lb) giant panda has a 3D canine teeth bite force of 2603.47 newtons and bite force quotient of 292.[citation needed] Another study had a 117.5\u00a0kg (259\u00a0lb) giant panda bite of 1298.9 newtons (BFQ 151.4) at canine teeth and 1815.9 newtons (BFQ 141.8) at carnassial teeth." }, "The Crimean Sonnets-1": { "title": "The Crimean Sonnets", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Crimean Sonnets (Sonety krymskie) are a series of 18 Polish sonnets by Adam Mickiewicz, constituting an artistic telling of a journey through the Crimea. They were published in 1826, together with a cycle of love poems called the \"Odessan Sonnets\" (Sonety Odeskie), in a collection called \"Sonnets\" (Sonety)." }, "Mount Fuji-1": { "title": "Mount Fuji", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mount Fuji (\u5bcc\u58eb\u5c71, Fujisan, IPA:\u00a0[\u0278\u026f\ua71c(d)\u0291isa\u0274] (listen)), located on the island of Honsh\u016b, is the highest mountain in Japan, standing 3,776.24 metres (12,389.2\u00a0ft). It is also the second-highest volcano located on an island in Asia (after Mount Kerinci on the island of Sumatra), and seventh-highest peak of an island on Earth. Mount Fuji is an active stratovolcano that last erupted from 1707\u20131708. The mountain stands about 100 kilometres (62\u00a0mi) south-west of Tokyo, and can be seen from there on clear days. Mount Fuji's exceptionally symmetrical cone, which is snow-capped for about 5 months a year, is commonly used as a cultural icon of Japan and it is frequently depicted in many arts and photographs, as well as visited by sightseers and climbers." }, "Euro coins-27": { "title": "Euro coins", "section": "Design", "headers": [ "Security features" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Euro coins have high-security machine-readable features. Sophisticated bi-metal and sandwich technologies have been put into the \u20ac1 and \u20ac2 coins. The 10c, 20c and 50c coins are made of Nordic gold, which is a unique alloy, difficult to melt and used exclusively for coins. The lettering on the edge of the \u20ac2 coin also protects it from counterfeiting." }, "Torah-1": { "title": "Torah", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Torah (/\u02c8t\u0254\u02d0r\u0259, \u02c8to\u028ar\u0259/; Hebrew: \u05ea\u05bc\u05d5\u05b9\u05e8\u05b8\u05d4, \"Instruction\", \"Teaching\" or \"Law\") has a range of meanings. It can most specifically mean the first five books (Pentateuch or five books of Moses) of the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible. This is commonly known as the Written Torah. It can also mean the continued narrative from all the 24 books, from the Book of Genesis to the end of the Tanakh (Chronicles), and it can even mean the totality of Jewish teaching, culture, and practice, whether derived from biblical texts or later rabbinic writings. This is often known as the Oral Torah. Common to all these meanings, Torah consists of the origin of Jewish peoplehood: their call into being by God, their trials and tribulations, and their covenant with their God, which involves following a way of life embodied in a set of moral and religious obligations and civil" }, "Grief-1": { "title": "Grief", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Grief is the response to loss, particularly to the loss of someone or something that has died, to which a bond or affection was formed. Although conventionally focused on the emotional response to loss, it also has physical, cognitive, behavioral, social, cultural, spiritual and philosophical dimensions. While the terms are often used interchangeably, bereavement refers to the state of loss, and grief is the reaction to that loss." }, "Education in the United States-47": { "title": "Education in the United States", "section": "K\u201312 education", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "Most children begin elementary education with kindergarten (usually five to six years old) and finish secondary education with twelfth grade (usually 17\u201318 years old). In some cases, pupils may be promoted beyond the next regular grade. Parents may also choose to educate their own children at home; 1.7% of children are educated in this manner." }, "Phobos (mythology)-1": { "title": "Phobos (mythology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Phobos (Ancient Greek: \u03a6\u03cc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2, pronounced\u00a0[p\u02b0\u00f3bos], meaning \"fear\") is the personification of fear in Greek mythology. Phobos was the son of Ares and Aphrodite, but does not have a distinct role in mythology outside of being his father's attendant." }, "Facial hair-5": { "title": "Facial hair", "section": "On women", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Women typically have little hair on the face, apart from eyebrows and the vellus hair that covers most of the body. However, in some cases, women have noticeable facial hair growth, most commonly after menopause. Excessive hairiness (especially facially) is known as hirsutism and is usually an indication of atypical hormonal variation. Many women depilate facial hair that appears, as considerable social stigma is associated with facial hair on women, and freak shows and circuses have historically displayed bearded women. Many women globally choose to totally remove their facial hair by professional laser treatment." }, "Catholic Church-1": { "title": "Catholic Church", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Catholic Church, sometimes referred to as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with approximately 1.3\u00a0billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2018[update]. As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church is headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the pope. Its central administration is the Holy See." }, "Bed size-17": { "title": "Bed size", "section": "Europe", "headers": [ "Portugal" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Solteiro (single) 80\u00a0cm (31\u00a0in) or 90\u00a0cm (35\u00a0in) Casal (double) 140\u00a0cm (55\u00a0in) Queen size 160\u00a0cm (63\u00a0in) King size 180\u00a0cm (71\u00a0in) Super king size 200\u00a0cm (79\u00a0in) Beds are typically 190\u00a0cm (75\u00a0in) long, but 200\u00a0cm (79\u00a0in) are increasingly common." }, "Water-1": { "title": "Water", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Water is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of most living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. Its chemical formula is H2O, meaning that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. Water is the name of the liquid state of H2O at standard ambient temperature and pressure. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds are formed from suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor. Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea." }, "Nick Newell-2": { "title": "Nick Newell", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Newell was born with congenital amputation of his left arm, which ends just below his elbow. Newell has a very short yet muscular stump of his forearm which he learned from a young age to grasp objects with. Newell was born with his stump and therefore learnt to use it like a hand from birth. On joining his high school wrestling team, he thought about quitting after his very first session because it was 'the hardest thing I had done in my life, but his mother did not allow him to, and instead he worked hard from then on." }, "Buddhism-11": { "title": "Buddhism", "section": "Life of the Buddha", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Buddha's teachings were propagated by his followers, which in the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE became various Buddhist schools of thought, each with its own basket of texts containing different interpretations and authentic teachings of the Buddha; these over time evolved into many traditions of which the more well known and widespread in the modern era are Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism." }, "Goofy-4": { "title": "Goofy", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "According to Pinto Colvig, the original voice artist for the character, Goofy was inspired by a \"grinny, half-baked village nitwit\" from his hometown of Jacksonville, Oregon, and he had previously used his mannerisms for a stage character he created named \"The Oregon Appleknocker\". After a discussion with Walt Disney and director Wilfred Jackson, it was decided that this would be the basis for a new member of the expanding Mickey Mouse cast. Colvig would spend the next day in the recording studio acting out the new cartoon character in front of animator Tom Palmer. Based on Colvig's \"grotesque poses and expressions\", Palmer would sketch out what would become Goofy. Animator Art Babbit is credited for developing his character. In a 1930s lecture, Babbitt described the character as: \"Think of the Goof as a composite of an everlasting optimist, a gullible Good Samaritan, a half-wit, a shiftless, good-natured hick\"." }, "Bill Nye-1": { "title": "Bill Nye", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "William Sanford Nye (born November 27, 1955), popularly known as Bill Nye the Science Guy, is an American science communicator, television presenter, and mechanical engineer. He is best known as the host of the PBS and syndicated children's science show Bill Nye the Science Guy (1993\u20131998), the Netflix show Bill Nye Saves the World (2017\u20132018), and for his many subsequent appearances in popular media as a science educator." }, "World Scrabble Championship-4": { "title": "World Scrabble Championship", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The official dictionary, used in the majority of English-language Scrabble-playing countries and colloquially known as SOWPODS (an anagram of OSPD and OSW), was used until 2007. It is a combination of two dictionaries: OSPD (Official Scrabble Players Dictionary), published in the US, and OSW (Official Scrabble Words), published in the UK. Local tournaments used only their respective dictionary for the tournament, and each contains words chiefly used and spelled in US English and UK English. Since 2007, Collins supplies the only dictionary used in the WSC, Collins Scrabble Words, which is published in the UK. It was updated on 21\u00a0May, 2015 before later being approved by the World English-Language Scrabble Players Association (WESPA) for tournaments on 1\u00a0September." }, "Pancake-64": { "title": "Pancake", "section": "Regional varieties", "headers": [ "North America", "United States and Canada" ], "para_index": 64, "content": "The thick batter contains eggs, flour, milk, and a leavening agent such as baking powder. The batter can have ingredients such as buttermilk, blueberries, strawberries, bananas, apples, chocolate chips, cheese, or sugar added. Spices such as cinnamon, vanilla and nutmeg can also be used. Yogurt may be used to give the pancakes a relatively moist consistency. Pancakes may be \u2153 inch (1\u00a0cm) thick and about 4 inches (10\u00a0cm) in diameter." }, "Greyhound Lines-83": { "title": "Greyhound Lines", "section": "Stations and stops", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 83, "content": "Greyhound serves over 2,700 destinations across America. There are 230 Greyhound operated stations in most major cities, where passengers can catch a bus and buy tickets. All stations have Greyhound branding and are staffed by company representatives. Some stations stand alone, while others are a part of larger transportation centers with a Greyhound ticket counter and waiting area." }, "Trent Reznor-29": { "title": "Trent Reznor", "section": "Music career", "headers": [ "As an independent artist", "Film composition" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "Reznor produced the soundtrack for David Lynch's 1997 film Lost Highway. He produced two pieces of the film's score, \"Driver Down\" and \"Videodrones; Questions\", with Peter Christopherson. He tried to get Coil onto the soundtrack, but couldn't convince Lynch. Nine Inch Nails also recorded a new song, \"The Perfect Drug\" for the soundtrack. The release spawned its release as a single, the music video for which was also directed by Mark Romanek." }, "Ninety-five Theses-1": { "title": "Ninety-five Theses", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences is a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany. They advance Luther's positions against what he saw as the abuse of the practice of clergy selling plenary indulgences, which were certificates believed to reduce the temporal punishment in purgatory for sins committed by the purchasers or their loved ones. In the Theses, Luther claimed that the repentance required by Christ in order for sins to be forgiven involves inner spiritual repentance rather than merely external sacramental confession. He argued that indulgences led Christians to avoid true repentance and sorrow for sin, believing that they could forgo it by purchasing an indulgence. These indulgences, according to Luther, discouraged Christians from giving to the poor and performing other acts of mercy, believing that indulgence certificates were more spiritually valuable. Though Luther claimed that his positions on indulgences accorded with those of the Pope, the Theses challenge a 14th-century papal bull stating that the pope could use the treasury of merit and the good deeds of past saints to forgive temporal punishment for sins. The Theses are framed as propositions to be argued in debate rather than necessarily representing Luther's opinions, but Luther later clarified his views in the Explanations of the Disputation Concerning the Value of Indulgences." }, "Popeye the Sailor (film)-4": { "title": "Popeye the Sailor (film)", "section": "Summary", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Bluto then abducts Olive Oyl and ties her to a railroad track, using the track itself as \"ropes\", in order to cause a train wreck to kill Olive, where a train is approaching. Popeye fights Bluto, but initially loses, but then eats spinach and then punches Bluto, causing him to get trapped in a nailed coffin. He then punches the approaching engine and its baggage car and coaches in the \"face\", and wrecks the whole train in a crushing halt and sparing Olive's life, because of the can of spinach he ate." }, "Attack on Pearl Harbor-13": { "title": "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "section": "Background to conflict", "headers": [ "Diplomatic background" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "citation needed] The Japanese intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the United States Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned military actions in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. Over the course of seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U.S.-held Philippines, Guam and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Additionally, from the Japanese viewpoint, it was seen as a preemptive strike 'before the oil gauge ran empty'." }, "Cuban Revolution-1": { "title": "Cuban Revolution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Cuban Revolution (Spanish: Revoluci\u00f3n cubana) was an armed revolt conducted by Fidel Castro's revolutionary 26th of July Movement and its allies against the military dictatorship of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista. The revolution began in July 1953, and continued sporadically until the rebels finally ousted Batista on 31 December 1958, replacing his government with a revolutionary socialist state. 26 July 1953 is celebrated in Cuba as the Day of the Revolution (Dia de la Revoluci\u00f3n). The 26th of July Movement later reformed along communist lines, becoming the Communist Party in October 1965." }, "Chinese zodiac-20": { "title": "Chinese zodiac", "section": "Four Animal Trines", "headers": [ "Fourth Trine" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "The fourth Trine consists of the Rabbit, Goat, and Pig. These three signs are said to have a calm nature and somewhat reasonable approach; they seek aesthetic beauty and are artistic, well-mannered and compassionate, yet detached and resigned to their condition. The three are said to be caring, self-sacrificing, obliging, sensible, creative, empathetic, tactful and prudent, but can also be na\u00efve, pedantic, insecure, selfish, indecisive, and pessimistic." }, "Cattle feeding-26": { "title": "Cattle feeding", "section": "Effects of feed on product", "headers": [ "Taste" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Grass-fed beef is not standardized. Most is leaner than conventional feedlot beef, but some is equally marbled due to carefully managed grazing, excellent pastures, and improved genetics." }, "Adhesive-14": { "title": "Adhesive", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Natural rubber-based sticky adhesives were first used on a backing by Henry Day (US Patent 3,965) in 1845. Later these kinds of adhesives were used in cloth backed surgical and electric tapes. By 1925, the pressure-sensitive tape industry was born." }, "Superhero fiction-21": { "title": "Superhero fiction", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Prototypes" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "The most direct antecedents are pulp magazine crime fighters such as the masked and caped Zorro (introduced by Johnston M. McCulley in 1919 with The Curse of Capistrano) with his trademark \"Z,\" the preternaturally mesmeric The Shadow (1930), the \"peak human\" Doc Savage (1933), and The Spider (1933), and comic strip characters such as Hugo Hercules, Popeye, and the Phantom.[citation needed] The first masked crime-fighter created for comic books was writer-artist George Brenner's non-superpowered detective the Clock, who debuted in Centaur Publications' Funny Pages #6 (Nov. 1936). Historians point to the first appearance of Superman, created by Jerome \"Jerry\" Siegel and designed by Joseph \"Joe\" Shuster, in Action Comics #1 (June 1938) as the debut of the comic-book archetype of the superhero." }, "Dermatitis-5": { "title": "Dermatitis", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Dermatitis symptoms vary with all different forms of the condition. They range from skin rashes to bumpy rashes or including blisters. Although every type of dermatitis has different symptoms, there are certain signs that are common for all of them, including redness of the skin, swelling, itching and skin lesions with sometimes oozing and scarring. Also, the area of the skin on which the symptoms appear tends to be different with every type of dermatitis, whether on the neck, wrist, forearm, thigh or ankle. Although the location may vary, the primary symptom of this condition is itchy skin. More rarely, it may appear on the genital area, such as the vulva or scrotum. Symptoms of this type of dermatitis may be very intense and may come and go. Irritant contact dermatitis is usually more painful than itchy." }, "Winter-6": { "title": "Winter", "section": "Meteorological reckoning", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Meteorological reckoning is the method of measuring the winter season used by meteorologists based on \"sensible weather patterns\" for record keeping purposes, so the start of meteorological winter varies with latitude. Winter is often defined by meteorologists to be the three calendar months with the lowest average temperatures. This corresponds to the months of December, January and February in the Northern Hemisphere, and June, July and August in the Southern Hemisphere. The coldest average temperatures of the season are typically experienced in January or February in the Northern Hemisphere and in June, July or August in the Southern Hemisphere. Nighttime predominates in the winter season, and in some regions winter has the highest rate of precipitation as well as prolonged dampness because of permanent snow cover or high precipitation rates coupled with low temperatures, precluding evaporation. Blizzards often develop and cause many transportation delays. Diamond dust, also known as ice needles or ice crystals, forms at temperatures approaching \u221240\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221240\u00a0\u00b0F) due to air with slightly higher moisture from above mixing with colder, surface-based air. They are made of simple hexagonal ice crystals. The Swedish meteorological institute (SMHI) defines winter as when the daily mean temperatures are below 0\u00a0\u00b0C (32\u00a0\u00b0F) for five consecutive days. According to the SMHI, winter in Scandinavia is more pronounced when Atlantic low-pressure systems take more southerly and northerly routes, leaving the path open for high-pressure systems to come in and cold temperatures to occur. As a result, the coldest January on record in Stockholm, in 1987, was also the sunniest." }, "The Little Prince-20": { "title": "The Little Prince", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "From the fox, the prince learns that his rose was indeed unique and special because she was the object of the prince's love and time; he had \"tamed\" her, and now she was more precious than all of the roses he had seen in the garden." }, "Old age-26": { "title": "Old age", "section": "Perspectives", "headers": [ "Middle-age" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Adaptable describes most people in their old age. Despite the stressfulness of old age, they are described as \"agreeable\" and \"accepting\". However, old age dependence induces feelings of incompetence and worthlessness in a minority. Caution marks old age. This antipathy toward \"risk-taking\" stems from the fact that old people have less to gain and more to lose by taking risks than younger people. Depressed mood. According to Cox, Abramson, Devine, and Hollon (2012), old age is a risk factor for depression caused by prejudice (i.e., \"deprejudice\"). When people are prejudiced against the elderly and then become old themselves, their anti-elderly prejudice turns inward, causing depression. \"People with more negative age stereotypes will likely have higher rates of depression as they get older.\" Old age depression results in the over-65 population having the highest suicide rate. Fear of crime in old age, especially among the frail, sometimes weighs more heavily than concerns about finances or health and restricts what they do. The fear persists in spite of the fact that old people are victims of crime less often than younger people. Increasing fear of health loss. Mental disorders afflict about 15% of people aged 60+ according to estimates by the World Health Organization. Another survey taken in 15 countries reported that mental disorders of adults interfered with their daily activities more than physical problems. Reduced mental and cognitive ability may afflict old age.Memory loss is common in old age due to the decrease in speed of information being encoded, stored, and retrieved. It takes more time to learn the same amount of new information. Dementia is a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Its prevalence increases in old age from about 10% at age 65 to about 50% over age 85. Alzheimer's disease accounts for 50 to 80 percent of dementia cases. Demented behavior can include wandering, physical aggression, verbal outbursts, depression, and psychosis. Set in one's ways describes a mind set of old age. A study of over 400 distinguished men and women in old age found a \"preference for the routine\". Explanations include old age's toll on the \"fluid intelligence\" and the \"more deeply entrenched\" ways of the old. Many books by middle-age writers depict their perceptions of old people. One writer notices the change in his parents: they move slowly, they have lost strength, they repeat stories, their minds wander, and they fret. Another writer sees her aged parents and is bewildered: they refuse to follow her advice, they are obsessed with the past, they avoid risk, they live at a \"glacial pace\"." }, "Aurangabad-1": { "title": "Aurangabad", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Aurangabad (pronunciation\u00a0(help\u00b7info)) is a city in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the administrative headquarters of Aurangabad district and is the largest city in the Marathwada region. Located on a hilly upland terrain in the Deccan Traps, Aurangabad is the fourth-most populous urban area in Maharashtra with a population of 1,175,116. The city is known as a major production center of cotton textile and artistic silk fabrics. Several prominent educational institutions, including Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, are located in the city. The city is also a popular tourism hub, with tourist destinations like the Ajanta and Ellora caves lying on its outskirts, both of which have been designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 1983. Another tourist destination is the Bibi Ka Maqbara (\"Tomb of the Lady\"), also known as Dakkhan\u012b T\u0101j or the \"Taj Mahal of the Deccan\", which was commissioned in 1660 by the Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb (reigned from 1658 to 1707), to house the tomb of his favourite wife, Dilras Banu Begum. Other tourist attractions include Aurangabad Caves, Daulatabad Fort, Grishneshwar Temple, Jama Mosque, Himayat Bagh, Panchakki and Salim Ali Lake. Historically, there were 52 Gates in Aurangabad, some of them extant, because of which Aurangabad is nicknamed as the \"City of Gates\". In 2019, the Aurangabad Industrial City (AURIC) became the first greenfield industrial smart city of India under the country's flagship Smart Cities Mission." }, "General Zod-2": { "title": "General Zod", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Total Film ranked Zod #32 on their \"Top 50 Greatest Villains of All Time\" list in 2007. Pop-culture website IGN.com ranked General Zod as #30 on their list of the \"Top 100 Comic Book Villains\"." }, "Mathematics education-15": { "title": "Mathematics education", "section": "Content and age levels", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Elementary mathematics in most countries is taught similarly, though there are differences. Most countries tend to cover fewer topics in greater depth than in the United States." }, "Darth Vader-15": { "title": "Darth Vader", "section": "Creation and development", "headers": [ "Design" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The original design of Darth Vader's costume did not originally include a helmet. The idea that Vader should wear a breathing apparatus was first proposed by concept artist Ralph McQuarrie during preproduction discussions for Star Wars with George Lucas in 1975. McQuarrie stated that Lucas's artistic direction was to portray a malevolent figure in a cape with samurai armor. \"For Darth Vader, George just said he would like to have a very tall, dark fluttering figure that had a spooky feeling like it came in on the wind.\" McQuarrie noted that the script indicated that Vader would travel between spaceships and needed to survive in the vacuum of space, and he proposed that Vader should wear some sort of space suit. Lucas agreed, and McQuarrie combined a full-face breathing mask with a samurai helmet, thus creating one of the most iconic designs of space fantasy cinema. McQuarrie's 1975 production painting of Darth Vader engaged in a lightsaber duel with Deak Starkiller (a character prototype for Luke Skywalker) depicts Vader wearing black armor, a flowing cape and an elongated, skull-like mask and helmet. Its similarity to the final design of Vader's costume demonstrates that McQuarrie's earliest conception of Vader was so successful that very little needed to be changed for production." }, "Eminem-8": { "title": "Eminem", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "Early life" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Eminem's home life was seldom stable; he frequently fought with his mother, whom a social worker described as having a \"very suspicious, almost paranoid personality\". When her son became famous, Debbie was unimpressed by suggestions that she was a less-than-ideal mother, contending that she sheltered him and was responsible for his success. In 1987, Debbie allowed runaway Kimberly Anne \"Kim\" Scott to stay at their home; several years later, Eminem began an on-and-off relationship with Scott. After spending three years in ninth grade due to truancy and poor grades, he dropped out of Lincoln High School at age 17. Although he was interested in English, he never explored literature (preferring comic books) and disliked math and social studies. Eminem worked at several jobs to help his mother pay the bills, later maintaining that she often threw him out of the house anyway, often after taking most of his paycheck. When she left to play bingo, he would blast the stereo and write songs." }, "Indian Ocean Gyre-3": { "title": "Indian Ocean Gyre", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Like the other gyres, it contains a garbage patch. A garbage patch is a suspended region of marine debris within the water column that circulate the gyre constantly. The Indian Ocean\u2019s garbage patch covers a massive area: at least five million square kilometers (two million square miles). As garbage patches such as these circulate for long periods of time, they cause inorganic toxins to enter the food chain due to solar breakdown of plastics in the water. In the Indian Ocean gyre, the garbage patch has been more of a mystery. Having just been discovered in 2010, it is still under research. It is known, however, that like most garbage patches, it is very fluid, and changes with the seasons, making its location difficult to pinpoint. It seems to circulate with the Indian Ocean gyre, from the Australian side to the African side, down the African coast, and then back to Australia. According to the team who discovered the garbage patch, the full rotation of the gyre\u2019s garbage patch takes about six years, until it reaches the center of the gyre, where it may remain indefinitely." }, "2020 United States presidential election-1": { "title": "2020 United States presidential election", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The 2020 United States presidential election is scheduled for Tuesday, November 3, 2020. It will be the 59th quadrennial presidential election. Voters will select presidential electors who in turn will vote on December 14, 2020, to either elect a new president and vice president or reelect the incumbents Donald Trump and Mike Pence respectively. The series of presidential primary elections and caucuses are being held from February to August 2020. This nominating process is an indirect election, where voters cast ballots selecting a slate of delegates to a political party's nominating convention, who then in turn elect their party's nominees for president and vice president. The election will occur simultaneously alongside elections for the House of Representatives, Senate, and various state and local-level elections." }, "String instrument-4": { "title": "String instrument", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Bowed instruments include the string section instruments of the Classical music orchestra (violin, viola, cello and double bass) and a number of other instruments (e.g., viols and gambas used in early music from the Baroque music era and fiddles used in many types of folk music). All of the bowed string instruments can also be plucked with the fingers, a technique called \"pizzicato\". A wide variety of techniques are used to sound notes on the electric guitar, including plucking with the fingernails or a plectrum, strumming and even \"tapping\" on the fingerboard and using feedback from a loud, distorted guitar amplifier to produce a sustained sound. Some types of string instrument are mainly plucked, such as the harp and the electric bass. In the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification, used in organology, string instruments are called chordophones. Other examples include the sitar, rebab, banjo, mandolin, ukulele, and bouzouki." }, "SeaWorld San Diego-27": { "title": "SeaWorld San Diego", "section": "Animal exhibits", "headers": [ "Killer whales" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "SeaWorld's main attraction are its killer whales, ten of which are housed in San Diego in a 7 million gallon habitat. Shamu was the name of the first killer whale brought to SeaWorld San Diego in 1965. \"Shamu\" is now used as the character name for the costume character at the park entrance. SeaWorld San Diego ended their theatrical Killer Whale shows at San Diego in January 2017. San Diego was the first of the three SeaWorld parks to premiere \"Orca Encounter,\" a more educational presentation that gives insight into various aspects of a killer whale's life." }, "Helen Mirren-5": { "title": "Helen Mirren", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Mirren was born Helen Lydia Mironoff in 1945 at Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital in Hammersmith, London, the daughter of Kathleen \"Kitty\" Alexandrina Eva Matilda (n\u00e9e\u00a0Rogers; 1909\u20131996) and Vasily Petrovich Mironoff (1913\u20131980). Kathleen was a working-class Englishwoman from West Ham, East London, the 13th of 14 children born to a butcher whose own father had been the butcher to Queen Victoria. Vasily was Russian, brought to Britain at the age of two by his father, Pyotr Vasilievich Mironov. Pyotr, who owned a family estate near Gzhatsk (now Gagarin, Smolensk Oblast), was a member of the Russian aristocracy and a descendant of Mikhail Fedotovich Kamensky, a prominent Russian general in the Napoleonic Wars. He served as a colonel in the Imperial Russian Army and fought in the 1904 Russo-Japanese War. Pyotr later became a diplomat and was negotiating an arms deal in Britain when he and his family were stranded by the Russian Revolution. The former diplomat became a London cab driver to support his family and settled down in England." }, "Gladiator-36": { "title": "Gladiator", "section": "The games", "headers": [ "The ludi and munus" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "The gladiators may have held informal warm-up matches, using blunted or dummy weapons\u00a0\u2013 some munera, however, may have used blunted weapons throughout. The editor, his representative or an honoured guest would check the weapons (probatio armorum) for the scheduled matches. These were the highlight of the day, and were as inventive, varied and novel as the editor could afford. Armatures could be very costly\u00a0\u2013 some were flamboyantly decorated with exotic feathers, jewels and precious metals. Increasingly the munus was the editor's gift to spectators who had come to expect the best as their due." }, "The Undertaker-72": { "title": "The Undertaker", "section": "Legacy and reception", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 72, "content": "A 12-minute match between The Undertaker and Stone Cold Steve Austin drew a 9.5 rating on June 28, 1999. It stands as the highest-rated segment in Raw history." }, "Pinus longaeva-1": { "title": "Pinus longaeva", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pinus longaeva (commonly referred to as the Great Basin bristlecone pine, intermountain bristlecone pine, or western bristlecone pine) is a long-living species of bristlecone pine tree found in the higher mountains of California, Nevada, and Utah. Methuselah is a bristlecone pine that is 4,851 years old and has been credited as the oldest known living non-clonal organism on Earth but, subsequently, another specimen in the same forest has been measured to be 5,069 years old. To protect them, the exact locations of both of these trees is kept secret. In 1987, the bristlecone pine was designated one of Nevada's state trees." }, "Jack Dempsey-1": { "title": "Jack Dempsey", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "William Harrison \"Jack\" Dempsey (June 24, 1895 \u2013 May 31, 1983), nicknamed Kid Blackie, and The Manassa Mauler, was an American professional boxer who competed from 1914 to 1927, and reigned as the world heavyweight champion from 1919 to 1926. A cultural icon of the 1920s, Dempsey's aggressive fighting style and exceptional punching power made him one of the most popular boxers in history. Many of his fights set financial and attendance records, including the first million-dollar gate, and pioneered the live broadcast of sporting events in general, and boxing matches in particular." }, "World War II-103": { "title": "World War II", "section": "Impact", "headers": [ "Casualties and war crimes" ], "para_index": 103, "content": "Estimates for the total number of casualties in the war vary, because many deaths went unrecorded. Most suggest that some 60\u00a0million people died in the war, including about 20 million military personnel and 40\u00a0million civilians." }, "The Rocky Horror Show-1": { "title": "The Rocky Horror Show", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Rocky Horror Show is a musical with music, lyrics and book by Richard O'Brien. A humorous tribute to the science fiction and horror B movies of the 1930s through to the early 1960s, the musical tells the story of a newly engaged couple getting caught in a storm and coming to the home of a mad transvestite scientist, Dr Frank-N-Furter, unveiling his new creation, a sort of Frankenstein-style monster in the form of an artificially made, fully grown, physically perfect muscle man named Rocky, complete \"with blond hair and a tan\"." }, "John Gall (baseball)-2": { "title": "John Gall (baseball)", "section": "College", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Gall was born in Stanford, California, and was a successful collegiate player for Stanford University, making his NCAA debut as a freshman in 1997. After the 1997 season, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Orleans Cardinals of the Cape Cod Baseball League. His best college year was as a sophomore in which he had a team-leading .381 batting average and 63 RBI, with 15 home runs, second only to former Padres outfielder Jody Gerut on the team. After his excellent junior year in 1999, Gall was selected by the Cleveland Indians in the 50th round of the 1999 Major League Baseball draft. However, Gall elected to return to college for his senior year, and was eventually selected by the St. Louis Cardinals in the 11th round of the 2000 draft. He played in 3 College World Series and was All-Tournament Team in 1999 while hitting .611. He is the All-Time Pac-12 leader in hits and RBI's." }, "Euro-18": { "title": "Euro", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Introduction" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The euro was established by the provisions in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty. To participate in the currency, member states are meant to meet strict criteria, such as a budget deficit of less than 3% of their GDP, a debt ratio of less than 60% of GDP (both of which were ultimately widely flouted after introduction), low inflation, and interest rates close to the EU average. In the Maastricht Treaty, the United Kingdom and Denmark were granted exemptions per their request from moving to the stage of monetary union which resulted in the introduction of the euro. (For macroeconomic theory, see below.)" }, "Zika virus-10": { "title": "Zika virus", "section": "Transmission", "headers": [ "Mosquito" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Zika is primarily spread by the female Aedes aegypti mosquito, which is active mostly in the daytime. The mosquitos must feed on blood to lay eggs. The virus has also been isolated from a number of arboreal mosquito species in the genus Aedes, such as A. africanus, A. apicoargenteus, A. furcifer, A. hensilli, A. luteocephalus, and A. vittatus, with an extrinsic incubation period in mosquitoes around 10 days." }, "Jurassic-1": { "title": "Jurassic", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Jurassic (/d\u0292\u028a\u02c8r\u00e6s.\u026ak/ juu-RASS-ik; from the Jura Mountains) is a geologic period and system that spanned 56 million years from the end of the Triassic Period 201.3 million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period 145 Mya. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of the Mesozoic Era, also known as the Age of Reptiles. The start of the period was marked by the major Triassic\u2013Jurassic extinction event. Two other extinction events occurred during the period: the Pliensbachian-Toarcian extinction in the Early Jurassic, and the Tithonian event at the end; neither event ranks among the \"Big Five\" mass extinctions, however." }, "Wheelbarrow-2": { "title": "Wheelbarrow", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The wheelbarrow is designed to distribute the weight of its load between the wheel and the operator, so enabling the convenient carriage of heavier and bulkier loads than would be possible were the weight carried entirely by the operator. As such it is a second-class lever. Traditional Chinese wheelbarrows, however, had a central wheel supporting the whole load. Use of wheelbarrows is common in the construction industry and in gardening. Typical capacity is approximately 100 litres (3.53 cubic feet) of material." }, "Cattle-90": { "title": "Cattle", "section": "Environmental impact", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 90, "content": "The number of American cattle kept in confined feedlot conditions fluctuates. From 1 January 2002 through 1 January 2012, there was no significant overall upward or downward trend in the number of US cattle on feed for slaughter, which averaged about 14.046 million head over that period. Previously, the number had increased; it was 12.453 million in 1985. Cattle on feed (for slaughter) numbered about 14.121 million on 1 January 2012, i.e. about 15.5% of the estimated inventory of 90.8 million US cattle (including calves) on that date. Of the 14.121 million, US cattle on feed (for slaughter) in operations with 1000 head or more were estimated to number 11.9 million. Cattle feedlots in this size category correspond to the regulatory definition of \"large\" concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) for cattle other than mature dairy cows or veal calves. Significant numbers of dairy, as well as beef cattle, are confined in CAFOs, defined as \"new and existing operations which stable or confine and feed or maintain for a total of 45 days or more in any 12-month period more than the number of animals specified\" where \"[c]rops, vegetation, forage growth, or post-harvest residues are not sustained in the normal growing season over any portion of the lot or facility.\" They may be designated as small, medium and large. Such designation of cattle CAFOs is according to cattle type (mature dairy cows, veal calves or other) and cattle numbers, but medium CAFOs are so designated only if they meet certain discharge criteria, and small CAFOs are designated only on a case-by-case basis." }, "Battle of Baghdad (2003)-1": { "title": "Battle of Baghdad (2003)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Battle of Baghdad, also known as the Fall of Baghdad, was a military invasion of Baghdad that took place in early April 2003, as part of the invasion of Iraq." }, "Arendelle: World of Frozen-1": { "title": "Arendelle: World of Frozen", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Arendelle: World of Frozen is an upcoming themed area based on the 2013 film Frozen. This land is currently being developed by Walt Disney Imagineering at Hong Kong Disneyland, Tokyo DisneySea, and Walt Disney Studios Park in Paris." }, "Orange (fruit)-20": { "title": "Orange (fruit)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "As oranges are rich in vitamin C and do not spoil easily, during the Age of Discovery, Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch sailors planted citrus trees along trade routes to prevent scurvy." }, "Beeswax wrap-1": { "title": "Beeswax wrap", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Beeswax wrap is a food wrap material consisting of a coated fabric, most commonly cotton. It is made by infusing cotton with food-grade beeswax, rosin, coconut oil and jojoba oil. The wrap is mouldable, grippable and tacky. It can be shaped around containers or food products. Beeswax wrap is a reusable and sustainable alternative to plastic wrap and single-use plastic. It has the ability to counteract environmental issues such as plastic pollution and food wastage." }, "Education in Alberta-13": { "title": "Education in Alberta", "section": "K\u201312", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "In accordance with the School Act children are required to attend school from age 6 to 16, roughly kindergarten to Grade 11." }, "Christopher Columbus-93": { "title": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "Legacy", "headers": [ "Criticism and defense in modern scholarship", "Slavery and serfdom" ], "para_index": 93, "content": "The natives of the island were systematically subjugated via the encomienda system implemented by Columbus. Adapted to the New World from Spain, it resembled the feudal system in Medieval Europe, as it was based on a lord offering \"protection\" to a class of people who owed labor. In addition, Spanish colonists under his rule began to buy and sell natives as slaves, including children." }, "Cheb Mami-2": { "title": "Cheb Mami", "section": "Beginnings", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Cheb Mami was born in Graba-el-wed (Arabic: \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f), a populous quarter of Sa\u00efda (Arabic: \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629), Algeria. Located 170 kilometres south of Oran, the city of Saida is on the high mesas of southwestern Algeria." }, "Inauguration of Donald Trump-1": { "title": "Inauguration of Donald Trump", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The inauguration of Donald Trump as the 45th President of the United States marked commencement of the term of Donald Trump as President and Mike Pence as Vice President. An estimated 300,000 to 600,000 people attended the public ceremony held on Friday, January 20, 2017 at the West Front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C." }, "Godfrey of Bouillon-14": { "title": "Godfrey of Bouillon", "section": "First Crusade", "headers": [ "Captures of Nicaea and Antioch" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Godfrey continued to play a minor, but important,[clarification needed] role in the battles against the Muslims until the Crusaders finally reached Jerusalem in 1099. Before that time, he helped to relieve the vanguard at the Battle of Dorylaeum after it had been pinned down by the Seljuk Turks under Kilij Arslan I, with the help of the other crusader princes in the main force and went on to sack the Seljuk camp. After this battle and during the trek through Asia Minor, some sources suggest that Godfrey was attacked by a bear and received a serious wound which incapacitated him for a time. In 1098, Godfrey took part in the capture of Antioch, which fell in June of that year after long and bitter fighting. During the siege, some of the Crusaders felt that the battle was hopeless and left the Crusade to return to Europe. Alexius I, hearing of the desperate situation, thought that all was lost at Antioch and did not come to help the Crusaders as promised. When the Crusaders finally took the city, they decided that their oaths to Alexius had been breached and were no longer in effect. Bohemond, the first to enter the city gates, claimed the prize for himself. A Muslim force under Kerbogha, from the city of Mosul, arrived and battled the Crusaders, but the Christians finally defeated these Islamic troops." }, "Metallica-25": { "title": "Metallica", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Load, Reload, Garage Inc. and S&M (1994\u20131999)" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "After almost three years of touring to promote Metallica, including a headlining performance at Woodstock '94, Metallica returned to the studio to write and record its sixth studio album. The band went on a brief hiatus in the summer of 1995 and played a short tour, Escape from the Studio '95, comprising three outdoor shows, including a headline show at Donington Park supported by Slayer, Skid Row, Slash's Snakepit, Therapy?, and Corrosion of Conformity. The band spent about a year writing and recording new songs, resulting in the release of Load in 1996. Load debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and ARIA Charts; it was the band's second number-one album. The cover art, Blood and Semen III, was created by Andres Serrano, who pressed a mixture of his own semen and blood between sheets of plexiglass. The release marked a change in the band's musical direction and a new image; the bandmembers' hair was cut. Metallica headlined the alternative rock festival Lollapalooza festival in mid-1996." }, "Latino (demonym)-1": { "title": "Latino (demonym)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The term Latino (/l\u00e6\u02c8ti\u02d0no\u028a, l\u0259-/) is a noun and adjective often used in English, Spanish and Portuguese to refer to people in the United States with cultural ties to Latin America, in particular to those countries which are Spanish- or Portuguese-speaking." }, "Ministries of Nineteen Eighty-Four-3": { "title": "Ministries of Nineteen Eighty-Four", "section": "Ministry of Love", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Ministry of Love, like the other ministries, is misnamed, since it is largely responsible for the practice and infliction of misery, fear, suffering and torture. In a sense, however, the name is apt, since its ultimate purpose is to instill love of Big Brother\u2014the only form of love permitted in Oceania\u2014in the minds of thoughtcriminals as part of the process of reverting them to orthodox thought. This is typical of the language of Newspeak, in which words and names frequently contain both an idea and its opposite; the orthodox party member is nonetheless able to resolve these contradictions through the disciplined use of doublethink." }, "Lieutenant (navy)-1": { "title": "Lieutenant (navy)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lieutenant (abbreviated Lt, LT, LT(N), Lt(N), Lieut and LEUT, depending on nation) is a commissioned officer rank in many nations' navies. It is typically the most senior of junior officer ranks. In most navies, the rank's insignia may consist of two medium gold braid stripes, the uppermost stripe featuring an executive curl in many Commonwealth of Nations; or three stripes of equal or unequal width." }, "Composite number-2": { "title": "Composite number", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "For example, the integer 14 is a composite number because it is the product of the two smaller integers 2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a07. Likewise, the integers 2 and 3 are not composite numbers because each of them can only be divided by one and itself." }, "Hockey-16": { "title": "Hockey", "section": "Subtypes", "headers": [ "Ice hockey" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "The contemporary sport developed in Canada from European and native influences. These included various stick and ball games similar to field hockey, bandy and other games where two teams push a ball or object back and forth with sticks. These were played outdoors on ice under the name \"hockey\" in England throughout the 19th century, and even earlier under various other names. In Canada, there are 24 reports of hockey-like games in the 19th century before 1875 (five of them using the name \"hockey\"). The first organized and recorded game of ice hockey was played indoors in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, on March 3, 1875, and featured several McGill University students." }, "Ice-7": { "title": "Ice", "section": "Physical properties", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "When water freezes, it increases in volume (about 9% for fresh water). The effect of expansion during freezing can be dramatic, and ice expansion is a basic cause of freeze-thaw weathering of rock in nature and damage to building foundations and roadways from frost heaving. It is also a common cause of the flooding of houses when water pipes burst due to the pressure of expanding water when it freezes." }, "Exercise-1": { "title": "Exercise", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness." }, "Battle of Actium-26": { "title": "Battle of Actium", "section": "Aftermath", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Octavian's victory at Actium gave him sole and uncontested control of \"Mare Nostrum\" (Our Sea, i.e., the Roman Mediterranean) and he became \"Augustus Caesar\" and the \"first citizen\" of Rome. This victory, consolidating his power over every Roman institution, marked the transition of Rome from Republic to Empire. Egypt's surrender following Cleopatra's death marked the final demise of both the Hellenistic Period and the Ptolemaic Kingdom, turning it into a Roman province." }, "Fried onion-8": { "title": "Fried onion", "section": "Variations", "headers": [ "Onion rings" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Large, often ring-shaped, batter-coated, deep-fried onions are often associated with fast food and casual dining. Examples include onion rings and blooming onions." }, "Lieutenant (navy)-12": { "title": "Lieutenant (navy)", "section": "\"First lieutenant\" in naval usage", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In the U.S. Navy or U.S. Coast Guard, the billet of first lieutenant describes the officer in charge of the deck department or division, depending on the size of the ship. In smaller ships that have only a single deck division, the billet is typically filled by an ensign; while in larger ships, with a deck department consisting of multiple subordinate divisions, the billet may be filled by a lieutenant commander. On submarines and smaller Coast Guard cutters, the billet of first lieutenant may be filled by a petty officer." }, "McDonald's-29": { "title": "McDonald's", "section": "Products", "headers": [ "International menu variations" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "Restaurants in several countries, particularly in Asia, serve soup. This local deviation from the standard menu is a characteristic for which the chain is particularly known, and one which is employed either to abide by regional food taboos (such as the religious prohibition of beef consumption in India) or to make available foods with which the regional market is more familiar (such as the sale of McRice in Indonesia, or Ebi (prawn) Burger in Singapore and Japan)." }, "Dimercaptosuccinic acid-1": { "title": "Dimercaptosuccinic acid", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), also called succimer, is a medication used to treat lead, mercury, and arsenic poisoning. When radiolabeled with technetium-99m, it is used in a number of types of diagnostic testing. A full course is 19 days of medications by mouth. More than two weeks should pass before a second course is given." }, "Disneyland Paris-11": { "title": "Disneyland Paris", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Recruitment/employment" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Unlike Disney's American theme parks, Euro Disney aimed for permanent employees (an estimated requirement of 12,000 for the theme park itself), as opposed to seasonal and temporary part-time employees. Casting centres were set up in Paris, London, and Amsterdam. However, it was understood by the French government and Disney that \"a concentrated effort would be made to tap into the local French labour market\". Disney sought workers with sufficient communication skills, who spoke two European languages (French and one other), and were socially outgoing. Following precedent, Euro Disney set up its own Disney University to train workers. 24,000 people had applied by November 1991." }, "Lolcat-2": { "title": "Lolcat", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Lolcat is a compound word of the acronymic abbreviation LOL (laugh out loud) and the word \"cat\". A synonym for lolcat is cat macro or cat meme, since the images are a type of image macro and also a well-known genre of meme. Lolcats are commonly designed for photo sharing imageboards and other Internet forums." }, "Manhattan-1": { "title": "Manhattan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Manhattan (/m\u00e6n\u02c8h\u00e6t\u0259n, m\u0259n-/), often referred to by residents of the New York City area as the City, is the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City, and coextensive with the County of New York, one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York. Manhattan serves as the city's economic and administrative center, cultural identifier, and historical birthplace. The borough consists mostly of Manhattan Island, bounded by the Hudson, East, and Harlem rivers; as well as several small adjacent islands. Manhattan additionally contains Marble Hill, a small neighborhood now on the U.S. mainland, that was connected using landfill to the Bronx and separated from the rest of Manhattan by the Harlem River. Manhattan Island is divided into three informally bounded components, each aligned with the borough's long axis: Lower, Midtown, and Upper Manhattan." }, "The Rocky Horror Picture Show-31": { "title": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show", "section": "Reception, reaction and legacy", "headers": [ "Critical reception" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 79% based on 42 reviews, and an average grade of 6.85/10, with the critical consensus reading \"The Rocky Horror Picture Show brings its quirky characters in tight, but it's the narrative thrust that really drives audiences insane and keeps 'em doing the time warp again\". A number of contemporary critics find it compelling and enjoyable because of its offbeat and bizarre qualities; the BBC summarised: \"for those willing to experiment with something a little bit different, a little bit outr\u00e9, The Rocky Horror Picture Show has a lot to offer.\" The New York Times called it a \"low-budget freak show/cult classic/cultural institution\" with \"catchy\" songs. Geoff Andrew, of Time Out, noted that the \"string of hummable songs gives it momentum, Gray's admirably straight-faced narrator holds it together, and a run on black lingerie takes care of almost everything else\", rating it 4 out of 5 stars. On the other hand, Dave Kehr of the Chicago Reader considered the wit to be \"too weak to sustain a film\" and thought that the \"songs all sound the same\"." }, "Health effects of salt-15": { "title": "Health effects of salt", "section": "Dietary recommendations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that excess sodium can increase blood pressure and the risk for heart disease and stroke in some individuals. Therefore, health authorities recommend limitations on dietary sodium. The United States Department of Health and Human Services recommends that individuals consume no more than 1500\u20132300\u00a0mg of sodium (3750\u20135750\u00a0mg of salt) per day." }, "Christopher Walken-43": { "title": "Christopher Walken", "section": "Legacy and popularity", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "Described as \"diverse and eccentric\" and \"one of the most respected actors of his generation\", Walken has long established a cult following among film fans. He's known for his versatility and named as one of Empire magazine's \"Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time\". Once dubbed as a \"cultural phenomenon\", he has portrayed several iconic movie characters including Johnny Smith in The Dead Zone, Max Shreck in Batman Returns and Max Zorin in A View to a Kill and was also considered for the role of Han Solo in Star Wars films. His Oscar-winning performance in The Deer Hunter was ranked as the 88th greatest movie performance of all time by Premiere magazine and his performance in Pennies from Heaven made it into Entertainment Weekly's list of the \"100 Greatest Performances that should have won Oscars but didn't.\" Sometimes regarded as \"one of the kings of cameos\", Walken has made several notable cameo appearances or appeared in a single but popular scene of films including as Captain Koons in Pulp Fiction, Duane in Annie Hall, Hessian Horseman in Sleepy Hollow, and Don Vincenzo in True Romance. Writer and director Quentin Tarantino declared that Walken's involvement in True Romance's popular \"Sicilian scene\" as one of the proudest moments in his career." }, "Rabbi-17": { "title": "Rabbi", "section": "Historical overview", "headers": [ "Functions" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Rabbis serve the Jewish community. Hence their functions vary as the needs of the Jewish community vary over time and from place to place." }, "Health care in the United States-4": { "title": "Health care in the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Prohibitively high cost is the primary reason Americans have problems accessing health care. The rate of adults uninsured for health care peaked at 18.0% in 2013 prior to the ACA mandate, fell to 10.9% in the third quarter of 2016, and stood at 13.7% in the fourth quarter of 2018, based on surveys by the Gallup organization beginning in 2008. At over 27 million, the number of people without health insurance coverage in the United States is one of the primary concerns raised by advocates of health care reform. Lack of health insurance is associated with increased mortality, about sixty thousand preventable deaths per year, depending on the study. A study done at Harvard Medical School with Cambridge Health Alliance showed that nearly 45,000 annual deaths are associated with a lack of patient health insurance. The study also found that uninsured, working Americans have an approximately 40% higher mortality risk compared to privately insured working Americans." }, "Seven Years' War-36": { "title": "Seven Years' War", "section": "Europe", "headers": [ "1757" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "On 18 April 1757, Frederick II again took the initiative by marching into the Kingdom of Bohemia, hoping to inflict a decisive defeat on Austrian forces. After winning the bloody Battle of Prague on 6 May 1757, in which both forces suffered major casualties, the Prussians forced the Austrians back into the fortifications of Prague. The Prussian army then laid siege to the city. In response, Austrian commander Leopold von Daun collected a force of 30,000 men to come to the relief of Prague. Following the battle at Prague, Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolin in Bohemia. Von Daun arrived too late to participate in the battle of Prague, but picked up 16,000 men who had escaped from the battle. With this army he slowly moved to relieve Prague. The Prussian army was too weak to simultaneously besiege Prague and keep von Daun away, and Frederick was forced to attack prepared positions. The resulting Battle of Kolin was a sharp defeat for Frederick, his first. His losses further forced him to lift the siege and withdraw from Bohemia altogether." }, "Saladin-1": { "title": "Saladin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An-Nasir Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (Arabic: \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u200e / ALA-LC: \u1e62al\u0101\u1e25 ad-D\u012bn Y\u016bsuf ibn Ayy\u016bb; Kurdish: \u0633\u06d5\u0644\u0627\u062d\u06d5\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0626\u06d5\u06cc\u06cc\u0648\u0648\u0628\u06cc\u200e / ALA-LC: Selahed\u00een\u00ea Ey\u00fbb\u00ee), known as Salah ad-Din or Saladin (/\u02c8s\u00e6l\u0259d\u026an/; 1137\u00a0\u2013 4 March 1193), was the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. A Sunni Muslim of Kurdish ethnicity, Saladin led the Muslim military campaign against the Crusader states in the Levant. During his reign, Saladin has been described as the de facto Caliph of Islam and at the height of his power, his caliphate included Egypt, Syria, Upper Mesopotamia, the Hejaz, Yemen and other parts of North Africa." }, "Adam Mickiewicz-23": { "title": "Adam Mickiewicz", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "Paris \u00e9migr\u00e9" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "But he became increasingly possessed by religious mysticism as he fell under the influence of the Polish philosophers Andrzej Towia\u0144ski and Krzywi\u00f3ra Dahlsch\u00f6dstein, whom he met in 1841. His lectures became a medley of religion and politics, punctuated by controversial attacks on the Catholic Church, and thus brought him under censure by the French government. The messianic element conflicted with Roman Catholic teachings, and some of his works were placed on the Church's list of prohibited books, though both Mickiewicz and Towia\u0144ski regularly attended Catholic mass and encouraged their followers to do so." }, "Amoeba-25": { "title": "Amoeba", "section": "Meiosis", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Entamoeba histolytica is the cause of amoebiasis, or amoebic dysentery. Naegleria fowleri (the \"brain-eating amoeba\") is a fresh-water-native species that can be fatal to humans if introduced through the nose. Acanthamoeba can cause amoebic keratitis and encephalitis in humans. Balamuthia mandrillaris is the cause of (often fatal) granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis Amoeba have been found to harvest and grow the bacteria implicated in plague. Amoebae can likewise play host to microscopic organisms that are pathogenic to people and help in spreading such microbes. Bacterial pathogens, for example, Legionella can oppose absorption of food when devoured by amoebae. . The presently generally utilized and best-explored amoebae which host other organisms are Acanthamoeba castellanii and Dictyostelium discoideum. Microorganisms that can overcome one-celled critters' guards increase a shelter wherein to multiply, where they are shielded from unfriendly outside conditions by their accidental hosts. Recent evidence indicates that several Amoebozoa lineages undergo meiosis." }, "Chrome OS-3": { "title": "Chrome OS", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Chrome OS has an integrated media player and file manager. It supports Chrome Apps, which resemble native applications, as well as remote access to the desktop. Reception was initially skeptical, with some observers arguing that a browser running on any operating system was functionally equivalent. As more Chrome OS machines have entered the market, the operating system is now seldom evaluated apart from the hardware that runs it." }, "Fiscal year-73": { "title": "Fiscal year", "section": "Operation in various countries/region", "headers": [ "United States", "Federal government" ], "para_index": 73, "content": "The United States federal government's fiscal year is the 12-month period beginning 1 October and ending 30 September the following year." }, "Steve Irwin-35": { "title": "Steve Irwin", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "Irwin died on 4 September 2006 after being pierced in the chest by a stingray barb while filming in Australia's Great Barrier Reef. The stinger penetrated his thoracic wall, causing massive trauma. He was at Batt Reef, near Port Douglas, Queensland, taking part in the production of the documentary series Ocean's Deadliest. During a lull in filming caused by inclement weather, Irwin decided to snorkel in shallow waters while being filmed in an effort to provide footage for his daughter's television program." }, "The Two Faces of War-11": { "title": "The Two Faces of War", "section": "Historical background", "headers": [ "The Estado Novo (New State)" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "In Portugal, the Estado Novo put the country into a dilemma: on the one hand, the Portuguese policy of neutrality in World War II which saved the Portuguese Armed Forces from a possible confrontation between East and West, and secondly, the responsibility for the maintenance of sovereignty over its colonies. Yet the Portuguese governors of the time chose to join the NATO and the consequent desire of an alliance with the winners." }, "Same-sex marriage in the United States-1": { "title": "Same-sex marriage in the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Same-sex marriage in the United States expanded from one state in 2004 to all fifty states in 2015 through various state court rulings, state legislation, direct popular votes, and federal court rulings. Same-sex marriage is also referred to as gay marriage, while the political status in which the marriages of same-sex couples and the marriages of opposite-sex couples are recognized as equal by the law is referred to as marriage equality. The fifty states each have separate marriage laws, which must adhere to rulings by the Supreme Court of the United States that recognize marriage as a fundamental right that is guaranteed by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as first established in the 1967 landmark civil rights case of Loving v. Virginia." }, "Yungas-1": { "title": "Yungas", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Yungas (Aymara yunka warm or temperate Andes or earth, Quechua yunka warm area on the slopes of the Andes) is a narrow band of forest along the eastern slope of the Andes Mountains from Peru, Bolivia, and northern Argentina. It is a transitional zone between the Andean highlands and the eastern forests. Like the surrounding areas, the Yungas belong to the Neotropic ecozone; the climate is rainy, humid, and warm." }, "Armageddon-1": { "title": "Armageddon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "According to the Book of Revelation in the New Testament of the Christian Bible, Armageddon (/\u02cc\u0251\u02d0rm\u0259\u02c8\u0261\u025bd\u0259n/, from Ancient Greek: \u1f09\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd Harmaged\u014dn, Late Latin: Armaged\u014dn, from Hebrew: \u05d4\u05e8 \u05de\u05d2\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5 Har Megiddo) is the prophesied location of a gathering of armies for a battle during the end times, variously interpreted as either a literal or a symbolic location. The term is also used in a generic sense to refer to any end of the world scenario. In Islamic theology, the Armageddon is also mentioned in Hadith as the Greatest Armageddon or Al-Malhama Al-Kubra (the great battle)." }, "Week-9": { "title": "Week", "section": "Definition and duration", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "1 week = 7 days = 168 hours = 10,080 minutes = 604,800 seconds. With respect to the Gregorian calendar:" }, "The Lox-1": { "title": "The Lox", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Lox (stylized The LOX or The L.O.X.) is an American hip hop group formed in 1994, from Yonkers, New York. The group is composed of East Coast rappers Sheek Louch, Styles P and Jadakiss. They had originally signed to Sean Combs' Bad Boy Records in 1995, before joining Ruff Ryders Entertainment in 1998, and have since launched their own label, D-Block Records." }, "Diplomatic immunity-17": { "title": "Diplomatic immunity", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Modern" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "In the United States, the Diplomatic Relations Act of 1978 (22 U.S.C.\u00a0\u00a7\u00a0254a et seq.) follows the principles introduced by the Vienna Conventions. The United States tends to be generous when granting diplomatic immunity to visiting diplomats, because a large number of U.S. diplomats work in host countries less protective of individual rights. If the United States were to punish a visiting diplomat without sufficient grounds, U.S. representatives in other countries could receive harsher treatment. If a person with immunity is alleged to have committed a crime or faces a civil lawsuit, the State Department asks the home country to waive immunity of the alleged offender so that the complaint can be moved to the courts. If immunity is not waived, prosecution cannot be undertaken. However, the State Department still has the right to expel the diplomat. In many such cases, the diplomat's visas are canceled, and they and their family may be barred from returning to the United States. Crimes committed by members of a diplomat's family can also result in dismissal." }, "Hippopotamus-35": { "title": "Hippopotamus", "section": "Behaviour and life history", "headers": [ "Social spacing" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "Hippos mark their territory by defecation. While depositing the faeces, hippos spin their tails to distribute their excrement over a greater area. \"Yawning\" serves as a threat display. When fighting, males use their incisors to block each other's attacks and their large canines to inflict injuries. When hippos become over-populated or a habitat is reduced, males sometimes attempt infanticide, but this behaviour is not common under normal conditions. Incidents of hippo cannibalism have been documented, but this is believed to be the behaviour of distressed or sick hippos." }, "Penguin-48": { "title": "Penguin", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "Although almost all penguin species are native to the Southern Hemisphere, they are not found only in cold climates, such as Antarctica. In fact, only a few species of penguin actually live so far south. Several species live in the temperate zone; one, the Gal\u00e1pagos penguin, lives as far north as the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, but this is only made possible by the cold, rich waters of the Antarctic Humboldt Current that flows around these islands. Also, though the climate of the Arctic and Antarctic regions is similar, there are no penguins found in the Arctic." }, "Ultimate Fighting Championship-97": { "title": "Ultimate Fighting Championship", "section": "Rules", "headers": [ "Cage" ], "para_index": 97, "content": "The UFC cage is an octagonal structure with walls of metal chain-link fence coated with black vinyl. The standard octagon has a diameter of 30\u00a0ft (9.1\u00a0m) with a 6\u00a0ft (1.8\u00a0m) high fence. The cage sits atop a platform, raising it 4\u00a0ft (1.2\u00a0m) from the ground. It has foam padding around the top of the fence and between each of the eight sections. It also has two entry-exit gates opposite each other. The mat, painted with sponsorship logos and art, is replaced for each event." }, "Triumvirate-1": { "title": "Triumvirate", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A triumvirate (Latin: triumvir\u0101tus) is a political regime ruled or dominated by three powerful individuals known as triumvirs (Latin: triumviri). The arrangement can be formal or informal. Though the three are notionally equal, this is rarely the case in reality. The term can also be used to describe a state with three different military leaders who all claim to be the sole leader." }, "English words of Greek origin-4": { "title": "English words of Greek origin", "section": "Indirect and direct borrowings", "headers": [ "Vernacular borrowings via Romance languages" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Some Greek words were borrowed into Latin and its descendants, the Romance languages. English often received these words from French. Some have remained very close to the Greek original, e.g. lamp, Latin lampas, Greek \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03c2. In others, the phonetic and orthographic form has changed considerably. For instance, place was borrowed both by Old English and by French from Latin platea, itself borrowed from Greek \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 (\u1f41\u03b4\u03cc\u03c2) 'broad (street)'; the Italian piazza and Spanish plaza have the same origin, and have been borrowed into English in parallel. The word olive comes through the Romance from the Latin word ol\u012bva, which in turn comes from the Greek \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03dd\u1fb1 (ela\u00edw\u0101). A later Greek word, \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd (bo\u00fat\u0233ron) becomes Latin butyrum and eventually English 'butter'. A large group of early borrowings, again transmitted first through Latin, then through various vernaculars, comes from Christian vocabulary: chair << \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 (cf. 'cathedra'), bishop << \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 (ep\u00edskopos 'overseer'), priest << \u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b2\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (presb\u00fdteros 'elder'), and church < Old English cirice, circe < probably \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae [\u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1] (k\u0233riak\u1e17 [oik\u00eda] 'lord's [house]'). In some cases, the orthography of these words was later changed to reflect the Greek \u2013 and Latin \u2013 spelling: e.g., quire was respelled as choir in the 17th century. Sometimes this was done incorrectly: ache is from a Germanic root; the spelling ache reflects Samuel Johnson's incorrect etymology from Greek \u1f04\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2." }, "Over-the-counter drug-5": { "title": "Over-the-counter drug", "section": "Regulation by country", "headers": [ "Canada" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Schedule 1: Requires a prescription for sale and are provided to the public by a licensed pharmacist. Schedule 2: Does not require a prescription but requires an assessment by a pharmacist prior to sale. These drugs are kept in an area of the pharmacy where there is no public access and may also be referred to as \"behind-the-counter\" drugs. Schedule 3: Does not require a prescription but must be kept in an area under the supervision of a pharmacist. These drugs are kept in an area of the retail outlet where self-selection is possible, but a pharmacist must be available to assist in the self-selection of medication if required. Unscheduled: Does not require a prescription and may be sold in any retail outlet. All medications other than Schedule 1 may be considered an OTC drug, as they do not require prescriptions for sale. While the National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities provides recommendations on the scheduling of drugs for sale in Canada, each province may determine its own scheduling. The drugs found in each schedule may vary from province to province." }, "Federal government of the United States-17": { "title": "Federal government of the United States", "section": "Executive branch", "headers": [ "President" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "The executive branch, under Article II of the Constitution, consists of the president and those to whom the president's powers are delegated. The president is both the head of state and government, as well as the military commander-in-chief and chief diplomat. The president, according to the Constitution, must \"take care that the laws be faithfully executed\", and \"preserve, protect and defend the Constitution\". The president presides over the executive branch of the federal government, an organization numbering about 5\u00a0million people, including 1\u00a0million active-duty military personnel and 600,000 postal service employees." }, "Sicilian Defence-1": { "title": "Sicilian Defence", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Sicilian Defence is a chess opening that begins with the following moves:" }, "Mount Fuji-18": { "title": "Mount Fuji", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Mount Fuji is a very distinctive feature of the geography of Japan. It stands 3,776.24\u00a0m (12,389\u00a0ft) tall and is located near the Pacific coast of central Honshu, just south-west of Tokyo. It straddles the boundary of Shizuoka and Yamanashi Prefectures. Four small cities surround it: Gotemba to the east, Fujiyoshida to the north, Fujinomiya to the southwest, and Fuji to the south. It is also surrounded by five lakes: Lake Kawaguchi, Lake Yamanaka, Lake Sai, Lake Motosu and Lake Sh\u014dji. They, and nearby Lake Ashi, provide views of the mountain. The mountain is part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. It can be seen more distantly from Yokohama, Tokyo, and sometimes as far as Chiba, Saitama, Tochigi, Ibaraki and Lake Hamana when the sky is clear. Particularly in the winter it can be seen from the Shinkansen until it reaches Utsunomiya station. It has also been photographed from space during a space shuttle mission." }, "McGruff the Crime Dog-7": { "title": "McGruff the Crime Dog", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Creation" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The task was given to Jack Keil, executive vice president and creative director of Dancer Fitzgerald Sample. Keil, thinking of Smokey Bear, came up with the idea of an animal mascot. After coming up with the slogan\u2014\"Take a bite out of crime\"\u2014he settled upon the idea of a dog. His first version was \"a Snoopy look-alike wearing a Keystone Cop hat.\" His creative team however did not believe the dog would be taken seriously. In response, he gave the team a day to come up with a new version." }, "Bandy-1": { "title": "Bandy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bandy is a team winter sport played on ice, in which skaters use sticks to direct a ball into the opposing team's goal." }, "Royal Observatory, Greenwich-31": { "title": "Royal Observatory, Greenwich", "section": "History", "headers": [ "1890s" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "The telescope was installed by 1893, with 28 inch diameter glass doublet lens made by Grubb from Chance of Birmingham glass. The new dome was made by T. Cooke and Sons. This replaced a smaller drum shaped dome." }, "Siri-11": { "title": "Siri", "section": "Development", "headers": [ "Voices" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The original Australian voice was provided by Karen Jacobsen, a voice-over artist known in Australia for her work as the GPS girl." }, "Knights Templar-10": { "title": "Knights Templar", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Decline" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "In the mid-12th century, the tide began to turn in the Crusades. The Islamic world had become more united under effective leaders such as Saladin. Dissension arose among Christian factions in and concerning the Holy Land. The Knights Templar were occasionally at odds with the two other Christian military orders, the Knights Hospitaller and the Teutonic Knights, and decades of internecine feuds weakened Christian positions, both politically and militarily. After the Templars were involved in several unsuccessful campaigns, including the pivotal Battle of Hattin, Jerusalem was recaptured by Muslim forces under Saladin in 1187. The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II reclaimed the city for Christians in the Sixth Crusade of 1229, without Templar aid, but only held it briefly for a little more than a decade. In 1244, the Ayyubid dynasty together with Khwarezmi mercenaries recaptured Jerusalem, and the city did not return to Western control until 1917 when, during World War I, the British captured it from the Ottoman Empire." }, "Paris in the Belle \u00c9poque-96": { "title": "Paris in the Belle \u00c9poque", "section": "The end of the Belle \u00c9poque", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 96, "content": "On 28 June 1914, the news reached Paris of the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by Serbian nationalists in Sarajevo. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28 July, and following the terms of their alliances, Germany joined Austria-Hungary, while Russia, Britain and France went to war against Austria-Hungary and Germany. France declared a general mobilization on 1 August 1914. On the day before the mobilization, the leader of the French socialists, Jean Jaur\u00e8s, was assassinated by a mentally-disturbed man in the Caf\u00e9 du Croissant near the headquarters of the socialist newspaper L'Humanit\u00e9 in Montmartre. The new war was supported by both French nationalists, who saw an opportunity to gain back Alsace and Lorraine from Germany, and by most on the left, who saw an opportunity to overthrow the monarchies in Germany and Austria-Hungary. Parisian men of military age were ordered to report to mobilization points in the city; only one percent did not appear." }, "Sara Sampaio-1": { "title": "Sara Sampaio", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sara Pinto Sampaio (born 21 July 1991) is a Portuguese model and actress. She is best known for being a Victoria's Secret Angel, Giorgio Armani beauty ambassador and working for Calzedonia, as well as her appearance in the 2014 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, a first for a Portuguese model." }, "Stephen Colbert-62": { "title": "Stephen Colbert", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 62, "content": "Although, by his own account, he was not particularly political before joining the cast of The Daily Show, Colbert has described himself as a Democrat according to a 2004 interview. In an interview at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard Institute of Politics, he said he has \"no problems with Republicans, just Republican policies\". Colbert is a practicing Roman Catholic and used to teach Sunday school. He is an ordained minister with the Universal Life Church Monastery." }, "Clouded leopard-31": { "title": "Clouded leopard", "section": "Behaviour and ecology", "headers": [ "Hunting and diet" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Four individuals were radio-collared in Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary from April 2000 to February 2003. Home ranges of two females were 25.7\u00a0km2 (9.9\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) and 22.9\u00a0km2 (8.8\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), and of two males 29.7\u00a0km2 (11.5\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) and 49.1\u00a0km2 (19.0\u00a0sq\u00a0mi). Two individuals were radio-collared during a study from 1997 to 1999 in the Khao Yai National Park. The home range of one female was 39.4\u00a0km2 (15.2\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), of the one male 42\u00a0km2 (16\u00a0sq\u00a0mi). Both individuals had a core area of 2.9\u00a0km2 (1.1\u00a0sq\u00a0mi). When hunting, they stalk their prey or wait for the prey to come to them. After making and feeding on a kill, they usually retreat into trees to digest and rest. Their prey includes both arboreal and terrestrial vertebrates." }, "Striped hyena-15": { "title": "Striped hyena", "section": "Behaviour", "headers": [ "Diet" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The striped hyena is primarily a scavenger which feeds mainly on ungulate carcasses in different stages of decomposition, fresh bones, cartilages, ligaments and bone marrow. It crushes long bones into fine particles and swallows them, though sometimes entire bones are eaten whole. The striped hyena is not a fussy eater, though it has an aversion to vulture flesh. It will occasionally attack and kill any animal it can overcome. It hunts prey by running it down, grabbing its flanks or groin and inflicting mortal wounds by tearing out the viscera. In Turkmenistan, the species is recorded to feed on wild boar, kulan, porcupines and tortoises. A seasonal abundance of oil willow fruits is an important food source in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, while in the Caucasus, it is grasshoppers. In Israel, the striped hyena feeds on garbage, carrion and fruits. In eastern Jordan, its main sources of food are feral horse and water buffalo carcasses and village refuse. It has been suggested that only the large hyenas of the Middle East, Asia minor, central Asia and the Indian subcontinent attack large prey, with no evidence of their smaller Arabian and east African cousins doing so. Because of its scavenging diet, the striped hyena requires more water to survive than most other carnivores. When eating, the striped hyena gorges itself until satisfied, though hyenas with cubs will transport food to their dens. Because of the high content of calcium in its diet, the feces of the striped hyena becomes white very rapidly, and can be visible from long distances." }, "Agnosticism-1": { "title": "Agnosticism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Agnosticism is the view that the existence of God, of the divine or the supernatural is unknown or unknowable. Another definition provided is the view that \"human reason is incapable of providing sufficient rational grounds to justify either the belief that God exists or the belief that God does not exist.\"" }, "Normans-1": { "title": "Normans", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Normans (Norman: Normaunds; French: Normands; Latin: Nortmanni/Normanni; Old Norse: Nor\u00f0ma\u00f0r) were an ethnic group that arose from contact between Norse Viking settlers of a region in France, named Normandy after them, and indigenous Franks and Gallo-Romans. The settlements in France followed a series of raids on the French coast from mainly Denmark, but also Norway, and Iceland, and they gained political legitimacy when the Viking leader Rollo agreed to swear fealty to King Charles III of West Francia. The distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the Normans emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century, and it continued to evolve over the succeeding centuries." }, "Liberal conservatism-9": { "title": "Liberal conservatism", "section": "Overview, definitions and usage", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In the modern European discourse, \"liberal conservatism\" usually encompasses centre-right political outlooks that reject at least to some extent social conservatism. This position is also associated with support for moderate forms of social safety net and environmentalism (see also green conservatism and green liberalism). This variety of \"liberal conservatism\" has been espoused by Nordic conservatives (the Moderate Party in Sweden, the Conservative Party in Norway and the National Coalition Party in Finland), which have been fending off competition from right-wing populists to their right and do not include Christian democrats, and, at times, the British Conservative Party. In an interview shortly after taking office as Prime Minister in 2010, David Cameron introduced himself a \"liberal conservative\". During his first speech to a party conference in 2006, Cameron had defined this as believing in individual freedom and human rights, but being skeptical of \"grand schemes to remake the world\"." }, "Lemon-6": { "title": "Lemon", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "In 1747, James Lind's experiments on seamen suffering from scurvy involved adding lemon juice to their diets, though vitamin C was not yet known as an important dietary ingredient." }, "Ordinal numeral-9": { "title": "Ordinal numeral", "section": "English", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "When speaking the numbers in fractions, the spatial/chronological numbering system is used for denominators larger than 2 (2 as the denominator of a fraction is \"half\" rather than \"second\"), with a denominator of 4 sometimes spoken as \"quarter\" rather than \"fourth\". This system results in \"two thirds\" for \u200b2\u20443 and \"fifteen thirty-seconds\" for \u200b15\u204432. This system is normally used for denominators less than 100 and for many powers of 10. Examples include \"six ten-thousandths\" for \u200b6\u204410,000 and \"three hundredths\" for 0.03." }, "Israel-68": { "title": "Israel", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "Religion" ], "para_index": 68, "content": "Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority, making up about 17.6% of the population. About 2% of the population is Christian and 1.6% is Druze. The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants, the foreign laborers of multinational origins, and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity. Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers. Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Chief Rabbinate of Israel." }, "England-1": { "title": "England", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north. The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain, which lies in the North Atlantic, and includes over 100 smaller islands, such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight. It is the largest country of the British Isles." }, "Side effects of penicillin-1": { "title": "Side effects of penicillin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The side effects of penicillin are bodily responses to penicillin and closely related antibiotics that do not relate directly to its effect on bacteria. A side effect is an effect that is not intended with normal dosaging. Some of these reactions are visible and some occur in the body's organs or blood. Penicillins are a widely used group of medications that are effective for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections in human adults and children as well as other species. Some side effects are predictable, of which some are common but not serious, some are uncommon and serious and others are rare. The route of administration of penicillin can have an effect on the development of side effects. An example of this is irritation and inflammation that develops at a peripheral infusion site when penicillin is administered intravenously. In addition, penicillin is available in different forms. There are different penicillin medications (penicillin G benzathine, penicillin G potassium, Penicillin G sodium, penicillin G procaine, and penicillin V) as well as a number of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics derived from penicillin (e.g. amoxicillin)." }, "Antoinette de Bourbon-1": { "title": "Antoinette de Bourbon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Antoinette de Bourbon Duchess of Guise (25 December 1494 \u2013 22 January 1583) was a French noblewoman of the House of Bourbon. She was the wife of Claude of Lorraine, Duke of Guise. Through her eldest daughter, Mary of Guise, she was the maternal grandmother of Mary, Queen of Scots." }, "Jay-Z-2": { "title": "Jay-Z", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Born and raised in New York City, Jay-Z first began his musical career after founding the record label Roc-A-Fella Records in 1995, and subsequently released his debut studio album Reasonable Doubt in 1996. The album was released to widespread critical success, and solidified his standing in the music industry. He has gone on to release twelve additional albums, including the acclaimed albums, The Blueprint (2001), The Black Album (2003), American Gangster (2007), and 4:44 (2017). Jay-Z has also released the full-length collaborative albums Watch the Throne (2011) and Everything Is Love (2018) with Kanye West and wife Beyonc\u00e9, respectively." }, "Communist Party of the Soviet Union-1": { "title": "Communist Party of the Soviet Union", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was the founding and ruling political party of the Soviet Union. The CPSU was the sole governing party of the Soviet Union until 1990, when the Congress of People's Deputies modified Article 6 of the most recent 1977 Soviet constitution, which had granted the CPSU a monopoly over the political system." }, "Credit card-71": { "title": "Credit card", "section": "Benefits and drawbacks", "headers": [ "Benefits to merchants" ], "para_index": 71, "content": "For each purchase, the bank charges the merchant a commission (discount fee) for this service and there may be a certain delay before the agreed payment is received by the merchant. The commission is often a percentage of the transaction amount, plus a fixed fee (interchange rate)." }, "Apollo (band)-1": { "title": "Apollo (band)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Apollo was an American R&B/disco group that recorded for Motown in the late 1970s. They are best known as the band of future music executives Benny Medina and Kerry Gordy." }, "Australia-2": { "title": "Australia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century, who named it New Holland. In 1770, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788, a date which became Australia's national day. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the time of an 1850s gold rush, most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established. On 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy, comprising six states and ten territories." }, "Leap year-2": { "title": "Leap year", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "For example, in the Gregorian calendar, each leap year has 366 days instead of 365, by extending February to 29 days rather than the common 28. These extra days occur in each year which is an integer multiple of 4 (except for years evenly divisible by 100, which are not leap years unless evenly divisible by 400). Similarly, in the lunisolar Hebrew calendar, Adar Aleph, a 13th lunar month, is added seven times every 19 years to the twelve lunar months in its common years to keep its calendar year from drifting through the seasons. In the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Calendar, a leap day is added when needed to ensure that the following year begins on the March equinox." }, "Foodborne illness-6": { "title": "Foodborne illness", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "Bacteria" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Bacteria are a common cause of foodborne illness. The United Kingdom, in 2000, reported the individual bacteria involved as the following: Campylobacter jejuni 77.3%, Salmonella 20.9%, Escherichia coli O157:H7 1.4%, and all others less than 0.56%. In the past, bacterial infections were thought to be more prevalent because few places had the capability to test for norovirus and no active surveillance was being done for this particular agent. Toxins from bacterial infections are delayed because the bacteria need time to multiply. As a result, symptoms associated with intoxication are usually not seen until 12\u201372 hours or more after eating contaminated food. However, in some cases, such as Staphylococcal food poisoning, the onset of illness can be as soon as 30 minutes after ingesting contaminated food." }, "Bull shark-9": { "title": "Bull shark", "section": "Anatomy and appearance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Bull sharks have a bite force up to 5,914 newtons (1,330\u00a0lbf), weight for weight the highest among all investigated cartilaginous fishes." }, "Household silver-3": { "title": "Household silver", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Elites in most ancient cultures preferred to eat off precious metals (\"plate\") at the table; China and Japan were two major exceptions, using lacquerware and later fine pottery, especially porcelain. In Europe the elites dined off metal, usually silver for the rich and pewter or latten for the middling classes, from the ancient Greeks and Romans until the 18th century. Another alternative was the trencher, a large flat piece of either bread or wood. In the Middle Ages this was a common way of serving food, the bread also being eaten; even in elite dining it was not fully replaced in France until the 1650s." }, "Poland Spring-2": { "title": "Poland Spring", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Poland Spring was the top-selling spring water brand in America in 2006. In 2007, the Poland Spring brand adopted a bottle using 30% less plastic, as did the other Nestl\u00e9 Waters North America brands." }, "Boy Scouts of America-1": { "title": "Boy Scouts of America", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Boy Scouts of America (BSA) (colloquially, the Boy Scouts) is the largest scouting organization and one of the largest youth organizations in the United States, with about 2.3\u00a0million youth participants and about one\u00a0million adult volunteers. The BSA was founded in 1910, and since then, about 110\u00a0million Americans participated in BSA programs at some time in their lives. BSA is part of the international Scout Movement and became a founding member organization of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922." }, "Components of jet engines-3": { "title": "Components of jet engines", "section": "Major components", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Cold section: Air intake (inlet) \u2014 For subsonic aircraft, the inlet is a duct which is required to ensure smooth airflow into the engine despite air approaching the inlet from directions other than straight ahead. This occurs on the ground from cross winds and in flight with aircraft pitch and yaw motions. The duct length is minimised to reduce drag and weight. Air enters the compressor at about half the speed of sound so at flight speeds lower than this the flow will accelerate along the inlet and at higher flight speeds it will slow down. Thus the internal profile of the inlet has to accommodate both accelerating and diffusing flow without undue losses. For supersonic aircraft, the inlet has features such as cones and ramps to produce the most efficient series of shockwaves which form when supersonic flow slows down. The air slows down from the flight speed to subsonic velocity through the shockwaves, then to about half the speed of sound at the compressor through the subsonic part of the inlet. The particular system of shockwaves is chosen, with regard to many constraints such as cost and operational needs, to minimize losses which in turn maximizes the pressure recovery at the compressor. Compressor or fan \u2014 The compressor is made up of stages. Each stage consists of rotating blades and stationary stators or vanes. As the air moves through the compressor, its pressure and temperature increase. The power to drive the compressor comes from the turbine (see below), as shaft torque and speed. Bypass ducts deliver the flow from the fan with minimum losses to the bypass propelling nozzle. Alternatively the fan flow may be mixed with the turbine exhaust before entering a single propelling nozzle. In another arrangement an afterburner may be installed between the mixer and nozzle. Shaft \u2014 The shaft connects the turbine to the compressor, and runs most of the length of the engine. There may be as many as three concentric shafts, rotating at independent speeds, with as many sets of turbines and compressors. Cooling air for the turbines may flow through the shaft from the compressor. Diffuser section: - The diffuser slows down the compressor delivery air to reduce flow losses in the combustor. Slower air is also required to help stabilize the combustion flame and the higher static pressure improves the combustion efficiency. Hot section: Combustor or combustion chamber \u2014 Fuel is burned continuously after initially being ignited during the engine start. Turbine \u2014 The turbine is a series of bladed discs that act like a windmill, extracting energy from the hot gases leaving the combustor. Some of this energy is used to drive the compressor. Turboprop, turboshaft and turbofan engines have additional turbine stages to drive a propeller, bypass fan or helicopter rotor. In a free turbine the turbine driving the compressor rotates independently of that which powers the propellor or helicopter rotor. Cooling air, bled from the compressor, may be used to cool the turbine blades, vanes and discs to allow higher turbine entry gas temperatures for the same turbine material temperatures.** Afterburner or reheat (British) \u2014 (mainly military) Produces extra thrust by burning fuel in the jetpipe. This reheating of the turbine exhaust gas raises the propelling nozzle entry temperature and exhaust velocity. The nozzle area is increased to accommodate the higher specific volume of the exhaust gas. This maintains the same airflow through the engine to ensure no change in its operating characteristics. Exhaust or nozzle \u2014 Turbine exhaust gases pass through the propelling nozzle to produce a high velocity jet. The nozzle is usually convergent with a fixed flow area. Supersonic nozzle \u2014 For high nozzle pressure ratios (Nozzle Entry Pressure/Ambient Pressure) a convergent-divergent (de Laval) nozzle is used. The expansion to atmospheric pressure and supersonic gas velocity continues downstream of the throat and produces more thrust. The various components named above have constraints on how they are put together to generate the most efficiency or performance. The performance and efficiency of an engine can never be taken in isolation; for example fuel/distance efficiency of a supersonic jet engine maximises at about Mach 2, whereas the drag for the vehicle carrying it is increasing as a square law and has much extra drag in the transonic region. The highest fuel efficiency for the overall vehicle is thus typically at Mach ~0.85." }, "Alan Turing-57": { "title": "Alan Turing", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Death" ], "para_index": 57, "content": "On 8 June 1954, Turing's housekeeper found him dead at the age of 41; he had died the previous day. Cyanide poisoning was established as the cause of death. When his body was discovered, an apple lay half-eaten beside his bed, and although the apple was not tested for cyanide, it was speculated that this was the means by which Turing had consumed a fatal dose. An inquest determined that he had committed suicide. Andrew Hodges and another biographer, David Leavitt, have both speculated that Turing was re-enacting a scene from the Walt Disney film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), his favourite fairy tale. Both men noted that (in Leavitt's words) he took \"an especially keen pleasure in the scene where the Wicked Queen immerses her apple in the poisonous brew\". Turing's remains were cremated at Woking Crematorium on 12 June 1954, and his ashes were scattered in the gardens of the crematorium, just as his father's had been." }, "Housefly-1": { "title": "Housefly", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The housefly (Musca domestica) is a fly of the suborder Cyclorrhapha. It is believed to have evolved in the Cenozoic Era, possibly in the Middle East, and has spread all over the world as a commensal of humans. It is the most common fly species found in houses. Adults are gray to black, with four dark, longitudinal lines on the thorax, slightly hairy bodies, and a single pair of membranous wings. They have red eyes, set farther apart in the slightly larger female." }, "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution-2": { "title": "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The prohibition against cruel and unusual punishments has led courts to hold that the Constitution totally prohibits certain kinds of punishment, such as drawing and quartering. Under the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause, the Supreme Court has struck down the application of capital punishment in some instances, but capital punishment is still permitted in some cases where the defendant is convicted of murder." }, "World War I-1": { "title": "World War I", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war that lasted from 1914 to 1918. Contemporaneously described as \"the war to end all wars\", it led to the mobilisation of more than 70\u00a0million military personnel, including 60\u00a0million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history, with an estimated 9 million combatant deaths and 13 million civilians deaths as a direct result of the war, while resulting genocides and the related 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 17\u201350\u00a0million deaths worldwide." }, "Urine-32": { "title": "Urine", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Cleaning" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "Given that the urea in urine breaks down into ammonia, urine has been used for cleaning. In pre-industrial times, urine was used \u2013 in the form of lant or aged urine \u2013 as a cleaning fluid." }, "Aircraft maintenance-16": { "title": "Aircraft maintenance", "section": "Market", "headers": [ "Aircraft" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "In 2017, of the $70 billion spent by airlines on maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO), 31% were for engines, 27% for components, 24% for line maintenance, 10% for modifications and 8% for the airframe; 70% were for mature airliners (Airbus A320 and A330, Boeing 777 and 737NG), 23% were for \u201csunset\u201d aircraft (MD-80, Boeing 737 Classic, B747 or B757) and 7% was spent on modern models (Boeing 787, Embraer E-Jet, Airbus A350XWB and A380)." }, "Mammalian reproduction-3": { "title": "Mammalian reproduction", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the Marsupialia and Placentalia infraclasses. A marsupial has a short gestation period, typically shorter than its estrous cycle, and gives birth to an underdeveloped (altricial) newborn that then undergoes further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the marsupium, located in the front of the mother's abdomen. Some placentals, e.g. guinea pig, give birth to fully developed (precocial) young, usually after long gestation periods, while some others, e.g. mouse, give birth to underdeveloped young." }, "Mary + Jane-1": { "title": "Mary + Jane", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mary + Jane is a marijuana-themed comedy that premiered on MTV on September 5, 2016 at 10 pm. The show stars Scout Durwood and Jessica Rothe, and is produced by rapper Snoop Dogg, Deborah Kaplan, and Harry Elfont." }, "Iggy Pop-2": { "title": "Iggy Pop", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Initially playing a raw, primitive style of rock and roll, the band sold few records in their original incarnation and gained a reputation for their confrontational performances, which often involved acts of self-mutilation by Pop. He had a long collaborative and personal friendship with David Bowie over the course of his career, beginning with the Stooges' album Raw Power in 1973. With both musicians having relocated to West Berlin to wean themselves off their respective drug addictions, Pop began his solo career by collaborating with Bowie on the 1977 albums The Idiot and Lust for Life with Pop usually contributing the lyrics. Throughout his career, Pop is well known for his outrageous and unpredictable stage antics, poetic lyrics and distinctive voice. He was one of the first performers to do a stage-dive and popularized the activity. Pop, who traditionally (but not exclusively) performs bare-chested, also performed such stage theatrics as rolling around in broken glass and exposing himself to the crowd." }, "Switzerland-1": { "title": "Switzerland", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a country situated in the confluence of Western, Central, and Southern Europe. It is a federal republic composed of 26\u00a0cantons, with federal authorities based in Bern. Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau, the Alps, and the Jura, spanning a total area of 41,285\u00a0km2 (15,940\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), and land area of 39,997\u00a0km2 (15,443\u00a0sq\u00a0mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau, where the largest cities are located, among them the two global cities and economic centres of Z\u00fcrich and Geneva." }, "Stone Cold Steve Austin-41": { "title": "Stone Cold Steve Austin", "section": "Professional wrestling career", "headers": [ "World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment/WWE", "Final feuds and retirement (2002\u20132003)" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "Austin no-showed the Raw after WrestleMania and took a week-long break without the company's consent, citing exhaustion. McMahon claimed his actions caused fury among fans who had paid to see him that night. Austin returned on April 1, 2002 episode of Raw, the first of the new \"brand extension\" era. The show was centered on which show he would sign with, and he ultimately chose Raw. Austin entered a feud with The Undertaker that resulted in a number-one contender's match for the Undisputed WWF Championship at Backlash, which Austin lost despite having his foot on the rope when he was pinned. He would later be betrayed by Big Show, who went on to rejoin the nWo and Ric Flair. Austin then defeated Big Show and Flair in a handicap match at Judgment Day. In a May 2002 interview on WWE's Internet program, Byte This!, Austin stunned the company and fans by launching a verbal attack on the direction the company was heading in and slated the creative team for not using him the way he felt they previously did. The commentators struggled to keep Austin's opinions on a neutral wavelength, leading to the WWE apologizing to fans for the outburst and stated it was not part of Austin's current or upcoming storylines. McMahon responded a week later on the same show playing down the outburst, claiming that Austin was merely the type of wrestler who was occasionally difficult to work with." }, "Kiln-5": { "title": "Kiln", "section": "Ceramic kilns", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Uses include: Annealing, fusing and deforming glass, or fusing metallic oxide paints to the surface of glass Heat treatment for metallic workpieces Ceramics Brickworks Melting metal for casting Calcination of ore in a rotary kiln prior to smelting Pyrolysis of chemical materials Heating limestone with clay in the manufacture of Portland cement, the Cement kiln Heating limestone to make quicklime or calcium oxide, the Lime kiln Heating gypsum to make plaster of Paris For cremation (at high temperature) Drying of tobacco leaves Drying malted barley for brewing and other fermentations Drying hops for brewing (known as a hop kiln or oast house) Drying corn (grain) before grinding or storage, sometimes called a corn kiln, corn drying kiln. Drying green lumber so it can be used immediately Drying wood for use as firewood Heating wood to the point of pyrolysis to produce charcoal Kilns are an essential part of the manufacture of all ceramics. Ceramics require high temperatures so chemical and physical reactions will occur to permanently alter the unfired body. In the case of pottery, clay materials are shaped, dried and then fired in a kiln. The final characteristics are determined by the composition and preparation of the clay body and the temperature at which it is fired. After a first firing, glazes may be used and the ware is fired a second time to fuse the glaze into the body. A third firing at a lower temperature may be required to fix overglaze decoration. Modern kilns often have sophisticated electronic control systems, although pyrometric devices are often also used." }, "Mona Lisa-18": { "title": "Mona Lisa", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "It was kept at the Palace of Fontainebleau until Louis XIV moved it to the Palace of Versailles, where it remained until the French Revolution. In 1797, it went on permanent display at the Louvre." }, "Avengers: Infinity War-10": { "title": "Avengers: Infinity War", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Half of all life across the universe disintegrates, including Barnes, T'Challa, Groot, Maximoff, Wilson, Mantis, Drax, Quill, Strange, and Parker, as well as Maria Hill and Nick Fury, although Fury is able to transmit an emergency signal on a modified pager before turning to dust. Stark and Nebula remain on Titan while Banner, M'Baku, Okoye, Rhodes, Rocket, Rogers, Romanoff, and Thor are left on the Wakandan battlefield. Meanwhile, Thanos watches a sunrise on a peaceful planet." }, "Night monkey-8": { "title": "Night monkey", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "Diet" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Night monkeys are primarily frugivorous (fruit eating species) as fruits are easily distinguished through the use of olfactory cues, but leaf and insect consumption has also been observed in the cathemeral night monkey species A. azare. A study conducted by Wolovich et al., indicated that juveniles and females were much better at catching both crawling and flying insects than adult males. In general, the technique used by night monkeys in insect capturing is to use the palm of the hand to flatten a prey insect against a tree branch and then proceed to consume the carcass. During the winter months or when food sources are reduced, night monkeys have also been observed foraging on flowers such as Tabebuia heptaphylla, however this does not represent a primary food source." }, "Yellow perch-17": { "title": "Yellow perch", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Their microhabitat is usually along the shore among reeds and aquatic weeds, docks, and other structures. They are most dense within aquatic vegetation, since they naturally school, but also prefer small, weed-filled water bodies with muck, gravel, or sand bottoms. They are less abundant in deep and clear open water or unproductive lakes. Within rivers, they only frequent pools, slack water, and moderately vegetated habitat. They frequent inshore surface waters during the summer. Almost every cool- to warm-water predatory fish species, such as northern pike, muskellunge, bass, sunfish, crappie, walleye, trout, and even other yellow perch, are predators of the yellow perch. They are the primary prey for walleye Sander vitreus, and they consume 58% of the age zero and 47% of the age one yellow perch in northern lakes. However, in shallow natural lakes, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides may be most influential in structuring the quality of yellow perch populations. In Nebraska's Sandhill lakes, the mean weight and quality of yellow perch is not related to invertebrate abundance, but is related to the abundance of largemouth bass. The three primary factors influencing quality panfish populations are predators, prey, and the environment." }, "Warsaw Ghetto-1": { "title": "Warsaw Ghetto", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "You may also be looking for the book \"The Warsaw Ghetto: A Guide to the Perished City.\" The Warsaw Ghetto (German: Warschauer Ghetto, officially J\u00fcdischer Wohnbezirk in Warschau, \"Jewish Residential District in Warsaw\"; Polish: getto warszawskie) was the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Europe during World War II. It was established by the German authorities in November 1940; within the new General Government territory of German-occupied Poland. At its height as many as 460,000 Jews were imprisoned there, in an area of 3.4\u00a0km2 (1.3\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), with an average of 9.2 persons per room, barely subsisting on meager food rations. From the Warsaw Ghetto, Jews were deported to Nazi concentration camps and mass-killing centers. In the summer of 1942 at least 254,000 Ghetto residents were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp during Gro\u00dfaktion Warschau under the guise of \"resettlement in the East\" over the course of the summer. The ghetto was demolished by the Germans in May 1943 after the Warsaw Ghetto Uprisings which had temporarily halted the deportations. The total death toll among the Jewish inhabitants of the Ghetto is estimated to be at least 300,000 killed by bullet or gas, combined with 92,000 victims of rampant hunger and hunger-related diseases, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, and the casualties of the final destruction of the Ghetto." }, "General Motors-1": { "title": "General Motors", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "General Motors Company, commonly referred to as General Motors (GM), is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Detroit that designs, manufactures, markets, and distributes vehicles and vehicle parts, and sells financial services, with global headquarters in Detroit's Renaissance Center. It was originally founded by William C. Durant on September 16, 1908 as a holding company. The company is the largest American automobile manufacturer, and one of the world's largest. As of 2019, General Motors is ranked #13 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue." }, "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)-6": { "title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Belle befriends the castle's servants; candelabra footman Lumiere, clock majordomo Cogsworth, featherduster maid Plummette, teapot housekeeper Mrs Potts, and her teacup son Chip. They invite her to a spectacular dinner. When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose, the Beast scares her into the woods. Belle is ambushed by a pack of wolves, but the Beast rescues her, becoming injured in the process. As Belle nurses his wounds, a spark develops between them. The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress, a book that transports readers wherever they want. Belle uses the book to visit her childhood home in Paris, where she discovers a plague doctor mask and realizes that she and her father were forced to leave when her mother succumbed to the plague." }, "Gladiator-37": { "title": "Gladiator", "section": "The games", "headers": [ "Combat" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "Lightly armed and armoured fighters, such as the retiarius, would tire less rapidly than their heavily armed opponents; most bouts would have lasted 10 to 15 minutes, or 20 minutes at most. In late Republican munera, between 10 and 13 matches could have been fought on one day; this assumes one match at a time in the course of an afternoon." }, "Larynx-18": { "title": "Larynx", "section": "Function", "headers": [ "Sound generation" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Manipulation of the larynx is used to generate a source sound with a particular fundamental frequency, or pitch. This source sound is altered as it travels through the vocal tract, configured differently based on the position of the tongue, lips, mouth, and pharynx. The process of altering a source sound as it passes through the filter of the vocal tract creates the many different vowel and consonant sounds of the world's languages as well as tone, certain realizations of stress and other types of linguistic prosody. The larynx also has a similar function to the lungs in creating pressure differences required for sound production; a constricted larynx can be raised or lowered affecting the volume of the oral cavity as necessary in glottalic consonants." }, "Zika fever-2": { "title": "Zika fever", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Zika fever is mainly spread via the bite of mosquitoes of the Aedes type. It can also be sexually transmitted and potentially spread by blood transfusions. Infections in pregnant women can spread to the baby. Diagnosis is by testing the blood, urine, or saliva for the presence of the virus's RNA when the person is sick, or the blood for antibodies after symptoms are present more than a week." }, "Eggplant-1": { "title": "Eggplant", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Eggplant (USA, Australia, New Zealand, anglophone Canada), aubergine (UK, Ireland, Quebec) or brinjal (South Asia, South Africa) is a plant species in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Solanum melongena is grown worldwide for its edible fruit." }, "Tsar-1": { "title": "Tsar", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tsar (/z\u0251\u02d0r, s\u0251\u02d0r/ or /ts\u0251\u02d0r/), also spelled czar, or tzar or csar, is a title used to designate East and South Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers of Eastern Europe, originally the Bulgarian monarchs from 10th century onwards, much later a title for two rulers of the Serbian State, and from 1547 the supreme ruler of the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire. In this last capacity it lends its name to a system of government, tsarist autocracy or tsarism. The term is derived from the Latin word caesar, which was intended to mean \"emperor\" in the European medieval sense of the term\u2014a ruler with the same rank as a Roman emperor, holding it by the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official (the Pope or the Ecumenical Patriarch)\u2014but was usually considered by western Europeans to be equivalent to king, or to be somewhat in between a royal and imperial rank." }, "Cutlery-1": { "title": "Cutlery", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cutlery includes any hand implement used in preparing, serving, and especially eating food in Western culture. A person who makes or sells cutlery is called a cutler. The city of Sheffield in England has been famous for the production of cutlery since the 17th century and a train \u2013 the Master Cutler \u2013 running from Sheffield to London was named after the industry. Bringing affordable cutlery to the masses, stainless steel was developed in Sheffield in the early 20th century." }, "Idris I of Morocco-1": { "title": "Idris I of Morocco", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Idris I (Arabic: \u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u200e), also known as Idris ibn Abdillah, was the founder of the Arab Idrisid dynasty in part of northern Morocco in alliance with the Berber tribe of Awraba. He ruled from 788 to 791. He is credited with founding the dynasty that established Moroccan statehood and is regarded as the \"founder of Morocco\". He was the great-great-great-grandson of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad.He is Syed from Hasan ibn Ali lineage." }, "Christian cross variants-3": { "title": "Christian cross variants", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Christian crosses are used widely in churches, on top of church buildings, on bibles, in heraldry, in personal jewelry, on hilltops, and elsewhere as an attestation or other symbol of Christianity." }, "Spaghetti and meatballs-1": { "title": "Spaghetti and meatballs", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Spaghetti and meatballs or spaghetti with meatballs is an Italian-American dish consisting of spaghetti, tomato sauce and meatballs." }, "Louisiana Purchase-1": { "title": "Louisiana Purchase", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Louisiana Purchase (French: Vente de la Louisiane 'Sale of Louisiana') was the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from France in 1803. In return for fifteen million dollars, or approximately eighteen dollars per square mile, the United States nominally acquired a total of 828,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi (2,140,000\u00a0km2; 530,000,000 acres). However, France only controlled a small fraction of this area, with most of it inhabited by Native Americans; for the majority of the area, what the United States bought was the \"preemptive\" right to obtain Native American lands by treaty or by conquest, to the exclusion of other colonial powers. The total cost of all subsequent treaties and financial settlements over the land has been estimated to be around 2.6 billion dollars." }, "Boris Johnson-100": { "title": "Boris Johnson", "section": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom", "headers": [ "Cabinet" ], "para_index": 100, "content": "Johnson appointed his Cabinet on 24 July 2019, describing it as a \"Cabinet for modern Britain\", with The Guardian branding it \"an ethnically diverse but ideologically homogeneous statement of intent\". While forming his government, Johnson dismissed 11 senior ministers and accepted the resignation of six others, a purge described by Johnson's ally Nigel Evans as \"not so much a reshuffle as a summer's day massacre\". The mass dismissal was the most extensive Cabinet reorganisation without a change in ruling party in postwar British political history, exceeding the seven Cabinet ministers dismissed in the \"Night of the Long Knives\" of 1962, and was dubbed the \"Night of the Blond Knives\" by The Sun." }, "Republic of Florence-40": { "title": "Republic of Florence", "section": "History", "headers": [ "15th century", "Savonarola" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "Savonarola's Florence collapsed a year later. He was excommunicated by Pope Alexander VI in late 1497. In the same year, Florence embarked on a war with Pisa, which had been de facto independent since Charles VIII's invasion. The endeavour failed miserably, and this led to food shortages. That, in turn, led to a few isolated cases of the plague. The people blamed him for their woes, and he was tortured and executed in the Piazza della Signoria by being burned at the stake by Florentine authorities, in May\u00a01498." }, "Pope Callixtus I-1": { "title": "Pope Callixtus I", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pope Callixtus I, also called Callistus I, was the bishop of Rome (according to Sextus Julius Africanus) from c. 218 to his death c. 222 or 223. He lived during the reigns of the Roman Emperors Elagabalus and Alexander Severus. Eusebius and the Liberian catalogue gave him five years of episcopate (217\u2013222). He was martyred for his Christian faith and is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church." }, "Halo (optical phenomenon)-1": { "title": "Halo (optical phenomenon)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Halo (from Greek \u1f05\u03bb\u03c9\u03c2, hal\u014ds) is the name for a family of optical phenomena produced by light (typically from the Sun or Moon) interacting with ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere. Halos can have many forms, ranging from colored or white rings to arcs and spots in the sky. Many of these appear near the Sun or Moon, but others occur elsewhere or even in the opposite part of the sky. Among the best known halo types are the circular halo (properly called the 22\u00b0 halo), light pillars, and sun dogs, but many others occur; some are fairly common while others are (extremely) rare." }, "The Walt Disney Company-38": { "title": "The Walt Disney Company", "section": "Corporate history", "headers": [ "2005\u2013present: Bob Iger's leadership and company expansion" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "In April 2011, Disney broke ground on Shanghai Disney Resort. Costing $4.4 billion, the resort opened on June 16, 2016. Later, in August 2011, Bob Iger stated on a conference call that after the success of the Pixar and Marvel purchases, he and the Walt Disney Company are looking to \"buy either new characters or businesses that are capable of creating great characters and great stories.\" Later, in early February 2012, Disney completed its acquisition of UTV Software Communications, expanding their market further into India and Asia. On October 30, 2012, Disney announced plans to acquire Lucasfilm in a deal valued at $4.05 billion. Disney announced an intent to leverage the Star Wars franchise across its divisions, and planned to produce a seventh installment in the main film franchise for release in 2015. The sale was completed on December 21, 2012. On March 24, 2014, Disney acquired Maker Studios, an active multi-channel network on YouTube, for $500 million. The company was later turned into a new venture called Disney Digital Network in May 2017." }, "Igloo-2": { "title": "Igloo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Although igloos are often associated with all Inuit and Eskimo peoples, they were traditionally used only by the people of Canada's Central Arctic and Greenland's Thule area. Other Inuit tended to use snow to insulate their houses, which were constructed from whalebone and hides. Snow is used because the air pockets trapped in it make it an insulator. On the outside, temperatures may be as low as \u221245\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221249\u00a0\u00b0F), but on the inside, the temperature may range from \u22127 to 16\u00a0\u00b0C (19 to 61\u00a0\u00b0F) when warmed by body heat alone." }, "Snoop Dogg-68": { "title": "Snoop Dogg", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 68, "content": "Since the start of his career, Snoop has been an avowed cannabis smoker, making it one of the trademarks of his image. In 2002, he announced he was giving up cannabis for good; that did not last long (a situation famously referenced in the 2004 Adam Sandler movie 50 First Dates) and in 2013, he claimed to be smoking approximately 80 cannabis blunts a day. He has been certified for medical cannabis in California to treat migraines since at least 2007." }, "Milk-55": { "title": "Milk", "section": "Processing", "headers": [ "Pasteurization" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "Pasteurization is used to kill harmful pathogenic bacteria by heating the milk for a short time and then immediately cooling it. Types of pasteurized milk include full cream, reduced fat, skim milk, calcium enriched, flavored, and UHT. The standard high temperature short time (HTST) process of 72\u00a0\u00b0C for 15 seconds completely kills pathogenic bacteria in milk, rendering it safe to drink for up to three weeks if continually refrigerated. Dairies print best before dates on each container, after which stores remove any unsold milk from their shelves." }, "Stonehenge-1": { "title": "Stonehenge", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire, England, two miles (3\u00a0km) west of Amesbury. It consists of a ring of standing stones, each around 13 feet (4.0\u00a0m) high, seven feet (2.1\u00a0m) wide, and weighing around 25 tons. The stones are set within earthworks in the middle of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred tumuli (burial mounds)." }, "Lasagne-1": { "title": "Lasagne", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lasagne (US: /l\u0259\u02c8z\u0251\u02d0nj\u0259/, UK: /l\u0259\u02c8z\u00e6nj\u0259/, Italian:\u00a0[la\u02c8za\u0272\u0272e]; singular lasagna, Italian:\u00a0[la\u02c8za\u0272\u0272a]) are a type of wide, flat pasta, possibly one of the oldest types of pasta." }, "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives-3": { "title": "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The current House speaker, Democrat Nancy Pelosi of California, was elected to the office on January 3, 2019. Pelosi previously served as speaker from January 4, 2007, to January 3, 2011. She has the distinction of being the first woman to serve as speaker, and is also the first former speaker to be returned to office since Sam Rayburn in 1955." }, "Hookah-1": { "title": "Hookah", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A hookah (Hindustani: \u0939\u0941\u0915\u093c\u094d\u0915\u093c\u093e (Devanagari), \u062d\u0642\u0651\u06c1 (Nastaleeq), IPA: [\u02c8\u0266\u028aqqa\u02d0]; also see other names), also known as the qaly\u00e2n (Persian: \u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u200e), is a single- or multi-stemmed instrument for vaporizing and smoking flavored cannabis, tobacco (often Mu\u2018assel), or sometimes opium, whose vapor or smoke is passed through a water basin\u2014often glass-based\u2014before inhalation." }, "Curiosity (rover)-33": { "title": "Curiosity (rover)", "section": "Comparisons to other Mars missions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "Curiosity is 2.9\u00a0m (9.5\u00a0ft) long by 2.7\u00a0m (8.9\u00a0ft) wide by 2.2\u00a0m (7.2\u00a0ft) in height, larger than Mars Exploration Rovers, which are 1.5\u00a0m (4.9\u00a0ft) long and have a mass of 174\u00a0kg (384\u00a0lb) including 6.8\u00a0kg (15\u00a0lb) of scientific instruments. In comparison to Pancam on the Mars Exploration Rovers, the MastCam-34 has 1.25\u00d7 higher spatial resolution and the MastCam-100 has 3.67\u00d7 higher spatial resolution." }, "Princes in the Tower-2": { "title": "Princes in the Tower", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It is unclear what happened to the boys after the last recorded sighting of them in the tower. It is generally assumed that they were murdered; a common hypothesis is that they were killed by Richard in an attempt to secure his hold on the throne. Their deaths may have occurred sometime in 1483, but apart from their disappearance, the only evidence is circumstantial. As a result, several other hypotheses about their fates have been proposed, including the suggestion that they were murdered by Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham or Henry VII, among others. It has also been suggested that one or both princes may have escaped assassination. In 1487, Lambert Simnel initially claimed to be Richard, Duke of York, but later claimed to be Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick. From 1491 until his capture in 1497, Perkin Warbeck claimed to be Richard, Duke of York, having supposedly escaped to Flanders. Warbeck's claim was supported by some contemporaries (including the aunt of the disappeared princes, Margaret of York)." }, "Water-7": { "title": "Water", "section": "Chemical and physical properties", "headers": [ "States", "Density" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Water differs from most liquids in that it becomes less dense as it freezes. In 1\u00a0atm pressure, it reaches its maximum density of 1,000\u00a0kg/m3 (62.43\u00a0lb/cu\u00a0ft) at 3.98\u00a0\u00b0C (39.16\u00a0\u00b0F). The density of ice is 917\u00a0kg/m3 (57.25\u00a0lb/cu\u00a0ft), an expansion of 9%. This expansion can exert enormous pressure, bursting pipes and cracking rocks (see Frost weathering)." }, "Bernie Sanders-111": { "title": "Bernie Sanders", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 111, "content": "In 1963, Sanders and Deborah Shiling Messing, whom he met in college, volunteered for several months on the Israeli kibbutz Sha'ar HaAmakim. They married in 1964 and bought a summer home in Vermont; they had no children and divorced in 1966. His son (and only biological child), Levi Sanders, was born in 1969 to then-girlfriend Susan Campbell Mott." }, "Semiconductor-1": { "title": "Semiconductor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A semiconductor material has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of a conductor, such as metallic copper, and an insulator, such as glass. Its resistance falls as its temperature rises; metals are the opposite. Its conducting properties may be altered in useful ways by introducing impurities (\"doping\") into the crystal structure. When two differently-doped regions exist in the same crystal, a semiconductor junction is created. The behavior of charge carriers, which include electrons, ions and electron holes, at these junctions is the basis of diodes, transistors and all modern electronics. Some examples of semiconductors are silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, and elements near the so-called \"metalloid staircase\" on the periodic table. After silicon, gallium arsenide is the second most common semiconductor[citation needed] and is used in laser diodes, solar cells, microwave-frequency integrated circuits and others. Silicon is a critical element for fabricating most electronic circuits." }, "Cinco de Mayo-12": { "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "section": "History of the holiday", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "On June 7, 2005, the United States Congress issued a concurrent resolution calling on the President of the United States to issue a proclamation calling upon the people of the United States to observe Cinco de Mayo with appropriate ceremonies and activities. To celebrate, many display Cinco de Mayo banners while school districts hold special events to educate students about its historical significance. Special events and celebrations highlight Mexican culture, especially in its music and regional dancing. Examples include baile folkl\u00f3rico and mariachi demonstrations held annually at the Plaza del Pueblo de Los \u00c1ngeles, near Olvera Street. Commercial interests in the United States have capitalized on the celebration, advertising Mexican products and services, with an emphasis on alcoholic beverages, foods, and music. According to Nielsen, in 2013 more than $600\u00a0million worth of beer was purchased in the United States for Cinco de Mayo, more than for the Super Bowl or St. Patrick's Day." }, "Parity (mathematics)-1": { "title": "Parity (mathematics)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In mathematics, parity is the property of an integer's inclusion in one of two categories: even or odd. An integer is even if it is divisible by two and odd if it is not even. For example, 6 is even because there is no remainder when dividing it by 2. By contrast, 3, 5, 7, 21 leave a remainder of 1 when divided by 2. Examples of even numbers include \u22124, 0, 82 and 178. In particular, zero is an even number. Some examples of odd numbers are \u22125, 3, 29, and 73." }, "Orphans in the Soviet Union-14": { "title": "Orphans in the Soviet Union", "section": "War orphans, 1945\u20131953", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "With World War II came a new wave of orphans. After 1945, the NKVD was responsible for accommodating 2.5 million homeless children. However, the war softened attitudes towards bereaved children, a shift which eventually led to the improvement of the welfare system. The public regarded war orphans as innocent victims rather than subversives, and many citizens dedicated themselves to providing relief. There was a reversal of the previous era's stigma; adults caught in occupied zones did not pass their criminality on to their children. The state nurtured these children alongside other war orphans." }, "Watchmaker-2": { "title": "Watchmaker", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Most practising professional watchmakers service current or recent production watches. They seldom fabricate replacement parts. Instead they obtain and fit factory spare parts applicable to the watch brand being serviced. The majority of modern watchmakers, particularly in Switzerland and other countries in Europe, work directly for the watchmaking industry and may have completed a formal watchmaking degree at a technical school.[citation needed] They also receive in-house \"brand\" training at the factory or service center where they are employed. However, some factory service centers have an approach that allows them to use 'non-watchmakers' (called \"op\u00e9rateurs\") who perform only one aspect of the repair process. These highly skilled workers do not have a watchmaking degree or certificate, but are specifically trained 'in-house' as technicians to service a small number of components of the watch in a true 'assembly-line' fashion, (e.g., one type of worker will dismantle the watch movement from the case, another will polish the case and bracelet, another will install the dial and hands, etc.). If genuine watchmakers are employed in such environments, they are usually employed to service the watch movement." }, "Church of Satan-23": { "title": "Church of Satan", "section": "Membership", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Timeline Membership to the Church is gained by paying $225 and filling out a registration statement, and thus initiates are bestowed with lifetime memberships and not charged annual fees. The church emphasizes that one does not have to join the organization to consider oneself a Satanist, and that one only needs to recognize himself in The Satanic Bible and live according to the tenets outlined therein. The Church states they do not solicit memberships nor proselytize." }, "Conan O'Brien-34": { "title": "Conan O'Brien", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Conan (2010\u2013present)" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "The day his live tour began, O'Brien announced that he would host a new show on cable station TBS. The show, Conan, debuted on November 8, 2010, and airs Monday through Thursday at 11:00\u00a0pm ET/10:00\u00a0pm CT. O'Brien's addition moved Lopez Tonight with George Lopez back one hour. Refusing at first to do to Lopez what had happened to him at NBC, O'Brien agreed to join the network after Lopez called to persuade him to come to TBS." }, "Table tennis-24": { "title": "Table tennis", "section": "Gameplay", "headers": [ "Scoring" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "The opponent fails to make a correct service or return. After making a service or a return, the ball touches anything other than the net assembly before being struck by the opponent. The ball passes over the player's court or beyond their end line without touching their court, after being struck by the opponent. The opponent obstructs the ball. The opponent strikes the ball twice successively. Note that the hand that is holding the racket counts as part of the racket and that making a good return off one's hand or fingers is allowed. It is not a fault if the ball accidentally hits one's hand or fingers and then subsequently hits the racket. The opponent strikes the ball with a side of the racket blade whose surface is not covered with rubber. The opponent moves the playing surface or touches the net assembly. The opponent's free hand touches the playing surface. As a receiver under the expedite system, completing 13 returns in a rally. The opponent that has been warned by the umpire commits a second offense in the same individual match or team match. If the third offence happens, 2 points will be given to the player. If the individual match or the team match has not ended, any unused penalty points can be transferred to the next game of that match. A game shall be won by the player first scoring 11 points unless both players score 10 points, when the game shall be won by the first player subsequently gaining a lead of 2 points. A match shall consist of the best of any odd number of games. In competition play, matches are typically best of five or seven games." }, "University of Pennsylvania-47": { "title": "University of Pennsylvania", "section": "Research, innovations and discoveries", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "Several major scientific discoveries have also taken place at Penn. The university is probably best known as the place where the first general-purpose electronic computer (ENIAC) was born in 1946 at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering. It was here also where the world's first spelling and grammar checkers were created, as well as the popular COBOL programming language. Penn can also boast some of the most important discoveries in the field of medicine. The dialysis machine used as an artificial replacement for lost kidney function was conceived and devised out of a pressure cooker by William Inouye while he was still a student at Penn Med; the Rubella and Hepatitis B vaccines were developed at Penn; the discovery of cancer's link with genes, cognitive therapy, Retin-A (the cream used to treat acne), Resistin, the Philadelphia gene (linked to chronic myelogenous leukemia) and the technology behind PET Scans were all discovered by Penn Med researchers. More recent gene research has led to the discovery of the genes for fragile X syndrome, the most common form of inherited mental retardation; spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, a disorder marked by progressive muscle wasting; and Charcot\u2013Marie\u2013Tooth disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects the hands, feet and limbs. Conductive polymer was also developed at Penn by Alan J. Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa, an invention that earned them the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. On faculty since 1965, Ralph L. Brinster developed the scientific basis for in vitro fertilization and the transgenic mouse at Penn. The theory of superconductivity was also partly developed at Penn, by then-faculty member John Robert Schrieffer (along with John Bardeen and Leon Cooper). The university has also contributed major advancements in the fields of economics and management. Among the many discoveries are conjoint analysis, widely used as a predictive tool especially in market research, Simon Kuznets's method of measuring Gross National Product, the Penn effect (the observation that consumer price levels in richer countries are systematically higher than in poorer ones) and the \"Wharton Model\" developed by Nobel-laureate Lawrence Klein to measure and forecast economic activity. The idea behind Health Maintenance Organizations also belonged to Penn professor Robert Eilers, who put it into practice during then-President Nixon's health reform in the 1970s." }, "Human-55": { "title": "Human", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "Life cycle" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "The zygote divides inside the female's uterus to become an embryo, which over a period of 38 weeks (9 months) of gestation becomes a fetus. After this span of time, the fully grown fetus is birthed from the woman's body and breathes independently as an infant for the first time. At this point, most modern cultures recognize the baby as a person entitled to the full protection of the law, though some jurisdictions extend various levels of personhood earlier to human fetuses while they remain in the uterus." }, "Short-eared dog-1": { "title": "Short-eared dog", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The short-eared dog (Atelocynus microtis), also known as the short-eared zorro and small-eared dog, is a unique and elusive canid species endemic to the Amazonian basin. This is the only species assigned to the genus Atelocynus." }, "Campbell Soup Company-29": { "title": "Campbell Soup Company", "section": "Health controversies", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "Mmm Mmm Good (1935\u2013present; their predominantly used slogan) Give Me The Campbell Life (1969\u201375) Soup Is Good Food (1975\u2013c.1982) Never underestimate the power of soup! (1990s) Possibilities (2005\u20132008) So Many Many Reasons It's So Mmm Mmm Good (2009\u20132010) It's Amazing What Soup Can Do! (2010\u2013present) Made for real, Real life (2015\u2013present) Many canned soups, including Campbell's condensed and chunky varieties, contain relatively high quantities of sodium and thus are not desirable for those on low-sodium diets. However, Campbell's Chunky, Healthy Request and other soups, as well as their V-8 and Tomato juices, are claimed by Campbell's to contain reduced sodium levels." }, "Cattle-19": { "title": "Cattle", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "Anatomy", "Digestive system" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Cattle are ruminants, meaning their digestive system is highly specialized to allow the use of poorly digestible plants as food. Cattle have one stomach with four compartments, the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum, with the rumen being the largest compartment." }, "Opportunity (rover)-15": { "title": "Opportunity (rover)", "section": "Mission overview", "headers": [ "End of mission" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "On February 12, 2019, past and present members of the mission team gathered in JPL's Space Flight Operations Facility to watch final commands being transmitted to Opportunity via the 70 meter dish of the Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex in California. Following 25 minutes of transmission of the final 4 sets of commands, communication attempts with the rover were handed off to Canberra, Australia." }, "Fruit-36": { "title": "Fruit", "section": "Food uses", "headers": [ "Nutritional value" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "As excessive intake of added sugar is\u00a0harmful and fruits are relatively high in sugar it is often questioned whether fruits are actually healthy food. It is in fact difficult to get excessive amounts of sugar (e. g. fructose) from fruits as they also contain fibers, water and have significant chewing resistance. An overview on numerous studies can be found here. Studies show that fruits are very satisfying (for example apples or oranges). In addition, the fibres contained in fruits promote satiety and help lose weight and have cholesterol-lowering effects." }, "Landscape architect-1": { "title": "Landscape architect", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A landscape architect is a person who is educated in the field of landscape architecture. The practice of landscape architecture includes: site analysis, site inventory, site planning, land planning, planting design, grading, storm water management, sustainable design, construction specification and ensuring that all plans meet the current building codes and local and federal ordinances." }, "Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese-14": { "title": "Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Wa was the earliest written name of Japan, and the first graphic pejorative to be replaced by another character. Han Dynasty (206\u00a0BCE \u2013 24\u00a0CE) scribes initially wrote the exonym \"Japan\" as Chinese Wo or Japanese Wa \u502d meaning \"submissive; dwarf barbarian\". The Japanese adopted this kanji as their autonym, but replaced it with Wa \u548c \"harmony; peace\" circa 756, and convinced the Tang Dynasty (618\u2013907 CE) Chinese to adopt the new autonym, Japanese Nihon or Chinese Riben \u65e5\u672c (lit. \"root of the sun\")." }, "Uniforms of the Confederate States Armed Forces-12": { "title": "Uniforms of the Confederate States Armed Forces", "section": "Service dress uniforms overview", "headers": [ "Design" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Colonel John S. Mosby 3rd from right center row J.E.B. Stuart. The use of wool in the uniform meant that the uniforms were not suited to the warm climates that were common in the South. This contributed to many Confederate soldiers suffering from heatstroke on long marches. However, one understanding of the heavy woolen garments is that after the marching during the day time, when the soldiers would rest at night and cool themselves down, the thermal-shock could render some men unable to function the next day. As such, the woolen garments would protect the soldiers from this, and keep them able to keep marching the next day to fulfill their duties. This was also the case with the better equipped U.S. Army. Many Confederate soldiers started the war with frock coats. However, cloth shortages and wartime wear insured that, by 1863, waist-length cadet gray or butternut shell jackets were generally worn by Confederates in the Eastern and Western Theater. Examples of frock coats being worn by enlisted men can be seen in photographs taken after the battles of Gettysburg, (1863), and Spotsylvania, (1864)." }, "Third grade-1": { "title": "Third grade", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Third grade (also called grade three, equivalent to Year 4 in the UK) is a year of primary education in many countries. It is the third school year of primary school. Students are usually 8\u20139 years old, depending on when their birthday occurs." }, "Antarctic Peninsula-21": { "title": "Antarctic Peninsula", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Because the Antarctic Peninsula, which reaches north of the Antarctic Circle, is the most northerly part of Antarctica, it has the mildest climates within this continent. Its temperatures are warmest in January, averaging 1 to 2\u00a0\u00b0C (34 to 36\u00a0\u00b0F), and coldest in June, averages from \u221215 to \u221220\u00a0\u00b0C (5 to \u22124\u00a0\u00b0F). Its west coast from the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula south to 68\u00b0\u00a0S, which has a maritime Antarctic climate, is the mildest part of the Antarctic Peninsula. Within this part of the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures exceed 0\u00a0\u00b0C (32\u00a0\u00b0F) for 3 or 4 months during the summer, and rarely fall below \u221210\u00a0\u00b0C (14\u00a0\u00b0F) during the winter. Farther south along the west coast and the northeast coast of the peninsula, mean monthly temperatures exceed 0\u00a0\u00b0C (32\u00a0\u00b0F) for only one or two months of summer and average around \u221215\u00a0\u00b0C (5\u00a0\u00b0F) in winter. The east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula south of 63\u00b0\u00a0S is generally much colder, with mean temperatures exceeding 0\u00a0\u00b0C (32\u00a0\u00b0F) for at most one month of summer, and winter mean temperatures ranging from \u22125 to \u221225\u00a0\u00b0C (23 to \u221213\u00a0\u00b0F). The colder temperatures of the southeast, Weddell Sea side, of the Antarctic Peninsula are reflected in the persistence of ice shelves that cling to the eastern side." }, "Mercedes-Benz-6": { "title": "Mercedes-Benz", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Throughout the 1930s, Mercedes-Benz produced the 770 model, a car that was popular during Germany's Nazi period. Adolf Hitler was known to have driven these cars during his time in power, with bulletproof windshields. Most of the surviving models have been sold at auctions to private buyers. One of them is currently on display at the War Museum in Ottawa, Ontario. The pontiff's Popemobile has often been sourced from Mercedes-Benz. In 1944, 46,000 forced labourers were used in Daimler-Benz's factories to bolster Nazi war efforts. The company later paid $12 million in reparations to the labourers' families. Mercedes-Benz has introduced many technological and safety innovations that later became common in other vehicles. Mercedes-Benz is one of the best-known and established automotive brands in the world." }, "Anorexia nervosa-53": { "title": "Anorexia nervosa", "section": "Prognosis", "headers": [ "Complications" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "Growth retardation may occur, as height gain may slow and can stop completely with severe weight loss or chronic malnutrition. In such cases, provided that growth potential is preserved, height increase can resume and reach full potential after normal intake is resumed.[medical citation needed] Height potential is normally preserved if the duration and severity of illness are not significant or if the illness is accompanied by delayed bone age (especially prior to a bone age of approximately 15 years), as hypogonadism may partially counteract the effects of undernutrition on height by allowing for a longer duration of growth compared to controls.[medical citation needed] Appropriate early treatment can preserve height potential, and may even help to increase it in some post-anorexic subjects, due to factors such as long-term reduced estrogen-producing adipose tissue levels compared to premorbid levels.[medical citation needed] In some cases, especially where onset is before puberty, complications such as stunted growth and pubertal delay are usually reversible." }, "Das Kapital-3": { "title": "Das Kapital", "section": "Themes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Wage-labour is the basic \"cell-form\" (trade unit) of a capitalist society. Moreover, because commerce as a human activity implied no morality beyond that required to buy and sell goods and services, the growth of the market system made discrete entities of the economic, the moral and the legal spheres of human activity in society; hence, subjective moral value is separate from objective economic value. Subsequently, political economy\u2014the just distribution of wealth and \"political arithmetick\" about taxes\u2014became three discrete fields of human activity, namely economics, law and ethics, politics and economics divorced.[citation needed] \"The economic formation of society [is] a process of natural history\". Thus, it is possible for a political economist to objectively study the scientific laws of capitalism, given that its expansion of the market system of commerce had objectified human economic relations. The use of money (cash nexus) voided religious and political illusions about its economic value and replaced them with commodity fetishism, the belief that an object (commodity) has inherent economic value. Because societal economic formation is a historical process, no one person could control or direct it, thereby creating a global complex of social connections among capitalists. The economic formation (individual commerce) of a society thus precedes the human administration of an economy (organised commerce). The structural contradictions of a capitalist economy (German: gegens\u00e4tzliche Bewegung) describe the contradictory movement originating from the two-fold character of labour and so the class struggle between labour and capital, the wage labourer and the owner of the means of production. These capitalist economic contradictions operate \"behind the backs\" of the capitalists and the workers as a result of their activities and yet remain beyond their immediate perceptions as men and women and as social classes. The economic crises (recession, depression, et cetera) that are rooted in the contradictory character of the economic value of the commodity (cell-unit) of a capitalist society are the conditions that propitiate proletarian revolution\u2014which The Communist Manifesto (1848) collectively identified as a weapon forged by the capitalists which the working class \"turned against the bourgeoisie itself\". In a capitalist economy, technological improvement and its consequent increased production augment the amount of material wealth (use value) in society while simultaneously diminishing the economic value of the same wealth, thereby diminishing the rate of profit\u2014a paradox characteristic of economic crisis in a capitalist economy. \"Poverty in the midst of plenty\" consequent to over-production and under-consumption. After two decades of economic study and preparatory work (especially regarding the theory of surplus value), the first volume appeared in 1867 as The Production Process of Capital. After Marx's death in 1883, Engels introduced Volume II: The Circulation Process of Capital in 1885; and Volume III: The Overall Process of Capitalist Production in 1894 from manuscripts and the first volume. These three volumes are collectively known as Das Kapital." }, "Cephalophore-5": { "title": "Cephalophore", "section": "Possible origins", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "John the Baptist, the best known beheaded saint, is not considered a cephalophore, since he did not hold his own head in his hands." }, "February-1": { "title": "February", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "January February March April May June July August September October November December February is the second month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, with 28 days in common years and 29 days in leap years, with the quadrennial 29th day being called the leap day. It is the first of five months to have fewer than 31 days (the other four being April, June, September, and November) and the only one to have fewer than 30 days. The other seven months have 31 days. February starts on the same day of the week as March and November in common years and August in leap years. It ends on the same day of the week as October in all years. In leap years preceding common years or common years preceding leap years, it begins on the same day of the week as May of the following year and ends on the same day of the week as April of the following year. In common years preceding common years, it begins on the same day of the week as August of the following year and ends on the same day of the week as July of the following year. It also begins on the same day of the week as June of the previous year and ends on the same day of the week as August and November of the previous year. In 2020, February had 29 days." }, "Eddie Murphy-8": { "title": "Eddie Murphy", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Stand-up comedy" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "When Murphy was 15 he listened to Richard Pryor's comedy album That Nigger's Crazy, which inspired his decision to become a comedian. As a child, Murphy developed playing multiple characters in imitation of his acting hero Peter Sellers. Other early influences included Bill Cosby, Redd Foxx, and Robin Williams. On July 9, 1976, the date with which Murphy marks the beginning of his career, he performed in a talent show at the Roosevelt Youth Center, doing an impersonation of singer Al Green as Green's song \"Let's Stay Together\" played. This led to work at other clubs within walking distance, and then late night jobs at locations that required him to commute by train. To do this he secretly skipped school, and after his mother discovered this at the end of his senior year, he was required to attend summer school." }, "Counting-9": { "title": "Counting", "section": "Inclusive counting", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Inclusive counting is usually encountered when dealing with time in the Romance languages. In exclusive counting languages such as English, when counting \"8\" days from Sunday, Monday will be day 1, Tuesday day 2, and the following Monday will be the eighth day. When counting \"inclusively,\" the Sunday (the start day) will be day 1 and therefore the following Sunday will be the eighth day. For example, the French phrase for \"fortnight\" is quinzaine (15\u00a0[days]), and similar words are present in Greek (\u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf, dekapenth\u00edmero), Spanish (quincena) and Portuguese (quinzena). In contrast, the English word \"fortnight\" itself derives from \"a fourteen-night\", as the archaic \"sennight\" does from \"a seven-night\"; the English words are not examples of inclusive counting." }, "Dungeons & Dragons-5": { "title": "Dungeons & Dragons", "section": "Play overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Dungeons & Dragons is a structured yet open-ended role-playing game. It is normally played indoors with the participants seated around a tabletop. Typically, each player controls only a single character, which represents an individual in a fictional setting. When working together as a group, these player characters (PCs) are often described as a \"party\" of adventurers, with each member often having their own area of specialty which contributes to the success of the whole. During the course of play, each player directs the actions of their character and their interactions with other characters in the game. This activity is performed through the verbal impersonation of the characters by the players, while employing a variety of social and other useful cognitive skills, such as logic, basic mathematics and imagination. A game often continues over a series of meetings to complete a single adventure, and longer into a series of related gaming adventures, called a \"campaign\"." }, "English language in England-1": { "title": "English language in England", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The English language spoken and written in England encompasses a diverse range of accents and dialects. The dialect forms part of the broader British English, along with other varieties in the United Kingdom. Terms used to refer to the English language spoken and written in England include: English English, Anglo-English and British English in England." }, "1976 Summer Olympics medal table-3": { "title": "1976 Summer Olympics medal table", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Athletes from 42 countries won at least one medal, leaving 51 countries in blank in the medals table. The Soviet Union won the highest number of gold medals (49) and overall medals (125). Thailand and Bermuda won the first medals in their Olympic history, with Bermuda still being the least populous nation to ever win a Summer Olympic medal." }, "Human skin color-41": { "title": "Human skin color", "section": "Exposure to the Sun", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "Melanin in the skin protects the body by absorbing solar radiation. In general, the more melanin there is in the skin the more solar radiation can be absorbed. Excessive solar radiation causes direct and indirect DNA damage to the skin and the body naturally combats and seeks to repair the damage and protect the skin by creating and releasing further melanin into the skin's cells. With the production of the melanin, the skin color darkens, but can also cause sunburn. The tanning process can also be created by artificial UV radiation." }, "Silicon Valley-1": { "title": "Silicon Valley", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Silicon Valley is a region in the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California that serves as a global center for high technology, innovation, venture capital, and social media. It corresponds roughly to the geographical Santa Clara Valley. San Jose is the Valley's largest city, the third-largest in California, and the tenth-largest in the United States; other major Silicon Valley cities include Sunnyvale, Santa Clara, Redwood City, Mountain View, Palo Alto, Menlo Park, and Cupertino. The San Jose Metropolitan Area has the third-highest GDP per capita in the world (after Zurich, Switzerland and Oslo, Norway), according to the Brookings Institution." }, "Metroid (video game)-13": { "title": "Metroid (video game)", "section": "Release", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Officially defined as a scrolling shooter video game, Nintendo released Metroid for the Family Computer Disk System in Japan on August 6, 1986. It was released on the Nintendo Entertainment System a year later on August 15, 1987 in North America, and on January 15, 1988 in Europe." }, "Inuktitut-1": { "title": "Inuktitut", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Inuktitut (/\u026a\u02c8n\u028akt\u026at\u028at/; Inuktitut:\u00a0[inukti\u02c8tut], syllabics \u1403\u14c4\u1483\u144e\u1450\u1466; from inuk, \"person\" + -titut, \"like\", \"in the manner of\"), also Eastern Canadian Inuktitut, is one of the principal Inuit languages of Canada. It is spoken in all areas north of the tree line, including parts of the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec, to some extent in northeastern Manitoba as well as the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. It is one of the aboriginal languages written with Canadian Aboriginal syllabics." }, "Ten Commandments-1": { "title": "Ten Commandments", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Ten Commandments (Hebrew: \u05e2\u05b2\u05e9\u05b6\u05c2\u05e8\u05b6\u05ea \u05d4\u05b7\u05d3\u05b4\u05bc\u05d1\u05b0\u05bc\u05e8\u05d5\u05b9\u05ea, Aseret ha'Dibrot), also known as the Decalogue, are a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship, which play a fundamental role in the Abrahamic religions. The Ten Commandments appear twice in the Hebrew Bible: in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy. The commandments include instructions to have no other gods before him, to honour one's parents, and to keep the sabbath day holy, as well as prohibitions against idolatry, blasphemy, murder, adultery, theft, dishonesty, and coveting. Different religious groups follow different traditions for interpreting and numbering them." }, "Zedekiah-1": { "title": "Zedekiah", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Zedekiah (/\u02ccz\u025bd\u026a\u02c8ka\u026a\u0259/) also known as Tzidkiyahu originally called Mattanyahu or Mattaniah, was the twentieth and last king of Judah before the destruction of the kingdom by King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon. Zedekiah had been installed as king of Judah by Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon, after a siege of Jerusalem in 597 BC, to succeed his nephew, Jehoiachin, who was overthrown as king after a reign of only three months and ten days." }, "United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine-2": { "title": "United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The resolution recommended the creation of independent Arab and Jewish States and a Special International Regime for the city of Jerusalem. The Partition Plan, a four-part document attached to the resolution, provided for the termination of the Mandate, the progressive withdrawal of British armed forces and the delineation of boundaries between the two States and Jerusalem. Part I of the Plan stipulated that the Mandate would be terminated as soon as possible and the United Kingdom would withdraw no later than 1 August 1948. The new states would come into existence two months after the withdrawal, but no later than 1 October 1948. The Plan sought to address the conflicting objectives and claims of two competing movements, Palestinian nationalism and Jewish nationalism, or Zionism. The Plan also called for Economic Union between the proposed states, and for the protection of religious and minority rights." }, "Nostradamus-13": { "title": "Nostradamus", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "Final years and death" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "By 1566, Nostradamus's gout, which had plagued him painfully for many years and made movement very difficult, turned into edema. In late June he summoned his lawyer to draw up an extensive will bequeathing his property plus 3,444 crowns (around US$300,000 today), minus a few debts, to his wife pending her remarriage, in trust for her sons pending their twenty-fifth birthdays and her daughters pending their marriages. This was followed by a much shorter codicil. On the evening of 1 July, he is alleged to have told his secretary Jean de Chavigny, \"You will not find me alive at sunrise.\" The next morning he was reportedly found dead, lying on the floor next to his bed and a bench (Presage 141 [originally 152] for November 1567, as posthumously edited by Chavigny to fit what happened). He was buried in the local Franciscan chapel in Salon (part of it now incorporated into the restaurant La Brocherie) but re-interred during the French Revolution in the Coll\u00e9giale Saint-Laurent, where his tomb remains to this day." }, "Goomba-1": { "title": "Goomba", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Goombas /\u02c8\u0261u\u02d0mb\u0259/, known in Japan as Kuribo (\u30af\u30ea\u30dc\u30fc, Kurib\u014d, [k\u026f.\u027ei.bo\u02d0]), are a species of sentient mushrooms from Nintendo's Mario franchise. They first appeared in the NES video game Super Mario Bros. as the first enemy players encounter. They have appeared outside video games, including in film, television, and other media. They are usually brown and are most commonly seen walking around aimlessly, often as an obstacle, in video games. They were included late in the development of Super Mario Bros. as a simple, easy to defeat enemy." }, "Albanian Declaration of Independence-7": { "title": "Albanian Declaration of Independence", "section": "Independence", "headers": [ "Assembly of Vlor\u00eb" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The chairman, Ismail Kemal Bey, then took the floor and, in an ardent, fluid and reasonable speech, stated that although they had always been faithful to the Ottoman Empire, the Albanians had never forgotten their own language and nationality, the best proof of this being the endeavours and uprisings that had taken place from time to time, in particular over the last four years, to preserve their rights and customs. The Ottoman Government had never taken their interests into consideration and had never been willing to recompense the Albanians for the great services they had rendered. It had recently shown some interest in coming to an understanding with our people, but had not given proof of good faith and had not taken all the steps needed to appease and satisfy the Albanians. War had recently broken out with four countries in the Balkans that were seeking change and rights for their peoples, united by their ethnicity and religion." }, "Satan-32": { "title": "Satan", "section": "Christianity", "headers": [ "Early modern period" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "During the Early Modern Period, Christians gradually began to regard Satan as increasingly powerful and the fear of Satan's power became a dominant aspect of the worldview of Christians across Europe. During the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther taught that, rather than trying to argue with Satan, Christians should avoid temptation altogether by seeking out pleasant company; Luther especially recommended music as a safeguard against temptation, since the Devil \"cannot endure gaiety.\" John Calvin repeated a maxim from Saint Augustine that \"Man is like a horse, with either God or the devil as rider.\"" }, "Kaa-3": { "title": "Kaa", "section": "Kipling's Mowgli Stories", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In The Second Jungle Book, Kaa appears in the first half of the story \"The King's Ankus\". After Kaa and Mowgli spend some time relaxing, bathing and wrestling, Kaa persuades Mowgli to visit a treasure chamber guarded by an old cobra beneath the same Cold Lairs. The cobra tries to kill Mowgli but its venom has dried up. Mowgli takes a jeweled item away as a souvenir, not realizing the trouble it will cause them, and Kaa departs." }, "Nylon riots-3": { "title": "Nylon riots", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Ripstop nylon, which was more effective than silk and canvas, was used for parachutes and other war materials, such as airplane cords and ropes. At first, canvas was used to create parachute canopies, and silk was much more effective (stronger and thinner). However, there were many other materials used for parachute canopies, such as Dacron. These materials did not compare to nylon, as nylon was a more practical and developed material." }, "Richard Dawkins-4": { "title": "Richard Dawkins", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Dawkins has been awarded academic and writing awards, and he makes television, radio, and Internet appearances, predominantly discussing his books, atheism, and his ideas and opinions as a public intellectual." }, "Sailing-1": { "title": "Sailing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sailing craft and their rigs Sailing employs the wind\u2014acting on sails, wingsails or kites\u2014to propel a craft on the surface of the water (sailing ship, sailboat, windsurfer, or kitesurfer), on ice (iceboat) or on land (land yacht) over a chosen course, which is often part of a larger plan of navigation." }, "Christopher Reeve-57": { "title": "Christopher Reeve", "section": "Injury", "headers": [ "Recovery" ], "para_index": 57, "content": "After considering his situation, believing that not only would he never walk again, but that he might never move a body part again, Reeve considered suicide. He mouthed to Dana, \"Maybe we should let me go.\" She tearfully mouthed back, \"I am only going to say this once: I will support whatever you want to do because this is your life, and your decision. But I want you to know that I'll be with you for the long haul, no matter what. You're still you. And I love you.\" Reeve never considered euthanasia as an option again." }, "Super Mario-1": { "title": "Super Mario", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Super Mario is a Japanese platform video game series and media franchise created by Nintendo and featuring their mascot, Mario. Alternatively called the Super Mario Bros. series or simply the Mario series, it is the central series of the greater Mario franchise. At least one Super Mario game has been released for every major Nintendo video game console. There have also been a number of Super Mario video games released on non-Nintendo gaming platforms." }, "Versailles, Yvelines-1": { "title": "Versailles, Yvelines", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Versailles (French pronunciation:\u00a0[v\u025b\u0281s\u0251j] (listen)) is a city in the Yvelines d\u00e9partement in the \u00cele-de-France region, renowned worldwide for the Ch\u00e2teau de Versailles and the gardens of Versailles, designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Located in the western suburbs of the French capital, 17.1\u00a0km (10.6\u00a0mi) from the centre of Paris, Versailles is in the 21st century a wealthy suburb of Paris with a service-based economy and a major tourist destination as well. According to the 2008 census, the population of the city is 88,641 inhabitants, down from a peak of 94,145 in 1975." }, "Europa (moon)-6": { "title": "Europa (moon)", "section": "Discovery and naming", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Europa is named after Europa, daughter of the king of Tyre, a Phoenician noblewoman in Greek mythology. Like all the Galilean satellites, Europa is named after a lover of Zeus, the Greek counterpart of Jupiter. Europa was courted by Zeus and became the queen of Crete. The naming scheme was suggested by Simon Marius, who attributed the proposal to Johannes Kepler." }, "Hatshepsut-1": { "title": "Hatshepsut", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hatshepsut (/h\u00e6t\u02c8\u0283\u025bps\u028at/; also Hatchepsut; Egyptian: \u1e25\ua723t-\u0161ps.wt \"Foremost of Noble Ladies\"; 1507\u20131458\u00a0BC) was the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She was the second historically-confirmed female pharaoh, the first being Sobekneferu. (Various other women may have also ruled as pharaohs regnant or at least regents before Hatshepsut, as early as Neithhotep around 1600 years prior.)" }, "Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes-1": { "title": "Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes, also known simply as Fleas, is a couplet commonly cited as the shortest poem ever written, composed by American poet Strickland Gillilan in the early 20th century." }, "The Isley Brothers-4": { "title": "The Isley Brothers", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The six-member band splintered in 1983, with Ernie, Marvin, and Chris Jasper forming the short-lived spinoff group Isley-Jasper-Isley. The oldest member, O'Kelly, died in 1986 and Rudolph and Ronald released a pair of albums as a duo before Rudolph retired to a life in the Christian ministry in 1989. Ronald reconvened the group two years later in 1991 with Ernie and Marvin; five years later, in 1996, Marvin Isley left the group due to complications of diabetes. The remaining duo of Ronald and Ernie achieved mainstream success with the albums Mission to Please (1996), Eternal (2001) and Body Kiss (2003). Eternal spawned the top twenty hit \"Contagious\". As of 2019[update], the Isley Brothers continue to perform under the lineup of Ronald and Ernie." }, "Stone Cold Steve Austin-70": { "title": "Stone Cold Steve Austin", "section": "Professional wrestling style and persona", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 70, "content": "During his early years as a wrestler, Austin was a technical wrestler. However, after Owen Hart accidentally injured Austin's neck in 1997, Austin changed his style from technical to brawler. His most famous finishing move is the Stone Cold Stunner, or simply Stunner. During his time as The Ringmaster, he used the Million Dollar Dream as finisher, since it was Ted DiBiase's finisher. During his time in WCW, Austin used the Stun Gun (a move innovated by Eddie Gilbert called Hot Shot) and Hollywod & Vine (a standing modified figure-four Leglock) as his finishers." }, "Microwave oven-45": { "title": "Microwave oven", "section": "Heating characteristics", "headers": [ "Effects on food and nutrients" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "Any form of cooking will destroy some nutrients in food, but the key variables are how much water is used in the cooking, how long the food is cooked, and at what temperature. Nutrients are primarily lost by leaching into cooking water, which tends to make microwave cooking healthier, given the shorter cooking times it requires. Like other heating methods, microwaving converts vitamin B12 from an active to inactive form; the amount of conversion depends on the temperature reached, as well as the cooking time. Boiled food reaches a maximum of 100\u00a0\u00b0C (212\u00a0\u00b0F) (the boiling point of water), whereas microwaved food can get locally hotter than this, leading to faster breakdown of vitamin B12. The higher rate of loss is partially offset by the shorter cooking times required." }, "Chlorine-13": { "title": "Chlorine", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Elemental chlorine solutions dissolved in chemically basic water (sodium and calcium hypochlorite) were first used as anti-putrefaction agents and disinfectants in the 1820s, in France, long before the establishment of the germ theory of disease. This practice was pioneered by Antoine-Germain Labarraque, who adapted Berthollet's \"Javel water\" bleach and other chlorine preparations (for a more complete history, see below). Elemental chlorine has since served a continuous function in topical antisepsis (wound irrigation solutions and the like) and public sanitation, particularly in swimming and drinking water." }, "Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest-2": { "title": "Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The contest has gained public attention in recent years due to the stardom of Takeru Kobayashi and Joey Chestnut. The defending men's champion is Joey Chestnut, who ate 71 hot dogs in the 2019 contest." }, "Saint Peter-57": { "title": "Saint Peter", "section": "Connection to Rome", "headers": [ "Death and burial", "Crucifixion at Rome" ], "para_index": 57, "content": "Early Church tradition says that Peter probably died by crucifixion (with arms outstretched) at the time of the Great Fire of Rome in the year 64. This took place three months after the disastrous fire that destroyed Rome for which the emperor (Nero) wished to blame the Christians. This \"dies imperii\" (regnal day anniversary) was an important one, exactly ten years after Nero ascended to the throne, and it was \"as usual\" accompanied by much bloodshed. Traditionally, Roman authorities sentenced him to death by crucifixion. In accordance with the apocryphal Acts of Peter, he was crucified head down. Tradition also locates his burial place where the Basilica of Saint Peter was later built, directly beneath the Basilica's high altar." }, "Ariel (The Little Mermaid)-33": { "title": "Ariel (The Little Mermaid)", "section": "In other media", "headers": [ "Broadway musical" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "Ariel appears in the Broadway adaptation of the 1989 film, which ran at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre with previews from November 3, 2007, leading to opening night on January 10, 2008. This original production closed on August 30, 2009, but other US and international productions have followed since. The character of Ariel for the stage adaptation was originated by Sierra Boggess, with the role also portrayed later by actresses Chelsea Morgan Stock and Michelle Lookadoo. Jodi Benson, the original voice actress for Ariel, attended the musical's opening night." }, "Glass coloring and color marking-3": { "title": "Glass coloring and color marking", "section": "Colored inclusions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Iron(II) oxide may be added to glass resulting in bluish-green glass which is frequently used in beer bottles. Together with chromium it gives a richer green color, used for wine bottles. Sulfur, together with carbon and iron salts, is used to form iron polysulfides and produce amber glass ranging from yellowish to almost black. In borosilicate glasses rich in boron, sulfur imparts a blue color. With calcium it yields a deep yellow color. Manganese can be added in small amounts to remove the green tint given by iron, or in higher concentrations to give glass an amethyst color. Manganese is one of the oldest glass additives, and purple manganese glass was used since early Egyptian history. Manganese dioxide, which is black, is used to remove the green color from the glass; in a very slow process this is converted to sodium permanganate, a dark purple compound. In New England some houses built more than 300 years ago have window glass which is lightly tinted violet because of this chemical change; and such glass panes are prized as antiques. This process is widely confused with the formation of \"desert amethyst glass\", in which glass exposed to desert sunshine with a high ultraviolet component develops a delicate violet tint. Details of the process and the composition of the glass vary and so do the results, because it is not a simple matter to obtain or produce properly controlled specimens. Small concentrations of cobalt (0.025 to 0.1%) yield blue glass. The best results are achieved when using glass containing potash. Very small amounts can be used for decolorizing. 2 to 3% of copper oxide produces a turquoise color. Nickel, depending on the concentration, produces blue, or violet, or even black glass. Lead crystal with added nickel acquires purplish color. Nickel together with a small amount of cobalt was used for decolorizing of lead glass. Chromium is a very powerful colorizing agent, yielding dark green or in higher concentrations even black color. Together with tin oxide and arsenic it yields emerald green glass. Chromium aventurine, in which aventurescence was achieved by growth of large parallel chromium(III) oxide plates during cooling, was also made from glass with added chromium oxide in amount above its solubility limit in glass. Cadmium together with sulphur forms cadmium sulfide and results in deep yellow color, often used in glazes. However, cadmium is toxic. Together with selenium and sulphur it yields shades of bright red and orange. Adding titanium produces yellowish-brown glass. Titanium, rarely used on its own, is more often employed to intensify and brighten other colorizing additives. Uranium (0.1 to 2%) can be added to give glass a fluorescent yellow or green color. Uranium glass is typically not radioactive enough to be dangerous, but if ground into a powder, such as by polishing with sandpaper, and inhaled, it can be carcinogenic. When used with lead glass with very high proportion of lead, produces a deep red color. Didymium gives green color (used in UV filters) or lilac red. Selenium, like manganese, can be used in small concentrations to decolorize glass, or in higher concentrations to impart a reddish color, caused by selenium nanoparticles dispersed in glass. It is a very important agent to make pink and red glass. When used together with cadmium sulfide, it yields a brilliant red color known as \"Selenium Ruby\". Pure metallic copper produces a very dark red, opaque glass, which is sometimes used as a substitute for gold in the production of ruby-colored glass. Metallic gold, in very small concentrations (around 0.001%, or 10 ppm), produces a rich ruby-colored glass (\"Ruby Gold\" or \"Rubino Oro\"), while lower concentrations produces a less intense red, often marketed as \"cranberry\". The color is caused by the size and dispersion of gold particles. Ruby gold glass is usually made of lead glass with added tin. Silver compounds such as silver nitrate and silver halides can produce a range of colors from orange-red to yellow. The way the glass is heated and cooled can significantly affect the colors produced by these compounds. Also photochromic lenses and photosensitive glass are based on silver. Tin oxide with antimony and arsenic oxides produce an opaque white glass (milk glass), first used in Venice to produce an imitation porcelain. Similarly, some smoked glasses may be based on dark-colored inclusions, but with ionic coloring it is also possible to produce dark colors (see above)." }, "John Major-1": { "title": "John Major", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sir John Major KG CH (born 29 March 1943) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1990 to 1997. Major was Foreign Secretary and then Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Thatcher Government from 1989 to 1990, and was Member of Parliament (MP) for Huntingdon from 1979 until his retirement in 2001. Since the death of Margaret Thatcher in 2013, he has been both the oldest and earliest-serving of all living former prime ministers." }, "Cattle feeding-1": { "title": "Cattle feeding", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "There are different systems of feeding cattle in animal husbandry, which may have different advantages and disadvantages. Most cattle in the US have a fodder that is composed of at least some forage (grass, legumes, or silage). In fact, most beef cattle are raised on pasture from birth in the spring until autumn (7 to 9 months). For pastured animals, grass is usually the forage that composes the majority of their diet. Cattle reared in feedlots are fed hay supplemented with grain, soy and other ingredients in order to increase the energy density of the feed. The debate is whether cattle should be raised on fodder primarily composed of grass or a concentrate. The issue is complicated by the political interests and confusion between labels such as \"free range\", \"organic\", or \"natural\". Cattle raised on a primarily foraged diet are termed grass-fed or pasture-raised; for example meat or milk may be called grass-fed beef or pasture-raised dairy. The term \"pasture-raised\" can lead to confusion with the term \"free range\", which does not describe exactly what the animals eat." }, "Power outage-5": { "title": "Power outage", "section": "Types of power outage", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "A transient fault is a loss of power typically caused by a fault on a power line. Power is automatically restored once the fault is cleared. A brownout is a drop in voltage in an electrical power supply. The term brownout comes from the dimming experienced by lighting when the voltage sags. Brownouts can cause poor performance of equipment or even incorrect operation. A blackout is the total loss of power to an area and is the most severe form of power outage that can occur. Blackouts which result from or result in power stations tripping are particularly difficult to recover from quickly. Outages may last from a few minutes to a few weeks depending on the nature of the blackout and the configuration of the electrical network. Rolling blackouts occur when demand for electricity exceeds supply, and allow some customers to receive power at the required voltage at the expense of other customers who get no power at all. They are a common occurrence in developing countries, and may be scheduled in advance or occur without warning. They have also occurred in developed countries, for example in the California electricity crisis of 2000-2001, when government deregulation destabilized the wholesale electricity market. Blackouts are also used as a public safety measure, such as to prevent a gas leak from catching fire (for example, power was cut to several towns in response to the Merrimack Valley gas explosions), or to prevent wildfires around poorly maintained transmission lines (such as during the 2019 California power shutoffs)." }, "Botany Swarm-1": { "title": "Botany Swarm", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Botany Swarm is a semi-professional ice hockey team based in East Auckland, New Zealand. The team is a member of the New Zealand Ice Hockey League (NZIHL). The team was founded in 2005 as the South Auckland Swarm. Their name was changed prior to the 2007 season due to it being similar to one of the other teams and to better reflect the area in Auckland where their home rink is located (in the suburb of Botany Downs). They play their home games out of the Paradice Ice Skating Botany Rink known as The Hive." }, "Macaque-3": { "title": "Macaque", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Aside from humans (genus Homo), the macaques are the most widespread primate genus, ranging from Japan to the Indian subcontinent, and in the case of the barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus), to North Africa and Southern Europe. Twenty-three macaque species are currently recognized, all of which are Asian except for the Barbary Macaque; including some of the monkeys best known to non-zoologists, such as the rhesus macaque (M. mulatta), and the barbary macaque, a colony of which lives on the Rock of Gibraltar in Southern Europe. Macaques are robust primates whose arms and legs are about the same in length. The fur of these animals is typically varying shades of brown or black and their muzzles are rounded in profile with nostrils on the upper surface. The tail varies among each species, which can be long, moderate, short or totally absent. Although several species lack tails, and their common names refer to them as apes, these are true monkeys, with no greater relationship to the true apes than any other Old World monkeys. Instead, this comes from an earlier definition of 'ape' that included primates generally." }, "Halloween-1": { "title": "Halloween", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Halloween or Hallowe'en (a contraction of Hallows' Even or Hallows' Evening), also known as Allhalloween, All Hallows' Eve, or All Saints' Eve, is a celebration observed in many countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Hallows' Day. It begins the three-day observance of Allhallowtide, the time in the liturgical year dedicated to remembering the dead, including saints (hallows), martyrs, and all the faithful departed." }, "Helium-27": { "title": "Helium", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "Gas and plasma phases" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Helium is the second least reactive noble gas after neon, and thus the second least reactive of all elements. It is chemically inert and monatomic in all standard conditions. Because of helium's relatively low molar (atomic) mass, its thermal conductivity, specific heat, and sound speed in the gas phase are all greater than any other gas except hydrogen. For these reasons and the small size of helium monatomic molecules, helium diffuses through solids at a rate three times that of air and around 65% that of hydrogen." }, "Ice skate-1": { "title": "Ice skate", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ice skates are metal blades attached underfoot and used to propel the bearer across a sheet of ice while ice skating." }, "Aphid-36": { "title": "Aphid", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "Predators" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Aphids are eaten by many bird and insect predators. In a study on a farm in North Carolina, six species of passerine bird consumed nearly a million aphids per day between them, the top predators being the American goldfinch, with aphids forming 83% of its diet, and the vesper sparrow. Insects that attack aphids include the adults and larvae of predatory ladybirds, hoverfly larvae, parasitic wasps, aphid midge larvae, \"aphid lions\" (the larvae of green lacewings), and arachnids such as crab spiders. Among ladybirds, Myzia oblongoguttata is a dietary specialist which only feeds on conifer aphids, whereas Adalia bipunctata and Coccinella septempunctata are generalists, feeding on large numbers of species. The eggs are laid in batches, each female laying several hundred. Female hoverflies lay several thousand eggs. The adults feed on pollen and nectar but the larvae feed voraciously on aphids; Eupeodes corollae adjusts the number of eggs laid to the size of the aphid colony." }, "Kidney-33": { "title": "Kidney", "section": "Clinical significance", "headers": [ "Kidney injury and failure" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "Diabetic nephropathy Glomerulonephritis Hydronephrosis is the enlargement of one or both of the kidneys caused by obstruction of the flow of urine. Interstitial nephritis Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis) are a relatively common and particularly painful disorder. A chronic condition can result in scars to the kidneys. The removal of kidney stones involves ultrasound treatment to break up the stones into smaller pieces, which are then passed through the urinary tract. One common symptom of kidney stones is a sharp to disabling pain in the middle and sides of the lower back or groin. Kidney tumour Wilms tumor Renal cell carcinoma Lupus nephritis Minimal change disease In nephrotic syndrome, the glomerulus has been damaged so that a large amount of protein in the blood enters the urine. Other frequent features of the nephrotic syndrome include swelling, low serum albumin, and high cholesterol. Pyelonephritis is infection of the kidneys and is frequently caused by complication of a urinary tract infection. Kidney failure Acute kidney failure Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease Renal artery stenosis Renovascular hypertension Generally, humans can live normally with just one kidney, as one has more functioning renal tissue than is needed to survive. Only when the amount of functioning kidney tissue is greatly diminished does one develop chronic kidney disease. Renal replacement therapy, in the form of dialysis or kidney transplantation, is indicated when the glomerular filtration rate has fallen very low or if the renal dysfunction leads to severe symptoms." }, "Bryan Cranston-2": { "title": "Bryan Cranston", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Cranston's performance on Breaking Bad is widely regarded as one of the best in television history, earning him the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series four times (2008, 2009, 2010, and 2014). After becoming a producer of the show in 2011, he also won the award for Outstanding Drama Series twice. Breaking Bad also earned Cranston five Golden Globe nominations (with one win), nine Screen Actors Guild Award nominations (with four wins), and six Satellite Award nominations (with four wins). He was previously nominated three times for the Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series for his role in Malcolm in the Middle." }, "Male-1": { "title": "Male", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A male (\u2642) organism is the physiological sex that produces sperm. Each spermatozoon can fuse with a larger female gamete, or ovum, in the process of fertilization. A male cannot reproduce sexually without access to at least one ovum from a female, but some organisms can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Most male mammals, including male humans, have a Y chromosome, which codes for the production of larger amounts of testosterone to develop male reproductive organs." }, "Keelhauling-1": { "title": "Keelhauling", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Keelhauling (Dutch kielhalen; \"to drag along the keel\") is a form of punishment and potential execution once meted out to sailors at sea. The sailor was tied to a line looped beneath the vessel, thrown overboard on one side of the ship, and dragged under the ship's keel, either from one side of the ship to the other, or the length of the ship (from bow to stern)." }, "Panth\u00e9on-1": { "title": "Panth\u00e9on", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Panth\u00e9on (French:\u00a0[p\u0251\u0303.te.\u0254\u0303], from the Classical Greek word \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, p\u00e1ntheion, '(temple) to all the gods') is a monument in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, France. It is located in the area known as the Latin Quarter, standing atop the Montagne Sainte-Genevi\u00e8ve, at the center of the Place du Panth\u00e9on which was named after it. The edifice was built from 1758 to 1790 over the designs of Jacques-Germain Soufflot at the behest of King Louis XV of France, who meant it as a church dedicated to Saint Genevieve, the city's patron saint, whose relics were to be housed there. Neither Soufflot nor Louis XV however lived to see the church completed." }, "Black Death-3": { "title": "Black Death", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Black Death most likely originated in Central Asia or East Asia, from where it travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1347. From there, it was most likely carried by fleas living on the black rats that travelled on Genoese merchant ships, spreading throughout the Mediterranean Basin and reaching Africa, Western Asia, and the rest of Europe via Constantinople, Sicily, and the Italian Peninsula. Current evidence indicates that once it came onshore, the Black Death was in large part spread by human fleas \u2013 which cause pneumonic plague \u2013 and the person-to-person contact via aerosols which pneumonic plague enables, thus explaining the very fast inland spread of the epidemic, which was faster than would be expected if the primary vector was rat fleas causing bubonic plague." }, "Melting point-3": { "title": "Melting point", "section": "Examples", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "For most substances, melting and freezing points are approximately equal. For example, the melting point and freezing point of mercury is 234.32 Kelvin (\u221238.83\u00a0\u00b0C or \u221237.89\u00a0\u00b0F). However, certain substances possess differing solid-liquid transition temperatures. For example, agar melts at 85\u00a0\u00b0C (185\u00a0\u00b0F) and solidifies from 31\u00a0\u00b0C (88\u00a0\u00b0F; 304\u00a0K); such direction dependence is known as hysteresis. The melting point of ice at 1 atmosphere of pressure is very close to 0\u00a0\u00b0C (32\u00a0\u00b0F; 273\u00a0K); this is also known as the ice point. In the presence of nucleating substances, the freezing point of water is not always the same as the melting point. In the absence of nucleators water can exist as a supercooled liquid down to \u221248.3\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221255\u00a0\u00b0F, 224.8\u00a0K) before freezing." }, "Vietnamese people-7": { "title": "Vietnamese people", "section": "Origins", "headers": [ "Anthropometry" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Stephen Pheasant (1986), who taught anatomy, biomechanics and ergonomics at the Royal Free Hospital and the University College, London, said that Far Eastern people have proportionately shorter lower limbs than European and black African people. Pheasant said that the proportionately short lower limbs of Far Eastern people is a difference that is most characterized in Japanese people, less characterized in Korean and Chinese people, and least characterized in Vietnamese and Thai people." }, "Conan the Barbarian-16": { "title": "Conan the Barbarian", "section": "Personality and character", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "George Baxter noted that \"Conan's recorded history mentions him as being prominently involved, at one time or another, with four different pirate fraternities, on two different seas, as well being a noted leader of land robbers at three different locales. Yet, we hardly ever see him involved in, well, robbing people. To be sure, he speaks about it often and with complete candor: \"We Kozaks took to plundering the outlying dominions of Koth, Zamora, and Turan impartially\" he says in \"Shadows in the Moonlight\". But that was before the story began. And \"We're bound for waters where the seaports are fat, and the merchant ships are crammed with plunder!\" Conan declares at the end of \"The Pool of the Black One\". But this plundering will take place after the story ends. When we see Conan onstage, we see him do many other things: he intervenes in the politics and dynastic struggles of various kingdoms; he hunts for hidden treasure; he explores desert islands and lost cities; he fights countless terrible monsters and evil sorcerers; he saves countless beautiful women and makes them fall in love with him... What we virtually never see Conan do is engage in the proper business of an armed robber, on land or by sea\u2014which is to attack people who never threatened or provoked you, take away their possessions by main force, and run your sword through them if they dare to resist. A bit messy business, that. Armchair adventurers, who like to enjoy a good yarn in the perfect safety and comfort of their suburban homes, might not have liked to read it.\"" }, "Pottery-62": { "title": "Pottery", "section": "Health and environmental issues in production", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 62, "content": "The chief risks on worker health include heavy metal poisoning, poor indoor air quality, dangerous sound levels and possible over-illumination." }, "Art history-6": { "title": "Art history", "section": "Methodologies", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Art historians also often examine work through an analysis of form; that is, the creator's use of line, shape, color, texture, and composition. This approach examines how the artist uses a two-dimensional picture plane or the three dimensions of sculptural or architectural space to create his or her art. The way these individual elements are employed results in representational or non-representational art. Is the artist imitating an object or image found in nature? If so, it is representational. The closer the art hews to perfect imitation, the more the art is realistic. Is the artist not imitating, but instead relying on symbolism, or in an important way striving to capture nature's essence, rather than copy it directly? If so the art is non-representational\u2014also called abstract. Realism and abstraction exist on a continuum. Impressionism is an example of a representational style that was not directly imitative, but strove to create an \"impression\" of nature. If the work is not representational and is an expression of the artist's feelings, longings and aspirations, or is a search for ideals of beauty and form, the work is non-representational or a work of expressionism." }, "Elton John-1": { "title": "Elton John", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sir Elton Hercules John CH CBE (born Reginald Kenneth Dwight; 25 March 1947) is an English singer, songwriter, pianist, and composer. He has worked with lyricist Bernie Taupin since 1967; they have collaborated on more than 30 albums. John has sold more than 300\u00a0million records, making him one of the best-selling music artists. He has more than fifty Top 40 hits in the UK Singles Chart and US Billboard Hot 100, including seven number ones in the UK and nine in the US, as well as seven consecutive number-one albums in the US. His tribute single \"Candle in the Wind 1997\", rewritten in dedication to Diana, Princess of Wales, sold over 33\u00a0million copies worldwide and is the best-selling single in the history of the UK and US singles charts. He has also produced records and occasionally acted in films. John owned Watford F.C. from 1976 to 1987 and from 1997 to 2002. He is an honorary life president of the club." }, "Hamas-2": { "title": "Hamas", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Hamas was founded in 1987, soon after the First Intifada broke out, as an offshoot of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, which in its Gaza branch had previously been non-confrontational towards Israel and hostile to the PLO. Co-founder Sheik Ahmed Yassin stated in 1987, and the Hamas Charter affirmed in 1988, that Hamas was founded to liberate Palestine, including modern-day Israel, from Israeli occupation and to establish an Islamic state in the area that is now Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The group has stated that it may accept a 10-year truce if Israel withdraws to the 1967 borders and allows Palestinian refugees from 1948, including their descendants, to return to what is now Israel, although clarifying that this does not mean recognition of Israel or the end of the conflict. Hamas's military wing objected to the truce offer." }, "Sefer Torah-7": { "title": "Sefer Torah", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Rules" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Written entirely in Hebrew, a Torah scroll contains 304,805 letters, all of which must be duplicated precisely by a trained scribe, or sofer, an effort which may take as long as approximately one and a half years. An error during transcription may render the Torah scroll pasul (\"invalid\"). According to the Talmud, all scrolls must also be written on gevil parchment that is treated with salt, flour and m'afatsim (a residue of wasp enzyme and tree bark) in order to be valid. Scrolls not processed in this way are considered invalid (Hilkoth Tefillin 1:8 & 1:14, Maimonides)." }, "Gremlins: Secrets of the Mogwai-2": { "title": "Gremlins: Secrets of the Mogwai", "section": "Development", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "On February 25, 2019, WarnerMedia greenlighted an animated series based on Gremlins, for its upcoming streaming service HBO Max. Tze Chun was confirmed to write the series and serve as an executive producer with Darryl Frank, Justin Falvey, Sam Register, and Brendan Hay. On July 1, 2019, the series, now titled Gremlins: Secrets of the Mogwai, was given a series order of 10 episodes. In February 2020, Joe Dante, director of the original two films, revealed that he was acting as a consultant for the series." }, "Wolverine-9": { "title": "Wolverine", "section": "Physical characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Like many other mustelids, it has potent anal scent glands used for marking territory and sexual signaling. The pungent odor has given rise to the nicknames \"skunk bear\" and \"nasty cat.\" Wolverines, like other mustelids, possess a special upper molar in the back of the mouth that is rotated 90 degrees, towards the inside of the mouth. This special characteristic allows wolverines to tear off meat from prey or carrion that has been frozen solid." }, "Beta-1": { "title": "Beta", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Beta (UK: /\u02c8bi\u02d0t\u0259/, US: /\u02c8be\u026at\u0259/; uppercase \u0392, lowercase \u03b2, or cursive \u03d0; Ancient Greek: \u03b2\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b1, romanized:\u00a0b\u0113\u0302ta or Greek: \u03b2\u03ae\u03c4\u03b1, romanized:\u00a0v\u00edta) is the second letter of the Greek alphabet." }, "Weapon-2": { "title": "Weapon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "While ordinary objects \u2013 sticks, rocks, bottles, chairs, vehicles \u2013 can be used as weapons, many are expressly designed for the purpose; these range from simple implements such as clubs, axes and swords, to complicated modern firearms, tanks, intercontinental ballistic missiles, biological weapons, and cyberweapons. Something that has been re-purposed, converted, or enhanced to become a weapon of war is termed weaponized, such as a weaponized virus or weaponized laser." }, "DVD player-1": { "title": "DVD player", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A DVD player is a device that plays DVDs produced under both the DVD-Video and DVD-Audio technical standards, two different and incompatible standards. Some DVD players will also play audio CDs. DVD players are connected to a television to watch the DVD content, which could be a movie, a recorded TV show, or other content." }, "Julia Roberts filmography-1": { "title": "Julia Roberts filmography", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Julia Roberts is an American actress and producer who made her acting debut in the 1987 direct-to-video feature Firehouse. She made her breakthrough the following year by starring in the coming-of-age film Mystic Pizza (1988). For her supporting role in the comedy-drama Steel Magnolias (1989), she received the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress. Roberts' next role was with Richard Gere in the highly successful romantic comedy Pretty Woman (1990), for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress (Musical or Comedy). In 1991, she appeared in the psychological thriller Sleeping with the Enemy, and played Tinker Bell in the Steven Spielberg-directed fantasy adventure Hook. Two years later, Roberts starred in the legal thriller The Pelican Brief, an adaptation of the John Grisham novel of the same name. During the late 1990s, she played the lead in the romantic comedies My Best Friend's Wedding (1997), Notting Hill (1999), and Runaway Bride (1999)." }, "Golden eagle-28": { "title": "Golden eagle", "section": "Longevity", "headers": [ "Natural mortality" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Natural sources of mortality are largely reported in anecdotes. On rare occasions, golden eagles have been killed by competing predators or by hunting mammalian carnivores, including the aforementioned wolverine, snow leopard, cougar, brown bear and white-tailed eagle attacks. Most competitive attacks resulting in death probably occur at the talons of other golden eagles. Nestlings and fledglings are more likely to be killed by another predator than free-flying juveniles and adults. It has been suspected that golden eagle nests may be predated more frequently by other predators (especially birds, which are often the only other large animals that can access a golden eagle nest without the assistance of man-made climbing equipment) in areas where golden eagles are regularly disturbed at the nest by humans. Jeff Watson believed that common raven occasionally eats golden eagle eggs but only in situations where the parent eagles have abandoned their nesting attempt. However, there are no confirmed accounts of predation by other bird species on golden eagle nests. Occasionally, golden eagles may be killed by their prey in self-defense. There is an account of a golden eagle dying from the quills of a North American porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) it had attempted to hunt. On the Isle of R\u00f9m in Scotland, there are few cases of red deer trampling golden eagles to death, probably the result of a doe having intercepted a bird that was trying to kill a fawn. Although usually well out-matched by the predator, occasionally other large birds can put up a formidable fight against a golden eagle. An attempted capture of a great blue heron by a golden eagle resulted in the death of both birds from wounds sustained in the ensuing fight. There is at least one case in Scotland of a golden eagle dying after being \u201coiled\u201d by a northern fulmar, a bird whose primary defense against predators is to disgorge an oily secretion which may inhibit the predator's ability to fly. Of natural sources of death, starvation is probably under-reported. 11 of 16 dead juvenile eagles which had hatched in Denali National Park had died of starvation. Of 36 deaths of golden eagles in Idaho, 55% were possibly attributable to natural causes, specifically 8 (26%) from unknown trauma, 3 (10%) from disease and 6 (19%) from unknown causes. Of 266 golden eagle deaths in Spain, only 6% were from unknown causes that could not be directly attributed to human activities. Avian cholera caused by bacteria (Pasteurella multocida) infects eagles that eat waterfowl that have died from the disease. The protozoan Trichomonas sp. caused the deaths of 4 fledglings in a study of wild golden eagles in Idaho. Several further diseases that contribute to golden eagle deaths have been examined in Japan. A captive eagle died from two malignant tumors \u2013 one in the liver and one in the kidney." }, "Pineapple-3": { "title": "Pineapple", "section": "Botany", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The pineapple is a herbaceous perennial, which grows to 1.0 to 1.5\u00a0m (3.3 to 4.9\u00a0ft) tall, although sometimes it can be taller. In appearance, the plant has a short, stocky stem with tough, waxy leaves. When creating its fruit, it usually produces up to 200 flowers, although some large-fruited cultivars can exceed this. Once it flowers, the individual fruits of the flowers join together to create a multiple fruit. After the first fruit is produced, side shoots (called 'suckers' by commercial growers) are produced in the leaf axils of the main stem. These may be removed for propagation, or left to produce additional fruits on the original plant. Commercially, suckers that appear around the base are cultivated. It has 30 or more long, narrow, fleshy, trough-shaped leaves with sharp spines along the margins that are 30 to 100\u00a0cm (1.0 to 3.3\u00a0ft) long, surrounding a thick stem. In the first year of growth, the axis lengthens and thickens, bearing numerous leaves in close spirals. After 12 to 20 months, the stem grows into a spike-like inflorescence up to 15\u00a0cm (6\u00a0in) long with over 100 spirally arranged, trimerous flowers, each subtended by a bract." }, "9/11 Tribute Museum-7": { "title": "9/11 Tribute Museum", "section": "Tours", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The 9/11 Tribute Museum has trained volunteer guides who all have personal 9/11 experiences. Tours take visitors on a walk through the 9/11 Memorial Plaza, with stops at other significant locations such as the Firefighters' Memorial Wall and the Survivor Tree. The 9/11 Tribute Museum is open to the public and organizes 40 tours a week, with each tour being one hour and 15 minutes long. The Museum also offers tours for student groups, in addition to learning programming, professional development and workshops." }, "Aircraft-1": { "title": "Aircraft", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines. Common examples of aircraft include airplanes, helicopters, airships (including blimps), gliders, paramotors and hot air balloons." }, "House of Stuart-1": { "title": "House of Stuart", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The House of Stuart, originally Stewart, was a royal house of Scotland, England, Ireland and later Great Britain, with historical connections to Brittany. The family name itself comes from the office of High Steward of Scotland, which had been held by the family scion Walter fitz Alan (c. 1150). The name \"Stewart\" and variations had become established as a family name by the time of his grandson, Walter Stewart. The first monarch of the Stewart line was Robert II whose descendants were kings and queens of Scotland from 1371 until the union with England in 1707. Mary, Queen of Scots was brought up in France where she adopted the French spelling of the name, Stuart." }, "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution-1": { "title": "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Eighth Amendment (Amendment VIII) of the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishments. This amendment was adopted on December 15, 1791, along with the rest of the United States Bill of Rights. The phrases in this amendment originated in the English Bill of Rights of 1689." }, "Sea of Japan-13": { "title": "Sea of Japan", "section": "Geography and geology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Nowadays the Sea of Japan is bounded by the Russian mainland and Sakhalin island to the north, the Korean Peninsula to the west, and the Japanese islands of Hokkaid\u014d, Honsh\u016b and Ky\u016bsh\u016b to the east and south. It is connected to other seas by five straits: the Strait of Tartary between the Asian mainland and Sakhalin; La P\u00e9rouse Strait between the Sakhalin and Hokkaid\u014d; the Tsugaru Strait between Hokkaid\u014d and Honsh\u016b; the Kanmon Straits between Honsh\u016b and Ky\u016bsh\u016b; and the Korea Strait between the Korean Peninsula and Ky\u016bsh\u016b." }, "Anorexia nervosa-4": { "title": "Anorexia nervosa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Globally, anorexia is estimated to affect 2.9 million people as of 2015[update]. It is estimated to occur in 0.9% to 4.3% of women and 0.2% to 0.3% of men in Western countries at some point in their life. About 0.4% of young women are affected in a given year and it is estimated to occur ten times more commonly among women than men. Rates in most of the developing world are unclear. Often it begins during the teen years or young adulthood. While anorexia became more commonly diagnosed during the 20th century it is unclear if this was due to an increase in its frequency or simply better diagnosis. In 2013 it directly resulted in about 600 deaths globally, up from 400 deaths in 1990. Eating disorders also increase a person's risk of death from a wide range of other causes, including suicide. About 5% of people with anorexia die from complications over a ten-year period, a nearly six times increased risk. The term \"anorexia nervosa\" was first used in 1873 by William Gull to describe this condition." }, "Fraktur-1": { "title": "Fraktur", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fraktur (German: [f\u0281ak\u02c8tu\u02d0\u0250\u032f] (listen)) is a calligraphic hand of the Latin alphabet and any of several blackletter typefaces derived from this hand. The blackletter lines are broken up; that is, their forms contain many angles when compared to the smooth curves of the Antiqua (common) typefaces modeled after antique Roman square capitals and Carolingian minuscule. From this, Fraktur is sometimes contrasted with the \"Latin alphabet\" in northern European texts, which is sometimes called the \"German alphabet\", simply being a typeface of the Latin alphabet. Similarly, the term \"Fraktur\" or \"Gothic\" is sometimes applied to all of the blackletter typefaces (known in German as Gebrochene Schrift, \"Broken Script\")." }, "United States Census-1": { "title": "United States Census", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The United States Census (plural censuses or census) is a decennial census mandated by Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution, which states: \"Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States... according to their respective Numbers... . The actual Enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years\". Section 2 of the 14th Amendment amended Article I, Section 2 to include that the \"respective Numbers\" of the \"several States\" will be determined by \"counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed.\u201d The United States Census Bureau (officially the Bureau of the Census, as defined in Title 13 U.S.C. \u00a7 11) is responsible for the United States Census. The Bureau of the Census is part of the United States Department of Commerce." }, "Adelaide-1": { "title": "Adelaide", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Adelaide (/\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259le\u026ad/ (listen) AD-\u0259-layd) is the capital city of the state of South Australia, and the fifth-most populous city of Australia. The demonym Adelaidean is used to denote the city and the residents of Adelaide." }, "King Kong (2005 film)-2": { "title": "King Kong (2005 film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Filming for King Kong took place in New Zealand from September 2004 to March 2005. The project's budget climbed from an initial $150 million to a then-record-breaking $207 million. It was released on December 14, 2005 in Germany and the United States, and made an opening of $50.1 million. While it performed lower than expected, King Kong made domestic and worldwide grosses that eventually added up to $562 million, becoming the fourth-highest-grossing film in Universal Pictures history at the time and the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2005. It also generated $100 million in DVD sales upon its home video release." }, "Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-25": { "title": "Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria", "section": "Assassination", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "One bullet pierced Franz Ferdinand's neck while the other pierced Sophie's abdomen.\u00a0... As the car was reversing (to go back to the Governor's residence because the entourage thought the Imperial couple were unhurt) a thin streak of blood shot from the Archduke's mouth onto Count Harrach's right cheek (he was standing on the car's running board). Harrach drew out a handkerchief to still the gushing blood. The Duchess, seeing this, called: \"For Heaven's sake! What happened to you?\" and sank from her seat, her face falling between her husband's knees." }, "Metallica-29": { "title": "Metallica", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Napster controversy, Newsted's departure and Some Kind of Monster (2000\u20132002)" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "In 2000, Metallica discovered that a demo of its song \"I Disappear\", which was supposed to be released in combination with the Mission: Impossible II soundtrack, was receiving radio airplay. Tracing the source of the leak, the band found the file on the Napster peer-to-peer file-sharing network, and also found that the band's entire catalogue was freely available. Legal action was initiated against Napster; Metallica filed a lawsuit at the U.S. District Court, Central District of California, alleging that Napster violated three areas of the law: copyright infringement, unlawful use of digital audio interface device, and the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO)." }, "Lucille Ball-1": { "title": "Lucille Ball", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lucille D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Ball (August 6, 1911 \u2013 April 26, 1989) was an American actress, comedian, model, studio executive and producer. She was the star and producer of sitcoms I Love Lucy, The Lucy Show, Here's Lucy, and Life with Lucy, as well as comedy television specials aired under the title The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour." }, "Dawes Act-4": { "title": "Dawes Act", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The Curtis Act of 1898 extended the provisions of the Dawes Act to the \"Five Civilized Tribes,\" required the abolition of their governments, allotment of communal lands to people registered as tribal members, and sale of lands declared surplus, as well as dissolving tribal courts. This law was \"an outgrowth of the land rush of 1889, which violated the promise of the United States that the Indian territory would remain Indian land in perpetuity,\" completed the obliteration of tribal land titles in Indian Territory, and prepared the land to be admitted to the Union as the state of Oklahoma." }, "World Wide Fund for Nature-10": { "title": "World Wide Fund for Nature", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Recent development" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The WWF has set up offices and operations around the world. It originally worked by fundraising and providing grants to existing non-governmental organizations with an initial focus on the protection of endangered species. As more resources became available, its operations expanded into other areas such as the preservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of natural resources, the reduction of pollution, and climate change. The organization also began to run its own conservation projects and campaigns.[citation needed] In 1986, the organization changed its name to World Wide Fund for Nature, while retaining the WWF initials. However, it continued at that time to operate under the original name in the United States and Canada." }, "World of A Song of Ice and Fire-44": { "title": "World of A Song of Ice and Fire", "section": "Westeros", "headers": [ "The Westerlands" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "The Westerlands are the Westerosi lands to the west of the Riverlands and north of the Reach. They are ruled by House Lannister of Casterly Rock, formerly Kings of the Rock. People of this region are often called \"Westermen.\" Lannisport, lying hard by Casterly Rock, is the chief town of the region and one of the great ports and cities of Westeros. The Westerlands are rich in precious metals, mostly gold, which is the source of their wealth.[citation needed] As with Westerosi customs to give bastards a surname showing their origins, illegitimate children born in the Westerlands are given the surname Hill." }, "Middle child syndrome-1": { "title": "Middle child syndrome", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Middle child syndrome is the feeling of exclusion by middle children, due directly to their placement in their family's birth order. This alleged effect is supposed to occur because the first child is more prone to receiving privileges and responsibilities (by virtue of being the oldest), while the youngest in the family is more likely to receive indulgences. The second child (or middle child) no longer has their status as the baby and is left with no clear role in the family, or a feeling of being \"left out\". There is notably often a negative connotation surrounding the term \"middle child syndrome.\" It is debated whether the family dynamic imposes this negative attitude or if middle children develop it themselves, or if it exists at all. Currently, the APA dictionary defines it as a hypothetical condition, with no reliable evidence showing a strong correlation on the psychological impacts of birth order." }, "Scurvy-2": { "title": "Scurvy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It takes at least a month of little to no vitamin C in the diet before symptoms occur. In modern times, scurvy occurs most commonly in people with mental disorders, unusual eating habits, alcoholism, and older people who live alone. Other risk factors include intestinal malabsorption and dialysis. While many animals produce their own vitamin C, humans and a few others do not. Vitamin C is required to make the building blocks for collagen. Diagnosis is typically based on physical signs, X-rays, and improvement after treatment." }, "Islamic dietary laws-3": { "title": "Islamic dietary laws", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "However, a person would not be guilty of sin in a situation where the lack of any alternative creates an undesired necessity to consume that which is otherwise unlawful. (Quran 2:173) This is the \"law of necessity\" in Islamic jurisprudence: \"That which is necessary makes the forbidden permissible.\"" }, "Anorexia nervosa-58": { "title": "Anorexia nervosa", "section": "Prognosis", "headers": [ "Complications", "Cardiac complications" ], "para_index": 58, "content": "Abnormalities in conduction and repolarization of the heart that can result from anorexia nervosa include QT prolongation, increased QT dispersion, conduction delays, and junctional escape rhythms. Electrolyte abnormalities, particularly hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia, can cause anomalies in the electrical activity of the heart, and result in life-threatening arrhythmias. Hypokalemia most commonly results in anorexic patients when restricting is accompanied by purging (induced vomiting or laxative use). Hypotension (low blood pressure) is common, and symptoms include fatigue and weakness. Orthostatic hypotension, a marked decrease in blood pressure when standing from a supine position, may also occur. Symptoms include lightheadedness upon standing, weakness, and cognitive impairment, and may result in fainting or near-fainting. Orthostasis in anorexia nervosa indicates worsening cardiac function and may indicate a need for hospitalization. Hypotension and orthostasis generally resolve upon recovery to a normal weight. The weight loss in anorexia nervosa also causes atrophy of cardiac muscle. This leads to decreased ability to pump blood, a reduction in the ability to sustain exercise, a diminished ability to increase blood pressure in response to exercise, and a subjective feeling of fatigue." }, "Fiat Chrysler Automobiles-27": { "title": "Fiat Chrysler Automobiles", "section": "Five-year plan (2014\u20132018)", "headers": [ "Alfa Romeo" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "In 2014, Alfa Romeo launched the 4C and 4C Spider in North America. In 2015, the Giulia was announced and in 2016 they added an SUV named Stelvio. The 4C was dropped from the lineup with 2019 as the last production year. FCA announced a mid-cycle refresh for both the Giulia and Stelvio for production year 2021." }, "Conducting-1": { "title": "Conducting", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as an orchestral or choral concert. It has been defined as \"the art of directing the simultaneous performance of several players or singers by the use of gesture.\" The primary duties of the conductor are to interpret the score in a way which reflects the specific indications in that score, set the tempo, ensure correct entries by ensemble members, and \"shape\" the phrasing where appropriate. Conductors communicate with their musicians primarily through hand gestures, usually with the aid of a baton, and may use other gestures or signals such as eye contact. A conductor usually supplements their direction with verbal instructions to their musicians in rehearsal." }, "The Fisher King-4": { "title": "The Fisher King", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "One night, while on a bender, he contemplates suicide. However, he is attacked and nearly set on fire by thugs who mistake him for a homeless person. He is rescued by Parry, a deluded homeless man who claims his mission is to find the Holy Grail." }, "Art forgery-18": { "title": "Art forgery", "section": "Methods of detection", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The most obvious forgeries are revealed as clumsy copies of previous art. A forger may try to create a \"new\" work by combining the elements of more than one work. The forger may omit details typical to the artist they are trying to imitate, or add anachronisms, in an attempt to claim that the forged work is a slightly different copy, or a previous version of a more famous work. To detect the work of a skilled forger, investigators must rely on other methods." }, "Copyright term-2": { "title": "Copyright term", "section": "Length of copyright", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Copyright subsists for a variety of lengths in different jurisdictions. The length of the term can depend on several factors, including the type of work (e.g. musical composition or novel), whether the work has been published or not, and whether the work was created by an individual or a corporation. In most of the world, the default length of copyright is the life of the author plus either 50 or 70 years. In the United States, the term for most existing works is a fixed number of years after the date of creation or publication. In most countries (for example, the United States and the United Kingdom) copyright expires at the end of the calendar year in question." }, "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States)-1": { "title": "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In the United States, the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing, commonly known as the Triple Crown, is a title awarded to a three-year-old Thoroughbred horse who wins the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, and Belmont Stakes. The three races were inaugurated in different years, the last being the Kentucky Derby in 1875. These races are now run annually in May and early June of each year. The Triple Crown Trophy, commissioned in 1950 but awarded to all previous winners as well as those after 1950, is awarded to a Triple Crown winner." }, "Rice pudding-10": { "title": "Rice pudding", "section": "Rice pudding around the world", "headers": [ "Europe", "United Kingdom and Ireland" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "In the United Kingdom and Ireland, rice pudding is a traditional dessert typically made with high-starch short-grained rice sold as \"pudding rice\"." }, "Pork-1": { "title": "Pork", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pork is the culinary name for the meat of a domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus). It is the most commonly consumed meat worldwide, with evidence of pig husbandry dating back to 5000 BC." }, "Anchovy-5": { "title": "Anchovy", "section": "Distribution", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Anchovies are found in scattered areas throughout the world's oceans, but are concentrated in temperate waters, and are rare or absent in very cold or very warm seas. They are generally very accepting of a wide range of temperatures and salinity. Large schools can be found in shallow, brackish areas with muddy bottoms, as in estuaries and bays. The European anchovy is abundant in the Mediterranean, particularly in the Alboran Sea, Aegean Sea and the Black Sea." }, "Plum-5": { "title": "Plum", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Plums are a diverse group of species. The commercially important plum trees are medium-sized, usually pruned to 5\u20136 metres height. The tree is of medium hardiness. Without pruning, the trees can reach 12 metres in height and spread across 10 metres. They blossom in different months in different parts of the world; for example, in about January in Taiwan and early April in the United Kingdom." }, "Sabuncuo\u011flu \u015eerafeddin-1": { "title": "Sabuncuo\u011flu \u015eerafeddin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\u015eerafeddin Sabuncuo\u011flu (1385\u20131468) (Ottoman Turkish: \u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u062c\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u063a\u0644\u06cc) was a medieval Ottoman surgeon and physician. \u015eerafeddin Sabuncuo\u011flu started his medical interests at the age of 17. He would continue with this medical interest and practice in Amasya Dar-es Sifa Hospital until he died. \u015eerafeddin Sabuncuo\u011flu was the director of the Amasya Dar-es Sifa Hospital for almost 14 years." }, "Lamborghini Veneno-7": { "title": "Lamborghini Veneno", "section": "Performance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The Lamborghini Veneno has a top speed of 356\u00a0km/h (221\u00a0mph) and has a 0\u201397\u00a0km/h (0\u201360\u00a0mph) acceleration time of 2.8 seconds. The car has a braking distance of 30\u00a0m (98.0\u00a0ft) from 97\u20130\u00a0km/h (60\u20130\u00a0mph), and can produce 1.41 G while cornering." }, "Ada Lovelace-6": { "title": "Ada Lovelace", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "She died of uterine cancer in 1852 at the age of 36." }, "Futurama-2": { "title": "Futurama", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Following its initial cancellation by Fox, Futurama began airing reruns on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim programming block, which lasted from 2003 to 2007. It was revived that year as four direct-to-video films, the last of which was released in early 2009. Comedy Central entered into an agreement with 20th Century Fox Television to syndicate the existing episodes and air the films as 16 new, half-hour episodes, constituting a fifth season." }, "Grandparent-1": { "title": "Grandparent", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Grandparents are the parents of a person's father or mother \u2013 paternal or maternal. Every sexually-reproducing living organism who is not a genetic chimera has a maximum of four genetic grandparents, eight genetic great-grandparents, sixteen genetic great-great-grandparents, thirty-two genetic great-great-great-grandparents, etc. In the history of modern humanity, around 30,000 years ago, the number of modern humans who lived to be a grandparent increased.[citation needed] It is not known for certain what spurred this increase in longevity but largely results in the improved medical technology and living standard, but it is generally believed that a key consequence of three generations being alive together was the preservation of information which could otherwise have been lost; an example of this important information might have been where to find water in times of drought." }, "Naruto-16": { "title": "Naruto", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Setting" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Kishimoto made use of the Chinese zodiac tradition, which had a long-standing presence in Japan; the zodiac hand signs originate from this. When Kishimoto was creating the primary setting of the Naruto manga, he concentrated initially on the designs for the village of Konoha. The idea of the setting came to him \"pretty spontaneously without much thought\", but admits that the scenery became based on his home in the Japanese prefecture of Okayama prefecture. Since the storyline does not specify when it is set, he was able to include modern elements in the series such as convenience stores. He considered including automobiles, planes and simple computers, but excluded projectile weapons and vehicles from the plot." }, "Maggie Q-3": { "title": "Maggie Q", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Q starred as the title role on The CW action-thriller series Nikita (2010\u201313). She also had a main role as FBI Special Agent Hannah Wells in the political thriller series Designated Survivor (2016\u201319)" }, "1936 Summer Olympics-1": { "title": "1936 Summer Olympics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The 1936 Summer Olympics (German: Olympische Sommerspiele 1936), officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad (German: Spiele der XI. Olympiade), was an international multi-sport event held in 1936 in Berlin, Germany. Berlin won the bid to host the Games over Barcelona, Spain, on 26 April 1931, at the 29th IOC Session in Barcelona. It marked the second and most recent time the International Olympic Committee gathered to vote in a city that was bidding to host those Games." }, "Carrot-1": { "title": "Carrot", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) is a root vegetable, usually orange in colour, though purple, black, red, white, and yellow cultivars exist. They are a domesticated form of the wild carrot, Daucus carota, native to Europe and Southwestern Asia. The plant probably originated in Persia and was originally cultivated for its leaves and seeds. The most commonly eaten part of the plant is the taproot, although the stems and leaves are eaten as well. The domestic carrot has been selectively bred for its greatly enlarged, more palatable, less woody-textured taproot." }, "Anaheim, California-5": { "title": "Anaheim, California", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Founding" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The city of Anaheim was founded in 1857 by 50 German-Americans who were residents of San Francisco and whose families had originated in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Franconia in Bavaria. After traveling through the state looking for a suitable area to grow grapes, the group decided to purchase a 1,165 acres (4.71\u00a0km2) parcel from Juan Pacifico Ontiveros' large Rancho San Juan Cajon de Santa Ana in present-day Orange County for $2 per acre." }, "Panth\u00e9on-34": { "title": "Panth\u00e9on", "section": "The crypt", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "Among those buried in its necropolis are Voltaire, Rousseau, Victor Hugo, \u00c9mile Zola, Jean Moulin, Louis Braille, Jean Jaur\u00e8s and Soufflot, its architect. In 1907 Marcellin Berthelot was buried with his wife Mme Sophie Berthelot. Marie Curie was interred in 1995, the first woman interred on merit. Genevi\u00e8ve de Gaulle-Anthonioz and Germaine Tillion, heroines of the French resistance, were interred in 2015. Simone Veil was interred in 2018, and her husband Antoine Veil was interred alongside her so not to be separated." }, "Cultural hegemony-2": { "title": "Cultural hegemony", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In philosophy and in sociology, the term 'cultural hegemony' has denotations and connotations derived from the Ancient Greek word hegemonia (\u1f21\u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1) indicating leadership and rule. In politics, hegemony is the geopolitical method of indirect imperial dominance, with which the hegemon (leader state) rules subordinate states, by the threat of intervention, an implied means of power, rather than the threat of direct rule \u2014 military invasion, occupation, and annexation." }, "Cat-59": { "title": "Cat", "section": "Behavior", "headers": [ "Hunting and feeding" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "Free-fed feral cats and house cats consume several small meals in a day. The frequency and size of meals varies between individuals. They select food based on its temperature, smell and texture; they dislike chilled foods and respond most strongly to moist foods rich in amino acids, which are similar to meat. Cats reject novel flavors (a response termed neophobia) and learn quickly to avoid foods that have tasted unpleasant in the past. They also avoid sweet food and milk. Most adult cats are lactose intolerant; the sugar in milk is not easily digested and may cause soft stools or diarrhea. Some also develop odd eating habits and like to eat or chew on things like wool, plastic, cables, paper, string, aluminum foil, or even coal. This condition, pica, can threaten their health, depending on the amount and toxicity of the items eaten." }, "Cyprus-96": { "title": "Cyprus", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 96, "content": "In 2010, the International Crisis Group estimated that the total population of Cyprus was 1.1\u00a0million, of which there was an estimated 300,000 residents in the north, perhaps half of whom were either born in Turkey or are children of such settlers." }, "Immersion (virtual reality)-16": { "title": "Immersion (virtual reality)", "section": "Immersive digital environments", "headers": [ "Perception" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "To create a sense of full immersion, the 5 senses (sight, sound, touch, smell, taste) must perceive the digital environment to be physically real. Immersive technology can perceptually fool the senses through:" }, "Rowing (sport)-20": { "title": "Rowing (sport)", "section": "Basic information", "headers": [ "Rowing propulsion" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Although the oar can be conveniently thought of as a lever with a \"fixed\" pivot point in the water, the blade moves sideways and sternwards through the water, so that the magnitude of the propulsion force developed is the result of a complex interaction between unsteady fluid mechanics (the water flow around the blade) and solid mechanics and dynamics (the handle force applied to the oar, the oar's inertia and bending characteristic, the acceleration of the boat and so on)." }, "Swan Lake-2": { "title": "Swan Lake", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The scenario, initially in two acts, was fashioned from Russian and German folk tales and tells the story of Odette, a princess turned into a swan by an evil sorcerer's curse. The choreographer of the original production was Julius Reisinger (V\u00e1clav Reisinger). The ballet was premiered by the Bolshoi Ballet on 4 March\u00a0[O.S. 20 February]\u00a01877 at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow. Although it is presented in many different versions, most ballet companies base their stagings both choreographically and musically on the 1895 revival of Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov, first staged for the Imperial Ballet on 15 January 1895, at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg. For this revival, Tchaikovsky's score was revised by the St. Petersburg Imperial Theatre's chief conductor and composer Riccardo Drigo." }, "Confederate States Army-5": { "title": "Confederate States Army", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The main Confederate armies, the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee and the remnants of the Army of Tennessee and various other units under General Joseph E. Johnston, surrendered to the U.S. on April 9, 1865 (officially April 12), and April 18, 1865 (officially April 26). Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16, 1865, and June 28, 1865. By the end of the war, more than 100,000 Confederate soldiers had deserted, and some estimates put the number as high as one third of Confederate soldiers. The Confederacy's government effectively dissolved when it fled Richmond in April and exerted no control over the remaining armies." }, "Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death)-21": { "title": "Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death)", "section": "Composition and style", "headers": [ "A: In the Shadow" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "\"GodEatGod\" is the first song on the record. It opens with the sound of a focal-plane shutter in slow-motion capturing gunshots ringing in the background amid screaming onlookers before transitioning into the song. The song is driven by keyboards, synthesizers and a synth bass. \"The Love Song\" was described by Manson as about \"America's romance with guns\", and its title originated from his observation that \"Love Song\" is one of the most common titles in music. The lyrics are composed around an elaborate metaphor about guns. Manson explained: \"I was suggesting with the lyrics that the father is the hand, the mother is the gun, and the children are the bullets. Where you shoot them is your responsibility as parents.\" The chorus is a rhetorical take on a popular American bumper sticker: \"Do you love your God, gun, government?\" Kerrang! described \"The Fight Song\" as a \"playground punk anthem\", and Manson revealed that its theme is Adam's desire to be a part of Holy Wood, saying that it is about \"a person who's grown up all his life thinking that the grass is greener on the other side, but when he finally [gets there], he realizes that it's worse than where he came from.\" \"Disposable Teens\" is a \"signature Marilyn Manson song\" with a bouncing guitar riff composed of staccato articulation. Its lyrics juxtapose the disenfranchisement of contemporary millennial youth with the revolutionary idealism of their baby boomer parents' generation. The Beatles' influence is evident in this song; the chorus echoes the disillusionment of the White Album's \"Revolution 1\"." }, "Durian-22": { "title": "Durian", "section": "Cultivation and availability", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "D.\u00a0zibethinus is not grown in Brunei because consumers there prefer other species such as D.\u00a0graveolens, D.\u00a0kutejensis, and D.\u00a0oxleyanus. These species are commonly distributed in Brunei, and together with other species like D.\u00a0testudinarius and D.\u00a0dulcis constitute a genetically diverse crop source." }, "Banana bunchy top virus-6": { "title": "Banana bunchy top virus", "section": "Disease cycle", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "BBTV is the sole member of the genus Babuvirus in the family Nanoviridae. The genome of BBTV is made up of at least six circular, single-stranded DNA components, each about 1 kilo-base pair in length. Replication takes place by rolling circle replication, a unidirectional nucleic acid replication that can result in rapid synthesis of single-strands of DNA. There are specific virus-like particles that have been proposed as the virions of BBTV but there are still discrepancies in the scientific world about the exact relationship between these virions and the single-stranded DNA virus. Nevertheless, it was demonstrated that the associated ssDNA molecules are transmitted with the disease and therefore are designated as the pathogen." }, "Quetiapine-1": { "title": "Quetiapine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Quetiapine, sold under the brand name Seroquel among others, is an atypical antipsychotic medication used for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Despite being widely used as a sleep aid due its sedating effect, the benefits of such use do not appear to generally outweigh the side effects. It is taken by mouth." }, "Demographics of Japan-5": { "title": "Demographics of Japan", "section": "Population", "headers": [ "Historical population" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Since 2010, Japan has experienced net population loss due to falling birth rates and minimal immigration, despite having one of the highest life expectancies in the world, at 85.00 years as of 2016[update] (it stood at 81.25\u00a0as of 2006). Using the annual estimate for October of each year, the population peaked in 2008 at 128,083,960 and had fallen 1,818,960 by October 2019." }, "Oh No, Ross and Carrie!-1": { "title": "Oh No, Ross and Carrie!", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Oh No, Ross and Carrie! is an investigative journalism podcast produced in Los Angeles and distributed by the Maximum Fun network. The hosts personally investigate claims about spirituality, fringe science, religion, and the paranormal, then discuss their findings on the show. The motto of the podcast is \"We show up so you don't have to.\"" }, "Cheeseburger-10": { "title": "Cheeseburger", "section": "Ingredients", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The ingredients used to create cheeseburgers follow similar patterns found in the regional variations of hamburgers, although most start with ground beef. Common cheeses used for topping are American, Swiss, and other meltable cheeses. Popular toppings include lettuce, tomato, onion, pickles, bacon, avocado or guacamole, sliced saut\u00e9ed mushrooms or onions, cheese sauce or chili, but the variety of possible toppings is broad." }, "Marco Antonio Rubio-1": { "title": "Marco Antonio Rubio", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Marco Antonio Rubio (born June 16, 1980) is a Mexican former professional boxer who competed from 2000 to 2015. He held the WBC interim middleweight title in 2014, and challenged twice for a middleweight world title in 2009 and 2012." }, "Ballet-1": { "title": "Ballet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ballet (French:\u00a0[bal\u025b]) is a type of performance dance that originated during the Italian Renaissance in the fifteenth century and later developed into a concert dance form in France and Russia. It has since become a widespread, highly technical form of dance with its own vocabulary based on French terminology. It has been globally influential and has defined the foundational techniques used in many other dance genres and cultures. Ballet has been taught in various schools around the world, which have historically incorporated their own cultures and as a result, the art has evolved in a number of distinct ways. See glossary of ballet." }, "Memory-54": { "title": "Memory", "section": "Aging", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Gene transcription profiles were determined for the human frontal cortex of individuals from age 26 to 106 years. Numerous genes were identified with reduced expression after age 40, and especially after age 70. Genes that play central roles in memory and learning were among those showing the most significant reduction with age. There was also a marked increase in DNA damage, likely oxidative damage, in the promoters of those genes with reduced expression. It was suggested that DNA damage may reduce the expression of selectively vulnerable genes involved in memory and learning." }, "Edmund Hillary-1": { "title": "Edmund Hillary", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sir Edmund Percival Hillary KG ONZ KBE (20 July 1919 \u2013 11 January 2008) was a New Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist. On 29 May 1953, Hillary and Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay became the first climbers confirmed to have reached the summit of Mount Everest. They were part of the ninth British expedition to Everest, led by John Hunt. From 1985 to 1988 he served as New Zealand's High Commissioner to India and Bangladesh and concurrently as Ambassador to Nepal." }, "August 2009 lunar eclipse-1": { "title": "August 2009 lunar eclipse", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on August 6, 2009, the third of four lunar eclipses in 2009. The moon's small entry into the Earth's penumbral shadow will produce an extremely subtle dimming of the moon's southern edge, difficult to observe visually." }, "Pescetarianism-1": { "title": "Pescetarianism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pescetarianism or pescatarianism (/\u02ccp\u025bsk\u0259\u02c8t\u025b\u0259ri\u0259n\u026az\u0259m/) is the practice of adhering to a diet that incorporates seafood as the only source of meat in an otherwise vegetarian diet. Most pescetarians are ovo-lacto vegetarians who eat seafood along with dairy products and eggs." }, "Fibonacci prime-3": { "title": "Fibonacci prime", "section": "Known Fibonacci primes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "2, 3, 5, 13, 89, 233, 1597, 28657, 514229, 433494437, 2971215073, .... It is not known whether there are infinitely many Fibonacci primes. With the indexing starting with F1 = F2 = 1, the first 34 are Fn for the n values (sequence A001605 in the OEIS):" }, "Square root of 5-3": { "title": "Square root of 5", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "2.23606797749978969640917366873127623544061835961152572427089\u2026 (sequence A002163 in the OEIS). which can be rounded down to 2.236 to within 99.99% accuracy. The approximation 161/72 (\u2248 2.23611) for the square root of five can be used. Despite having a denominator of only 72, it differs from the correct value by less than 1/10,000 (approx. 4.3\u00d710\u22125). As of November 2019, its numerical value in decimal has been computed to at least 2,000,000,000,000 digits." }, "Elizabeth II-41": { "title": "Elizabeth II", "section": "Reign", "headers": [ "1990s" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "In 1991, in the wake of coalition victory in the Gulf War, the Queen became the first British monarch to address a joint meeting of the United States Congress." }, "Kate Gosselin-4": { "title": "Kate Gosselin", "section": "Family", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Kreider met Jon Gosselin at a company picnic on October 5, 1997. They were married on June 12, 1999, and on October 8, 2000, she gave birth to twin girls, Cara Nicole and Madelyn \"Mady\" Kate, who were premature at 35 weeks gestation. Gosselin became pregnant through fertility treatment because polycystic ovary syndrome left her unable to conceive otherwise. After further treatments, Gosselin became pregnant again and, on May 10, 2004, in Hershey, Pennsylvania, at the Penn State Hershey Medical Center, she gave birth to sextuplets: sons Aaden Jonathan, Collin Thomas and Joel Kevin, and daughters Alexis Faith, Hannah Joy and Leah Hope. She gave birth at just shy of 30 weeks gestation. The sextuplets were born 10 weeks premature, which is common in the multiple births resulting from fertility treatments.[citation needed] The early birth required the six infants to be placed on ventilators." }, "Steven Spielberg-5": { "title": "Steven Spielberg", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Spielberg was born on December 18, 1946 in Cincinnati, Ohio. His mother, Leah (n\u00e9e Posner, later Adler; January 12, 1920 \u2013 February 21, 2017), was a restaurateur and concert pianist, and his father, Arnold Spielberg (born 1917), was an electrical engineer involved in the development of computers. His family was Orthodox Jewish. Spielberg's paternal grandparents were Jewish Ukrainian immigrants who settled in Cincinnati in the 1900s; his grandmother was from Sudylkiv, while his grandfather was from Kamianets-Podilskyi. In 1950, his family moved to Haddon Township, New Jersey, when his father took a job with RCA. Three years later, the family moved to Phoenix, Arizona. Spielberg attended Hebrew school from 1953 to 1957, in classes taught by Rabbi Albert L. Lewis." }, "Precipitation-1": { "title": "Precipitation", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under gravity from clouds. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, ice pellets, graupel and hail. Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor (reaching 100% relative humidity), so that the water condenses and \"precipitates\". Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions, because the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated: cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air. Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called \"showers.\"" }, "Pan (god)-18": { "title": "Pan (god)", "section": "Mythology", "headers": [ "Erotic aspects" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Women who had had sexual relations with several men were referred to as \"Pan girls.\"" }, "Orange (fruit)-41": { "title": "Orange (fruit)", "section": "Attributes", "headers": [ "Nutritional value and phytochemicals" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "Orange juice contains only about one-fifth the citric acid of lime or lemon juice (which contain about 47\u00a0g/l)." }, "Vitamin D-52": { "title": "Vitamin D", "section": "Dietary intake", "headers": [ "Sources", "Natural sources" ], "para_index": 52, "content": "In general, vitamin D2 is found in fungi and vitamin D3 is found in animals. Vitamin D2 is produced by ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol found in many fungi. The vitamin D2 content in mushrooms and Cladina arbuscula, a lichen, increase with exposure to ultraviolet light. This process is emulated by industrial ultraviolet lamps, concentrating vitamin D2 levels to higher levels." }, "Assyrian people-51": { "title": "Assyrian people", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "Homeland" ], "para_index": 51, "content": "In ancient times, Akkadian-speaking Assyrians have existed in what is now Syria, Jordan, Israel and Lebanon, among other modern countries, due to the sprawl of the Neo-Assyrian empire in the region. Though recent settlement of Christian Assyrians in Nisabina, Qamishli, Al-Hasakah, Al-Qahtaniyah, Al Darbasiyah, Al-Malikiyah, Amuda, Tel Tamer and a few other small towns in Al-Hasakah Governorate in Syria, occurred in the early 1930s, when they fled from Northern Iraq after they were targeted and slaughtered during the Simele massacre. The Assyrians in Syria did not have Syrian citizenship and title to their established land until late the 1940s." }, "United Parcel Service-1": { "title": "United Parcel Service", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "United Parcel Service (shortened in initials as UPS; stylized in all lowercase) is an American multinational package delivery and supply chain management company." }, "Mars-85": { "title": "Mars", "section": "Exploration", "headers": [ "Future" ], "para_index": 85, "content": "Several plans for a human mission to Mars have been proposed throughout the 20th century and into the 21st century, but no active plan has an arrival date sooner than the 2020s. SpaceX founder Elon Musk presented a plan in September 2016 to, optimistically, launch a crewed mission to Mars in 2024 at an estimated development cost of US$10 billion, this mission is not expected to take place before 2026.[needs update?] In October 2016, President Barack Obama renewed U.S. policy to pursue the goal of sending humans to Mars in the 2030s, and to continue using the International Space Station as a technology incubator in that pursuit. The NASA Authorization Act of 2017 directed NASA to get humans near or on the surface of Mars by the early 2030s." }, "Merida (Brave)-9": { "title": "Merida (Brave)", "section": "Development", "headers": [ "Design and characterization" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Highlighted versions were released later than 2012 Merida has long, wild, curly, red hair, blue eyes, pale skin and a slender body. Her main outfit is a dark teal traditional gown, made of cotton, with stylish slits for movement during archery. When the Lords arrive for the games, she is dressed in a Medieval-style turquoise silk gown with long arms, gold trimmings, and gold beading, teamed with a white wimple to hold in her hair. She also appears in scenes wearing a navy/black cape with a gold buckle. Merida's bow is slung onto her back, over her shoulder, with arrows in a brown leather quiver around her waist. In the final scene, Merida is seen wearing a dark blue gown with light green patterns." }, "Jeremy Irons-5": { "title": "Jeremy Irons", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Irons was born in Cowes on the Isle of Wight, the son of Paul Dugan Irons (1913\u20131983), an accountant, and Barbara Anne Brereton Brymer (n\u00e9e Sharpe; 1914\u20131999). He has some Scottish and Irish ancestry, tracing the latter back to County Cork. Irons has a brother, Christopher (born 1943), and a sister, Felicity Anne (born 1944). He was educated at the independent Sherborne School in Dorset from 1962 to 1966. He was the drummer and harmonica player in a four-man school band called the Four Pillars of Wisdom." }, "February-2": { "title": "February", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "February is the third and last month of meteorological winter in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, February is the third and last month of summer (being the seasonal equivalent of what is August in the Northern Hemisphere)." }, "Kiss from a Rose-1": { "title": "Kiss from a Rose", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Kiss from a Rose\" is a song from Seal's second eponymous album. The song was first released as a single in July 1994. Re-released in 1995, it was included on the Batman Forever film soundtrack, helping it top the charts in the United States and Australia. It also reached the top 10 in several other countries, including Canada, France, Iceland and Norway. At the 1996 Grammy Awards, it won awards for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance." }, "Philip II of Spain-2": { "title": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The son of Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Spanish kingdoms Charles V and Isabella of Portugal, Philip was called Felipe el Prudente (\"Philip the Prudent\") in the Spanish kingdoms; his empire included territories on every continent then known to Europeans, including his namesake the Philippines. During his reign, the Spanish kingdoms reached the height of their influence and power. This is sometimes called the Spanish Golden Age." }, "Chopsticks-1": { "title": "Chopsticks", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Chopsticks are shaped pairs of equal-length sticks that have been used as kitchen and eating utensils in virtually all of East Asia for over three millennia. First used by the Chinese, chopsticks later spread to other East Asian cultural sphere countries including Japan, Korea and Vietnam as well as to Nepal and Southeast Asian countries such as Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore and Thailand." }, "Reiki-15": { "title": "Reiki", "section": "Research, critical evaluation, and controversy", "headers": [ "Scholarly evaluation" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Several authors have pointed to the vitalistic energy which reiki is claimed to treat, with one saying, \"Ironically, the only thing that distinguishes reiki from Therapeutic touch is that it [reiki] involves actual touch,\" and others stating that the International Center for Reiki Training \"mimic[s] the institutional aspects of science\" seeking legitimacy but holds no more promise than an alchemy society." }, "Timeline of Karl Marx-2": { "title": "Timeline of Karl Marx", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Marx's theories about society, economics and politics \u2013 collectively known as Marxism \u2013 hold that human societies progress through class struggle: a conflict between an ownership class that controls production and a dispossessed labouring class that provides the labour for production. He called capitalism the \"dictatorship of the bourgeoisie,\" believing it to be run by the wealthy classes for their own benefit; and he predicted that, like previous socioeconomic systems, capitalism produced internal tensions which would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system: socialism. He argued that class antagonisms under capitalism between the bourgeoisie and proletariat would eventuate in the working class' conquest of political power in the form of a dictatorship of the proletariat and eventually establish a classless society, socialism or communism, a society governed by a free association of producers. Along with believing in the inevitability of socialism and communism, Marx actively fought for their implementation, arguing that social theorists and underprivileged people alike should carry out organised revolutionary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic change." }, "Karaoke-5": { "title": "Karaoke", "section": "History", "headers": [ "1970s: Development of the karaoke machine" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "It was 1971 that a musician Daisuke Inoue, who was believed as an inventor of karaoke, devised karaoke equipment in Kobe, although the audio company Clarion was the first commercial producer of the machine due to there being no patent." }, "Leather-4": { "title": "Leather", "section": "Production processes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The preparatory stages are when the hide is prepared for tanning. Preparatory stages may include: soaking, hair removal, liming, deliming, bating, bleaching, and pickling." }, "Project Semicolon-5": { "title": "Project Semicolon", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Project Semicolon defines itself as \"dedicated to presenting hope and love for those who are struggling with mental illness, suicide, addiction and self-injury\", and \"exists to encourage, love and inspire\". While they are devoted to achieving lower suicide rates in the U.S. and worldwide, they do not themselves practice psychiatry, and the staff are not trained mental health professionals. Rather, they recommend contacting emergency hotlines (e.g. 9-1-1 or the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline) or seeking mental health professionals. The movement is inclusive for people holding different beliefs or religions." }, "Health care-15": { "title": "Health care", "section": "Delivery", "headers": [ "Secondary care" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "In countries which operate under a mixed market health care system, some physicians limit their practice to secondary care by requiring patients to see a primary care provider first. This restriction may be imposed under the terms of the payment agreements in private or group health insurance plans. In other cases, medical specialists may see patients without a referral, and patients may decide whether self-referral is preferred." }, "Space Shuttle Columbia-24": { "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia", "section": "Final mission and destruction", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "The seven crew members who died aboard this final mission were: Rick Husband, Commander; William C. McCool, Pilot; Michael P. Anderson, Payload Commander/Mission Specialist 3; David M. Brown, Mission Specialist 1; Kalpana Chawla, Mission Specialist 2; Laurel Clark, Mission Specialist 4; and Ilan Ramon, Payload Specialist 1." }, "Cesare Borgia-1": { "title": "Cesare Borgia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cesare Borgia (Italian pronunciation:\u00a0[\u02c8t\u0283e\u02d0zare \u02c8b\u0254rd\u0292a, \u02c8t\u0283\u025b\u02d0-]; Valencian: C\u00e8sar Borja [\u02c8s\u025bza\u027e \u02c8b\u0254\u027ed\u0292a]; Spanish: C\u00e9sar Borja [\u02c8\u03b8esa\u027e \u02c8\u03b2o\u027exa]; 13 September 1475 \u2013 12 March 1507) was an Italian politician and condottiero (mercenary leader) whose fight for power was a major inspiration for The Prince by Machiavelli. He was an illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI and member of the Spanish-Aragonese House of Borgia." }, "Guitarist-1": { "title": "Guitarist", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A guitarist (or a guitar player) is a person who plays the guitar. Guitarists may play a variety of guitar family instruments such as classical guitars, acoustic guitars, electric guitars, and bass guitars. Some guitarists accompany themselves on the guitar by singing or playing the harmonica." }, "Liebherr Group-2": { "title": "Liebherr Group", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It consists of over 130 companies organized into eleven Divisions: Earthmoving, Mining, Mobile cranes, Tower cranes, Concrete technology, Maritime cranes, Aerospace and transportation systems, Machine tools and automation systems, Domestic appliances, and Components. It has a worldwide workforce of over 42,000, with 9 billion euros in revenue for 2017. By 2007, it was the world's largest crane company. Established in 1949 by Hans Liebherr in Kirchdorf an der Iller, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany, the business is still entirely owned by the Liebherr family. Isolde (daughter of Hans) and Willi (son of Hans) Liebherr are the chief executive and chairman of the Bulle, Switzerland-based Liebherr-International AG, and several other family members are actively involved in corporate management." }, "Vlog-20": { "title": "Vlog", "section": "YouTube presence", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "YouTube currently ranks among the top three most-visited sites on the web. As a high traffic area for video bloggers, or vloggers, YouTube has created a platform for these participants to present their personal videos, which oftentimes are filmed using hand held point and shoot cameras. The popularity of vlogs in the YouTube community has risen exponentially in the past few years; out of the top 100 most subscribed YouTube channels, 17 provide vlogs as their primary style of footage. Many famous youtube Vloggers such as PewDiePie, and Markiplier have gained popularity due to their expressive, open and over the top personalities and personas in their reactions to playing video game content. Compared to a channel like Cryaotic, who uploads lets plays where he presents himself as more inclusive, chill, and basic. As a result, he doesn't gain as much popularity from the online community. Many of these vloggers are a part of the YouTube Partner Program, which professionalizes the industry and allows for monetary gain from video production. This professionalization additionally helps increase exposure to various channels as well as creates a sense of stability within the field. Additionally, this professionalization allows content creators to be deemed a credible source by their viewers. Furthermore, many vloggers have been able to turn their channels into sustainable careers; in 2013, the highest paid vlogger brought in a minimum of $720,000 for the year. Hollywood is taking notice of this rising medium, and has placed its value ranked over other entertainment companies such as Marvel, which is also owned by Disney." }, "Naruto-7": { "title": "Naruto", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "Part I" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "After several missions, including a major one in the Land of Waves, Kakashi allows Team 7 to take a ninja exam, enabling them to advance to a higher rank and take on more difficult missions, known as Chunin Exams. During the exams, Orochimaru, a wanted criminal, invades Konoha and kills the Third Hokage for revenge. Jiraiya, one of the three legendary ninjas, declines the title of Fifth Hokage and searches with Naruto for Tsunade whom he chooses to become Fifth Hokage instead." }, "X-Men-2": { "title": "X-Men", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Most of the X-Men are mutants, a subspecies of humans who are born with superhuman abilities activated by the \"X-Gene\". The X-Men fight for peace and equality between normal humans and mutants in a world where anti-mutant bigotry is fierce and widespread. They are led by Charles Xavier, also known as Professor X, a powerful mutant telepath who can control and read minds. Their archenemy is Magneto, a powerful mutant with the ability to manipulate and control magnetic fields who leads the Brotherhood of Mutants. Both have opposing views and philosophies regarding the relationship between mutants and humans. While the former works towards peace and understanding between mutants and humans, the latter views humans as a threat and believes in taking an aggressive approach against them, though he has found himself working alongside the X-Men from time to time." }, "Acupuncture-1": { "title": "Acupuncture", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Acupuncture is a form of alternative medicine and a key component of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in which thin needles are inserted into the body. Acupuncture is a pseudoscience because the theories and practices of TCM are not based on scientific knowledge, and it has been characterized as quackery. There is a range of acupuncture variants which originated in different philosophies, and techniques vary depending on the country in which it is performed. It is most often used to attempt pain relief, though acupuncturists say that it can also be used for a wide range of other conditions. Acupuncture is generally used only in combination with other forms of treatment." }, "Comic book-2": { "title": "Comic book", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The largest comic book market is Japan. By 1995, the manga market in Japan was valued at \u00a5586.4 billion ($6\u20137 billion), with annual sales of 1.9\u00a0billion manga books (tank\u014dbon volumes and manga magazines) in Japan, equivalent to 15\u00a0issues per person. The comic book market in the United States and Canada was valued at $1.09 billion in 2016. As of 2017[update], the largest comic book publisher in the United States is manga distributor Viz Media, followed by DC Comics and Marvel Comics. Another major comic book market is France, where Franco-Belgian comics and Japanese manga each represent 40% of the market, followed by American comics at 10% market share." }, "History of television-14": { "title": "History of television", "section": "Mechanical television", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "On December 25, 1925, Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a television system with a 40-line resolution that employed a Nipkow disk scanner and CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan. This prototype is still on display at the Takayanagi Memorial Museum at Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu Campus. By 1927, Takayanagi improved the resolution to 100 lines, which was not surpassed until 1931. By 1928, he was the first to transmit human faces in halftones. His work had an influence on the later work of Vladimir K. Zworykin. By 1935, Takayanagi had invented the first all-electronic television. His research toward creating a production model was halted by the US after Japan lost World War II." }, "Family of Barack Obama-5": { "title": "Family of Barack Obama", "section": "Immediate family", "headers": [ "Malia Obama and Sasha Obama" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Barack and Michelle Obama have two daughters: Malia Ann (/m\u0259\u02c8li\u02d0\u0259/), born July 4, 1998, and Natasha (known as Sasha /\u02c8s\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u0259/), born on June 10, 2001. They were both delivered at University of Chicago Medical Center by their parents' friend and physician Anita Blanchard. Sasha was the youngest child to reside in the White House since John\u00a0F. Kennedy\u00a0Jr. arrived as an infant in 1961. In 2014, Malia and Sasha were named two of \"The 25 Most Influential Teens of 2014\" by Time magazine." }, "Global warming-3": { "title": "Global warming", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Land surfaces are heating faster than the ocean surface, leading to heat waves, wildfires, and the expansion of deserts. Increasing atmospheric energy and rates of evaporation are causing more intense storms and weather extremes, damaging infrastructure and agriculture. Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic and have contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice. Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately in coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic. Surface temperatures would stabilize and decline a little if emissions were cut off, but other impacts will continue for centuries, including rising sea levels from melting ice sheets, rising ocean temperatures, and ocean acidification from elevated levels of carbon dioxide." }, "Fertile Crescent-1": { "title": "Fertile Crescent", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Fertile Crescent is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, the northeast and Nile valley regions of Egypt, together with the southeastern region of Turkey and the western fringes of Iran. Some authors also include Cyprus." }, "Nuno Gomes (diver)-2": { "title": "Nuno Gomes (diver)", "section": "Records", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Gomes used self-contained underwater breathing apparatus to dive to a depth of 318 metres (1,044\u00a0ft) in the sea. The dive was done in the Red Sea off the coast of Egypt near Dahab in June 2005. Gomes' total dive time was 12 hours and 20 minutes; the descent took only 14 minutes." }, "Green sea turtle-30": { "title": "Green sea turtle", "section": "Ecology and behavior", "headers": [ "Life cycle" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Green sea turtles migrate long distances between feeding sites and nesting sites; some swim more than 2,600 kilometres (1,600\u00a0mi) to reach their spawning grounds. Beaches in Southeast Asia, India, islands in the western Pacific, and Central America are where Green sea turtles breed. Mature turtles often return to the exact beach from which they hatched. Females usually mate every two to four years. Males, on the other hand, visit the breeding areas every year, attempting to mate. Mating seasons vary between populations. For most C. mydas in the Caribbean, mating season is from June to September. The French Guiana nesting subpopulation nests from March to June. In the tropics, green turtles nest throughout the year, although some subpopulations prefer particular times of the year. In Pakistan, Indian Ocean turtles nest year-round, but prefer the months of July to December." }, "Skype-9": { "title": "Skype", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Skype was founded in 2003 by Niklas Zennstr\u00f6m, from Sweden, and Janus Friis, from Denmark. The Skype software was created by Estonians Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, and Jaan Tallinn. The first public beta version was released on 29 August 2003." }, "Sainsbury's-3": { "title": "Sainsbury's", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "As of February 2018, the largest overall shareholder is the sovereign wealth fund of Qatar, the Qatar Investment Authority, which holds 21.99% of the company. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index." }, "New Year's Day-4": { "title": "New Year's Day", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) instituted the concept of celebrating the new year in 2000\u00a0BC and celebrated new year around the time of the vernal equinox, in mid-March. The early Roman calendar designated 1 March as the first day of the year. The calendar had just 10 months, beginning with March. That the new year once began with the month of March is still reflected in some of the names of the months. September through to December, the ninth through to the twelfth months of the Gregorian calendar, were originally positioned as the seventh through to the tenth months. (Septem is Latin for \"seven\"; octo, \"eight\"; novem, \"nine\"; and decem, \"ten\".) Roman legend usually credited their second king Numa with the establishment of the two new months of Ianuarius and Februarius. These were first placed at the end of the year, but at some point came to be considered the first two months instead." }, "Copyright-4": { "title": "Copyright", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Typically, the public law duration of a copyright expires 50 to 100 years after the creator dies, depending on the jurisdiction. Some countries require certain copyright formalities to establishing copyright, others recognize copyright in any completed work, without a formal registration." }, "Norse mythology-1": { "title": "Norse mythology", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Norse mythology is the body of myths of the North Germanic peoples, stemming from Norse paganism and continuing after the Christianization of Scandinavia, and into the Scandinavian folklore of the modern period. The northernmost extension of Germanic mythology, Norse mythology consists of tales of various deities, beings, and heroes derived from numerous sources from both before and after the pagan period, including medieval manuscripts, archaeological representations, and folk tradition." }, "Iggy Pop-5": { "title": "Iggy Pop", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Pop was born James Newell Osterberg Jr. in Muskegon, Michigan, on April 21, 1947, the son of Louella (n\u00e9e Christensen; 1917\u20131996) and James Newell Osterberg Sr. (1921\u20132007), a former high school English teacher and baseball coach at Fordson High School in Dearborn, Michigan. He is of English and Irish descent on his father's side, and Danish and Norwegian ancestry on his mother's side. His father was adopted by a Swedish-American nurse surnamed Osterberg. Pop was raised in a trailer park in Ypsilanti, Michigan. In a 2007 Rolling Stone interview, Pop explained his relationship with his parents and their contribution to his music:" }, "Keyboard layout-3": { "title": "Keyboard layout", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Functional layout is the arrangement of the key-meaning association or keyboard mapping, determined in software, of all the keys of a keyboard. Modern computer keyboards are designed to send a scancode to the operating system when a key is pressed, rather than send it the specific character engraved on that key. The OS converts the scancode into a specific binary character code using a 'scancode to character' conversion table, called the keyboard mapping table. This means that a physical keyboard may be dynamically mapped to any layout without switching hardware components \u2013 merely by changing the software that interprets the keystrokes. Often, a user can change keyboard mapping in system settings. In addition, software may be available to modify or extend keyboard functionality. Thus the symbol shown on the physical key-top need not be the same as what goes into a document being typed." }, "Dullahan-2": { "title": "Dullahan", "section": "Mythology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Dullahan (also Dullaghan) is depicted as a headless rider, usually on a black horse, who carries their own head in their arm. Usually, the Dullahan is male, but there are some female versions. It is said to be the embodiment of the Celtic God Crom Dubh. The myth of the Dullahan comes from Ireland." }, "Cheeseburger-1": { "title": "Cheeseburger", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A cheeseburger is a hamburger topped with cheese. Traditionally, the slice of cheese is placed on top of the meat patty, but the burger can include variations in structure, ingredients and composition. The cheese is usually added to the cooking hamburger patty shortly before serving, which allows the cheese to melt. As with other hamburgers, a cheeseburger may include toppings, such as lettuce, tomato, onion, pickles, bacon, mayonnaise, ketchup, mustard or other toppings." }, "Rusev (wrestler)-2": { "title": "Rusev (wrestler)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Rusev has generally played the character of the villainous foreigner to America since his WWE debut. However, after a storyline began in 2017 in which he declared every day as \"Rusev Day\" and started his own chant, he became one of WWE's most popular wrestlers through crowd interaction." }, "Vice President of the United States-52": { "title": "Vice President of the United States", "section": "Growth of the office", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 52, "content": "For much of its existence, the office of vice president was seen as little more than a minor position. John Adams, the first vice president, was the first of many frustrated by the \"complete insignificance\" of the office. To his wife Abigail Adams wrote, \"My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man\u00a0... or his imagination contrived or his imagination conceived; and as I can do neither good nor evil, I must be borne away by others and met the common fate.\" John Nance Garner, who served as vice president from 1933 to 1941 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, claimed that the vice presidency \"isn't worth a pitcher of warm piss.\" Harry Truman, who also served as vice president under Roosevelt, said that the office was as \"useful as a cow's fifth teat.\"" }, "Jon Brower Minnoch-1": { "title": "Jon Brower Minnoch", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jon Brower Minnoch (September 29, 1941 \u2013 September 10, 1983) was an American man who, at his peak weight, was the heaviest human being ever recorded, weighing 1,400\u00a0lb (635 kilograms; 100 stone)." }, "Short-eared dog-9": { "title": "Short-eared dog", "section": "Reproduction and behavior", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "This species has some unique behaviors not typical to other canids. Females of this species are about one-third larger than males. The excited male sprays a musk produced by the tail glands. It prefers a solitary lifestyle, in forest areas. It avoids humans in the natural environment. Agitated males raise the hairs on their backs." }, "Coma-1": { "title": "Coma", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A coma is a deep state of prolonged unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awakened; fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, or sound; lacks a normal wake-sleep cycle; and does not initiate voluntary actions. Coma patients exhibit a complete absence of wakefulness and are unable to consciously feel, speak or move. Comas can be derived by natural causes, or can be medically induced." }, "Trickle-down economics-7": { "title": "Trickle-down economics", "section": "History and usage", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "William J. Bennett wrote: Humorist Will Rogers referred to the theory that cutting taxes for higher earners and businesses was a \"trickle-down\" policy, a term that has stuck over the years." }, "Terry Pratchett-1": { "title": "Terry Pratchett", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sir Terence David John Pratchett OBE (28 April 1948 \u2013 12 March 2015) was an English humorist, satirist, and author of fantasy novels, especially comical works. He is best known for his Discworld series of 41 novels." }, "History of television-15": { "title": "History of television", "section": "Mechanical television", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Herbert E. Ives and Frank Gray of Bell Telephone Laboratories gave a dramatic demonstration of mechanical television on April 7, 1927. The reflected-light television system included both small and large viewing screens. The small receiver had a two-inch-wide by 2.5-inch-high screen. The large receiver had a screen 24\u00a0inches wide by 30\u00a0inches high. Both sets were capable of reproducing reasonably accurate, monochromatic moving images. Along with the pictures, the sets also received synchronized sound. The system transmitted images over two paths: first, a copper wire link from Washington to New York City, then a radio link from Whippany, New Jersey. Comparing the two transmission methods, viewers noted no difference in quality. Subjects of the telecast included Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover. A flying-spot scanner beam illuminated these subjects. The scanner that produced the beam had a 50-aperture disk. The disc revolved at a rate of 18 frames per second, capturing one frame about every 56 milliseconds. (Today's systems typically transmit 30 or 60 frames per second, or one frame every 33.3 or 16.7 milliseconds respectively.) Television historian Albert Abramson underscored the significance of the Bell Labs demonstration: \"It was in fact the best demonstration of a mechanical television system ever made to this time. It would be several years before any other system could even begin to compare with it in picture quality.\"" }, "Olivia Newton-John-46": { "title": "Olivia Newton-John", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "New image" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "That same year Newton-John and Pat Farrar (formerly Pat Carroll) founded Koala Blue. The store, originally for Australian imports, evolved into a chain of women's clothing boutiques. The chain was initially successful, but it eventually declared bankruptcy and closed in 1992. Newton-John and Farrar would later license the brand name for a line of Australian produced wines, confections, and bed/bath products." }, "Tiger Stadium (LSU)-11": { "title": "Tiger Stadium (LSU)", "section": "Construction and stadium capacity", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "With an official seating capacity of 102,321, Tiger Stadium is the sixth-largest stadium in the world by capacity. It is the fifth-largest stadium in the NCAA and the third-largest in the Southeastern Conference, behind Kyle Field at Texas A&M University (106,511 in 2014, 102,512 in 2015) and Neyland Stadium at Tennessee (102,455) and slightly larger than Bryant-Denny Stadium at Alabama (101,821)." }, "Climate of Russia-1": { "title": "Climate of Russia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The climate of Russia is formed under the European peninsula. The enormous size of the country and the remoteness of many areas from the sea result in the dominance of the continental climate, which is prevalent in European and Asian Russia except for the tundra and the best extreme southwest. Mountains in the south obstructing the flow of cold air masses from the Arctic Ocean and the plain of the south and north makes the country open to Pacific and Atlantic influences." }, "State constitution (United States)-2": { "title": "State constitution (United States)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Usually, they are much longer than the United States Constitution, which only contains 4,543 words. State constitutions are usually longer than 8,500 words because they are more detailed regarding the day-to-day relationships between government and the people. The shortest is the Constitution of Vermont, adopted in 1793 and currently 8,295 words long. The longest is Alabama's sixth and current constitution, ratified in 1901, about 345,000 words long. Both the federal and state constitutions are organic texts: they are the fundamental blueprints for the legal and political organizations of the United States and the states, respectively." }, "Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-2": { "title": "Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The DXA scan is typically used to diagnose and follow osteoporosis, as contrasted to the nuclear bone scan, which is sensitive to certain metabolic diseases of bones in which bones are attempting to heal from infections, fractures, or tumors." }, "Rogue One-3": { "title": "Rogue One", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The film premiered in Los Angeles on December 10, 2016, and was released in the United States on December 16. It received positive reviews from critics, with praise for its story, visuals, and tone, but criticism for its underdeveloped characters and digital recreation of actors from the original trilogy. It grossed over $1 billion worldwide, making it the 36th-highest-grossing film of all time (20th at the time of its release), the second-highest-grossing film of 2016, and the fourth-highest-grossing film in the Star Wars franchise. It received two Oscar nominations for Best Sound Mixing and Best Visual Effects." }, "Russia-84": { "title": "Russia", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 84, "content": "Most of Northern European Russia and Siberia has a subarctic climate, with extremely severe winters in the inner regions of Northeast Siberia (mostly the Sakha Republic, where the Northern Pole of Cold is located with the record low temperature of \u221271.2\u00a0\u00b0C or \u221296.2\u00a0\u00b0F), and more moderate winters elsewhere. Both the strip of land along the shore of the Arctic Ocean and the Russian Arctic islands have a polar climate." }, "Rowing (sport)-1": { "title": "Rowing (sport)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rowing, sometimes referred to as crew in the United States, is a sport whose origins reach back to Ancient Egyptian times. It involves propelling a boat (racing shell) on water using oars. By pushing against the water with an oar, a force is generated to move the boat. The sport can be either recreational for enjoyment or fitness, or competitive, when athletes race against each other in boats. The training and physical strain on the body required to be a successful rower is intense. A very tough mind and body is needed to succeed. There are a number of different boat classes in which athletes compete, ranging from an individual shell (called a single scull) to an eight-person shell with a coxswain (called a coxed eight)." }, "Marilyn Manson-8": { "title": "Marilyn Manson", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Music" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Commentators have referred to the band's lead singer as being one of the most iconic and controversial figures in heavy metal music, with some going so far as to call him a \"pop culture icon\". Paste magazine said there were \"few artists in the 90s as shocking as Marilyn Manson, the most famous of the shock-rockers\"." }, "Second Coming-1": { "title": "Second Coming", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Second Coming (sometimes called the Second Advent or the Parousia) is a Christian, Islamic, and Baha'i belief regarding the return of Jesus after his ascension to heaven about two thousand years ago. The idea is based on messianic prophecies and is part of most Christian eschatologies." }, "Grey-1": { "title": "Grey", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Grey (British English) or gray (American English; see spelling differences) is an intermediate color between black and white. It is a neutral color or achromatic color, meaning literally that it is a color \"without color,\" because it can be composed of black and white. It is the color of a cloud-covered sky, of ash and of lead." }, "Obia (folklore)-2": { "title": "Obia (folklore)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It is described as being a massive animal that witches send into villages to kidnap young girls and wear their skin for a coat." }, "Pulitzer Prize for Music-2": { "title": "Pulitzer Prize for Music", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Because of the requirement that the composition have its world premiere during the year of its award, the winning work had rarely been recorded and sometimes had received only one performance. In 2004 the terms were modified to read, \"For a distinguished musical composition by an American that has had its first performance or recording in the United States during the year.\"" }, "Bear-27": { "title": "Bear", "section": "Behavior and life history", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Brown and American black bears are generally diurnal, meaning that they are active for the most part during the day, though they may forage substantially by night. Other species may be nocturnal, active at night, though female sloth bears with cubs may feed more at daytime to avoid competition from conspecifics and nocturnal predators. Bears are overwhelmingly solitary and are considered to be the most asocial of all the Carnivora. The only times bears are encountered in groups are mothers with young or occasional seasonal bounties of rich food (such as salmon runs). Fights between males can occur and older individuals may have extensive scarring, which suggests that maintaining dominance can be intense. With their acute sense of smell, bears can locate carcasses from several kilometres away. They use olfaction to locate other foods, encounter mates, avoid rivals and recognize their cubs." }, "Superman II-1": { "title": "Superman II", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Superman II is a 1980 superhero film directed by Richard Lester and written by Mario Puzo and David and Leslie Newman, based on the DC Comics character Superman. It is a sequel to the 1978 film Superman and stars Gene Hackman, Christopher Reeve, Terence Stamp, Ned Beatty, Sarah Douglas, Margot Kidder, and Jack O'Halloran. The film was released in Australia and mainland Europe on December 4, 1980, and in other countries throughout 1981. Selected premiere engagements of Superman II were presented in Megasound, a high-impact surround sound system similar to Sensurround." }, "Harvey Milk-2": { "title": "Harvey Milk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In 1972, Milk moved from New York City to the Castro District of San Francisco amid a migration of gay and bisexual men. He took advantage of the growing political and economic power of the neighborhood to promote his interests and unsuccessfully ran three times for political office. Milk's theatrical campaigns earned him increasing popularity, and in 1977 he won a seat as a city supervisor. His election was made possible by a key component of a shift in San Francisco politics." }, "Cnidaria-3": { "title": "Cnidaria", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "They have two basic body forms: swimming medusae and sessile polyps, both of which are radially symmetrical with mouths surrounded by tentacles that bear cnidocytes. Both forms have a single orifice and body cavity that are used for digestion and respiration. Many cnidarian species produce colonies that are single organisms composed of medusa-like or polyp-like zooids, or both (hence they are trimorphic). Cnidarians' activities are coordinated by a decentralized nerve net and simple receptors. Several free-swimming species of Cubozoa and Scyphozoa possess balance-sensing statocysts, and some have simple eyes. Not all cnidarians reproduce sexually, with many species having complex life cycles of asexual polyp stages and sexual medusae. Some, however, omit either the polyp or the medusa stage." }, "Titanic (1997 film)-12": { "title": "Titanic (1997 film)", "section": "Cast", "headers": [ "Historical characters" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Leonardo DiCaprio as Jack Dawson: Cameron said he needed the cast to feel as though they were really on the Titanic, to relive its liveliness, and \"to take that energy and give it to Jack,\u00a0... an artist who is able to have his heart soar\". Jack is portrayed as an itinerant, poor orphan from Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, who has toured numerous places in the world, including Paris. He wins two tickets onto the RMS Titanic in a poker game and travels as a third-class passenger with his friend Fabrizio. He is attracted to Rose at first sight and meets her when she contemplates throwing herself off the stern of the ship. Her fianc\u00e9's \"reward\", an invitation to dine with them the next evening, enables Jack to mix with the first-class passengers for a night. When casting the role, various established actors, including Matthew McConaughey, Chris O'Donnell, Billy Crudup, and Stephen Dorff, were considered, but Cameron felt that a few of the actors were too old for the part of a 20-year-old. Tom Cruise was interested in portraying the character, but his asking price was too much for the studio to consider. Cameron considered Jared Leto for the role, but Leto refused to audition. Jeremy Sisto auditioned and was filmed in a series of screen tests with Winslet and three other actresses vying for the role of Rose. DiCaprio, 21 years old at the time, was brought to Cameron's attention by casting director Mali Finn. Initially, he did not want to portray the character and refused to read his first romantic scene on the set (see below). Cameron said, \"He read it once, then started goofing around, and I could never get him to focus on it again. But for one split second, a shaft of light came down from the heavens and lit up the forest.\" Cameron strongly believed in DiCaprio's acting ability and told him, \"Look, I'm not going to make this guy brooding and neurotic. I'm not going to give him a tic and a limp and all the things you want.\" Cameron rather envisioned the character as a James Stewart type. Although Jack Dawson was a fictional character, in Fairview Cemetery in Halifax, Nova Scotia, where 121 victims are buried, there is a grave labeled \"J. Dawson\". The real J. Dawson was Joseph Dawson, who shoveled coal in the bowels of the ship. \"It wasn't until after the movie came out that we found out that there was a J. Dawson gravestone,\" said the film's producer, Jon Landau, in an interview. Kate Winslet as Rose DeWitt Bukater: Cameron said Winslet \"had the thing that you look for\" and that there was \"a quality in her face, in her eyes,\" that he \"just knew people would be ready to go the distance with her\". Rose is a 17-year-old girl, originally from Philadelphia, who is forced into an engagement to 30-year-old Cal Hockley so she and her mother, Ruth, can maintain their high-class status after her father's death had left the family debt-ridden. Rose boards the RMS Titanic with Cal and Ruth, as a first-class passenger, and meets Jack. Winslet said of her character, \"She has got a lot to give, and she's got a very open heart. And she wants to explore and adventure the world, but she [feels] that's not going to happen.\" Gwyneth Paltrow, Winona Ryder, Claire Danes, Gabrielle Anwar, and Reese Witherspoon had been considered for the role. When they turned it down, 22-year-old Winslet campaigned heavily for the role. She sent Cameron daily notes from England, which led Cameron to invite her to Hollywood for auditions. As with DiCaprio, casting director Mali Finn originally brought her to Cameron's attention. When looking for a Rose, Cameron described the character as \"an Audrey Hepburn type\" and was initially uncertain about casting Winslet even after her screen test impressed him. After she screen tested with DiCaprio, Winslet was so thoroughly impressed with him, that she whispered to Cameron, \"He's great. Even if you don't pick me, pick him.\" Winslet sent Cameron a single rose with a card signed, \"From Your Rose\", and lobbied him by phone. \"You don't understand!\" she pleaded one day when she reached him by mobile phone in his Humvee. \"I am Rose! I don't know why you're even seeing anyone else!\" Her persistence, as well as her talent, eventually convinced him to cast her in the role. Billy Zane as Cal Hockley: Cal is Rose's arrogant and snobbish 30-year-old fianc\u00e9, who is the heir to a Pittsburgh steel fortune. He becomes increasingly embarrassed by, jealous of, and cruel about Rose's relationship with Jack. The part was originally offered to Matthew McConaughey, and Rob Lowe has also gone on the record as having pursued it. Frances Fisher as Ruth DeWitt Bukater: Rose's widowed mother, who arranges her daughter's engagement to Cal to maintain her family's high-society status. She loves her daughter but believes that social position is more important than having a loving marriage. She strongly dislikes Jack, even though he saved her daughter's life. Gloria Stuart as Rose Dawson Calvert: Rose narrates the film in a modern-day framing device. Cameron stated, \"In order to see the present and the past, I decided to create a fictional survivor who is [close to] 101 years, and she connects us in a way through history.\" The 100-year-old Rose gives Lovett information regarding the \"Heart of the Ocean\" after he discovers a nude drawing of her in the wreck. She tells the story of her time aboard the ship, mentioning Jack for the first time since the sinking. At 87, Stuart had to be made up to look older for the role. Of casting Stuart, Cameron stated, \"My casting director found her. She was sent out on a mission to find retired actresses from the Golden Age of the thirties and forties.\" Cameron said that he did not know who Stuart was, and Fay Wray was also considered for the role. \"But [Stuart] was just so into it, and so lucid, and had such a great spirit. And I saw the connection between her spirit and [Winslet's] spirit,\" stated Cameron. \"I saw this joie de vivre in both of them, that I thought the audience would be able to make that cognitive leap that it's the same person.\" Stuart died on September 26, 2010, at age 100, approximately the same age elder Rose was in the film. Bill Paxton as Brock Lovett: A treasure hunter looking for the \"Heart of the Ocean\" in the wreck of the Titanic in the present. Time and funding for his expedition are running out. He later reflects at the film's conclusion that, despite thinking about Titanic for three years, he has never understood it until he hears Rose's story. Suzy Amis as Lizzy Calvert: Rose's granddaughter, who accompanies her when she visits Lovett on the ship and learns her grandmother's true identity and romantic past with Jack Dawson. Danny Nucci as Fabrizio: Jack's Italian best friend, who boards the RMS Titanic with him after Jack wins two tickets in a poker game. Fabrizio does not board a lifeboat when the Titanic sinks and is killed when one of the ship's funnels breaks and crashes into the water, crushing him to death. David Warner as Spicer Lovejoy: An ex-Pinkerton constable, Lovejoy is Cal's English valet and bodyguard, who keeps an eye on Rose and is suspicious about the circumstances surrounding Jack's rescue of her. He dies when the Titanic splits in half, causing him to fall into a massive opening. Warner had appeared in the 1979 TV miniseries S.O.S. Titanic. Jason Barry as Tommy Ryan: An Irish third-class passenger who befriends Jack and Fabrizio. Tommy is killed when he is accidentally pushed forward and shot by a panicked First Officer Murdoch. Although not intended to be an entirely accurate depiction of events, the film includes portrayals of several historical figures:" }, "Red panda-8": { "title": "Red panda", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "During a survey in the 1970s, signs of red pandas were found in Nepal's Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve. Their presence was confirmed in spring 2007 when four red pandas were sighted at elevations ranging from 3,220 to 3,610\u00a0m (10,560 to 11,840\u00a0ft). Its westernmost distribution is in Rara National Park. In 2018, red pandas were sighted at elevations of 3,150\u20133,650\u00a0m (10,330\u201311,980\u00a0ft) in Nepal's Lamjung District." }, "Cambodia-2": { "title": "Cambodia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The sovereign state of Cambodia has a population of over 15 million. The official religion is Theravada Buddhism, practised by approximately 95 percent of the population. Cambodia's minority groups include Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams and 30 hill tribes. The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh, the political, economic and cultural centre of Cambodia. The kingdom is an elective constitutional monarchy with a monarch, currently Norodom Sihamoni, chosen by the Royal Council of the Throne as head of state. The head of government is the Prime Minister, currently Hun Sen, the longest serving non-royal leader in Southeast Asia, ruling Cambodia since 1985." }, "Quantum mechanics-1": { "title": "Quantum mechanics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Quantum mechanics (QM; also known as quantum physics, quantum theory, the wave mechanical model and matrix mechanics), including quantum field theory, is a fundamental theory in physics describing the properties of nature on an atomic scale." }, "Headless Horseman-1": { "title": "Headless Horseman", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Headless Horseman is a mythical figure who has appeared in folklore around the world since the Middle Ages. The Headless Horseman is traditionally depicted as a man upon horseback who is missing his head. Depending on the legend, the Horseman is either carrying his head, or is missing his head altogether, and is searching for it. Examples include the dullahan from Ireland, who is a demonic fairy usually depicted riding a horse and carrying his head under his arm; the titular knight from the English tale Sir Gawain and the Green Knight; and \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,\" a short story written in 1820 by American Washington Irving, which has been adapted into several other works of literature and film including the 1949 Disney cartoon \"The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad\" and the 1999 Tim Burton film Sleepy Hollow." }, "Avocado-26": { "title": "Avocado", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "Growing indoors" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Indoors, an avocado tree is usually grown from the pit of an avocado fruit. This is often done by removing the pit from a ripe, unrefrigerated avocado fruit. The pit is then stabbed with three or four toothpicks, about one-third of the way up from the flat end. The pit is placed in a jar or vase containing tepid water. It should split in four to six weeks and yield roots and a sprout. If there is no change by this time, the avocado pit is discarded. Once the stem has grown a few inches, it is placed in a pot with soil. It should be watered every few days. Avocados have been known to grow large, so owners must be ready to re-pot the plant several times." }, "Education in the United States-2": { "title": "Education in the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "State governments set overall educational standards, often mandate standardized tests for K\u201312 public school systems and supervise, usually through a board of regents, state colleges, and universities. The bulk of the $1.3\u00a0trillion in funding comes from state and local governments, with federal funding accounting for only about $200\u00a0billion. Private schools are generally free to determine their own curriculum and staffing policies, with voluntary accreditation available through independent regional accreditation authorities, although some state regulation can apply." }, "Pontifex maximus-41": { "title": "Pontifex maximus", "section": "Catholic Church use of the title", "headers": [ "Pontifex" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "The word pontifex, Latin for \"pontiff\", was used in ancient Rome to designate a member of the College of Pontiffs. In the Vulgate translation of the New Testament, it is sometimes used to designate the Jewish high priest, as in John 11:49 and Hebrews 5:1. From perhaps as early as the 3rd century, it has been used to denote a bishop, not exclusively the bishop of Rome. The name given to the book containing the liturgical rites to be performed by any bishop, The Roman Pontifical, and to the form of liturgy known as Pontifical High Mass witness to the continued use of pontifex in this wide sense." }, "Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena-15": { "title": "Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena", "section": "The arena", "headers": [ "Seating capacity" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The arena seated up to 16,740 for boxing/wrestling, and 14,546 for hockey. There were 12,389 fixed upper-level, theatre-type seats, and floor-level seating which could be configured by sport. The seating capacity for basketball changed over the years:" }, "Venus de Milo-2": { "title": "Venus de Milo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Created sometime between 130 and 100 BC, the statue is believed to depict Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and beauty. However, some scholars claim it is the sea-goddess Amphitrite, venerated on Milos. It is a marble sculpture, slightly larger than life size at 203\u00a0cm (6\u00a0ft 8\u00a0in) high. Part of an arm and the original plinth were lost following the statue's discovery. It is currently on permanent display at the Louvre Museum in Paris. The statue is named after Aphrodite's Roman name, Venus, and the Greek island of Milos, where it was discovered." }, "Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-1": { "title": "Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA, previously DEXA) is a means of measuring bone mineral density (BMD) using spectral imaging. Two X-ray beams, with different energy levels, are aimed at the patient's bones. When soft tissue absorption is subtracted out, the bone mineral density (BMD) can be determined from the absorption of each beam by bone. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is the most widely used and most thoroughly studied bone density measurement technology." }, "Pax Romana-4": { "title": "Pax Romana", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "citation needed] The Pax Romana began when Octavian (Augustus) defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium on 2 September 31 BC and became Roman emperor. He became princeps, or first citizen. Lacking a good precedent of successful one-man rule, Augustus created a junta of the greatest military magnates and stood as the front man. By binding together these leading magnates in a coalition, he eliminated the prospect of civil war. The Pax Romana was not immediate, despite the end of the civil wars, because fighting continued in Hispania and in the Alps. Nevertheless, Augustus closed the Gates of Janus (a ceremony indicating that Rome was at peace) three times, first in 29 BC and again in 25 BC. The third closure is undocumented, but Inez Scott Ryberg (1949) and Gaius Stern (2006) have persuasively dated the third closure to 13 BC with the commissioning of the Ara Pacis. At the time of the Ludi Saeculares in 17 BC the Concept of Peace was publicized, and in 13 BC was proclaimed when Augustus and Agrippa jointly returned from pacifying the provinces. The order to construct the Ara Pacis was no doubt part of this announcement." }, "Multiple sclerosis-1": { "title": "Multiple sclerosis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to transmit signals, resulting in a range of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problems. Specific symptoms can include double vision, blindness in one eye, muscle weakness and trouble with sensation or coordination. MS takes several forms, with new symptoms either occurring in isolated attacks (relapsing forms) or building up over time (progressive forms). Between attacks, symptoms may disappear completely; however, permanent neurological problems often remain, especially with the advancement of the disease." }, "Thickened fluids-1": { "title": "Thickened fluids", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Thickened fluids and thickened drinks are often used for people with dysphagia, a disorder of swallowing function. The thicker consistency makes it less likely that an individual will aspirate while they are drinking. Individuals with difficulty swallowing may find liquids cause coughing, spluttering or even aspiration and thickening drinks enables them to swallow safely. Patients may be advised to consume thickened liquids after being extubated. Liquid thickness may be measured by two methods, with a viscometer or by line spread test." }, "Janissaries-25": { "title": "Janissaries", "section": "Equipment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "During the initial period of formation, Janissaries were expert archers, but they began adopting firearms as soon as such became available during the 1440s. The siege of Vienna in 1529 confirmed the reputation of their engineers, e.g. sappers and miners. In melee combat they used axes and kilijs. Originally in peacetime they could carry only clubs or daggers, unless they served as border troops. Turkish yatagan swords were the signature weapon of the Janissaries, almost a symbol of the corps. Janissaries who guarded the palace (Z\u00fcl\u00fcfl\u00fc Baltac\u0131lar) carried long-shafted axes and halberds." }, "Cardiovascular disease-6": { "title": "Cardiovascular disease", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease) Peripheral arterial disease \u2013 disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legs Cerebrovascular disease \u2013 disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke) Renal artery stenosis Aortic aneurysm There are also many cardiovascular diseases that involve the heart." }, "2011 T\u014dhoku earthquake and tsunami-9": { "title": "2011 T\u014dhoku earthquake and tsunami", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The tsunami caused nuclear accidents, primarily the level 7 meltdowns at three reactors in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant complex, and the associated evacuation zones affecting hundreds of thousands of residents. Many electrical generators ran out of fuel. The loss of electrical power halted cooling systems, causing heat to build up. The heat build-up caused the generation of hydrogen gas. Without ventilation, gas accumulated within the reactor containment structures and eventually exploded. Residents within a 20\u00a0km (12\u00a0mi) radius of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and a 10\u00a0km (6.2\u00a0mi) radius of the Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant were evacuated." }, "2016\u20132020 Yemen cholera outbreak-6": { "title": "2016\u20132020 Yemen cholera outbreak", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is spread mostly by unsafe water and unsafe food that has been contaminated with human feces containing the bacteria. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea that lasts a few days. Diarrhea can be so severe that it leads within hours to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. The primary treatment is oral rehydration therapy\u2014the replacement of fluids with slightly sweet and salty solutions. In severe cases, intravenous fluids may be required, and antibiotics may be beneficial." }, "Rahul Dravid-1": { "title": "Rahul Dravid", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rahul Sharad Dravid (/\u02ccr\u0259hu\u02d0l dr\u0259v\u026ad/ (listen); born 11 January 1973) is a former Indian cricketer and captain of the Indian national team. He is the Director of Cricket Operations at National Cricket Academy, Bengaluru, India. He also monitors the progress of India A and India under-19 cricket teams. Before this he was Head Coach for the India Under-19 and India A teams from 2016 to 2019. Under his coaching, under-19 team was runners up at 2016 u-19 Cricket World Cup and were winners at 2018 u-19 Cricket World Cup. In 2019, BCCI appointed Dravid as Head of NCA." }, "Al Capone-34": { "title": "Al Capone", "section": "Failing health and death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "In 1946, his physician and a Baltimore psychiatrist examined him and concluded that Capone had the mentality of a 12-year-old child. Capone spent the last years of his life at his mansion in Palm Island, Florida, spending time with his wife and grandchildren. On January 21, 1947, Capone had a stroke. He regained consciousness and started to improve, but contracted bronchopneumonia. He suffered a cardiac arrest on January 22, and on January 25, surrounded by his family in his home, Capone died after his heart failed as a result of apoplexy. His body was transported back to Chicago a week later and a private funeral was held. He was originally buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Chicago. In 1950, Capone's remains, along with those of his father, Gabriele, and brother, Salvatore, were moved to Mount Carmel Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois." }, "Drosophila-1": { "title": "Drosophila", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Drosophila (/dr\u0259\u02c8s\u0252f\u026al\u0259, dr\u0252-, dro\u028a-/) is a genus of flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called \"small fruit flies\" or (less frequently) pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit. They should not be confused with the Tephritidae, a related family, which are also called fruit flies (sometimes referred to as \"true fruit flies\"); tephritids feed primarily on unripe or ripe fruit, with many species being regarded as destructive agricultural pests, especially the Mediterranean fruit fly." }, "Singing-4": { "title": "Singing", "section": "Voices", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The sound of each individual's singing voice is entirely unique not only because of the actual shape and size of an individual's vocal cords, but also due to the size and shape of the rest of that person's body. Humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, and the tightness of otherwise unrelated muscles can be altered. Any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume (loudness), timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individual's size and bone structure can affect the sound produced by an individual." }, "Lifting gas-1": { "title": "Lifting gas", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A lifting gas or lighter than air gas is a gas that has a lower density than normal atmospheric gases and rises above them as a result. It is required for aerostats to create buoyancy, particularly in lighter-than-air aircraft, which include free balloons, moored balloons, and airships. Only certain lighter than air gases are suitable as lifting gases. Dry air has a density of about 1.29\u00a0g/L (gram per liter) at standard conditions for temperature and pressure (STP) and an average molecular mass of 28.97\u00a0g/mol, and so lighter than air gases have a density lower than this." }, "The Great Gatsby-24": { "title": "The Great Gatsby", "section": "Writing and production", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Content after a few rounds of revision, Fitzgerald returned the final batch of revised galleys in the middle of February 1925. Fitzgerald's revisions included an extensive rewriting of Chapter VI and VIII. Despite this, he refused an offer of $10,000 for the serial rights in order not to delay the book's publication. He had received a $3,939 advance in 1923 and $1,981.25 upon publication." }, "Big John Studd-14": { "title": "Big John Studd", "section": "Professional wrestling career", "headers": [ "World Wrestling Federation (1982\u20131986, 1988\u20131989)", "Feud with Andr\u00e9 the Giant (1982\u20131986)" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "After WrestleMania, Studd formed an alliance with fellow Heenan Family member, 468\u00a0lb (212\u00a0kg) King Kong Bundy. The two attacked Andr\u00e9 at a WWF TV card in Toronto in the summer of 1985, injuring Andre's sternum. The Studd-Bundy alliance and Andr\u00e9 continued to feud for the rest of that year and into 1986, with Andre often recruiting faces such as Hulk Hogan, Tony Atlas, Junkyard Dog, and Hillbilly Jim to team with him. Studd participated in the well-publicized 20 man over-the-top battle royal that took place in the Chicago segment of WrestleMania 2 and featured in a memorable pre-match interview with \"Mean\" Gene Okerlund and then Atlanta Falcons player Bill Fralic, with Studd telling Fralic that he had no business in professional wrestling, and Fralic repeatedly calling Studd \"Dudd\". The invitational battle royale also featured stars from the National Football league. Although Andr\u00e9 the Giant was also in the match, Studd set his focus on eliminating Fralic and fellow football player William \"The Refrigerator\" Perry, who was fresh from a Super Bowl victory with the Chicago Bears earlier that year. Studd successfully eliminated Perry during the match, only to have Perry eliminate Studd while the two were shaking hands. Andr\u00e9 went on to win the battle royale." }, "University of Pittsburgh-5": { "title": "University of Pittsburgh", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Founding" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Founded by Hugh Henry Brackenridge as Pittsburgh Academy in 1787, the University of Pittsburgh is one of the few universities and colleges established in the 18th century in the United States. It is the oldest continuously chartered institution of learning in the U.S. west of the Allegheny Mountains. The school began as a preparatory school, presumably in a log cabin, possibly as early as 1770 in Western Pennsylvania, then a frontier. Brackenridge obtained a charter for the school from the state legislature of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania on February 28, 1787, just ten weeks before the opening of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. A brick building was erected in 1790 on the south side of Third Street and Cherry Alley for the Pittsburgh Academy. The small two-story brick building, with a gable facing the alley, contained three rooms: one below and two above." }, "Ford Super Duty-2": { "title": "Ford Super Duty", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Super Duty trucks utilize a distinct chassis from the lighter F-150, with heavier-duty chassis and suspension components to allow for higher payload and towing capacities; additionally, the product line continued the use of Ford PowerStroke diesel engines. With a GVWR over 8,500\u00a0lb (3,900\u00a0kg), Super Duty pickups are class 2 and 3 trucks while chassis cab trucks are class 4 and class 5. The F-Series Super Duty has been used as the base chassis of the Ford Excursion full-size SUV." }, "Tiger Stadium (LSU)-18": { "title": "Tiger Stadium (LSU)", "section": "Construction and stadium capacity", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "On April 27, 2012, the LSU Board of Supervisors voted unanimously in favor of an $80 million south end-zone upper deck expansion that added 70 \"Tiger Den\" suites, over 3,000 club seats and 1,500+ general public seats to bring the total capacity of Tiger Stadium to 102,321, making it the fifth-largest college football stadium in the country. Construction began on October 17, 2012, and was completed by the summer of 2014. The project was privately funded by Tiger Athletic Foundation." }, "Dyslexia-20": { "title": "Dyslexia", "section": "Diagnosis", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder, subcategorized in diagnostic guides as a learning disorder with impairment in reading (ICD-11 prefixes \"developmental\" to \"learning disorder\"; DSM-5 uses \"specific\"). Dyslexia is not a problem with intelligence. Emotional problems often arise secondary to learning difficulties. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke describes dyslexia as \"difficulty with phonological processing (the manipulation of sounds), spelling, and/or rapid visual-verbal responding\"." }, "Slip 'N Slide-4": { "title": "Slip 'N Slide", "section": "Safety", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Both the manufacturer and the Consumer Product Safety Commission recommend that only children use the toy due to the risk of back and neck injuries when it is used by teenagers and adults. Injuries occur because people heavier or taller than children might stop suddenly when diving onto the toy. Between 1973 and 1991, seven adults and a 13-year-old suffered neck injuries or paralysis while using Slip \u2019N Slides." }, "Kia Rio-28": { "title": "Kia Rio", "section": "Third generation (UB; 2011\u20132017)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "For the Malaysian market, the third generation Rio was launched in January 2013 available with two trim levels (EX and SX) with only the hatchback bodystyle and powered by a G4FA 1.4 litre MPI Gamma engine. The facelift version was launched in Malaysia in May 2015 and was available with only one trim level (SX). The sedan version was launched in January 2016, available with only one trim level and powered by a 1.4 litre four-cylinder engine and a 4-speed automatic transmission. A \"X\" variant of the sedan was introduced in March 2016." }, "Phineas and Ferb-1": { "title": "Phineas and Ferb", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Phineas and Ferb is an American animated musical comedy television series produced by Disney Television Animation. Originally broadcast as a one-episode preview on August 17, 2007, and again previewed on September 28, 2007, the series officially premiered on February 1, 2008, on Disney Channel, running until June 12, 2015. The program follows Phineas Flynn and his stepbrother Ferb Fletcher on summer vacation. Every day, the boys embark on some grand new project; these are usually unrealistic given the protagonists' ages (and are sometimes downright physically impossible), which annoys their controlling sister, Candace, who frequently tries to reveal their shenanigans to her and Phineas' mother, Linda Flynn-Fletcher, and less frequently to Ferb's father, Lawrence Fletcher. The series follows a standard plot system: running gags occur every episode, and the b-plot almost always features Phineas and Ferb's pet platypus Perry the Platypus working as a spy (named \"Agent P\") for OWCA (the Organization Without a Cool Acronym), to defeat the latest scheme of Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz, a mad scientist driven largely by a need to assert his evilness (although he is not especially evil and has a good heart in some situations). The two plots intersect at the end to erase all traces of the boys' project just before Candace can show it to their mother. This usually leaves Candace very frustrated." }, "Passover-13": { "title": "Passover", "section": "The biblical narrative", "headers": [ "In the Book of Exodus" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "The biblical regulations for the observance of the festival require that all leavening be disposed of before the beginning of the 15th of Nisan An unblemished lamb or goat, known as the Korban Pesach or \"Paschal Lamb\", is to be set apart on 10th Nisan, and slaughtered at dusk as 14th Nisan ends in preparation for the 15th of Nisan when it will be eaten after being roasted. The literal meaning of the Hebrew is \"between the two evenings\". It is then to be eaten \"that night\", 15th Nisan, roasted, without the removal of its internal organs with unleavened bread, known as matzo, and bitter herbs known as maror. Nothing of the sacrifice on which the sun rises by the morning of the 15th of Nisan may be eaten, but must be burned." }, "Theresa May-1": { "title": "Theresa May", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Theresa Mary May (/t\u0259\u02c8ri\u02d0z\u0259/; n\u00e9e Brasier; born 1 October 1956) is a British politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 2016 to 2019. May served as Home Secretary from 2010 to 2016 and has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Maidenhead since 1997. Ideologically, she identifies herself as a one-nation conservative." }, "Atmosphere of Earth-1": { "title": "Atmosphere of Earth", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity. The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth's surface, absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night (the diurnal temperature variation)." }, "Thomas Jefferson-73": { "title": "Thomas Jefferson", "section": "Presidency (1801\u20131809)", "headers": [ "Re-election in 1804 and second term" ], "para_index": 73, "content": "Jefferson's successful first term occasioned his re-nomination for president by the Republican party, with George Clinton replacing Burr as his running mate. The Federalist party ran Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina, John Adams's vice-presidential candidate in the 1800 election. The Jefferson-Clinton ticket won overwhelmingly in the electoral college vote, by 162 to 14, promoting their achievement of a strong economy, lower taxes, and the Louisiana Purchase." }, "Whole genome sequencing-1": { "title": "Whole genome sequencing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Whole genome sequencing is ostensibly the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organism's chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria and, for plants, in the chloroplast. In practice, genome sequences that are nearly complete are also called whole genome sequences." }, "Tomato-85": { "title": "Tomato", "section": "Consumption", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 85, "content": "The tomato is now grown and eaten around the world. It is used in diverse ways, including raw in salads or in slices, stewed, incorporated into a wide variety of dishes, or processed into ketchup or tomato soup. Unripe green tomatoes can also be breaded and fried, used to make salsa, or pickled. Tomato juice is sold as a drink, and is used in cocktails such as the Bloody Mary." }, "Whydah Gally-6": { "title": "Whydah Gally", "section": "Pirate ship", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "In late February 1717, the Whydah, under the command of Captain Lawrence Prince, a former buccaneer under Sir Henry Morgan, was navigating the Windward Passage between Cuba and Hispaniola when it was attacked by pirates led by \"Black Sam\" Bellamy. At the time of the Whydah's capture, Bellamy was in possession of two vessels, the 26-gun galley Sultana and the converted 10-gun sloop Marianne, captained by Bellamy's friend and investor Paulsgrave Williams. After a three-day chase, Prince surrendered his ship near the Bahamas with only a desultory exchange of cannon fire." }, "Antidepressant-30": { "title": "Antidepressant", "section": "Adverse effects", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "MAOIs tend to have pronounced (sometimes fatal) interactions with a wide variety of medications and over-the-counter drugs. If taken with foods that contain very high levels of tyramine (e.g., mature cheese, cured meats, or yeast extracts), they may cause a potentially lethal hypertensive crisis. At lower doses, the person may only experience a headache due to an increase in blood pressure." }, "Yeti-8": { "title": "Yeti", "section": "History", "headers": [ "19th century" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "In 1832, James Prinsep's Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal published trekker B. H. Hodgson's account of his experiences in northern Nepal. His local guides spotted a tall bipedal creature covered with long dark hair, which seemed to flee in fear. Hodgson concluded it was an orangutan." }, "Rhinoceros-34": { "title": "Rhinoceros", "section": "Horn trade and use", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "It is a common misconception that rhinoceros horn in powdered form is used as an aphrodisiac or a cure for cancer in Traditional Chinese Medicine as Cornu Rhinoceri Asiatici (\u7280\u89d2, x\u012bji\u01ceo, \"rhinoceros horn\"); no TCM text in history has ever mentioned such prescriptions. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), rhino horn is sometimes prescribed for fevers and convulsions, a treatment not supported by evidence-based medicine: this treatment has been compared to consuming fingernail clippings in water. In 1993, China signed the CITES treaty and removed rhinoceros horn from the Chinese medicine pharmacopeia, administered by the Ministry of Health. In 2011, the Register of Chinese Herbal Medicine in the United Kingdom issued a formal statement condemning the use of rhinoceros horn. A growing number of TCM educators are also speaking out against the practice, although some TCM practitioners still believe that it is a life-saving medicine." }, "Hornet-2": { "title": "Hornet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Like other social wasps, hornets build communal nests by chewing wood to make a papery pulp. Each nest has one queen, who lays eggs and is attended by workers who, while genetically female, cannot lay fertile eggs. Most species make exposed nests in trees and shrubs, but some (like Vespa orientalis) build their nests underground or in other cavities. In the tropics, these nests may last year-round, but in temperate areas, the nest dies over the winter, with lone queens hibernating in leaf litter or other insulative material until the spring. Male hornets are docile and do not have stingers." }, "Twin-20": { "title": "Twin", "section": "Types and zygosity", "headers": [ "Monozygotic (identical) twins", "Genetic and epigenetic similarity" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Monozygotic twins are genetically nearly identical and they are always the same sex unless there has been a mutation during development. The children of monozygotic twins test genetically as half-siblings (or full siblings, if a pair of monozygotic twins reproduces with another pair or with the same person), rather than first cousins. Identical twins do not have the same fingerprints however, because even within the confines of the womb, the fetuses touch different parts of their environment, giving rise to small variations in their corresponding prints and thus making them unique." }, "Court dress-110": { "title": "Court dress", "section": "Other jurisdictions", "headers": [ "United States of America", "Judicial court dress" ], "para_index": 110, "content": "During the early history of the United States, the court dress of judges and practicing lawyers closely mirrored British court dress of the 18th century; both wore white powdered wigs and (typically) black robes in the lower courts, and in the higher ones, judges would wear red with black markings. The practice fell out of favor and died out by the mid-nineteenth century." }, "Homelessness in the United States by state-127": { "title": "Homelessness in the United States by state", "section": "Michigan", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 127, "content": "Michigan has a high number of homeless individuals on its streets, reaching 97,642 in 2014. In the VI-SPADT (Vulnerability Index and Service Prioritization Decision Assistance tool) initiated by the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) alongside the Michigan State Housing Development Authority (MSHDA) it was found that 2,462 individuals had 4,564 interactions with the police between June 2014 and April 2015. The VI-SPADT also found that minority populations are overrepresented with 52% of the homeless population being a part of a minority group as well as people with disabilities of long duration such as chronic health conditions, mental health/cognitive conditions and substance abuse (65%)." }, "Arrow-1": { "title": "Arrow", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An arrow is a fin-stabilized projectile that is launched via a bow, and usually consists of a long straight stiff shaft with stabilizers called fletchings, as well as a weighty (and usually sharp and pointed) arrowhead attached to the front end, and a slot at the rear end called the nock for engaging the bowstring. The use of bows and arrows by humans predates recorded history and is common to most cultures. A craftsman who makes arrows is a fletcher, and one that makes arrowheads is an arrowsmith." }, "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz-10": { "title": "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "On her way down the yellow brick road, Dorothy attends a banquet held by a Munchkin named Boq. The next day, she frees a Scarecrow from the pole on which he is hanging, applies oil from a can to the rusted joints of a Tin Woodman, and meets a Cowardly Lion. The Scarecrow wants a brain, the Tin Woodman wants a heart, and the Cowardly Lion wants courage, so Dorothy encourages them to journey with her and Toto to the Emerald City to ask for help from the Wizard. After several adventures, the travelers arrive at the Emerald City and meet the Guardian of the Gates, who asks them to wear green tinted spectacles to keep their eyes from being blinded by the city's brilliance. Each one is called to see the Wizard. He appears to Dorothy as a giant head, to the Scarecrow as a lovely lady, to the Tin Woodman as a terrible beast, and to the Cowardly Lion as a ball of fire. He agrees to help them all if they kill the Wicked Witch of the West, who rules over Winkie Country. The Guardian warns them that no one has ever managed to defeat the witch." }, "Rainbow-2": { "title": "Rainbow", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Rainbows can be full circles. However, the observer normally sees only an arc formed by illuminated droplets above the ground, and centered on a line from the sun to the observer's eye." }, "Police dog-11": { "title": "Police dog", "section": "Popular breeds", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Apprehension and attack dogs \u2013 This dog is used to locate and subdue suspects or enemies. Search and rescue dogs (SAR) \u2013 This dog is used to locate suspects or find missing people or objects. Belgian Malinois, German shepherds, Golden retrievers, Labrador retrievers, and Bloodhounds can all be used. Detection or explosive dogs \u2013 Some dogs are used to detect illicit substances such as drugs or explosives which may be carried on a person or in their effects. Many police dogs are trained to detect marijuana, heroin, cocaine, crack cocaine, and methamphetamines. Dual purpose dog \u2013 Also known as a patrol dog, each of these dogs is fully trained and skilled in tracking; handler protection; off-leash obedience; article, area and building search; and criminal apprehension. Some breeds are used to enforce public order by chasing and detaining suspects either by direct apprehension or a method known as Bark and Hold. Dogs such as the Belgian Malinois have many qualities that make them applicable for the job. Belgian Malinois are superior for working because they are fast, agile, and have an incredible work ethic[citation needed]." }, "Dendrochronology-7": { "title": "Dendrochronology", "section": "Growth rings", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Horizontal cross sections cut through the trunk of a tree can reveal growth rings, also referred to as tree rings or annual rings. Growth rings result from new growth in the vascular cambium, a layer of cells near the bark that botanists classify as a lateral meristem; this growth in diameter is known as secondary growth. Visible rings result from the change in growth speed through the seasons of the year; thus, critical for the title method, one ring generally marks the passage of one year in the life of the tree. Removal of the bark of the tree in a particular area may cause deformation of the rings as the plant overgrows the scar." }, "Styria-1": { "title": "Styria", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Styria (German: Steiermark [\u02c8\u0283ta\u026a\u032f\u0250\u02ccma\u0281k] (listen); Croatian and Slovene: \u0160tajerska; Hungarian: St\u00e1jerorsz\u00e1g; Czech: \u0160t\u00fdrsko; Slovak: \u0160tajersko) is a state, or Bundesland, located in the southeast of Austria. Covering 16,401\u00a0km2 (6,332\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), Styria is the second largest of the nine component states of Austria (also sometimes referred to as provinces in English), after Lower Austria. Styria's neighbor to the South is Slovenia (Carinthia Statistical Region, Drava Statistical Region and Mura Statistical Region). Within Austria, the contiguous states are Carinthia, Salzburg, Upper Austria, Lower Austria, and The Burgenland. The state capital is Graz, which had 276,526 inhabitants at the beginning of 2015." }, "French Riviera-1": { "title": "French Riviera", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The French Riviera (known in French as the C\u00f4te d'Azur [kot da\u02c8zy\u0281]; Occitan: C\u00f2sta d'Azur [\u02c8k\u0254st\u0254 da\u02c8zy\u027e]; literal translation \"Azure Coast\") is the Mediterranean coastline of the southeast corner of France. There is no official boundary, but it is usually considered to extend from Cassis, Toulon or Saint-Tropez on the west to Menton at the France\u2013Italy border in the east, where the Italian Riviera joins. The coast is entirely within the Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te d'Azur (R\u00e9gion Sud) region of France. The Principality of Monaco is a semi-enclave within the region, surrounded on three sides by France and fronting the Mediterranean. The Riviera is an Italian word that corresponds to the ancient Ligurian territory, wedged between the Var and Magra rivers. The C\u00f4te d'Azur or French riviera, is a nickname given by France to the county of Nice after its annexation in 1860, because the rain and the Mistral (south french cold wind) were stopped by the Alps and the climate was similar to that of the north of Italy, even in winter, with a sky as blue as its sea, the French Riviera. After the 2000s it was extended to the rest of southern France, although the geography, culture or climate is different. The county of Nice is a mountainous area like Italy which stands out from the south of France. While the Saharan warm wind Sirocco blows over Italy, the cold wind Mistral blows over the south of France. As the county of Nice is protected by the Alps, it has the northern Italian climate." }, "Streaming media-39": { "title": "Streaming media", "section": "Bandwidth and storage", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "A broadband speed of 2 Mbit/s or more is recommended for streaming standard definition video without experiencing buffering or skips, especially live video, for example to a Roku, Apple\u00a0TV, Google\u00a0TV or a Sony\u00a0TV Blu-ray Disc Player. 5\u00a0Mbit/s is recommended for High Definition content and 9\u00a0Mbit/s for Ultra-High Definition content. Streaming media storage size is calculated from the streaming bandwidth and length of the media using the following formula (for a single user and file) requires a storage size in megabytes which is equal to length (in seconds) \u00d7 bit rate (in bit/s) / (8 \u00d7 1024 \u00d7 1024). For example, one hour of digital video encoded at 300 kbit/s (this was a typical broadband video in 2005 and it was usually encoded in a 320 \u00d7 240 pixels window size) will be:" }, "Interpersonal relationship-21": { "title": "Interpersonal relationship", "section": "Stages", "headers": [ "Terminating a relationship" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Purposefully focussing on the positive aspects of the breakup (\"factors leading up to the break-up, the actual break-up, and the time right after the break-up\") Minimising the negative emotions Journaling the positive aspects of the breakup (e.g. \"comfort, confidence, empowerment, energy, happiness, optimism, relief, satisfaction, thankfulness, and wisdom\"). This exercise works best, although not exclusively, when the breakup is mutual. Less time between a breakup and a subsequent relationship predicts higher self-esteem, attachment security, emotional stability, respect for your new partner, and greater well-being. Furthermore, rebound relationships don't last any shorter than regular relationships. 60% of people are friends with one or more ex. 60% of people have had an off-and-on relationship. 37% of cohabiting couples, and 23% of the married, have broken up and gotten back together with their existing partner." }, "San Antonio-1": { "title": "San Antonio", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "San Antonio (/\u02ccs\u00e6n \u00e6n\u02c8to\u028anio\u028a/; in Spanish, \"Saint Anthony\"), officially the City of San Antonio, is the seventh-most populous city in the United States, and the second-most populous city in both Texas and the Southern United States, with more than 1.53 million residents. Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718, the city became the first chartered civil settlement in present-day Texas in 1731. The area was still part of the Spanish Empire, and later of the Mexican Republic. It is the state's oldest municipality, having celebrated its 300th anniversary on May 1, 2018." }, "New Jersey-1": { "title": "New Jersey", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Northeastern United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania; and on the southwest by Delaware Bay and the State of Delaware. New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous, with 8,882,190 residents as of 2019 and an area of 8,722.58 square miles, making it the most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states, with its biggest city being Newark. All but one county in New Jersey lie within the combined statistical areas of New York City or Philadelphia. New Jersey was the second-wealthiest U.S. state by median household income as of 2017." }, "Pope Leo II-1": { "title": "Pope Leo II", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pope Leo II (611 \u2013 28 June 683) was the bishop of Rome from 17 August 682 to his death. He is one of the popes of the Byzantine Papacy." }, "Stock car racing-65": { "title": "Stock car racing", "section": "Tracks", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 65, "content": "Stock car races take place predominantly on oval tracks of 3 or 4 turns, with all turns to the left. Oval tracks are classified as short track (less than 1 mile), intermediate or speedway (1 to 2 miles) or superspeedway (over 2 miles). Road courses are any tracks having both left and right turns. Depending on the track, typical race speeds can vary from 90 miles per hour (140\u00a0km/h) at Martinsville to over 200 miles per hour (320\u00a0km/h) at Talladega. In 1987 Bill Elliott's 212.809\u00a0mph (342.483\u00a0km/h) qualifying time at Talladega brought about a change at superspeedways (Daytona and Talladega). Such high speeds and Bobby Allison's car going airborne into the catch-fence and injuring fans forced NASCAR to implement power-reducing measures, one of which was the mandated implement of below carburetor restrictor plates. This later became known as restrictor plate racing." }, "September-1": { "title": "September", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "January February March April May June July August September October November December September is the ninth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, the third of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the fourth of five months to have a length of less than 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere September is the seasonal equivalent of March in the Southern Hemisphere." }, "SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory-1": { "title": "SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, originally named Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, is a United States Department of Energy National Laboratory operated by Stanford University under the programmatic direction of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science and located in Menlo Park, California. It is the site of the Stanford Linear Accelerator, a 3.2 kilometer (2 mile) linear accelerator constructed in 1966 and shut down in the 2000s, which could accelerate electrons to energies of 50\u00a0GeV." }, "Gender dysphoria-7": { "title": "Gender dysphoria", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Symptoms of GD in children include preferences for opposite sex-typical toys, games, or activities; great dislike of their own genitalia; and a strong preference for playmate of opposite sex children. Some children may also experience social isolation from their peers, anxiety, loneliness, and depression. According to the American Psychological Association, transgender children are more likely to experience harassment and violence in school, foster care, residential treatment centers, homeless centers and juvenile justice programs than other children. Additionally, some child psychologists continue to use misgendering and pathologizing language and approaches with transgender children, contrary to APA policy statements." }, "Moon Jae-in-5": { "title": "Moon Jae-in", "section": "Early life, education and military service", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Upon the end of the Korean War, Moon Jae-in was born in Geoje, South Korea as the second child and oldest son among five children of father Moon Yong-hyung and mother Kang Han-ok. His parents were refugees from South Hamgyeong Province, North Korea who fled their native city of Hungnam during the Hungnam evacuation during the Korean War. His father, Moon Yong-hyung, worked as head of agriculture department who detains food, especially rice of Korean colonial people as one of the main tasks at the Heungnam, Hamju, South Hamgyong Province." }, "AirTrain JFK-20": { "title": "AirTrain JFK", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Opening and effects" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "The Port Authority predicted that the AirTrain's opening would create 118 jobs at JFK Airport. Service was originally planned to begin on the Howard Beach branch in October 2002, followed by the Jamaica branch in 2003, but was delayed because of several incidents during testing. In July 2002, three workers were injured during an AirTrain derailment, and in September 2002, a train operator died in another derailment. The National Transportation Safety Board's investigation of the second crash found that the train had sped excessively on a curve. As a result, the opening was postponed until June 2003, and then to December 17, 2003, its eventual opening date." }, "Pan (god)-17": { "title": "Pan (god)", "section": "Mythology", "headers": [ "Erotic aspects" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Pan is famous for his sexual powers, and is often depicted with a phallus. Diogenes of Sinope, speaking in jest, related a myth of Pan learning masturbation from his father, Hermes, and teaching the habit to shepherds." }, "Snoopy-7": { "title": "Snoopy", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Snoopy appeared on the October 4, 1950, strip, two days after the first strip. He was called Snoopy for the first time a month later, on November 10. He was originally Patty's dog but quickly adopts Charlie Brown. On March 16, 1952, his thoughts were first shown in a thought balloon. Snoopy first appeared upright on his hind legs on January 9, 1956, when he was shown sliding across a sheet of ice after Shermy and Lucy had done so." }, "Nintendo Switch-65": { "title": "Nintendo Switch", "section": "Games", "headers": [ "Distribution" ], "para_index": 65, "content": "and Assassin's Creed: Odyssey. Unlike previous Nintendo home consoles, the Switch is region-free. This allows players to use cartridges or downloaded content from any part of the world, with the exception of Chinese game content which can only be played on Switch units manufactured for that country. Nintendo recommends using the appropriate regional eShop for digital purposes for obtaining the best post-purchase support if needed. Nintendo opted to go region-free to reduce the amount of workload and cost to both themselves and developers in having to manage two or more regional certification processes and different ROM cartridge production pathways for those regions. Further, eShop purchases, while still tied to the Nintendo Account, are not tied to the specific Switch console, as was the case for previous Nintendo hardware. Once the user re-registers their account to a Switch, they have access to download all previous purchases; however, a user can only have their account registered on one console at a time, and downloaded software tied to an account cannot be used if that account is not registered to the device. With the console's 6.0 system update, alongside the launch of the Online service in September 2018, a user can play games that they have purchased from the eShop on a second Switch console, though requiring continuous online connection and other restrictions." }, "Pearl Harbor-2": { "title": "Pearl Harbor", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Pearl Harbor was originally an extensive shallow embayment called Wai Momi (meaning, \u201cWaters of Pearl\u201d) or Pu\u02bbuloa (meaning, \u201clong hill\u201d) by the Hawaiians. Pu\u02bbuloa was regarded as the home of the shark goddess, Ka\u02bbahupahau, and her brother (or son), Kahi\u02bbuka, in Hawaiian legends. According to tradition, Keaunui, the head of the powerful Ewa chiefs, is credited with cutting a navigable channel near the present Pu\u02bbuloa saltworks, by which he made the estuary, known as \"Pearl River,\" accessible to navigation. Making due allowance for legendary amplification, the estuary already had an outlet for its waters where the present gap is; but Keaunui is typically given the credit for widening and deepening it." }, "Archimedes' principle-3": { "title": "Archimedes' principle", "section": "Explanation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Any object, totally or partially immersed in a fluid or liquid, is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. Archimedes' principle allows the buoyancy of an object partially or fully immersed in a fluid to be calculated. The downward force on the object is simply its weight. The upward, or buoyant, force on the object is that stated by Archimedes' principle, above. Thus, the net force on the object is the difference between the magnitudes of the buoyant force and its weight. If this net force is positive, the object rises; if negative, the object sinks; and if zero, the object is neutrally buoyant\u2014that is, it remains in place without either rising or sinking. In simple words, Archimedes' principle states that, when a body is partially or completely immersed in a fluid, it experiences an apparent loss in weight that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the immersed part of the body(s)." }, "Pith-3": { "title": "Pith", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The term pith is also used to refer to the pale, spongy inner layer of the rind, more properly called mesocarp or albedo, of citrus fruits (such as oranges) and other hesperidia. The word comes from the Old English word pi\u00fea, meaning substance, akin to Middle Dutch pitte (modern Dutch pit), meaning the pit of a fruit." }, "Paper-1": { "title": "Paper", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically and/or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying. Although paper was originally made in single sheets by hand, almost all is now made on large machines\u2014some making reels 10 metres wide, running at 2,000 metres per minute and up to 600,000 tonnes a year. It is a versatile material with many uses, including printing, packaging, decorating, writing, cleaning, filter paper, wallpaper, book endpaper, conservation paper, laminated worktops, toilet tissue, currency and security paper and a number of industrial and construction processes." }, "Vietnam War-56": { "title": "Vietnam War", "section": "Johnson's escalation, 1963\u20131969", "headers": [ "The 1964 Offensive" ], "para_index": 56, "content": "Following the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, Hanoi anticipated the arrival of US troops and began expanding the Viet Cong, as well as sending increasing numbers of North Vietnamese personnel southwards. At this phase they were outfitting the Viet Cong forces and standardising their equipment with AK-47 rifles and other supplies, as well as forming the 9th Division. \"From a strength of approximately 5,000 at the start of 1959 the Viet Cong's ranks grew to about 100,000 at the end of 1964\u00a0... Between 1961 and 1964 the Army's strength rose from about 850,000 to nearly a million men.\" The numbers for U.S. troops deployed to Vietnam during the same period were much lower: 2,000 in 1961, rising rapidly to 16,500 in 1964. During this phase, the use of captured equipment decreased, while greater numbers of ammunition and supplies were required to maintained regular units. Group 559 was tasked with expanding the Ho Chi Minh trail, in light of the near constant bombardment by US warplanes. The war had begun to shift into the final, conventional warfare phase of Hanoi's three-stage protracted warfare model. The Viet Cong was now tasked with destroying the ARVN and capturing and holding areas; however, the Viet Cong was not yet strong enough to assault major towns and cities." }, "\u00c9p\u00e9e-15": { "title": "\u00c9p\u00e9e", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Dueling sword" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Like the foil (fleuret), the \u00e9p\u00e9e evolved from light civilian weapons such as the smallsword, which, since the late 17th century, had been the most commonly used dueling sword, replacing the rapier." }, "Digital comic-4": { "title": "Digital comic", "section": "Notable digital distributors", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Marvel Comics launched Marvel Digital Comics Unlimited, a subscription service allowing readers to read online many comics from Marvel's history, on November 13, 2007. The service also includes periodic releases of new comics not available elsewhere. With the release of Avenging Spider-Man, Marvel also became the first publisher to provide free digital copies as part of the print copy of the comic book." }, "Witch hat-1": { "title": "Witch hat", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A witch hat is a style of hat worn by witches in popular culture depictions, characterized by a conical crown and a wide brim." }, "Ethylene glycol-16": { "title": "Ethylene glycol", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Antifreeze" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "(in Danish) Because of the depressed freezing temperatures, ethylene glycol is used as a de-icing fluid for windshields and aircraft, as an antifreeze in automobile engines, and as a component of vitrification (anticrystallization) mixtures for low-temperature preservation of biological tissues and organs. Mixture of ethylene glycol and water can also be chemically termed as glycol concentrate/compound/mixture/solution." }, "Michael Jordan-1": { "title": "Michael Jordan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Michael Jeffrey Jordan (born February 17, 1963), also known by his initials MJ, is an American former professional basketball player and the principal owner of the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played 15 seasons in the NBA, winning six championships with the Chicago Bulls. His biography on the official NBA website states: \"By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time.\" He was one of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation and was considered instrumental in popularizing the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s." }, "Leonardo da Vinci-92": { "title": "Leonardo da Vinci", "section": "Art market", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 92, "content": "Salvator Mundi, a painting by Leonardo depicting Jesus holding an orb, sold for a world record US$450.3\u00a0million at a Christie's auction in New York, 15 November 2017. The highest known sale price for any artwork was previously US$300\u00a0million, for Willem de Kooning's Interchange, which was sold privately in September 2015. The highest price previously paid for a work of art at auction was for Pablo Picasso's Les Femmes d'Alger, which sold for US$179.4\u00a0million in May 2015 at Christie's New York." }, "Hinduism-94": { "title": "Hinduism", "section": "Person and society", "headers": [ "Ahimsa, vegetarianism and other food customs" ], "para_index": 94, "content": "In accordance with ahi\u1e43s\u0101, many Hindus embrace vegetarianism to respect higher forms of life. Estimates of strict lacto vegetarians in India (includes adherents of all religions) who never eat any meat, fish or eggs vary between 20% and 42%, while others are either less strict vegetarians or non-vegetarians. Those who eat meat seek Jhatka (quick death) method of meat production, and dislike Halal (slow bled death) method, believing that quick death method reduces suffering to the animal. The food habits vary with region, with Bengali Hindus and Hindus living in Himalayan regions, or river delta regions, regularly eating meat and fish. Some avoid meat on specific festivals or occasions. Observant Hindus who do eat meat almost always abstain from beef. The cow in Hindu society is traditionally identified as a caretaker and a maternal figure, and Hindu society honours the cow as a symbol of unselfish giving." }, "Kansas City metropolitan area-1": { "title": "Kansas City metropolitan area", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Kansas City metropolitan area is a bi-state 14-county metropolitan area straddling the border between the U.S. states of Missouri and Kansas, anchored by Jackson County, Missouri, and Johnson County, Kansas. Its most-populous municipality is Kansas City, Missouri (KCMO). With a population of 2,487,053 (2018 estimate), it ranks as the second-largest metropolitan area in Missouri (after Greater St. Louis) and the largest metropolitan area in Kansas. Alongside KCMO, the area includes a number of other cities and suburbs, the largest being Overland Park, Kansas; Kansas City, Kansas; Olathe, Kansas; and Independence, Missouri; each over 100,000 in population. The Mid-America Regional Council (MARC) serves as the Council of Governments and the Metropolitan Planning Organization for the area." }, "Roman Josi-1": { "title": "Roman Josi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Roman Josi (born 1 June 1990) is a Swiss professional ice hockey defenceman who currently serves as captain of the Nashville Predators of the National Hockey League (NHL)." }, "Susan Mayer-1": { "title": "Susan Mayer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Susan Mayer is a fictional character played by Teri Hatcher on the ABC television series Desperate Housewives. The character was created by television producer and screenwriter Marc Cherry. She first appeared in the pilot episode of the series on October 3, 2004, and appeared in every episode until the series finale on May 13, 2012. Susan resides on the fictional Wisteria Lane in Fairview, Eagle State, the primary setting of the show. One of four lead characters, Susan is characterized as being a \"notoriously clumsy\" romantic with a \"magnetic charm.\" Her storylines tend to focus on her romantic relationships, most notably with Mike Delfino (James Denton), whom she marries twice in the series." }, "Tenzing Norgay-1": { "title": "Tenzing Norgay", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tenzing Norgay GM OSN /\u02c8t\u025bnz\u026a\u014b \u02c8n\u0254\u02d0r\u0261e\u026a/ (Sherpa: \u0f56\u0f66\u0f9f\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f60\u0f5b\u0f72\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f53\u0f7c\u0f62\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f92\u0fb1\u0f66 tendzin norgy\u00e9; 29 May 1914\u00a0\u2013 9 May 1986), born Namgyal Wangdi, and also referred to as Sherpa Tenzing, was a Nepali-Indian Sherpa mountaineer. He was one of the first two individuals known to reach the summit of Mount Everest, which he accomplished with Edmund Hillary on 29 May 1953. Time named him one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century." }, "Porsche-1": { "title": "Porsche", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dr.-Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG, usually shortened to Porsche AG (German pronunciation: [\u02c8p\u0254\u0250\u032f\u0283\u0259] (listen); see below), is a German automobile manufacturer specializing in high-performance sports cars, SUVs and sedans. The headquarters of Porsche AG is in Stuttgart, and is owned by Volkswagen AG, a controlling stake of which is owned by Porsche Automobil Holding SE. Porsche's current lineup includes the 718 Boxster/Cayman, 911, Panamera, Macan, Cayenne and Taycan." }, "North Pole-61": { "title": "North Pole", "section": "Cultural associations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "In some children's Western cultures, the geographic North Pole is described as the location of Santa Claus' workshop and residence, although the depictions have been inconsistent between the geographic and magnetic North Pole.[citation needed] Canada Post has assigned postal code H0H 0H0 to the North Pole (referring to Santa's traditional exclamation of \"Ho ho ho!\")." }, "Single-stage-to-orbit-36": { "title": "Single-stage-to-orbit", "section": "Approaches", "headers": [ "Airbreathing SSTO" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "citation needed] No known air breathing engine is capable of operating at orbital speed within the atmosphere (for example hydrogen fueled scramjets seem to have a top speed of about Mach\u00a017). This means that rockets must be used for the final orbital insertion. Rocket thrust needs the orbital mass to be as small as possible to minimize propellant weight. The thrust-to-weight ratio of rockets that rely on on-board oxygen increases dramatically as fuel is expended, because the oxidizer fuel tank has about 1% of the mass as the oxidizer it carries, whereas air-breathing engines traditionally have a poor thrust/weight ratio which is relatively fixed during the air-breathing ascent. Very high speeds in the atmosphere necessitate very heavy thermal protection systems, which makes reaching orbit even harder. While at lower speeds, air-breathing engines are very efficient, but the efficiency (Isp) and thrust levels of air-breathing jet engines drop considerably at high speed (above Mach 5\u201310 depending on the engine) and begin to approach that of rocket engines or worse. Lift to drag ratios of vehicles at hypersonic speeds are poor, however the effective lift to drag ratios of rocket vehicles at high g is not dissimilar. Thus with for example scramjet designs (e.g. X-43) the mass budgets do not seem to close for orbital launch." }, "Rodent-1": { "title": "Rodent", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rodents (from Latin Rodere, \"to gnaw\") are mammals of the order Rodentia, which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws. About 40% of all mammal species are rodents (2,277 species); they are found in vast numbers on all continents except Antarctica. They are the most diversified mammalian order and live in a variety of terrestrial habitats, including human-made environments." }, "Yellow pages-5": { "title": "Yellow pages", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "A particular yellow pages is a print directory which provides an alphabetical listing of businesses within a specific geographical area (e.g. the Tampa Bay area, which are segregated under headings for similar types of businesses, such as plumbers). Traditionally these directories have been published by the local phone company, but there are numerous independent directory publishers. Some yellow pages publishers focus on a particular demographic (e.g. Christian yellow pages or business pages)." }, "Triumvirate-3": { "title": "Triumvirate", "section": "Roman triumvirates", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Originally, triumviri were special commissions of three men appointed for specific administrative tasks apart from the regular duties of Roman magistrates. The triumviri capitales, for instance, oversaw prisons and executions, along with other functions that, as Andrew Lintott notes, show them to have been \"a mixture of police superintendents and justices of the peace.\" The capitales were first established around 290\u2013287 BCE. They were supervised by the praetor urbanus. These triumviri, or the tresviri nocturni, may also have taken some responsibility for fire control. The triumviri monetalis (\"triumviri of the temple of Juno the Advisor\" or \"monetary triumvirs\") supervised the issuing of Roman coins." }, "Chinese mountain cat-6": { "title": "Chinese mountain cat", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The Chinese mountain cat has sand-coloured fur with dark guard hairs. Faint dark horizontal stripes on the face and legs are hardly visible. Its ears have black tips. It has a relatively broad skull, and long hair growing between the pads of their feet. It is whitish on the belly, and its legs and tail bear black rings. The tip of the tail is black. It is 69\u201384\u00a0cm (27\u201333\u00a0in) long in head and body with a 29\u201341\u00a0cm (11\u201316\u00a0in) long tail. Adults weigh from 6." }, "Culture of New Zealand-1": { "title": "Culture of New Zealand", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The culture of New Zealand is essentially a Western culture influenced by the unique environment and geographic isolation of the islands, and the cultural input of the indigenous M\u0101ori people and the various waves of multi-ethnic migration which followed the British colonisation of New Zealand." }, "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)-2": { "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The film is noted for its scientifically accurate depiction of space flight, pioneering special effects, and ambiguous imagery. Sound and dialogue are used sparingly and often in place of traditional cinematic and narrative techniques. The soundtrack incorporates numerous works of classical music, among them Also sprach Zarathustra by Richard Strauss, \"The Blue Danube\" by Johann Strauss II, and works by Aram Khachaturian and Gy\u00f6rgy Ligeti." }, "Gerald Ford-4": { "title": "Gerald Ford", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Following his years as president, Ford remained active in the Republican Party. His moderate views on various social issues increasingly put him at odds with conservative members of the party in the 1990s and early 2000s. In retirement, Ford set aside the enmity he had felt towards Carter following the 1976 election, and the two former presidents developed a close friendship. After experiencing a series of health problems, he died at home on December 26, 2006." }, "Mary, Queen of Scots-5": { "title": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "section": "Childhood and early reign", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Mary was born on 8 December 1542 at Linlithgow Palace, Scotland, to King James V and his French second wife, Mary of Guise. She was said to have been born prematurely and was the only legitimate child of James to survive him. She was the great-niece of King Henry VIII of England, as her paternal grandmother, Margaret Tudor, was Henry VIII's sister. On 14 December, six days after her birth, she became Queen of Scotland when her father died, perhaps from the effects of a nervous collapse following the Battle of Solway Moss or from drinking contaminated water while on campaign." }, "Marvel Avengers Alliance-15": { "title": "Marvel Avengers Alliance", "section": "Related games", "headers": [ "Marvel: Avengers Alliance Tactics" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "A related game to Marvel: Avengers Alliance was called Marvel: Avengers Alliance Tactics, which Playdom made for Facebook. Launched in June 2014, Tactics took the gameplay mechanics built in the original and applied them to an isometric 3D map, with the player choosing four of their agents or heroes for each mission. The game was shut down on October 22, 2014." }, "Gaius Julius Caesar-7": { "title": "Gaius Julius Caesar", "section": "Gaius Julius Caesar (proconsul of Asia in 90s BC)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Gaius Julius Caesar, sometimes distinguished as \"the Elder\", was the father of the dictator. In 103 or 100 BC, he served on a commission for the distribution of land, which was then awarded mainly to veterans who had served under Marius. Caesar was praetor around 92 BC, and proconsul of Asia for at least two years, although he had never held the consulship. He seems to have departed his province before the Mithridatic War. Subsequently, he chose to lead a quiet life outside Rome. He died suddenly at Pisae in 85 BC. Caesar's wife was Aurelia Cotta. They had two daughters, known as Julia Major and Julia Minor, followed by a son, Gaius Julius Caesar, the future dictator. He was known to have remained a friend of his brother-in-law, Marius." }, "QWERTY-9": { "title": "QWERTY", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "After they purchased the device, Remington made several adjustments, creating a keyboard with essentially the modern QWERTY layout. These adjustments included placing the \"R\" key in the place previously allotted to the period key. Apocryphal claims that this change was made to let salesmen impress customers by pecking out the brand name \"TYPE WRITER QUOTE\" from one keyboard row are not formally substantiated. Vestiges of the original alphabetical layout remained in the \"home row\" sequence DFGHJKL." }, "Christian dietary laws-1": { "title": "Christian dietary laws", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In mainstream Nicene Christianity, there is no restriction on kinds of animals that can be eaten. This practice stems from Peter's vision of a sheet with animals, described in the Book of Acts, Chapter 10, in which Saint Peter \"sees a sheet containing animals of every description lowered from the sky.\" Nonetheless, the New Testament does give a few guidelines about the consumption of meat, practiced by the Christian Church today; one of these is not consuming food knowingly offered to pagan idols, a conviction that the early Church Fathers, such as Clement of Alexandria and Origen preached. In addition, Christians traditionally bless any food before eating it with a mealtime prayer (grace), as a sign of thanking God for the meal they have.They do generally eat meat on sundays." }, "Atheism-7": { "title": "Atheism", "section": "Definitions and types", "headers": [ "Range" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "With respect to the range of phenomena being rejected, atheism may counter anything from the existence of a deity, to the existence of any spiritual, supernatural, or transcendental concepts, such as those of Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Taoism." }, "Arab\u2013Israeli conflict-3": { "title": "Arab\u2013Israeli conflict", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "There was sectarian conflict within the British Mandate territory between Palestinian Jews and Arabs commencing in the 1920s, escalating into a full-scale Palestinian civil war in 1947. Taking the side of the Palestinian Arabs, especially following the Israeli Declaration of Independence, the neighbouring Arab countries invaded the by-then former Mandate territory in May 1948, commencing the First Arab\u2013Israeli War. Large-scale hostilities mostly ended with ceasefire agreements after the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Peace agreements were signed between Israel and Egypt in 1979, resulting in Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula and the abolition of the military governance system in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, in favor of Israeli Civil Administration and consequent unilateral annexation of the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem." }, "Shin splints-1": { "title": "Shin splints", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A shin splint is pain along the inside edge of the shinbone (tibia) due to inflammation of tissue in the area. Generally this is between the middle of the lower leg to the ankle. The pain may be dull or sharp and is generally brought on by exercise. It generally resolves during periods of rest. Complications may include stress fractures." }, "Sodium hypochlorite-3": { "title": "Sodium hypochlorite", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Its corrosive properties, common availability, and reaction products make it a significant safety risk. In particular, mixing liquid bleach with other cleaning products, such as acids or ammonia, may produce toxic fumes." }, "White Russian (cocktail)-1": { "title": "White Russian (cocktail)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A White Russian (Russian language: \u0411\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439) is a cocktail made with vodka, coffee liqueur (e.g., Kahl\u00faa or Tia Maria) and cream served with ice in an Old Fashioned glass. Often milk or half and half will be used as an alternative to cream." }, "Breast cancer-1": { "title": "Breast cancer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly-inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin. In those with distant spread of the disease, there may be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, or yellow skin." }, "Lymph node-3": { "title": "Lymph node", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Lymph nodes become inflamed or enlarged in various diseases, which may range from trivial throat infections to life-threatening cancers. The condition of lymph nodes is very important in cancer staging, which decides the treatment to be used and determines the prognosis. Lymphadenopathy refers to glands that are enlarged or swollen. When inflamed or enlarged, lymph nodes can be firm or tender." }, "Footwear-1": { "title": "Footwear", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Footwear refers to garments worn on the feet, which originally serves to purpose of protection against adversities of the environment, usually regarding ground textures and temperature. Footwear in the manner of shoes therefore primarily serves the purpose to ease the locomotion and prevent injuries. Secondly footwear can also be used for fashion and adornment as well as to indicate the status or rank of the person within a social structure." }, "Painting-1": { "title": "Painting", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the \"matrix\" or \"support\"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and airbrushes, can be used. The final work is also called a painting." }, "Himalayas-40": { "title": "Himalayas", "section": "Culture", "headers": [ "Religions" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "Several places in the Himalayas are of religious significance in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. A notable example of a religious site is Paro Taktsang, where Padmasambhava is said to have founded Buddhism in Bhutan. Padmasambhava is also worshipped as the patron saint of Sikkim. There are also Muslim and Hindhu Shaivite Kashmiri Pandit in the area of Kashmir." }, "The Wachowskis-2": { "title": "The Wachowskis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Collectively known as the Wachowskis (/w\u0259\u02c8t\u0283a\u028aski/), they have worked as a writing and directing team through most of their professional film careers. They made their directing debut in 1996 with Bound, and achieved fame with their second film The Matrix (1999), a major box office success for which they won the Saturn Award for Best Director. They wrote and directed its two sequels: The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions (both in 2003), and were involved in the writing and production of other works in that franchise." }, "Antarctica-43": { "title": "Antarctica", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "East Antarctica is colder than its western counterpart because of its higher elevation. Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent, leaving the centre cold and dry. Despite the lack of precipitation over the central portion of the continent, ice there lasts for extended periods. Heavy snowfalls are common on the coastal portion of the continent, where snowfalls of up to 1.22 metres (48\u00a0in) in 48 hours have been recorded." }, "Indian Jews in Israel-7": { "title": "Indian Jews in Israel", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Racism faced by Bene Israel" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In 1962, the Indian and international press reported that European-Jewish authorities in Israel had treated the Bene Israel with racism. They objected to the Chief Rabbi of Israel ruling that, before registering a marriage between Indian Jews and Jews not belonging to that community, the registering rabbi should investigate the lineage of the Indian applicant for possible non-Jewish descent. In case of doubt, they should require the applicant to perform conversion or immersion. The blatant discrimination may be related to the fact that some religious authorities believe that the Bene Israel were not fully Jewish because of having had intermarriage during their long separation from major communities of Jews. Most Israelis thought that was a convenient cover for racially based bias against Jews who were not Ashkenazi or Sephardim. Between 1962 and 1964, the Bene Israel community staged protests, and in 1964 the Israeli Rabbinate declared that the Bene Israel are \"full Jews in every respect\"." }, "Western Hemisphere-3": { "title": "Western Hemisphere", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Western Hemisphere consists of the Americas, the western portions of Europe and Africa, the extreme eastern tip of Siberia (Russia), numerous territories in Oceania, and a portion of Antarctica, while excluding some of the Aleutian Islands to the southwest of the Alaskan mainland." }, "Wheelset (rail transport)-1": { "title": "Wheelset (rail transport)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A wheelset is the wheel\u2013axle assembly of a railroad car. The frame assembly beneath each end of a car, railcar or locomotive that holds the wheelsets is called the bogie (or truck in North America). Most North American freight cars have two bogies with two or three wheelsets, depending on the type of car; short freight cars generally have no bogies but instead have two wheelsets." }, "Amunet-1": { "title": "Amunet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Amunet (/\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259\u02ccn\u025bt/; also spelled Amonet or Amaunet; Koin\u0113 Greek: \u0391\u03bc\u03b1\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9) is a primordial goddess in ancient Egyptian religion." }, "Ford Motor Company-1": { "title": "Ford Motor Company", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ford Motor Company, commonly known as Ford, is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand, and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller, an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors. It also has joint-ventures in China (Changan Ford), Taiwan (Ford Lio Ho), Thailand (AutoAlliance Thailand), Turkey (Ford Otosan), and Russia (Ford Sollers). The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power." }, "Leap year-6": { "title": "Leap year", "section": "Gregorian calendar", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "In the Gregorian calendar, the standard calendar in most of the world, most years that are multiples of 4 are leap years. In each leap year, the month of February has 29 days instead of 28. Adding one extra day in the calendar every four years compensates for the fact that a period of 365 days is shorter than a tropical year by almost 6 hours. Some exceptions to this basic rule are required since the duration of a tropical year is slightly less than 365.25 days. The Gregorian reform modified the Julian calendar's scheme of leap years as follows:" }, "Inferno (Dante)-13": { "title": "Inferno (Dante)", "section": "Nine circles of Hell", "headers": [ "Second Circle (Lust)" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "In the second circle of Hell are those overcome by lust. These \"carnal malefactors\" are condemned for allowing their appetites to sway their reason. These souls are buffeted back and forth by the terrible winds of a violent storm, without rest. This symbolizes the power of lust to blow needlessly and aimlessly: \"as the lovers drifted into self-indulgence and were carried away by their passions, so now they drift for ever. The bright, voluptuous sin is now seen as it is \u2013 a howling darkness of helpless discomfort.\" Since lust involves mutual indulgence and is not, therefore, completely self-centered, Dante deems it the least heinous of the sins and its punishment is the most benign within Hell proper. The \"ruined slope\" in this circle is thought to be a reference to the earthquake that occurred after the death of Christ." }, "Braid-2": { "title": "Braid", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The most simple and common version is a flat, solid, three-stranded structure. More complex patterns can be constructed from an arbitrary number of strands to create a wider range of structures (such as a fishtail braid, a five-stranded braid, rope braid, a French braid and a waterfall braid). The structure is usually long and narrow with each component strand functionally equivalent in zigzagging forward through the overlapping mass of the others. It can be compared with the process of weaving, which usually involves two separate perpendicular groups of strands (warp and weft)." }, "Zucchini-27": { "title": "Zucchini", "section": "Nutrition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Zucchini are low in food energy (approximately 71\u00a0kJ or 17\u00a0kcal (or \"food calories\") per 100\u00a0g (3.5\u00a0oz) fresh zucchini) and contain useful amounts of folate (24\u00a0\u03bcg/100\u00a0g), potassium (261\u00a0mg/100\u00a0g), and provitamin A (200\u00a0IU [10 RAE]/100 g). Zucchini can be shaped into noodle-like spirals and used as a low-carbohydrate substitute for pasta or noodles." }, "Easter-10": { "title": "Easter", "section": "Early Christianity", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Direct evidence for a more fully formed Christian festival of Pascha (Easter) begins to appear in the mid-2nd century. Perhaps the earliest extant primary source referring to Easter is a mid-2nd-century Paschal homily attributed to Melito of Sardis, which characterizes the celebration as a well-established one. Evidence for another kind of annually recurring Christian festival, those commemorating the martyrs, began to appear at about the same time as the above homily." }, "Germination-4": { "title": "Germination", "section": "Seed plants", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Water is required for germination. Mature seeds are often extremely dry and need to take in significant amounts of water, relative to the dry weight of the seed, before cellular metabolism and growth can resume. Most seeds need enough water to moisten the seeds but not enough to soak them. The uptake of water by seeds is called imbibition, which leads to the swelling and the breaking of the seed coat. When seeds are formed, most plants store a food reserve with the seed, such as starch, proteins, or oils. This food reserve provides nourishment to the growing embryo. When the seed imbibes water, hydrolytic enzymes are activated which break down these stored food resources into metabolically useful chemicals. After the seedling emerges from the seed coat and starts growing roots and leaves, the seedling's food reserves are typically exhausted; at this point photosynthesis provides the energy needed for continued growth and the seedling now requires a continuous supply of water, nutrients, and light. Oxygen is required by the germinating seed for metabolism. Oxygen is used in aerobic respiration, the main source of the seedling's energy until it grows leaves. Oxygen is an atmospheric gas that is found in soil pore spaces; if a seed is buried too deeply within the soil or the soil is waterlogged, the seed can be oxygen starved. Some seeds have impermeable seed coats that prevent oxygen from entering the seed, causing a type of physical dormancy which is broken when the seed coat is worn away enough to allow gas exchange and water uptake from the environment. Temperature affects cellular metabolic and growth rates. Seeds from different species and even seeds from the same plant germinate over a wide range of temperatures. Seeds often have a temperature range within which they will germinate, and they will not do so above or below this range. Many seeds germinate at temperatures slightly above 60-75 F (16-24 C) [room-temperature in centrally heated houses], while others germinate just above freezing and others germinate only in response to alternations in temperature between warm and cool. Some seeds germinate when the soil is cool 28-40 F (-2 - 4 C), and some when the soil is warm 76-90 F (24-32 C). Some seeds require exposure to cold temperatures (vernalization) to break dormancy. Some seeds in a dormant state will not germinate even if conditions are favorable. Seeds that are dependent on temperature to end dormancy have a type of physiological dormancy. For example, seeds requiring the cold of winter are inhibited from germinating until they take in water in the fall and experience cooler temperatures. Cold stratification is a process that induces the dormancy breaking prior to light emission that promotes germination . Four degrees Celsius is cool enough to end dormancy for most cool dormant seeds, but some groups, especially within the family Ranunculaceae and others, need conditions cooler than -5 C. Some seeds will only germinate after hot temperatures during a forest fire which cracks their seed coats; this is a type of physical dormancy. Most common annual vegetables have optimal germination temperatures between 75-90 F (24-32 C), though many species (e.g. radishes or spinach) can germinate at significantly lower temperatures, as low as 40 F (4 C), thus allowing them to be grown from seeds in cooler climates. Suboptimal temperatures lead to lower success rates and longer germination periods." }, "Underwater diving-5": { "title": "Underwater diving", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Diving activities are restricted to maximum depths of about 40 metres (130\u00a0ft) for recreational scuba diving, 530 metres (1,740\u00a0ft) for commercial saturation diving, and 610 metres (2,000\u00a0ft) wearing atmospheric suits. Diving is also restricted to conditions which are not excessively hazardous, though the level of risk acceptable can vary." }, "Captain-1": { "title": "Captain", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Captain is a title for the commander of a military unit, the commander of a ship, aeroplane, spacecraft, or other vessel, or the commander of a port, fire department or police department, election precinct, etc. The captain is a military rank in armies, navies, coast guards, etc., typically at the level of an officer commanding a company of infantry, a ship, or a battery of artillery, or similar distinct unit. The terms also may be used as an informal or honorary title for persons in similar commanding roles." }, "Lord Voldemort-4": { "title": "Lord Voldemort", "section": "Character development", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In the second book, Rowling establishes that Voldemort hates non-pure-blood wizards, despite being a half-blood himself. In a 2000 interview with the BBC, Rowling described Voldemort as a self-hating bully: \"Well I think it is often the case that the biggest bullies take what they know to be their own defects, as they see it, and they put them right on someone else and then they try and destroy the other and that's what Voldemort does.\" In the same year, Rowling became more precise about Voldemort. She began to link him to real-life tyrants, describing him as \"a raging psychopath, devoid of the normal human responses to other people's suffering\". In 2004, though, Rowling said that she did not base Voldemort on any real person. In 2006, Rowling told an interviewer that Voldemort at his core has a human fear: the fear of death. She said: \"Voldemort's fear is death, ignominious death. I mean, he regards death itself as ignominious. He thinks that it's a shameful human weakness, as you know. His worst fear is death.\"" }, "Ultimate Fighting Championship-95": { "title": "Ultimate Fighting Championship", "section": "Rules", "headers": [ "Rounds" ], "para_index": 95, "content": "UFC matches vary in maximum length, depending on whether the match is for a Championship title, or is a fight card's \"main event\" fight. In all fights, each round can be no longer than five minutes. Championship fights last for a maximum of five rounds. Beginning with UFC 138 on November 5, 2011, non-championship \"main event\" fights (i.e. the final fight on the card) will also last for a maximum of five rounds. Non-main event bouts last for a maximum of three rounds. UFC on FX: Alves vs. Kampmann featured the organization's first two flyweight fights as part of its first flyweight tournament, which consists of bouts that, in the event of a draw, go to a fourth \"sudden victory\" round held to determine the winner, who advances. There is a one-minute rest period between rounds." }, "Skeleton-19": { "title": "Skeleton", "section": "Organisms with skeletons", "headers": [ "Vertebrates", "Humans" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "The human skeleton consists of both fused and individual bones supported and supplemented by ligaments, tendons, muscles and cartilage. It serves as a scaffold which supports organs, anchors muscles, and protects organs such as the brain, lungs, heart and spinal cord. Although the teeth do not consist of tissue commonly found in bones, the teeth are usually considered as members of the skeletal system." }, "William Jennings Bryan-56": { "title": "William Jennings Bryan", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 56, "content": "In the days following the Scopes Trial, Bryan delivered several speeches in Tennessee. On Sunday, July 26, 1925, Bryan died in his sleep after attending a church service in Dayton. Bryan's body was transported by rail from Dayton to Washington, D.C. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, with an epitaph that read \"Statesman, yet Friend to Truth! Of Soul Sincere, in Action Faithful, and in Honor Clear\" and on the other side \"He Kept the Faith\"" }, "Flying Spaghetti Monster-2": { "title": "Flying Spaghetti Monster", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The \"Flying Spaghetti Monster\" was first described in a satirical open letter written by Bobby Henderson in 2005 to protest the Kansas State Board of Education decision to permit teaching intelligent design as an alternative to evolution in public school science classes. In the letter, Henderson demanded equal time in science classrooms for \"Flying Spaghetti Monsterism\", alongside intelligent design and evolution. After Henderson published the letter on his website, the Flying Spaghetti Monster rapidly became an Internet phenomenon and a symbol of opposition to the teaching of intelligent design in public schools." }, "Hobbit-7": { "title": "Hobbit", "section": "Origins", "headers": [ "In English literature" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "According to a letter from Tolkien to W. H. Auden, one \"probably .. unconscious\" inspiration was Edward Wyke Smith's 1927 children's book The Marvellous Land of Snergs. Tolkien described the Snergs as \"a race of people only slightly taller than the average table but broad in the shoulders and [who] have the strength of ten men.\"" }, "Indigenous peoples in Canada-59": { "title": "Indigenous peoples in Canada", "section": "Culture", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "Countless North American Indigenous words, inventions and games have become an everyday part of Canadian language and use. The canoe, snowshoes, the toboggan, lacrosse, tug of war, maple syrup and tobacco are just a few of the products, inventions and games. Some of the words include the barbecue, caribou, chipmunk, woodchuck, hammock, skunk, and moose. Many places in Canada, both natural features and human habitations, use indigenous names. The word \"Canada\" itself derives from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word meaning \"village\" or \"settlement\". The province of Saskatchewan derives its name from the Saskatchewan River, which in the Cree language is called \"Kisiskatchewani Sipi\", meaning \"swift-flowing river.\" Canada's capital city Ottawa comes from the Algonquin language term \"adawe\" meaning \"to trade.\" Modern youth groups such as Scouts Canada and the Girl Guides of Canada include programs based largely on Indigenous lore, arts and crafts, character building and outdoor camp craft and living." }, "Petroleum jelly-2": { "title": "Petroleum jelly", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "After petroleum jelly became a medicine chest staple, consumers began to use it for many ailments, as well as cosmetic purposes, including toenail fungus, genital rashes (non-STD), nosebleeds, diaper rash, and chest colds. Its folkloric medicinal value as a \"cure-all\" has since been limited by better scientific understanding of appropriate and inappropriate uses. It is recognized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an approved over-the-counter (OTC) skin protectant and remains widely used in cosmetic skin care." }, "Insect physiology-12": { "title": "Insect physiology", "section": "Respiratory system", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Insect respiration is accomplished without lungs using a system of internal tubes and sacs through which gases either diffuse or are actively pumped, delivering oxygen directly to tissues that need oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide via their cells. Since oxygen is delivered directly, the circulatory system is not used to carry oxygen, and is therefore greatly reduced; it has no closed vessels (i.e., no veins or arteries), consisting of little more than a single, perforated dorsal tube which pulses peristaltically, and in doing so helps circulate the hemolymph inside the body cavity." }, "Christmas-3": { "title": "Christmas", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Although the month and date of Jesus' birth are unknown, the church in the early fourth century fixed the date as December 25. This corresponds to the date of the winter solstice on the Roman calendar. Most Christians celebrate on December 25 in the Gregorian calendar, which has been adopted almost universally in the civil calendars used in countries throughout the world. However, part of the Eastern Christian Churches celebrate Christmas on December 25 of the older Julian calendar, which currently corresponds to January 7 in the Gregorian calendar. For Christians, believing that God came into the world in the form of man to atone for the sins of humanity, rather than knowing Jesus' exact birth date, is considered to be the primary purpose in celebrating Christmas." }, "Chick-fil-A-33": { "title": "Chick-fil-A", "section": "Same-sex marriage controversy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "Chick-fil-A Classic The Chick-fil-A Classic is a high school basketball tournament held in Columbia, South Carolina. The tournament is in its eighth year of operation and features nationally ranked players, and teams. The tournament is co-sponsored by the Greater Columbia Educational Advancement Foundation (GCEAF), which provides scholarships to high school seniors in the greater Columbia area. Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl The Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl is a college football bowl game played each year in Atlanta, Georgia. Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game The Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game is an annual early-season college football game played at the Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia; before 2017, it was played at the Georgia Dome. It features two highly ranked teams, one of which has always been from the Southeastern Conference. In the 2012 season and again in the 2014 season, the event was expanded to two games. It was also two games in 2017. Chick-fil-A Kyle Petty Charity Ride Across America The Chick-fil-A Kyle Petty Charity Ride Across America is an annual charity motorcycle tour to raise money for, among other charities, Victory Junction, a camp for terminally ill children. In June and July 2012, Chick-fil-A's chief operating officer Dan T. Cathy made several public statements about same-sex marriage, saying that those who \"have the audacity to define what marriage is about\" were \"inviting God's judgment on our nation\". Several prominent politicians expressed disapproval. Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and Chicago Alderman Proco \"Joe\" Moreno said they hoped to block franchise expansion into their areas. The proposed bans drew criticism from liberal pundits, legal experts, and the American Civil Liberties Union. The Jim Henson Company, which had a Pajanimals kids' meal toy licensing arrangement with Chick-fil-A, said it would cease its business relationship, and donate the payment to the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. Chick-fil-A stopped distributing the toys, claiming that unrelated safety concerns had arisen prior to the controversy. Chick-fil-A released a statement on July 31, 2012, saying, \"We are a restaurant company focused on food, service, and hospitality; our intent is to leave the policy debate over same-sex marriage to the government and political arena.\"" }, "Amygdalin-3": { "title": "Amygdalin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Since the early 1950s, both amygdalin and a chemical derivative named laetrile have been promoted as alternative cancer treatments, often under the misnomer vitamin B17 (neither amygdalin nor laetrile is a vitamin). Scientific study has found them to be clinically ineffective in treating cancer, as well as potentially toxic or lethal when taken by mouth due to cyanide poisoning. The promotion of laetrile to treat cancer has been described in the medical literature as a canonical example of quackery, and as \"the slickest, most sophisticated, and certainly the most remunerative cancer quack promotion in medical history\"." }, "Britney Spears-27": { "title": "Britney Spears", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "2008\u20132010: Conservatorship and Circus" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "In January 2008, Spears refused to relinquish custody of her sons to Federline's representatives. She was hospitalized at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center after police that had arrived at her house noted she appeared to be under the influence of an unidentified substance. The following day, Spears's visitation rights were suspended at an emergency court hearing, and Federline was given sole physical and legal custody of the children. She was committed to the psychiatric ward of Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and put on 5150 involuntary psychiatric hold. The court placed her under temporary, and later, permanent conservatorship of her father James Spears and attorney Andrew Wallet, giving them complete control of her assets. She was released five days later." }, "Cactus-61": { "title": "Cactus", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Food" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "The plant now known as Opuntia ficus-indica, or the Indian fig cactus, has long been an important source of food. The original species is thought to have come from central Mexico, although this is now obscure because the indigenous people of southern North America developed and distributed a range of horticultural varieties (cultivars), including forms of the species and hybrids with other opuntias. Both the fruit and pads are eaten, the former often under the Spanish name tuna, the latter under the name nopal. Cultivated forms are often significantly less spiny or even spineless. The nopal industry in Mexico was said to be worth US$150\u00a0million in 2007. The Indian fig cactus was probably already present in the Caribbean when the Spanish arrived, and was soon after brought to Europe. It spread rapidly in the Mediterranean area, both naturally and by being introduced\u2014so much so, early botanists assumed it was native to the area. Outside the Americas, the Indian fig cactus is an important commercial crop in Sicily, Algeria and other North African countries. Fruits of other opuntias are also eaten, generally under the same name, tuna. Flower buds, particularly of Cylindropuntia species, are also consumed." }, "Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.-15": { "title": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.", "section": "Post-war career", "headers": [ "Politics", "U.S. House of Representatives" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Roosevelt Jr. was elected as a member of the United States House of Representatives in a special election in 1949, in which he ran as a candidate of the Liberal Party of New York. He was re-elected in 1950 and 1952 as a Democrat. He represented the 20th District of New York from May 17, 1949 until January 3, 1955." }, "Strigoi-5": { "title": "Strigoi", "section": "Historiography", "headers": [ "Early reports" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "One of the earliest mentions of a historical strigoi was Jure Grando Alilovi\u0107 (1579\u20131656) from the region of Istria. The villager is believed to have been the first real person described as a vampire because he was referred to as a strigoi, \u0161trigon or \u0161trigun in contemporary local records. Grando is supposed to have terrorised his former village sixteen years after his death. Eventually he was decapitated by the local priest and villagers. The Carniolan scientist Janez Vajkard Valvasor wrote about Jure Grando Alilovi\u0107's life and afterlife in his extensive work The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola when he visited Kringa during his travels. This was the first written document on vampires. Grando was also mentioned in writings by Erasmus Francisci and Johann Joseph von Goerres (La mystique divine, naturelle, et diabolique, Paris 1855), whose story was much more elaborate, full of fantastic details to make the story more interesting and sensational. In modern times, Croatian writer Boris Peri\u0107 has researched the legend and written a book (The Vampire) on the story." }, "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66-3": { "title": "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Another version to reach the Billboard charts was that recorded by Bing Crosby with the Andrews Sisters on May 11, 1946, and this reached the No. 14 position in 1946. The song was subsequently recorded by many artists, including Chuck Berry, Glenn Frey, the Rolling Stones, Them, Dr. Feelgood, Asleep at the Wheel, the Manhattan Transfer, Depeche Mode, The Brian Setzer Orchestra, Pappo, The Cramps, John Mayer, George Benson and Peter Tork & Shoe Suede Blues." }, "Rules of basketball-3": { "title": "Rules of basketball", "section": "Original rules", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands. A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man who catches the ball when running at a good speed if he tries to stop. The ball must be held in or between the hands; the arms or body must not be used for holding it. No shouldering, holding, striking, pushing, or tripping in any way of an opponent. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul; the second shall disqualify him until the next basket is made or, if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game. No substitution shall be allowed. A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violation of rules three and four and such described in rule five. If either side makes three consecutive fouls, it shall count a goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the mean time making a foul). A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there (without falling), providing those defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal. When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field of play and played by the first person touching it. In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on that side. The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have power to disqualify people according to Rule 5. The referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the baskets, with any other duties that are usually performed by a scorekeeper. The time shall be two fifteen-minute halves, with five minutes rest between. The side making the most points in that time is declared the winner. Naismith's original 1892 manuscript of the rules of basketball, one of the most expensive manuscripts in existence, is publicly displayed at the University of Kansas." }, "Private (rank)-1": { "title": "Private (rank)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank (equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in)." }, "Quakers-1": { "title": "Quakers", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Quakers, also called Friends, are a historically Christian denomination whose formal name is the Religious Society of Friends or Friends Church. Members of the various Quaker movements are all generally united by their belief in the ability of each human being to experientially access the light within, or \"that of God in every one\"." }, "Sand cat-19": { "title": "Sand cat", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "The sand cat's outer ear is similar to that of a domestic cat, but its ear canal is about twice the size. The magnitude of acoustic input-admittance is about five times higher than of a domestic cat. Additionally, hearing sensitivity of the sand cat is about 8 decibels greater than that of the domestic cat." }, "Italian cuisine-16": { "title": "Italian cuisine", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Early modern era" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "In the first decade of the 17th century, Giangiacomo Castelvetro wrote Breve Racconto di Tutte le Radici di Tutte l'Herbe et di Tutti i Frutti (A Brief Account of All Roots, Herbs, and Fruit), translated into English by Gillian Riley. Originally from Modena, Castelvetro moved to England because he was a Protestant. The book lists Italian vegetables and fruits along with their preparation. He featured vegetables as a central part of the meal, not just as accompaniments. Castelvetro favored simmering vegetables in salted water and serving them warm or cold with olive oil, salt, fresh ground pepper, lemon juice, verjus, or orange juice. He also suggested roasting vegetables wrapped in damp paper over charcoal or embers with a drizzle of olive oil. Castelvetro's book is separated into seasons with hop shoots in the spring and truffles in the winter, detailing the use of pigs in the search for truffles." }, "Thanksgiving dinner-16": { "title": "Thanksgiving dinner", "section": "Side dishes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Other dishes reflect the regional, cultural, or ethnic backgrounds of those who have come together for the meal. For example, Sauerkraut (among those in the Mid-Atlantic; especially Baltimore) is sometimes served. Many African Americans and Southerners serve baked macaroni and cheese and collard greens, along with chitterlings and sweet potato pie, while Italian Americans often have lasagne on the table and Ashkenazi Jews may serve noodle kugel, a sweet dessert pudding. Other Jewish families may consume foods commonly associated with Hanukkah, such as latkes or a sufganiyah; the two holidays are usually in close proximity and on extremely rare occasions overlap. It is not unheard of for Mexican Americans to serve their turkey with mole and roasted corn. In Puerto Rico, the Thanksgiving meal is completed with arroz con gandules (rice with pigeon peas) or arroz con maiz (rice with corn), pasteles (root tamales) stuffed with turkey, pumpkin-coconut cr\u00e8me caramel, corn bread with longaniza, potato salad, roasted white sweet potatoes and Spanish sparkling hard cider. Turkey in Puerto Rico is stuffed with mofongo.[citation needed] Cuban Americans traditionally serve the turkey alongside a small roasted pork and include white rice and black beans or kidney beans. Vegetarians or vegans have been known to serve alternative entree centerpieces such as a large vegetable pie or a stuffed and baked pumpkin or tofu substitutes. Many Midwesterners (such as Minnesotans) of Norwegian or Scandinavian descent set the table with lefse." }, "Herbivore-1": { "title": "Herbivore", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthparts adapted to rasping or grinding. Horses and other herbivores have wide flat teeth that are adapted to grinding grass, tree bark, and other tough plant material." }, "Constitutional monarchy-1": { "title": "Constitutional monarchy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution. Constitutional monarchy differs from absolute monarchy (in which a monarch holds absolute power) in that constitutional monarchs are bound to exercise their powers and authorities within the limits prescribed within an established legal framework. Constitutional monarchies range from countries such as Monaco, Morocco, Jordan, Kuwait and Bahrain, where the constitution grants substantial discretionary powers to the sovereign, to countries such as the United Kingdom, Spain, Belgium, Sweden and Japan, where the monarch retains significantly less personal discretion in the exercise of their authority." }, "Birthday cake-7": { "title": "Birthday cake", "section": "Contemporary rites", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "the [[Birthdaycake]]. The birthday cake is often decorated with small candles, secured with special holders or simply pressed down into the cake. The cake can also be served with other sweets such as ice cream. In the UK, North America and Australia, the number of candles is equal to the age of the individual whose birthday it is, sometimes with one extra for luck. Traditionally, the person whose birthday it is makes a wish, which is thought to come true if all the candles are extinguished in a single breath." }, "Paganism-24": { "title": "Paganism", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Early Modern period" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Interest in pagan traditions was first revived during the Renaissance, when Renaissance magic was practiced as a revival of Greco-Roman magic. In the 17th century, the description of paganism turned from the theological aspect to the ethnological one, and religions began to be understood as a part of the ethnic identities of peoples, and the study of the religions of so-called primitive peoples triggered questions as to the ultimate historical origin of religion. Thus, Nicolas Fabri de Peiresc saw the pagan religions of Africa of his day as relics that were in principle capable of shedding light on the historical paganism of Classical Antiquity." }, "Woodrow Wilson-30": { "title": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "Presidential election of 1912", "headers": [ "General election" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Wilson engaged in a spirited campaign, criss-crossing the country to deliver numerous speeches. Ultimately, he took 42 percent of the popular vote and 435 of the 531 electoral votes. Roosevelt won most of the remaining electoral votes and 27.4 percent of the popular vote, one of the strongest third party performances in U.S. history. Taft won 23.2 percent of the popular vote but just 8 electoral votes, while Debs won 6 percent of the popular vote. In the concurrent congressional elections, Democrats retained control of the House and won a majority in the Senate. Wilson's victory made him the first Southerner to win a presidential election since the Civil War, the first Democratic president since Grover Cleveland left office in 1897, and the first president to hold a Ph.D." }, "British Airways-1": { "title": "British Airways", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "British Airways (BA) is the flag carrier airline of the United Kingdom, headquartered in London, England, near its main hub at Heathrow Airport. It is the second largest airline in the United Kingdom, based on fleet size and passengers carried, behind easyJet. In January 2011 BA merged with Iberia, creating the International Airlines Group (IAG), a holding company registered in Madrid, Spain. IAG is the world's third-largest airline group in terms of annual revenue and the second-largest in Europe. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and in the FTSE 100 Index. British Airways is the first passenger airline to have generated more than $1 billion on a single air route in a year (from 1 April 2017, to 31 March 2018, on the New York-JFK - London-Heathrow route)." }, "Basketball-85": { "title": "Basketball", "section": "Height", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 85, "content": "At the professional level, most male players are above 6\u00a0feet 3\u00a0inches (1.91\u00a0m) and most women above 5\u00a0feet 7\u00a0inches (1.70\u00a0m). Guards, for whom physical coordination and ball-handling skills are crucial, tend to be the smallest players. Almost all forwards in the top men's pro leagues are 6\u00a0feet 6\u00a0inches (1.98\u00a0m) or taller. Most centers are over 6\u00a0feet 10\u00a0inches (2.08\u00a0m) tall. According to a survey given to all NBA teams,[when?] the average height of all NBA players is just under 6\u00a0feet 7\u00a0inches (2.01\u00a0m), with the average weight being close to 222 pounds (101\u00a0kg). The tallest players ever in the NBA were Manute Bol and Gheorghe Mure\u0219an, who were both 7\u00a0feet 7\u00a0inches (2.31\u00a0m) tall. At 7\u00a0feet 2\u00a0inches (2.18\u00a0m), Margo Dydek was the tallest player in the history of the WNBA." }, "Prehensile feet-1": { "title": "Prehensile feet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Prehensile feet are lower limbs that possess prehensility, the ability to grasp like a hand. They are most commonly observed in monkeys, who similarly possess prehensile tails, and apes. The term prehensile means \"able to grasp\" (from the Latin prehendere, to take hold of, to grasp)." }, "Bing (search engine)-67": { "title": "Bing (search engine)", "section": "Criticism", "headers": [ "Allegedly copying Google's results" ], "para_index": 67, "content": "Bing has been criticized by competitor Google for utilizing user input via Internet Explorer, the Bing Toolbar, or Suggested Sites, to add results to Bing. After discovering in October 2010 that Bing appeared to be imitating Google's auto-correct results for a misspelling, despite not actually fixing the spelling of the term, Google set up a honeypot, configuring the Google search engine to return specific unrelated results for 100 nonsensical queries such as hiybbprqag. Over the next couple of weeks, Google engineers entered the search term into Google, while using Microsoft Internet Explorer, with the Bing Toolbar installed and the optional Suggested Sites enabled. In 9 out of the 100 queries, Bing later started returning the same results as Google, despite the only apparent connection between the result and search term being that Google's results connected the two." }, "Founder CEO-7": { "title": "Founder CEO", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "A person or several people can be founders of a firm. The founders earn the 'founder' title only once the firm becomes operational, at which point their founder role ends. Founders do not have a particular role once the business is established, but their influence inevitably continues as they designed the firm's blueprint impacting structures and decision-making going forward." }, "Public domain-6": { "title": "Public domain", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The phrase \"fall in the public domain\" can be traced to mid-19th century France to describe the end of copyright term. The French poet Alfred de Vigny equated the expiration of copyright with a work falling \"into the sink hole of public domain\" and if the public domain receives any attention from intellectual property lawyers it is still treated as little more than that which is left when intellectual property rights, such as copyright, patents, and trademarks, expire or are abandoned. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a, \"little coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain.\" Copyright law differs by country, and the American legal scholar Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being \"different sizes at different times in different countries\"." }, "Conglomerate (company)-21": { "title": "Conglomerate (company)", "section": "Advantages and disadvantages of conglomerates", "headers": [ "Disadvantages" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Diversification results in a reduction of investment risk. A downturn suffered by one subsidiary, for instance, can be counterbalanced by stability, or even expansion, in another division. For example, if Berkshire Hathaway's construction materials business has a good year, the profit might be offset by a bad year in its insurance business. This advantage is enhanced by the fact that the business cycle affects industries in different ways. Financial Conglomerates have very different compliance requirements from insurance or reinsurance solo entities or groups. There are very important opportunities that can be exploited, to increase shareholder value. A conglomerate creates an internal capital market if the external one is not developed enough. Through the internal market, different parts of conglomerate allocate capital more effectively. A conglomerate can show earnings growth, by acquiring companies whose shares are more discounted than its own. In fact, Teledyne, GE, and Berkshire Hathaway have delivered high earnings growth for a time. The extra layers of management increase costs. Accounting disclosure is less useful information, many numbers are disclosed grouped, rather than separately for each business. The complexity of a conglomerate's accounts make them harder for managers, investors and regulators to analyze, and makes it easier for management to hide issues. Conglomerates can trade at a discount to the overall individual value of their businesses because investors can achieve diversification on their own simply by purchasing multiple stocks. The whole is often worth less than the sum of its parts. Culture clashes can destroy value. Inertia prevents development of innovation. Lack of focus, and inability to manage unrelated businesses equally well. Brand dilution where the brand loses its brand associations with a market segment, product area, or quality, price or cachet. Conglomerates more easily run the risk of being too big to fail. Some cite the decreased cost of conglomerate stock (a phenomenon known as conglomerate discount) as evidential of these disadvantages, while other traders believe this tendency to be a market inefficiency, which undervalues the true strength of these stocks." }, "Heart-7": { "title": "Heart", "section": "Structure", "headers": [ "Location and shape" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The heart is cone-shaped, with its base positioned upwards and tapering down to the apex. An adult heart has a mass of 250\u2013350 grams (9\u201312\u00a0oz). The heart is often described as the size of a fist: 12\u00a0cm (5\u00a0in) in length, 8\u00a0cm (3.5\u00a0in) wide, and 6\u00a0cm (2.5\u00a0in) in thickness, although this description is disputed, as the heart is likely to be slightly larger. Well-trained athletes can have much larger hearts due to the effects of exercise on the heart muscle, similar to the response of skeletal muscle." }, "Sesame-12": { "title": "Sesame", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Sesame varieties have adapted to many soil types. The high-yielding crops thrive best on well-drained, fertile soils of medium texture and neutral pH. However, these have low tolerance for soils with high salt and water-logged conditions. Commercial sesame crops require 90 to 120 frost free days. Warm conditions above 23\u00a0\u00b0C (73\u00a0\u00b0F) favor growth and yields. While sesame crops can grow in poor soils, the best yields come from properly fertilized farms." }, "Zoot Suit Riots-2": { "title": "Zoot Suit Riots", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "American servicemen and white Angelenos attacked and stripped children, teenagers, and youths who wore zoot suits, ostensibly because they considered the outfits, which were made from a lot of fabric, to be unpatriotic during World War II. Rationing of fabric and certain foods were required at the time for the war effort. The conflicts were rooted in racism against Mexicans and Mexican-Americans. While most of the violence was directed toward Mexican American youth, African American, Italian American, Filipino American youths who were wearing zoot suits were also attacked." }, "Kenny G-5": { "title": "Kenny G", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Early career" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Kenny G's career started with a job as a sideman for Barry White's Love Unlimited Orchestra in 1973; he was 17 and still in high school. He continued to play professionally while studying for a major in accounting at the University of Washington in Seattle, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa and magna cum laude. He played with the funk band Cold, Bold and Together before becoming a credited member of The Jeff Lorber Fusion. He began his solo career after his period with Lorber." }, "Safety car-34": { "title": "Safety car", "section": "NASCAR", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "In 2009, NASCAR introduced a new \"Double-file restart\" rule that lines the field two cars on each row on every restart, similar to the start of the race, instead of lead-lap cars on the outside and lapped cars on the inside. Also, the \"wave-around\" rule, similar to what is enforced in racing series sanctioned by IndyCar, was adopted to ensure the first car on the restart is the leader, and ensure there are no lapped cars ahead of the leader." }, "Charlemagne-2": { "title": "Charlemagne", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Charlemagne was the eldest son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, born before their canonical marriage. He became king in 768 following his father's death, initially as co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. Carloman's sudden death in December 771 under unexplained circumstances left Charlemagne the sole ruler of the Frankish Kingdom. He continued his father's policy towards the papacy and became its protector, removing the Lombards from power in northern Italy and leading an incursion into Muslim Spain. He campaigned against the Saxons to his east, Christianising them upon penalty of death and leading to events such as the Massacre of Verden. He reached the height of his power in 800 when he was crowned \"Emperor of the Romans\" by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day at Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome." }, "Ivan III of Russia-1": { "title": "Ivan III of Russia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ivan III Vasilyevich (Russian: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d III \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447; 22 January 1440, Moscow \u2013 27 October 1505, Moscow), also known as Ivan the Great, was a Grand Prince of Moscow and Grand Prince of all Rus'. Ivan served as the co-ruler and regent for his blind father Vasily II from the mid-1450s before he officially ascended the throne in 1462." }, "Liberal Wars-1": { "title": "Liberal Wars", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Liberal Wars, also known as the Portuguese Civil War, the War of the Two Brothers or Miguelite War, was a war between liberal constitutionalists and conservative absolutists in Portugal over royal succession that lasted from 1828 to 1834. Embroiled parties included the Kingdom of Portugal, Portuguese rebels, the United Kingdom, France, the Catholic Church, and Spain." }, "Long John Silver's-4": { "title": "Long John Silver's", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Earlier restaurants were known for their Cape Cod style buildings, blue roofs with square cupolas, wood benches/tables, lobster pots, and ship's wheels. Later, more nautically themed decorations were added such as seats made to look like nautical flags." }, "Bugs Bunny-2": { "title": "Bugs Bunny", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray and white rabbit or hare who is famous for his flippant, insouciant personality. He is also characterized by a Brooklyn accent, his portrayal as a trickster, and his catch phrase \"Eh...What's up, doc?\". Due to Bugs' popularity during the golden age of American animation, he became not only an American cultural icon and the official mascot of Warner Bros. Entertainment, but also one of the most recognizable characters in the world. He can thus be seen in the older Warner Bros. company logos." }, "Red Sea-8": { "title": "Red Sea", "section": "Names", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The association of the Red Sea with the biblical account of the Israelites crossing the Red Sea is ancient, and was made explicit in the Septuagint translation of the Book of Exodus from Hebrew to Koine Greek in approximately the third century B.C. In that version, the Yam Suph (Hebrew: \u05d9\u05dd \u05e1\u05d5\u05e3\u200e, lit.\u00a0'Sea of Reeds') is translated as Erythra Thalassa (Red Sea). Although reeds do not grow in the Red Sea today (reeds do not grow in salt water), Professor Colin Humphreys explains the discrepancy on the basis that a freshwater marsh of reeds could have existed around Aqaba." }, "Central European Summer Time-1": { "title": "Central European Summer Time", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Central European Summer Time (CEST), sometime referred also as Central European Daylight Time (CEDT), is the standard clock time observed during the period of summer daylight-saving in those European countries which observe Central European Time (UTC+01:00) during the other part of the year. It corresponds to UTC+02:00, which makes it the same as Eastern European Time, Central Africa Time, South African Standard Time and Kaliningrad Time in Russia." }, "Wolverine-14": { "title": "Wolverine", "section": "Behavior", "headers": [ "Natural enemies" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Wolves are thought to be the wolverine's most important natural predator, with the arrival of wolves to a wolverine's territory presumably leading the latter to abandon the area. Armed with powerful jaws, sharp claws, and a thick hide, wolverines, like most mustelids, are remarkably strong for their size. They may defend against larger or more numerous predators such as wolves or bears. By far, their most serious predator is the grey wolf, with an extensive record of wolverine fatalities attributed to wolves in both North America and Eurasia. Another predator (less frequent) is the cougar. At least one account reported a wolverine's apparent attempt to steal a kill from a black bear, although the bear won what was ultimately a fatal contest for the wolverine. There are a few accounts of brown bears killing and consuming wolverines as well and, although also reported at times to be chased off prey, in some areas such as Denali National Park, wolverines seemed to try to actively avoid encounters with grizzly bears as they have been reported in areas where wolves start hunting them. In another account, a wolverine was claimed to have killed an adult polar bear but this account may be dubious." }, "Pejorative-1": { "title": "Pejorative", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A pejorative (also called a derogatory term, a slur, a term of disparagement) is a word or grammatical form expressing a negative connotation or a low opinion of someone or something, showing a lack of respect for someone or something. It is also used to express criticism, hostility, or disregard. Sometimes, a term is regarded as pejorative in some social or ethnic groups but not in others, or may be originally pejorative and eventually be adopted in a non-pejorative sense (or vice versa) in some or all contexts." }, "Guitarist-2": { "title": "Guitarist", "section": "Techniques", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The guitarist may employ any of several methods for sounding the guitar, including finger picking, depending on the type of strings used (either nylon or steel), and including strumming with the fingers, or a guitar pick made of bone, horn, plastic, metal, felt, leather, or paper, and melodic flatpicking and finger-picking." }, "Princeton University-59": { "title": "Princeton University", "section": "Academics", "headers": [ "Rankings" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "From 2001 through 2019, Princeton University was ranked either first or second among national universities by U.S. News & World Report, holding the top spot for 17 of those 19 years (sole #1 twelve times, tied with Harvard for #1 five times). Princeton was ranked first in the 2019 U.S. News rankings. Princeton also was ranked #1 in the 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 rankings for \"best undergraduate teaching.\" In the 2020 Times Higher Education assessment of the world's greatest universities, Princeton was ranked 6th. In the 2020 QS World University Rankings, it was ranked 13th overall in the world." }, "Snickers-7": { "title": "Snickers", "section": "Ingredients", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The early (1939) ingredients list includes white sugar, sweet milk chocolate, corn syrup, peanuts, milk condensed with sugar, coconut oil, malted milk, whites of eggs and salt. By 2019 the ingredients for the original bar had been refined to milk chocolate (sugar, cocoa butter, chocolate, skim milk, lactose, milkfat, soy lecithin, artificial flavor), peanuts, corn syrup, sugar, palm oil, skim milk, lactose, salt, egg whites, artificial flavor." }, "Elizabeth I (disambiguation)-1": { "title": "Elizabeth I (disambiguation)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Elizabeth I (1533\u20131603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 1558." }, "Boxing-4": { "title": "Boxing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history, the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece, where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC. Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights, largely in Great Britain, to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules." }, "Monarch-1": { "title": "Monarch", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A monarch is a sovereign head of state in a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power in the state, or others may wield that power on behalf of the monarch. Usually a monarch either personally inherits the lawful right to exercise the state's sovereign rights (often referred to as the throne or the crown) or is selected by an established process from a family or cohort eligible to provide the nation's monarch. Alternatively, an individual may become monarch by right of conquest, acclamation or a combination of means. A monarch usually reigns for life or until abdication." }, "Human rights in the United States-2": { "title": "Human rights in the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Federal Government of the United States has, through a ratified constitution, guaranteed unalienable rights to citizens of the country, and to some degree, non-citizens. These rights evolved over time through constitutional amendments, supported by legislation and judicial precedent. Along with the rights themselves, the periphery of the population granted these rights has expanded over time. Today, the United States has a vibrant civil society and strong constitutional protections for many civil and political rights." }, "Manuel Noriega-44": { "title": "Manuel Noriega", "section": "U.S. invasion of Panama", "headers": [ "Capture" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "Prevented by treaty from invading the Holy See's embassy, U.S. soldiers from Delta Force erected a perimeter around the Nunciature. Psychological warfare specialists were brought in to attempt to dislodge Noriega, including blaring rock music, and turning a nearby field into a helicopter landing zone. After ten days, Noriega surrendered on January 3, 1990. He was detained as a prisoner of war, and later taken to the United States." }, "JPEG-2": { "title": "JPEG", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The term \"JPEG\" is an initialism/acronym for the Joint Photographic Experts Group, which created the standard in 1992. The basis for JPEG is the discrete cosine transform (DCT), a lossy image compression technique that was first proposed by Nasir Ahmed in 1972. JPEG was largely responsible for the proliferation of digital images and digital photos across the Internet, and later social media." }, "Marbas-1": { "title": "Marbas", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Religion portal In demonology, Marbas or Barbas is a demon described in the Ars Goetia. He is described as the Great President of Hell governing thirty-six legions of demons. He answers truly on hidden or secret things, causes and heals diseases, gives wisdom and knowledge in mechanical arts, and can change men into other shapes. He is depicted as a great lion that, under the conjurer's request, changes shape into a man." }, "Chipmunk-11": { "title": "Chipmunk", "section": "Ecology and life history", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Chipmunks typically live about three years although some have been observed living to nine years in captivity." }, "American Idol (season 4)-20": { "title": "American Idol (season 4)", "section": "Finals", "headers": [ "Finale \u2013 Simon Fuller\u2019s choice, Contestant\u2019s choice & Winner\u2019s single" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "The fourth-season finale featuring Bo Bice and Carrie Underwood aired May 24 May 25. It featured appearances by former auditioners, and celebrity cameos by Kenny G, Rascal Flatts, David Hasselhoff, Kenny Wayne Shepherd, George Benson, Billy Preston, Babyface and Lynyrd Skynyrd. The winner of the competition was Carrie Underwood, who would eventually become the second \"Idol\" winner to sweep all three major music awards (American Music, Billboard, and Grammy Award) in a single season (for 2006-07)." }, "Magnetic field-90": { "title": "Magnetic field", "section": "Relation between H and B", "headers": [ "Magnetism" ], "para_index": 90, "content": "Diamagnetic materials produce a magnetization that opposes the magnetic field. Paramagnetic materials produce a magnetization in the same direction as the applied magnetic field. Ferromagnetic materials and the closely related ferrimagnetic materials and antiferromagnetic materials can have a magnetization independent of an applied B-field with a complex relationship between the two fields. Superconductors (and ferromagnetic superconductors) are materials that are characterized by perfect conductivity below a critical temperature and magnetic field. They also are highly magnetic and can be perfect diamagnets below a lower critical magnetic field. Superconductors often have a broad range of temperatures and magnetic fields (the so-named mixed state) under which they exhibit a complex hysteretic dependence of M on B. In the case of paramagnetism and diamagnetism, the magnetization M is often proportional to the applied magnetic field such that:" }, "Scientific Revolution-4": { "title": "Scientific Revolution", "section": "Introduction", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In the 19th century, William Whewell described the revolution in science itself \u2013 the scientific method \u2013 that had taken place in the 15th-16th century. \"Among the most conspicuous of the revolutions which opinions on this subject have undergone, is the transition from an implicit trust in the internal powers of man's mind to a professed dependence upon external observation; and from an unbounded reverence for the wisdom of the past, to a fervid expectation of change and improvement.\" This gave rise to the common view of the Scientific Revolution today:" }, "Mount Olympus-1": { "title": "Mount Olympus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mount Olympus (/o\u028a\u02c8l\u026amp\u0259s, \u0259\u02c8l\u026am-/; Greek: \u038c\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 Olympos, for Modern Greek also transliterated Olimbos, [\u02c8olimbos] or [\u02c8olibos]) is the highest mountain in Greece. It is located in the Olympus Range on the border between Thessaly and Macedonia, between the regional units of Pieria and Larissa, about 80\u00a0km (50\u00a0mi) southwest from Thessaloniki. Mount Olympus has 52 peaks and deep gorges. The highest peak, Mytikas (\u039c\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 M\u00fdtikas), meaning \"nose\", rises to 2,917 metres (9,570\u00a0ft). It is one of the highest peaks in Europe in terms of topographic prominence." }, "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor-46": { "title": "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Death and burials" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "The unexpected demise of Frederick left the Crusader army under the command of the rivals Philip II and Richard, who had traveled to Palestine separately by sea, and ultimately led to its dissolution. Richard continued to the East where he fought Saladin, winning territories along the shores of Palestine, but ultimately failed to win the war by conquering Jerusalem itself before he was forced to return to his own territories in north-western Europe, known as the Angevin Empire. He returned home after he signed the Treaty of Ramla agreeing that Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control while allowing unarmed Christian pilgrims and traders to visit the city. The treaty also reduced the Latin Kingdom to a geopolitical coastal strip extending from Tyre to Jaffa." }, "United States Declaration of Independence-1": { "title": "United States Declaration of Independence", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The United States Declaration of Independence is the pronouncement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1776. The Declaration explained why the Thirteen Colonies at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule. With the Declaration, these new states took a collective first step toward forming the United States of America. The declaration was signed by representatives from New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia." }, "Edwin E. Witte-12": { "title": "Edwin E. Witte", "section": "Social Security", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Because of Witte's expertise in both legislation and social insurance, and his national reputation as an expert in the area of social insurance, he was selected to lead the President's Committee on Economic Security to propose legislation that would eventually become the Social Security Act of 1935. Witte also was an acquaintance of Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, and her assistant secretary, Arthur\u00a0J. Altmeyer was a colleague of Witte's while at graduate school and on the Wisconsin Industrial Commission." }, "Beaver dam-11": { "title": "Beaver dam", "section": "Benefits", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "citation needed] Dam building can be very beneficial in restoring wetlands. Such wetland benefits include flood control downstream, biodiversity (by providing habitat for many rare as well as common species), and water cleansing, both by the breakdown of toxins such as pesticides and the retention of silt by beaver dams. Over the years, this collection of silt produces the rich bottomland so sought after by farmers. Beaver dams reduce erosion as well as decrease the turbidity that is a limiting factor for much aquatic life. While beavers can create damage, part of the problem is one of perception and time scale. Such damage as the undermining of a roadway or the drowning of some trees is very visible shortly after the beginning of beavers' activity in an area. The benefits may be long-term and unnoticed except, for example, by someone monitoring a catchment. Almost half of endangered and threatened species in North America rely upon wetlands." }, "Nitric acid-18": { "title": "Nitric acid", "section": "Reactions", "headers": [ "Reactions with metals" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "2 HNO3 \u21cc NO+ 2 + NO\u2212 3 + H2O Nitric acid reacts with most metals, but the details depend on the concentration of the acid and the nature of the metal. Dilute nitric acid behaves as a typical acid in its reaction with most metals. Magnesium, manganese, and zinc liberate H2:" }, "Lymph node-27": { "title": "Lymph node", "section": "Clinical significance", "headers": [ "Swelling" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "In addition to a medical exam by a medical practitioner, medical tests may include blood tests and scans may be needed to further examine the cause. A biopsy of a lymph node may also be needed." }, "Portuguese Mozambique-55": { "title": "Portuguese Mozambique", "section": "Education", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "Mozambique's rural black populations were largely illiterate. However, some thousands of Africans were educated in religion, Portuguese language, and Portuguese history by Catholic and Protestant missionary schools established in cities and in the countryside." }, "Easter-15": { "title": "Easter", "section": "Date", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Eastern Christianity bases its calculations on the Julian Calendar. Because of the thirteen-day difference between the calendars between 1900 and 2099, 21 March corresponds, during the 21st century, to 3 April in the Gregorian Calendar. Easter therefore varies between 4 April and 8 May in the Gregorian calendar (the Julian calendar is no longer used as the civil calendar of the countries where Eastern Christian traditions predominate). Also, because the Julian \"full moon\" is always several days after the astronomical full moon, the eastern Easter is often later, relative to the visible Moon's phases, than western Easter." }, "Santa Claus-1": { "title": "Santa Claus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Santa Claus, also known as Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, Saint Nick, Kris Kringle, or simply Santa, is an imaginary figure originating in Western Christian culture who is said to bring gifts to the homes of well-behaved children on the night of Christmas Eve (24 December) or during the early morning hours of Christmas Day (25 December). The modern Santa Claus grew out of traditions surrounding the historical Saint Nicholas (a fourth-century Greek bishop and gift-giver of Myra), the British figure of Father Christmas, and the Dutch figure of Sinterklaas (himself also based on Saint Nicholas). Some maintain Santa Claus also absorbed elements of the Germanic god Wodan, who was associated with the pagan midwinter event of Yule and led the Wild Hunt, a ghostly procession through the sky." }, "Finale (The Office)-1": { "title": "Finale (The Office)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Finale\" is the last episode of the American comedy television series The Office. It serves as the 24th and 25th episodes of the ninth season, and the 200th and 201st episodes of the series overall. The episode was written by series developer and executive producer Greg Daniels and directed by Ken Kwapis, who directed the series' pilot episode. It originally aired on NBC on May 16, 2013, preceded by an hour-long series retrospective." }, "Crickets as pets-26": { "title": "Crickets as pets", "section": "Pet crickets in China", "headers": [ "Cricket homes" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Male crickets, whether held for fighting or for singing, always live in solitary individual homes or containers. Laufer in his 1927 book wrote that Chinese people sometimes hoarded hundreds of singing crickets, with dedicated cricket rooms filled with many rows of cricket homes. Such houses were filled with \"a deafening noise which a Chinese is able to stand for any length of time\". Present-day cricket containers take three different shapes: cages are used for trapping and transportation, ceramic jars or pots are used in the summer and autumn, and in the winter the surviving crickets are moved into gourds." }, "Kretek-1": { "title": "Kretek", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Kretek /\u02c8kr\u025bt\u025bk/ are cigarettes made with a blend of tobacco, cloves and other flavors. The word \"kretek\" itself is an onomatopoetic term for the crackling sound of burning cloves." }, "Pyrenees-1": { "title": "Pyrenees", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Pyrenees (/\u02c8p\u026ar\u026ani\u02d0z/; Spanish: Pirineos [pi\u027ei\u02c8neos]; French: Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es [pi\u0281ene]; Aragonese: Pirineus; Catalan: Pirineus [pi\u027ei\u02c8n\u025bws]; Occitan: Piren\u00e8us; Basque: Pirinioak [pi\u027eini.o.ak]) is a range of mountains in southwest Europe that forms a natural border between Spain and France. Reaching a height of 3,404 metres (11,168\u00a0ft) altitude at the peak of Aneto, it extends for about 491\u00a0km (305\u00a0mi) from its union with Cantabrian Mountains to the Mediterranean Sea (Cap de Creus)." }, "Ganga in Hinduism-1": { "title": "Ganga in Hinduism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Hinduism, the river Ganga is considered sacred and is personified as the goddess Ga\u1e45g\u0101. She is worshiped by Hindus and Buddhists who believe that bathing in the river causes the remission of sins and facilitates Moksha (liberation from the cycle of life and death), and that the water of the Ganges is considered very pure. Pilgrims immerse the ashes of their kin in the river Ganga, which is considered by them to bring the spirits closer to moksha." }, "Great Salt Lake-1": { "title": "Great Salt Lake", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Great Salt Lake, located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Utah, is the largest salt water lake in the Western Hemisphere, and the eighth-largest terminal lake in the world. In an average year the lake covers an area of approximately 1,700 square miles (4,400\u00a0km2), but the lake's size fluctuates substantially due to its shallowness. For instance, in 1963 it reached its lowest recorded size at 950 square miles (2,460\u00a0km\u00b2), but in 1988 the surface area was at the historic high of 3,300 square miles (8,500\u00a0km2). In terms of surface area, it is the largest lake in the United States that is not part of the Great Lakes region." }, "Video game console emulator-5": { "title": "Video game console emulator", "section": "Legal issues", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "As computers and global computer networks continued to advance and emulator developers grew more skilled in their work, the length of time between the commercial release of a console and its successful emulation began to shrink. Fifth generation consoles such as Nintendo 64, PlayStation and sixth generation handhelds, such as the Game Boy Advance, saw significant progress toward emulation during their production. This led to an effort by console manufacturers to stop unofficial emulation, but consistent failures such as Sega v. Accolade 977 F.2d 1510 (9th Cir. 1992), Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corporation 203 F.3d 596 (2000), and Sony Computer Entertainment America v. Bleem 214 F.3d 1022 (2000), have had the opposite effect. According to all legal precedents, emulation is legal within the United States. However, unauthorized distribution of copyrighted code remains illegal, according to both country-specific copyright and international copyright law under the Berne Convention.[better\u00a0source\u00a0needed] Accordingly, video game publishers and developers have taken legal action against websites that illegally redistribute their copyrighted software, successfully forcing sites to remove their titles or taking down the websites entirely. Most emulation projects work in cleanroom-style software development, reverse engineering the hardware and software emulation from observation to avoid running into copyright issues for emulation. For example, in 2020, a large trove of information related to Nintendo's consoles was leaked, and teams working on Nintendo console emulators such as the Dolphin emulator for GameCube and Wii stated they were staying far away from the leaked information to avoid tainting their project." }, "Saint Peter-55": { "title": "Saint Peter", "section": "Connection to Rome", "headers": [ "Death and burial", "Crucifixion at Rome" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "In the epilogue of the Gospel of John, Jesus hints at the death by which Peter would glorify God, saying: \"when you are old you will stretch out your hands, and another will dress you and carry you where you do not want to go.\"[Jn. 21:18\u201319] This is interpreted by some as a reference to Peter's crucifixion. Theologians Donald Fay Robinson and Warren M. Smaltz have suggested that the incident in Acts 12:1\u201317, where Peter is \"released by an angel\" and goes to \"another place\", really represents an idealized account of his death, which may have occurred in a Jerusalem prison in as early as 44 AD." }, "Bell-bottoms-1": { "title": "Bell-bottoms", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bell-bottoms (or flares) are a style of trousers that become wider from the knees downward, forming a bell-like shape of the trouser leg." }, "Puget Sound region-1": { "title": "Puget Sound region", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Puget Sound region is a coastal area of the Pacific Northwest in the U.S. state of Washington, including Puget Sound, the Puget Sound lowlands, and the surrounding region roughly west of the Cascade Range and east of the Olympic Mountains. It is characterized by a complex array of saltwater bays, islands, and peninsulas carved out by prehistoric glaciers." }, "Bear hunting-23": { "title": "Bear hunting", "section": "History", "headers": [ "North America" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Traditionally, Kodiak Natives (Alutiiqs) hunted bears for food, clothing and tools. Arrows and spears were required hunting implements. Bear heads were usually left in the field as a sign of respect to the spirit of the bears. Kodiak bears were commercially hunted throughout the 1800s with the price paid for a bear hide being comparable to that paid for a beaver or river otter pelt (about US$10)." }, "Mount Emei-1": { "title": "Mount Emei", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mount Emei ([\u0264\u030c.me\u030ci]; Chinese: \u5ce8\u7709\u5c71; pinyin: \u00c9m\u00e9i sh\u0101n) is a mountain in Sichuan Province, China, and is one of the Four Sacred Buddhist Mountains of China. Mt. Emei sits at the western rim of the Sichuan Basin. The mountains west of it are known as Daxiangling." }, "Persian Gulf-6": { "title": "Persian Gulf", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "This inland sea of some 251,000 square kilometres (96,912\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) is connected to the Gulf of Oman in the east by the Strait of Hormuz; and its western end is marked by the major river delta of the Shatt al-Arab, which carries the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris." }, "Buddhist cuisine-9": { "title": "Buddhist cuisine", "section": "Philosophies governing food", "headers": [ "Other restrictions" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The food that a strict Buddhist takes, if not a vegetarian, is also specific. For many Chinese Buddhists beef and the consumption of large animals and exotic species is avoided. Then there would be the aforementioned \"triply clean meat\" rule. One restriction on food that is not known to many is the abstinence from eating animal innards and organs. This is known as xi\u00e0shui (\u4e0b\u6c34), not to be confused with the term for sewage." }, "Al Pacino-2": { "title": "Al Pacino", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A method actor and former student of the HB Studio and the Actors Studio, where he was taught by Charlie Laughton and Lee Strasberg, Pacino's film debut came at the age of 29 with a minor role in Me, Natalie (1969). He gained favorable notice for his first lead role as a heroin addict in The Panic in Needle Park (1971). Wide acclaim and recognition came with his breakthrough role as Michael Corleone in Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather (1972), for which he received his first Oscar nomination, and he would reprise the role in the sequels The Godfather Part II (1974) and The Godfather Part III (1990). His portrayal of Michael Corleone is regarded as one of the greatest screen performances in film history." }, "Sexually transmitted infection-22": { "title": "Sexually transmitted infection", "section": "Prevention", "headers": [ "Vaccines" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Vaccines are available that protect against some viral STIs, such as Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and some types of HPV. Vaccination before initiation of sexual contact is advised to assure maximal protection. The development of vaccines to protect against gonorrhea is ongoing." }, "Desert Rose (Sting song)-1": { "title": "Desert Rose (Sting song)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Desert Rose\" is a song by British musician Sting from his album Brand New Day (1999). According to Sting, the lyrics have to do with \"lost love and longing\". Riding a wave of pre-9/11 interest in Latin and Arabic cultures, the song peaked at No. 2 in Canada, No. 3 in Switzerland, No. 4 in Italy, No. 15 in the UK, and No. 17 in the US. The song is noted for Sting's duet performance with Algerian ra\u00ef singer Cheb Mami, creating a distinct world music feel to the song." }, "Eating-1": { "title": "Eating", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Eating (also known as consuming) is the ingestion of food, typically to provide a heterotrophic organism with energy and to allow for growth. Animals and other heterotrophs must eat in order to survive \u2014 carnivores eat other animals, herbivores eat plants, omnivores consume a mixture of both plant and animal matter, and detritivores eat detritus. Fungi digest organic matter outside their bodies as opposed to animals that digest their food inside their bodies. For humans, eating is an activity of daily living. Some individuals may limit their amount of nutritional intake. This may be a result of a lifestyle choice, due to hunger or famine, as part of a diet or as religious fasting." }, "Reformation-19": { "title": "Reformation", "section": "Origins and early history", "headers": [ "Magisterial Reformation" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Although the German Peasants' War of 1524\u20131525 began as a tax and anti-corruption protest as reflected in the Twelve Articles, its leader Thomas M\u00fcntzer gave it a radical Reformation character. It swept through the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities, including the Black Company of Florian Geier, a knight from Giebelstadt who joined the peasants in the general outrage against the Catholic hierarchy. In response to reports about the destruction and violence, Luther condemned the revolt in writings such as Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants; Zwingli and Luther's ally Philipp Melanchthon also did not condone the uprising. Some 100,000 peasants were killed by the end of the war." }, "Fair use-1": { "title": "Fair use", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fair use is a doctrine in the law of the United States that permits limited use of copyrighted material without having to first acquire permission from the copyright holder. Fair use is one of the limitations to copyright intended to balance the interests of copyright holders with the public interest in the wider distribution and use of creative works by allowing as a defense to copyright infringement claims certain limited uses that might otherwise be considered infringement. Like \"fair dealing\" rights that exist in most countries with a British legal history, the fair use right is a general exception that applies to all different kinds of uses with all types of works and turns on a flexible proportionality test that examines the purpose of the use, the amount used, and the impact on the market of the original work. The innovation of the fair use right in US law is that it applies to a list of purposes that is preceded by the opening clause \"such as.\" This has allowed courts to apply it to technologies never envisioned in the original statute including Internet search, the VCR, and the reverse engineering of software." }, "Hot reading-1": { "title": "Hot reading", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hot reading is a technique used when giving a psychic reading in stage magic performances, or in other contexts. In hot reading, the reader uses information about the person receiving the reading (for example, from background research or overhearing a conversation) which the receiver is not aware that the reader already knows. Hot reading is commonly used in conjunction with cold reading (where no previously gathered information is used) and can explain how a psychic reader can get a specific claimed \"hit\" of accurate information." }, "Shrimp-2": { "title": "Shrimp", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Shrimp are widespread and abundant. There are thousands of species adapted to a wide range of habitats. They can be found feeding near the seafloor on most coasts and estuaries, as well as in rivers and lakes. To escape predators, some species flip off the seafloor and dive into the sediment. They usually live from one to seven years. Shrimp are often solitary, though they can form large schools during the spawning season." }, "Jay Thomas-6": { "title": "Jay Thomas", "section": "Letterman appearances", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Beginning on a subsequent visit to Letterman's show, Thomas told a story about when he was a young disc jockey at WAYS 610 AM in Charlotte, North Carolina. Thomas had been making a promotional appearance at a local Dodge dealership which had also booked Clayton Moore, dressed in his Lone Ranger costume." }, "Controlled Substances Act-45": { "title": "Controlled Substances Act", "section": "Regulation of precursors", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "In addition to the CSA, due to pseudoephedrine (PSE) and ephedrine being widely used in the manufacture of methamphetamine, the U.S. Congress passed the Methamphetamine Precursor Control Act which places restrictions on the sale of any medicine containing pseudoephedrine. That bill was then superseded by the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005, which was passed as an amendment to the Patriot Act renewal and included wider and more comprehensive restrictions on the sale of PSE-containing products. This law requires customer signature of a \"log-book\" and presentation of valid photo ID in order to purchase PSE-containing products from all retailers." }, "Aircraft-43": { "title": "Aircraft", "section": "Design and construction", "headers": [ "Structure" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "The structure comprises the main load-bearing elements and associated equipment. The propulsion system (if it is powered) comprises the power source and associated equipment, as described above. The avionics comprise the control, navigation and communication systems, usually electrical in nature. The approach to structural design varies widely between different types of aircraft. Some, such as paragliders, comprise only flexible materials that act in tension and rely on aerodynamic pressure to hold their shape. A balloon similarly relies on internal gas pressure, but may have a rigid basket or gondola slung below it to carry its payload. Early aircraft, including airships, often employed flexible doped aircraft fabric covering to give a reasonably smooth aeroshell stretched over a rigid frame. Later aircraft employed semi-monocoque techniques, where the skin of the aircraft is stiff enough to share much of the flight loads. In a true monocoque design there is no internal structure left." }, "Danica McKellar-5": { "title": "Danica McKellar", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "McKellar studied at the University of California, Los Angeles where she earned a Bachelor of Science (BS) Degree summa cum laude in Mathematics in 1998. As an undergraduate, she coauthored a scientific paper with Professor Lincoln Chayes and fellow student Brandy Winn titled \"Percolation and Gibbs states multiplicity for ferromagnetic Ashkin\u2013Teller models on Z 2 {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} ^{2}} .\" Their results are termed the \"Chayes\u2013McKellar\u2013Winn theorem\". Later, when Chayes was asked to comment about the mathematical abilities of his student coauthors, he was quoted in The New York Times, \"I thought that the two were really, really first-rate.\" For her past collaborative work on research papers, McKellar is currently assigned the Erd\u0151s number four, and her Erd\u0151s\u2013Bacon number is six." }, "Stress fracture-1": { "title": "Stress fracture", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A stress fracture is a fatigue-induced fracture of the bone caused by repeated stress over time. Instead of resulting from a single severe impact, stress fractures are the result of accumulated trauma from repeated submaximal loading, such as running or jumping. Because of this mechanism, stress fractures are common overuse injuries in athletes." }, "Mile run-4": { "title": "Mile run", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The current mile world record holders are Morocco's Hicham El Guerrouj with a time of 3:43.13 and Sifan Hassan of The Netherlands with the women's record of 4:12.33." }, "Harold Wilson-1": { "title": "Harold Wilson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, PC, FRS, FSS (11\u00a0March 1916 \u2013 24 May 1995) was a British Labour politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1964 to 1970 and 1974 to 1976." }, "Goblin shark-12": { "title": "Goblin shark", "section": "Biology and ecology", "headers": [ "Feeding" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "The goblin shark feeds mainly on teleost fishes such as rattails and dragonfishes. It also consumes cephalopods and crustaceans, including decapods and isopods. Garbage has been recorded from the stomachs of some specimens. Its known prey includes bottom-dwelling species such as the blackbelly rosefish (Helicolenus dactylopterus), and midwater species such as the squid Teuthowenia pellucida and the ostracod Macrocypridina castanea rotunda. Thus, the goblin shark appears to forage for food both near the sea floor and far above it." }, "Friendly's-1": { "title": "Friendly's", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Friendly's is a restaurant chain on the United States' East Coast. Friendly's was founded in 1935 in Springfield, Massachusetts, by the Blake brothers S. Prestley Blake and Curtis Blake. It has 10,000 employees; George Michel is the CEO. It offers as diner-style cuisine and highlights its 22 ice cream flavors; many locations offer an ice-cream only take-out window alongside of the table service option. A total of 167 Friendly's are spread across Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Vermont." }, "Boxing-1": { "title": "Boxing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people, usually wearing protective gloves, throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring." }, "Golden toad-1": { "title": "Golden toad", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The golden toad (Incilius periglenes, formerly Bufo periglenes) is an extinct species of true toad that was once abundant in a small, high-altitude region of about 4 square kilometres (1.5\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) in an area north of the city of Monteverde, Costa Rica. It was endemic to elfin cloud forest. Also called the Monte Verde toad, Alajuela toad and orange toad, it is commonly considered the \"poster child\" for the amphibian decline crisis. This toad was first described in 1966 by herpetologist Jay Savage. The last sighting of a single male golden toad was on 15 May 1989, and it has since been classified as extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)." }, "Ringo Starr-71": { "title": "Ringo Starr", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 71, "content": "Starr is a vegetarian and meditates daily. His catchphrase and motto for life is \"peace and love\"." }, "Shogi-4": { "title": "Shogi", "section": "Equipment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Two players face each other across a board composed of rectangles in a grid of 9 ranks (rows, \u6bb5) by 9 files (columns, \u7b4b) yielding an 81 square board. In Japanese they are called Sente \u5148\u624b (first player) and Gote \u5f8c\u624b (second player), but in English are conventionally referred to as Black and White, with Black the first player." }, "Jared Fogle-8": { "title": "Jared Fogle", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Subway campaign" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "As a test, the company ran a regional television advertising campaign. The first ad aired on January 1, 2000, introducing Fogle and his story with the following disclaimer: \"The Subway diet, combined with a lot of walking, worked for Jared. We're not saying this is for everyone. You should check with your doctor before starting any diet program. But it worked for Jared.\"" }, "Will Ferrell-1": { "title": "Will Ferrell", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "John William Ferrell (/\u02c8f\u025br\u0259l/; born July 16, 1967) is an American actor, comedian, producer, writer, and businessman. He first established himself in the mid-1990s as a cast member on the NBC sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live, and has subsequently starred in comedy films such as Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy (2004), Talladega Nights (2006), Step Brothers (2008), The Other Guys (2010) and Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues (2013), all but one of which he co-wrote with his comedy partner Adam McKay. The two also founded the comedy website Funny or Die in 2007. Other film roles include Elf, Old School (both 2003), Blades of Glory (2007), Daddy's Home (2015), and the animated films Megamind (2010) and The Lego Movie (2014)." }, "Apollo 13-52": { "title": "Apollo 13", "section": "Flight of Apollo 13", "headers": [ "Return to Earth" ], "para_index": 52, "content": "Flight controller John Aaron, along with Mattingly and several engineers and designers, devised a procedure for powering up the command module from full shutdown\u00a0\u2013 something never intended to be done in flight, much less under Apollo\u00a013's severe power and time constraints. The astronauts implemented the procedure without apparent difficulty: Kranz later credited the fact that all three astronauts had been test pilots, accustomed to having to work in critical situations with their lives on the line, for their survival." }, "Television show-30": { "title": "Television show", "section": "Seasons/series", "headers": [ "North American usage" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "In North American television, a series is a connected set of television program episodes that run under the same title, possibly spanning many seasons. Since the late 1960s, this broadcast programming schedule typically includes between 20 and 26 episodes. Before then, a regular television season could average at least 30 episodes, and some TV series may have had as many as 39 episodes in a season." }, "African Americans-38": { "title": "African Americans", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "By 1990, the African-American population reached about 30 million and represented 12% of the U.S. population, roughly the same proportion as in 1900." }, "Ringo Starr-3": { "title": "Ringo Starr", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In addition to the Beatles' films, Starr has acted in numerous others. After the band's break-up in 1970, he released several successful singles including the US top-ten hit \"It Don't Come Easy\", and number ones \"Photograph\" and \"You're Sixteen\". His most successful UK single was \"Back Off Boogaloo\", which peaked at number two. He achieved commercial and critical success with his 1973 album Ringo, which was a top-ten release in both the UK and the US. He has featured in numerous documentaries, hosted television shows, narrated the first two series of the children's television programme Thomas & Friends and portrayed \"Mr. Conductor\" during the first season of the PBS children's television series Shining Time Station. Since 1989, he has toured with thirteen variations of Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band." }, "Family Guy-1": { "title": "Family Guy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Family Guy is an American animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series centers on the Griffins, a family consisting of parents Peter and Lois; their children, Meg, Chris, and Stewie; and their anthropomorphic pet dog, Brian. The show is set in the fictional city of Quahog, Rhode Island, and exhibits much of its surreal and dark humor in the form of metafictional cutaway gags that often lampoon American culture." }, "Old Testament-1": { "title": "Old Testament", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Old Testament (abbreviated OT) is the first part of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the twenty-four books of the Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh), a collection of ancient religious Hebrew writings by the Israelites believed by most Christians and religious Jews to be the sacred Word of God. The second part of Christian Bibles is the New Testament, written in the Koine Greek language." }, "Bill Gates-10": { "title": "Bill Gates", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "At 17, Gates formed a venture with Allen called Traf-O-Data to make traffic counters based on the Intel 8008 processor. In 1972, he served as a congressional page in the House of Representatives. He was a National Merit Scholar when he graduated from Lakeside School in 1973. He scored 1590 out of 1600 on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SAT) and enrolled at Harvard College in the autumn of 1973. He chose a pre-law major but took mathematics and graduate level computer science courses. While at Harvard, he met fellow student Steve Ballmer. Gates left Harvard after two years while Ballmer stayed and graduated magna cum laude. Years later, Ballmer succeeded Gates as Microsoft's CEO and maintained that position from 2000 until his resignation in 2014." }, "Ocelot-25": { "title": "Ocelot", "section": "Ecology and behavior", "headers": [ "Hunting and diet" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Ocelots have been observed to follow scent trails to acquire prey. They walk slowly at a speed of about 0.3\u00a0km/h (0.2\u00a0mph) searching for prey. Alternatively, an ocelot may wait for prey for 30 to 60 minutes at a certain site, and move to another walking at 0.8\u20131.4\u00a0km/h (0.5\u20130.9\u00a0mph) if unsuccessful. An ocelot typically prefers hunting in areas with vegetation cover, avoiding open areas, especially on moonlit nights, so as not to be seen by the prey. As a carnivore it preys on small terrestrial mammals such as rodents, lagomorphs, armadillos, opossums, and also fish, insects, reptiles and small birds. It usually feeds on the kill immediately, but removes bird feathers before. It typically preys on animals that weigh less than 1\u00a0kg (2.2\u00a0lb), but rarely targets large animals such as deer and peccaries. An ocelot requires 600\u2013800\u00a0g (21\u201328\u00a0oz) of food every day to satisfy its energy requirements." }, "Ben & Jerry's-2": { "title": "Ben & Jerry's", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Founding" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield were childhood friends from Merrick, New York. Although Greenfield finished college, he found himself unable to make his way into medical school. Cohen dropped out of school. In 1977, Cohen and Greenfield completed a correspondence course on ice cream making from Pennsylvania State University's creamery. Cohen has severe anosmia, a lack of a sense of smell or taste, and so relied on \"mouth feel\" and texture to provide variety in his diet. This led to the company's trademark chunks being mixed in with their ice cream. On May 5, 1978, with a $12,000 investment, the two business partners opened an ice cream parlor in a renovated gas station in downtown Burlington, Vermont. In 1979, they marked their anniversary by holding the first \"free cone day\", now an annual event at every Ben & Jerry's store." }, "Career portfolio-1": { "title": "Career portfolio", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Career portfolios are used to plan, organize and document education, work samples and skills. People use career portfolios to apply for jobs, apply to college or training programs. They are more in-depth than a resume, which is used to summarize the above in one or two pages. Career portfolios serve as a proof of one's skills, abilities, and potential in the future." }, "Dance-1": { "title": "Dance", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dance is a performing art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement. This movement has aesthetic and symbolic value, and is acknowledged as dance by performers and observers within a particular culture. Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoire of movements, or by its historical period or place of origin." }, "Capsaicin-11": { "title": "Capsaicin", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Pepper spray and pests" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Capsaicinoids are also an active ingredient in riot control and personal defense pepper spray agents. When the spray comes in contact with skin, especially eyes or mucous membranes, it produces pain and breathing difficulty, discouraging protestors and assailants." }, "Stillbirth-1": { "title": "Stillbirth", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Stillbirth is typically defined as fetal death at or after 20 to 28 weeks of pregnancy (depending on the source). It results in a baby born without signs of life. A stillbirth can result in the feeling of guilt or grief in the mother. The term is in contrast to miscarriage, which is an early pregnancy loss, and live birth, where the baby is born alive, even if it dies shortly after." }, "Greece-60": { "title": "Greece", "section": "Geography and climate", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 60, "content": "The climate of Greece is primarily Mediterranean, featuring mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. This climate occurs at all coastal locations, including Athens, the Cyclades, the Dodecanese, Crete, the Peloponnese, the Ionian Islands and parts of the Central Continental Greece region. The Pindus mountain range strongly affects the climate of the country, as areas to the west of the range are considerably wetter on average (due to greater exposure to south-westerly systems bringing in moisture) than the areas lying to the east of the range (due to a rain shadow effect)." }, "Byzantine calendar-8": { "title": "Byzantine calendar", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The Byzantine World Era was gradually replaced in the Orthodox Church by the Christian Era (Anno Domini), which was utilized initially by Patriarch Theophanes I Karykes in 1597, afterwards by Patriarch Cyril Lucaris in 1626, and then formally established by the Church in 1728. Meanwhile, as Russia received Orthodox Christianity from Byzantium, she inherited the Orthodox calendar based on the Byzantine Era (translated into Slavonic). After the collapse of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, the era continued to be used by Russia, which witnessed millennialist movements in Moscow in AD 1492 (7000 AM). It was only in AD 1700 that the Byzantine calendar in Russia was changed to the Julian calendar by Peter the Great. It still forms the basis of traditional Orthodox calendars up to today. September AD 2000 began the year 7509 AM." }, "Oxy-fuel welding and cutting-3": { "title": "Oxy-fuel welding and cutting", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In oxy-fuel welding, a welding torch is used to weld metals. Welding metal results when two pieces are heated to a temperature that produces a shared pool of molten metal. The molten pool is generally supplied with additional metal called filler. Filler material selection depends upon the metals to be welded." }, "Supernatural (American TV series)-102": { "title": "Supernatural (American TV series)", "section": "Impact", "headers": [ "Reception" ], "para_index": 102, "content": "The first season received a Metacritic score of 59 out of 100 based on 22 reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 87% approval rating for the first season, with an average rating of 7.32/10 based on 31 reviews. The website's consensus reads, \"Despite some too-hip dialogue and familiar thematic elements, Supernatural's vigilante brothers manage to stir up some legitimate scares.\" Tanner Stransky of Entertainment Weekly gave the first season a B, saying the show \"comes off as weekly installments of a horror movie series\", but that \"Adding to the show's cred are the '67 Chevy Impala the boys rumble around in and their kick-ass soundtrack\". Jeff Swindoll of Monsters and Critics \"really liked\" the first season for its \"horrific content and the brotherly chemistry between its two stars\". He also noted that the season finished \"with one bang of a cliffhanger\". Swindoll enjoyed the second season, too, saying that it \"still works thanks to the brotherly chemistry between Padalecki and Ackles\" and noted the second season focused more on the show's mythology." }, "Jack Sparrow-1": { "title": "Jack Sparrow", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Captain Jack Sparrow is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. The character was created by screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio and is portrayed by Johnny Depp. The characterization of Sparrow is based on a combination of The Rolling Stones' guitarist Keith Richards and Looney Tunes cartoon character Pep\u00e9 Le Pew. He first appears in the 2003 film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. He later appears in the sequels Dead Man's Chest (2006), At World's End (2007), On Stranger Tides (2011), and Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017)." }, "7-1": { "title": "7", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "7 (seven) is the natural number following 6 and preceding 8. It is a prime number, and is often considered lucky in Western culture." }, "Management of HIV/AIDS-63": { "title": "Management of HIV/AIDS", "section": "HIV postexposure prophylaxis (PEP)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 63, "content": "When people are exposed to HIV-positive infectious bodily fluids either through skin puncture, contact with mucous membranes or contact with damaged skin, they are at risk for acquiring HIV. Pooled estimates give a risk of transmission with puncture exposures of 0.3% and mucous membrane exposures 0.63%. United States guidelines state that \"feces, nasal secretions, saliva, sputum, sweat, tears, urine, and vomitus are not considered potentially infectious unless they are visibly bloody.\" Given the rare nature of these events, rigorous study of the protective abilities of antiretrovirals are limited but do suggest that taking antiretrovirals afterwards can prevent transmission. It is unknown if three medications are better than two. The sooner after exposure that ART is started the better, but after what period they become ineffective is unknown, with the US Public Health Service Guidelines recommending starting prophylaxis up to a week after exposure. They also recommend treating for a duration of four weeks based on animal studies. Their recommended regimen is emtricitabine + tenofovir + raltegravir (an INSTI). The rationale for this regimen is that it is \"tolerable, potent, and conveniently administered, and it has been associated with minimal drug interactions.\" People who are exposed to HIV should have follow up HIV testing at six, 12, and 24 weeks." }, "China-1": { "title": "China", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "China (Chinese: \u4e2d\u56fd; pinyin: Zh\u014dnggu\u00f3; literally: 'Central State'), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC; Chinese: \u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd; pinyin: Zh\u014dnghu\u00e1 R\u00e9nm\u00edn G\u00f2ngh\u00e9gu\u00f3), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population of around 1.428\u00a0billion in 2017. Covering approximately 9.6\u00a0million square kilometres (3.7\u00a0million mi2), it is the world's third or fourth largest country by area. Governed by the Communist Party of China, the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau." }, "Nominal number-2": { "title": "Nominal number", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "For example, any set of numbers (a subset of the natural numbers) will be consistent labels as long as a distinct number (or rather its numeral) is uniquely used for each distinct term which needs to be labelled. Nonetheless, sequences of integers may naturally be used as the simplest way to begin labelling: for example 1, 2, 3 and so on." }, "Super Nintendo Entertainment System-22": { "title": "Super Nintendo Entertainment System", "section": "Technical specifications", "headers": [ "CPU and RAM" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Early revisions of the 5A22 used in SHVC boards are prone to spontaneous failure; this can produce a variety of symptoms including graphics glitches during Mode 7 operation, a black screen on power-on, or inability to read the controllers properly. The first revision 5A22 also had a fatal bug in the DMA controller that could cause games to crash when running; this was corrected in subsequent revisions." }, "Sake-1": { "title": "Sake", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sake, also spelled sak\u00e9 (/\u02c8s\u0251\u02d0ke\u026a/ SAH-kay, also referred to as Japanese rice wine), is an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting rice that has been polished to remove the bran. Despite the name, unlike wine, in which alcohol is produced by fermenting sugar that is naturally present in fruit (typically grapes), sake is produced by a brewing process more akin to that of beer, where starch is converted into sugars, which ferment into alcohol." }, "1965 in the Vietnam War-96": { "title": "1965 in the Vietnam War", "section": "July", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 96, "content": "28 July President Johnson ordered an increase in the number of U.S. troops in South Vietnam to 125,000 and an increase in the draft of young Americans into the military from 17,000 to 35,000 per month, but he declined to activate the Reserve and National Guard. Johnson's announcement represented a quantum leap in the American commitment and was followed quickly by massive increases in the number of U.S. troops deployed to South Vietnam." }, "Postal holiday-3": { "title": "Postal holiday", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Part 608, section 3.2 of the DMM (U.S. Domestic Mail Manual) groups holidays into \"Widely Observed\" and \"Not Widely Observed\". Holidays \"Widely Observed\" include New Year\u2019s Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. Holidays \"Not Widely Observed\" are Martin Luther King, Jr.\u2019s Birthday; Presidents Day; Columbus Day; and Veterans Day." }, "Opportunity (rover)-16": { "title": "Opportunity (rover)", "section": "Mission overview", "headers": [ "End of mission" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "More than 835 recovery commands were transmitted since losing signal in June 2018 to the end of January 2019 with over 1000 recovery commands transmitted before February 13, 2019. NASA officials held a press conference on February 13 to declare an official end to the mission. NASA associate administrator Thomas Zurbuchen said, \"It is therefore that I am standing here with a deep sense of appreciation and gratitude that I declare the Opportunity mission is complete.\" As NASA ended their attempts to contact the rover, the last data sent was the song \"I'll Be Seeing You\" performed by Billie Holiday." }, "Vlad the Impaler-1": { "title": "Vlad the Impaler", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Vlad III, known as Vlad the Impaler (Romanian: Vlad \u021aepe\u0219 [\u02c8vlad\u00a0\u02c8tsepe\u0283]) or Vlad Dracula (/\u02c8dr\u00e6kj\u0259l\u0259/; Romanian: Vlad Dr\u0103culea [-\u02c8dr\u0259kule\u032fa]; 1428/31\u00a0\u2013 1476/77), was Voivode of Wallachia three times between 1448 and his death. He is often considered one of the most important rulers in Wallachian history and a national hero of Romania." }, "Ugly Betty-16": { "title": "Ugly Betty", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Ugly Betty began airing on Friday nights starting October 16, 2009, at 9:00 pm Eastern/8:00 pm Central, although it was originally scheduled to start a week earlier on October 9. This caused fans and critics to worry that ABC wished to end the show, since that time slot is perceived as the Friday night death slot. On July 24, 2009, TV Guide Network announced that it had acquired the exclusive cable rights to the show and would air the fourth-season episodes two weeks after their ABC run with an option to strip the show daily, with plans to air it weekly starting in the fall of 2010." }, "Christianity in Madagascar-13": { "title": "Christianity in Madagascar", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Repression" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Pursuant to the 26 February decree, those who possessed a Bible, worshiped in congregation, or continued to profess adherence to Christianity were fined, jailed, manacled, subjected to tangena or another trial by ordeal, or executed. Lurid accounts of the execution and torture of Christians were reported by missionaries with informants on the island who placed emphasis on what they perceived as the savagery of the queen's actions. For instance, they reported the public execution of fifteen Christian leaders near the queen's palace who were dangled on ropes 150 feet above a rock-filled ravine before the ropes were cut upon their refusal to renounce Christianity. The Andohalo cathedral was constructed on this outcropping to commemorate early Malagasy Christians martyred at the site. The number of Malagasy citizens put to death for religious reasons during Ranavalona's reign is unknown. British missionary to Madagascar W.E. Cummins places the number executed at between 60 and 80. Far more were required to undergo the tangena ordeal, condemned to hard labor, or stripped of their land and property, and many of these died. Persecution of Christians intensified; in 1849, 1,900 people were fined, jailed, or otherwise punished for their Christian faith, of whom 18 were executed." }, "American Civil Liberties Union-36": { "title": "American Civil Liberties Union", "section": "Early years", "headers": [ "First victories" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Leaders of the ACLU were divided on the best tactics to use to promote civil liberties. Felix Frankfurter felt that legislation was the best long-term solution, because the Supreme Court could not (and \u2013 in his opinion \u2013 should not) mandate liberal interpretations of the Bill of Rights. But Walter Pollack, Morris Ernst, and other leaders felt that Supreme Court decisions were the best path to guarantee civil liberties. A series of Supreme Court decisions in the 1920s foretold a changing national atmosphere; anti-radical emotions were diminishing, and there was a growing willingness to protect freedom of speech and assembly via court decisions." }, "Ulaanbaatar-40": { "title": "Ulaanbaatar", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "citation needed] The city features brief, warm summers and long, bitterly cold and dry winters. The coldest January temperatures, usually at the time just before sunrise, are between \u221236 and \u221240\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221232.8 and \u221240.0\u00a0\u00b0F) with no wind, due to temperature inversion. Most of the annual precipitation of 267 millimetres (10.51\u00a0in) falls from May to September. The highest recorded precipitation in the city was 659 millimetres or 25.94 inches at the Khureltogoot Astronomical Observatory on Mount Bogd Khan Uul. Ulaanbaatar has an average annual temperature of \u22120.4\u00a0\u00b0C or 31.3\u00a0\u00b0F, making it the coldest capital in the world (as cold as Nuuk, Greenland, but Greenland is not independent). Nuuk has a tundra climate with consistent cold temperatures throughout the year. Ulaanbaatar's annual average is brought down by its cold winter temperatures whereas it is significantly warm from late April to early October." }, "Oklahoma-2": { "title": "Oklahoma", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning \"red people\". It is also known informally by its nickname, \"The Sooner State\", in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on land before the official opening date of lands in the western Oklahoma Territory or before the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889, which increased European-American settlement in the eastern Indian Territory. Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged into the State of Oklahoma when it became the 46th state to enter the union on November 16, 1907." }, "Embalming-37": { "title": "Embalming", "section": "Chemicals", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "Embalming chemicals are a variety of preservatives, sanitizers, disinfectant agents, and additives used in modern embalming to temporarily delay decomposition and restore a natural appearance for viewing a body after death. A mixture of these chemicals is known as embalming fluid, and is used to preserve deceased individuals, sometimes only until the funeral, other times indefinitely." }, "Oscar Wilde-4": { "title": "Oscar Wilde", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "At the height of his fame and success, while The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) was still being performed in London, Wilde had the Marquess of Queensberry prosecuted for criminal libel. The Marquess was the father of Wilde's lover, Lord Alfred Douglas. The libel trial unearthed evidence that caused Wilde to drop his charges and led to his own arrest and trial for gross indecency with men. After two more trials he was convicted and sentenced to two years' hard labour, the maximum penalty, and was jailed from 1895 to 1897. During his last year in prison, he wrote De Profundis (published posthumously in 1905), a long letter which discusses his spiritual journey through his trials, forming a dark counterpoint to his earlier philosophy of pleasure. On his release, he left immediately for France, never to return to Ireland or Britain. There he wrote his last work, The Ballad of Reading Gaol (1898), a long poem commemorating the harsh rhythms of prison life." }, "Semi-trailer truck-25": { "title": "Semi-trailer truck", "section": "Regional configurations", "headers": [ "Europe", "Continental Europe" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "The maximum overall length in the EU and EEA member states was 18.75\u00a0m (61.5\u00a0ft) with a maximum weight of 40\u00a0tonnes, or 44\u00a0tonnes if carrying an ISO container. However, rules limiting the semi-trailers to 16.5\u00a0m (54\u00a0ft) and 18.75\u00a0m are met with trucks carrying a standardized 7.82\u00a0m (26\u00a0ft) body with one additional 7.82\u00a0m body on tow as a trailer. 25.25\u00a0metre truck combinations were developed under the branding of EcoCombi which influenced the name of EuroCombi for an ongoing standardization effort where such truck combinations shall be legal to operate in all jurisdictions of the European Economic Area. With the 50% increase in cargo weight, the fuel efficiency increases with an average of 20% with a corresponding relative decrease in carbon emissions and with the added benefit of one third fewer trucks on the road. The 1996 EU regulation defines a Europe Module System (EMS) as it was implemented in Sweden. The wording of EMS combinations and EuroCombi are now used interchangeably to point to truck combinations as specified in the EU document; however, apart from Sweden and Finland, the EuroCombi is only allowed to operate on specific tracks in other EU member states. Since 1996, when Sweden and Finland formally won a final exemption from the European Economic Area rules with 60\u00a0tonne and 25.25\u00a0m (83\u00a0ft) combinations, all other From 2006, 25.25\u00a0m truck trailer combinations are to be allowed on restricted routes within Germany, following a similar (on-going) trial in The Netherlands. Similarly, Denmark has allowed 25.25\u00a0m combinations on select routes. These vehicles will run a 60\u00a0tonne weight limit. Two types are to be used: 1) a 26-tonne truck pulling a dolly and semi-trailer, or 2) an articulated tractor unit pulling a B-double, member states gained the ability to adopt the same rules. In Italy the maximum permitted weight (unless exceptional transport is authorized) is 44 tonnes for any kind of combination with five axles or more. Czechia has allowed 25.25\u00a0m combinations with a permission for a selected route." }, "Milk-1": { "title": "Milk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Milk is a nutrient-rich, white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for infant mammals (including humans who are breastfed) before they are able to digest other types of food. Early-lactation milk contains colostrum, which carries the mother's antibodies to its young and can reduce the risk of many diseases. It contains many other nutrients including protein and lactose. Interspecies consumption of milk is not uncommon, particularly among humans, many of whom consume the milk of other mammals." }, "Rabbi-1": { "title": "Rabbi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A rabbi is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi, following a course of study of Jewish texts such as the Talmud." }, "Bing (search engine)-1": { "title": "Bing (search engine)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bing is a web search engine owned and operated by Microsoft. The service has its origins in Microsoft's previous search engines: MSN Search, Windows Live Search and later Live Search. Bing provides a variety of search services, including web, video, image and map search products. It is developed using ASP.NET." }, "Tenerife-36": { "title": "Tenerife", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Modern history" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Tenerife was the site of the deadliest accident ever in commercial aviation. Known as the \"Tenerife airport disaster\", in which 583 people were killed, the airliner collision took place on 27 March 1977, at Los Rodeos airport in the north of the island when two Boeing 747 airplanes collided." }, "Kurt Cobain-2": { "title": "Kurt Cobain", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Born in Aberdeen, Washington, Cobain formed the band Nirvana with Krist Novoselic and Aaron Burckhard in 1987 and established it as part of the Seattle music scene which later became known as grunge. After signing with major label DGC Records, Nirvana found global success with \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\" from their critically acclaimed second album Nevermind (1991). Following the success of Nevermind, Nirvana was labelled \"the flagship band\" of Generation X, and Cobain was hailed as \"the spokesman of a generation\"; however, Cobain resented this, believing his message and artistic vision had been misinterpreted by the public, with his personal problems often subject to media attention." }, "Brooklyn Bridge-1": { "title": "Brooklyn Bridge", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Brooklyn Bridge is a hybrid cable-stayed/suspension bridge in New York City, spanning the East River between the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. Opened on May 24, 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was the first fixed crossing across the East River. It was also the longest suspension bridge in the world at the time, with a main span of 1,595.5 feet (486.3\u00a0m) and a deck height of 127\u00a0ft (38.7\u00a0m) above mean high water. The span was originally called the New York and Brooklyn Bridge or the East River Bridge but was officially renamed the Brooklyn Bridge in 1915." }, "Orthopedic cast-1": { "title": "Orthopedic cast", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An orthopedic cast, or simply cast, is a shell, frequently made from plaster or fiberglass, that encases a limb (or, in some cases, large portions of the body) to stabilize and hold anatomical structures\u2014most often a broken bone (or bones), in place until healing is confirmed. It is similar in function to a splint." }, "Crucifixion of Jesus-44": { "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", "section": "The crucifixion", "headers": [ "Method and manner" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "The assumption of the use of a two-beamed cross does not determine the number of nails used in the crucifixion and some theories suggest three nails while others suggest four nails. However, throughout history larger numbers of nails have been hypothesized, at times as high as 14 nails. These variations are also present in the artistic depictions of the crucifixion. In the Western Church, before the Renaissance usually four nails would be depicted, with the feet side by side. After the Renaissance most depictions use three nails, with one foot placed on the other. Nails are almost always depicted in art, although Romans sometimes just tied the victims to the cross. The tradition also carries to Christian emblems, e.g. the Jesuits use three nails under the IHS monogram and a cross to symbolize the crucifixion." }, "Menthol-1": { "title": "Menthol", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Menthol is an organic compound made synthetically or obtained from the oils of corn mint, peppermint, or other mints. It is a waxy, crystalline substance, clear or white in color, which is solid at room temperature and melts slightly above." }, "BLT-7": { "title": "BLT", "section": "Ingredients and preparation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "While there are variations on the BLT, the essential ingredients are bacon, tomatoes and lettuce between two slices of bread, often toasted. The quantity and quality of the ingredients are matters of personal preference. The bacon can be well cooked or tender, but as it \"carries\" the other flavors, chefs recommend using higher quality meat; in particular, chef Edward Lee states \"Your general supermarket bacon is not going to cut the mustard.\"" }, "Baldr-7": { "title": "Baldr", "section": "Name", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In continental Saxon and Anglo-Saxon tradition, the son of Woden is called not Bealdor but Baldag (Saxon) and B\u00e6ld\u00e6g, Beldeg (Anglo-Saxon), which shows association with \"day\", possibly with Day personified as a deity. This, as Grimm points out, would agree with the meaning \"shining one, white one, a god\" derived from the meaning of Baltic baltas, further adducing Slavic Belobog and German Berhta." }, "Sega Saturn-25": { "title": "Sega Saturn", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Decline" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "However, the Saturn failed to take the lead. After the launch of the Nintendo 64 in 1996, sales of the Saturn and its games were sharply reduced, while the PlayStation outsold the Saturn by three-to-one in the U.S. in 1997. The 1997 release of Final Fantasy VII significantly increased the PlayStation's popularity in Japan. As of August 1997, Sony controlled 47% of the console market, Nintendo 40%, and Sega only 12%. Neither price cuts nor high-profile game releases proved helpful. Reflecting decreased demand for the system, worldwide Saturn shipments during March to September 1997 declined from 2.35\u00a0million to 600,000 versus the same period in 1996; shipments in North America declined from 800,000 to 50,000. Due to the Saturn's poor performance in North America, 60 of Sega of America's 200 employees were laid off in the fall of 1997." }, "Saint-1": { "title": "Saint", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness or likeness or closeness to God. However, the use of the term \"saint\" depends on the context and denomination. In Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, Oriental Orthodox, and Lutheran doctrine, all of their faithful deceased in Heaven are considered to be saints, but some are considered worthy of greater honor or emulation; official ecclesiastical recognition, and consequently veneration, is given to some saints through the process of canonization in the Catholic Church or glorification in the Eastern Orthodox Church." }, "Amy Winehouse-1": { "title": "Amy Winehouse", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Amy Jade Winehouse (14 September 1983 \u2013 23 July 2011) was an English singer and songwriter. She was known for her deep, expressive contralto vocals and her eclectic mix of musical genres, including soul, rhythm and blues and jazz." }, "Lawful interception-28": { "title": "Lawful interception", "section": "Laws", "headers": [ "Canada" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "\u201cThe arrest must be lawful \u2013 This is the case for any situation; it just means if the arrest isn\u2019t lawful, then neither is the search.\u201d \u201cThe search must be incidental to the arrest and police need an \u201cobjectively reasonable\u201d reason to conduct the search. These include: protecting police/the accused/the public; preserving evidence; discovering evidence such as finding more suspects.\u201d \u201cThe nature and extent of the search are tailored to the purpose of the search. This means police activity on the phone must be directly linked to the purpose they give.\u201d \u201cPolice must take detailed notes of what they looked at on the device as well as how it was searched (e.g. which applications or programs they looked at, the extent of search, the time of search, its purpose and duration)\u201d To continue a search without a warrant, the situation at-hand would need to meet three of the four guidelines stated above. Nonetheless, the court highly encourages law enforcement to request a warrant before searching a cellphone to promote and protect privacy in Canada." }, "Samuel Bellamy-1": { "title": "Samuel Bellamy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Captain Samuel Bellamy (c. February 23, 1689 \u2013 April 26, 1717), later known as \"Black Sam\" Bellamy, was an English pirate who operated in the early 18th century. He is best known as the wealthiest pirate in recorded history, and one of the faces of the Golden Age of Piracy. Though his known career as a pirate captain lasted little more than a year, he and his crew captured at least 53 ships. Called \"Black Sam\" in Cape Cod folklore because he eschewed the fashionable powdered wig in favor of tying back his long black hair with a simple band, Bellamy became known for his mercy and generosity toward those he captured on his raids. This reputation earned him another nickname, the \"Prince of Pirates\". He likened himself to Robin Hood, with his crew calling themselves \"Robin Hood's Men\"." }, "Honey-1": { "title": "Honey", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Honey is a sweet, viscous food substance made by honey bees and some related insects. Bees produce honey from the sugary secretions of plants (floral nectar) or from secretions of other insects (such as honeydew), by regurgitation, enzymatic activity, and water evaporation. Bees store honey in wax structures called honeycombs. The variety of honey produced by honey bees (the genus Apis) is the best-known, due to its worldwide commercial production and human consumption. Honey is collected from wild bee colonies, or from hives of domesticated bees, a practice known as beekeeping or apiculture." }, "Binary code-1": { "title": "Binary code", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A binary code represents text, computer processor instructions, or any other data using a two-symbol system. The two-symbol system used is often \"0\" and \"1\" from the binary number system. The binary code assigns a pattern of binary digits, also known as bits, to each character, instruction, etc. For example, a binary string of eight bits can represent any of 256 possible values and can, therefore, represent a wide variety of different items." }, "Peach-2": { "title": "Peach", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The specific name persica refers to its widespread cultivation in Persia (modern-day Iran), from where it was transplanted to Europe. It belongs to the genus Prunus which includes the cherry, apricot, almond and plum, in the rose family. The peach is classified with the almond in the subgenus Amygdalus, distinguished from the other subgenera by the corrugated seed shell. Due to their close relatedness, the inside of a peach stone tastes remarkably similar to almond, and peach stones are often used to make a cheap version of marzipan, known as persipan." }, "The Little Prince-5": { "title": "The Little Prince", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In the middle of the desert, the narrator is unexpectedly greeted by a young boy who is nicknamed as \"the little prince\". The prince has golden hair, a lovable laugh, and will repeat questions until they are answered." }, "Water chlorination-5": { "title": "Water chlorination", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The technique of purification of drinking water by use of compressed liquefied chlorine gas was developed by a British officer in the Indian Medical Service, Vincent B. Nesfield, in 1903. According to his own account, \"It occurred to me that chlorine gas might be found satisfactory ... if suitable means could be found for using it.... The next important question was how to render the gas portable. This might be accomplished in two ways: By liquefying it, and storing it in lead-lined iron vessels, having a jet with a very fine capillary canal, and fitted with a tap or a screw cap. The tap is turned on, and the cylinder placed in the amount of water required. The chlorine bubbles out, and in ten to fifteen minutes the water is absolutely safe. This method would be of use on a large scale, as for service water carts.\"" }, "Chinese numerology-1": { "title": "Chinese numerology", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Chinese tradition, certain numbers are believed by some to be auspicious (\u5409\u5229, pinyin: j\u00edl\u00ec; Cantonese Yale: g\u0101tleih) or inauspicious (\u4e0d\u5229, pinyin: b\u00f9l\u00ec; Cantonese Yale: b\u0101tleih) based on the Chinese word that the number sounds similar to. The numbers 6, 8, and 9 are generally considered to be auspicious, while 4 and 7 are considered inauspicious." }, "Mary Todd Lincoln-20": { "title": "Mary Todd Lincoln", "section": "Assassination of Abraham Lincoln", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "As the Civil War ended, Mrs. Lincoln expected to continue as the First Lady of a nation at peace. President Lincoln awoke the morning of April 14, 1865, in a pleasant mood. Robert E. Lee had surrendered several days before to Ulysses Grant, and now the President was awaiting word from North Carolina on the surrender of Joseph E. Johnston. The morning papers carried the announcement that the President and his wife would be attending the theater that evening. At one point, Mary developed a headache and was inclined to stay home, but Lincoln told her he must attend because newspapers had announced that he would. She sat with her husband watching the comic play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre. During the third act, the President and Mrs. Lincoln drew closer together, holding hands while enjoying the play. Mary whispered to her husband, who was holding her hand, \"What will Miss Harris think of my hanging on to you so?\" The president smiled and replied, \"She won't think anything about it\". That was the last conversation the Lincolns ever had. Minutes later, President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth. She was holding Abraham's hand when Booth's bullet struck the back of his head. Mrs. Lincoln accompanied her mortally wounded husband across the street to the Petersen House, where he was taken to a back bedroom and laid crosswise on the bed there, where Lincoln's Cabinet was summoned. Their son Robert sat with Lincoln throughout the night and to the following morning\u00a0\u2013 Saturday, April 15, 1865. At one point, Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton ordered Mary from the room as she was so unhinged with grief." }, "Helader\u00eda Coromoto-1": { "title": "Helader\u00eda Coromoto", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Helader\u00eda Coromoto, commonly known as Coromoto, is an ice cream parlor in Merida, Venezuela, known for offering a Guinness World Record of 860 flavors (actual Guinness World Record is 985 flavors held by Matt and Mike Casarez USA). Coromoto was established by Manuel da Silva Oliveira, who began his ice cream career at well-established ice cream firms, before founding the store in a bid to create more appealing ice cream flavors. Coromoto sells 60 different ice cream flavors in accordance with factors such as the weather. Lonely Planet Venezuela calls Coromoto a popular tourist destination." }, "Bread-1": { "title": "Bread", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour and water, usually by baking. Throughout recorded history it has been a prominent food in large parts of the world; it is one of the oldest man-made foods, having been of significant importance since the dawn of agriculture; and plays an essential role in religious rituals and secular culture." }, "Genesis flood narrative-1": { "title": "Genesis flood narrative", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Genesis flood narrative is a flood myth found in the Tanakh (chapters 6\u20139 in the Book of Genesis). The story tells of God's decision to return the Earth to its pre-creation state of watery chaos and then remake it in a reversal of creation. The narrative has very strong similarities to parts of the Epic of Gilgamesh which predates the Book of Genesis." }, "20th century-2": { "title": "20th century", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium." }, "Devil-9": { "title": "Devil", "section": "Christianity", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In Christianity, evil is incarnate in the devil or Satan, a fallen angel who is the primary opponent of God. Christians also considered the Roman and Greek deities as devils." }, "Beauty and the Beast (1987 TV series)-1": { "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1987 TV series)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Beauty and the Beast is an American fantasy-drama television series which first aired on CBS from September 25, 1987 to August 4, 1990. Creator Ron Koslow's updated version of the fairy tale has a double focus: the relationship between Vincent (Ron Perlman), a mythic, noble man-beast, and Catherine (Linda Hamilton), a savvy Assistant District Attorney in New York, and a secret utopian community of social outcasts living in a subterranean sanctuary. Through an empathetic bond, Vincent senses Catherine's emotions, and becomes her guardian." }, "Giant squid-5": { "title": "Giant squid", "section": "Range and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The vertical distribution of giant squid is incompletely known, but data from trawled specimens and sperm whale diving behaviour suggest it spans a large range of depths, possibly 300\u20131,000 metres (980\u20133,280\u00a0ft)." }, "Hypothermia-1": { "title": "Hypothermia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hypothermia is defined as a body core temperature below 35.0\u00a0\u00b0C (95.0\u00a0\u00b0F) in humans. Symptoms depend on the temperature. In mild hypothermia there is shivering and mental confusion. In moderate hypothermia shivering stops and confusion increases. In severe hypothermia, there may be paradoxical undressing, in which a person removes their clothing, as well as an increased risk of the heart stopping." }, "Toyota Supra-61": { "title": "Toyota Supra", "section": "Fourth generation (A80)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "The turbocharged variant could accelerate to 97\u00a0km/h in as low as 4.6 seconds and cover 1/4-mile (402 m) in 13.1 seconds at 175\u00a0km/h (109\u00a0mph). The turbo version has a tested top speed of 285\u00a0km/h (177\u00a0mph)[citation needed], but the cars are restricted to just 180\u00a0km/h (112\u00a0mph) in Japan and 250\u00a0km/h (155\u00a0mph) in worldwide markets. European versions of the car also had an air intake or scoop on the hood. It has a drag coefficient of\u00a0Cd=0.31 for the naturally aspirated models and 0.32 for the turbo models but unknown with the rear spoiler." }, "Aaron Burr-1": { "title": "Aaron Burr", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Aaron Burr Jr. (February 6, 1756 \u2013 September 14, 1836) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the third vice president of the United States (1801\u20131805), serving during President Thomas Jefferson's first term." }, "Euphoria-16": { "title": "Euphoria", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Drug-induced", "Stimulants" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Dopaminergic stimulants like amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, MDMA, and methylphenidate are euphoriants. Nicotine is a parasympathetic stimulant that acts as a mild euphoriant in some people." }, "Monty Python and the Holy Grail-2": { "title": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "While the group's first film, And Now for Something Completely Different, was a compilation of sketches from the first two television series, Holy Grail is a new story that parodies the legend of King Arthur's quest for the Holy Grail. Thirty years later, Idle used the film as the basis for the musical Spamalot." }, "Pea-4": { "title": "Pea", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "A pea is a most commonly green, occasionally golden yellow, or infrequently purple pod-shaped vegetable, widely grown as a cool season vegetable crop. The seeds may be planted as soon as the soil temperature reaches 10\u00a0\u00b0C (50\u00a0\u00b0F), with the plants growing best at temperatures of 13 to 18\u00a0\u00b0C (55 to 64\u00a0\u00b0F). They do not thrive in the summer heat of warmer temperate and lowland tropical climates, but do grow well in cooler, high altitude, tropical areas. Many cultivars reach maturity about 60 days after planting." }, "Han Solo-11": { "title": "Han Solo", "section": "Appearances", "headers": [ "Skywalker saga", "Return of the Jedi" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "A year later, Han, still imprisoned in carbonite, is Jabba's favorite decoration at his palace on Tatooine. Luke attempts a rescue operation aided by Leia, Chewbacca, C-3PO, R2-D2, and a repentant Lando, but they are caught. Jabba sentences Han and Luke to die in the Sarlaac Pit. Luke, Leia, and Han overpower their captors and Leia kills Jabba, enabling their escape." }, "Garlic-31": { "title": "Garlic", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Culinary" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "The garlic plant's bulb is the most commonly used part of the plant. With the exception of the single clove types, garlic bulbs are normally divided into numerous fleshy sections called cloves. Garlic cloves are used for consumption (raw or cooked) or for medicinal purposes. They have a characteristic pungent, spicy flavor that mellows and sweetens considerably with cooking." }, "Passover-7": { "title": "Passover", "section": "Etymology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The term Pesach (Hebrew: \u05e4\u05b6\u05bc\u05e1\u05b7\u05d7 Pesa\u1e25) may also refer to the lamb or goat which was designated as the Passover sacrifice (called the Korban Pesach in Hebrew). Four days before the Exodus, the Hebrews were commanded to set aside a lamb (Exodus 12:3), and inspect it daily for blemishes. During the day on the 14th of Nisan, they were to slaughter the animal and use its blood to mark their lintels and door posts. Before midnight on the 15th of Nisan they were to consume the lamb." }, "Warren G. Harding-1": { "title": "Warren G. Harding", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 \u2013 August 2, 1923) was the 29th president of the United States from 1921 until his death in 1923. A member of the Republican Party, he was one of the most popular U.S. presidents to that point. After his death, a number of scandals\u2014including Teapot Dome\u2014came to light, as did his extramarital affair with Nan Britton; each eroded his popular regard. Harding is often rated as one of the worst presidents in historical rankings." }, "Stonehenge-69": { "title": "Stonehenge", "section": "Modern history", "headers": [ "Archaeological research and restoration", "2000s" ], "para_index": 69, "content": "In 2010, the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project discovered a \"henge-like\" monument less than 0.62\u00a0mi (1\u00a0km) away from the main site. This new hengiform monument was subsequently revealed to be located \"at the site of Amesbury 50\", a round barrow in the Cursus Barrows group." }, "Standing desk-4": { "title": "Standing desk", "section": "Variations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "While height of most seated desks is standardized, standing desks are made in many different heights ranging from 70 to 128 centimetres (28 to 50\u00a0in). Ideally the height of a standing desk fits the height of its individual user. With seated desks, adjusting the height relative to the user can be accomplished by adjusting the height of the user's chair. However, because users of a standing desk move around more than when seated, using a pedestal to adjust the user's height is not practical." }, "Vulcan (mythology)-44": { "title": "Vulcan (mythology)", "section": "Greek myths of Hephaestus", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "Vulcan had a happy childhood with dolphins as his playmates and pearls as his toys. Late in his childhood, he found the remains of a fisherman's fire on the beach and became fascinated with an unextinguished coal, still red-hot and glowing." }, "War Doctor-9": { "title": "War Doctor", "section": "Appearances", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In the 50th anniversary special \"The Day of the Doctor\", having fought in the Time War for many years, the greatly aged War Doctor steals the superweapon known as \"the Moment\" with the intent of wiping out all combatants in the war along with his home world of Gallifrey. However, the Moment is sentient, possessing a conscience that requires the user to morally justify his use of it, and interacts with him in the shape of his future companion Rose Tyler (Billie Piper). Although acknowledging that she can do what the Doctor asks of her, she then sends the War Doctor into his future to meet the Tenth and Eleventh Doctors (David Tennant and Matt Smith respectively) to understand the sadness and regret they endured while continuing the good he failed to accomplish. Having witnessed his future selves prevent a Zygon conquest of Earth and the destruction of London, the War Doctor concludes that he must destroy Gallifrey, reflecting that he is lighting the fire so that better Doctors can be forged, only for the Tenth and Eleventh Doctors to travel back to activate the Moment with him, the later Doctors declaring that they now recognise the War Doctor as having been \"the Doctor on the day it wasn't possible to get it right\". However, aided by the Moment's interface which shows them a vision of the horror and destruction wrought in the Fall of Arcadia, the last battle in which the War Doctor fought, and Clara's plea to remember the vow they made in taking their name, the Doctors ultimately conclude that the loss of life that would be caused by using the Moment is something they cannot accept. They instead pool their resources, and with the help of the Doctor's various incarnations, attempt to save Gallifrey by freezing it in a moment in time, creating the illusion of the planet's own destruction. The Daleks are effectively tricked into firing on each other, annihilating themselves. The War Doctor accepts that upon returning to his own timeframe, he will forget his own heroic actions and must live with the false belief that he killed his own people. Before leaving, he takes a moment to thank his future selves for helping him \"become the Doctor\" again. Once inside his TARDIS, he begins to regenerate, realising that his body is \"wearing a bit thin\", echoing the First Doctor's utterances in The Tenth Planet." }, "Serj Tankian-16": { "title": "Serj Tankian", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Solo career: (2006\u20132010)", "Elect the Dead" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Tankian is also politically involved. Together with Tom Morello, he founded the organization Axis of Justice and often speaks publicly against violence and injustice in the world. Tankian released a new song \"Fears\" in November 2008 exclusively in support of Amnesty International's Global Write-A-Thon." }, "The Home Depot-1": { "title": "The Home Depot", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Home Depot, Inc. is the largest home improvement retailer in the United States, supplying tools, construction products, and services. The company is headquartered at the Atlanta Store Support Center at 2455 Paces Ferry Road NW; Atlanta, GA, 30339 in unincorporated Cobb County, Georgia (with an Atlanta mailing address)." }, "Wool-5": { "title": "Wool", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Felting of wool occurs upon hammering or other mechanical agitation as the microscopic barbs on the surface of wool fibers hook together." }, "IUCN Red List-11": { "title": "IUCN Red List", "section": "Categories", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups, specified through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation. There is an emphasis on the acceptability of applying any criteria in the absence of high quality data including suspicion and potential future threats, \"so long as these can reasonably be supported\"." }, "American black bear-22": { "title": "American black bear", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "Size" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Seasonal variation in weight is very pronounced: in autumn, their pre-den weight tends to be 30% higher than in spring, when black bears emerge from their dens. American black bears on the East Coast tend to be heavier on average than those on the West Coast, although American black bears follow Bergmann's rule and bears from the Northwest are often slightly heavier than the bears from the Southeast. Adult males typically weigh between 57\u2013250\u00a0kg (126\u2013551\u00a0lb), while females weigh 33% less at 41\u2013170\u00a0kg (90\u2013375\u00a0lb). In the state of California, studies have indicated that the average mass is 86\u00a0kg (190\u00a0lb) in adult males and 58\u00a0kg (128\u00a0lb) in adult females. Adult American black bears in Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge in east-central Alaska were found to average 87.3\u00a0kg (192\u00a0lb) in males and 63.4\u00a0kg (140\u00a0lb) in females, whereas on Kuiu Island in southeast Alaska (where nutritious salmon are readily available) adult American black bears averaged an estimated 115\u00a0kg (254\u00a0lb). In Great Smoky Mountains National Park, adult males averaged 112\u00a0kg (247\u00a0lb) and adult females averaged 47\u00a0kg (104\u00a0lb) per one study. In one of the largest studies on regional body mass, bears in British Columbia averaged 73.7\u00a0kg (162\u00a0lb) in 89 females and 103.1\u00a0kg (227\u00a0lb) in 243 males. In Yellowstone National Park, a population study found that adult males averaged 119\u00a0kg (262\u00a0lb) and adult females averaged 67\u00a0kg (148\u00a0lb). Black bears in north-central Minnesota averaged 69.9\u00a0kg (154\u00a0lb) in 163 females and 124.95\u00a0kg (275\u00a0lb) in 77 males. In New York, the two sexes reportedly average 135\u00a0kg (298\u00a0lb) and 74\u00a0kg (163\u00a0lb), respectively. It was found in Nevada and Lake Tahoe region that black bears closer to urban regions were significantly heavier than their arid-country dwelling counterparts, with males near urban areas averaging 138\u00a0kg (304\u00a0lb) against wild-land males which averaged 115.5\u00a0kg (255\u00a0lb) whereas peri-urban females averaged 97.9\u00a0kg (216\u00a0lb) against the average of 65.2\u00a0kg (144\u00a0lb) in wild-land ones. In Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta adults reportedly averaged 125 to 128\u00a0kg (276 to 282\u00a0lb). Adults typically range from 120 to 200\u00a0cm (47 to 79\u00a0in) in head-and-body length, and 70 to 105\u00a0cm (28 to 41\u00a0in) in shoulder height. The typically small tail is 7.7\u201317.7\u00a0cm (3.0\u20137.0\u00a0in) long. Although they are the smallest bear species in North America, large males exceed the size of other bear species, except the brown bear and the polar bear." }, "Video game console-11": { "title": "Video game console", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Third generation", "Home consoles" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "In 1983, Nintendo released the Family Computer (or Famicom) in Japan. The Famicom supported high-resolution sprites, larger color palettes, and tiled backgrounds, which allowed Famicom games to have more detailed graphics than games of prior consoles. Nintendo began attempts to bring their Famicom to the U.S. after the video game market had crashed. In the U.S., video games were seen as a fad that had already passed. To distinguish its product from older game consoles, Nintendo released their Famicom as the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) which used a front-loading cartridge port similar to a VCR, included a plastic \"robot\" (R.O.B.), and was initially advertised as a toy. The NES was the highest selling console in the history of North America and revitalized the video game market. Mario of Super Mario Bros. became a global icon starting with his NES games. Nintendo took a somewhat unusual stance with third-party developers for its console. Nintendo contractually restricted third-party developers to three NES titles per year and forbade them from developing for other video game consoles. The practice ensured Nintendo's market dominance and prevented the flood of trash titles that had helped kill the Atari, but was ruled illegal late in the console's lifecycle." }, "Conservatism-7": { "title": "Conservatism", "section": "Forms", "headers": [ "Liberal conservatism" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "A secondary meaning for the term liberal conservatism that has developed in Europe is a combination of more modern conservative (less traditionalist) views with those of social liberalism. This has developed as an opposition to the more collectivist views of socialism. Often this involves stressing what are now conservative views of free market economics and belief in individual responsibility, with social liberal views on defence of civil rights, environmentalism and support for a limited welfare state. In continental Europe, this is sometimes also translated into English as social conservatism." }, "Scholar's mate-8": { "title": "Scholar's mate", "section": "Avoiding Scholar's Mate", "headers": [ "On move 3" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "If Black played 2...Bc5 instead of 2...Nc6, then 3...g6?? is a blunder because it doesn't defend the e5-pawn (Black loses the king rook to 4.Qxe5+ followed by 5.Qxh8). The best move is 3...Qe7! (see diagram), protecting both the f7- and e5-pawns; and now Black threatens 4...Nf6, gaining a tempo by attacking White's queen. Play might continue 4.Nf3 (attacking the e5-pawn a second time) 4...Nc6 5.Ng5 Nh6, when White has no way to keep up the pressure and will soon have to pull his exposed pieces back." }, "English words of Greek origin-34": { "title": "English words of Greek origin", "section": "Statistics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "Since most words of Greek origin are specialized technical and scientific coinages, the type frequency is considerably higher than the token frequency. And the type frequency in a large word list will be larger than that in a small word list. In a typical English dictionary of 80,000 words, which corresponds very roughly to the vocabulary of an educated English speaker, about 5% of the words are borrowed from Greek." }, "Video game console-3": { "title": "Video game console", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Unlike similar consumer electronics such as music players and movie players, which use industry-wide standard formats, video game consoles use proprietary formats which compete with each other for market share. There are various types of video game consoles, including home video game consoles, handheld game consoles, microconsoles, and dedicated consoles. Although Ralph Baer had built working game consoles by 1966, it was nearly a decade before the Pong game made them commonplace in regular people's living rooms. Through evolution over the 1990s and 2000s, game consoles have expanded to offer additional functions such as CD players, DVD players, Blu-ray disc players, web browsers, set-top boxes, and more." }, "Medication-37": { "title": "Medication", "section": "Regulation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "Depending upon the jurisdiction, drugs may be divided into over-the-counter drugs (OTC) which may be available without special restrictions, and prescription drugs, which must be prescribed by a licensed medical practitioner in accordance with medical guidelines due to the risk of adverse effects and contraindications. The precise distinction between OTC and prescription depends on the legal jurisdiction. A third category, \"behind-the-counter\" drugs, is implemented in some jurisdictions. These do not require a prescription, but must be kept in the dispensary, not visible to the public, and only be sold by a pharmacist or pharmacy technician. Doctors may also prescribe prescription drugs for off-label use \u2013 purposes which the drugs were not originally approved for by the regulatory agency. The Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals helps guide the referral process between pharmacists and doctors." }, "Pandora's box-31": { "title": "Pandora's box", "section": "Theatre", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "In the first half of the 18th-century, three French plays were produced with the title \"Pandora's Box\" (La Bo\u00eete \u2013 or Bo\u00ebte \u2013 de Pandore). In each of these the main interest is in the social and human effects of the evils released from the box and in only one of them does Pandora figure as a character. The 1721 play by Alain Ren\u00e9 Lesage appeared as part of the longer La Fausse Foire. It was a one-act prose drama of 24 scenes in the commedia dell'arte style. At its opening, Mercury has been sent in the guise of Harlequin to check whether the box given by Jupiter to the animated statue Pandora has been opened. He proceeds to stir up disruption in her formerly happy village, unleashing ambition, competition, greed, envy, jealousy, hatred, injustice, treachery and ill-health. Amid the social breakdown, Pierrot falls out with the bride he was about to marry at the start of the play and she becomes engaged instead to a social upstart." }, "East India Company-2": { "title": "East India Company", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Originally chartered as the \"Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East-Indies\", the company rose to account for half of the world's trade, particularly in basic commodities including cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, spices, saltpetre, tea, and opium. The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India. In his speech to the House of Commons in July 1833, Lord Macaulay explained that since the beginning, the East India Company had always been involved in both trade and politics, just as its French and Dutch counterparts had been." }, "Who's on First?-2": { "title": "Who's on First?", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "is named \"Who\"; thus, the utterance \"Who's on first\" is ambiguous between the question (\"Which person is the first baseman?\") and the answer (\"The name of the first baseman is 'Who'\"). \"Who's on First?\" is descended from turn-of-the-century burlesque sketches that used plays on words and names. Examples are \"The Baker Scene\" (the shop is located on Watt Street) and \"Who Dyed\" (the owner is named \"Who\"). In the 1930 movie Cracked Nuts, comedians Bert Wheeler and Robert Woolsey examine a map of a mythical kingdom with dialogue like this: \"What is next to Which.\" \"What is the name of the town next to Which?\" \"Yes.\" In British music halls, comedian Will Hay performed a routine in the early 1930s (and possibly earlier) as a schoolmaster interviewing a schoolboy named Howe who came from Ware but now lives in Wye. By the early 1930s, a \"Baseball Routine\" had become a standard bit for burlesque comics across the United States. Abbott's wife recalled him performing the routine with another comedian before teaming with Costello." }, "Colonization of the asteroids-5": { "title": "Colonization of the asteroids", "section": "Transportation", "headers": [ "Landing" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Asteroids are not large enough to produce significant gravity, making it difficult to land a spacecraft. Humans have yet to land a spacecraft on an asteroid in the asteroid belt, but they have temporarily landed on the asteroid 162173 Ryugu, a near-Earth object of the Apollo group. This was part of the Hayabusa2 mission that was conducted by the Japanese Space Agency. The landing was made possible by using four solar ionic thrusters and four reaction wheels for propulsion. This technology allowed for the orientation control and orbit control of the spacecraft that guided it to land on Ryugu. These technologies may be applied to complete a successful similar landing in the asteroid belt." }, "Vlog-1": { "title": "Vlog", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A video blog or video log, usually shortened to vlog /vl\u0252\u0261/, is a form of blog for which the medium is video, and is a form of web television. Vlog entries often combine embedded video (or a video link) with supporting text, images, and other metadata. Entries can be recorded in one take or cut into multiple parts. Vlog category is popular on the video-sharing platform YouTube." }, "Lexus-2": { "title": "Lexus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Created at around the same time as Japanese rivals Honda and Nissan created their Acura and Infiniti luxury divisions respectively, Lexus originated from a corporate project to develop a new premium sedan, code-named F1, which began in 1983 and culminated in the launch of the Lexus LS in 1989. Subsequently, the division added sedan, coup\u00e9, convertible and SUV models. Lexus did not exist as a brand in its home market until 2005, and all vehicles marketed internationally as Lexus from 1989 to 2005 were released in Japan under the Toyota marque and an equivalent model name. In 2005, a hybrid version of the RX crossover debuted and additional hybrid models later joined the division's lineup. Lexus launched its own F marque performance division in 2007 with the debut of the IS F sport sedan, followed by the LFA supercar in 2009." }, "Sabuncuo\u011flu \u015eerafeddin-2": { "title": "Sabuncuo\u011flu \u015eerafeddin", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "\u015eerafeddin Sabuncuo\u011flu lived during the 15th century in Amasya. During the early period of the Ottoman Empire, Amasya was a center of commerce, culture, and arts. During this period, Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu practiced medicine in Amasya Hospital, which was built in 1308." }, "The Invisible Man-13": { "title": "The Invisible Man", "section": "Legacy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "The Invisible Man has been adapted to, and referred to, in film, television, and comics. Allen Grove, professor and chair of English at Alfred University states," }, "Pork belly-1": { "title": "Pork belly", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pork belly is a boneless cut of fatty meat from the belly of a pig. Pork belly is particularly popular in Hispanic, Chinese, Korean and Philippine cuisine." }, "President of India-57": { "title": "President of India", "section": "Time of election", "headers": [ "Election process" ], "para_index": 57, "content": "The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the president must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. Each candidate has to make a security deposit of \u20b915,000 (US$210) in the Reserve Bank of India. The security deposit is liable to be forfeited in case the candidate fails to secure one-sixth of the votes polled." }, "Pharmacology-7": { "title": "Pharmacology", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Pharmacology developed in the 19th century as a biomedical science that applied the principles of scientific experimentation to therapeutic contexts. The advancement of research techniques propelled pharmacological research and understanding. The development of the organ bath preparation, where tissue samples are connected to recording devices, such as a myograph, and physiological responses are recorded after drug application, allowed analysis of drugs' effects on tissues. The development of the ligand binding assay in 1945 allowed quantification of the binding affinity of drugs at chemical targets. Modern pharmacologists use techniques from genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, and other advanced tools to transform information about molecular mechanisms and targets into therapies directed against disease, defects or pathogens, and create methods for preventative care, diagnostics, and ultimately personalized medicine." }, "Sea shanty-39": { "title": "Sea shanty", "section": "History and development", "headers": [ "Emergence", "Influence of African-American and Caribbean work songs" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "Shanty-writer Stan Hugill called Mobile Bay\u2014one of the main cotton outports\u2014a \"shanty mart\", at which sailors and laborers of different cultural backgrounds traded their songs." }, "Kanji-80": { "title": "Kanji", "section": "Readings", "headers": [ "Spelling words" ], "para_index": 80, "content": "Conversely, specifying a given kanji, or spelling out a kanji word\u2014whether the pronunciation is known or not\u2014can be complicated, due to the fact that there is not a commonly used standard way to refer to individual kanji (one does not refer to \"kanji #237\"), and that a given reading does not map to a single kanji\u2014indeed there are many homophonous words, not simply individual characters, particularly for kango (with on'yomi). Easiest is to write the word out\u2014either on paper or tracing it in the air\u2014or look it up (given the pronunciation) in a dictionary, particularly an electronic dictionary; when this is not possible, such as when speaking over the phone or writing implements are not available (and tracing in air is too complicated), various techniques can be used. These include giving kun'yomi for characters\u2014these are often unique\u2014using a well-known word with the same character (and preferably the same pronunciation and meaning), and describing the character via its components. For example, one may explain how to spell the word k\u014dshinry\u014d (\u9999\u8f9b\u6599, spice) via the words kao-ri (\u9999\u308a, fragrance), kara-i (\u8f9b\u3044, spicy), and in-ry\u014d (\u98f2\u6599, beverage)\u2014the first two use the kun'yomi, the third is a well-known compound\u2014saying \"kaori, karai, ry\u014d as in inry\u014d.\"" }, "African Americans-104": { "title": "African Americans", "section": "Culture", "headers": [ "Religion" ], "para_index": 104, "content": "According to a 2007 survey, more than half of the African-American population are part of the historically black churches. The largest Protestant denomination among African Americans are the Baptists, distributed mainly in four denominations, the largest being the National Baptist Convention, USA and the National Baptist Convention of America. The second largest are the Methodists, the largest denominations are the African Methodist Episcopal Church and the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church." }, "Rock (geology)-1": { "title": "Rock (geology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A rock is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition and the way in which it is formed. Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust." }, "Historical fiction-3": { "title": "Historical fiction", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Works of historical fiction are sometimes criticized for lack of authenticity because of readerly criticism or genre expectations for accurate period details. This tension between historical authenticity, or historicity, and fiction frequently becomes a point of comment for readers and popular critics, while scholarly criticism frequently goes beyond this commentary, investigating the genre for its other thematic and critical interests." }, "Metrication in the United Kingdom-70": { "title": "Metrication in the United Kingdom", "section": "Current usage", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 70, "content": "In its final report [1980], the Metrication Board wrote \"Today metric units are used in many important areas of British life \u2013 including education; agriculture; construction; industrial materials; much of manufacturing; the wholesaling of petrol, milk, cheese and textiles; fatstock markets and many port fish auctions, nearly all the principal prepacked foods; posts and telecommunications: most freight and customs tariffs; all new and revised Ordnance Survey maps; and athletics. Nevertheless, taken as a whole, Britain is far from being wholly metric.\" The report major identified areas that had not yet been metricated as being the retail petrol trade [metricated in 1984], retail sale of loose goods [metricated in 2000] and roads signs [not metricated]." }, "Pacific Ocean-1": { "title": "Pacific Ocean", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south and is bounded by the continents of Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east." }, "Lynx-3": { "title": "Lynx", "section": "Appearance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Lynx have a short tail, characteristic tufts of black hair on the tips of their ears, large, padded paws for walking on snow and long whiskers on the face. Under their neck they have a ruff which has black bars resembling a bow tie, although this is often not visible." }, "Cinnamon-2": { "title": "Cinnamon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The term \"cinnamon\" also is used to describe its mid-brown colour. Cinnamon is the name for several species of trees and the commercial spice products that some of them produce. All are members of the genus Cinnamomum in the family Lauraceae. Only a few Cinnamomum species are grown commercially for spice. Cinnamomum verum is sometimes considered to be \"true cinnamon\", but most cinnamon in international commerce is derived from the related species Cinnamomum cassia, also referred to as \"cassia\". In 2016, Indonesia and China produced 75% of the world's supply of cinnamon." }, "Chris Christie-4": { "title": "Chris Christie", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Christie chaired the Republican Governors Association during the 2014 election cycle. On June 30, 2015, he announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election. He suspended his candidacy on February 10, 2016. Later, he endorsed eventual winner Donald Trump and was named head of Trump's transition planning team. Christie left office in 2018 at the conclusion of his second term as Governor of New Jersey." }, "Hypothermia-5": { "title": "Hypothermia", "section": "Classification", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Hypothermia is often defined as any body temperature below 35.0\u00a0\u00b0C (95.0\u00a0\u00b0F). With this method it is divided into degrees of severity based on the core temperature." }, "Parkinson's disease-1": { "title": "Parkinson's disease", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Parkinson's disease (PD), or simply Parkinson's, is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system. As the disease worsens, non-motor symptoms become more common. The symptoms usually emerge slowly. Early in the disease, the most obvious symptoms are shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement, and difficulty with walking. Thinking and behavioral problems may also occur. Dementia becomes common in the advanced stages of the disease. Depression and anxiety are also common, occurring in more than a third of people with PD. Other symptoms include sensory, sleep, and emotional problems. The main motor symptoms are collectively called \"parkinsonism\", or a \"parkinsonian syndrome\"." }, "Driving test-1": { "title": "Driving test", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A driving test (also known as a driving exam, driver's test, or road test) is a procedure designed to test a person's ability to drive a motor vehicle. It exists in various forms worldwide, and is often a requirement to obtain a driver's license. A driving test generally consists of one or two parts: the practical test, called a road test, used to assess a person's driving ability under normal operating conditions, and/or a written or oral test (theory test) to confirm a person's knowledge of driving and relevant rules and laws." }, "Cactus-77": { "title": "Cactus", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "Watering" ], "para_index": 77, "content": "Semi-desert cacti need careful watering. General advice is hard to give, since the frequency of watering required depends on where the cacti are being grown, the nature of the growing medium, and the original habitat of the cacti. Brown says that more cacti are lost through the \"untimely application of water than for any other reason\" and that even during the dormant winter season, cacti need some water. Other sources say that water can be withheld during winter (November to March in the Northern Hemisphere). Another issue is the hardness of the water; where it is necessary to use hard water, regular re-potting is recommended to avoid the build up of salts. The general advice given is that during the growing season, cacti should be allowed to dry out between thorough waterings. A water meter can help in determining when the soil is dry." }, "Van Morrison-1": { "title": "Van Morrison", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sir George Ivan \"Van\" Morrison OBE (born 31 August 1945) is a Northern Irish singer-songwriter, instrumentalist and record producer. His professional career began as a teenager in the late 1950s, playing a variety of instruments including guitar, harmonica, keyboards and saxophone for various Irish showbands, covering the popular hits of that time. Van Morrison rose to prominence in the mid-1960s as the lead singer of the Northern Irish R&B band, Them, with whom he recorded the garage band classic \"Gloria\". His solo career began in 1967, under the pop-hit orientated guidance of Bert Berns with the release of the hit single \"Brown Eyed Girl\". After Berns's death, Warner Bros. Records bought out his contract and allowed him three sessions to record Astral Weeks (1968). Though this album gradually garnered high praise, it was initially a poor seller." }, "Night monkey-9": { "title": "Night monkey", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "Reproduction" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In night monkeys, mating occurs infrequently, however females are fertile year-round, with reproductive cycles range from 13\u201325 days. The gestation period for night monkey is approximately 117\u2013 159 days but varies from species to species. Birthing season extends from September to March and is species dependant, with one offspring being produced per year; however, in studied conducted in captivity, twins were observed. Night monkeys reach puberty at a relatively young age, between 7\u2013 11 months and most species attain full sexual maturity by the age of 2 years of age. A. azare represents an exception reaching sexual maturity by the age of 4." }, "Washington Irving-1": { "title": "Washington Irving", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 \u2013 November 28, 1859) was an American short-story writer, essayist, biographer, historian, and diplomat of the early 19th century. He is best known for his short stories \"Rip Van Winkle\" (1819) and \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" (1820), both of which appear in his collection The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. His historical works include biographies of Oliver Goldsmith, Muhammad and George Washington, as well as several histories of 15th-century Spain that deal with subjects such as Alhambra, Christopher Columbus and the Moors." }, "Anchovy-1": { "title": "Anchovy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An anchovy is a small, common forage fish of the family Engraulidae. Most species are found in marine waters, but several will enter brackish water and some in South America are restricted to fresh water." }, "Kiln-1": { "title": "Kiln", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A kiln is a thermally insulated chamber, a type of oven, that produces temperatures sufficient to complete some process, such as hardening, drying, or chemical changes. Kilns have been used for millennia to turn objects made from clay into pottery, tiles and bricks. Various industries use rotary kilns for pyroprocessing\u2014to calcinate ores, to calcinate limestone to lime for cement, and to transform many other materials." }, "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart-50": { "title": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "Later years", "Final illness and death" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "Mozart died in his home on 5 December 1791(1791-12-05) (aged\u00a035) at 12:55 am. The New Grove describes his funeral:" }, "Game (hunting)-5": { "title": "Game (hunting)", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Wild game meat (usually considered to include animals harvested from game reserves) is generally considered to be superior in nutrient density and usually has lower fat content than meat procured through contemporary farming methods, while the cost in time and money to procure wild game is much higher." }, "Disneyland-4": { "title": "Disneyland", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Disneyland has a larger cumulative attendance than any other theme park in the world, with 726 million visits since it opened (as of December 2018). In 2018, the park had approximately 18.6 million visits, making it the second most visited amusement park in the world that year, behind only Magic Kingdom, the very park it inspired. According to a March 2005 Disney report, 65,700 jobs are supported by the Disneyland Resort, including about 20,000 direct Disney employees and 3,800 third-party employees (independent contractors or their employees). Disney announced \"Project Stardust\" in 2019, which included major structural renovations to the park to account for higher attendance numbers." }, "MP3-1": { "title": "MP3", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "MP3 (formally MPEG-1 Audio Layer III or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III) is a coding format for digital audio. Originally defined as the third audio format of the MPEG-1 standard, it was retained and further extended\u2014defining additional bit-rates and support for more audio channels\u2014as the third audio format of the subsequent MPEG-2 standard. A third version, known as MPEG 2.5\u2014extended to better support lower bit rates\u2014is commonly implemented, but is not a recognized standard." }, "Google Search-16": { "title": "Google Search", "section": "Performing a search", "headers": [ "Search syntax", "Query expansion" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "OR \u2013 Search for webpages containing one of two similar queries, such as marathon OR race - (minus sign) \u2013 Exclude a word or a phrase, such as \"apple -tree\" searches where word \"tree\" is not used \"\" \u2013 Force inclusion of a word or a phrase, such as \"tallest building\" * \u2013 Placeholder symbol allowing for any substitute words in the context of the query, such as \"largest * in the world\" .. \u2013 Search within a range of numbers, such as \"camera $50..$100\" site: \u2013 Search within a specific website, such as \"site:youtube.com\" define: \u2013 See a definition of a word, such as \"define:phrase\" stocks: \u2013 See the stock price of investments, such as \"stocks:googl\" related: \u2013 Find webpages related to specific URL addresses, such as \"related:www.wikipedia.org\" cache: \u2013 Highlights the search-words within the cached pages, such as \"cache:www.google.com xxx\" shows cached content with word \"xxx\" highlighted. @ \u2013 Search for a specific word on social media networks, such as \"@twitter\" Google applies query expansion to submitted search queries, using techniques to deliver results that it considers \"smarter\" than the query users actually submitted. This technique involves several steps, including:" }, "Photic zone-5": { "title": "Photic zone", "section": "Photic zone depth", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The depth is, roughly, where radiation is degraded down to 1% of its surface strength. Accordingly, its thickness depends on the extent of light attenuation in the water column. As incoming light at the surface can vary widely, this says little about the net growth of phytoplankton. Typical euphotic depths vary from only a few centimetres in highly turbid eutrophic lakes, to around 200 meters in the open ocean. It also varies with seasonal changes in turbidity, which can be strongly driven by phytoplankton concentrations, such that the depth of the photic zone often decreases as primary production increases. Moreover, the respiration rate is actually greater than the photosynthesis rate. The reason why phytoplankton production is so important is because it plays a prominent role when interwoven with other food webs." }, "Carnation Revolution-7": { "title": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Although PIDE (the Estado Novo's political police) killed four people before surrendering, the revolution was unusual because the revolutionaries did not use violence to achieve their goals. Holding red carnations (Portuguese: cravos), many people joined revolutionary soldiers on the streets of Lisbon in apparent joy and audible euphoria. Red is the colour of socialism and communism, the ideological tendencies of many anti-Estado Novo insurgents. It was the end of the Estado Novo (the longest-lived authoritarian regime in Western Europe), and the dissolution of the Portuguese Empire. In the aftermath of the revolution, a new constitution was drafted, censorship was prohibited, free speech was permitted, political prisoners were released and the Portuguese overseas territories in sub-Saharan Africa were granted independence. East Timor was also offered independence, shortly before it was invaded by Indonesia." }, "Aristotle-69": { "title": "Aristotle", "section": "Influence", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 69, "content": "More than 2300 years after his death, Aristotle remains one of the most influential people who ever lived. He contributed to almost every field of human knowledge then in existence, and he was the founder of many new fields. According to the philosopher Bryan Magee, \"it is doubtful whether any human being has ever known as much as he did\". Among countless other achievements, Aristotle was the founder of formal logic, pioneered the study of zoology, and left every future scientist and philosopher in his debt through his contributions to the scientific method. Taneli Kukkonen, writing in The Classical Tradition, observes that his achievement in founding two sciences is unmatched, and his reach in influencing \"every branch of intellectual enterprise\" including Western ethical and political theory, theology, rhetoric and literary analysis is equally long. As a result, Kukkonen argues, any analysis of reality today \"will almost certainly carry Aristotelian overtones ... evidence of an exceptionally forceful mind.\" Jonathan Barnes wrote that \"an account of Aristotle's intellectual afterlife would be little less than a history of European thought\"." }, "Pickling-38": { "title": "Pickling", "section": "Process", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "In commercial pickling, a preservative such as sodium benzoate or EDTA may also be added to enhance shelf life. In fermentation pickling, the food itself produces the preservation agent, typically by a process involving Lactobacillus bacteria that produce lactic acid as the preservative agent." }, "History of Brahmin diet-7": { "title": "History of Brahmin diet", "section": "Practitioners' views on Brahmin vegetarianism", "headers": [ "The non-influence" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Vegetarianism is generally true for the pancha-dravida brahmins like Iyers, Iyengars, Namboothiris, Telugu Brahmins of all sub-sects, Kannada Brahmins, Maharashtra, Gujarati, and Rajasthani Brahmins. It is not as generally true for the pancha-gauda brahmins of North and East India. It is well known that the Bengali Brahmins are meat eaters. While the Brahmins of the Ganga, Yamuna belt west of Bengal are generally vegetarians, we do see exceptions. Kashmiri Brahmins are said to be meat eaters." }, "Limestone-2": { "title": "Limestone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "About 10% of sedimentary rocks are limestones. The solubility of limestone in water and weak acid solutions leads to karst landscapes, in which water erodes the limestone over thousands to millions of years. Most cave systems are through limestone bedrock." }, "Incantation-1": { "title": "Incantation", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An incantation, a spell, a charm, an enchantment or a bewitchery, is a magical formula intended to trigger a magical effect on a person or objects. The formula can be spoken, sung or chanted. An incantation can also be performed during ceremonial rituals or prayers. In the world of magic, incantations are said to be performed by wizards, witches, and fairies." }, "Isopoda-15": { "title": "Isopoda", "section": "Feeding and nutrition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Parasitic species are mostly external parasites of fish or crustaceans and feed on blood. The larvae of the Gnathiidae family and adult cymothoidids have piercing and sucking mouthparts and clawed limbs adapted for clinging onto their hosts. In general, isopod parasites have diverse lifestyles and include Cancricepon elegans, found in the gill chambers of crabs; Athelges tenuicaudis, attached to the abdomen of hermit crabs; Crinoniscus equitans living inside the barnacle Balanus perforatus; cyproniscids, living inside ostracods and free-living isopods; bopyrids, living in the gill chambers or on the carapace of shrimps and crabs and causing a characteristic bulge which is even recognisable in some fossil crustaceans; and entoniscidae living inside some species of crab and shrimp. Cymothoa exigua is a parasite of the spotted rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus in the Gulf of California; it causes the tongue of the fish to atrophy and takes its place in what is believed to be the first instance discovered of a parasite functionally replacing a host structure in animals." }, "Crustacean-1": { "title": "Crustacean", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Crustaceans (Crustacea /kr\u028c\u02c8ste\u026a\u0283\u0259/) form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimps, prawns, krill, woodlice, and barnacles." }, "Golden Gate Bridge-36": { "title": "Golden Gate Bridge", "section": "Traffic", "headers": [ "Usage and tourism" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Play media The bridge is popular with pedestrians and bicyclists, and was built with walkways on either side of the six vehicle traffic lanes. Initially, they were separated from the traffic lanes by only a metal curb, but railings between the walkways and the traffic lanes were added in 2003, primarily as a measure to prevent bicyclists from falling into the roadway." }, "Bob Marley-42": { "title": "Bob Marley", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Family" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Bob Marley married Alpharita Constantia \"Rita\" Anderson in Kingston, Jamaica, on 10 February 1966. Marley had many children: four with his wife Rita, two adopted from Rita's previous relationships, and several others with different women. The official Bob Marley website acknowledges 11 children." }, "Jack Dempsey-24": { "title": "Jack Dempsey", "section": "Early life and career", "headers": [ "Title defenses", "Jack Dempsey vs. Georges Carpentier" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Dempsey's next defending fight was against French WW I hero Georges Carpentier, a fighter popular on both sides of the Atlantic. The bout was promoted by Tex Rickard and George Bernard Shaw, who claimed that Carpentier was \"the greatest boxer in the world\"." }, "Paris-1": { "title": "Paris", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Paris (French pronunciation:\u00a0\u200b[pa\u0281i] (listen)) is the capital and most populous city of France, with a population of 2,148,271 residents (official estimate, 1 January 2020) in an area of 105 square kilometres (41 square miles). Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of Europe's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, science and arts. The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the \u00cele-de-France, or Paris Region, which has an estimated official 2020 population of 12,278,210, or about 18 percent of the population of France. The Paris Region had a GDP of \u20ac709 billion ($808 billion) in 2017. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018, Paris was the second most expensive city in the world, after Singapore, and ahead of Z\u00fcrich, Hong Kong, Oslo and Geneva. Another source ranked Paris as most expensive, on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong, in 2018." }, "Democratic Party (United States)-70": { "title": "Democratic Party (United States)", "section": "Political positions", "headers": [ "Social issues", "Abortion and reproductive rights" ], "para_index": 70, "content": "The Democratic Party believe that all women should have access to birth control and support public funding of contraception for poor women. In its national platforms from 1992 to 2004, the Democratic Party has called for abortion to be \"safe, legal and rare\"\u2014namely, keeping it legal by rejecting laws that allow governmental interference in abortion decisions and reducing the number of abortions by promoting both knowledge of reproduction and contraception and incentives for adoption. The wording changed in the 2008 platform. When Congress voted on the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act in 2003, Congressional Democrats were split, with a minority (including former Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid) supporting the ban and the majority of Democrats opposing the legislation." }, "Milk-118": { "title": "Milk", "section": "Varieties and brands", "headers": [ "Spoilage and fermented milk products" ], "para_index": 118, "content": "Pasteurization of cow's milk initially destroys any potential pathogens and increases the shelf life, but eventually results in spoilage that makes it unsuitable for consumption. This causes it to assume an unpleasant odor, and the milk is deemed non-consumable due to unpleasant taste and an increased risk of food poisoning. In raw milk, the presence of lactic acid-producing bacteria, under suitable conditions, ferments the lactose present to lactic acid. The increasing acidity in turn prevents the growth of other organisms, or slows their growth significantly. During pasteurization, however, these lactic acid bacteria are mostly destroyed." }, "Christopher Columbus-2": { "title": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Columbus's early life is somewhat obscure, but scholars generally agree that he was born in the Republic of Genoa and spoke a dialect of Ligurian as his first language. He went to sea at a young age and travelled widely, as far north as the British Isles (and possibly Iceland) and as far south as what is now Ghana. He married Portuguese noblewoman Filipa Moniz Perestrelo and was based in Lisbon for several years, but later took a Castilian mistress; he had one son with each woman. Though largely self-educated, Columbus was widely read in geography, astronomy, and history. He formulated a plan to seek a western sea passage to the East Indies, hoping to profit from the lucrative spice trade. Following persistent lobbying, Queen Isabella I and King Ferdinand II agreed to sponsor a journey west, in the name of the Crown of Castile. Columbus left Castile in August 1492 with three ships, and after a stopover in the Canary Islands made landfall in the Americas on 12 October (later celebrated as Columbus Day). His landing place was an island in the Bahamas, known by its native inhabitants as Guanahani; its exact location is uncertain. Columbus subsequently visited the islands now known as Cuba and Hispaniola, establishing a colony in what is now Haiti\u2014the first European settlement in the Americas since the Norse colonies nearly 500 years earlier. He arrived back in Castile in early 1493, bringing a number of captive natives with him. Word of his voyages soon spread throughout Europe." }, "Mars-1": { "title": "Mars", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System after Mercury. In English, Mars carries the name of the Roman god of war and is often referred to as the 'Red Planet'. The latter refers to the effect of the iron oxide prevalent on Mars' surface, which gives it a reddish appearance distinctive among the astronomical bodies visible to the naked eye. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere, with surface features reminiscent of the impact craters of the Moon and the valleys, deserts and polar ice caps of Earth." }, "Moon shrimp cake-1": { "title": "Moon shrimp cake", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Thai-style moon shrimp cake or yueliang xiabing (simplified Chinese: \u6708\u4eae\u867e\u997c; traditional Chinese: \u6708\u4eae\u8766\u9905; pinyin: yu\u00e8li\u00e0ng xi\u0101b\u01d0ng) is a popular Taiwanese xiaochi. Despite its name, it originates from Taiwan rather than Thailand. Shrimp, garlic, and pork fat are pounded then spread on a circular spring roll wrapper. Another wrapper is placed over top and the cake is panfried and served with sweet chili sauce. The name is said to derive from the shape of the cake that results, like a golden full moon." }, "Jay Thomas-8": { "title": "Jay Thomas", "section": "Letterman appearances", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "While stuck in traffic, with Moore sitting quietly in the back seat, an impatient middle-aged man backs his full-sized Buick into the front end of Thomas' compact Volvo breaking one of his headlights, and then drives off. An angry Thomas chases the Buick through heavy traffic, forgetting all about Moore still sitting in his back seat. When Thomas finally catches up to the man and confronts him about the broken headlight, the indignant driver denies all. When Thomas threatens to call police, the man claims no one will believe \"two hippie freaks\"; at that moment, Moore, still in costume as the Lone Ranger, steps out of the car and says to the man, \"They'll believe me, citizen!\" The man, incredulous, exclaims \"I didn't know it was you!\"" }, "Heath Ledger-22": { "title": "Heath Ledger", "section": "Health problems and drug use", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Prior to his return to New York from his last film assignment, in London, in January 2008, while he was apparently suffering from some kind of respiratory illness, he reportedly complained to his co-star from The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus, Christopher Plummer, that he was continuing to have difficulty sleeping and taking pills to help with that problem: \"Confirming earlier reports that Ledger hadn't been feeling well on set, Plummer says, 'we all caught colds because we were shooting outside on horrible, damp nights. But Heath's went on and I don't think he dealt with it immediately with the antibiotics.... I think what he did have was the walking pneumonia.' [...] On top of that, 'He was saying all the time, 'dammit, I can't sleep'... and he was taking all these pills to help him'\"." }, "Snoop Dogg-87": { "title": "Snoop Dogg", "section": "Business ventures and investments", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 87, "content": "In April 2015, Broadus became a minority investor in his first investment venture Eaze, a California-based weed delivery startup that promises to deliver medical marijuana to persons' doorsteps in less than 10 minutes." }, "Density-12": { "title": "Density", "section": "Measurement of density", "headers": [ "Homogeneous materials" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "The density at all points of a homogeneous object equals its total mass divided by its total volume. The mass is normally measured with a scale or balance; the volume may be measured directly (from the geometry of the object) or by the displacement of a fluid. To determine the density of a liquid or a gas, a hydrometer, a dasymeter or a Coriolis flow meter may be used, respectively. Similarly, hydrostatic weighing uses the displacement of water due to a submerged object to determine the density of the object." }, "Bornean orangutan-26": { "title": "Bornean orangutan", "section": "Conservation status", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "The Bornean orangutan is critically endangered according to the IUCN Red List of mammals, and is listed on Appendix I of CITES. The total number of Bornean orangutans is estimated to be less than 14% of what it was in the recent past (from around 10,000 years ago until the middle of the 20th century), and this sharp decline has occurred mostly over the past few decades due to human activities and development. Species distribution is now highly patchy throughout Borneo; it is apparently absent or uncommon in the southeast of the island, as well as in the forests between the Rajang River in central Sarawak and the Padas River in western Sabah (including the Sultanate of Brunei). A population of around 6,900 is found in Sabangau National Park, but this environment is at risk. According to an anthropologist at Harvard University, in 10 to 20 years, orangutans are expected to be extinct in the wild if no serious effort is made to overcome the threats they are facing." }, "Christianity-1": { "title": "Christianity", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. Its adherents, known as Christians, believe that Jesus is the Christ, whose coming as the messiah was prophesied in the Hebrew Bible, called the Old Testament in Christianity, and chronicled in the New Testament. It is the world's largest religion with about 2.4 billion followers." }, "Elsa (Frozen)-26": { "title": "Elsa (Frozen)", "section": "Appearances", "headers": [ "Films", "Frozen" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Elsa, princess of Arendelle and heiress to the throne, is born with the ability to create and control ice and snow. As a child, she uses her abilities to create a winter wonderland to play in with her younger sister and best friend, Princess Anna. One night, Elsa accidentally harms Anna with her powers. The king and queen of Arendelle hurriedly take Anna to a tribe of mountain trolls to be healed. While healing Anna, the trolls inform the royals present that Elsa's abilities will grow, becoming both beautiful and very dangerous so she must learn to control them. While the trolls erase Anna's memory of the incident and of her elder sister's powers in general, Elsa is traumatized by the event. The king and queen take steps to control and hide Elsa's ice powers: the castle gates are locked, Elsa is shut away in her bedroom for most of the time, she is given gloves to help suppress her powers and is told to hold in her emotions as well. Nonetheless her powers continue to grow even stronger and so she becomes terrified of harming those she cares about most. Meanwhile, her sister Anna is less happy and confused by the loss of contact with her elder sister and tries, without success, to coax her out of her room. When the sisters grow into teenagers, the ship in which the king and queen are sailing is capsized in a storm and they drown, leaving Anna and Elsa feeling even more lonely." }, "Macbeth-32": { "title": "Macbeth", "section": "Date and text", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "The play is not considered to have been written any later than 1607, since, as Kermode notes, there are \"fairly clear allusions to the play in 1607.\" One notable reference is in Francis Beaumont's Knight of the Burning Pestle, first performed in 1607. The following lines (Act V, Scene 1, 24\u201330) are, according to scholars, a clear allusion to the scene in which Banquo's ghost haunts Macbeth at the dinner table:" }, "Hair loss-4": { "title": "Hair loss", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Treatment of pattern hair loss may simply involve accepting the condition. Interventions that can be tried include the medications minoxidil (or finasteride) and hair transplant surgery. Alopecia areata may be treated by steroid injections in the affected area, but these need to be frequently repeated to be effective. Hair loss is a common problem. Pattern hair loss by age 50 affects about half of men and a quarter of women. About 2% of people develop alopecia areata at some point in time." }, "Adultery-1": { "title": "Adultery", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Adultery (from Latin adulterium) is extramarital sex that is considered objectionable on social, religious, moral, or legal grounds. Although the sexual activities that constitute adultery vary, as well as the social, religious, and legal consequences, the concept exists in many cultures and is similar in Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. A single act of sexual intercourse is generally sufficient to constitute adultery, and a more long-term sexual relationship is sometimes referred to as an affair." }, "Hammerstein Ballroom-1": { "title": "Hammerstein Ballroom", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Hammerstein Ballroom is a 12,000-square-foot (1,100\u00a0m2) ballroom located within the Manhattan Center at 311 West 34th Street in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The capacity of the ballroom is dependent on the configuration of the room; it seats 2,500 people for theatrical productions and musical performances, and several thousand for events held within a central ring. The floor of the ballroom is flat. The two main balconies \u2013 which are unusually close to the ground and gently sloped \u2013 seat a total of 1,200. The third balcony has been stripped of seats and is not used." }, "The Godfather-3": { "title": "The Godfather", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Godfather premiered at the Loew's State Theatre on March 14, 1972, and was released wider in the United States on March 24, 1972. It was the highest-grossing film of 1972, and was for a time the highest-grossing film ever made, with a gross between $246 million and $287 million at the box office. The film received universal acclaim from critics and audiences, with praise going toward the performances of its cast, particularly by Brando and Pacino, the directing, screenplay, cinematography, editing, score, and portrayal of the mafia. The film revitalized Brando's career, which was in decline during the 1960s. In addition to starring in films such as Last Tango in Paris, Superman, and Apocalypse Now, Brando was a catalyst in this film for the successful careers of Coppola, Pacino, and other relative newcomers in the cast. At the 45th Academy Awards, the film won the Oscars for Best Picture, Best Actor (Brando), and Best Adapted Screenplay (for Puzo and Coppola). In addition, the seven other Oscar nominations included Pacino, Caan, and Duvall for Best Supporting Actor, and Coppola for Best Director." }, "Medicare Advantage-26": { "title": "Medicare Advantage", "section": "Usage", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Although the number of people using public Part C of Medicare has grown dramatically from almost zero since 1998 and is projected to grow dramatically, there are four groups in particular that tend to stick with Medicare Parts A and/or B only and then add a private arrangement. First, it is increasingly common for people to continue to work after joining Medicare at age 65, and they use both Medicare Parts A and/or B (often just Part A) and employer sponsored insurance, and delay deciding between FFS Medicare and capitated-fee Medicare until the employer sponsored insurance is no longer available. Second, many retired people -- particularly people over age 75 or former government employees -- receive group insurance as a benefit of their former employment and these group policies tend not to be Part C plans (although that is changing). Third, people who live in two different geographical areas of the country at different times of the year (mostly so-called snowbirds) find it difficult to live with the geographic restrictions of most public Part C plans. Fourth, sicker people and people with higher medical expenditures are more likely to switch from Medicare Advantage plans to Medicare Parts A and B only, a statistic primarily driven by people on Medicaid in custodial care at nursing homes; people on both Medicare and Medicaid no longer have need of any Medicare supplement, either a public Part C plan or a private Medigap or group retirement plan. The Part C risk adjusted payments to Medicare Advantage plans are designed to limit this churn between types of Medicare (managed vs. FFS), but it is unclear how effective that equalization program is." }, "Dorton Arena-1": { "title": "Dorton Arena", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "J. S. Dorton Arena is a 7,610-seat multi-purpose arena located in Raleigh, North Carolina, on the grounds of the North Carolina State Fair. It opened in 1952." }, "Nancy Pelosi-12": { "title": "Nancy Pelosi", "section": "U.S. House of Representatives", "headers": [ "Committee assignments" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In the House, she served on the Appropriations and Intelligence Committees and was the ranking Democrat on the Intelligence Committee until her election as minority leader." }, "Scarsdale diet-2": { "title": "Scarsdale diet", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The diet is similar to the Atkins Diet and Stillman diet in calling for high protein, low fat and low carbohydrates, but also emphasizes fruits and vegetables. The diet restricts certain foods but allows an unrestricted amount of animal protein, especially eggs, fish, lean meats and poultry. On Sunday the diet recommended \"plenty of steak\" with tomatoes, celery or brussels sprouts. The Scarsdale diet is low-calorie, 1,000 calories per day and lasts between seven and fourteen days." }, "Martin Luther-88": { "title": "Martin Luther", "section": "On the soul after death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 88, "content": "The Lutheran theologian Franz Pieper observed that Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard. Lessing (1755) had earlier reached the same conclusion in his analysis of Lutheran orthodoxy on this issue." }, "Paralympic Games-40": { "title": "Paralympic Games", "section": "Classification", "headers": [ "Categories" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "The IPC has established ten disability categories, including physical, visual, and intellectual impairment. Athletes with one of these disabilities can compete in the Paralympics though not every sport can allow for every disability category. These categories apply to both Summer and Winter Paralympics." }, "Flying fish-6": { "title": "Flying fish", "section": "Distribution and description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Subfamily Exocoetinae Risso, 1827 Genus Exocoetus Linnaeus, 1758 Subfamily Fodiatorinae Fowler, 1925 Genus Fodiator D.S. Jordan & Meek, 1885 Subfamily Parexocoetinae Bruun, 1935 Genus Parexocoetus Bleeker, 1865 Subfamily Cypsellurinae Hubbs, 1933 Genus Cheilopogon Lowe, 1841 Genus Cypselurus Swainson, 1838 Genus Hirundichthys Breder, 1928 Genus Prognichthys Breder, 1928 Flying fish live in all of the oceans, particularly in tropical and warm subtropical waters. They are commonly found in the epipelagic zone, the top layer of the ocean to a depth of about 200 m (656 ft)." }, "Christina Aguilera-2": { "title": "Christina Aguilera", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Born in Staten Island of New York City and raised in Pennsylvania, Aguilera appeared on television shows in her early years, before gaining a recording contract with RCA Records in 1998. Her self-titled debut album, released in 1999, reached number one in the US and spawned three US number-one singles: \"Genie in a Bottle\", \"What a Girl Wants\", and \"Come On Over Baby (All I Want Is You)\". While recognized as a prominent figure in the contemporary teen pop scene, Aguilera sought to assume artistic control with Stripped (2002) and its lead single \"Dirrty\", which displayed her sexually emancipated persona and generated considerable controversy. The second single from the album, \"Beautiful\", received favorable response for its empowering lyrics and became an anthem for the LGBT community." }, "Wool-7": { "title": "Wool", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The amount of crimp corresponds to the fineness of the wool fibers. A fine wool like Merino may have up to 40 crimps per centimetre (100 crimps per inch), while coarser wool like karakul may have less than one (one or two crimps per inch). In contrast, hair has little if any scale and no crimp, and little ability to bind into yarn. On sheep, the hair part of the fleece is called kemp. The relative amounts of kemp to wool vary from breed to breed and make some fleeces more desirable for spinning, felting, or carding into batts for quilts or other insulating products, including the famous tweed cloth of Scotland." }, "Bubonic plague-21": { "title": "Bubonic plague", "section": "History", "headers": [ "First pandemic" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "The first recorded epidemic affected the Sassanian Empire and their arch-rivals, the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and was named the Plague of Justinian after emperor Justinian I, who was infected but survived through extensive treatment. The pandemic resulted in the deaths of an estimated 25 million (6th century outbreak) to 50\u00a0million people (two centuries of recurrence). The historian Procopius wrote, in Volume II of History of the Wars, of his personal encounter with the plague and the effect it had on the rising empire. In the spring of 542, the plague arrived in Constantinople, working its way from port city to port city and spreading around the Mediterranean Sea, later migrating inland eastward into Asia Minor and west into Greece and Italy. Because the infectious disease spread inland by the transferring of merchandise through Justinian's efforts in acquiring luxurious goods of the time and exporting supplies, his capital became the leading exporter of the bubonic plague. Procopius, in his work Secret History, declared that Justinian was a demon of an emperor who either created the plague himself or was being punished for his sinfulness." }, "Jet engine-2": { "title": "Jet engine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Airbreathing jet engines typically feature a rotating air compressor powered by a turbine, with the leftover power providing thrust through the propelling nozzle \u2013 this process is known as the Brayton thermodynamic cycle. Jet aircraft use such engines for long-distance travel. Early jet aircraft used turbojet engines that were relatively inefficient for subsonic flight. Most modern subsonic jet aircraft use more complex high-bypass turbofan engines. They give higher speed and greater fuel efficiency than piston and propeller aeroengines over long distances. A few air-breathing engines made for high speed applications (ramjets and scramjets) use the ram effect of the vehicle's speed instead of a mechanical compressor." }, "Two-party system-4": { "title": "Two-party system", "section": "Examples", "headers": [ "Commonwealth countries" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Generally, a two-party system becomes a dichotomous division of the political spectrum with an ostensibly right-wing and left-wing party: the Nationalist Party vs. the Labour Party in Malta, Liberal/National Coalition vs. Labor in Australia, Republicans vs. Democrats in the United States and the Conservative Party vs. the Labour Party in the United Kingdom." }, "Lego Star Wars-1": { "title": "Lego Star Wars", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lego Star Wars is a Lego theme that incorporates the Star Wars saga and franchise. Originally it was only licensed from 1999 to 2008, but the Lego Group extended the license with Lucasfilm Ltd., first until 2011, then until 2016, then again until 2022." }, "Secondary school-1": { "title": "Secondary school", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A secondary school is an organization that provides secondary education and the building where this takes place. Some secondary schools provide both lower secondary education and upper secondary education (levels 2 and 3 of the ISCED scale), but these can also be provided in separate schools, as in the American middle and high school system." }, "Manta ray-2": { "title": "Manta ray", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Mantas are found in warm temperate, subtropical and tropical waters. Both species are pelagic; M. birostris migrates across open oceans, singly or in groups, while M. alfredi tends to be resident and coastal. They are filter feeders and eat large quantities of zooplankton, which they gather with their open mouths as they swim. However, research suggests that the majority of their diet (73%) actually comes from mesopelagic sources. Gestation lasts over a year and mantas give birth to live pups. Mantas may visit cleaning stations for the removal of parasites. Like whales, they breach for unknown reasons." }, "Go (game)-1": { "title": "Go (game)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Go is an abstract strategy board game for two players, in which the aim is to surround more territory than the opponent. The game was invented in China more than 2,500 years ago and is believed to be the oldest board game continuously played to the present day." }, "Law & Order-2": { "title": "Law & Order", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Set and filmed in New York City, the series follows a two-part approach: the first half-hour is the investigation of a crime (usually murder) and apprehension of a suspect by New York City Police Department detectives; the second half is the prosecution of the defendant by the Manhattan District Attorney's Office. Plots are often based on real cases that recently made headlines, although the motivation for the crime and the perpetrator may be different." }, "Ron Perlman-5": { "title": "Ron Perlman", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Film and television" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Perlman started his career as a stage actor, appearing in various productions, and made his feature film debut in Jean-Jacques Annaud's film Quest for Fire (1981). Annaud later revealed that when he contacted Perlman to ask him about playing Salvatore in The Name of the Rose (1986), Perlman was thinking of abandoning his career. After various minor and supporting roles in films and television series, his breakthrough role came when he played Vincent on the television series Beauty and the Beast, opposite Linda Hamilton from 1987 to 1990. This earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series in 1989." }, "Mason bee-5": { "title": "Mason bee", "section": "Life cycle", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Unlike honey bees (Apis) or bumblebees, Osmia species are solitary; every female is fertile and makes her own nest, and no worker bees for these species exist." }, "Lord Voldemort-5": { "title": "Lord Voldemort", "section": "Character development", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Throughout the series, Rowling establishes that Voldemort is so feared in the wizarding world that it is considered dangerous even to speak his name. Most characters in the novels refer to him as \"You-Know-Who\" or \"He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named\" rather than say his name aloud. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, a \"taboo\" spell is placed upon the name, such that Voldemort or his followers may trace anyone who utters it. By this means, his followers eventually find and capture Harry and his friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. In the second book, Rowling reveals that I am Lord Voldemort is an anagram of the character's birth name, Tom Marvolo Riddle. According to the author, Voldemort's name is an invented word. Some literary analysts have considered possible meanings in the name: Philip Nel believes that Voldemort is derived from the French for \"flight of death\", and in a 2002 paper, Nilsen and Nilsen suggest that readers get a \"creepy feeling\" from the name Voldemort, because of the French word \"mort\" (\"death\") within it and that word's association with cognate English words derived from the Latin mors." }, "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)-7": { "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Eighteen months later, the United States spacecraft Discovery One is bound for Jupiter. On board are mission pilots and scientists Dr. David Bowman and Dr. Frank Poole, along with three other scientists in suspended animation. Most of Discovery's operations are controlled by \"Hal\", a HAL 9000 computer with a human personality. A conversation between Hal and Bowman is interrupted when Hal reports the imminent failure of an antenna control device. The astronauts retrieve it in an extravehicular activity (EVA) pod but find nothing wrong. Hal suggests reinstalling the device and letting it fail so the problem can be verified. Mission Control advises the astronauts that results from their own computer indicate that Hal is in error about the device's imminent failure; Hal attributes the discrepancy to human error." }, "Quran-47": { "title": "Quran", "section": "Contents", "headers": [ "Prophets" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "According to the Quran, God communicated with man and made his will known through signs and revelations. Prophets, or 'Messengers of God', received revelations and delivered them to humanity. The message has been identical and for all humankind. \"Nothing is said to you that was not said to the messengers before you, that your lord has at his Command forgiveness as well as a most Grievous Penalty.\" The revelation does not come directly from God to the prophets. Angels acting as God's messengers deliver the divine revelation to them. This comes out in Quran 42:51, in which it is stated: \"It is not for any mortal that God should speak to them, except by revelation, or from behind a veil, or by sending a messenger to reveal by his permission whatsoever He will.\"" }, "Stanley Baldwin-5": { "title": "Stanley Baldwin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In 1935, Baldwin officially replaced MacDonald as prime minister, and won the 1935 general election with another large majority. During this time, he oversaw the beginning of the rearmament process of the British military, as well as the abdication crisis of King Edward VIII. Baldwin's third government saw a number of crises in foreign affairs, including the public uproar over the Hoare\u2013Laval Pact, the remilitarisation of the Rhineland and the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. Baldwin retired in 1937 and was succeeded by Neville Chamberlain. At that time, Baldwin was regarded as a popular and successful prime minister, but for the final decade of his life and for many years afterwards he was vilified for having presided over high unemployment in the 1930s and as one of the \"Guilty Men\" who had tried to appease Adolf Hitler and who had supposedly not rearmed sufficiently to prepare for the Second World War. Today, modern scholars generally rank him in the upper half of British prime ministers." }, "Ethylene glycol-1": { "title": "Ethylene glycol", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ethylene glycol (IUPAC name: ethane-1,2-diol) is an organic compound with the formula (CH2OH)2. It is mainly used for two purposes, as a raw material in the manufacture of polyester fibers and for antifreeze formulations. It is an odorless, colorless, sweet-tasting, viscous liquid." }, "The Walt Disney Company-2": { "title": "The Walt Disney Company", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Disney was originally founded on October 16, 1923, by brothers Walt and Roy O. Disney as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio; it also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and Walt Disney Productions before officially changing its name to The Walt Disney Company in 1986. The company established itself as a leader in the American animation industry before diversifying into live-action film production, television, and theme parks." }, "Solar eclipse of January 26, 1990-1": { "title": "Solar eclipse of January 26, 1990", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An annular solar eclipse occurred on January 26, 1990. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide." }, "Boolean algebra-1": { "title": "Boolean algebra", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In mathematics and mathematical logic, Boolean algebra is the branch of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0 respectively. Instead of elementary algebra where the values of the variables are numbers, and the prime operations are addition and multiplication, the main operations of Boolean algebra are the conjunction (and) denoted as \u2227, the disjunction (or) denoted as \u2228, and the negation (not) denoted as \u00ac. It is thus a formalism for describing logical operations in the same way that elementary algebra describes numerical operations." }, "Life expectancy-11": { "title": "Life expectancy", "section": "Human patterns", "headers": [ "Variation over time" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Public health measures are credited with much of the recent increase in life expectancy. During the 20th century, despite a brief drop due to the 1918 flu pandemic starting around that time the average lifespan in the United States increased by more than 30 years, of which 25 years can be attributed to advances in public health." }, "Tunguska event-1": { "title": "Tunguska event", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Tunguska event was a large explosion that occurred near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in Yeniseysk Governorate (now Krasnoyarsk Krai), Russia, on the morning of 30 June 1908 (NS). The explosion over the sparsely populated Eastern Siberian Taiga flattened an estimated 80\u00a0million trees over an area of 2,150\u00a0km2 (830\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) of forest, and eyewitness reports suggest that at least three people may have died in the event. The explosion is generally attributed to the air burst of a meteoroid. It is classified as an impact event, even though no impact crater has been found; the object is thought to have disintegrated at an altitude of 5 to 10 kilometres (3 to 6 miles) rather than to have hit the surface of the Earth." }, "International Space Station-90": { "title": "International Space Station", "section": "Onboard systems", "headers": [ "Life support", "Atmospheric control systems" ], "para_index": 90, "content": "The Elektron system aboard Zvezda and a similar system in Destiny generate oxygen aboard the station. The crew has a backup option in the form of bottled oxygen and Solid Fuel Oxygen Generation (SFOG) canisters, a chemical oxygen generator system. Carbon dioxide is removed from the air by the Vozdukh system in Zvezda. Other by-products of human metabolism, such as methane from the intestines and ammonia from sweat, are removed by activated charcoal filters." }, "Grey seal-7": { "title": "Grey seal", "section": "Ecology and distribution", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In the Western North Atlantic, the grey seal is typically found in large numbers in the coastal waters of Canada and south to Nantucket in the United States. In Canada, it is typically seen in areas such as the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, the Maritimes, and Quebec. The largest colony in the world is at Sable Island, NS. In the United States it is found year-round off the coast of New England, in particular Maine and Massachusetts. Archaeological evidence confirms grey seals in southern New England with remains found on Block Island, Martha's Vineyard and near the mouth of the Quinnipiac River in New Haven, Connecticut. Its natural range now extends much further south than previously recognised with confirmed sightings in North Carolina. Also, there is a report by Farley Mowat of historic breeding colonies as far south as Cape Hatteras, North Carolina." }, "Stew-1": { "title": "Stew", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A stew is a combination of solid food ingredients that have been cooked in liquid and served in the resultant gravy. Ingredients in a stew can include any combination of vegetables (such as carrots, potatoes, onions, beans, peppers, mushrooms, and tomatoes) and may include meat, especially tougher meats suitable for slow-cooking, such as beef. Poultry, sausages, and seafood are also used. While water can be used as the stew-cooking liquid, stock is also common. Seasoning and flavourings may also be added. Stews are typically cooked at a relatively low temperature (simmered, not boiled), allowing flavours to mingle." }, "Sesame-11": { "title": "Sesame", "section": "Botany", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Sesame seeds are small. Their sizes vary with the thousands of varieties known. Typically, the seeds are about 3 to 4\u00a0mm long by 2\u00a0mm wide and 1\u00a0mm thick. The seeds are ovate, slightly flattened, and somewhat thinner at the eye of the seed (hilum) than at the opposite end. The weight of the seeds is between 20 and 40\u00a0mg. The seed coat (testa) may be smooth or ribbed." }, "Stork-1": { "title": "Stork", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long, stout bills. They belong to the family called Ciconiidae, and make up the order Ciconiiformes. Ciconiiformes previously included a number of other families, such as herons and ibises, but those families have been moved to other orders." }, "Major depressive disorder-1": { "title": "Major depressive disorder", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known simply as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of low mood that is present across most situations. It is often accompanied by low self-esteem, loss of interest in normally enjoyable activities, low energy, and pain without a clear cause. Those affected may also occasionally have false beliefs or see or hear things that others cannot. Some people have periods of depression separated by years in which they are normal, while others nearly always have symptoms present. Major depressive disorder can negatively affect a person's personal life, work life, or education as well as sleeping, eating habits, and general health. About 2\u20138% of adults with major depression die by suicide, and about 50% of people who die by suicide had depression or another mood disorder." }, "Nicole Kidman-4": { "title": "Nicole Kidman", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Kidman has been a Goodwill ambassador for UNICEF since 1994 and for UNIFEM since 2006. In 2006, she was appointed Companion of the Order of Australia. Since she was born to Australian parents in Hawaii, Kidman has dual citizenship of Australia and the United States. In 2010, she founded the production company Blossom Films. She has been married to singer Keith Urban since 2006, and was earlier married to Tom Cruise." }, "Division (military)-1": { "title": "Division (military)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A division is a large military unit or formation, usually consisting of between 10,000 and 25,000 soldiers." }, "Giant squid-1": { "title": "Giant squid", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The giant squid (Architeuthis dux) is a species of deep-ocean dwelling squid in the family Architeuthidae. Giant squid can grow to a tremendous size, offering an example of deep-sea gigantism: recent estimates put the maximum size at 12\u00a0m (39\u00a0ft) or 13\u00a0m (43\u00a0ft) for females and 10\u00a0m (33\u00a0ft) for males from the posterior fins to the tip of the two long tentacles (longer than the colossal squid at an estimated 9\u201310\u00a0m (30\u201333\u00a0ft), but lighter, one of the largest living organisms). The mantle is about 2\u00a0m (6\u00a0ft 7\u00a0in) long (more for females, less for males), and the length of the squid excluding its tentacles (but including head and arms) rarely exceeds 5\u00a0m (16\u00a0ft). Claims of specimens measuring 20\u00a0m (66\u00a0ft) or more have not been scientifically documented." }, "Great Depression-1": { "title": "Great Depression", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied across the world; in most countries, it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. The Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how intensely the global economy can decline." }, "Eating disorder-1": { "title": "Eating disorder", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An eating disorder is a mental disorder defined by abnormal eating habits that negatively affect a person's physical or mental health. They include binge eating disorder, where people eat a large amount in a short period of time; anorexia nervosa, where people eat very little due to a fear of gaining weight and thus have a low body weight; bulimia nervosa, where people eat a lot and then try to rid themselves of the food; pica, where people eat non-food items; rumination syndrome, where people regurgitate food; avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), where people have a lack of interest in food; and a group of other specified feeding or eating disorders. Anxiety disorders, depression and substance abuse are common among people with eating disorders. These disorders do not include obesity." }, "Coronavirus-21": { "title": "Coronavirus", "section": "Microbiology", "headers": [ "Transmission" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Infected carriers are able to shed viruses into the environment. The interaction of the coronavirus spike protein with its complementary cell receptor is central in determining the tissue tropism, infectivity, and species range of the released virus. Coronaviruses mainly target epithelial cells. They are transmitted from one host to another host, depending on the coronavirus species, by either an aerosol, fomite, or fecal-oral route. Human coronaviruses infect the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, while animal coronaviruses generally infect the epithelial cells of the digestive tract. SARS coronavirus, for example, infects via an aerosol route, the human epithelial cells of the lungs by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) infects, via a fecal-oral route, the pig epithelial cells of the digestive tract by binding to the alanine aminopeptidase (APN) receptor." }, "Tenth Doctor-14": { "title": "Tenth Doctor", "section": "Appearances", "headers": [ "Television", "Spoofs" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "David Tennant has also made numerous cameo appearances as The Doctor outside of Doctor Who, frequently in spoof appearances. Singer and actress Charlotte Church spoofs Doctor Who alongside an actor playing the Tenth Doctor in her own The Charlotte Church Show (2006). In an appearance on The Friday Night Project in 2007, Tennant plays a female companion to the Tenth Doctor (Justin Lee Collins) on the Pink Planet, where they are confronted by the alien Gay Lord (Alan Carr). When the show became The Sunday Night Project, Catherine Tate appeared in a skit playing the Tenth Doctor. Tennant starred opposite Catherine Tate in her own The Catherine Tate Show special (2007) as Lauren Cooper's (Tate) teacher Mr. Logan, who Cooper teases for his resemblance to The Doctor; eventually, he reveals himself to be the Tenth Doctor and shrinks Cooper into a 5\" Rose Tyler action figure. In the final episode of Extras (December 2007), a brief scene shows The Doctor and an unidentified Wren companion attacked by Schlong, a slug-like alien played by Andy Millman (Ricky Gervais). The Tenth Doctor is also featured in political satire; in a 2007 episode of Dead Ringers, when faced by the question of Gordon Brown's succession, Tony Blair (impressionist Jon Culshaw) regenerates into David Tennant after promising \"New Labour is all about renewal\", later vowing 100 more years of power. Tennant modifies his first line in \"The Parting of the Ways\" (\"New teeth, that's weird\"), to \"New Labour, that's weird\" and proceeds to address the public in a Tony Blair impression resembling Culshaw's. Tennant also guest-voiced his incarnation of The Doctor in an episode of Family Guy (2016). He later played the role in full costume for a sketch with The Muppets in a live performance at The O2 Arena in 2018." }, "Gladiator-4": { "title": "Gladiator", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The gladiator games lasted for nearly a thousand years, reaching their peak between the 1st century BC and the 2nd century AD. The games finally declined during the early 5th century after the adoption of Christianity as state church of the Roman Empire in 380, although beast hunts (venationes) continued into the 6th century." }, "Trailer (vehicle)-4": { "title": "Trailer (vehicle)", "section": "United States", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In the United States trailers ranging in size from single-axle dollies to 6-axle, 13-foot-6-inch (4.11\u00a0m) high, 53-foot (16.15\u00a0m) long semi-trailers are commonplace. The latter, when towed as part of a tractor-trailer or \"18-wheeler\", carries a large percentage of the freight that travels over land in North America." }, "Olga Storozhenko-1": { "title": "Olga Storozhenko", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Olga Storozhenko (born 14 April 1992) is a Ukrainian actress, model, teacher and beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Ukraine Universe 2013. Olga later represented Ukraine at Miss Universe 2013 in Moscow, Russia." }, "Depeche Mode-6": { "title": "Depeche Mode", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Formation and debut album (1977\u20131981)" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Soon after the formation of Composition of Sound, Clarke heard Wirral band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD), whose output inspired him to make electronic music. Along with OMD, other early influences included the Human League, Daniel Miller and Fad Gadget. Clarke and Fletcher switched to synthesisers, working odd jobs in order to buy the instruments, or borrowing them from friends. Dave Gahan joined the band in 1980 after Clarke heard him perform at a local Scout hut jam session, singing a rendition of David Bowie's \"Heroes\", and Depeche Mode was born. Gahan's and Gore's favourite artists included Sparks, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Cabaret Voltaire, Talking Heads and Iggy Pop. Gahan's persona onstage was influenced by Dave Vanian, frontman of The Damned." }, "Alan Rickman-2": { "title": "Alan Rickman", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Rickman's first cinematic role was as the German terrorist leader Hans Gruber in Die Hard (1988). He also appeared as the Sheriff of Nottingham in Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991), for which he received the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role; Elliott Marston in Quigley Down Under (1990); Jamie in Truly, Madly, Deeply (1990); P.L. O'Hara in An Awfully Big Adventure (1995); Colonel Brandon in Sense and Sensibility (1995); Alexander Dane in Galaxy Quest (1999); Severus Snape in the Harry Potter series; Harry in Love Actually (2003); Marvin the Paranoid Android in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005); and Judge Turpin in the film adaptation of Stephen Sondheim's musical of Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007)." }, "Keyboard layout-43": { "title": "Keyboard layout", "section": "QWERTY-based Latin-script keyboard layouts", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "Although there are a large number of keyboard layouts used for languages written with Latin-script alphabets, most of these layouts are quite similar. They can be divided into three main families according to where the Q, A, Z, M, and Y keys are placed on the keyboard. These are usually named after the first six letters." }, "John Wayne Airport-33": { "title": "John Wayne Airport", "section": "Aircraft noise abatement and curfew", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "A 1985 settlement agreement defined the scope of operation for John Wayne Airport in how it affects the local community. The area that lies directly South of John Wayne Airport is considered a noise sensitive area. The agreement in conjunction with a Phase 2 Commercial Airline Access Plan and Regulation controls the number of noisier operations (mainly commercial aircraft) allowed from the airport. Noise abatement enforcement is carried out with the aid of 10 permanent noise monitoring stations. These stations are placed in areas that exceed a community noise equivalent level (CNEL) of 65\u00a0dB." }, "Bitcoin-46": { "title": "Bitcoin", "section": "Design", "headers": [ "Wallets" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "Full clients verify transactions directly by downloading a full copy of the blockchain (over 150\u00a0GB as of January\u00a02018[update]). They are the most secure and reliable way of using the network, as trust in external parties is not required. Full clients check the validity of mined blocks, preventing them from transacting on a chain that breaks or alters network rules.:ch. 1 Because of its size and complexity, downloading and verifying the entire blockchain is not suitable for all computing devices. Lightweight clients consult full clients to send and receive transactions without requiring a local copy of the entire blockchain (see simplified payment verification \u2013 SPV). This makes lightweight clients much faster to set up and allows them to be used on low-power, low-bandwidth devices such as smartphones. When using a lightweight wallet, however, the user must trust the server to a certain degree, as it can report faulty values back to the user. Lightweight clients follow the longest blockchain and do not ensure it is valid, requiring trust in miners. Third-party internet services called online wallets offer similar functionality but may be easier to use. In this case, credentials to access funds are stored with the online wallet provider rather than on the user's hardware. As a result, the user must have complete trust in the online wallet provider. A malicious provider or a breach in server security may cause entrusted bitcoins to be stolen. An example of such a security breach occurred with Mt. Gox in 2011." }, "Epidemiology of plague-1": { "title": "Epidemiology of plague", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Globally about 600 cases of plague are reported a year. In 2017 and November 2019 the countries with the most cases include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar, and Peru." }, "JPEG-15": { "title": "JPEG", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Patent controversy" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The JPEG committee investigated the patent claims in 2002 and were of the opinion that they were invalidated by prior art, a view shared by various experts. The patent describes an image compression algorithm based on the discrete cosine transform (DCT), a lossy image compression technique that originated from a 1974 paper by Nasir Ahmed, T. Natarajan and K. R. Rao. Wen-Hsiung Chen further developed their DCT technique, describing a fast DCT algorithm in a 1977 paper with C.H. Smith and S.C. Fralick. The 1992 JPEG specification cites both the 1974 Ahmed paper and the 1977 Chen paper for its DCT algorithm, as well as a 1984 paper by Chen and W.K. Pratt for its quantization algorithm. Compression Labs was founded by Chen, and was the first company to commercialize DCT technology. By the time Chen had filed his patent for a DCT-based image compression algorithm with Klenke in 1986, most of what would later become the JPEG standard had already been formulated in prior literature. JPEG representative Richard Clark also claimed that Chen himself sat in one of the JPEG committees, but Forgent denied this claim." }, "NATO-32": { "title": "NATO", "section": "Participating countries", "headers": [ "Enlargement" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "New membership in the alliance has been largely from Central and Eastern Europe, including former members of the Warsaw Pact. Accession to the alliance is governed with individual Membership Action Plans, and requires approval by each current member. NATO currently has one candidate country that is in the process of joining the alliance: Bosnia and Herzegovina. North Macedonia signed an accession protocol to become a NATO member state in February 2019, and became a member state on 27 March 2020. Its accession had been blocked by Greece for many years due to the Macedonia naming dispute, which was resolved in 2018 by the Prespa agreement. In order to support each other in the process, new and potential members in the region formed the Adriatic Charter in 2003. Georgia was also named as an aspiring member, and was promised \"future membership\" during the 2008 summit in Bucharest, though in 2014, US President Barack Obama said the country was not \"currently on a path\" to membership." }, "Scientist-1": { "title": "Scientist", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A scientist is someone who conducts scientific research to advance knowledge in an area of interest." }, "Pancake-1": { "title": "Pancake", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A pancake (or hotcake, griddlecake, or flapjack, not to be confused with oat bar flapjacks) is a flat cake, often thin and round, prepared from a starch-based batter that may contain eggs, milk and butter and cooked on a hot surface such as a griddle or frying pan, often frying with oil or butter. Archaeological evidence suggests that pancakes were probably the earliest and most widespread cereal food eaten in prehistoric societies." }, "Ludwig van Beethoven-1": { "title": "Ludwig van Beethoven", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ludwig van Beethoven (/\u02c8l\u028adv\u026a\u0261 v\u00e6n \u02c8be\u026ato\u028av\u0259n/ (listen); German: [\u02c8lu\u02d0tv\u026a\u00e7 fan \u02c8be\u02d0t\u02b0o\u02d0fn\u0329] (listen); baptised 17 December 1770\u00a0\u2013 26 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist; his music is amongst the most performed of the classical repertoire, and he is one of the most admired composers in the history of Western music. His works span the transition from the classical period to the romantic era in classical music. His career has conventionally been divided into early, middle, and late periods. The \"early\" period in which he forged his craft, is typically seen to last until 1802. His \"middle\" period, (sometimes characterised as \"heroic\") showing an individual development from the \"classical\" styles of Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, covers the years 1802 to 1812, during which he increasingly suffered from deafness. In the \"late\" period from 1812 to his death in 1827, he extended his innovations in musical form and expression." }, "Dave Chappelle-57": { "title": "Dave Chappelle", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 57, "content": "Chappelle converted to Islam in 1998. He told Time in May 2005, \"I don't normally talk about my religion publicly because I don't want people to associate me and my flaws with this beautiful thing. And I believe it is beautiful if you learn it the right way.\" Chappelle appears in a video explaining the religious backstory of the Well of Zamzam in Mecca." }, "Twin-9": { "title": "Twin", "section": "Types and zygosity", "headers": [ "Dizygotic (fraternal) twins" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Dizygotic (DZ) or fraternal twins (also referred to as \"non-identical twins\", \"dissimilar twins\", \"biovular twins\", and, informally in the case of females, \"sororal twins\") usually occur when two fertilized eggs are implanted in the uterus wall at the same time. When two eggs are independently fertilized by two different sperm cells, fraternal twins result. The two eggs, or ova, form two zygotes, hence the terms dizygotic and biovular. Fraternal twins are, essentially, two ordinary siblings who happen to be born at the same time, since they arise from two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm, just like ordinary siblings." }, "Fairy-12": { "title": "Fairy", "section": "Historical development", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "The term fairy is sometimes used to describe any magical creature, including goblins and gnomes, while at other times, the term describes only a specific type of ethereal creature or sprite. The concept of \"fairy\" in the narrower sense is unique to English folklore, later made diminutive in accordance with prevailing tastes of the Victorian era, as in \"fairy tales\" for children." }, "Batman (1989 film)-1": { "title": "Batman (1989 film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Batman is a 1989 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and produced by Jon Peters and Peter Guber, based on the DC Comics character of the same name. It is the first installment of Warner Bros.' initial Batman film series. The film stars Jack Nicholson as the Joker and Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman, alongside Kim Basinger, Robert Wuhl, Pat Hingle, Billy Dee Williams, Michael Gough, and Jack Palance. The film takes place early in the title character's war on crime, and depicts a battle with the Joker." }, "13 (number)-16": { "title": "13 (number)", "section": "Lucky and unlucky", "headers": [ "Lucky 13" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "The Last Supper: At Jesus Christ's last supper, there were thirteen people around the table, counting Christ and the twelve apostles. Some believe this is unlucky because one of those thirteen, Judas Iscariot, was the betrayer of Jesus Christ. From the 1890s, a number of English language sources relate the \"unlucky\" thirteen to an idea that at the Last Supper, Judas, the disciple who betrayed Jesus, was the 13th to sit at the table. Knights Templar: On Friday 13 October 1307, King Philip IV of France ordered the arrest of the Knights Templar, and most of the knights were tortured and killed. Full Moons: A year with 13 full moons instead of 12 posed problems for the monks in charge of the calendars. \"This was considered a very unfortunate circumstance, especially by the monks who had charge of the calendar of thirteen months for that year, and it upset the regular arrangement of church festivals. For this reason, thirteen came to be considered an unlucky number.\" However, a typical century has about 37 years that have 13 full moons, compared to 63 years with 12 full moons, and typically every third or fourth year has 13 full moons. A Repressed Lunar Cult: In ancient cultures, the number 13 represented femininity, because it corresponded to the number of lunar (menstrual) cycles in a year (13 x 28 = 364 days). The theory is that, as the solar calendar triumphed over the lunar, the number thirteen became anathema. Hammurabi's Code: There is a myth that the earliest reference to thirteen being unlucky or evil is in the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi (circa 1780 BC), where the thirteenth law is said to be omitted. In fact, the original Code of Hammurabi has no numeration. The translation by L.W. King (1910), edited by Richard Hooker, omitted one article: If the seller have gone to (his) fate (i. e., have died), the purchaser shall recover damages in said case fivefold from the estate of the seller. Other translations of the Code of Hammurabi, for example the translation by Robert Francis Harper, include the 13th article. In Italy, 13 is considered a lucky number. The expression fare tredici (\"to do 13\") means hit the jackpot. 17 is considered an unlucky number instead." }, "Snowdon-1": { "title": "Snowdon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Snowdon (/\u02c8sno\u028ad\u0259n/; Welsh: Yr Wyddfa, pronounced\u00a0[\u0259r \u02c8w\u026a\u00f0va]) is the highest mountain in Wales, at an elevation of 1,085 metres (3,560\u00a0ft) above sea level, and the highest point in the British Isles outside the Scottish Highlands. It is located in Snowdonia National Park (Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri) in Gwynedd. It is the busiest mountain in the United Kingdom and the third most visited attraction in Wales; in 2018 it was visited by 558,000 walkers, with an additional 140,000 people taking the train. It is designated as a national nature reserve for its rare flora and fauna." }, "Love Scenario-4": { "title": "Love Scenario", "section": "Chart performance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Upon its release, \"Love Scenario\" topped China's QQ Music's real-time chart. It also entered the top 10 on QQ Music's weekly chart. In South Korea, the song debuted at 12 on the Gaon Weekly Chart. It topped the chart for six weeks straight, becoming the longest-running number-one song in Gaon history. On February 5, it reached number one on numerous digital platforms such as iChart, Melon, Genie, Bugs, Mnet, Naver, and Soribada, and also number one on the weekly overall chart, Instiz's iChart. They are the second boy band to ever have achieved number one on more than seven music charts since iChart began ranking songs in 2010, with Big Bang having previously accomplishing a similar feat. The group managed to achieve 204 hourly Perfect All Kills, where a song is number one on all charts for a certain amount of time. The song spent 913 hours at number one on the Melon Chart and 40 days at number one on the Melon daily chart." }, "Atheism-1": { "title": "Atheism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Atheism is, in the broadest sense, an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Atheism is contrasted with theism, which, in its most general form, is the belief that at least one deity exists." }, "Girolamo Savonarola-3": { "title": "Girolamo Savonarola", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In 1495 when Florence refused to join Pope Alexander VI's Holy League against the French, the Vatican summoned Savonarola to Rome. He disobeyed and further defied the pope by preaching under a ban, highlighting his campaign for reform with processions, bonfires of the vanities, and pious theatricals. In retaliation, the pope excommunicated him in May 1497, and threatened to place Florence under an interdict. A trial by fire proposed by a rival Florentine preacher in April 1498 to test Savonarola's divine mandate turned into a fiasco, and popular opinion turned against him. Savonarola and two of his supporting friars were imprisoned. On 23 May 1498, Church and civil authorities condemned, hanged, and burned the three friars in the main square of Florence." }, "Salute-57": { "title": "Salute", "section": "Military salutes", "headers": [ "Military salutes in different countries", "United States military" ], "para_index": 57, "content": "U.S. Armed Forces Within United States' military, the salute is a courteous exchange of greetings, with the HDB individual salute, the head and eyes are turned toward the Colors or person saluted. Military personnel in uniform are required to salute when they meet and recognize persons entitled to a salute, except when it is inappropriate or impractical (in public conveyances such as planes and buses, in public places such as inside theaters, or when driving a vehicle)." }, "Dick Wolf-1": { "title": "Dick Wolf", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Richard Anthony Wolf (born December 20, 1946) is an American television producer, best known as the creator and executive producer of the Law & Order franchise. Since 1990, the franchise has included six police/courtroom dramas and four international spinoffs. He is also the creator and executive producer of the Chicago franchise, which, since 2012, has included four Chicago-based dramas: police, courtroom, fire, and medical. Wolf has won numerous awards, including an Emmy Award and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame." }, "Ibn Saud-3": { "title": "Ibn Saud", "section": "Early life and family origins", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Ibn Saud was born on 15 January 1875 in Riyadh in the region called Najd in central Arabia. He was the son of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, last ruler of the Emirate of Nejd, the \"Second Saudi State\", a tribal sheikhdom centered on Riyadh. His family, the House of Saud, had been a power in central Arabia for the previous 130 years. Under the influence and inspiration of Wahhabi Islam, the Saudis had previously attempted to control much of the Arabian peninsula in the form of the Emirate of Diriyah, the \"First Saudi State\", until its destruction by an Ottoman army in the Ottoman\u2013Wahhabi War in the early nineteenth century. Ibn Saud's mother was a member of the Sudairi family, Sarah Al Sudairi. She died in 1910." }, "Menstruation-9": { "title": "Menstruation", "section": "Health effects", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In most women, various physical changes are brought about by fluctuations in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle. This includes muscle contractions of the uterus (menstrual cramping) that can precede or accompany menstruation. Some may notice bloating, changes in sex drive, fatigue, breast tenderness, headaches, or irritability before the onset of their period. It is unclear if the breast discomfort and bloating is related to electrolyte changes or water retention. Some women have mild or no symptoms before the onset of their periods. A healthy diet, reduced consumption of salt, caffeine and alcohol, and regular exercise may be effective for women in controlling water retention. Severe symptoms that disrupt daily activities and functioning may be diagnosed as premenstrual dysphoric disorder." }, "Sweden-59": { "title": "Sweden", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "The relative strength of low and high-pressure systems of marine and continental air also define the highly variable summers. When hot continental air hits the country, the long days and short nights frequently bring temperatures up to 30\u00a0\u00b0C (86\u00a0\u00b0F) or above even in coastal areas. Nights normally remain cool, especially in inland areas. Coastal areas can see so-called tropical nights above 20\u00a0\u00b0C (68\u00a0\u00b0F) occur due to the moderating sea influence during warmer summers. Summers can be cool, especially in the north of the country. Transitional seasons are normally quite extensive and the four-season climate applies to most of Sweden's territory, except in Scania where some years do not record a meteorological winter (see table below) or in the high Lapland mountains where polar microclimates exist." }, "Scout (Scouting)-1": { "title": "Scout (Scouting)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A Scout (in some countries a Boy Scout, Girl Scout, or Pathfinder) is a child, usually 10\u201318 years of age, participating in the worldwide Scouting movement. Because of the large age and development span, many Scouting associations have split this age group into a junior and a senior section. Scouts are organized into troops averaging 20\u201330 Scouts under the guidance of one or more Scout Leaders. Troops subdivide into patrols of about 6\u20138 Scouts and engage in outdoor and special interest activities. Troops may affiliate with local, national, and international organizations. Some national Scouting associations have special interest programs such as Air Scouts, Sea Scouts, outdoor high adventure, Scouting bands, and rider Scouts." }, "Russia-85": { "title": "Russia", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 85, "content": "The coastal part of Krasnodar Krai on the Black Sea, most notably in Sochi, possesses a humid subtropical climate with mild and wet winters. In many regions of East Siberia and the Far East, winter is dry compared to summer; other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some areas of southernmost Siberia, possesses a semi-arid climate." }, "Snow leopard-31": { "title": "Snow leopard", "section": "Behavior and ecology", "headers": [ "Hunting and diet" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "The snow leopard is a carnivore and actively hunts its prey. It is an opportunistic hunter and also eats carrion. Its preferred wild prey species are Himalayan blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur), Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus), argali (Ovis ammon), markhor (Capra falconeri) and wild goat (C. aegagrus). It also preys on domestic livestock. It prefers prey ranging in weight from 36 to 76\u00a0kg (79 to 168\u00a0lb), but also hunts smaller mammals such as marmot, pika and vole species. The diet of the snow leopard varies across its range and with the time of year, and depends on prey availability. In the Himalayas, it preys mostly on Himalayan blue sheep and Siberian ibex (Capra sibirica). In the Karakoram, Tian Shan, Altai and Mongolia's Tost Mountains, its main prey consists of Siberian ibex, Thorold's deer (Cervus albirostris), Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) and argali. Other species hunted when available include red panda, wild boar, langur monkey, snow cock and chukar partridge." }, "Coffee-30": { "title": "Coffee", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Additionally, Coffea canephora is less susceptible to disease than C. arabica and can be cultivated in lower altitudes and warmer climates where C. arabica will not thrive. The robusta strain was first collected in 1890 from the Lomani River, a tributary of the Congo River, and was conveyed from the Congo Free State (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) to Brussels to Java around 1900. From Java, further breeding resulted in the establishment of robusta plantations in many countries. In particular, the spread of the devastating coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix), to which C. arabica is vulnerable, hastened the uptake of the resistant robusta. Hemileia vastatrix is a fungal pathogen and results in light, rust-colored spots on the undersides of coffee plant leaves. Hemileia vastatrix grows exclusively on the leaves of coffee pants. Coffee leaf rust is found in virtually all countries that produce coffee." }, "Rock in Rio-16": { "title": "Rock in Rio", "section": "Rio de Janeiro", "headers": [ "Rock in Rio 4" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "The fourth edition of Rock in Rio, back to its origins, was held on September 23, 24, 25, 29 and 30, and October 1 and 2, 2011, at an area (pt) to be built next to the old City of Rock \u2013 which is currently the site of the Olympic Village of the 2016 Summer Olympics." }, "Dietary Reference Intake-10": { "title": "Dietary Reference Intake", "section": "Current recommendations for United States and Canada", "headers": [ "Vitamins and minerals" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "EARs, RDA/AIs and ULs for an average healthy 44-year-old male are shown below. Amounts and \"ND\" status for other age and gender groups, pregnant women, lactating women, and breastfeeding infants may be much different." }, "Disneyland Paris-40": { "title": "Disneyland Paris", "section": "The complex", "headers": [ "Rides and attractions" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "The park is approximately 4,800 acres (1,942\u00a0ha), and is divided into two main parks that each hold separate attraction areas within them. The park receives around twelve million visitors a year which makes it the most visited place in Europe." }, "Egg incubation-1": { "title": "Egg incubation", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Incubation is the process by which certain oviparous (egg-laying) animals hatch their eggs; it also refers to the development of the embryo within the egg under favorable environmental condition. Multiple and various factors are vital to the incubation of various species of animal. In many species of reptile for example, no fixed temperature is necessary, but the actual temperature determines the sex ratio of the offspring. In birds in contrast, the sex of offspring is genetically determined, but in many species a constant and particular temperature is necessary for successful incubation. Especially in poultry, the act of sitting on eggs to incubate them is called brooding. The action or behavioral tendency to sit on a clutch of eggs is also called broodiness, and most egg-laying breeds of poultry have had this behavior selectively bred out of them to increase production." }, "Farmer-1": { "title": "Farmer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A farmer (also called an agriculturer) is a person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials. The term usually applies to people who do some combination of raising field crops, orchards, vineyards, poultry, or other livestock. A farmer might own the farmed land or might work as a laborer on land owned by others, but in advanced economies, a farmer is usually a farm owner, while employees of the farm are known as farm workers, or farmhands. However, in the not so distant past, a farmer was a person who promotes or improves the growth of (a plant, crop, etc.) by labor and attention, land or crops or raises animals (as livestock or fish)." }, "Chinese numerology-7": { "title": "Chinese numerology", "section": "Four", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The number 4 (\u56db, pinyin: s\u00ec; Cantonese Yale: sei) is considered an unlucky number in Chinese because it is nearly homophonous to the word \"death\" (\u6b7b pinyin: s\u01d0; Cantonese Yale: s\u00e9i)." }, "Winemaking-19": { "title": "Winemaking", "section": "Harvesting and destemming", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Mechanical harvesters are large tractors that straddle grapevine trellises and, using firm plastic or rubber rods, strike the fruiting zone of the grapevine to dislodge the grapes from the rachis. Mechanical harvesters have the advantage of being able to cover a large area of vineyard land in a relatively short period of time, and with a minimum investment of manpower per harvested ton. A disadvantage of mechanical harvesting is the indiscriminate inclusion of foreign non-grape material in the product, especially leaf stems and leaves, but also, depending on the trellis system and grapevine canopy management, may include moldy grapes, canes, metal debris, rocks and even small animals and bird nests. Some winemakers remove leaves and loose debris from the grapevine before mechanical harvesting to avoid such material being included in the harvested fruit. In the United States mechanical harvesting is seldom used for premium winemaking because of the indiscriminate picking and increased oxidation of the grape juice. In other countries (such as Australia and New Zealand), mechanical harvesting of premium winegrapes is more common because of general labor shortages." }, "Firewall (computing)-13": { "title": "Firewall (computing)", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Intrusion prevention systems (IPS) User identity management integration (by binding user IDs to IP or MAC addresses for \"reputation\") Web application firewall (WAF). WAF attacks may be implemented in the tool \"WAF Fingerprinting utilizing timing side channels\" (WAFFle) Firewalls are generally categorized as network-based or host-based. Network-based firewalls are positioned on the gateway computers of LANs, WANs and intranets. They are either software appliances running on general-purpose hardware, or hardware-based firewall computer appliances. Firewall appliances may also offer other functionality to the internal network they protect, such as acting as a DHCP or VPN server for that network. Host-based firewalls are positioned on the host itself and control network traffic in and out of those machines. The host-based firewall may be a daemon or service as a part of the operating system or an agent application such as endpoint security or protection. Each has advantages and disadvantages. However, each has a role in layered security." }, "Pope-51": { "title": "Pope", "section": "Election, death and resignation", "headers": [ "Election" ], "para_index": 51, "content": "citation needed] For centuries, from 1378 on, those elected to the papacy were predominantly Italians. Prior to the election of the Polish cardinal Karol Wojtyla as Pope John Paul II in 1978, the last non-Italian was Pope Adrian VI of the Netherlands, elected in 1522. John Paul II was followed by election of the German-born Pope Benedict XVI, who was in turn followed by Argentine-born Pope Francis, who is the first non-European after 1272 years and the first Latin American, despite having an Italian ancestry." }, "Adrenal tumor-10": { "title": "Adrenal tumor", "section": "Tumors of the Adrenal Medulla", "headers": [ "Pheochromocytoma" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Pheochromocytoma is a neoplasm composed of cells similar to the chromaffin cells of the mature adrenal medulla. Pheochromocytomas occur in patients of all ages, and may be sporadic, or associated with a hereditary cancer syndrome, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types IIA and IIB, neurofibromatosis type I, or von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Only 10% of adrenal pheochromocytomas are malignant, while the rest are benign tumors. The most clinically important feature of pheochromocytomas is their tendency to produce large amounts of the catecholamine hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine. This may lead to potentially life-threatening high blood pressure, or cardiac arrythmias, and numerous symptoms such as headache, palpitations, anxiety attacks, sweating, weight loss, and tremor. Diagnosis is most easily confirmed through urinary measurement of catecholamine metabolites such as VMA and metanephrines. Most pheochromocytomas are initially treated with anti-adrenergic drugs to protect against catecholamine overload, with surgery employed to remove the tumor once the patient is medically stable." }, "Short circuit-1": { "title": "Short circuit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A short circuit (sometimes abbreviated to short or s/c) is an electrical circuit that allows a current to travel along an unintended path with no or very low electrical impedance. This results in an excessive current flowing through the circuit." }, "Mid-twentieth century baby boom-1": { "title": "Mid-twentieth century baby boom", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The middle of the 20th century was marked by a significant and persistent increase in fertility rates in many countries of the world, especially in the West, helping create the baby boomer generation. Although the baby boom is traditionally considered to be the post-war phenomenon started immediately after World War II, some demographers place it earlier, at the increase of births during the war or the late 1930s." }, "Capsicum annuum-6": { "title": "Capsicum annuum", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Culinary" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Capsinoid chemicals provide the distinctive tastes in C. annuum variants. In particular, capsaicin creates a burning sensation (\"hotness\"), which in extreme cases can last for several hours after ingestion. A measurement called the Scoville scale has been created to describe the hotness of peppers and other foods." }, "Fetlock-1": { "title": "Fetlock", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fetlock is the common name in horses, large animals, and sometimes dogs for the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints (MCPJ and MTPJ)." }, "Colosseum-1": { "title": "Colosseum", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Colosseum or Coliseum (/\u02cck\u0252l\u0259\u02c8si\u02d0\u0259m/ KOL-\u0259-SEE-\u0259m), also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium; Italian: Anfiteatro Flavio [a\u0271fite\u02c8a\u02d0tro \u02c8fla\u02d0vjo] or Colosseo [kolos\u02c8s\u025b\u02d0o]), is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. Built of travertine limestone, tuff (volcanic rock), and brick-faced concrete, it was the largest amphitheatre ever built at the time and held 50,000 to 80,000 spectators. The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum. Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in AD 72 and was completed in AD 80 under his successor and heir, Titus. Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian (81\u201396). These three emperors are known as the Flavian dynasty, and the amphitheatre was named in Latin for its association with their family name (Flavius)." }, "Steamboat Springs, Colorado-17": { "title": "Steamboat Springs, Colorado", "section": "Geography and climate", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "According to the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, Steamboat Springs has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb). Precipitation is very consistent year-round, with heavy snowfall during winter and thunderstorms during summer. Summers are very warm to hot, and winters are extremely cold, with lows close to zero." }, "Mooncake-1": { "title": "Mooncake", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A mooncake (simplified Chinese: \u6708\u997c; traditional Chinese: \u6708\u9905; pinyin: yu\u00e8bing, yu\u00e8b\u01d0ng; Jyutping: jyut6 beng2; Yale: yuht b\u00e9ng) is a Chinese bakery product traditionally eaten during the Mid-Autumn Festival (\u4e2d\u79cb\u7bc0). The festival is about lunar appreciation and Moon watching, and mooncakes are regarded as an indispensable delicacy. Mooncakes are offered between friends or on family gatherings while celebrating the festival. The Mid-Autumn Festival is one of the four most important Chinese festivals." }, "The Fox and the Hound-1": { "title": "The Fox and the Hound", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Fox and the Hound is a 1981 American animated musical buddy drama film produced by Walt Disney Productions and loosely based on the 1967 novel of the same name by Daniel P. Mannix. The 24th Disney animated feature film, the film tells the story of two unlikely friends, a red fox named Tod and a hound dog named Copper, who struggle to preserve their friendship despite their emerging instincts and the surrounding social pressures demanding them to be adversaries. The film was directed by Ted Berman, Richard Rich, and Art Stevens, and features the voices of Mickey Rooney, Kurt Russell, Pearl Bailey, Jack Albertson (in his final film role), Sandy Duncan, Jeanette Nolan, Pat Buttram, Dick Bakalyan, and Paul Winchell." }, "Jehovah's Witnesses-31": { "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "section": "Beliefs", "headers": [ "God's Kingdom" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God's Kingdom is a literal government in heaven, ruled by Jesus Christ and 144,000 \"spirit-anointed\" Christians drawn from the earth, which they associate with Jesus' reference to a \"new covenant\". The kingdom is viewed as the means by which God will accomplish his original purpose for the earth, transforming it into a paradise without sickness or death. It is said to have been the focal point of Jesus' ministry on earth. They believe the kingdom was established in heaven in 1914, and that Jehovah's Witnesses serve as representatives of the kingdom on earth." }, "Thermonuclear weapon-2": { "title": "Thermonuclear weapon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Modern fusion weapons consist essentially of two main components: a nuclear fission primary stage (fueled by U-235 or Pu-239) and a separate nuclear fusion secondary stage containing thermonuclear fuel: the heavy hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium, or in modern weapons lithium deuteride. For this reason, thermonuclear weapons are often colloquially called hydrogen bombs or H-bombs." }, "Car-14": { "title": "Car", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had been designed in 1878. Many of his other inventions made the use of the internal combustion engine feasible for powering a vehicle. His first Motorwagen was built in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany. He was awarded the patent for its invention as of his application on 29 January 1886 (under the auspices of his major company, Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883). Benz began promotion of the vehicle on 3 July 1886, and about 25 Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893, when his first four-wheeler was introduced along with a cheaper model. They also were powered with four-stroke engines of his own design. Emile Roger of France, already producing Benz engines under license, now added the Benz car to his line of products. Because France was more open to the early cars, initially more were built and sold in France through Roger than Benz sold in Germany. In August 1888 Bertha Benz, the wife of Karl Benz, undertook the first road trip by car, to prove the road-worthiness of her husband's invention." }, "Crop top-3": { "title": "Crop top", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Women" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In the 1980s, cutoff crop tops became more common as part of the aerobics craze and as a result of the popularity of the movie Flashdance. Singer Madonna wore a mesh crop top in her music video for the song \"Lucky Star\". In the 2010s, the crop top experienced a revival due to the popularity of 1990s retro fashion." }, "Vowel-49": { "title": "Vowel", "section": "Written vowels", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 49, "content": "The phonetic values vary considerably by language, and some languages use I and Y for the consonant [j], e.g., initial I in Italian or Romanian and initial Y in English. In the original Latin alphabet, there was no written distinction between V and U, and the letter represented the approximant [w] and the vowels [u] and [\u028a]. In Modern Welsh, the letter W represents these same sounds. Similarly, in Creek, the letter V stands for [\u0259]. There is not necessarily a direct one-to-one correspondence between the vowel sounds of a language and the vowel letters. Many languages that use a form of the Latin alphabet have more vowel sounds than can be represented by the standard set of five vowel letters. In English spelling, the five letters A E I O and U can represent a variety of vowel sounds, while the letter Y frequently represents vowels (as in e.g., \"gym\", \"happy\", or the diphthongs in \"cry\", \"thyme\"); W is used in representing some diphthongs (as in \"cow\") and to represent a monophthong in the borrowed words \"cwm\" and \"crwth\" (sometimes cruth)." }, "Astrology-34": { "title": "Astrology", "section": "Principles and practice", "headers": [ "Western" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "Western astrology is founded on the movements and relative positions of celestial bodies such as the Sun, Moon and planets, which are analysed by their movement through signs of the zodiac (twelve spatial divisions of the ecliptic) and by their aspects (based on geometric angles) relative to one another. They are also considered by their placement in houses (twelve spatial divisions of the sky). Astrology's modern representation in western popular media is usually reduced to sun sign astrology, which considers only the zodiac sign of the Sun at an individual's date of birth, and represents only 1/12 of the total chart." }, "United States Military Academy-74": { "title": "United States Military Academy", "section": "Traditions", "headers": [ "Walking the area" ], "para_index": 74, "content": "From the earliest days of the academy, one form of punishment for cadets who commit regulatory infractions has been a process officially known as punishment tours. This process is better known to the cadets as \"hours\" because as punishment, cadets must walk a specified number of hours in penalty. Cadets are \"awarded\" punishment tours based upon the severity of the infraction. Being late to class or having an unkempt room may result in as little as 5 hours while more severe misconduct infractions may result in upwards of 60 to 80 hours. In its most traditional form, punishment tours are \"walked off\" by wearing the dress gray uniform under arms and walking back and forth in a designated area of the cadet barracks courtyard, known as \"Central Area.\" Cadets who get into trouble frequently and spend many weekends \"walking off their hours\" are known as \"area birds.\" Cadets who walk more than 100 total hours in their career are affectionately known as \"Century Men.\" An alternate form of punishment to walking hours is known as \"fatigue tours,\" where assigned hours may be \"worked off\" by manual labor, such as cleaning the barracks. Certain cadets whose academics are deficient may also conduct \"sitting tours,\" where they have to \"sit hours\" in a designated academic room in a controlled study environment, for which they receive half credit towards their reduction of tours. Cadets' uniforms are inspected before their tours begin each day. A small number of cadets may be relieved of their tours that day if their uniforms are exceptionally presentable. Another tradition associated with punishment tours is that any visiting head of state has the authority to grant \"amnesty,\" releasing all cadets with outstanding hours from the remainder of their assigned tours." }, "Water skiing-1": { "title": "Water skiing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Water skiing (also waterskiing or water-skiing) is a surface water sport in which an individual is pulled behind a boat or a cable ski installation over a body of water, skimming the surface on two skis or one ski. The sport requires sufficient area on a smooth stretch of water, one or two skis, a tow boat with tow rope, three people (depending on state boating laws), and a personal flotation device. In addition, the skier must have adequate upper and lower body strength, muscular endurance, and good balance." }, "Cook Out (restaurant)-1": { "title": "Cook Out (restaurant)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cook Out is an American privately owned fast food restaurant chain operating in North Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, Mississippi, and Maryland. Founded in Greensboro, North Carolina in 1989, the chain has since expanded and now has drive-thru restaurants in over 100 cities. The chain itself has grown in size with many locations now spread throughout Virginia. Their menu primarily features grilled hamburgers and cheeseburgers, hot dogs, chicken sandwiches, and North Carolina barbecue." }, "Frost-25": { "title": "Frost", "section": "Effect on plants", "headers": [ "Damage" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "root vegetables (e.g. beets, carrots, parsnips, onions) leafy greens (e.g. lettuces, spinach, chard, cucumber) cruciferous vegetables (e.g. cabbages, cauliflower, bok choy, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, radishes, kale, collard, mustard, turnips, rutabagas) Even those plants that tolerate frost may be damaged once temperatures drop even lower (below \u22124\u00a0\u00b0C or 25\u00a0\u00b0F). Hardy perennials, such as Hosta, become dormant after the first frosts and regrow when spring arrives. The entire visible plant may turn completely brown until the spring warmth, or may drop all of its leaves and flowers, leaving the stem and stalk only. Evergreen plants, such as pine trees, withstand frost although all or most growth stops. Frost crack is a bark defect caused by a combination of low temperatures and heat from the winter sun." }, "Art dealer-1": { "title": "Art dealer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An art dealer is a person or company that buys and sells works of art. Art dealers' professional associations serve to set high standards for accreditation or membership and to support art exhibitions and shows." }, "Fiat S.p.A.-1": { "title": "Fiat S.p.A.", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fiat S.p.A., or Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (Italian Automobile Factory of Turin), was an Italian holding company whose original and core activities were in the automotive industry, and that was succeeded by Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV (FCA). The Fiat Group contained many brands such as Ferrari, Maserati, Fiat, Alfa Romeo, the Chrysler Group, and many more. On 29 January 2014, it was announced that Fiat S.p.A. (the former owner of Fiat Group) was to be merged into a new Netherlands-based holding company Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV (FCA), taking place before the end of 2014. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles became the new owner of Fiat Group. On 1 August 2014, Fiat S.p.A. received necessary shareholder approval to proceed with the merger (which followed board approval). The merger became effective 12 October 2014." }, "Woodrow Wilson-76": { "title": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "Race relations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 76, "content": "Wilson was the first Southerner to be elected president since Zachary Taylor was elected in 1848, and his ascension to the presidency was celebrated by southern segregationists. The federal government had pursued racist policies for decades, not limited to early defenses of slavery, treatment of Native Americans, intervention policies in Latin America, and immigration policies that specifically prevented Africans and Asians from immigrating to the United States. Several historians have spotlighted consistent examples in the public record of Wilson's overtly racist policies and political appointments, such as segregationists he placed in his Cabinet. Ross Kennedy writes that Wilson's support of segregation complied with predominant public opinion, and A. Scott Berg argues that Wilson accepted segregation as part of a policy to \"promote racial progress... by shocking the social system as little as possible.\" Historian Kendrick Clements argues that \"Wilson had none of the crude, vicious racism of James K. Vardaman or Benjamin R. Tillman, but he was insensitive to African-American feelings and aspirations.\"" }, "Baldr-1": { "title": "Baldr", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Baldr (also Balder, Baldur) is a god in Norse mythology and a son of the god Odin and the goddess Frigg. He has numerous brothers, such as Thor and V\u00e1li." }, "Robin Williams-39": { "title": "Robin Williams", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Marriages and children" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "Williams married his first wife, Valerie Velardi, in June 1978, following a live-in relationship with comedian Elayne Boosler. Velardi and Williams met in 1976 while he was working as a bartender at a tavern in San Francisco. Their son Zachary Pym \"Zak\" Williams was born in 1983. Velardi and Williams were divorced in 1988. While it was reported that Williams began an affair with Zachary's nanny Marsha Garces in 1986, Velardi stated in the 2018 documentary Robin Williams: Come Inside My Mind that the relationship with Garces began after the two had separated." }, "Oak-1": { "title": "Oak", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus (/\u02c8kw\u025c\u02d0rk\u0259s/;; Latin \"oak tree\") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 600 extant species of oaks. The common name \"oak\" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably Lithocarpus (stone oaks), as well as in those of unrelated species such as Grevillea robusta (silky oaks) and the Casuarinaceae (she-oaks). The genus Quercus is native to the Northern Hemisphere, and includes deciduous and evergreen species extending from cool temperate to tropical latitudes in the Americas, Asia, Europe, and North Africa. North America contains the largest number of oak species, with approximately 90 occurring in the United States, while Mexico has 160 species of which 109 are endemic. The second greatest center of oak diversity is China, which contains approximately 100 species." }, "Muhammad-1": { "title": "Muhammad", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Muhammad (Arabic: \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u200e, pronounced\u00a0[mu\u0127ammad]; c.\u00a0570 CE \u2013 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet, sent to preach and confirm the monotheistic teaching preceded by Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is viewed as the final prophet of God in all the main branches of Islam, though some modern denominations diverge from this belief. Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity, with the Quran as well as his teachings and practices forming the basis of Islamic religious belief. He is referred to by many appellations, including Messenger of Allah, The Prophet Muhammad, Allah's Apostle, Last Prophet of Islam, and others; there are also many variant spellings of Muhammad, such as Mohamet, Mahamad, Muhamad, and many others." }, "Chlorine-66": { "title": "Chlorine", "section": "Applications", "headers": [ "Sanitation, disinfection, and antisepsis", "Public sanitation" ], "para_index": 66, "content": "Chlorine is usually used (in the form of hypochlorous acid) to kill bacteria and other microbes in drinking water supplies and public swimming pools. In most private swimming pools, chlorine itself is not used, but rather sodium hypochlorite, formed from chlorine and sodium hydroxide, or solid tablets of chlorinated isocyanurates. The drawback of using chlorine in swimming pools is that the chlorine reacts with the proteins in human hair and skin. The distinctive 'chlorine aroma' associated with swimming pools is not the result of chlorine itself, but of chloramine, a chemical compound produced by the reaction of free dissolved chlorine with amines in organic substances. As a disinfectant in water, chlorine is more than three times as effective against Escherichia coli as bromine, and more than six times as effective as iodine. Increasingly, monochloramine itself is being directly added to drinking water for purposes of disinfection, a process known as chloramination." }, "Republican Party (United States)-22": { "title": "Republican Party (United States)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "21st century" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "A Republican ticket of George W. Bush and Dick Cheney won the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections. With the inauguration of Bush as President, the Republican Party remained fairly cohesive for much of the 2000s as both strong economic libertarians and social conservatives opposed the Democrats, whom they saw as the party of bloated, secular, and liberal government. The Bush-era rise of what were known as \"pro-government conservatives\"\u2014a core part of the President's base\u2014meant that a considerable group of the Republicans advocated for increased government spending and greater regulations covering both the economy and people's personal lives as well as for an activist, interventionist foreign policy.[citation needed] Survey groups such as the Pew Research Center found that social conservatives and free market advocates remained the other two main groups within the party's coalition of support, with all three being roughly equal in number. However, libertarians and libertarian-leaning conservatives increasingly found fault with what they saw as Republicans' restricting of vital civil liberties while corporate welfare and the national debt hiked considerably under Bush's tenure. In contrast, some social conservatives expressed dissatisfaction with the party's support for economic policies that conflicted with their moral values." }, "Taxicab-44": { "title": "Taxicab", "section": "Navigation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "Most experienced taxi drivers who have been working in the same city or region for a while would be expected to know the most important streets and places where their customers request to go. However, to aid the process of manual navigation and the taxi driver's memory (and the customer's as well at times) a cab driver is usually equipped with a detailed roadmap of the area in which they work. There is also an increasing use of GPS driven navigational systems in wealthier countries." }, "Chrysler-1": { "title": "Chrysler", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Chrysler (/\u02c8kra\u026asl\u0259r/; officially FCA US LLC, the first initialism standing for Fiat Chrysler Automobiles) is one of the \"Big Three\" automobile manufacturers in the United States, headquartered in Auburn Hills, Michigan. The original Chrysler Corporation was founded in 1925 by Walter Chrysler from the remains of the Maxwell Motor Company. In 1998, it was acquired by Daimler-Benz, and the holding company was renamed DaimlerChrysler. After Daimler divested Chrysler in 2007, the company existed as Chrysler LLC (2007\u20132009) and Chrysler Group LLC (2009\u20132014) before merging in 2014 with Italian holding company Fiat S.p.A. and becoming a subsidiary of its successor Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. In addition to the Chrysler brand, FCA sells vehicles worldwide under the Dodge, Jeep, and Ram nameplates. Furthermore, the subsidiary includes Mopar, its automotive parts and accessories division, and SRT, its performance automobile division." }, "Dysphagia-2": { "title": "Dysphagia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It may be a sensation that suggests difficulty in the passage of solids or liquids from the mouth to the stomach, a lack of pharyngeal sensation or various other inadequacies of the swallowing mechanism. Dysphagia is distinguished from other symptoms including odynophagia, which is defined as painful swallowing, and globus, which is the sensation of a lump in the throat. A person can have dysphagia without odynophagia (dysfunction without pain), odynophagia without dysphagia (pain without dysfunction) or both together. A psychogenic dysphagia is known as phagophobia." }, "Cactus-13": { "title": "Cactus", "section": "Morphology", "headers": [ "Stems" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Growth habits of cacti Treelike habit (Pereskia aculeata) Tall treelike habit (Pachycereus pringlei) Tall unbranched columnar habit (Cephalocereus) Shorter clustered columnar habit (Ferocactus pilosus) Solitary globular habit (Ferocactus echidne) Clustered globular habit (Rebutia species) Epiphytic cactus (Rhipsalis paradoxa) The leafless, spiny stem is the characteristic feature of the majority of cacti (and all of those belonging to the largest subfamily, the Cactoideae). The stem is typically succulent, meaning it is adapted to store water. The surface of the stem may be smooth (as in some species of Opuntia) or covered with protuberances of various kinds, which are usually called tubercles. These vary from small \"bumps\" to prominent, nipple-like shapes in the genus Mammillaria and outgrowths almost like leaves in Ariocarpus species. The stem may also be ribbed or fluted in shape. The prominence of these ribs depends on how much water the stem is storing: when full (up to 90% of the mass of a cactus may be water), the ribs may be almost invisible on the swollen stem, whereas when the cactus is short of water and the stems shrink, the ribs may be very visible." }, "Consent-3": { "title": "Consent", "section": "Tort", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "An express consent is one that is clearly and unmistakably stated, rather than implied. It may be given in writing, by speech (orally), or non-verbally, e.g. by a clear gesture such as a nod. Non-written express consent not evidenced by witnesses or an audio or video recording may be disputed if a party denies that it was given. Implied consent is consent inferred from a person's actions and the facts and circumstances of a particular situation (or in some cases, by a person's silence or inaction). Some examples include unambiguously soliciting or initiating sexual activity or the implied consent to physical contact by participants in a hockey game or being assaulted in a boxing match. Informed consent in medicine is consent given by a person who has a clear appreciation and understanding of the facts, implications, and future consequences of an action. The term is also used in other contexts, such as in social scientific research, when participants are asked to affirm that they understand the research procedure and consent to it, or in sex, where informed consent means each person engaging in sexual activity is aware of any positive statuses (for sexually transmitted infections and/or diseases) they might expose themselves to. Unanimous consent, or general consent, by a group of several parties (e.g., an association) is consent given by all parties. Substituted consent, or the substituted judgment doctrine, allows a decision maker to attempt to establish the decision an incompetent person would have made if he or she were competent. Consent can be either expressed or implied. For example, participation in a contact sport usually implies consent to a degree of contact with other participants, implicitly agreed and often defined by the rules of the sport. Another specific example is where a boxer cannot complain of being punched on the nose by an opponent; implied consent will be valid where the violence is ordinarily and reasonably to be contemplated as incidental to the sport in question. Express consent exists when there is oral or written agreement, particularly in a contract. For example, businesses may require that persons sign a waiver (called a liability waiver) acknowledging and accepting the hazards of an activity. This proves express consent, and prevents the person from filing a tort lawsuit for unauthorised actions." }, "Global Liveability Ranking-2": { "title": "Global Liveability Ranking", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "ustria's capital, Vienna, has ranked the most liveable city among the 140 cities surveyed by The Economist Intelligence Unit for the second year in a row. Melbourne, Australia, had been ranked by the EIU as the world's most liveable city for seven years in a row, from 2011 to 2017. Vienna maintains a near-ideal 99.1, separating it from the Australian city by only 0.7 point." }, "IKEA-12": { "title": "IKEA", "section": "Store design", "headers": [ "Restaurant and food markets" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Since 1958, every Ikea store includes a cafe that, until 2011, sold branded Swedish prepared specialist foods, such as meatballs, packages of gravy, lingonberry jam, various biscuits and crackers, and salmon and fish roe spread.The new label has a variety of items including chocolates, meatballs, jams, pancakes, salmon, along with various drinks." }, "Eric Gugler-9": { "title": "Eric Gugler", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "The White House" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Dissatisfied with the size and layout of the West Wing, President Franklin D. Roosevelt engaged Gugler to redesign it in 1933. To create additional space without increasing the apparent size of the building, he excavated a full basement, added a set of subterranean offices under the adjacent lawn, and built an unobtrusive \"penthouse\" story. The directive to wring the most office space out of the existing building was responsible for its narrow corridors and cramped staff offices. His most visible addition was the expansion of the building eastward for a new Cabinet Room and Oval Office." }, "Oda Nobunaga-1": { "title": "Oda Nobunaga", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Oda Nobunaga (\u7e54\u7530 \u4fe1\u9577, Oda Nobunaga, listen; June 23, 1534 \u2013 June 21, 1582) was a Japanese daimy\u014d in the late 16th century who attempted to unify Japan during the late Sengoku period, and successfully gained control over most of Honshu through conquest. Nobunaga is regarded as one of three unifiers of Japan along with his retainers Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu. During his later life, Nobunaga was widely known for most brutal suppression of determined opponents, eliminating those who by principle refused to cooperate or yield to his demands. His reign was noted for innovative military tactics, fostering free trade, and encouraging the start of the Momoyama historical art period. He was killed when his retainer Akechi Mitsuhide rebelled against him at Honn\u014d-ji." }, "Super Bowl LIII halftime show-1": { "title": "Super Bowl LIII halftime show", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Super Bowl LIII Halftime Show, officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LIII Halftime Show, took place on February 3, 2019 at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia, as part of Super Bowl LIII. It was headlined by American pop group Maroon 5, joined by rappers Big Boi and Travis Scott as guests." }, "And Then There Were None-1": { "title": "And Then There Were None", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "And Then There Were None is a mystery novel by English writer Agatha Christie, described by her as the most difficult of her books to write. It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1939, as Ten Little Niggers, after the minstrel song, which serves as a major plot point." }, "Caffeine-32": { "title": "Caffeine", "section": "Overdose", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "Caffeine overdose can result in a state of central nervous system over-stimulation known as caffeine intoxication, a clinically significant temporary condition that develops during, or shortly after, the consumption of caffeine. This syndrome typically occurs only after ingestion of large amounts of caffeine, well over the amounts found in typical caffeinated beverages and caffeine tablets (e.g., more than 400\u2013500\u00a0mg at a time). According to the DSM-5, caffeine intoxication may be diagnosed if five (or more) of the following symptoms develop after recent consumption of caffeine: restlessness, nervousness, excitement, insomnia, flushed face, diuresis (increased production of urine), gastrointestinal disturbance, muscle twitching, rambling flow of thought and speech, tachycardia (increased heart rate) or cardiac arrythmia, periods of inexhaustibility, and psychomotor agitation." }, "Depeche Mode-35": { "title": "Depeche Mode", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Songs of Faith and Devotion and Wilder's departure (1992\u20131995)" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "\"There's so many sounds that are created from the voice that you wouldn't know were taken from the voice, like rhythm sounds. The number of times I've been sitting in the studio and said, 'I wish I could get a bass that would just go [mimics wet, thick hip-hop bass-drum sound].' Then I think, 'Why can't I just go [repeats noise] into a mic and sample it?' It's obvious; you spend all day trying to get a synthesizer to try and create this sound but you can just go [repeats noise] and you've got it. Then you can send it through some other device after that, and you've got something that sounds absolutely nothing like a voice, but the source was a voice. ... It is a very interesting process.\" Alan Wilder on the genesis of some of the sounds on Songs of Faith and Devotion, stated to Pulse! magazine \u2013 May 1993. In 1993, Songs of Faith and Devotion, again with Flood producing, saw them experimenting with arrangements based as much on heavily distorted electric guitars and live drums (played by Alan Wilder, whose debut as a studio drummer had come on the Violator track \"Clean\") as on synthesizers. Live strings, uilleann pipes and female gospel vocals were other new additions to the band's sound. The album debuted at number one in both the UK and the US, only the sixth British act to achieve such a distinction to date. The first single from the album was the grunge-influenced \"I Feel You.\" The gospel influences are most noticeable on the album's third single, \"Condemnation.\" Interviews given by the band during this period tended to be conducted separately, unlike earlier albums, where the band was interviewed as a group." }, "La Marseillaise-3": { "title": "La Marseillaise", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "As the French Revolution continued, the monarchies of Europe became concerned that revolutionary fervor would spread to their countries. The War of the First Coalition was an effort to stop the revolution, or at least contain it to France. Initially, the French army did not distinguish itself, and Coalition armies invaded France. On 25 April 1792, baron Philippe-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric de Dietrich, the mayor of Strasbourg, requested his guest Rouget de Lisle compose a song \"that will rally our soldiers from all over to defend their homeland that is under threat\". That evening, Rouget de Lisle wrote \"Chant de guerre pour l'Arm\u00e9e du Rhin\" (English: \"War Song for the Army of the Rhine\"), and dedicated the song to Marshal Nicolas Luckner, a Bavarian in French service from Cham. A plaque on the building on Place Broglie where De Dietrich's house once stood commemorates the event. De Dietrich was executed the next year during the Reign of Terror." }, "Nicholas II of Russia-63": { "title": "Nicholas II of Russia", "section": "Reign", "headers": [ "Tsarevich Alexei's illness and Rasputin" ], "para_index": 63, "content": "Further complicating domestic matters was the matter of the succession. Alexandra bore Nicholas four daughters, the Grand Duchess Olga in 1895, the Grand Duchess Tatiana in 1897, Grand Duchess Maria in 1899, and Grand Duchess Anastasia in 1901, before their son Alexei was born on 12 August 1904. The young heir was afflicted with Haemophilia B, a hereditary disease that prevents blood from clotting properly, which at that time was untreatable and usually led to an untimely death. As a granddaughter of Queen Victoria, Alexandra carried the same gene mutation that afflicted several of the major European royal houses, such as Prussia and Spain. Hemophilia, therefore, became known as \"the royal disease\". Through Alexandra, the disease had passed on to her son. As all of Nicholas and Alexandra's daughters were murdered with their parents and brother in Yekaterinburg in 1918, it is not known whether any of them inherited the gene as carriers." }, "Dynamite-3": { "title": "Dynamite", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Dynamite was invented by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel in the 1860s and was the first safely manageable explosive stronger than black powder, which had been invented in China in the 9th century." }, "Dante's Inferno: An Animated Epic-5": { "title": "Dante's Inferno: An Animated Epic", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Virgil and Dante enter Limbo, home to mostly virtuous pagans and unbaptized babies. Here Dante learns Beatrice was pregnant with his child while he was away, but miscarried after five months. Attacked by demonic children, he and Virgil escape into a large building; they enter a hall of great rulers, philosophers, and thinkers, including Aristotle, Plato, Socrates, and Saladin, whose forces Dante had battled during his crusade. Moving on, they encounter King Minos, whose task is to send condemned souls to their sin's corresponding circle of Hell. He denies Dante entry; they battle, and Minos is killed. Meanwhile, Lucifer tortures Beatrice, repeatedly killing her, tricking her with the hope of rescue, and taunting her that Dante had been unfaithful." }, "Food coloring-11": { "title": "Food coloring", "section": "Regulation", "headers": [ "Current regulation" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Certified colors are synthetically produced and are used widely because they impart an intense, uniform color, are less expensive, and blend more easily to create a variety of hues. There are nine certified color additives approved for use in the United States. Certified food colors generally do not add undesirable flavors to foods. Colors that are exempt from certification include pigments derived from natural sources such as vegetables, minerals, or animals. Nature derived color additives are typically more expensive than certified colors and may add unintended flavors to foods. Examples of exempt colors include annatto, beet extract, caramel, beta-carotene, turmeric and grape skin extract. This list contains substances which may have synthetic origins, such as nature identical beta-carotene. In the United States, FD&C numbers (which indicate that the FDA has approved the colorant for use in foods, drugs and cosmetics) are given to approved synthetic food dyes that do not exist in nature, while in the European Union, E\u00a0numbers are used for all additives, both synthetic and natural, that are approved in food applications. The food colors are known by E numbers that begin with a 1, such as E100 (turmeric) or E161b (lutein). The safety of food colors and other food additives in the EU is evaluated by the European Food Safety Authority. Color Directive 94/36/EC, enacted by the European Commission in 1994, outlines permitted natural and artificial colors with their approved applications and limits in different foodstuffs. This is binding to all member countries of the EU. Any changes have to be implemented into their national laws within a given time frame. In non-EU member states, food additives are regulated by their national authorities, which usually, but not in all cases, try to harmonize with the laws adopted by the EU. Most other countries have their own regulations and list of food colors which can be used in various applications, including maximum daily intake limits." }, "Disney Princess-36": { "title": "Disney Princess", "section": "Media", "headers": [ "Video games" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Disney Princesses have appeared in various other media, such as video games, including Disney Princess: Enchanted Journey, Disney Princess: Magical Jewels, and Disney Princess: My Fairytale Adventure. Rapunzel can be found as a character in the 2013 game Disney Infinity along with other non-franchise princesses. Anna and Elsa are also included but are not officially part of the Disney Princess Royal Court. Disney Infinity: 2.0 Edition has the addition of Merida and Jasmine. However, Merida is also included with Stitch in the Toy Box Starter Pack. Disney Infinity 3.0 includes the character Mulan. Merida can be found as a character via Pixar Family Builds in the 2018 Lego game Lego The Incredibles." }, "Toronto Star-1": { "title": "Toronto Star", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Toronto Star is a Canadian broadsheet daily newspaper. Based on 2015 statistics, it is Canada's highest-circulation newspaper on overall weekly circulation; although it is a close second to The Globe and Mail in daily circulation on weekdays, it overtakes the Globe in weekly circulation because the Globe does not publish a Sunday edition. The Toronto Star is owned by Toronto Star Newspapers Limited, a subsidiary of Torstar Corporation and part of Torstar's Daily News Brands division." }, "Cinnabon-3": { "title": "Cinnabon", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The first Cinnabon opened on December 4, 1985, Federal Way, Washington at SeaTac Mall, now called The Commons at Federal Way. Cinnabon was an offshoot of the Seattle Based Restaurants Unlimited restaurant chain majority owned by Rich Komen with minority partner and CEO Ray Lindstrom at the helm. Komen and Lindstrom wanted to create the perfect cinnamon roll, eventually hiring Jerilyn Brusseau to finalize the recipe since Brusseau was famous for her baking in the Seattle area. The first bakery began by serving only its cinnamon rolls with a sign touting \"World Famous Cinnamon Rolls\". Cinnabon's first franchise-operated store opened in August 1986 just outside of Philadelphia at the King of Prussia Mall. In 1991, the first Cinnabon store in SeaTac mall was opened. Cinnabon stores today can also be found in gas stations, universities, rapid transit stations, casinos, and amusement parks." }, "QR code-5": { "title": "QR code", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Adoption" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "During the month of June 2011, according to one study, 14 million American mobile users scanned a QR code or a barcode. Some 58% of those users scanned a QR or barcode from their homes, while 39% scanned from retail stores; 53% of the 14 million users were men between the ages of 18 and 34." }, "Lightning Bolt (Pearl Jam album)-11": { "title": "Lightning Bolt (Pearl Jam album)", "section": "Release and promotion", "headers": [ "Lightning Bolt Tour" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Pearl Jam promoted the album with shows in North America in 2013 before a tour of Oceania in January 2014. The band headlined the Voodoo Music + Arts Experience on November 1, 2013. The shows in Oceania were part of the Big Day Out festival. On November 15, 2013, drummer Matt Cameron announced that he would not be touring with Soundgarden in 2014, due to prior commitments promoting Lightning Bolt. On December 13, 2013, the band announced an eleven-date European leg starting on June 16, 2014. In May 2014, the band announced a ten-date tour of the American Midwest starting on October 1, 2014, to coincide with two appearances at the Austin City Limits Music Festival. To conclude the tour, the band played at the annual Bridge School Benefit in Mountain View, California. In March 2015 the band announced a nine-date tour of Latin America, scheduled to start in November." }, "Phobos (moon)-1": { "title": "Phobos (moon)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Phobos /\u02c8fo\u028ab\u0252s/ (systematic designation: Mars I) is the innermost and larger of the two natural satellites of Mars, the other being Deimos. Both moons were discovered in 1877 by American astronomer Asaph Hall." }, "Coca-25": { "title": "Coca", "section": "Coca Use by the Incas", "headers": [ "Ethnohistorical Sources" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "While many historians are in agreement that coca was a contributing factor to the daily life of the Inca, there are many different theories as to how this civilization came to adopt it as one of its staple crops and as a valued commodity. The Incas were able to accomplish significant things while stimulated by the effects of coca. The Incas did not have a graphical written language, but used the quipu, a fiber recording device. Ethnohistoric Spanish documents make it clear that coca was one of the most important elements of Inca culture. Coca was used in Inca feasts and religious rituals, among many other things. It was a driving factor in the labor efforts that Inca kings asked of their citizens, and also used to barter for other goods. Coca was vital to the Inca civilization and its culture. The Incas valued coca so much that they colonized tropical rain forests to the north and east of their capital in Cuzco so that they could increase and control their supply. The Incas colonized more human regions because coca cannot grow above 2600 meters in elevation (coca is not frost-resistant)." }, "Breast cancer-2": { "title": "Breast cancer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Risk factors for developing breast cancer include being female, obesity, a lack of physical exercise, alcoholism, hormone replacement therapy during menopause, ionizing radiation, an early age at first menstruation, having children late in life or not at all, older age, having a prior history of breast cancer, and a family history of breast cancer. About 5\u201310% of cases are the result of a genetic predisposition inherited from a person's parents, including BRCA1 and BRCA2 among others. Breast cancer most commonly develops in cells from the lining of milk ducts and the lobules that supply these ducts with milk. Cancers developing from the ducts are known as ductal carcinomas, while those developing from lobules are known as lobular carcinomas. There are more than 18 other sub-types of breast cancer. Some, such as ductal carcinoma in situ, develop from pre-invasive lesions. The diagnosis of breast cancer is confirmed by taking a biopsy of the concerning tissue. Once the diagnosis is made, further tests are done to determine if the cancer has spread beyond the breast and which treatments are most likely to be effective." }, "Abdomen-1": { "title": "Abdomen", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy or midriff) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the trunk. The region occupied by the abdomen is called the abdominal cavity. In arthropods it is the posterior tagma of the body; it follows the thorax or cephalothorax." }, "Kane (wrestler)-1": { "title": "Kane (wrestler)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Glenn Thomas Jacobs (born April 26, 1967) is an American professional wrestler, actor, author, businessman, and politician. As a Republican, he is the Mayor of Knox County, Tennessee. In professional wrestling, Jacobs is signed to WWE, where he is known by his ring name Kane. He began his professional wrestling career on the independent circuit in 1992, wrestling in promotions such as Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW) and the United States Wrestling Association (USWA) before joining the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) in 1995. Jacobs played various characters until 1997, when he was repackaged as Kane, the younger half-brother of The Undertaker, with whom Jacobs would alternatively feud or team as The Brothers of Destruction." }, "Argyria-5": { "title": "Argyria", "section": "Pathophysiology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Localised argyria often results from topical use of substances containing silver, such as some kinds of eye drops. Generalized argyria results from chronically swallowing or inhaling silver compounds, either for home medicinal purposes, or as a result of working with silver or silver compounds." }, "Coronavirus disease 2019-83": { "title": "Coronavirus disease 2019", "section": "Other animals", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 83, "content": "Humans appear to be capable of spreading the virus to some other animals. A domestic cat in Li\u00e8ge, Belgium, tested positive after it started showing symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting, shortness of breath) a week later than its owner, who was also positive. Tigers and Lions at the Bronx Zoo in New York, United States, tested positive for the virus and showed symptoms of COVID\u201119, including a dry cough and loss of appetite. Minks at two farms in the Netherlands also tested positive for COVID-19." }, "Palace of Westminster-30": { "title": "Palace of Westminster", "section": "Exterior", "headers": [ "Towers" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Five bells hang in the belfry above the clock. The four quarter bells strike the Westminster Chimes every quarter-hour. The largest bell strikes the hours; officially called The Great Bell of Westminster, it is generally referred to as Big Ben, a nickname of uncertain origins which, over time, has been colloquially applied to the whole tower. The first bell to bear this name cracked during testing and was recast; the present bell later developed a crack of its own, which gives it a distinctive sound. It is the third-heaviest bell in Britain, weighing 13.8 tonnes. In the lantern at the top of Elizabeth Tower is the Ayrton Light, which is lit when either House of Parliament is sitting after dark. It was installed in 1885 at the request of Queen Victoria\u2014so that she could see from Buckingham Palace whether the members were \"at work\"\u2014and named after Acton Smee Ayrton, who was First Commissioner of Works in the 1870s." }, "RNA virus-1": { "title": "RNA virus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An RNA virus is a virus that has RNA (ribonucleic acid) as its genetic material. This nucleic acid is usually single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) but may be double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include the common cold, influenza, SARS, COVID-19, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, West Nile fever, Ebola virus disease, rabies, polio and measles." }, "Groundhog Day-1": { "title": "Groundhog Day", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Groundhog Day (Pennsylvania German: Grund'sau d\u00e5k, Grundsaudaag, Grundsow Dawg, Murmeltiertag; Nova Scotia: Daks Day) is a popular American tradition observed in the United States and Canada on February 2nd. It derives from the Pennsylvania Dutch superstition that if a groundhog emerging from its burrow on this day sees its shadow due to clear weather, it will retreat to its den and winter will persist for six more weeks; but if it does not see its shadow because of cloudiness, spring will arrive early." }, "Legolas-18": { "title": "Legolas", "section": "Adaptations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "In the West End musical, The Lord of the Rings: The Musical, Legolas was portrayed by Michael Rouse. Legolas appeared as a playable character in Lego Dimensions as an expansion character, bundled with an arrow launcher." }, "Year-19": { "title": "Year", "section": "Intercalation", "headers": [ "Gregorian calendar" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "The Gregorian calendar attempts to cause the northward equinox to fall on or shortly before March 21 and hence it follows the northward equinox year, or tropical year. Because 97 out of 400 years are leap years, the mean length of the Gregorian calendar year is 365.2425 days; with a relative error below one ppm (8\u00b710\u22127) relative to the current length of the mean tropical year (365.24219 days) and even closer to the current March equinox year of 365.242374 days that it aims to match. It is estimated that by the year 4000 CE, the northward equinox will fall back by one day in the Gregorian calendar, not because of this difference, but due to the slowing of the Earth's rotation and the associated lengthening of the day." }, "Cancer-1": { "title": "Cancer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they can also have other causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect humans." }, "Academic degree-1": { "title": "Academic degree", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An academic degree is a qualification awarded to students upon successful completion of a course of study in higher education, usually at a college or university. These institutions commonly offer degrees at various levels, usually including bachelor's, master's and doctorates, often alongside other academic certificates and professional degrees. The most common undergraduate degree is the bachelor's degree, although in some countries there are lower level higher education qualifications that are also titled degrees (e.g. associate degrees and foundation degrees)." }, "Winnowing (sedimentology)-1": { "title": "Winnowing (sedimentology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In sedimentology, winnowing is the natural removal of fine material from a coarser sediment by wind or flowing water. Once a sediment has been deposited, subsequent changes in the speed or direction of wind or water flowing over it can agitate the grains in the sediment and allow the preferential removal of the finer grains. This action can improve the sorting and increase the mean grain size of a sediment after it has been deposited." }, "Porsche 992-8": { "title": "Porsche 992", "section": "Models", "headers": [ "Turbo S (2020\u2013)" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "911 Carrera S coupe 911 Carrera 4S cabriolet 911 Carrera 4S coup\u00e9 Introduced on 3 March 2020, the 992 Turbo S has a twin-turbocharged 3.7-litre flat-6 engine rated at 650\u00a0PS (478\u00a0kW; 641\u00a0hp) and 800\u00a0N\u22c5m (590\u00a0lb\u22c5ft) of torque. The engine is based on the 3.0 litre unit found in the Carrera models and has a slightly shorter stroke than that of the outgoing Turbo S engine. The compression ratio has also decreased to 8.7:1. The coupe can accelerate to 100\u00a0km/h (62\u00a0mph) in 2.7 seconds (2.8 seconds for the convertible), the car has a top speed of 330\u00a0km/h (205\u00a0mph). Both the turbochargers and the air intake system are larger, with the latter now being located directly behind the engine instead of in the rear fenders as on previous 911 Turbo models. The rear fenders now house the air filters instead. Two new factory options are available: Active Suspension Management and a sport exhaust. Standard equipment includes Porsche dynamic chassis control (PDCC), rear-axle steering and ceramic composite brakes. The front now sports adaptive cooling flaps, while the rear wing is larger and generates 15 percent more downforce than the previous model. Active anti-rollbars, adaptive dampers and rear wheel steering are standard features." }, "Amazon River-76": { "title": "Amazon River", "section": "Flora and fauna", "headers": [ "Fauna", "Fish" ], "para_index": 76, "content": "The electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) and more than 100 species of electric fishes (Gymnotiformes) inhabit the Amazon basin. River stingrays (Potamotrygonidae) are also known. The bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) has been reported 4,000 kilometres (2,500\u00a0mi) up the Amazon River at Iquitos in Peru." }, "Amazon basin-2": { "title": "Amazon basin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Most of the basin is covered by the Amazon Rainforest, also known as Amazonia. With a 5.5\u00a0million\u00a0km2 (2.1\u00a0million\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) area of dense tropical forest, this is the largest rainforest in the world." }, "Mickey Mouse-48": { "title": "Mickey Mouse", "section": "Portrayal", "headers": [ "Design" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "citation needed] Some of Mickey's early appearance, particularly the gloves, and facial characteristics, evolved from blackface caricatures used in minstrel shows." }, "Peasant-1": { "title": "Peasant", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or farmer with limited land ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord. In Europe, three classes of peasants existed: slave, serf, and free tenant. Peasants hold title to land either in fee simple or by any of several forms of land tenure, among them socage, quit-rent, leasehold, and copyhold." }, "Clementine-1": { "title": "Clementine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A clementine (Citrus \u00d7 clementina) is a tangor, a citrus fruit hybrid between a willowleaf mandarin orange (C. \u00d7 deliciosa) and a sweet orange (C. \u00d7 sinensis), named for its late 19th-century discoverer. The exterior is a deep orange colour with a smooth, glossy appearance. Clementines can be separated into 7 to 14 segments. Similar to tangerines, they tend to be easy to peel. They are typically juicy and sweet, with less acid than oranges. Their oils, like other citrus fruits, contain mostly limonene as well as myrcene, linalool, \u03b1-pinene and many complex aromatics." }, "Paprika-1": { "title": "Paprika", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Paprika (US English more commonly /p\u0259\u02c8pri\u02d0k\u0259/ (listen), British English more commonly /\u02c8p\u00e6pr\u026ak\u0259/ (listen)) is a ground spice made from dried red fruits of sweeter varieties of the plant Capsicum annuum. It is traditionally made from Capsicum annuum varietals in the Longum group, which also includes chili peppers, but the peppers used for paprika tend to be milder and have thinner flesh. In many languages, but not English, the word paprika also refers to the plant and the fruit from which the spice is made, as well as to peppers in the Grossum group (e.g. bell peppers)." }, "Cucumber-9": { "title": "Cucumber", "section": "Varieties", "headers": [ "Slicing" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Cucumbers grown to eat fresh are called slicing cucumbers. The main varieties of slicers mature on vines with large leaves that provide shading. They are mainly eaten in the unripe green form, since the ripe yellow form normally becomes bitter and sour. Slicers grown commercially for the North American market are generally longer, smoother, more uniform in color, and have a much tougher skin. Slicers in other countries are smaller and have a thinner, more delicate skin, often having fewer seeds and being sold in a plastic skin for protection. Sometimes these are known as English cucumbers. This variety may also be called a \"telegraph cucumber\", particularly in Australasia. Smaller slicing cucumbers can also be pickled." }, "Mental disorder-3": { "title": "Mental disorder", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Services are based in psychiatric hospitals or in the community, and assessments are carried out by mental health professionals such as psychiatrists, psychologists, psychiatric nurses and clinical social workers, using various methods such as psychometric tests but often relying on observation and questioning. Treatments are provided by various mental health professionals. Psychotherapy and psychiatric medication are two major treatment options. Other treatments include lifestyle changes, social interventions, peer support, and self-help. In a minority of cases, there might be involuntary detention or treatment. Prevention programs have been shown to reduce depression." }, "The Godfather (novel)-1": { "title": "The Godfather (novel)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Godfather is a crime novel by American author Mario Puzo. Originally published in 1969 by G. P. Putnam's Sons, the novel details the story of a fictional Mafia family in New York City (and Long Beach, New York), headed by Vito Corleone. Puzo's dedication for The Godfather is \"For Anthony Cleri\". The epigraph for The Godfather is \"Behind every great fortune there is a crime. - Balzac.\" The novel covers the years 1945 to 1955 and provides the back story of Vito Corleone from early childhood to adulthood." }, "Saint Peter-1": { "title": "Saint Peter", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Saint Peter (Classical Syriac: \u072b\u0738\u0721\u0725\u0718\u073f\u0722 \u071f\u0739\u0741\u0710\u0726\u0742\u0735\u0710\u200e, romanized:\u00a0\u0160em\u02bf\u014dn K\u0113p\u0304\u0101; Hebrew: \u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05e8 \u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4\u200e, romanized:\u00a0\u0160im\u02bf\u014dn bar Y\u014dn\u0101h; Arabic: \u0633\u0650\u0645\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0637\u0631\u064f\u0633\u200e, romanized:\u00a0Sim\u02bfa\u0305n Bu\u1e6drus; Greek: \u03a0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, translit.\u00a0Petros; Coptic: \u2ca0\u2c89\u2ca7\u2ca3\u2c9f\u2ca5, romanized:\u00a0Petros; Latin: Petrus; r. AD 30; died between AD 64 and 68), also known as Simon Peter, Simeon, Simon (/\u02c8sa\u026am\u0259n/ (listen)), Cephas, or Peter the Apostle, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, and the first leader of the early Church." }, "Thermometer-44": { "title": "Thermometer", "section": "Applications", "headers": [ "Medical" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "Ear thermometers tend to be an infrared thermometer. Forehead thermometer is an example of a liquid crystal thermometer. Rectal and oral thermometers have typically been mercury but have since largely been supersceded by NTC thermistors with a digital readout. Various thermometric techniques have been used throughout history such as the Galileo thermometer to thermal imaging." }, "Cucumber-11": { "title": "Cucumber", "section": "Varieties", "headers": [ "Pickling", "Gherkin" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Gherkins, also called cornichons, or baby pickles, are small cucumbers, typically those 1 inch (2.5\u00a0cm) to 5 inches (13\u00a0cm) in length, often with bumpy skin, which are typically used for pickling. The word gherkin comes from early modern Dutch, gurken or augurken for \"small pickled cucumber\". The term is also used in the name West Indian gherkin for Cucumis anguria, a closely related species." }, "Pound (mass)-31": { "title": "Pound (mass)", "section": "Historic use", "headers": [ "In the United States" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "In 1959, the United States National Bureau of Standards redefined the pound (avoirdupois) to be exactly equal to 0.453\u00a0592\u00a037\u00a0kilograms, which had been designated as the International Pound. According to a 1959 NIST publication, the United States 1894 pound differed from the international pound by approximately one part in 10 million. The difference is so insignificant that it can be ignored for almost all practical purposes." }, "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor-37": { "title": "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Third Crusade" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "On 27 March 1188, at the Diet of Mainz, the archbishop of Cologne submitted to Frederick. Bishop Gottfried von Spitzenberg\u00a0[de] of W\u00fcrzburg preached a crusade sermon and Frederick asked the assembly whether he should take the cross. At the universal acclaim of the assembly, he took the crusader's vow. His second son, the duke of Swabia, followed suit. The eldest, Henry VI, was to remain behind in Germany as regent. At Mainz Frederick proclaimed a \"general expedition against the pagans\". He set the period of preparation as 17 April 1188 to 8 April 1189 and scheduled the army to assemble at Regensburg on 23 April 1189." }, "Tony Bennett-29": { "title": "Tony Bennett", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "1965\u20131979: Years of struggle" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "As the decade neared its end, Bennett had no recording contract, no manager, and was not performing many concerts outside of Las Vegas. His second marriage was failing; they separated in 1979 with her filing for divorce" }, "Iowa-1": { "title": "Iowa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Iowa (/\u02c8a\u026a\u0259w\u0259/ (listen)) is a state in the Midwestern United States, bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west. It is bordered by six states: Wisconsin to the northeast, Illinois to the east and southeast, Missouri to the south, Nebraska to the west, South Dakota to the northwest, and Minnesota to the north." }, "The Comedy of Errors-25": { "title": "The Comedy of Errors", "section": "Adaptations", "headers": [ "Film" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Indian cinema has made eight films based on the play:" }, "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom-60": { "title": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom", "section": "Primus inter pares", "headers": [ "Great Reform Act and the premiership" ], "para_index": 60, "content": "Neither the sovereign nor the House of Lords had any meaningful influence over who was elected to the Commons in 1997 or in deciding whether or not Blair would become Prime Minister. Their detachment from the electoral process and the selection of the prime minister has been a convention of the constitution for almost 200 years." }, "Swastika-34": { "title": "Swastika", "section": "Historical use", "headers": [ "South Asia", "Hinduism" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "Hindu Swastikas The swastika is an important Hindu symbol. The swastika symbol is commonly used before entrances or on doorways of homes or temples, to mark the starting page of financial statements, and mandalas constructed for rituals such as weddings or welcoming a newborn." }, "Eggplant-53": { "title": "Eggplant", "section": "Allergies", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "Case reports of itchy skin or mouth, mild headache, and stomach upset after handling or eating eggplant have been reported anecdotally and published in medical journals (see also oral allergy syndrome)." }, "Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia-8": { "title": "Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Hemophilia" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "It was then known that people with hemophilia could bleed easily, and fatally. Alexei had to be protected because he lacked factor IX, one of the proteins necessary for blood-clotting. According to his French tutor, Pierre Gilliard, the nature of his illness was kept a state secret. His hemophilia was so severe that trivial injuries such as a bruise, a nosebleed or a cut were potentially life-threatening. Two navy sailors were assigned to him to monitor and supervise him to prevent injuries, which still took place. Sometimes the disease caused pain in his joints, and the sailors carried Alexei around when he was unable to walk. His parents constantly worried about him. In addition, the recurring episodes of illness and long recoveries interfered greatly with Alexei's childhood and education." }, "JPEG-5": { "title": "JPEG", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Background" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The original JPEG specification published in 1992 implements processes from various earlier research papers and patents cited by the CCITT (now ITU-T) and Joint Photographic Experts Group. The main basis for JPEG's lossy compression algorithm is the discrete cosine transform (DCT), which was first proposed by Nasir Ahmed as an image compression technique in 1972. Ahmed developed a practical DCT algorithm with T. Natarajan of Kansas State University and K. R. Rao of the University of Texas in 1973. Their seminal 1974 paper is cited in the JPEG specification, along with several later research papers that did further work on DCT, including a 1977 paper by Wen-Hsiung Chen, C.H. Smith and S.C. Fralick that described a fast DCT algorithm, as well as a 1978 paper by N.J. Narasinha and S.C. Fralick, and a 1984 paper by B.G. Lee. The specification also cites a 1984 paper by Wen-Hsiung Chen and W.K. Pratt as an influence on its quantization algorithm, and David A. Huffman's 1952 paper for its Huffman coding algorithm." }, "Urban legend-1": { "title": "Urban legend", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An urban legend, urban myth, urban tale, or contemporary legend is a genre of folklore comprising stories circulated as true, especially as having happened to a friend or family member, often with horrifying or humorous elements. These legends can be entertainment, but often concern mysterious peril or troubling events, such as disappearances and strange objects. They may also be confirmation of moral standards, or reflect prejudices, or be a way to make sense of societal anxieties." }, "Phobos (mythology)-2": { "title": "Phobos (mythology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In Classical Greek mythology, Phobos is more of a personification of the fear brought by war and does not appear as a character in any myths. In Roman mythology, he has also been referred to as Pavor or Terror." }, "Windows Phone-2": { "title": "Windows Phone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It was first launched in October 2010 with Windows Phone 7. Windows Phone 8 succeeded it in 2012, replacing the Windows CE-based kernel of Windows Phone 7 with the Windows NT kernel used by the PC versions of Windows (and, in particular, a large amount of internal components from Windows 8). Due to these changes, the OS was incompatible with all existing Windows Phone 7 devices, although it still supported apps originally developed for Windows Phone 7. In 2014, Microsoft released the Windows Phone 8.1 update, which introduced the Cortana virtual assistant, and Windows Runtime platform support to create cross-platform apps between Windows PCs and Windows Phone." }, "Rainbow-11": { "title": "Rainbow", "section": "Visibility", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "From above the earth such as in an aeroplane, it is sometimes possible to see a rainbow as a full circle. This phenomenon can be confused with the glory phenomenon, but a glory is usually much smaller, covering only 5\u201320\u00b0." }, "Urination-3": { "title": "Urination", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In some animals, in addition to expelling waste material, urination can mark territory or express submissiveness. Physiologically, urination involves coordination between the central, autonomic, and somatic nervous systems. Brain centres that regulate urination include the pontine micturition center, periaqueductal gray, and the cerebral cortex. In placental mammals, urine is drained through the urinary meatus, a urethral opening in the male penis or female vulval vestibule." }, "Marine invertebrates-26": { "title": "Marine invertebrates", "section": "Marine molluscs", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Molluscs (Latin for soft) form a phylum with about 85,000 extant recognized species. By species count they are the largest marine phylum, comprising about 23% of all the named marine organisms. Molluscs have more varied forms than other invertebrate phyla. They are highly diverse, not just in size and in anatomical structure, but also in behaviour and in habitat. The majority of species still live in the oceans, from the seashores to the abyssal zone, but some form a significant part of the freshwater fauna and the terrestrial ecosystems." }, "Short story-7": { "title": "Short story", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In terms of length, word count is typically anywhere from 1,000 to 4,000 for short stories, however some have 20,000 words and are still classed as short stories. Stories of fewer than 1,000 words are sometimes referred to as \"short short stories\", or \"flash fiction\"." }, "Learning disability-5": { "title": "Learning disability", "section": "Definition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Representatives of organizations committed to the education and welfare of individuals with learning disabilities are known as National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities (NJCLD). The NJCLD used the term 'learning disability' to indicate a discrepancy between a child's apparent capacity to learn and his or her level of achievement. Several difficulties existed, however, with the NJCLD standard of defining learning disability. One such difficulty was its belief of central nervous system dysfunction as a basis of understanding and diagnosing learning disability. This conflicted with the fact that many individuals who experienced central nervous system dysfunction, such as those with cerebral palsy, did not experience disabilities in learning. On the other hand, those individuals who experienced multiple handicapping conditions along with learning disability frequently received inappropriate assessment, planning, and instruction. The NJCLD notes that it is possible for learning disability to occur simultaneously with other handicapping conditions, however, the two should not be directly linked together or confused." }, "Red states and blue states-17": { "title": "Red states and blue states", "section": "Map interpretation", "headers": [ "Critiques" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "The Democratic and Republican parties within a particular state may have a platform that departs\u2014sometimes greatly\u2014from that of the national party, sometimes leading that state to favor one party in state and local elections and the other in presidential elections. This is most evident in the Southern United States, where the state Democratic Party organizations tend to be more conservative than the national party, especially on social issues. Likewise, Republicans have elected many statewide officeholders in states that are solidly Democratic at the presidential level, such as New York, Illinois, Hawaii, and Vermont." }, "University of Pittsburgh-1": { "title": "University of Pittsburgh", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The University of Pittsburgh (Pitt) is a state-related research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Pitt was founded as the Pittsburgh Academy in 1787 on the edge of the American frontier. It developed and was renamed as Western University of Pennsylvania by a change to its charter in 1819. After surviving two devastating fires and various relocations within the area, the school moved to its current location in the Oakland neighborhood of the city; it was renamed as the University of Pittsburgh in 1908. Pitt was a private institution until 1966 when it became part of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education." }, "Shiva Puja-1": { "title": "Shiva Puja", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Shiva Puja is the name of the action in Hinduism by which one worships Lord Siva through traditional and ancient rites with the use of mantra, tantra, kriyas, mudras, and abhishekam." }, "Biochemistry-2": { "title": "Biochemistry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A sub-discipline of both biology and chemistry, biochemistry can be divided into three fields; structural biology, enzymology, and metabolism. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become successful at explaining living processes through these three disciplines. Almost all areas of the life sciences are being uncovered and developed by biochemical methodology and research. Biochemistry focuses on understanding the chemical basis which allows biological molecules to give rise to the processes that occur within living cells and between cells, which in turn relates greatly to the study and understanding of tissues and organs, as well as organism structure and function." }, "Bruiser Brody-7": { "title": "Bruiser Brody", "section": "Professional wrestling career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In 1985, he had a very short stint with New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) in a feud with Antonio Inoki and many of their matches ended in no contests or disqualifications. In 1987, Brody began working primarily for the World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico after getting fired from New Japan. Brody continued his feud with Abdullah the Butcher, as well as engaging in a feud with Carlos Colon. He briefly returned to All Japan Pro Wrestling to win his last NWA International Heavyweight Championship. On April 15, 1988, the first attempt to form what became the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship was done when Brody faced off against NWA United National and PWF champion Genichiro Tenryu; the result was a double countout. Brody lost the title to Jumbo Tsuruta four days later. In WCCW in Texas he was actually a babyface, most often against Abdullah The Butcher. However against Abdullah in Montreal he was a heel managed by Floyd Creatchman. While there Tim \"Killer\" Brooks acted as his brother Buster Brody. Brody was in an ongoing feud with The Russian Brute who later went on to AWA fame with Manager Ox Baker. Due to his huge reputation in Japan promoter Shohei Baba had the match taped and later aired on Japanese TV." }, "Anchovies as food-2": { "title": "Anchovies as food", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A traditional method of processing and preserving anchovies is to gut and salt them in brine, allow them to mature, and then pack them in oil or salt. This results in the characteristic strong flavor associated with anchovies, and their flesh turns deep grey. Anchovies pickled in vinegar, as with Spanish boquerones en vinagre, are milder, and the flesh retains a white color. For domestic use, anchovy fillets are sometimes packed in oil or salt in small tins or jars, sometimes rolled around capers. Anchovy paste is also available, as is anchovy essence. Anchovy mash is also sold in the UK under the label of Gentleman's Relish as per the Two Fat Ladies cooking show." }, "Retail-1": { "title": "Retail", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Retail is the process of selling consumer goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit. Retailers satisfy demand identified through a supply chain. The term \"retailer\" is typically applied where a service provider fills the small orders of many individuals, who are end-users, rather than large orders of a small number of wholesale, corporate or government clientele. Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products. Sometimes this is done to obtain final goods, including necessities such as food and clothing; sometimes it takes place as a recreational activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping and browsing: it does not always result in a purchase." }, "Manuel Pinto da Fonseca-9": { "title": "Manuel Pinto da Fonseca", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "He was elected as Grand Master in his 60th year, and he lived to be a nonagenarian, ruling the Order for 32 years." }, "German Shepherd-11": { "title": "German Shepherd", "section": "Modern breed", "headers": [ "Controversy" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The Kennel Club, in the United Kingdom, is involved in a dispute with German Shepherd breed clubs about the issue of soundness in the show-strain of the breed. The show-strains have been bred with an extremely sloping topline (back) that causes poor gait in the hind legs. Working-pedigree lines, such as those in common use as service dogs, generally retain the traditional straight back of the breed." }, "Ship-1": { "title": "Ship", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A ship is a large watercraft that travels the world's oceans and other sufficiently deep waterways, carrying goods or passengers, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research and fishing. Historically, a \"ship\" was a sailing vessel with at least three square-rigged masts and a full bowsprit. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape, load capacity, and tradition." }, "Alan Greenspan-7": { "title": "Alan Greenspan", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Before the Federal Reserve" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "During his economics studies at New York University, Greenspan worked under Eugene Banks, a managing director at the Wall Street investment bank Brown Brothers Harriman, in the firm's equity research department. From 1948 to 1953, Greenspan worked as an analyst at The National Industrial Conference Board (currently known as The Conference Board), a business- and industry-oriented think tank in New York City. From 1955 to 1987, when he was appointed chairman of the Federal Reserve, Greenspan was chairman and president of Townsend-Greenspan & Co., Inc., an economics consulting firm in New York City, a 32-year stint interrupted only from 1974 to 1977 by his service as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers under President Gerald Ford." }, "S. Truett Cathy-1": { "title": "S. Truett Cathy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Samuel Truett Cathy (March 14, 1921 \u2013 September 8, 2014) was an American businessman, investor, author, and philanthropist. He founded the fast food restaurant chain Chick-fil-A in 1946." }, "Secondary education in the United States-36": { "title": "Secondary education in the United States", "section": "Types of schools", "headers": [ "Public schools" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "The United States public education system is structured into three levels: elementary (also known as primary) education, middle and high school (which is secondary together) education, and college or university level (also known as post-secondary) education. Schooling starts at age 5-6 and ends anywhere from 16-18 depending on the school system, state policy, and the students progress. Pre-School or Pre-Kindergarten accept as young as age 3 and is not required. From there education models differ as elementary school can last anywhere from grade 5 (age 10\u201311) to grade 8 (age 13\u201314) depending on the structure. Some states have middle schools which is part of secondary education and between elementary school and high school encompassing grades from 6 to 9, while others have no middle school and instead combined mixed high schools. High school is generally grades 9-12, with the exception of the mixed model which is 7-12." }, "The Birth of Venus-17": { "title": "The Birth of Venus", "section": "Dating and history", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Horne believed that the painting was commissioned soon after the purchase in 1477 of the Villa di Castello, a country house outside Florence, by Lorenzo and Giovanni, to decorate their new house, which they were rebuilding. This was the year after their father died at the age of 46, leaving the young boys wards of their cousin Lorenzo il Magnifico, of the senior branch of the Medici family and de facto ruler of Florence. There is no record of the original commission, and the painting is first mentioned by Vasari, who saw it, together with the Primavera, at Castello, some time before the first edition of his Lives in 1550, probably by 1530\u201340. In 1550 Vasari was himself painting in the villa, but he very possibly visited it before that. But in 1975 it emerged that, unlike the Primavera, the Birth is not in the inventory, apparently complete, made in 1499 of the works of art belonging to Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco's branch of the family. Ronald Lightbown concludes that it only came to be owned by the Medici after that. The inventory was only published in 1975, and made many previous assumptions invalid." }, "The Young and the Restless-1": { "title": "The Young and the Restless", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Young and the Restless (often abbreviated as Y&R) is an American television soap opera created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. The show is set in a fictionalized version of Genoa City, Wisconsin. First broadcast on March 26, 1973, The Young and the Restless was originally broadcast as half-hour episodes, five times a week. The show expanded to one-hour episodes on February 4, 1980. In 2006, the series began airing encore episodes weeknights on SOAPnet until 2013, when it moved to TVGN (now Pop). As of July 1, 2013, Pop still airs the encore episodes on weeknights. The series is also syndicated internationally." }, "Olive oil-3": { "title": "Olive oil", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The composition of olive oil varies with the cultivar, altitude, time of harvest and extraction process. It consists mainly of oleic acid (up to 83%), with smaller amounts of other fatty acids including linoleic acid (up to 21%) and palmitic acid (up to 20%). Extra virgin olive oil is required to have no more than 0.8% free acidity and is considered to have favorable flavor characteristics." }, "Grey Goose (vodka)-7": { "title": "Grey Goose (vodka)", "section": "Product description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Although made from wheat, as a distilled spirit, Grey Goose is gluten-free. The distillation process removes the gluten from the purified final product." }, "Bow and arrow-1": { "title": "Bow and arrow", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The bow and arrow is a ranged weapon system consisting of an elastic launching device (bow) and long-shafted projectiles (arrows)." }, "Ratification-18": { "title": "Ratification", "section": "Ratification of a constitution", "headers": [ "Ratification in the United States Constitution" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "For subsequent amendments, Article Five describes the process of a potential amendment's adoption. Proposals to adopt an amendment may be called either by a two-thirds vote by both houses of Congress or by a national convention as a result of resolutions adopted by two-thirds (presently at least 34 out of 50) of the states' legislatures. For an amendment to be adopted, three-quarters of the states (presently at least 38 out of 50) must ratify the amendment either by a vote of approval in each state's legislature or by state ratifying conventions\u00a0\u2013 Congress may specify which method must be used to ratify the amendment. Congress may also set a deadline by which the threshold for adoption must be met." }, "Kidney stone disease-1": { "title": "Kidney stone disease", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Kidney stone disease, also known as nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, is when a solid piece of material (kidney stone) develops in the urinary tract. Kidney stones typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. A small stone may pass without causing symptoms. If a stone grows to more than 5 millimeters (0.2\u00a0in), it can cause blockage of the ureter, resulting in severe pain in the lower back or abdomen. A stone may also result in blood in the urine, vomiting, or painful urination. About half of people who have had a kidney stone will have another within ten years." }, "Republic of Florence-38": { "title": "Republic of Florence", "section": "History", "headers": [ "15th century", "The Medicis", "Piero" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "Piero ruled Florence for a mere two years. Charles VIII of France invaded Italy in September 1494. He demanded passage through Florence to Naples, where he intended to secure the throne for himself. Piero met Charles at the fringes of Florence to try and negotiate. Piero capitulated to all Charles' demands, and upon arriving back in the city in November, he was branded as a traitor. He was forced to flee the republic with his family." }, "Holy trinity (cuisine)-1": { "title": "Holy trinity (cuisine)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The holy trinity in Cajun cuisine and Louisiana Creole cuisine is the base for several dishes in the regional cuisines of Louisiana and consists of onions, bell peppers and celery. The preparation of Cajun/Creole dishes such as crawfish \u00e9touff\u00e9e, gumbo, and jambalaya all start from this base." }, "Flying Spaghetti Monster-1": { "title": "Flying Spaghetti Monster", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Flying Spaghetti Monster (FSM) is the deity of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, or Pastafarianism. Pastafarianism (a portmanteau of pasta and Rastafarianism) is a social movement that promotes a light-hearted view of religion and opposes the teaching of intelligent design and creationism in public schools. According to adherents, Pastafarianism is a \"real, legitimate religion, as much as any other\". In New Zealand, Pastafarian representatives are authorized to officiate weddings. However, in the United States, a federal court has ruled that the \"Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster\" is not a real religion. In August 2018 the Dutch Council of State also ruled that Pastafarianism is not a religion." }, "Horus-11": { "title": "Horus", "section": "Origin mythology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Horus was born to the goddess Isis after she retrieved all the dismembered body parts of her murdered husband Osiris, except his penis, which was thrown into the Nile and eaten by a catfish, or sometimes depicted as instead by a crab, and according to Plutarch's account used her magic powers to resurrect Osiris and fashion a phallus to conceive her son (older Egyptian accounts have the penis of Osiris surviving)." }, "Golden Rule-21": { "title": "Golden Rule", "section": "Religious context", "headers": [ "Abrahamic religions", "Christianity" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "The Golden Rule is stated positively numerous times in the Old Testament: Leviticus 19:18 (\"Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I am the LORD.\"; see also Great Commandment) and Leviticus 19:34 (\"But treat them just as you treat your own citizens. Love foreigners as you love yourselves, because you were foreigners one time in Egypt. I am the Lord your God.\")." }, "David Duchovny-3": { "title": "David Duchovny", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Duchovny was born in New York, in 1960. He is the son of Margaret \"Meg\" (n\u00e9e Miller), a school administrator and teacher, and Amram \"Ami\" Ducovny (1927\u20132003), a writer and publicist who worked for the American Jewish Committee. Duchovny's mother is a Scottish Presbyterian emigrant from Aberdeen, Scotland. His father was Jewish; Duchovny's paternal grandfather was a Jewish emigrant from Berdychiv, Russian Empire (now in Ukraine), and Duchovny's paternal grandmother was a Jewish emigrant from Russian Poland (now in Poland). His father dropped the h in his last name to avoid the sort of mispronunciations he encountered while serving in the Army." }, "Hades-1": { "title": "Hades", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hades (/\u02c8he\u026adi\u02d0z/; Greek: \u1f8d\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 H\u00e1d\u0113s; \u1f0d\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 H\u00e1id\u0113s), in the ancient Greek religion and myth, is the god of the dead and the king of the underworld, with which his name became synonymous. Hades was the eldest son of Cronus and Rhea, although the last son regurgitated by his father. He and his brothers, Zeus and Poseidon, defeated their father's generation of gods, the Titans, and claimed rulership over the cosmos. Hades received the underworld, Zeus the sky, and Poseidon the sea, with the solid earth, long the province of Gaia, available to all three concurrently. Hades was often portrayed with his three-headed guard dog Cerberus." }, "February-10": { "title": "February", "section": "Patterns", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Having only 28 days in common years, February is the only month of the year that can pass without a single full moon. Using Coordinated Universal Time as the basis for determining the date and time of a full moon, this last happened in 2018 and will next happen in 2037. The same is true regarding a new moon: again using Coordinated Universal Time as the basis, this last happened in 2014 and will next happen in 2033." }, "On the Origin of Species-1": { "title": "On the Origin of Species", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "On the Origin of Species (or, more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life), published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation." }, "Prosperity-1": { "title": "Prosperity", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Prosperity is the flourishing, thriving, good fortune and successful social status. Prosperity often produces profuse wealth including other factors which can be profusely wealthy in all degrees, such as happiness and health." }, "Confederate States Army-1": { "title": "Confederate States Army", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Confederate States Army was the military land force of the Confederate States of America (commonly referred to as the Confederacy) during the American Civil War (1861\u20131865), fighting against the United States forces. On February 28, 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president, Jefferson Davis. Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican\u2013American War. He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce. On March 1, 1861, on behalf of the Confederate government, Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston, South Carolina, where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor, held by a small U.S. Army garrison. By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army." }, "Voyages of Christopher Columbus-6": { "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus", "section": "Background to the voyages", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Portugal had been the main European power interested in pursuing trade routes overseas. Their next-door neighbors, Castile (predecessor of Spain) had been somewhat slower to begin exploring the Atlantic because of the bigger land area it had to re-conquer (the Reconquista) from the Moors. It was not until the late 15th century, following the dynastic union of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and the completion of the Reconquista, that the unified crowns of what would become Spain (although countries still legally existing) emerged and became fully committed to looking for new trade routes and colonies overseas. In 1492 the joint rulers conquered the Moorish kingdom of Granada, which had been providing Castile with African goods through tribute. Columbus had previously failed to convince King John II of Portugal to fund his exploration of a western route, but the new king and queen of the re-conquered Spain decided to fund Columbus's expedition in hopes of bypassing Portugal's lock on Africa and the Indian Ocean, reaching Asia by traveling west." }, "Neon-1": { "title": "Neon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Neon is a chemical element with the symbol Ne and atomic number 10. It is a noble gas. Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions, with about two-thirds the density of air. It was discovered (along with krypton and xenon) in 1898 as one of the three residual rare inert elements remaining in dry air, after nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide were removed. Neon was the second of these three rare gases to be discovered and was immediately recognized as a new element from its bright red emission spectrum. The name neon is derived from the Greek word, \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, neuter singular form of \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 (neos), meaning new. Neon is chemically inert, and no uncharged neon compounds are known. The compounds of neon currently known include ionic molecules, molecules held together by van der Waals forces and clathrates." }, "Climate of Dallas-3": { "title": "Climate of Dallas", "section": "Seasonal climate", "headers": [ "Transitional months" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Spring and autumn bring pleasant weather to the area. Vibrant wildflowers (such as the bluebonnet, Indian paintbrush and other flora) bloom in spring and are planted around the highways throughout Texas. Springtime weather can be quite volatile, but temperatures themselves are mild. The weather in Dallas is also generally pleasant between late September and early December, and unlike springtime, major storms rarely form in the area." }, "France in the American Revolutionary War-5": { "title": "France in the American Revolutionary War", "section": "French involvement", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Motivated by the prospect of glory in battle or animated by the sincere ideals of liberty and republicanism, volunteers like Pierre Charles L'Enfant joined the American army. The most famous was Lafayette, a charming young aristocrat who defied the king's order and enlisted in 1777 at age 20. He became an aide to George Washington and a combat general. More importantly, he solidified a favorable American view of France. Kramer argues that Lafayette provided a legitimacy for the war and confidence that there was serious European support for independence. Lafayette's personal style was highly attractive; the young man learned quickly, adapted to the Patriot style, avoided politics, and became a fast friend of General Washington. Fifty years later, after a major career in French politics, he returned as a beloved hero of the war." }, "JAG (season 1)-1": { "title": "JAG (season 1)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The first season of JAG premiered on NBC on September 23, 1995, and concluded on July 15, 1996. The season, initially starring David James Elliott and Tracey Needham, (and starring Andrea Parker), was produced by Belisarius Productions in association with NBC Productions and Paramount Television." }, "Bad Lieutenant (band)-1": { "title": "Bad Lieutenant (band)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bad Lieutenant (/lju\u02d0\u02c8t\u025bn\u0259nt/ lew-TEN-\u0259nt) was an English alternative rock band formed in 2007 following the second breakup of New Order. The band consisted of former New Order members Bernard Sumner and Phil Cunningham as well as Rambo & Leroy's Jake Evans." }, "Apartheid-1": { "title": "Apartheid", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Apartheid (South African English:\u00a0/\u0259\u02c8p\u0251\u02d0rte\u026ad/; Afrikaans:\u00a0[a\u02c8part\u0266\u025bit], segregation; lit. \"aparthood\") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 until the early 1990s. Apartheid was characterised by an authoritarian political culture based on baasskap (or white supremacy), which ensured that South Africa was dominated politically, socially, and economically by the nation's minority white population. According to this system of social stratification, white citizens had the highest status, followed in descending order by Asians, Coloureds, and black Africans. The economic legacy and social effects of apartheid continue to the present day." }, "Surfing-1": { "title": "Surfing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Surfing is a surface water pastime in which the wave rider, referred to as a surfer, rides on the forward part, or face, of a moving wave, which usually carries the surfer towards the shore. Waves suitable for surfing are primarily found in the ocean, but can also be found in lakes or rivers in the form of a standing wave or tidal bore. However, surfers can also utilize artificial waves such as those from boat wakes and the waves created in artificial wave pools." }, "Gandalf-27": { "title": "Gandalf", "section": "Fictional biography", "headers": [ "The Lord of the Rings", "Gandalf the Grey" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Gandalf and the Balrog fall into a deep subterranean lake in Moria's underworld. Gandalf pursues the Balrog through the tunnels for eight days until they climb to the peak of Zirakzigil. Here they fight for two days and nights. In the end, the Balrog is defeated and cast down onto the mountainside. Gandalf too dies shortly afterwards, and his body lies on the peak while his spirit travels \"out of thought and time\"." }, "Naruto-2": { "title": "Naruto", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Naruto was serialized in Shueisha's magazine, Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump from 1999 to 2014, and released in tank\u014dbon (book) form in 72 volumes. The manga was adapted into an anime television series produced by Pierrot and Aniplex, which broadcast 220 episodes in Japan from 2002 to 2007; the English adaptation of the series aired on Cartoon Network and YTV from 2005 to 2009. Naruto: Shippuden, a sequel to the original series, premiered in Japan in 2007, and ended in 2017, after 500 episodes. The English adaptation was broadcast on Disney XD from 2009 to 2011, airing the first 98 episodes, and then switched over to Adult Swim's Toonami programming block in January 2014, starting over from the first episode. The English adaptation is still airing weekly on Adult Swim to this day. Besides the anime series, Pierrot has developed eleven movies and twelve original video animations (OVAs). Other Naruto-related merchandise includes light novels, video games, and trading cards developed by" }, "Wednesday-1": { "title": "Wednesday", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Wednesday is the day of the week between Tuesday and Thursday. According to international standard ISO 8601 it is the third day of the week. In countries that have Friday as their holiday and in some Muslim countries, Wednesday would be the fifth day of the week. In countries that use the Sunday-first convention and in the Jewish Hebrew calendar Wednesday is defined as the fourth day of the week. The name is derived from Old English W\u014ddnesd\u00e6g and Middle English Wednesdei, \"day of Woden\", reflecting the religion practiced by the Anglo-Saxons, a variation of the Norse god Odin. In some other languages, such as the French mercredi or Italian mercoled\u00ec, the day's name is a calque of dies Mercurii \"day of Mercury\"." }, "The Book of Mormon (musical)-3": { "title": "The Book of Mormon (musical)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Book of Mormon follows two Latter-day Saints missionaries as they attempt to preach the faith of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to the inhabitants of a remote Ugandan village. The earnest young men are challenged by the lack of interest from the locals, who are distracted by more pressing issues such as HIV/AIDS, famine, female genital mutilation, and oppression from the village warlords." }, "Speed reading-19": { "title": "Speed reading", "section": "Controversies in speed reading", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "\"Speed Reading World Record\" claims have been controversial. Howard Stephen Berg from the United States has claimed to be the Guinness World Record holder for fast reading with a speed of 25,000 words per minute, and Maria Teresa Calderon from the Philippines claims to have earned the Guinness World Record for World's Fastest Reader at 80,000 words per minute reading speed and 100% comprehension. Critics point out that it is possible to beat some speed reading world records by reading a pre-read or pre-memorized text, flipping the pages as fast as possible without reading it. The Guinness Speed Reading World Record Standards are not known and they have terminated[when?] adding speed readers to its honor list. In 2015, Memoriad, the World Mental Sports Federation, set the rules for \"Speed Reading World Record Standards\" in order to prevent unclear claims." }, "Caesarean section-1": { "title": "Caesarean section", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Caesarean section, also known as C-section, or caesarean delivery, is the use of surgery to deliver babies. A caesarean section is often necessary when a vaginal delivery would put the baby or mother at risk. Reasons for this may include obstructed labor, twin pregnancy, high blood pressure in the mother, breech birth, or problems with the placenta or umbilical cord. A caesarean delivery may be performed based upon the shape of the mother's pelvis or history of a previous C-section. A trial of vaginal birth after C-section may be possible. The World Health Organization recommends that caesarean section be performed only when medically necessary. Some C-sections are performed without a medical reason, upon request by someone, usually the mother." }, "Mary of Guise-1": { "title": "Mary of Guise", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mary of Guise (French: Marie de Guise; 22 November 1515 \u2013 11 June 1560), also called Mary of Lorraine, ruled Scotland as regent from 1554 until her death. A noblewoman from the Lotharingian House of Guise, which played a prominent role in 16th-century French politics, Mary became queen consort upon her marriage to King James V of Scotland in 1538. Her infant daughter, Mary, ascended the throne when James died in 1542. Mary of Guise's main goal as regent was a close alliance between the powerful French Catholic nation and smaller Scotland, which she wanted to be Catholic and independent of England. She was ultimately unable to prevent the Protestant Reformation in Scotland, which after her death left her daughter in a precarious position." }, "Library of Congress-33": { "title": "Library of Congress", "section": "Holdings", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "The collections of the Library of Congress include more than 32 million catalogued books and other print materials in 470 languages; more than 61 million manuscripts; the largest rare book collection in North America, including the rough draft of the Declaration of Independence, a Gutenberg Bible (originating from the Saint Blaise Abbey, Black Forest) (one of only three perfect vellum copies known to exist); over 1 million U.S. government publications; 1 million issues of world newspapers spanning the past three centuries; 33,000 bound newspaper volumes; 500,000 microfilm reels; over 6,000 titles in all, totaling more than 120,000 issues comic book titles; films; 5.3 million maps; 6 million works of sheet music; 3 million sound recordings; more than 14.7 million prints and photographic images including fine and popular art pieces and architectural drawings; the Betts Stradivarius; and the Cassavetti Stradivarius." }, "Lavandula-26": { "title": "Lavandula", "section": "Culinary use", "headers": [ "Use of greens" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "The greens are used similarly to rosemary or combined with rosemary to flavour meat and vegetables in savory dishes. They can also be used to make a tea that is milder than teas made with the flowers." }, "William Shakespeare-1": { "title": "William Shakespeare", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "William Shakespeare (bapt.\u00a026 April 1564 \u2013 23 April 1616) was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the \"Bard of Avon\" (or simply \"the Bard\"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright." }, "LinkedIn-10": { "title": "LinkedIn", "section": "History", "headers": [ "2011 to present" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "On June 13, 2016, Microsoft announced that it would acquire LinkedIn for $196 a share, a total value of $26.2 billion and the largest acquisition made by Microsoft to date. The acquisition would be an all-cash, debt-financed transaction. Microsoft would allow LinkedIn to \"retain its distinct brand, culture and independence\", with Weiner to remain as CEO, who would then report to Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella. Analysts believed Microsoft saw the opportunity to integrate LinkedIn with its Office product suite to help better integrate the professional network system with its products. The deal was completed on December 8, 2016." }, "Gill-1": { "title": "Gill", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A gill (/\u0261\u026al/ (listen)) is a respiratory organ found in many aquatic organisms that extracts dissolved oxygen from water and excretes carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are kept moist. The microscopic structure of a gill presents a large surface area to the external environment. Branchia (pl. branchiae) is the zoologists' name for gills (from Ancient Greek \u03b2\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1)." }, "Cell (biology)-2": { "title": "Cell (biology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Most plant and animal cells are only visible under a microscope, with dimensions between 1 and 100\u00a0micrometres. Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell such as bacteria) or multicellular (including plants and animals). Most unicellular organisms are classed as microorganisms." }, "American Dad!-1": { "title": "American Dad!", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "American Dad! is an American animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane, Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman for the Fox Broadcasting Company. American Dad! is the first television series to have its inception on the network's Animation Domination block. The series premiered on February 6, 2005, following Super Bowl XXXIX, with the rest of the first season airing three months later beginning May 1, 2005. American Dad! is a joint production between Fuzzy Door Productions and 20th Century Fox Television and syndicated by 20th Television." }, "Lanthanum-5": { "title": "Lanthanum", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "Physical" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Among the lanthanides, lanthanum is exceptional as it does not have any 4f electrons; indeed, the sudden contraction and lowering of energy of the 4f orbital that is important for the chemistry of the lanthanides only begins to happen at cerium. Thus it is only very weakly paramagnetic, unlike the strongly paramagnetic later lanthanides (with the exceptions of the last two, ytterbium and lutetium, where the 4f shell is completely full). Furthermore, since the melting points of the trivalent lanthanides are related to the extent of hybridisation of the 6s, 5d, and 4f electrons, lanthanum has the second-lowest (after cerium) melting point among all the lanthanides: 920\u00a0\u00b0C. The lanthanides become harder as the series is traversed: as expected, lanthanum is a soft metal. Lanthanum has a relatively high resistivity of 615\u00a0n\u03a9m at room temperature; in comparison, the value for the good conductor aluminium is only 26.50\u00a0n\u03a9m. Lanthanum is the least volatile of the lanthanides. Like most of the lanthanides, lanthanum has a hexagonal crystal structure at room temperature. At 310\u00a0\u00b0C, lanthanum changes to a face-centered cubic structure, and at 865\u00a0\u00b0C, it changes to a body-centered cubic structure." }, "Tattoo-49": { "title": "Tattoo", "section": "Stencil and Hectograph", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 49, "content": "In modern tattooing, an artist may use a Thermal stencil paper or Hectograph to first place the design print on the skin before working with the machine and needle on skin. This process has enabled Artists to create very detailed artworks on the skin." }, "Winemaking-1": { "title": "Winemaking", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Winemaking or vinification is the production of wine, starting with the selection of the fruit, its fermentation into alcohol, and the bottling of the finished liquid. The history of wine-making stretches over millennia. The science of wine and winemaking is known as oenology. A winemaker may also be called a vintner. The growing of grapes is viticulture and there are many varieties of grapes." }, "Immersion baptism-1": { "title": "Immersion baptism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Immersion baptism (also known as baptism by immersion or baptism by submersion) is a method of baptism that is distinguished from baptism by affusion (pouring) and by aspersion (sprinkling), sometimes without specifying whether the immersion is total or partial, but very commonly with the indication that the person baptized is immersed completely. The term is also, though less commonly, applied exclusively to modes of baptism that involve only partial immersion (see Terminology, below)." }, "USB flash drive-6": { "title": "USB flash drive", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "M-Systems, an Israeli company, were granted a US patent on November 14, 2000, titled \"Architecture for a [USB]-based Flash Disk\", and crediting the invention to Amir Ban, Dov Moran and Oron Ogdan, all M-Systems employees at the time. The patent application was filed by M-Systems in April 1999. Later in 1999, IBM filed an invention disclosure by one of its employees. Flash drives were sold initially by Trek 2000 International, a company in Singapore, which began selling in early 2000. IBM became the first to sell USB flash drives in the United States in 2000. The initial storage capacity of a flash drive was 8\u00a0MB. Another version of the flash drive, described as a pen drive, was also developed. Pua Khein-Seng from Malaysia has been credited with this invention. Patent disputes have arisen over the years, with competing companies including Singaporean company Trek Technology and Chinese company Netac Technology, attempting to enforce their patents. Trek won a suit in Singapore, but has lost battles in other countries. Netac Technology has brought lawsuits against PNY Technologies, Lenovo, aigo, Sony, and Taiwan's Acer and Tai Guen Enterprise Co." }, "Historicity of the Bible-37": { "title": "Historicity of the Bible", "section": "New Testament", "headers": [ "Historicity of Jesus" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "The historicity of some New Testament teachings of Jesus is also debated by biblical scholars. The \"quest for the historical Jesus\" began as early as the 18th century, and has continued to this day. The most notable recent scholarship came in the 1980s and 1990s with the work of J. D. Crossan, James D. G. Dunn, John P. Meier, E. P. Sanders and N. T. Wright being the most widely read and discussed. The earliest New Testament texts which refer to Jesus, Paul's letters, are usually dated in the 50s CE. Since Paul records very little of Jesus' life and activities, these are of little help in determining facts about the life of Jesus, although they may contain references to information given to Paul from the eyewitnesses of Jesus." }, "Yankee Stadium-1": { "title": "Yankee Stadium", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Yankee Stadium is a baseball park located in Concourse, Bronx, New York City. It is the home field for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB), and New York City FC of Major League Soccer (MLS). The $2.3 billion stadium, built with $1.2 billion in public subsidies, replaced the original Yankee Stadium in 2009. It is located one block north of the original, on the 24-acre (9.7\u00a0ha) former site of Macombs Dam Park; the 8-acre (3.2\u00a0ha) site of the original stadium is now a public park called Heritage Field." }, "CT scan-53": { "title": "CT scan", "section": "Prevalence", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "The increased use of CT scans has been the greatest in two fields: screening of adults (screening CT of the lung in smokers, virtual colonoscopy, CT cardiac screening, and whole-body CT in asymptomatic patients) and CT imaging of children. Shortening of the scanning time to around 1 second, eliminating the strict need for the subject to remain still or be sedated, is one of the main reasons for the large increase in the pediatric population (especially for the diagnosis of appendicitis). As of 2007 in the United States a proportion of CT scans are performed unnecessarily. Some estimates place this number at 30%. There are a number of reasons for this including: legal concerns, financial incentives, and desire by the public. For example, some healthy people avidly pay to receive full-body CT scans as screening, but it is not at all clear that the benefits outweigh the risks and costs, because deciding whether and how to treat incidentalomas is fraught with complexity, radiation exposure is cumulative and not negligible, and the money for the scans involves opportunity cost (it may have been more effectively spent on more targeted screening or other health care strategies)." }, "Leonardo da Vinci-7": { "title": "Leonardo da Vinci", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "Early life" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Leonardo was born on 14/15 April 1452 in the Tuscan hill town of Vinci, in the lower valley of the Arno river in the territory of the Medici-ruled Republic of Florence. He was the out-of-wedlock son of Messer Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci, a wealthy Florentine legal notary, and a peasant named Caterina, identified as Caterina Buti del Vacca and more recently as Caterina di Meo Lippi by historian Martin Kemp. There have been many theories regarding Leonardo's mother's identity, including that she was a slave of foreign origin or an impoverished local youth. Leonardo had no surname in the modern sense\u2014da Vinci simply meaning \"of Vinci\"; his full birth name was Lionardo di ser Piero da Vinci, meaning \"Leonardo, (son) of ser Piero (from) Vinci.\"" }, "Worm-7": { "title": "Worm", "section": "Informal grouping", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Worms may also be called helminths, particularly in medical terminology when referring to parasitic worms, especially the Nematoda (roundworms) and Cestoda (tapeworms). Hence \"helminthology\" is the study of parasitic worms. When a human or an animal, such as a dog or horse, is said to \"have worms\", it means that it is infested with parasitic worms, typically roundworms or tapeworms. Deworming is a method to kill off the worms that have infected a human or animal by giving anthelmintic drugs." }, "Edward Snowden-78": { "title": "Edward Snowden", "section": "Asylum in Russia", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 78, "content": "As of October 2019, Snowden had been granted permanent residency in Russia, which is renewed every three years. He secretly married Lindsay Mills in 2017. By 2019 he no longer felt the need to be disguised in public and lived what was described as a \"more or less normal life\", able to travel around Russia and make a living from speaking arrangements (locally and over the internet). His memoir Permanent Record was released internationally, and while U.S. royalties were expected to be seized, he was able to receive the advance. According to Snowden, \"One of the things that is lost in all the problematic politics of the Russian government is the fact this is one of the most beautiful countries in the world\" with \"friendly\" and \"warm\" people. In another interview, Snowden went on to say: \"There's a way to criticize the Russian government's policies without criticizing the Russian people who are ordinary people, who just want to have a happy life; they just want to do better. They want the same things that you do.\"" }, "Copyright-1": { "title": "Copyright", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Copyright is the exclusive right given to the creator of a creative work to reproduce the work, usually for a limited time. The creative work may be in a literary, artistic, educational, or musical form. Copyright is intended to protect the original expression of an idea in the form of a creative work, but not the idea itself. A copyright is subject to limitations based on public interest considerations, such as the fair use doctrine in the United States." }, "Richard III of England-40": { "title": "Richard III of England", "section": "Issue", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "Richard and Anne produced one son, Edward, who was born between 1474 and 1476. He was created Earl of Salisbury on 15 February 1478, and Prince of Wales on 24 August 1483, and died in March 1484, less than two months after he had been formally declared heir apparent. After his son's death, he named his nephew Edward, Earl of Warwick as his heir. After his wife's death, he named his nephew John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, the son of his sister Elizabeth as his successor, and commenced negotiations with John II of Portugal to marry John's sister, Joanna, a pious young woman who had already turned down several suitors because of her preference for the religious life." }, "Iyer-11": { "title": "Iyer", "section": "Population and distribution", "headers": [ "Migration" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "citation needed] Iyers have also been resident of the princely state of Travancore from ancient times. The Venad state (present Kanyakumari district) and the southern parts of Kerala was part of the Pandyan kingdom known as Then Pandi Nadu. There were also many Iyers in Venad which later on grew to be the Travancore state. The old capital of Travancore was Padmanabhapuram which is at present in Kanyakumari district. There has also been a continuous inflow from Tirunelveli and Ramnad districts of Tamil Nadu which are contiguous to the erstwhile princely state of Travancore. Many parts of the present Tirunelveli district were even part of the old Travancore state.[citation needed] These Iyers are known today as Trivandrum Iyers. Some of these people migrated to Cochin and later to Palakkad and Kozhikode districts. There were also migrations from Tanjore district of Tamil Nadu to Palakkad. Their descendants are known today as Palakkad Iyers.[citation needed] These Iyers are collectively now called as Kerala Iyers. In Coimbatore, there are many such Iyers due to its proximity to Kerala. According to the Buddhist scripture Mahavamsa, the presence of Brahmins have been recorded in Sri Lanka as early as 500BC when the first migrations from the Indian mainland supposedly took place. Currently, Brahmins are an important constituent of the Sri Lankan Tamil minority. Tamil Brahmins are believed to have played a historic role in the formation of the Jaffna Kingdom." }, "Australia-11": { "title": "Australia", "section": "History", "headers": [ "European arrival" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent (in 1606), are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, and made landfall on 26 February at the Pennefather River near the modern town of Weipa on Cape York. Later that year, Spanish explorer Lu\u00eds Vaz de Torres sailed through, and navigated, Torres Strait islands. The Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent \"New Holland\" during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688 (while serving as a crewman under pirate Captain John Read) and again in 1699 on a return trip. In 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain." }, "Salsa (sauce)-6": { "title": "Salsa (sauce)", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Salsa roja, one of the two most common and well known types of salsa, \"red sauce\", is used as a condiment in Mexican and Southwestern (U.S.) cuisines; usually includes cooked tomatoes, chili peppers, onion, garlic, and fresh cilantro (coriander). Pico de gallo (\"rooster's beak\"), also known as salsa fresca (\"fresh sauce\"), salsa picada (\"chopped sauce\"), or salsa mexicana (\"Mexican sauce\"), is made with raw tomatoes, lime juice, chilies, onions, cilantro leaves, and other coarsely chopped raw ingredients. Salsa cruda, \"raw sauce\", is an uncooked mixture of chopped tomatoes, onions, jalape\u00f1o chilies, and cilantro. Salsa verde, \"green sauce\", in Mexican versions, is made with tomatillos, usually cooked. Salsa negra, the other most common and well known type of salsa, \"black sauce\" is a Mexican sauce made from dried chilies, oil, and garlic. Salsa taquera, \"taco sauce\": Made with tomatillos and morita chili. In the U.S., the most common version contains tomato puree, vinegar, and chili pepper. Salsa criolla is a South American salsa with a sliced-onion base. Salsa ranchera, \"ranch-style sauce\": Made with roasted tomatoes, various chilies, and spices, it typically is served warm, and possesses a thick, liquidy quality. It imparts a characteristic flavor reminiscent of black pepper, though it often may not contain black pepper. Creamy avocado salsa is a sauce made from avocado, lime, cilantro, jalape\u00f1o or serrano peppers, garlic, olive oil, cumin, and salt. Mango salsa is a spicy-sweet sauce made from mangoes, used as a topping for nachos. It is often also used as a garnish on grilled chicken or grilled fish due to the sauce's gamut of complementary flavors. Pineapple salsa is a spicy and sweet sauce made from pineapples, used as an alternative to the mango salsa. Chipotle salsa is a smoky, spicy sauce made from smoked jalape\u00f1o chilies, tomatoes, garlic and spices. Habanero salsa is an extremely spicy salsa, where the piquancy comes from habanero chilies. Corn salsa is a chunky salsa made with sweetcorn and other ingredients, such as onions, and chiles (either poblano, bell chilies, and/or jalape\u00f1os). Made popular by burrito restaurant chains, for burritos, tacos, and quesadillas. Carrot salsa is made with carrots as the base. There are many other salsas, both traditional and nouveau, some are made with mint, pineapple, or mango." }, "Bell-32": { "title": "Bell", "section": "Use in clock chimes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "Bells are also associated with clocks, indicating the hour by the striking of bells. Indeed, the word clock comes from the Latin word Cloca, meaning bell. Bells in clock towers or bell towers can be heard over long distances, which was especially important in the time when clocks were too expensive for widespread use." }, "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland-13": { "title": "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", "section": "Synopsis", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Chapter Five \u2013 Advice from a Caterpillar: Alice comes upon a mushroom and sitting on it is a blue caterpillar smoking a hookah. Caterpillar questions Alice, who begins to admit to her current identity crisis, compounded by her inability to remember a poem. Before crawling away, the caterpillar tells Alice that one side of the mushroom will make her taller and the other side will make her shorter. She breaks off two pieces from the mushroom. One side makes her shrink smaller than ever, while another causes her neck to grow high into the trees, where a pigeon mistakes her for a serpent. With some effort, Alice brings herself back to her normal height. She stumbles upon a small estate and uses the mushroom to reach a more appropriate height." }, "Gray whale-8": { "title": "Gray whale", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Notable features that distinguish the gray whale from other mysticetes include its baleen that is variously described as cream, off-white, or blond in color and is unusually short. Small depressions on the upper jaw each contain a lone stiff hair, but are only visible on close inspection. Its head's ventral surface lacks the numerous prominent furrows of the related rorquals, instead bearing two to five shallow furrows on the throat's underside. The gray whale also lacks a dorsal fin, instead bearing 6 to 12 dorsal crenulations (\"knuckles\"), which are raised bumps on the midline of its rear quarter, leading to the flukes. This is known as the dorsal ridge. The tail itself is 3\u20133.5\u00a0m (10\u201311\u00a0ft) across and deeply notched at the center while its edges taper to a point." }, "Garfield-43": { "title": "Garfield", "section": "Recurring subjects and themes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "Many of the gags focus on Garfield's obsessive eating and obesity; his dislike of spiders; his hatred of Mondays, diets, and any form of exertion; his constant shedding (which annoys Jon); and his abuse of Odie and Jon as well as his obsession with mailing Nermal to Abu Dhabi, or simply throwing him through the front door. Though he will eat nearly anything (with the exception of raisins and spinach), Garfield is particularly fond of lasagna; he also enjoys eating Jon's houseplants and other pets (mainly birds and fish). He also has odd relationships with household pests; Garfield generally spares mice, and even cooperates with them to cause mischief (much to Jon's chagrin), but will readily swat or pound spiders flat. Other gags focus on Jon's poor social skills and inability to get a date; before he started dating Liz, he often tried to get dates, usually without success (in one strip, after failing to get a date with \"Nancy\", he tries getting a date with her mother and grandmother; he ended up getting \"shot down by three generations\"). When he does get a date, it usually goes awry; Jon's dates have slashed his tires, been tranquilized, and called the police when he stuck carrots in his ears. The storylines featuring Jon's dates rarely appear now. Before, he had dates with many odd characters, whereas now, he exclusively dates Liz." }, "Anderson Cooper-1": { "title": "Anderson Cooper", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Anderson Hays Cooper (born June 3, 1967) is an American broadcast journalist. He is the primary anchor of the CNN news show Anderson Cooper 360\u00b0. The program is usually broadcast live from a New York City studio; however, Cooper often broadcasts live from CNN's studios in Washington, D.C., or on location for breaking news stories. In addition, he is a correspondent for 60 Minutes." }, "Antarctica-47": { "title": "Antarctica", "section": "Population", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "Several governments maintain permanent manned research stations on the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer, giving it a population density between 70 and 350 inhabitants per million square kilometres (180 and 900 per million square miles) at these times. Many of the stations are staffed year-round, the winter-over personnel typically arriving from their home countries for a one-year assignment. An Orthodox church\u2014Trinity Church, opened in 2004 at the Russian Bellingshausen Station\u2014is manned year-round by one or two priests, who are similarly rotated every year." }, "Hyena-3": { "title": "Hyena", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Spotted hyenas may kill as many as 95% of the animals they eat, while striped hyenas are largely scavengers. Generally, hyenas are known to drive off larger predators, like lions, from their kills, despite having a reputation in popular culture for being cowardly. Hyenas are primarily nocturnal animals, but sometimes venture from their lairs in the early-morning hours. With the exception of the highly social spotted hyena, hyenas are generally not gregarious animals, though they may live in family groups and congregate at kills." }, "Photosynthesis-72": { "title": "Photosynthesis", "section": "Factors", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 72, "content": "citation needed] Light irradiance and wavelength Carbon dioxide concentration Temperature. Total photosynthesis is limited by a range of environmental factors. These include the amount of light available, the amount of leaf area a plant has to capture light (shading by other plants is a major limitation of photosynthesis), rate at which carbon dioxide can be supplied to the chloroplasts to support photosynthesis, the availability of water, and the availability of suitable temperatures for carrying out photosynthesis." }, "Diseases and epidemics of the 19th century-25": { "title": "Diseases and epidemics of the 19th century", "section": "Plague", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "The third plague pandemic was a major bubonic plague pandemic that began in Yunnan, China in 1855. This episode of bubonic plague spread to all inhabited continents in the 1890s and first years of the 1900s, and ultimately led to more than 12 million deaths in India and China, with about 10 million killed in India alone." }, "Cyanosis-1": { "title": "Cyanosis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cyanosis is the bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface having low oxygen saturation. Based on Lundsgaard and Van Slyke's work, it is classically described as occurring if 5.0\u00a0g/dL of deoxyhemoglobin or greater is present. This was based on an estimate of capillary saturation based on a mean of arterial versus peripheral venous blood gas measurements. Since estimation of hypoxia is usually now based either on arterial blood gas measurement or pulse oximetry, this is probably an overestimate, with evidence that levels of 2.0\u00a0g/dL of deoxyhemoglobin may reliably produce cyanosis. Since, however, the presence of cyanosis is dependent upon there being an absolute quantity of deoxyhemoglobin, the bluish color is more readily apparent in those with high hemoglobin counts than it is with those with anemia. Also, the bluer the color, the more difficult it is to detect on deeply pigmented skin. When signs of cyanosis first appear, such as on the lips or fingers, intervention should be made within 3\u20135 minutes because a severe hypoxia or severe circulatory failure may have induced the cyanosis." }, "Euphoria-1": { "title": "Euphoria", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Euphoria ( /ju\u02d0\u02c8f\u0254\u02d0ri\u0259/ (listen)) is the experience (or affect) of pleasure or excitement and intense feelings of well-being and happiness. Certain natural rewards and social activities, such as aerobic exercise, laughter, listening to or making music, and dancing, can induce a state of euphoria. Euphoria is also a symptom of certain neurological or neuropsychiatric disorders, such as mania. Romantic love and components of the human sexual response cycle are also associated with the induction of euphoria. Certain drugs, many of which are addictive, can cause euphoria, which at least partially motivates their recreational use." }, "Sostratus of Cnidus-1": { "title": "Sostratus of Cnidus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sostratus of Cnidus (/\u02c8s\u0252str\u0259t\u0259s/; Greek: \u03a3\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 \u039a\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2; born 3rd century BC), was a Greek architect and engineer. He is said to have designed the lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (c. 280 BC), on the island of Pharos off Alexandria, Egypt. This claim is disputed." }, "Plastic-3": { "title": "Plastic", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Plastics are typically organic polymers of high molecular mass and often contain other substances. They are usually synthetic, most commonly derived from petrochemicals, however, an array of variants are made from renewable materials such as polylactic acid from corn or cellulosics from cotton linters." }, "East India Company-42": { "title": "East India Company", "section": "Forming a complete monopoly", "headers": [ "Trade monopoly" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament. The company sought a permanent establishment, while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company's profits. In 1712, another act renewed the status of the company, though the debts were repaid. By 1720, 15% of British imports were from India, almost all passing through the company, which reasserted the influence of the company lobby. The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730." }, "The Fly (1986 film)-4": { "title": "The Fly (1986 film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Seth and Ronnie begin a romantic relationship. Their first sexual encounter inspires Seth to reprogram the Telepod computer to cope with organic matter, and he successfully teleports a second baboon. Ronnie departs before they can celebrate, and Seth worries that she is rekindling her relationship with her editor and former lover, Stathis Borans; in reality, Ronnie has left to confront Stathis about a veiled threat, spurred by romantic jealousy, to publish the Telepod story without her consent. Drunk and jealous, Seth rashly decides to teleport himself alone, unaware that a housefly has slipped inside the transmitter pod with him. He emerges from the receiving pod, seemingly normal." }, "Mixed martial arts-1": { "title": "Mixed martial arts", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mixed martial arts (MMA), sometimes referred to as cage fighting, is a full-contact combat sport based on striking, grappling and ground fighting, made up from various combat sports and martial arts from around the world, the first documented use of the term mixed martial arts was in a review of UFC 1 by television critic Howard Rosenberg in 1993. The question of who actually coined the term is subject to debate." }, "Anthony Eden-1": { "title": "Anthony Eden", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Robert Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon, KG, MC, PC (12\u00a0June 1897\u00a0\u2013 14 January 1977) was a British Conservative politician who served three periods as Foreign Secretary and then a relatively brief term as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1955 to 1957." }, "Cervix-30": { "title": "Cervix", "section": "Clinical significance", "headers": [ "Inflammation" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Inflammation of the cervix is referred to as cervicitis. This inflammation may be of the endocervix or ectocervix. When associated with the endocervix, it is associated with a mucous vaginal discharge and sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia and gonorrhoea. As many as half of pregnant women having a gonorrheal infection of the cervix are asymptomatic. Other causes include overgrowth of the commensal flora of the vagina. When associated with the ectocervix, inflammation may be caused by the herpes simplex virus. Inflammation is often investigated through directly visualising the cervix using a speculum, which may appear whiteish due to exudate, and by taking a Pap smear and examining for causal bacteria. Special tests may be used to identify particular bacteria. If the inflammation is due to a bacterium, then antibiotics may be given as treatment." }, "Six-Day War-8": { "title": "Six-Day War", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "In May 1967, Nasser received false reports from the Soviet Union that Israel was massing on the Syrian border. Nasser began massing his troops in two defensive lines in the Sinai Peninsula on Israel's border (16 May), expelled the UNEF force from Gaza and Sinai (19 May) and took over UNEF positions at Sharm el-Sheikh, overlooking the Straits of Tiran. Israel repeated declarations it had made in 1957 that any closure of the Straits would be considered an act of war, or justification for war, but Nasser closed the Straits to Israeli shipping on 22\u201323 May. After the war, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson commented:" }, "German Shepherd-1": { "title": "German Shepherd", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The German Shepherd (German: Deutscher Sch\u00e4ferhund, German pronunciation: [\u02c8d\u0254\u028ft\u0283\u0250 \u02c8\u0283\u025b\u02d0f\u0250\u02cch\u028ant]) is a breed of medium to large-sized working dog that originated in Germany. In the English language, the breed's officially recognized name is German Shepherd Dog (GSD). The breed was officially known as the Alsatian in the UK from after the First World War until 1977 when its name was changed back to German Shepherd. Despite its primitive, wolf-like appearance the German Shepherd is a relatively modern breed of dog, with their origin dating to 1899." }, "Ultramarine-1": { "title": "Ultramarine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ultramarine is a deep blue color pigment which was originally made by grinding lapis lazuli into a powder. The name comes from the Latin ultramarinus, literally \"beyond the sea\", because the pigment was imported into Europe from mines in Afghanistan by Italian traders during the 14th and 15th centuries." }, "Titanic (1997 film)-43": { "title": "Titanic (1997 film)", "section": "Release", "headers": [ "Initial screening" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures co-financed Titanic, with Paramount handling the North American distribution and Fox handling the international release. They expected Cameron to complete the film for a release on July 2, 1997. The film was to be released on this date \"in order to exploit the lucrative summer season ticket sales when blockbuster films usually do better\". In April, Cameron said the film's special effects were too complicated and that releasing the film for summer would not be possible. With production delays, Paramount pushed back the release date to December 19, 1997. \"This fueled speculation that the film itself was a disaster.\" A preview screening in Minneapolis on July 14 \"generated positive reviews\" and \"[c]hatter on the internet was responsible for more favorable word of mouth about the [film]\". This eventually led to more positive media coverage." }, "1936 Summer Olympics-2": { "title": "1936 Summer Olympics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "To outdo the Los Angeles games of 1932, Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler had a new 100,000-seat track and field stadium built, as well as six gymnasiums and many other smaller arenas. The games were the first to be televised, and radio broadcasts reached 41 countries. Filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl was commissioned by the German Olympic Committee to film the Games for $7 million. Her film, titled Olympia, pioneered many of the techniques now common in the filming of sports." }, "Prophet-1": { "title": "Prophet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In religion, a prophet is an individual who is regarded as being in contact with a divine being and is said to speak on that entity's behalf, serving as an intermediary with humanity by delivering messages or teachings from the supernatural source to other people. The message that the prophet conveys is called a prophecy." }, "Stone Cold Steve Austin-67": { "title": "Stone Cold Steve Austin", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 67, "content": "In 2007, the Wrestling Observer newsletter reported that Austin legally changed his real name (Steven Williams) to his wrestling name Steve Austin. In late 2009, Austin married his fourth wife, Kristin, with whom he splits his time between his home in Marina Del Rey, California and his property in Nevada that he has named the Broken Skull Ranch 2.0. Austin owned a ranch near Tilden, Texas named the Broken Skull Ranch. The ranch was sold in 2019." }, "Ginger-36": { "title": "Ginger", "section": "Research", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Evidence that ginger helps alleviate nausea and vomiting resulting from chemotherapy or pregnancy is inconsistent. There is no clear evidence of harm from taking ginger during pregnancy, but its safety is undefined. Ginger is not effective for treating dysmenorrhea. There is weak evidence for it having an antiinflammatory effect, but insufficient evidence for it affecting pain in osteoarthritis." }, "Ottoman Empire-93": { "title": "Ottoman Empire", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "Religion" ], "para_index": 93, "content": "In the Ottoman imperial system, even though there existed a hegemonic power of Muslim control over the non-Muslim populations, non-Muslim communities had been granted state recognition and protection in the Islamic tradition. The officially accepted state D\u012bn (Madh'hab) of the Ottomans was Sunni (Hanafi jurisprudence)." }, "Arizona-39": { "title": "Arizona", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "Utah (north) Colorado (northeast) Nevada (northwest) Sonora, Mexico (south) Baja California, Mexico (southwest) New Mexico (east) California (west) Due to its large area and variations in elevation, the state has a wide variety of localized climate conditions. In the lower elevations, the climate is primarily desert, with mild winters and extremely hot summers. Typically, from late fall to early spring, the weather is mild, averaging a minimum of 60\u00a0\u00b0F (16\u00a0\u00b0C). November through February are the coldest months, with temperatures typically ranging from 40 to 75\u00a0\u00b0F (4 to 24\u00a0\u00b0C), with occasional frosts." }, "Human body temperature-30": { "title": "Human body temperature", "section": "Concepts", "headers": [ "Hypothermia" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "In hypothermia, body temperature drops below that required for normal metabolism and bodily functions. In humans, this is usually due to excessive exposure to cold air or water, but it can be deliberately induced as a medical treatment. Symptoms usually appear when the body's core temperature drops by 1\u20132\u00a0\u00b0C (1.8\u20133.6\u00a0\u00b0F) below normal temperature." }, "Vitruvian Man-3": { "title": "Vitruvian Man", "section": "Subject and title", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "This image demonstrates the blend of mathematics and art during the Renaissance and demonstrates Leonardo's deep understanding of proportion. In addition, this picture represents a cornerstone of Leonardo's attempts to relate man to nature. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica online states, \"Leonardo envisaged the great picture chart of the human body he had produced through his anatomical drawings and Vitruvian Man as a cosmografia del minor mondo (cosmography of the microcosm). He believed the workings of the human body to be an analogy for the workings of the universe.\"" }, "ZIP Code-1": { "title": "ZIP Code", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A ZIP Code is a postal code used by the United States Postal Service (USPS). Introduced in 1963, the basic format consisted of five digits. In 1983, an extended ZIP+4 code was introduced; it included the five digits of the ZIP Code, followed by a hyphen and four digits that designated a more specific location." }, "Law & Order-1": { "title": "Law & Order", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Law & Order is an American police procedural and legal drama television series created by Dick Wolf, launching the Law & Order franchise. Airing its entire run on NBC, Law & Order premiered on September 13, 1990 and completed its twentieth and final season on May 24, 2010." }, "Lactobacillus-10": { "title": "Lactobacillus", "section": "Human health", "headers": [ "Oral health" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Some Lactobacillus species have been associated with cases of dental caries (cavities). Lactic acid can corrode teeth, and the Lactobacillus count in saliva has been used as a \"caries test\" for many years. Lactobacilli characteristically cause existing carious lesions to progress, especially those in coronal caries. The issue is, however, complex, as recent studies show probiotics can allow beneficial lactobacilli to populate sites on teeth, preventing streptococcal pathogens from taking hold and inducing dental decay. The scientific research of lactobacilli in relation to oral health is a new field and only a few studies and results have been published. Some studies have provided evidence of certain Lactobacilli which can be a probiotic for oral health. Some species, but not all, show evidence in defense to dental caries. Due to these studies, there have been applications of incorporating such probiotics in chewing gum and lozenges. There is also evidence of certain Lactobacilli that are beneficial in the defense of periodontal disease such as gingivitis and periodontitis." }, "Hindu art-7": { "title": "Hindu art", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Hindu art under the Kushans (2nd-3rd century CE)" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Hindu art started to develop fully from the 1st to the 2nd century CE, and there are only very few examples of artistic representation before that time. Hindu art found its first inspiration in the Buddhist art of Mathura. The three Vedic gods Indra, Brahma and Surya were actually first depicted in Buddhist sculpture, as attendants in scenes commemorating the life of the Buddha, such as his Birth, his Descent from the Tr\u0101yastri\u1e43\u015ba Heaven, or his retreat in the Indrasala Cave. During the time of the Kushans, Hindu art progressively incorporated a profusion of original Hindu stylistic and symbolic elements, in contrast with the general balance and simplicity of Buddhist art. The differences appear in iconography rather than in style. It is generally considered that it is in Mathura, during the time of the Kushans, that the Brahmanical deities were given their standard form:" }, "PlayStation (console)-2": { "title": "PlayStation (console)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The PlayStation was the first \"computer entertainment platform\" to ship over 100\u00a0million units, which it had reached nine years after its initial launch. In July 2000, a redesigned, slim version called the PS one was released, replacing the original grey console and named appropriately to avoid confusion with its successor, the PlayStation 2." }, "Al-Qaeda-1": { "title": "Al-Qaeda", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Al-Qaeda (/\u00e6l\u02c8ka\u026ad\u0259, \u02cc\u00e6lk\u0251\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259/; Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u200e al-Q\u0101\u02bfidah, IPA:\u00a0[\u00e6lq\u0251\u02d0\u0295\u026ad\u0250], translation: \"The Base\", \"The Foundation\", alternatively spelled al-Qaida and al-Qa'ida) is a transnational extremist Salafist militant organization founded in 1988 by Osama bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam, and several other Arab volunteers during the Soviet\u2013Afghan War." }, "Monty Python and the Holy Grail-1": { "title": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail is a 1975 British comedy film concerning the Arthurian legend, written and performed by the Monty Python comedy group of Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones and Michael Palin, and directed by Gilliam and Jones. It was conceived during the hiatus between the third and fourth series of their BBC television series Monty Python's Flying Circus." }, "Psylocke-2": { "title": "Psylocke", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Betsy Braddock was initially a supporting character in the adventures of her twin brother, Captain Britain, even briefly substituting for him in the role, before becoming the mutant superheroine and X-Men member Psylocke in 1986. Originally presented as a precognitive in the pages of Captain Britain and then as a telepath, the character eventually had her mind placed in the body of the Japanese female ninja Kwannon, gaining many of Kwannon's martial arts skills and elements of her personality. Psylocke's codename, coined by the X-Men villains Mojo and Spiral, debuted during her introduction to the X-Men stories post\u2013Captain Britain. Later, Psylocke acquired the power of telekinesis." }, "Zorro (disambiguation)-1": { "title": "Zorro (disambiguation)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Zorro (Spanish for \"fox\") is a fictional character, created by Johnston McCulley." }, "History of the World Wide Web-11": { "title": "History of the World Wide Web", "section": "1980\u20131991: Invention and implementation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "While inventing and working on setting up the Web, Berners-Lee spent most of his working hours in Building 31 (second floor) at CERN (46\u00b013\u203257\u2033N 6\u00b002\u203242\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff46.2325\u00b0N 6.0450\u00b0E\ufeff / 46.2325; 6.0450\ufeff (CERN Building 31, Birthplace of the World Wide Web)), but also at his two homes, one in France, one in Switzerland. In January 1991 the first Web servers outside CERN itself were switched on." }, "Elephant-14": { "title": "Elephant", "section": "Taxonomy and phylogeny", "headers": [ "Evolution and extinct relatives", "Dwarf species" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Elephas celebensis of Sulawesi is believed to have descended from Elephas planifrons. Palaeoloxodon falconeri of Malta and Sicily was only 100\u00a0cm (3\u00a0ft 3\u00a0in) and had probably evolved from the straight-tusked elephant. Other descendants of the straight-tusked elephant existed in Cyprus. Dwarf elephants of uncertain descent lived in Crete, Cyclades, and Dodecanese while dwarf mammoths are known to have lived in Sardinia. The Columbian mammoth colonised the Channel Islands and evolved into the pygmy mammoth. This species reached a height of 120\u2013180\u00a0cm (3\u00a0ft 11\u00a0in\u20135\u00a0ft 11\u00a0in) and weighed 200\u20132,000\u00a0kg (400\u20134,400\u00a0lb). A population of small woolly mammoths survived on Wrangel Island, now 140\u00a0km (87\u00a0mi) north of the Siberian coast, as recently as 4,000 years ago. After their discovery in 1993, they were considered dwarf mammoths. This classification has been re-evaluated and since the Second International Mammoth Conference in 1999, these animals are no longer considered to be true \"dwarf mammoths\"." }, "Maharashtra-2": { "title": "Maharashtra", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Maharashtra was formed on 1 May 1960 by splitting the bilingual Bombay State, which had existed since 1956, into majority Marathi speaking Maharashtra, and Gujarati speaking Gujarat respectively. It has over 112\u00a0million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a population around 18.4\u00a0million making it the most populous urban area in India. Nagpur hosts the winter session of the state legislature. Pune is known as the 'Oxford of the East' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions. Nashik is known as the 'Wine Capital of India' as it has the largest number of wineries and vineyards in the country." }, "Soylent (meal replacement)-3": { "title": "Soylent (meal replacement)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Naming" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Soylent is named after a food in Harry Harrison's 1966 science fiction novel Make Room! Make Room! In the novel, most types of soylent are made from soy and lentils. The word also evokes the 1973 film adaptation Soylent Green, in which the eponymous food is made from human remains. Rhinehart also says he chose the name, with its morbid associations, to pique curiosity and deeper investigation, since the name was clearly not chosen with a traditionally \"flashy\" marketing scheme in mind." }, "Bacon-7": { "title": "Bacon", "section": "Cuts", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Side bacon, or streaky bacon, comes from the pork belly. It has long alternating layers of fat and muscle running parallel to the rind. This is the most common form of bacon in the United States. Pancetta is an Italian form of side bacon, sold smoked or unsmoked (aqua). It is generally rolled up into cylinders after curing, and is known for having a strong flavour. Back bacon contains meat from the loin in the middle of the back of the pig. It is a leaner cut, with less fat compared to side bacon. Most bacon consumed in the United Kingdom and Ireland is back bacon. Collar bacon is taken from the back of a pig near the head. Cottage bacon is made from the lean meat from a boneless pork shoulder that is typically tied into an oval shape. Jowl bacon is cured and smoked cheeks of pork. Guanciale is an Italian jowl bacon that is seasoned and dry cured but not smoked. The inclusion of skin with a cut of bacon, known as the 'bacon rind', varies, though is less common in the English-speaking world." }, "Guam-11": { "title": "Guam", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Magellan's travel to Guam" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The first European to travel to Guam was Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan, sailing for the King of Spain, when he sighted the island on March 6, 1521, during his fleet's circumnavigation of the globe. When Magellan arrived on Guam, he was greeted by hundreds of small outrigger canoes that appeared to be flying over the water, due to their considerable speed. These outrigger canoes were called Proas, and resulted in Magellan naming Guam Islas de las Velas Latinas (\"Islands of the Lateen sails\"). Antonio Pigafetta (one of Magellan's original 18) said that the name was \"Island of Sails\", but he also writes that the inhabitants \"entered the ships and stole whatever they could lay their hands on\", including \"the small boat that was fastened to the poop of the flagship.\" \"Those people are poor, but ingenious and very thievish, on account of which we called those three islands Islas de los Ladrones (\"Islands of thieves\").\"" }, "Perineum-1": { "title": "Perineum", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The perineum is the space between the anus and scrotum in the male and between the anus and the vulva in the female. The perineum is the region of the body between the pubic symphysis (pubic arch) and the coccyx (tail bone), including the perineal body and surrounding structures. There is some variability in how the boundaries are defined. The perianal area (peri- and anal) is a subset of the perineum." }, "Windsurfing-60": { "title": "Windsurfing", "section": "Technique", "headers": [ "Strong Winds" ], "para_index": 60, "content": "In planing conditions a harness is typically worn to more efficiently use the rider's weight to counter the force in the sail. As the wind increases, the rider continues to sheet the sail, the fin generates more lift, and the board gains speed, transitioning onto a plane. The volume of board in the water (displacement) decreases, and the rider moves rearward, stepping into the footstraps for improved control. When planing, the board skims on the surface rather than displacing water as it moves. Planing can be achieved at different wind speeds depending on the rider's weight, sail and fin size, wave conditions, and rider ability. With modern equipment planing can normally be achieved at a wind speed of around 12\u00a0kn (6\u00a0m/s). The transition from displacement motion to planing requires a jump in energy, but once planing, water resistance decreases dramatically. This means that it is possible to continue to plane, although the wind has dropped below a level that would be required to transition to plane. A board in plane can be much smaller than a board moving by displacement (thereby gaining an advantage in gear weight and board control). Lateral resistance to the wind is provided by the fin alone (generating more lift at higher speeds) and a centreboard is no longer used (smaller boards do not have one). A fin generates lift, transferring a strong load to the board, and so is usually constructed of carbon fiber for accurate shape and strength. A low-pressure area develops on the windward side of the fin, which can lead to cavitation, leading to a sudden loss of lift, called \"spin-out\" (equivalent to \"stalling\" in flight terminology). Ideal planing conditions for most recreational riders is 15\u201325\u00a0kn (7.7\u201313\u00a0m/s) of wind, but experts can windsurf in much windier conditions. Planing is considered one of the most exhilarating aspects of the sport." }, "Order of the Phoenix (fictional organisation)-1": { "title": "Order of the Phoenix (fictional organisation)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Order of the Phoenix is a secret organisation in the Harry Potter series of fiction books written by J. K. Rowling. Founded by Albus Dumbledore to fight Lord Voldemort and his followers, the Death Eaters, the Order lends its name to the fifth book of the series, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix." }, "Buoyancy-1": { "title": "Buoyancy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Buoyancy (/\u02c8b\u0254\u026a\u0259nsi, \u02c8bu\u02d0j\u0259nsi/) or upthrust, is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of a partially or fully immersed object. In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the overlying fluid. Thus the pressure at the bottom of a column of fluid is greater than at the top of the column. Similarly, the pressure at the bottom of an object submerged in a fluid is greater than at the top of the object. The pressure difference results in a net upward force on the object. The magnitude of the force is proportional to the pressure difference, and (as explained by Archimedes' principle) is equivalent to the weight of the fluid that would otherwise occupy the submerged volume of the object, i.e. the displaced fluid." }, "Gladius-1": { "title": "Gladius", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Gladius (/\u02c8\u0261le\u026adi\u0259s/ GLAY-dee-\u0259s, Classical Latin:\u00a0[\u02c8\u0261lad\u026a.\u028as]) was one Latin word for sword, and is used to represent the primary sword of Ancient Roman foot soldiers. Early ancient Roman swords were similar to those of the Greeks, called xiphos. From the 3rd century BC, however, the Romans adopted swords similar to those used by the Celtiberians and others during the early part of the conquest of Hispania. This sword was known as the gladius hispaniensis, or \"Hispanic sword\"." }, "Eggplant-50": { "title": "Eggplant", "section": "Host plant", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "The potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) is an oligophagous insect that prefers to feed on plants of the family Solanaceae such as eggplants. Female P.\u00a0operculella use the leaves to lay their eggs and the hatched larvae will eat away at the mesophyll of the leaf." }, "Big John Studd-1": { "title": "Big John Studd", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "John William Minton (February 19, 1948 \u2013 March 20, 1995) was an American professional wrestler and actor, better known by his ring name, Big John Studd. Studd is best known for his appearances with the World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation in the 1970s and 1980s." }, "Oculudentavis-3": { "title": "Oculudentavis", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The skull of Oculudentavis was 1.4 centimetres (0.55\u00a0in) in length, indicating that Oculudentavis would be the smallest known Mesozoic dinosaur, if such an identification is correct. The animal would have been comparable in size to the modern bee hummingbird, the smallest known living dinosaur." }, "Pig Latin-6": { "title": "Pig Latin", "section": "Origins and history", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The modern version of Pig Latin appears in a 1919 Columbia Records album containing what sounds like the modern variation, by a singer named Arthur Fields. The song, called Pig Latin Love, is followed by the subtitle \"I-Yay Ove-Lay oo-yay earie-day\". The Three Stooges used it on multiple occasions, most notably Tassels in the Air, a 1938 short where Moe Howard attempts to teach Curley Howard how to use it, thereby conveying the rules to the audience. In an earlier (1934) episode, Three Little Pigskins, Larry Fine attempts to impress a woman with his skill in Pig Latin, but it turns out that she knows it, too. No explanation of the rules is given. A few months prior in 1934, in the Our Gang short film Washee Ironee, Spanky tries to speak to an Asian boy by using Pig Latin. Ginger Rogers sang a verse of We're in the Money in pig Latin in an elaborate Busby Berkeley production number in the film Gold Diggers of 1933, (Trippy Ginger Rogers Pig Latin. YouTube). The film, the third highest grossing of that year, was inducted into the National Film Registry and that song included in the all-time top 100 movie songs by the American Film Institute. Merle Travis ends his song When My Baby Double Talks To Me with the phrase, \"What a aybybay\", where the last word is Pig Latin for \"baby\"." }, "The Borgias (2011 TV series)-4": { "title": "The Borgias (2011 TV series)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "On June 5, 2013, Showtime canceled the series, a season short of Jordan's planned four-season arc for the series. The cancellation was implied to be due to the expense of production, with plans for a two-hour wrap-up finale also scrapped. A fan campaign was started in an attempt to convince Showtime to revive the series. On August 12, 2013, it was announced that the two-hour series finale script would be released as an e-book, after it was determined that a movie would be too expensive to produce." }, "Oyster-61": { "title": "Oyster", "section": "As food", "headers": [ "Food safety and storage", "Depuration" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "Oyster depuration begins after the harvest of oysters from farmed locations. The oysters are transported and placed into tanks pumped with clean water for periods of 48 to 72 hours. The holding temperatures and salinity vary according to species. The seawater that the oysters were originally farmed in does not remain in the oyster, since the water used for depuration must be fully sterilized, plus the depuration facility would not necessarily be located near the farming location. Depuration of oysters can remove moderate levels of contamination of most bacterial indicators and pathogens. Well-known contaminants include Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a temperature-sensitive bacterium found in seawater animals, and Escherichia coli, a bacterium found in coastal waters near highly populated cities having sewage systems discharging waste nearby, or in the presence of agricultural discharges. Depuration expands beyond oysters into many shellfish and other related products, especially in seafood that is known to come from potentially polluted areas; depurated seafood is effectively a product cleansed from inside-out to make it safe for human consumption." }, "Evan Tanner-29": { "title": "Evan Tanner", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "When friends did not hear from him the next morning, they reported Tanner missing and a search was begun. His body was discovered near Clapp Spring with empty water bottles by a Marine helicopter on September 8, 2008. The Imperial County coroner determined the time of death to be between late September 4 and early September 5, but the legal date of death was recorded as September 8, 2008. According to a military article, Tanner's motorcycle was at his camp and within his provisions were ample supplies of water. The Imperial County sheriff's office gave an official cause of death as heat exposure." }, "Lisa (rapper)-5": { "title": "Lisa (rapper)", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "2016\u2013present: Blackpink, Real Man 300 and Lilifilm Official" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In August 2016, Lisa debuted as one of four members of South Korean girl group Blackpink, as well as the first non-Korean to debut under the agency. Blackpink debuted with single album Square One with lead singles \"Whistle\" and \"Boombayah\". \"Whistle\" achieved a perfect \"all-kill\", topping all South Korean charts upon debut. As of July 2019, the group has released one Japanese studio album, Blackpink in Your Area, three extended plays, Blackpink, Square Up and Kill This Love, and two single albums, Square One and Square Two." }, "Roy O. Disney-1": { "title": "Roy O. Disney", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Roy Oliver Disney (/\u02c8d\u026azni/; June 24, 1893 \u2013 December 20, 1971) was an American businessman and co-founder of The Walt Disney Company. He was the older brother of Walt Disney." }, "Stone Cold Steve Austin-21": { "title": "Stone Cold Steve Austin", "section": "Professional wrestling career", "headers": [ "World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment/WWE", "Austin 3:16 (1996\u20131997)" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "At Survivor Series, in a match to determine the number-one contender to the WWF World Heavyweight Championship, Austin lost to Hart when Hart used the turnbuckle to push himself backward while locked in the Million Dollar Dream and pinned Austin. During the 1997 Royal Rumble match, Austin was originally eliminated by Hart, but the officials did not see it, and he snuck back into the ring and eliminated Hart by throwing him over the ropes, winning the match himself. This led to the first-ever pay-per-view main event of Austin's WWF career at In Your House 13: Final Four where he competed in a Four corners elimination match against Hart, The Undertaker and Vader for the vacant WWF World Heavyweight Championship after previous champion Shawn Michaels relinquished the belt due a knee injury. Austin was eliminated early from the four-way match at the event after injuring his knee, and Hart would eventually go on to win the match and the championship. However, Hart lost the title the next night on Raw Is War to Sycho Sid due to Austin's interference, continuing their feud. At WrestleMania 13, Hart defeated Austin in a highly acclaimed submission match with Ken Shamrock as a special referee. During the match, Austin had been cut and was bleeding profusely from his face, but he still refused to tap out when Hart locked in his Sharpshooter. Austin finally passed out from blood loss, still held in the Sharpshooter, and lost the match. After the bell, Hart continued to hold the Sharpshooter on Austin, who despite his wounds refused any assistance back to the locker room, thus turning Hart heel and Austin babyface in a rare double-turn. However, Austin portrayed an anti-hero instead of a traditional babyface. Austin eventually got his revenge on Hart in the main event of In Your House 14: Revenge of the 'Taker, defeating him a match to determine the number one contender to The Undertaker's WWF World Heavyweight Championship. Austin won when Hart was disqualified due to assistance from The British Bulldog, earning him a title match against The Undertaker at In Your House 15: A Cold Day In Hell. Austin faced Hart once again in a street fight on April 21 episode of Raw Is War, injuring his opponent's leg with a steel chair during the bout. The match was ruled a no contest, but Austin proceeded to beat Hart while he was on a stretcher in the back of an ambulance. At A Cold Day In Hell, Austin had the Undertaker down with the Stone Cold Stunner, but distracted by timely interference on the part of Brian Pillman, Undertaker then managed to hit Austin with a Tombstone Piledriver and achieved the victory." }, "Physical disability-7": { "title": "Physical disability", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Hearing loss is a partial or total inability to hear. Deaf and hard of hearing people have a rich culture and benefit from learning sign language for communication purposes.[citation needed] People who are only partially deaf can sometimes make use of hearing aids to improve their hearing ability." }, "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)-3": { "title": "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)", "section": "Song profile", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "\"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\" was written by Tony Macaulay and Barry Mason. Essentially, they were a studio group with prolific session singer Tony Burrows providing the vocals. When the song became a hit, a group needed to be assembled rapidly to feature the song on Top of the Pops, a popular TV show. Mason and Macaulay found a group called 'Greenfield Hammer' and brought them to Tony's auditions a week before their appearance on Top of the Pops. Once chosen and rehearsed, they appeared on the show as 'Edison Lighthouse' to mime to the fastest climbing number 1 hit record in history. Burrows sang the song on the programme during his third appearance on the same show with three different groups." }, "John Lennon-41": { "title": "John Lennon", "section": "Personal relationships", "headers": [ "Cynthia Lennon" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "Cynthia attributed the start of the marriage breakdown to Lennon's use of LSD, and she felt that he slowly lost interest in her as a result of his use of the drug. When the group travelled by train to Bangor, Wales in 1967 for the Maharishi Yogi's Transcendental Meditation seminar, a policeman did not recognise her and stopped her from boarding. She later recalled how the incident seemed to symbolise the end of their marriage. After Cynthia arrived home at Kenwood, she found Lennon with Ono and left the house to stay with friends. Alexis Mardas later claimed to have had sex with her that night, and a few weeks later he informed her that Lennon was seeking a divorce and custody of Julian on the grounds of her adultery with him. After negotiations, Lennon capitulated and agreed to let her divorce him on the same grounds. The case was settled out of court in November 1968, with Lennon giving her \u00a3100,000 ($240,000 in US dollars at the time), a small annual payment and custody of Julian." }, "Olive-6": { "title": "Olive", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The olive tree, Olea europaea, is an evergreen tree or shrub native to the Mediterranean, Asia, and Africa. It is short and squat, and rarely exceeds 8\u201315\u00a0m (26\u201349\u00a0ft) in height. 'Pisciottana', a unique variety comprising 40,000 trees found only in the area around Pisciotta in the Campania region of southern Italy often exceeds this, with correspondingly large trunk diameters. The silvery green leaves are oblong, measuring 4\u201310\u00a0cm (1.6\u20133.9\u00a0in) long and 1\u20133\u00a0cm (0.39\u20131.18\u00a0in) wide. The trunk is typically gnarled and twisted." }, "Peach-22": { "title": "Peach", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "Cultivars" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Hundreds of peach and nectarine cultivars are known. These are classified into two categories\u2014freestones and clingstones. Freestones are those whose flesh separates readily from the pit. Clingstones are those whose flesh clings tightly to the pit. Some cultivars are partially freestone and clingstone, so are called semifree. Freestone types are preferred for eating fresh, while clingstone types are for canning. The fruit flesh may be creamy white to deep yellow, to dark red; the hue and shade of the color depend on the cultivar." }, "Joker (character)-53": { "title": "Joker (character)", "section": "Literary analysis", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "The Joker's controlling and abusive relationship with Harley Quinn has been analyzed as a means of the Joker reinforcing his own belief in his power in a world where he may be killed or neutralized by another villain or Batman. Joker mirrors his identity through Harley in her appearance, and even though he may ignore or act indifferent towards her, he continues to try to subject her to his control. When Harley successfully defeats Batman in Mad Love (1994), the Joker, emasculated by his own failure, severely injures her out of fear of what the other villains will think of him; however, while Harley recovers, the Joker sends her flowers, which she accepts, reasserting his control over her." }, "Hooke (Martian crater)-1": { "title": "Hooke (Martian crater)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hooke Crater is an impact crater in the Argyre quadrangle on Mars at 45.2\u00b0S and 44.4\u00b0W and is 139.0\u00a0km in diameter. It was named after British physicist-astronomer Robert Hooke." }, "Islam-28": { "title": "Islam", "section": "Acts of worship", "headers": [ "Prayer" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "A mosque is a place of worship for Muslims, who often refer to it by its Arabic name masjid. A large mosque for gathering for Friday prayers or Eid prayers are called masjid j\u0101mi. Although the primary purpose of the mosque is to serve as a place of prayer, it is also important to the Muslim community as a place to meet and study. In Medina, Al-Masjid al-Nabawi, or the Prophet's Mosque, was also a place of refuge for the poor. Modern mosques have evolved greatly from the early designs of the 7th century, and contain a variety of architectural elements such as minarets. The means used to signal the approach of prayer time is a vocal call, known as the adhan." }, "Jungle Love (Family Guy)-3": { "title": "Jungle Love (Family Guy)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In the meantime, Peter, who has been unemployed for some time, goes to work at the Pawtucket Brewery, where the beer is free as long as the employees do not drink during their shift. However, because Peter did not control his drinking he has been demoted to the shipping department (where drinking is not permitted), and he ends up as a subordinate to Opie, an intellectually disabled but somewhat more qualified man who speaks in unintelligible babbling." }, "Funeral-88": { "title": "Funeral", "section": "Other types of funerals", "headers": [ "Celebration of life" ], "para_index": 88, "content": "A growing number of families choose to hold a life celebration or celebration of life event for the deceased in addition to or instead of a traditional funeral. Such ceremonies may be held outside the funeral home or place of worship; restaurants, parks, pubs and sporting facilities are popular choices based on the specific interests of the deceased. Celebrations of life focus on a life that was lived, including the person's best qualities, interests, achievements and impact, rather than mourning a death. Some events are portrayed as joyous parties, instead of a traditional somber funeral. Taking on happy and hopeful tones, celebrations of life discourage wearing black and focus on the deceased's individuality. An extreme example might have \"a fully stocked open bar, catered food, and even favors.\" Notable recent celebrations of life ceremonies include those for Ren\u00e9 Ang\u00e9lil and Maya Angelou." }, "Heavy metal music-4": { "title": "Heavy metal music", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Heavy metal is traditionally characterized by loud distorted guitars, emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound, and vigorous vocals. Heavy metal subgenres variously emphasize, alter, or omit one or more of these attributes. The New York Times critic Jon Pareles writes, \"In the taxonomy of popular music, heavy metal is a major subspecies of hard-rock\u2014the breed with less syncopation, less blues, more showmanship and more brute force.\" The typical band lineup includes a drummer, a bassist, a rhythm guitarist, a lead guitarist, and a singer, who may or may not be an instrumentalist. Keyboard instruments are sometimes used to enhance the fullness of the sound. Deep Purple's Jon Lord played an overdriven Hammond organ. In 1970, John Paul Jones used a Moog synthesizer on Led Zeppelin III; by the 1990s, in \"almost every subgenre of heavy metal\" synthesizers were used." }, "Robin Williams-33": { "title": "Robin Williams", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Film" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "Williams voiced characters in several animated films. His voice role as the Genie in the animated musical Aladdin (1992) was written for him. The film's directors stated that they took a risk by writing the role. At first, Williams refused the role since it was a Disney movie, and he did not want the studio profiting by selling merchandise based on the movie. He accepted the role with certain conditions: \"I'm doing it basically because I want to be part of this animation tradition. I want something for my children. One deal is, I just don't want to sell anything\u2014as in Burger King, as in toys, as in stuff.\" Williams improvised much of his dialogue, recording approximately 30 hours of tape, and impersonated dozens of celebrities, including Ed Sullivan, Jack Nicholson, Robert De Niro, Groucho Marx, Rodney Dangerfield, William F. Buckley, Peter Lorre, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Arsenio Hall. His role in Aladdin became one of his most recognized and best-loved, and the film was the highest-grossing of 1992; it won numerous awards, including a Golden Globe for Williams. His performance led the way for other animated films to incorporate actors with more star power. He was named a Disney Legend in 2009." }, "Solo (music)-1": { "title": "Solo (music)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In music, a solo (from the Italian: solo, meaning alone) is a piece or a section of a piece played or sung featuring a single performer, who may be performing completely alone or supported by an accompanying instrument such as a piano or organ, a continuo group (in Baroque music), or the rest of a choir, orchestra, band, or other ensemble. Performing a solo is \"to solo\", and the performer is known as a soloist." }, "Leadership-1": { "title": "Leadership", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Leadership is both a research area and a practical skill encompassing the ability of an individual or organization to \"lead\" or guide other individuals, teams, or entire organizations. Specialist literature debates various viewpoints, contrasting Eastern and Western approaches to leadership, and also (within the West) United States versus European approaches. U.S. academic environments define leadership as \"a process of social influence in which a person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task\"." }, "Richard III (disambiguation)-1": { "title": "Richard III (disambiguation)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Richard III of England (1452\u20131485) King of England from 26 June 1483 until his death on 22 August 1485." }, "Motion sickness-8": { "title": "Motion sickness", "section": "Cause", "headers": [ "Motion felt but not seen", "Carsickness" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "A specific form of terrestrial motion sickness, being carsick is quite common and evidenced by disorientation while reading a map, a book, or a small screen during travel. Carsickness results from the sensory conflict arising in the brain from differing sensory inputs. Motion sickness is caused by a conflict between signals arriving in the brain from the inner ear, which forms the base of the vestibular system, the sensory apparatus that deals with movement and balance, and which detects motion mechanically. If someone is looking at a stationary object within a vehicle, such as a magazine, their eyes will inform their brain that what they are viewing is not moving. Their inner ears, however, will contradict this by sensing the motion of the vehicle. Varying theories exist as to cause. The sensory conflict theory notes that the eyes view motion while riding in the moving vehicle while other body sensors sense stillness, creating conflict between the eyes and inner ear. Another suggests the eyes mostly see the interior of the car which is motionless while the vestibular system of the inner ear senses motion as the vehicle goes around corners or over hills and even small bumps. Therefore, the effect is worse when looking down but may be lessened by looking outside of the vehicle." }, "Neutral powers during World War II-6": { "title": "Neutral powers during World War II", "section": "Continent", "headers": [ "Europe", "Spain" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Ireland \u2013 The policy of Irish neutrality during World War II was adopted by the Oireachtas (Irish Parliament) at the instigation of \u00c9amon de Valera, the Taoiseach (head of government) upon the outbreak of hostilities in Europe. It was maintained throughout the conflict, in spite of several German air raids (understood to be by aircraft that missed their intended targets in Britain or Northern Ireland) and attacks on Ireland's shipping fleet by Allies and Axis alike. De Valera refrained from joining either the Allies or Axis powers. \u00a0Portugal \u2013 Portugal was officially neutral during World War II. However, it maintained a close relationship with the UK, due to the alliance it had for the last six hundred years, which is the longest lasting military alliance in history. The Estado Novo sought neutrality in order to keep Spain neutral and prevent it from joining the Axis. Portugal allowed the United States to use a secret military base at Santa Maria Airport in the Azores through a military agreement signed on November 28, 1944. This violated its neutrality and rendered Portugal non-belligerent on the Allied side. Colonies of Portugal: Angola Cape Verde Portuguese Guinea Portuguese India Macau Mozambique S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe Portuguese Timor (Occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945) \u00a0Spain Initially holding to formal neutrality, once Italy entered the war in June 1940 Francisco Franco switched Spain to the status of \"non-belligerent\" and proceeded to occupy Tangiers. From June 1940 onward, and until February 1941, the Francoist regime was greatly tempted to interventionism. Prominent Germanophile Ram\u00f3n Serrano Su\u00f1er had great ascendancy in the government. However, meetings with German officials, including the meeting between Franco and Hitler in Hendaye on 23 October 1940, did not bring formal entry of Spain into the war." }, "Milk caps (game)-8": { "title": "Milk caps (game)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The term Pog was claimed as trademark by the World Pog Federation while other companies claimed it was generic term as it was selected by the children that played the game. In October 1994, a lawsuit was settled between World Pog and Universal Pogs Association. Pog was recognized as World Pog's exclusive term and Universal Pogs changed its name to Universal Slammers, Inc." }, "Gunpowder Plot-1": { "title": "Gunpowder Plot", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in earlier centuries often called the Gunpowder Treason Plot or the Jesuit Treason, was a failed assassination attempt against King James I by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby." }, "Saltwater crocodile-1": { "title": "Saltwater crocodile", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is a crocodilian native to saltwater habitats and brackish wetlands from India's east coast across Southeast Asia and the Sundaic region to northern Australia and Micronesia. It has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 1996. It was hunted for its skin throughout its range up to the 1970s, and is threatened by illegal killing and habitat loss. It is regarded as dangerous for people who share the same environment." }, "Bipedalism-22": { "title": "Bipedalism", "section": "Limited bipedalism", "headers": [ "Limited bipedalism in mammals" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Other mammals engage in limited, non-locomotory, bipedalism. A number of other animals, such as rats, raccoons, and beavers will squat on their hindlegs to manipulate some objects but revert to four limbs when moving (the beaver will move bipedally if transporting wood for their dams, as will the raccoon when holding food). Bears will fight in a bipedal stance to use their forelegs as weapons. A number of mammals will adopt a bipedal stance in specific situations such as for feeding or fighting. Ground squirrels and meerkats will stand on hind legs to survey their surroundings, but will not walk bipedally. Dogs (e.g. Faith) can stand or move on two legs if trained, or if birth defect or injury precludes quadrupedalism. The gerenuk antelope stands on its hind legs while eating from trees, as did the extinct giant ground sloth and chalicotheres. The spotted skunk will walk on its front legs when threatened, rearing up on its front legs while facing the attacker so that its anal glands, capable of spraying an offensive oil, face its attacker." }, "Disney Princess-33": { "title": "Disney Princess", "section": "Media", "headers": [ "Films and television" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "The Princesses, along with Anna and Elsa, both from Frozen, make guest appearances in the 2018 film Ralph Breaks the Internet. This film marks the first direct interaction between the characters in an animated Disney feature. Rich Moore and Phil Johnston, the directors of Ralph Breaks the Internet, said that a film focusing on the Disney Princesses could be made depending on the audience's response and \"if there's a good story to be told\"." }, "Aldi-17": { "title": "Aldi", "section": "Business organization", "headers": [ "Internationally" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Aldi S\u00fcd expanded to the United States under the Aldi banner, having expanded throughout the Eastern and Midwestern U.S. Aldi S\u00fcd revealed expansion plans in 2015 and expanded into the Southern California market, where Aldi Nord's Trader Joe's is based. Reports in August 2019 stated that the company was in the process of using a $3.4 billion investment in order to expand to 2,500 stores in the country by year end 2022; it was also investing an extra $1.6 billion to renovate 1,300 of its US stores. By February 2020, there were over 1,900 Aldi stores in 36 states. Groceries ordered on-line could be delivered to homes in the areas covered by 95 percent of stores in the U.S.; this service was provided in conjunction with Instacart." }, "Eskimo-1": { "title": "Eskimo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Eskimo (/\u02c8\u025bsk\u026amo\u028a/ ESS-kih-moh) or Eskimos are the indigenous circumpolar peoples who have traditionally inhabited the northern circumpolar region from eastern Siberia (Russia) to Alaska (United States), Canada, and Greenland. Today, the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) is composed of approximately 160,000 Inuit people living across Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Russia. The two main peoples known as \"Eskimo\" are the Inuit\u2014including the Alaskan I\u00f1upiat peoples, the Greenlandic Inuit, and the mass-grouping Inuit peoples of Canada\u2014and the Yupik of eastern Siberia and Alaska. A third northern group, the Aleut, is closely related to both. They share a relatively recent common ancestor and a language group (Eskimo-Aleut). The Chukchi People, from Siberia, are also the closest living relatives of Inuit, and Yupik people." }, "Traffic collision-24": { "title": "Traffic collision", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "Human factors" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "This phenomenon has been observed in risk compensation research, where the predicted reductions in collision rates have not occurred after legislative or technical changes. One study observed that the introduction of improved brakes resulted in more aggressive driving, and another argued that compulsory seat belt laws have not been accompanied by a clearly attributed fall in overall fatalities. Most claims of risk compensation offsetting the effects of vehicle regulation and belt use laws have been discredited by research using more refined data." }, "QR code-1": { "title": "QR code", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "QR code (abbreviated from Quick Response code) is the trademark for a type of matrix barcode (or two-dimensional barcode) first designed in 1994 for the automotive industry in Japan. A barcode is a machine-readable optical label that contains information about the item to which it is attached. In practice, QR codes often contain data for a locator, identifier, or tracker that points to a website or application. A QR code uses four standardized encoding modes (numeric, alphanumeric, byte/binary, and kanji) to store data efficiently; extensions may also be used." }, "Weight gain-2": { "title": "Weight gain", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Weight gain occurs when more energy (as calories from food and beverage consumption) is gained than the energy expended by life activities, including normal physiological processes and physical exercise." }, "Dustin Hoffman-45": { "title": "Dustin Hoffman", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "1980s: Tootsie, Death of a Salesman, Rain Man" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "The thing I love about Ishtar, - and I love it with all of its flaws - is that it has a statement to make. And that is: It is far, far better to spend a life being second rate in something that you're passionate about, than to spend a life being first-rate at that which you are not passionate about. I thought that was worth making a movie about. These guys want to be Simon & Garfunkel, but they have no talent at all. They're middle-aged guys, and at the end of the movie they wind up singing \"That's Amore\" at a Holiday Inn in Morocco. It's fair. It's fair to make a movie about that. Next came director Barry Levinson's Rain Man (1988), where Hoffman starred as an autistic savant, opposite Tom Cruise. Levinson, Hoffman and Cruise worked for two years on the film, and Hoffman's performance gained him his second Academy Award. Behind Hoffman's motivation for doing the film, he has said, \"Deep inside, Rain Man is about how autistic we all are.\" In preparation for the part, Hoffman spent two years befriending autistic people, which included taking them bowling and to fast food restaurants. \"It fed my obsession,\" he has stated." }, "Sudoku-1": { "title": "Sudoku", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sudoku (\u6570\u72ec, s\u016bdoku, digit-single) (/su\u02d0\u02c8do\u028aku\u02d0/, /-\u02c8d\u0252k-/, /s\u0259-/, originally called Number Place) is a logic-based, combinatorial number-placement puzzle. The objective is to fill a 9\u00d79 grid with digits so that each column, each row, and each of the nine 3\u00d73 subgrids that compose the grid (also called \"boxes\", \"blocks\", or \"regions\") contain all of the digits from 1 to 9. The puzzle setter provides a partially completed grid, which for a well-posed puzzle has a single solution." }, "Douglas fir-16": { "title": "Douglas fir", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "The species is extensively used in forestry as a plantation tree for softwood timber. The timber is used for joinery, veneer, flooring and construction due to its strength, hardness and durability. It is also naturalised throughout Europe, Argentina and Chile (called Pino Oreg\u00f3n), and in New Zealand it is considered to be an invasive species, called a wilding conifer, and subject to control measures." }, "New Year's Eve-15": { "title": "New Year's Eve", "section": "Americas", "headers": [ "Argentina" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Just before midnight, people flock to the streets to enjoy fireworks and light firecrackers. The fireworks can be seen in any terrace. The first day of the New Year is celebrated at midnight with cider or champagne. People wish each other a happy New Year, and sometimes share a toast with neighbours. Parties often continue until dawn." }, "Passover Seder plate-4": { "title": "Passover Seder plate", "section": "Symbolic foods", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Maror and Chazeret \u2013 Bitter herbs symbolizing the bitterness and harshness of the slavery that the Hebrews endured in Egypt. In Ashkenazi tradition, fresh romaine lettuce or endives (both representing the bitterness of the Roman invasions) or horseradish may be eaten as Maror in the fulfilment of the mitzvah of eating bitter herbs during the Seder. Chazeret is additional bitter herbs, usually romaine lettuce, used in the korech sandwich. Charoset \u2013 A sweet, brown mixture representing the mortar and brick used by the Hebrew slaves to build the storehouses or pyramids of Egypt. In Ashkenazi Jewish homes, Charoset is traditionally made from chopped nuts, grated apples, cinnamon, and sweet red wine Karpas \u2013 A vegetable other than bitter herbs representing hope and renewal, which is dipped into salt water at the beginning of the Seder. Parsley or another green vegetable. Some substitute parsley to slice of green onion (representing the bitterness of slavery in Egypt) or potato (representing the bitterness of the ghetto in Germany and in other European countries), both commonly used. The dipping of a simple vegetable into salt water and the resulting dripping of water off of said vegetables visually represents tears and is a symbolic reminder of the pain felt by the Hebrew slaves in Egypt. Usually, in a Shabbat or holiday meal, the first thing to be eaten after the kiddush over wine is bread. At the Seder table, however, the first thing to be eaten after the kiddush is a vegetable. This leads immediately to the recital of the famous question, Ma Nishtana\u2014\"Why is this night different from all other nights?\" It also symbolizes the springtime, because Jews celebrate Passover in the spring. Zeroah \u2013 Also transliterated Z'roa, it is special as it is the only element of meat on the Seder Plate. Roasted chicken neck or shankbone; symbolizing the Paschal Lamb (Passover sacrifice), which was a lamb that was offered in the Temple in Jerusalem, then roasted and eaten as part of the meal on Seder night. Since the destruction of the Temple, the z'roa serves as a visual reminder of the Pesach sacrifice; it is not eaten or handled during the Seder. Vegetarians often substitute a beet, quoting Pesachim 114b as justification; other vegetarians substitute a sweet potato, allowing a \"Paschal yam\" to represent the Paschal lamb. Beitzah \u2013 A roasted egg, symbolizing the korban chagigah (festival sacrifice) that was offered at the Temple in Jerusalem, then roasted and eaten as part of the meal on Seder night. Although both the Pesach sacrifice and the chagigah were meat offerings, the chagigah is commemorated by an egg, a symbol of mourning (as eggs are the first thing served to mourners after a funeral), evoking the idea of mourning over the destruction of the Temple and our inability to offer any kind of sacrifices in honor of the Pesach holiday. Since the destruction of the Temple, the beitzah serves as a visual reminder of the chagigah; it is not used during the formal part of the seder, but some people eat a regular hard-boiled egg dipped in salt water or vinegar as part of the first course of the meal, or as an appetizer. Many decorative and artistic Seder plates sold in Judaica stores have pre-formed spaces for inserting the various symbolic foods." }, "Primary election-1": { "title": "Primary election", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Primary elections or often just primaries, are the process by which voters can indicate their preference for their party's candidate, or a candidate in general, in an upcoming general election, local election, or by-election. Depending on the country and administrative divisions within the country, voters might consist of the general public in what is called an open primary, or solely the members of a political party in what is called a closed primary. In addition to these, there are other variants on primaries (which are discussed below) that are used by many countries holding elections throughout the world." }, "Professor-18": { "title": "Professor", "section": "Salary", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Professors in the United States commonly occupy any of several positions in academia. In the U.S., the word \"professor\" informally refers collectively to the academic ranks of assistant professor, associate professor, or professor. This usage differs from the predominant usage of the word professor internationally, where the unqualified word professor only refers to \"full professors.\" The majority of university lecturers and instructors in the United States, as of 2015[update], do not occupy these tenure-track ranks, but are part-time adjuncts." }, "Johnny Cash-2": { "title": "Johnny Cash", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Born in Arkansas to poor cotton farmers, Cash rose to fame in the prominent country music scene in Memphis, Tennessee, after four years in the United States Air Force. Cash was known for his deep, calm bass-baritone voice, the distinctive sound of his Tennessee Three backing band characterized by train-like chugging guitar rhythms, a rebelliousness coupled with an increasingly somber and humble demeanor, free prison concerts, and a trademark, all-black stage wardrobe, which earned him the nickname \"The Man in Black\". He traditionally began his concerts by simply introducing himself, \"Hello, I'm Johnny Cash,\" followed by his signature song \"Folsom Prison Blues\"." }, "Dissociative identity disorder-7": { "title": "Dissociative identity disorder", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "According to the fifth Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), DID symptoms include \"the presence of two or more distinct personality states\" accompanied by the inability to recall personal information, beyond what is expected through normal forgetfulness. Other DSM-5 symptoms include a loss of identity as related to individual distinct personality states, and loss referring to time, sense of self and consciousness. In each individual, the clinical presentation varies and the level of functioning can change from severely impaired to adequate. The symptoms of dissociative amnesia are subsumed under the DID diagnosis but can be diagnosed separately. Individuals with DID may experience distress from both the symptoms of DID (intrusive thoughts or emotions) and the consequences of the accompanying symptoms (dissociation rendering them unable to remember specific information). The majority of patients with DID report childhood sexual or physical abuse, though the accuracy of these reports is controversial. Identities may be unaware of each other and compartmentalize knowledge and memories, resulting in chaotic personal lives. Individuals with DID may be reluctant to discuss symptoms due to associations with abuse, shame, and fear. DID patients may also frequently and intensely experience time disturbances." }, "Samsung Galaxy A10-1": { "title": "Samsung Galaxy A10", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Samsung Galaxy A10 is an Android smartphone developed by Samsung Electronics. It was released in March 2019. It comes with Android 9 (Pie) with One UI, 32GB internal storage, and a 3400 mAh battery." }, "Wolverine-6": { "title": "Wolverine", "section": "Physical characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Anatomically, the wolverine is a stocky and muscular animal. With short legs, broad and rounded head, small eyes and short rounded ears, it more closely resembles a bear than it does other mustelids. Though its legs are short, its large, five-toed paws with crampon-like claws and plantigrade posture enable them to climb up and over steep cliffs, trees and snow-covered peaks with relative ease." }, "Frigate-11": { "title": "Frigate", "section": "Age of sail", "headers": [ "Origins" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "At this time, a further design evolved, reintroducing oars and resulting in galley frigates such as HMS\u00a0Charles Galley of 1676, which was rated as a 32-gun fifth-rate but also had a bank of 40 oars set below the upper deck which could propel the ship in the absence of a favourable wind." }, "Outline of bicycles-2": { "title": "Outline of bicycles", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Bicycle \u2013 pedal-driven, human-powered, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A person who rides a bicycle is called a cyclist or a bicyclist, and the activity is called cycling. Also known as a bike, push bike or cycle." }, "San Francisco-95": { "title": "San Francisco", "section": "Culture and contemporary life", "headers": [ "Nicknames" ], "para_index": 95, "content": "San Francisco has several nicknames, including \"The City by the Bay\", \"Golden Gate City\", \"Frisco\", \"SF\", \"San Fran\", and \"Fog City\", as well as older ones like \"The City that Knows How\", \"Baghdad by the Bay\", \"The Paris of the West\", or, as locals call it, \"The City\". San Fran and Frisco are only used outside of San Francisco itself and disaparaged by residents." }, "Keyboard layout-33": { "title": "Keyboard layout", "section": "Mechanical, visual, and functional layouts", "headers": [ "Visual layouts" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "A Visual layout refers to the symbols printed on the physical keycaps. Visual layouts vary by language, country, and user preference, and any one mechanical and functional layout can be employed with a number of different visual layouts. For example, the \"ISO\" keyboard layout is used throughout Europe, but typical French, German, and UK variants of mechanically identical keyboards appear different because they bear different legends on their keys. Even blank keyboards \u2013 with no legends \u2013 are sometimes used to learn typing skills or by user preference." }, "Harry Potter (film series)-4": { "title": "Harry Potter (film series)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Philosopher's Stone and Deathly Hallows \u2013 Part 2 are among the 50 highest-grossing films of all time, with the latter ranking as the thirteenth highest-grossing film, having grossed over $1 billion. Without inflation adjustment, it is the third highest-grossing film series with $7.7 billion in worldwide receipts." }, "Tostones-1": { "title": "Tostones", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tostones (Spanish pronunciation:\u00a0[tos\u02c8tones], from the Spanish verb tostar which means \"to toast\") are twice-fried plantain slices commonly found in Latin American cuisine and Caribbean cuisine. Most commonly known as tostones (Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Cuba, and Venezuela), they are also known as tachinos or chatinos (Cuba), platano frito or verde frito (Dominican Republic), platano frito (Honduras), bananes pes\u00e9es (Haiti), patacones (in Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru, and Ecuador) and, sometimes, patac\u00f3n pisao in Colombia." }, "Venus-20": { "title": "Venus", "section": "Physical characteristics", "headers": [ "Atmosphere and climate" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Studies have suggested that billions of years ago, Venus's atmosphere was much more like the one surrounding Earth, and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface, but after a period of 600 million to several billion years, a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water, which generated a critical level of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere. Although the surface conditions on Venus are no longer hospitable to any Earth-like life that may have formed before this event, there is speculation on the possibility that life exists in the upper cloud layers of Venus, 50\u00a0km (31\u00a0mi) up from the surface, where the temperature ranges between 303 and 353\u00a0K (30 and 80\u00a0\u00b0C; 86 and 176\u00a0\u00b0F) but the environment is acidic." }, "Consent-18": { "title": "Consent", "section": "Sexual activity", "headers": [ "Affirmative consent" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Affirmative consent (enthusiastic yes) is when both parties agree to sexual conduct, either through clear, verbal communication or nonverbal cues or gestures. It involves communication and the active participation of people involved. This is the approach endorsed by colleges and universities in the U.S., which describe consent as an \"affirmative, unambiguous, and conscious decision by each participant to engage in mutually agreed-upon sexual activity.\" Notably, past research has found that college students generally held unfavorable attitudes toward institutional affirmative consent requirements (e.g., Antioch\u2019s policy), stating issues related to endorsement and practicality of these mandated policies . According to Yoon-Hendricks, a staff writer for Sex, Etc., \"Instead of saying 'no means no,' 'yes means yes' looks at sex as a positive thing.\" Ongoing consent is sought at all levels of sexual intimacy regardless of the parties' relationship, prior sexual history or current activity (\"Grinding on the dance floor is not consent for further sexual activity,\" a university policy reads). By definition, affirmative consent cannot be given if a person is intoxicated, unconscious or asleep." }, "Ferdinand Magellan-20": { "title": "Ferdinand Magellan", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "After several weeks in the Philippines, Magellan had converted as many as 2,200 locals to Christianity, including Rajah Humabon of Cebu and most leaders of the islands around Cebu. However, the island of Mactan, led by Lapulapu, resisted conversion.[citation needed] In order to gain the trust of Rajah Humabon, Magellan sailed to Mactan with a small force on the morning of 27 April 1521. During the resulting battle against Lapulapu's troops, Magellan was struck by a bamboo spear, and later surrounded and finished off with other weapons." }, "Diplomatic immunity-10": { "title": "Diplomatic immunity", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Modern" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The British Parliament first guaranteed diplomatic immunity to foreign ambassadors in 1709, after Count Andrey Matveyev, a Russian resident in London, had been subjected to verbal and physical abuse by British bailiffs." }, "Lighthouse of Alexandria-7": { "title": "Lighthouse of Alexandria", "section": "Construction", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "citation needed]Strabo reported that Sostratus had a dedication to the \"Saviour Gods\" inscribed in metal letters on the lighthouse. Later Pliny the Elder wrote that Sostratus was the architect, which is disputed. In the second century AD Lucian wrote that Sostratus hid his name under plaster bearing the name of Ptolemy so that when the plaster fell off, Sostratus's name would be visible in the stone. Blocks of sandstone and limestone used in construction are analyzed to be from the Wadi Hammamat quarries in the desert east of the city." }, "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)-1": { "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Eagle Scout is the highest achievement or rank attainable in the Scouts BSA program of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). Since its inception in 1911, only four percent of Scouts have earned this rank after a lengthy review process. The Eagle Scout rank has been earned by over 2.5\u00a0million youth." }, "Google Search-3": { "title": "Google Search", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The main purpose of Google Search is to search for text in publicly accessible documents offered by web servers, as opposed to other data, such as images or data contained in databases. It was originally developed in 1997 by Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Scott Hassan. In June 2011, Google introduced \"Google Voice Search\" to search for spoken, rather than typed, words. In May 2012, Google introduced a Knowledge Graph semantic search feature in the U.S." }, "Sea shanty-119": { "title": "Sea shanty", "section": "In popular media", "headers": [ "Popular music", "Popular musical interpretations of traditional repertoire" ], "para_index": 119, "content": "Music performers with no strong links to maritime music have interpreted traditional shanty and sea song compositions, of which widely scattered instances abound. For example, the bawdy sea song \"Frigging in the Rigging\" was recorded by the punk band Sex Pistols. Perhaps under the influence of Irish folk revival groups like The Clancy Brothers and The Dubliners, who included some shanties in their repertoires, some association has also been formed between shanties and Irish music. And so, looking back to these performers, later Irish-oriented rock groups like The Pogues interpreted traditional shanties and sea songs like \"South Australia\" and \"The Greenland Whale Fisheries.\" A notable instance where many non-maritime music performers tackled the traditional maritime repertoire stems from the actor Johnny Depp's reported interest in shanties that developed while filming Pirates of the Caribbean. As a result, in 2006 Depp helped facilitate Rogue's Gallery: Pirate Ballads, Sea Songs, and Chanteys. A medley of sea songs performed by concert orchestra, Sir Henry Wood's Fantasia on British Sea Songs, is a popular component of the Last Night of the Proms in Britain." }, "Federal Bureau of Investigation-4": { "title": "Federal Bureau of Investigation", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation, the BOI or BI for short. Its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1935. The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building, located in Washington, D.C." }, "Star Wars Resistance-2": { "title": "Star Wars Resistance", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The series premiered on Disney Channel on October 7, 2018, and the next day it debuted on Disney XD in the United States and worldwide. Twelve shorts debuted on the Disney Channel YouTube channel in December 2018." }, "Floppy disk-2": { "title": "Floppy disk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Floppy disks, initially as 8-inch (203\u00a0mm) media and later in 5\u00a01\u20444-inch (133\u00a0mm) and \u200b3\u00a01\u20442 inch (90\u00a0mm) sizes, were a ubiquitous form of data storage and exchange from the mid-1970s into the first years of the 21st century. By 2006, computers were rarely manufactured with installed floppy disk drives; \u200b3\u00a01\u20442-inch floppy disks can be used with an external USB floppy disk drive, but USB drives for \u200b5\u00a01\u20444-inch, 8-inch, and non-standard diskettes are rare to non-existent. These formats are usually handled by older equipment." }, "Ku Klux Klan-2": { "title": "Ku Klux Klan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The first Klan flourished in the Southern United States in the late 1860s during Reconstruction, then died out by the early 1870s. It sought to overthrow the Republican state governments in the South, especially by using violence against African-American leaders. Each chapter was autonomous and highly secret as to membership and plans. Its numerous chapters across the South were suppressed around 1871, through federal law enforcement. Members made their own, often colorful, costumes: robes, masks and conical hats, designed to be terrifying and to hide their identities." }, "Los Angeles-34": { "title": "Los Angeles", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "Los Angeles has a Mediterranean climate (K\u00f6ppen Csb on the coast and most of downtown, Csa near the metropolitan region to the west), and receives just enough annual precipitation to avoid semi-arid climate (BSh), making the myth that the city has been built in a desert not be completely incorrect. Daytime temperatures are generally temperate all year round. In winter, they average around 68\u00a0\u00b0F (20\u00a0\u00b0C) giving it a tropical feel although it is a few degrees too cool to be a true tropical climate on average due to cool night temperatures. Los Angeles has plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of only 35 days with measurable precipitation annually. The coastal region around Los Angeles has a climate comparable to coastal areas of southeastern Spain such as Alicante or Elche, in temperature range and variation, in sunshine hours and as well as annual precipitation levels." }, "Protractor-1": { "title": "Protractor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A protractor is a measuring instrument, typically made of transparent plastic or glass, for measuring angles. Most protractors measure angles in" }, "Popeye-6": { "title": "Popeye", "section": "Fictional character and story", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Popeye's story and characterization vary depending on the medium. Originally, Popeye got \"luck\" from rubbing the head of the Whiffle Hen; by 1932, he was instead getting \"strength\" from eating spinach. Swee'Pea is Popeye's ward in the comic strips, but he is often depicted as belonging to Olive Oyl in cartoons." }, "War Doctor-7": { "title": "War Doctor", "section": "Appearances", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The War Doctor first appears at the conclusion of the series seven finale \"The Name of the Doctor\" when the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith) and companion Clara Oswald (Jenna-Louise Coleman) are trapped in the Doctor's timeline. Clara believes she has seen all the Doctor's faces, but does not recognise one figure. The Doctor (Smith) tells her that he is yet another version of himself, albeit one who has lost the right to the name of the Doctor; when the figure declares that he did what he did \"without choice [...] in the name of peace and sanity\", the Doctor, before he and Clara return to the universe, states that the figure did not make his choice in the name of the Doctor." }, "Cantonese-16": { "title": "Cantonese", "section": "Geographic distribution", "headers": [ "Southeast Asia", "Vietnam" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "In Vietnam, Cantonese is the dominant language of the ethnic Chinese community, usually referred to as Hoa, which numbers about one million people and constitutes one of the largest minority groups in the country. Over half of the ethnic Chinese population in Vietnam speaks Cantonese as a native language and the variety also serves as a lingua franca between the different Chinese dialect groups. Many speakers reflect their exposure to Vietnamese with a Vietnamese accent or a tendency to code-switch between Cantonese and Vietnamese." }, "Gladius-20": { "title": "Gladius", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "The gladius was sheathed in a scabbard mounted on a belt or shoulder strap, some say on the right, some say on the left. Some say the soldier reached across his body to draw it, and others claim that the position of the shield made this method of drawing impossible. A centurion wore it on the opposite side as a mark of distinction." }, "Yale University-62": { "title": "Yale University", "section": "Academics", "headers": [ "Admissions" ], "para_index": 62, "content": "Undergraduate admission to Yale College is considered \"most selective\" by U.S. News. In 2017, Yale accepted 2,285 students to the Class of 2021 out of 32,914 applicants, for an acceptance rate of 6.9%. 98% of students graduate within six years." }, "Washington's Birthday-1": { "title": "Washington's Birthday", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Washington's Birthday is a federal holiday in the United States celebrated on the third Monday of February in honor of George Washington, the first President of the United States, who was born on February 22, 1732. The Uniform Monday Holiday Act of 1971 moved this holiday to the third Monday, which can fall from February 15 to 21, inclusive." }, "Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church-1": { "title": "Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC; Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0413\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e-\u041a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0430 (\u0423\u0413\u041a\u0426), romanized:\u00a0Ukrajins'ka hreko-katolic'ka cerkva, lit.\u00a0'Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church'; Latin: Ecclesia Graeco-Catholica Ucrainae) is a Byzantine Rite Eastern Catholic Church in full communion with the Pope and the worldwide Catholic Church. It is the second-largest particular church (sui juris) in the Catholic Church (after the Latin, or Roman, Church). It is part of the Major Archiepiscopal Churches of the Catholic Church that are not distinguished with a patriarchal title." }, "Bull shark-21": { "title": "Bull shark", "section": "Behavior", "headers": [ "Diet" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "The bull shark's diet consists mainly of bony fish and small sharks, including other bull sharks, and stingrays. Their diet can also include turtles, birds, dolphins, terrestrial mammals, crustaceans, and echinoderms. They hunt in murky waters where it is harder for the prey to see the shark coming. Bull sharks have been known to use the bump-and-bite technique to attack their prey. After the first initial contact, they continue to bite and tackle prey until they are unable to flee." }, "Speech-1": { "title": "Speech", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Play media Speech is human vocal communication using language. Each language uses phonetic combinations of vowel and consonant sounds that form the sound of its words (that is, all English words sound different from all French words, even if they are the same word, e.g., \"role\" or \"hotel\"), and using those words in their semantic character as words in the lexicon of a language according to the syntactic constraints that govern lexical words' function in a sentence. In speaking, speakers perform many different intentional speech acts, e.g., informing, declaring, asking, persuading, directing, and can use enunciation, intonation, degrees of loudness, tempo, and other non-representational or paralinguistic aspects of vocalization to convey meaning. In their speech speakers also unintentionally communicate many aspects of their social position such as sex, age, place of origin (through accent), physical states (alertness and sleepiness, vigor or weakness, health or illness), psychic states (emotions or moods), physico-psychic states (sobriety or drunkenness, normal consciousness and trance states), education or experience, and the like." }, "Testosterone-1": { "title": "Testosterone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid. In male humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair. In addition, testosterone is involved in health and well-being, and the prevention of osteoporosis. Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss." }, "Winston Churchill-1": { "title": "Winston Churchill", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 1874\u00a0\u2013 24 January 1965) was a British politician, army officer, and writer. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1940 to July 1945, when he led the country to victory in the Second World War, and again from October 1951 to April 1955. Apart from two years between October 1922 and October 1924, Churchill was a Member of Parliament (MP) from January 1900 to September 1964 and represented a total of five constituencies. Ideologically an economic liberal and imperialist, he was for most of his career a member of the Conservative Party, as leader from October 1940 to April 1955. He was a member of the Liberal Party from May 1904 to March 1924." }, "Personal computer-7": { "title": "Personal computer", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The personal computer was made possible by major advances in semiconductor technology. In 1959, the silicon integrated circuit (IC) chip was developed by Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor, and the metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor was developed by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs. The MOS integrated circuit was commercialized by RCA in 1964, and then the silicon-gate MOS integrated circuit was developed by Federico Faggin at Fairchild in 1968. Faggin later used silicon-gate MOS technology to develop the first single-chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004, in 1971. The first microcomputers, based on microprocessors, were developed during the early 1970s. Widespread commercial availability of microprocessors, from the mid-1970s onwards, made computers cheap enough for small businesses and individuals to own." }, "Vitamin A-13": { "title": "Vitamin A", "section": "Side effects", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Given that vitamin A is fat-soluble, disposing of any excess taken in through diet takes much longer than with water-soluble B vitamins and vitamin C. This allows for toxic levels of vitamin A to accumulate. These toxicities only occur with preformed (retinoid) vitamin A (such as from liver). The carotenoid forms (for example, beta-carotene as found in carrots) give no such symptoms, but excessive dietary intake of beta-carotene can lead to carotenodermia, a harmless but cosmetically displeasing orange-yellow discoloration of the skin." }, "Stapes-1": { "title": "Stapes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The stapes or stirrup is a bone in the middle ear of humans and other mammals which is involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear. This stirrup-shaped bone is connected to the oval window by its annular ligament, which allows the footplate to transmit sound energy through the oval window into the inner ear. The stapes is the smallest and lightest bone in the human body, and is so-called because of its resemblance to a" }, "Helium-77": { "title": "Helium", "section": "Inhalation and safety", "headers": [ "Effects" ], "para_index": 77, "content": "The speed of sound in helium is nearly three times the speed of sound in air. Because the fundamental frequency of a gas-filled cavity is proportional to the speed of sound in the gas, when helium is inhaled there is a corresponding increase in the resonant frequencies of the vocal tract. The fundamental frequency (sometimes called pitch) does not change, since this is produced by direct vibration of the vocal folds, which is unchanged. However, the higher resonant frequencies cause a change in timbre, resulting in a reedy, duck-like vocal quality. The opposite effect, lowering resonant frequencies, can be obtained by inhaling a dense gas such as sulfur hexafluoride or xenon." }, "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again-21": { "title": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "Box office" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again grossed $120.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $274.4 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $395 million, against a production budget of $75 million." }, "Queen Victoria-4": { "title": "Queen Victoria", "section": "Birth and family", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Victoria's father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III. Until 1817, Edward's niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children\u2014Carl (1804\u20131856) and Feodora (1807\u20131872)\u2014by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen. Her brother Leopold was Princess Charlotte's widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15\u00a0a.m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London." }, "Othello-1": { "title": "Othello", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Othello (The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1603. It is based on the story Un Capitano Moro (\"A Moorish Captain\") by Cinthio (a disciple of Boccaccio's), first published in 1565. The story revolves around its two central characters: Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army, and his treacherous ensign, Iago. Given its varied and enduring themes of racism, love, jealousy, betrayal, revenge, and repentance, Othello is still often performed in professional and community theatre alike, and has been the source for numerous operatic, film, and literary adaptations." }, "Hidden camera-8": { "title": "Hidden camera", "section": "Nanny cam", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Hidden cameras may be installed within common household objects to monitor and record the activities of caregivers. These are commonly referred to as \"nanny cams.\" The legality of using hidden cameras is usually a subject of controversy. For example, a case involving a nanny that was allegedly caught violently shaking a baby was thrown out as worthless evidence; due to issues regarding video quality, not legality. Some hidden camera television shows have also led to lawsuits or being denied to air by the people who were trapped in set-ups that they found unpleasant." }, "Cape Town-1": { "title": "Cape Town", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cape Town (Afrikaans: Kaapstad [\u02c8k\u0251\u02d0pstat]; Xhosa: iKapa;) is the second most populous city in South Africa after Johannesburg and also the legislative capital of South Africa. Colloquially named the Mother City, it is the largest city of the Western Cape province and forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality. The Parliament of South Africa sits in Cape Town. The other two capitals are located in Pretoria (the executive capital where the Presidency is based) and Bloemfontein (the judicial capital where the Supreme Court of Appeal is located). The city is known for its harbour, for its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region, and for landmarks such as Table Mountain and Cape Point. Cape Town is home to 64% of the Western Cape's population. The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design." }, "Placozoa-1": { "title": "Placozoa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Placozoa are a basal form of free-living (non-parasitic) multicellular organism. They are the simplest in structure of all animals. Three genera have been found: the classical Trichoplax adhaerens, Hoilungia hongkongensis, and Polyplacotoma mediterranea, where the last appears most basal. The last two have been found only since 2017. Although the Placozoa were first discovered in 1883 by the German zoologist, Franz Eilhard Schulze (1840\u20131921) and since the 1970s more systematically analyzed by the German protozoologist, Karl Gottlieb Grell (1912\u20131994), a common name does not yet exist for the taxon; the scientific name means \"flat animals\"." }, "Northwest Airlines-1": { "title": "Northwest Airlines", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Northwest Airlines Corp. (abbreviated in initials as NWA; stylized as nwa) was a major United States airline founded in 1926 and absorbed into Delta Air Lines, Inc. by a merger. The merger, approved on October 29, 2008, made Delta the largest airline in the world until the American Airlines-US Airways merger on December 9, 2013. Northwest continued to operate under its own name and brand until the integration of the carriers was completed on January 31, 2010." }, "Crustacean-10": { "title": "Crustacean", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The majority of crustaceans are aquatic, living in either marine or freshwater environments, but a few groups have adapted to life on land, such as terrestrial crabs, terrestrial hermit crabs, and woodlice. Marine crustaceans are as ubiquitous in the oceans as insects are on land. The majority of crustaceans are also motile, moving about independently, although a few taxonomic units are parasitic and live attached to their hosts (including sea lice, fish lice, whale lice, tongue worms, and Cymothoa exigua, all of which may be referred to as \"crustacean lice\"), and adult barnacles live a sessile life \u2013 they are attached headfirst to the substrate and cannot move independently. Some branchiurans are able to withstand rapid changes of salinity and will also switch hosts from marine to non-marine species. Krill are the bottom layer and the most important part of the food chain in Antarctic animal communities. Some crustaceans are significant invasive species, such as the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, and the Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus." }, "Bone growth factor-3": { "title": "Bone growth factor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "oods, James. \"What does Estrogen Have to Do with Belly Fat?\". Major hormones influencing bone growth and morphology include growth hormone (which acts primarily via inducing IGF-1 production), androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, and estrogens such as estradiol. GH/IGF-1 are responsible for increasing overall body size, longitudinal bone size, and height, especially during puberty. Estrogens cause the hips to widen and become rounded during puberty in females, and androgens cause the shoulders to broaden in males. Estrogens mediate epiphyseal closure in both males and females. Other hormones implicated in control of bone growth include thyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, glucocorticoids such as cortisol, and vitamin D (calcitriol)." }, "Doomsday (DC Comics)-2": { "title": "Doomsday (DC Comics)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Doomsday ranked as #46 on IGN's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time. He is best known as the only character to defeat and kill Superman in combat in The Death of Superman story arc \"Doomsday!\"." }, "Saint-Tropez-1": { "title": "Saint-Tropez", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Saint-Tropez (US: /\u02ccs\u00e6n tro\u028a\u02c8pe\u026a/ SAN-troh-PAY, French:\u00a0[s\u025b\u0303 t\u0281\u0254pe]; Occitan: Sant-Tropetz , pronounced\u00a0[san(t) t\u0280u\u02c8pes]) is a town on the French Riviera, 68 kilometres (42 miles) west of Nice and 100 kilometres (62 miles) east of Marseille in the Var department of the Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te d'Azur region of Occitania, Southern France." }, "Human body weight-15": { "title": "Human body weight", "section": "Average weight around the world", "headers": [ "By country", "Global statistics" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Researchers at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine published a study of average weights of adult humans in the journal BMC Public Health and at the United Nations conference Rio+20." }, "Trent Reznor-3": { "title": "Trent Reznor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Reznor and Ross scored the David Fincher films The Social Network (2010), The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), and Gone Girl (2014), winning the Academy Award for Best Original Score for The Social Network and the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media for The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. They scored the 2018 film Bird Box and composed original music for the 2019 TV series Watchmen. In 1997, Reznor appeared in Time's list of the year's most influential people, and Spin magazine described him as \"the most vital artist in music\"." }, "Islam in Israel-1": { "title": "Islam in Israel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Muslims, who are mostly Arab citizens of Israel, constitute 17.7% of the Israelis, making them the largest minority group in Israel." }, "Lock time-4": { "title": "Lock time", "section": "Improvement of lock time", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Aftermarket part kits are available for several production rifles under names such as known as \"speedlock\". These kits reduce the lock time compared to the factory rifle by using a lighter firing pin and more powerful springs. While ordinary firing pins usually are made out of steel, speedlock firing pins are often either made of titanium or a mix of steel and aluminium, which in some cases can reduce the weight of the new firing pin to near half of the original. More powerful springs are used to further increase the firing pin velocity for further decreasing the lock time, as well as increase reliability since the new firing pin has less mass. On hammer fired firearms a more lightweight hammer and a more powerful hammer spring can also shorten the lock time, but a hammer fired firearm will still have a noticeable longer lock time than mechanisms without a hammer." }, "Japan Airlines-2": { "title": "Japan Airlines", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "JAL group operations include scheduled and unscheduled international and domestic passenger and cargo services to 220 destinations in 35 countries worldwide, including codeshares. The group has a fleet of 279 aircraft. In the fiscal year ended 31 March 2009, the airline group carried over 52 million passengers and over 1.1\u00a0million tons of cargo and mail. Japan Airlines, J-Air, JAL Express, and Japan Transocean Air are members of the Oneworld airline alliance network." }, "Jack Black-24": { "title": "Jack Black", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Awards and nominations" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Black was nominated for two Golden Globes. On September 18, 2018, Black was inducted into Hollywood's Walk of Fame." }, "Lord Voldemort-28": { "title": "Lord Voldemort", "section": "Characterisation", "headers": [ "Magical abilities and skills" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Rowling establishes Voldemort throughout the series as an extremely powerful, intelligent, and ruthless dark wizard, described as the greatest and most powerful Dark Wizard of all time. He is known as one of the greatest Legilimens in the world and a highly accomplished Occlumens; he can read minds and shield his own from penetration. Besides Dumbledore, he is also the only wizard ever known to be able to apparate silently. Voldemort was also said to fear one wizard alone, Dumbledore." }, "Ubuntu-2": { "title": "Ubuntu", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Ubuntu is released every six months, with long-term support (LTS) releases every two years. As of 23\u00a0April\u00a02020[update], the latest release and also the most recent long-term support release is 20.04 (\"Focal Fossa\"), which is supported until 2025 under public support and until 2030 as a paid option." }, "A Tale of Two Cities-1": { "title": "A Tale of Two Cities", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A Tale of Two Cities is an 1859 historical novel by Charles Dickens, set in London and Paris before and during the French Revolution. The novel tells the story of the French Doctor Manette, his 18-year-long imprisonment in the Bastille in Paris and his release to live in London with his daughter Lucie, whom he had never met. The story is set against the conditions that led up to the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror." }, "Dave Mustaine-1": { "title": "Dave Mustaine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "David Scott Mustaine (born September 13, 1961) is an American guitarist, singer, songwriter, actor and author. He is best known as the co-founder, lead vocalist, guitarist and primary songwriter of the American heavy metal band Megadeth, as well as the original lead guitarist of the heavy metal band Metallica." }, "Pacific Time Zone-9": { "title": "Pacific Time Zone", "section": "United States", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "California Washington Three states are split between the Pacific Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone:" }, "Michael J. Fox-2": { "title": "Michael J. Fox", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Fox was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1991 at age 29, and disclosed his condition to the public in 1998. He semi-retired from acting in 2000 as the symptoms of the disease worsened. He has since become an advocate for research toward finding a cure, and founded the Michael J. Fox Foundation. Sweden's Karolinska Institute gave him an honoris causa doctorate on March 5, 2010 for his work advocating a cure for Parkinson's disease." }, "Chinchilla-1": { "title": "Chinchilla", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Chinchillas are either of two species (Chinchilla chinchilla and Chinchilla lanigera) of crepuscular rodents of the parvorder Caviomorpha. They are slightly larger and more robust than ground squirrels, and are native to the Andes mountains in South America. They live in colonies called \"herds\" at high elevations of up to 4,270\u00a0m (14,000\u00a0ft). Historically, chinchillas lived in an area that included parts of Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, and Chile, but today, colonies in the wild are known only in Chile. Along with their relatives, viscachas, they make up the family Chinchillidae. They are also related to the chinchilla rat." }, "Andes-1": { "title": "Andes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (Spanish: Cordillera de los Andes) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is 7,000\u00a0km (4,300\u00a0mi) long, 200 to 700\u00a0km (120 to 430\u00a0mi) wide (widest between 18\u00b0 south and 20\u00b0 south latitude), and has an average height of about 4,000\u00a0m (13,000\u00a0ft). The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina." }, "Fluyt-1": { "title": "Fluyt", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A fluyt (archaic Dutch: fluijt \"flute\"; Dutch pronunciation: [fl\u0153y\u032ft] (listen)) is a Dutch type of sailing vessel originally designed by the shipwrights of Hoorn as a dedicated cargo vessel. Originating in the Dutch Republic in the 16th century, the vessel was designed to facilitate transoceanic delivery with the maximum of space and crew efficiency. Unlike rivals, it was not built for conversion in wartime to a warship, so it was cheaper to build and carried twice the cargo, and could be handled by a smaller crew. Construction by specialized shipyards using new tools made it half the cost of rival ships. These factors combined to sharply lower the cost of transportation for Dutch merchants, giving them a major competitive advantage. The fluyt was a significant factor in the 17th-century rise of the Dutch seaborne empire. In 1670 the Dutch merchant marine totalled 568,000 tons of shipping\u2014about half the European total." }, "Hardwired... to Self-Destruct-15": { "title": "Hardwired... to Self-Destruct", "section": "Commercial performance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Hardwired... to Self-Destruct debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 291,000 album-equivalent units in its first week, of which 282,000 were pure album sales. The remaining 9,000 units comprised 34,000 song purchases and 9.3 million streams. It was the third-largest debut of the year in the US on pure sales, behind Drake's Views and Beyonc\u00e9's Lemonade. The album slipped to number 3 on the Billboard 200 in its second week, selling 75,000 units, including 71,000 copies. Hardwired... to Self-Destruct was the best selling heavy metal album of 2016 in the US and seventh overall, with 516,000 copies sold by the end of December. It became the highest selling debut of the year in Germany with more than 200,000 copies shipped in its first week, earning a platinum certification. Hardwired... to Self-Destruct had the biggest opening week of 2016 in Australia with 26,000 copies sold, debuting at number one on the ARIA chart. Overall, the album was number one in 57 countries, entered the top three in 75 nations and the top five in 105 countries. On April 12, 2017, the album went platinum. Since July 7, 2017 the album officially sold more than 1,004,000 copies in the United States. The former No. 1 set is the band's 12th album to sell at least a million copies since Nielsen Music began tracking sales in 1991. The album earned gold certification in Netherlands on September 6, 2017." }, "United States Postal Service-145": { "title": "United States Postal Service", "section": "Employment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 145, "content": "Mail carriers, also referred to as mailmen or letter carriers, prepare and deliver mail and parcels. They are divided into two categories: City Letter Carriers, who are represented by the NALC, and Rural Letter Carriers, who are represented by the NRLCA. City Carriers are paid hourly with automatic overtime paid after 8 hours or 40 hours a week of duty. City Carriers are required to work in any kind of weather, daylight or dark and carry three bundles of mail (letters in one hand, magazines in the other and advertisements in a mailbag) in addition to parcels up to a total of 70\u00a0lbs. Mail routes are outfitted with a number of scanpoints (mailbox barcodes) on random streets every 30 to 40 minutes apart to keep track of the Carriers' whereabouts up until the last 5 minutes of any given workday. Rural carriers are under a form of salary called \"evaluated hours\", usually with overtime built into their pay. The evaluated hours are created by having all mail counted for a period of two or four weeks, and a formula used to create the set dollar amount they will be paid for each day worked until the next time the route is counted. Mail handlers and processors, prepare, separate, load and unload mail and parcels, by delivery ZIP code and station, for the clerks. They work almost exclusively at the plants or larger mail facilities now after having their duties excessed and reassigned to clerks in Post Offices and Station branches. Clerks, have a dual function by design of where their assignment is. Window clerks directly handle customer service needs at the counter, sort box mail and also sort first-class letters, standard and bulk-rate mail for the carriers on the work floor. Clerks may also work alongside mail handlers in large sorting facilities, outside of the public view, sorting mail. Data Conversion Operators, who encode address information at Remote Encoding Centers, are also members of the clerk craft. Mail handlers and Clerks are represented by the NPMHU and the APWU, respectively. Other non-managerial positions in the USPS include:" }, "Peru-1": { "title": "Peru", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Peru (/p\u0259\u02c8ru\u02d0/ (listen); Spanish: Per\u00fa [pe\u02c8\u027eu]; Quechua: Piruw Republika [p\u02b0\u026a\u027e\u028aw]; Aymara: Piruw Suyu [p\u026a\u027e\u028aw]), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica del Per\u00fa\u00a0(help\u00b7info)), is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river. At 1.28 million km2 (0.5 million mi2), Peru is the 19th largest country in the world, and the third largest in South America." }, "Andromeda Galaxy-1": { "title": "Andromeda Galaxy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Andromeda Galaxy (IPA: /\u00e6n\u02c8dr\u0252m\u026ad\u0259/), also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224 and originally the Andromeda Nebula (see below), is a barred spiral galaxy approximately 2.5\u00a0million light-years (770 kiloparsecs) from Earth, and the nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way. The galaxy's name stems from the area of the Earth's sky in which it appears, the constellation of Andromeda, which itself is named after the Ethiopian (or Phoenician) princess who was the wife of Perseus in Greek Mythology." }, "Giza pyramid complex-1": { "title": "Giza pyramid complex", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Giza pyramid complex, also called the Giza Necropolis, is the site on the Giza Plateau in Greater Cairo, Egypt that includes the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Pyramid of Khafre, and the Pyramid of Menkaure, along with their associated pyramid complexes and the Great Sphinx of Giza. All were built during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt. The site also includes several cemeteries and the remains of a workers' village." }, "Carnation Revolution-2": { "title": "Carnation Revolution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Its name arose from the fact that almost no shots were fired, and Celeste Caeiro offered carnations to the soldiers when the population took to the streets to celebrate the end of the dictatorship; other demonstrators followed suit, and carnations were placed in the muzzles of guns and on the soldiers' uniforms. In Portugal, 25 April is a national holiday (Portuguese: Dia da Liberdade, Freedom Day) which commemorates the revolution." }, "Dancing with the Stars (American TV series)-1": { "title": "Dancing with the Stars (American TV series)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dancing with the Stars is an American dance competition television series that premiered on June 1, 2005, on ABC. It is the US version of the UK series Strictly Come Dancing, and one of several iterations of the Dancing with the Stars franchise. The show is hosted by Tom Bergeron, alongside Erin Andrews, who became co-host in season eighteen. Lisa Canning was co-host in the first season, Samantha Harris co-hosted seasons two through nine and Brooke Burke-Charvet in seasons ten through seventeen. The twenty-eighth season premiered on September 16, 2019." }, "Penny Dreadful (TV series)-2": { "title": "Penny Dreadful (TV series)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The title refers to the penny dreadfuls, a type of 19th-century British fiction publication with lurid and sensational subject matter. The series draws upon many public domain characters from 19th-century British and Irish Gothic fiction, including Dorian Gray from Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray; Mina Harker, Abraham Van Helsing, John Seward, Renfield, and Count Dracula from Bram Stoker's Dracula; Victor Frankenstein and his monster from Mary Shelley's Frankenstein; and Henry Jekyll from Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. A spin-off series, Penny Dreadful: City of Angels, premiered on April 26, 2020." }, "Latin America-12": { "title": "Latin America", "section": "Etymology and definitions", "headers": [ "Subregions and countries" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Latin America can be subdivided into several subregions based on geography, politics, demographics and culture. If defined as all of the Americas south of the United States, the basic geographical subregions are North America, Central America, the Caribbean and South America; the latter contains further politico-geographical subdivisions such as the Southern Cone, the Guianas and the Andean states. It may be subdivided on linguistic grounds into Hispanic America, Portuguese America and French America." }, "Apollo-1": { "title": "Apollo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Apollo is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The national divinity of the Greeks, Apollo has been recognized as a god of archery, music and dance, truth and prophecy, healing and diseases, the Sun and light, poetry, and more. He is the son of Zeus and Leto, and the twin brother of Artemis, goddess of the hunt. Seen as the most beautiful god and the ideal of the kouros (ephebe, or a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo is considered to be the most Greek of all the gods. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu." }, "Candlepin bowling-11": { "title": "Candlepin bowling", "section": "Game play", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The candlepins themselves are 15\u00a03\u20444 inches (40\u00a0cm) tall, have a cylindrical shape which tapers equally towards each end (and therefore having no distinct \"top\" or \"bottom\" end, unlike a tenpin), giving them an overall appearance somewhat like that of a candle, and have a maximum weight of 2\u00a0lb 8\u00a0oz (1.1\u00a0kg) apiece. Candlepin bowling uses the same numbering system and shape for the formation within the ten candlepins are set, as the tenpin sport does. Also, as in tenpin bowling, due to the spacing of the pins (12 inches or 30 centimetres, center to center), it is impossible for the ball to strike every one. However, while in tenpin a well-placed ball (usually between the head pin and the 2 or 3 pin) may knock down all ten pins (a \"strike\" if on the first ball in a frame) from the chain reaction of pin hitting pin, in candlepins the smaller thickness of the pins makes throwing a strike extremely difficult. In order to count, the pin must be knocked over entirely; in unlucky circumstances, a pin may wobble furiously, or, even more frustratingly, be \"kicked\" to the side by several inches, yet come to rest upright, thus not being scored (and not be reset to its original position for any throws that remain, though it may of course still be knocked over by subsequent balls). It is even possible for a toppled pin to bounce off a side \"kickback\", and return to a standing position on the lane's pin deck in the candlepin sport. However, in the event that a fallen pin returns to a standing position, the pin is still counted as fallen and is played as live wood." }, "History of mathematics-10": { "title": "History of mathematics", "section": "Babylonian", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The earliest evidence of written mathematics dates back to the ancient Sumerians, who built the earliest civilization in Mesopotamia. They developed a complex system of metrology from 3000 BC. From around 2500 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period." }, "Coca-16": { "title": "Coca", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Coca is traditionally cultivated in the lower altitudes of the eastern slopes of the Andes (the Yungas), or the highlands depending on the species grown. Coca production begins in the valleys and upper jungle regions of the Andean region, where the countries of Colombia, Peru and Bolivia are host to more than 98 per cent of the global land area planted with coca. Coca plantations have also recently been discovered in Mexico, which could have major implications for the illegal cultivation of the plant." }, "Pilot licensing and certification-2": { "title": "Pilot licensing and certification", "section": "Regulation by country", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In the United States, pilot certification is regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), a branch of the Department of Transportation (DOT). A pilot is certified under the authority of Parts 61 and 141 of Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, also known as the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs)." }, "John Kerry-9": { "title": "John Kerry", "section": "Early life and education (1943\u20131966)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In 1962, Kerry entered Yale University, majoring in political science and residing in Jonathan Edwards College. By that year, his parents returned to Groton. While at Yale, Kerry briefly dated Janet Auchincloss, the younger half-sister of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy. Through Auchincloss, Kerry was invited to a day of sailing with then-President John F. Kennedy and his family." }, "Universe of The Legend of Zelda-60": { "title": "Universe of The Legend of Zelda", "section": "Races", "headers": [ "Sheikah" ], "para_index": 60, "content": "The Sheikah (\u30b7\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc, Sh\u012bk\u0101) are an ancient clan of mysterious ninja-like warriors distinguished by, but not limited to, red eyes, and white hair, who protect the Hylian Royal Family. They bear some physical resemblance to the Hylians, but are a completely different species, with much more technological prowess and lifespans that can extend over many millennia. As revealed in Skyward Sword, the Sheikah are servants of the goddess Hylia, whose reincarnation is Zelda. The Sheikah crying eye symbol is commonly seen in the series, even in games where the Sheikah are not present. It is alluded that the tear was added after the Hyrule Civil War, which took place some time before the events of Ocarina of Time. By the events of Ocarina of Time, the Sheikah are referred to as an extinct race who built the Shadow Temple, with Impa among the last few members. In Skyward Sword, Ocarina of Time, and Majora's Mask, Sheikah Stones or Gossip Stones created by the Sheikah give Link information on where to go and what to do." }, "Chris Christie-123": { "title": "Chris Christie", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 123, "content": "In 2011, columnist Eugene Robinson applied the term \"extremely obese\" to Christie, citing medical guidelines established by the National Institutes of Health. Christie himself was reportedly concerned about his weight and its implications for his health, describing himself as relatively healthy overall. Christie underwent lap-band stomach surgery in February 2013 and disclosed the surgery to the New York Post in May of that year." }, "Yankee Stadium-22": { "title": "Yankee Stadium", "section": "Features", "headers": [ "Amenities and facilities" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "The ballpark offers a wide choice of restaurants. There are 25 fixed concessions stands, along with 112 movable ones. A Hard Rock Cafe is located within the ballpark, but it is open to anyone at the 161st St. and River Ave. entrance year round. The Hard Rock Cafe at Yankee Stadium officially opened on March 30, 2009, and an opening ceremony took place on April 2, 2009. A steakhouse called NYY Steak is located beyond right field. Celebrity chefs will occasionally make appearances at the ballpark's restaurants and help prepare food for fans in premium seating over the course of the season. Above Monument Park is the Center Field Sports Bar, whose tinted black glass acts as the ballpark's batter's eye. After the 2016 season, the Yankees began doing updates to Yankee Stadium including the Masterpass Batter's Eye Deck and Frank's Red Hot Terrace and Toyota Terrace. The Masterpass Batter's Eye Deck above the Center Field Sports Bar is an outdoor gathering space in center field with clear full views of the playing field available to all ticketed guests. The Frank's Red Hot Terrace and Toyota Terrace overlook the visitors' and Yankees' bullpens respectively. The new AT&T Sports Lounge is behind section 134 on the main level and features a full bar, tables, stools and large screen TVs. The new Budweiser Party Decks located at sections 311 and 328 in the upper deck feature shaded standalone bar areas serving beer, cocktails and food. There is a new SunRun Kids Clubhouse located on the 300 level in right field and outfitted with Yankees-themed playground equipment. Ahead of the 2020 season, the Yankees added two new \"social spaces\"; the Stella Artois Landing at sections 232A and 232B in left field and the Michelob ULTRA Clubhouse at sections 207 and 208 in right field. Both sections are available to fans with tickets anywhere in the Stadium." }, "Irrigation-45": { "title": "Irrigation", "section": "Water sources", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "Irrigation water can come from groundwater (extracted from springs or by using wells), from surface water (withdrawn from rivers, lakes or reservoirs) or from non-conventional sources like treated wastewater, desalinated water, drainage water, or fog collection. A special form of irrigation using surface water is spate irrigation, also called floodwater harvesting. In case of a flood (spate), water is diverted to normally dry river beds (wadis) using a network of dams, gates and channels and spread over large areas. The moisture stored in the soil will be used thereafter to grow crops. Spate irrigation areas are in particular located in semi-arid or arid, mountainous regions. While floodwater harvesting belongs to the accepted irrigation methods, rainwater harvesting is usually not considered as a form of irrigation. Rainwater harvesting is the collection of runoff water from roofs or unused land and the concentration of this." }, "Rurouni Kenshin-1": { "title": "Rurouni Kenshin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rurouni Kenshin: Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story (Japanese: \u308b\u308d\u3046\u306b\u5263\u5fc3 -\u660e\u6cbb\u5263\u5ba2\u6d6a\u6f2b\u8b5a-, Hepburn: Rur\u014dni Kenshin -Meiji Kenkaku Romantan-), also known sometimes as Samurai X in the TV show, is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Nobuhiro Watsuki. The story begins during the 11th year of the Meiji period in Japan (1878) and follows a former assassin from the Bakumatsu, known as Hitokiri Battosai. After his work against the bakufu, Hitokiri Battosai disappears to become Himura Kenshin: a wandering swordsman who protects the people of Japan with a vow never to take another life. Watsuki wrote the series upon his desire to make a sh\u014dnen manga different from the other ones that were published at the time, with Kenshin being a former assassin and the story taking a more serious tone as it continued. The manga revolves around themes of atonement, peace, and romance." }, "Candymonium-1": { "title": "Candymonium", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Candymonium is an upcoming steel hypercoaster at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania. Designed by Bolliger & Mabillard, the ride is scheduled to open in summer 2020 with the new Hershey's Chocolatetown themed section of the park. It will be the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the park, achieving a top speed slightly faster than Skyrush and being 10 feet (3.0\u00a0m) taller than the latter." }, "Peach (fruit)-5": { "title": "Peach (fruit)", "section": "Varieties", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Peach breeding has favored cultivars with more firmness, more red color, and shorter fuzz on the fruit surface. These characteristics ease shipping and improve supermarket sales due to eye appeal. However, this selection process has not necessarily led to increased flavor. Peaches have a short shelf life, so commercial growers typically plant a mix of different cultivars to have fruit to ship all season long." }, "Katy Perry-2": { "title": "Katy Perry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Perry rose to fame in 2008 with her second album, One of the Boys, a pop rock record containing the singles \"I Kissed a Girl\" and \"Hot n Cold\". The former track also sparked controversy for its themes of lesbianism. Her third album, Teenage Dream (2010), ventured into disco, and was her first record to top the U.S. Billboard 200. It peaked at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 with the singles \"California Gurls\", \"Teenage Dream\", \"Firework\", \"E.T.\", and \"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)\", while \"The One That Got Away\" reached number three on the chart. The album became the first by a female artist to produce five number one songs in the U.S., and the second overall after Michael Jackson's Bad. In 2012, Perry re-issued the album as Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection, which produced the songs \"Part of Me\" and \"Wide Awake\". Her next record was Prism (2013), which became her second to top the U.S. charts. It is influenced by pop and dance, and she became the first artist with multiple videos to reach one billion views on Vevo with the videos for its songs \"Roar\" and \"Dark Horse\". She followed this with 2017's Witness, which delved into electropop and became her third album to chart at number one in the U.S. \"Chained to the Rhythm\" was the album's most successful single, breaking Spotify's record at the time for most first-day streams for a song by a female artist." }, "Desert-3": { "title": "Desert", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Plants and animals living in the desert need special adaptations to survive in the harsh environment. Plants tend to be tough and wiry with small or no leaves, water-resistant cuticles and often spines to deter herbivory. Some annual plants germinate, bloom and die in the course of a few weeks after rainfall while other long-lived plants survive for years and have deep root systems able to tap underground moisture. Animals need to keep cool and find enough food and water to survive. Many are nocturnal and stay in the shade or underground during the heat of the day. They tend to be efficient at conserving water, extracting most of their needs from their food and concentrating their urine. Some animals remain in a state of dormancy for long periods, ready to become active again during the rare rainfall. They then reproduce rapidly while conditions are favorable before returning to dormancy." }, "Song dynasty-1": { "title": "Song dynasty", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Song dynasty (Chinese: \u5b8b\u671d; pinyin: S\u00f2ng ch\u00e1o; 960\u20131279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou, ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties to its north. It was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Song government was the first in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy. This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder, as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass." }, "Jumping spider-1": { "title": "Jumping spider", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jumping spiders are a group of spiders that constitute the family Salticidae. As of 2019, this family contained over 600 described genera and over 6000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders at 13% of all species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods and use it in courtship, hunting, and navigation. Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair being particularly large." }, "Quarter (United States coin)-3": { "title": "Quarter (United States coin)", "section": "Current design", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The current clad version is two layers of cupronickel, 75% copper and 25% nickel, on a core of pure copper. The total composition of the coin is 8.33% nickel, with the remainder copper. It weighs 0.2000 avoirdupois oz, 1/80 of a pound, 0.1823\u00a0troy oz, (5.670\u00a0grams). The diameter is 0.955\u00a0inches (24.26\u00a0mm), and the width of 0.069 inches (1.75\u00a0mm). The coin has a 0.069-inch (1.75 mm) reeded (or milled) edge. Owing to the introduction of the clad quarter in 1965, it was occasionally called a \"Johnson Sandwich\" after Lyndon B. Johnson, the US President at the time. As of 2011, it cost 11.14 cents to produce each coin. The U.S. Mint began producing silver quarters again in 1992 for inclusion in the annual Silver Proof set. Early quarters (before 1828) were slightly larger in diameter and thinner than the current coin." }, "Hypervitaminosis D-1": { "title": "Hypervitaminosis D", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hypervitaminosis D is a state of vitamin D toxicity. The normal range for blood concentration is 30.0 to 74.0 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL)." }, "Darth Vader-1": { "title": "Darth Vader", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Darth Vader is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. Born Anakin Skywalker, the character is a primary antagonist in the original trilogy and a primary protagonist in the prequel trilogy. Star Wars creator George Lucas has collectively referred to the first six episodic films of the franchise as \"the tragedy of Darth Vader\"." }, "Urine therapy-2": { "title": "Urine therapy", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Though urine has been believed useful for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in several traditional systems, and mentioned in some medical texts, auto-urine therapy as a system of alternative medicine was popularized by British naturopath John W. Armstrong in the early 20th century. Armstrong was inspired by his family's practice of using urine to treat minor stings and toothaches, by a metaphorical reading of the Biblical Proverb 5:15 \"Drink waters out of thine own cistern, and running waters out of thine own well\", and his own experience with ill-health that he treated with a 45-day fast \"on nothing but urine and tap water\". Starting in 1918, Armstrong prescribed urine-therapy regimens that he devised to many thousands of patients, and in 1944 he published The Water of Life: A treatise on urine therapy, which became a founding document of the field." }, "Trek Bicycle Corporation-7": { "title": "Trek Bicycle Corporation", "section": "History", "headers": [ "1992\u20131996 — OCLV and acquisitions" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In the early 1990s, Trek's director of technology, Bob Read, attended an aerospace industry trade show in Salt Lake City, Utah, eventually meeting up with a closed mold tooling company called Radius Engineering. That visit convinced Read that Trek's future success depended on building frames from carbon fiber, a material he envisioned could be used to make light, strong frames. Having lived through the troubled introduction of the 5000, Trek invested heavily in in-house carbon fiber manufacturing capabilities. In 1992 Trek unveiled its first home-grown, full-carbon framed bicycles, the 5500 and 5200, featuring OCLV Carbon frames. OCLV stands for \"Optimum Compaction, Low Void\" and refers to Trek's proprietary process for creating carbon structures that exceed aerospace standards. Weighing only 2.44\u00a0lb (1.11\u00a0kg), the 5500 frame was the world's lightest production road frame. To make room for its new OCLV manufacturing facility, Trek expanded its Waterloo headquarters again to a total of 140,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (13,000\u00a0m2). 1992 marked another first for Trek: its first full suspension mountain bike, the 9000-series, which featured Trek's T3C (travel is three times compression) suspension system." }, "Broom-2": { "title": "Broom", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A distinction is made between a \"hard broom\" and a \"soft broom\" and a spectrum in between. Soft brooms are for sweeping walls of cobwebs and spiders, like a \"feather duster\". Hard brooms are for rougher tasks like sweeping dirt off sidewalks or concrete floors, or even smoothing and texturing wet concrete. The majority of brooms are somewhere in between, suitable for sweeping the floors of homes and businesses, soft enough to be flexible and to move even light dust, but stiff enough to achieve a firm sweeping action." }, "Striking clock-9": { "title": "Striking clock", "section": "Counting the hours", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "There is there a wonderful clock, because there is a very large clapper which strikes a bell 24 times according to the 24 hours of the day and night, and thus at the first hour of the night gives one sound, at the second two strokes, and so distinguishes one hour from another, which is of greatest use to men of every degree. The astronomical clock designed by Richard of Wallingford in 1327 and built around 1354, also struck 24 hours." }, "Badminton-3": { "title": "Badminton", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The shuttlecock is a feathered or (in informal matches) plastic projectile which flies differently from the balls used in many other sports. In particular, the feathers create much higher drag, causing the shuttlecock to decelerate more rapidly. Shuttlecocks also have a high top speed compared to the balls in other racquet sports. The flight of the shuttlecock gives the sport its distinctive nature." }, "Sudoku code-6": { "title": "Sudoku code", "section": "Puzzle description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "A sudoku is a N \u00d7 N {\\displaystyle N\\times N} number-placement puzzle. It is filled in a way, that in each column, row and sub-grid N distinct symbols occur exactly once. Typical alphabet is the set of the integers { 1 , \u2026 , N } {\\displaystyle \\{1,\\ldots ,N\\}} . The size of the sub-grids limit the size of SUDOKUs to N = n 2 {\\displaystyle N=n^{2}} with n \u2208 N {\\displaystyle n\\in \\mathrm {N} } . Every solved sudoku and every sub-grid of it is a Latin square, meaning every symbol occurs exactly once in each row and column. At the starting point (in this case after the erasure channel) the puzzle is only partially complete but has only one unique solution." }, "Electrical disruptions caused by squirrels-9": { "title": "Electrical disruptions caused by squirrels", "section": "Specific cases", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Squirrels have been the cause of many power outages in Pennsylvania. Cris Thomas has said that as of January\u00a02017[update] in the United States there have been six deaths associated with squirrel interference with infrastructure, such as downed power lines (and two with other animals)." }, "Hip hop music-1": { "title": "Hip hop music", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hip hop music, also called hip-hop or rap music, is a genre of popular music developed in the United States by inner-city African Americans and Latino Americans in the Bronx borough of New York City in the 1970s. It consists of a stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rapping, a rhythmic and rhyming speech that is chanted. It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements: MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records (or synthesized beats and sounds), and rhythmic beatboxing. While often used to refer solely to rapping, \"hip hop\" more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. The term hip hop music is sometimes used synonymously with the term rap music, though rapping is not a required component of hip hop music; the genre may also incorporate other elements of hip hop culture, including DJing, turntablism, scratching, beatboxing, and instrumental tracks." }, "Adrenaline-29": { "title": "Adrenaline", "section": "Biosynthesis and regulation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "Parenteral administration of adrenaline to acute-care cardiac patients can produce plasma concentrations of 10,000 to 100,000\u00a0ng/L. In chemical terms, adrenaline is one of a group of monoamines called the catecholamines. Adrenaline is synthesized in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland and a small number of neurons in the medulla oblongata in the brain through a metabolic pathway that converts the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine into a series of metabolic intermediates and, ultimately, adrenaline. Tyrosine is first oxidized to L-DOPA by Tyrosine hydroxylase, this is the rate-limiting step. Then it is subsequently decarboxylated to give dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase). Dopamine is then converted to noradrenaline by dopamine beta-hydroxylase which utilizes ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and copper. The final step in adrenaline biosynthesis is the methylation of the primary amine of noradrenaline. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) which utilizes S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) as the methyl donor. While PNMT is found primarily in the cytosol of the endocrine cells of the adrenal medulla (also known as chromaffin cells), it has been detected at low levels in both the heart and brain." }, "Freemasonry-62": { "title": "Freemasonry", "section": "Anti-Masonry", "headers": [ "Religious opposition", "Christianity and Freemasonry" ], "para_index": 62, "content": "The denomination with the longest history of objection to Freemasonry is the Catholic Church. The objections raised by the Catholic Church are based on the allegation that Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion which is in conflict with Church doctrine. A number of Papal pronouncements have been issued against Freemasonry. The first was Pope Clement XII's In eminenti apostolatus, 28 April 1738; the most recent was Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890. The 1917 Code of Canon Law explicitly declared that joining Freemasonry entailed automatic excommunication, and banned books favouring Freemasonry." }, "Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York-2": { "title": "Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "His conflicts with Henry's wife, Margaret of Anjou, and other members of Henry's court, as well as his competing claim to the throne, were a leading factor in the political upheaval of mid-fifteenth-century England, and a major cause of the Wars of the Roses. Richard eventually attempted to take the throne, but was dissuaded, although it was agreed that he would become king on Henry's death. But within a few weeks of securing this agreement, he died in battle. Two of his sons, Edward IV and Richard III, later ascended the throne." }, "Jackson Pollock-2": { "title": "Jackson Pollock", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "He was widely noticed for his technique of pouring or splashing liquid household paint onto a horizontal surface ('drip technique'), enabling him to view and paint his canvases from all angles. It was also called 'action painting', since he used the force of his whole body to paint, often in a frenetic dancing style. This extreme form of abstraction divided the critics: some praised the immediacy of the creation, while others derided the random effects. In 2016, Pollock's painting titled Number 17A was reported to have fetched US$200 million in a private purchase." }, "Mary, Queen of Scots-2": { "title": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of King James V of Scotland, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents, and in 1558, she married the Dauphin of France, Francis. Mary was queen consort of France from his accession in 1559 until his death in December 1560. Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561. Four years later, she married her half-cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, and in June 1566 they had a son, James." }, "Running-43": { "title": "Running", "section": "Running events", "headers": [ "Limits of speed" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "The fastest human footspeed on record is 44.7\u00a0km/h (12.4\u00a0m/s, 27.8\u00a0mph), seen during a 100-meter sprint (average speed between the 60th and the 80th meter) by Usain Bolt." }, "Disability-3": { "title": "Disability", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Handicapped Handicap has been disparaged as a result of false folk etymology that claims it is a reference to begging. The term is actually derived from an old game, Hand-i'-cap, in which two players trade possessions and a third, neutral person judges the difference of value between the possessions. The concept of a neutral person evening up the odds was extended to handicap racing in the mid-18th century. In handicap racing, horses carry different weights based on the umpire's estimation of what would make them run equally. The use of the term to describe a person with a disability\u00a0\u2013 by extension from handicap racing, a person carrying a heavier burden than normal\u00a0\u2013 appeared in the early 20th century. Access The ability to go places and do things. People with certain types of disabilities struggle to get equal access to some things in society. For example, a blind person cannot read printed paper voting ballots, and therefore does not have access to voting that requires paper ballots. Accommodation A change that improves access. For example, if voting ballots are available in Braille or on a text-to-speech machine, or if another person reads the ballot to the blind person and recorded the choices, then the blind person would have access to voting. There are many different causes of disability that often affect basic activities of daily living, such as eating, dressing, transferring, and maintaining personal hygiene; or advanced activities of daily living such as shopping, food preparation, driving, or working." }, "First Amendment to the United States Constitution-1": { "title": "First Amendment to the United States Constitution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The First Amendment (Amendment I) to the United States Constitution prevents the government from making laws which regulate an establishment of religion, prohibit the free exercise of religion, or abridge the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press, the right to peaceably assemble, or the right to petition the government for redress of grievances. It was adopted on December 15, 1791, as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights." }, "Human body temperature-4": { "title": "Human body temperature", "section": "Variations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In the rectum (rectal temperature) In the mouth (oral temperature) Under the arm (axillary temperature) In the ear (tympanic temperature) On the skin of the forehead over the temporal artery Temperature control (thermoregulation) is part of a homeostatic mechanism that keeps the organism at optimum operating temperature, as the temperature affects the rate of chemical reactions. In humans, the average internal temperature is 37.0\u00a0\u00b0C (98.6\u00a0\u00b0F), though it varies among individuals. However, no person always has exactly the same temperature at every moment of the day. Temperatures cycle regularly up and down through the day, as controlled by the person's circadian rhythm. The lowest temperature occurs about two hours before the person normally wakes up. Additionally, temperatures change according to activities and external factors." }, "Bacon-39": { "title": "Bacon", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "On the other hand, as with most meat products, producers of bacon have received heavy criticism for how their pigs are treated. Many petitions and protests have been made trying to raise awareness and change how producers treat their pigs. Many of these protests have turned out successful: for example, following NBC News's report of an undercover investigation of an abusive pig farm, Tyson Foods terminated their contract with the pig farm. Similar to NBC's investigation, The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) investigated Seaboard Foods, one of the pig breeding facilities that supply Walmart. According to HSUS, the pigs were treated poorly and abused. Walmart spokesperson Diana Gee said, \"As soon as we were made aware of the allegations, we immediately reached out to Seaboard to begin investigating the issue\u00a0... Pending our review, we will take any action necessary.\" Petitions also exist that oppose poor treatment of pigs, many of which state that the current treatment of pigs in factories is cruel and unethical." }, "Conan (talk show)-1": { "title": "Conan (talk show)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Conan is a late-night talk show airing each Monday through Thursday at 11:00\u00a0p.m. eastern time on TBS in the United States. The show premiered on November 8, 2010, and is hosted by writer, comedian and performer Conan O'Brien, accompanied by his long-time \"sidekick\" Andy Richter. Describing itself as a traditional late-night talk show, Conan draws its comedy from recent news stories, political figures and prominent celebrities, as well as aspects of the show itself. For eight years, Conan aired as an hour-long show akin to O'Brien's previous NBC late-night shows. The show was reformatted to a half-hour length starting January 22, 2019. On May 17, 2019, TBS renewed the series to 2022." }, "Carolina Reaper-1": { "title": "Carolina Reaper", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Carolina Reaper is a cultivar of the Capsicum chinense plant. Developed by South Carolina breeder Ed Currie, the pepper is red and gnarled, with a bumpy texture and small pointed tail. In 2013, Guinness World Records declared it the hottest chili pepper in the world, surpassing the previous record holder, the Trinidad Scorpion \"Butch T\". Other varieties may be spicier, such as Dragon's Breath or Pepper X but are not officially confirmed with a Scoville scale higher than the Carolina Reaper." }, "Instant noodle-12": { "title": "Instant noodle", "section": "Composition", "headers": [ "Salt" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Salt is added when making the flour dough to strengthen gluten structures and enhance the sheeting properties of dough, and it can make the noodles softer and more elastic. Salt also offers the basic salty flavor of noodles and can cover some of the off-flavor generated by flour and processing. Another function of salt is to slow down the activities of enzymes, such as proteolytic enzymes, which could interrupt the gluten structures and microbial growth. Alkaline salt, such as sodium and potassium carbonates, could be added to noodle dough to enhance the yellow color of the product if needed because flavonoid pigments in flour turns yellow at alkaline pH levels, and the increase of pH could also influence the behavior of gluten, which could make noodle dough even tougher and less extensible (for some noodles, such as Japanese ramen, this is wanted). For making fresh noodles, the amount of salt added is 1-3% of flour weight, but for instant noodles, due to the longer shelf life, it requires higher salt content. One pack of ramen contains well over half the daily recommended amount of sodium." }, "Blessed Gerard-1": { "title": "Blessed Gerard", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Blessed Gerard (c. 1040 \u2013 3 September 1120) was a lay brother in the Benedictine order who was appointed as rector of the hospice in Jerusalem in 1080, and who, in the wake of the success of the First Crusade in 1099, became the founder of the Order of St John of Jerusalem (Knights Hospitaller) (papal recognition in 1113)." }, "Metric system-1": { "title": "Metric system", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A metric system is a system of measurement that succeeded the decimalised system based on the metre introduced in France in the 1790s. The historical development of these systems culminated in the definition of the International System of Units (SI), under the oversight of an international standards body." }, "Walt Disney World-1": { "title": "Walt Disney World", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Walt Disney World Resort, also called Walt Disney World and Disney World, is an entertainment complex in Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista, Florida, in the United States, near the cities Orlando and Kissimmee. Opened on October 1, 1971, the resort is owned and operated by Disney Parks, Experiences and Products, a division of The Walt Disney Company. It was first operated by Walt Disney World Company. The property covers nearly 25,000 acres (39\u00a0sq\u00a0mi; 101\u00a0km2), of which only half has been used. The resort comprises four theme parks (consisting of Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Disney's Hollywood Studios, and Disney's Animal Kingdom), two water parks, 27 themed resort hotels, nine non-Disney hotels, several golf courses, a camping resort, and other entertainment venues, including the outdoor shopping center Disney Springs." }, "Golden Gate Bridge-34": { "title": "Golden Gate Bridge", "section": "Traffic", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "The movable median barrier between the lanes is moved several times daily to conform to traffic patterns. On weekday mornings, traffic flows mostly southbound into the city, so four of the six lanes run southbound. Conversely, on weekday afternoons, four lanes run northbound. During off-peak periods and weekends, traffic is split with three lanes in each direction." }, "Article Two of the United States Constitution-22": { "title": "Article Two of the United States Constitution", "section": "Section 1: President and vice president", "headers": [ "Clause 5: Qualifications for office" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. At the time of taking office, the President must be:" }, "Hoverboard-18": { "title": "Hoverboard", "section": "Real world", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "On 4 August 2019, Zapata succeeded in crossing the English Channel with his device. The previous attempt on 25 July had been unsuccessful, but during the second try, escorted by French Army helicopters and using a backpack fuel reservoir, he accomplished the 35-kilometer (22\u00a0mi) journey in about 20 minutes, including a fueling stop at the midpoint. Zapata reached a speed of 180\u00a0km/h (110\u00a0mph) and maintained an altitude of approximately 15 meters (50\u00a0ft). Zapata's company, Z-AIR, had received a \u20ac1.3m development grant from the French military in December 2018. However, he has said that the flyboard was not yet suitable for military use due to the noise it creates and the challenge of learning how to fly the device." }, "Twin-11": { "title": "Twin", "section": "Types and zygosity", "headers": [ "Dizygotic (fraternal) twins" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Dizygotic twins, like any other siblings, will practically always have different sequences on each chromosome, due to chromosomal crossover during meiosis. Like any other siblings, dizygotic twins may look similar, particularly given that they are the same age. However, dizygotic twins may also look very different from each other (for example, be of opposite sexes)." }, "Herb grinder-1": { "title": "Herb grinder", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An herb grinder (or simply, a grinder) is a cylindrical device with two halves (top and bottom) that separate and have sharp teeth or pegs aligned in such a way that when both halves are turned, material inside is shredded. Though the manufacturers claim they are intended for use with herbs and spices for cooking, they are often used to shred cannabis, resulting in a product that can be more easily hand-rolled into a \"joint\" that burns more evenly. Herb grinders are typically made of either metal or plastic and come in a variety of colors and polished metals." }, "Gestation-5": { "title": "Gestation", "section": "Mammals", "headers": [ "Humans" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Human pregnancy can be divided roughly into three trimesters, each approximately three months long. The first trimester is from the last period through the 13th week, the second trimester is 14th\u201327th week, and the third trimester is 28th\u201342nd week. Birth normally occurs at a gestational age of about 40 weeks, though it is common for births to occur from 37 to 42 weeks. From the 9th week of pregnancy (11th week of gestational age), the embryo is called a fetus." }, "Elizabeth II-2": { "title": "Elizabeth II", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Elizabeth was born in London, the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, and she was educated privately at home. Her father ascended the throne on the abdication of his brother King Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In 1947, she married Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, a former prince of Greece and Denmark, with whom she has four children: Charles, Prince of Wales; Anne, Princess Royal; Prince Andrew, Duke of York; and Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex." }, "Crucifix-1": { "title": "Crucifix", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A crucifix (from Latin cruci fixus meaning \"(one) fixed to a cross\") is an image of Jesus on the cross, as distinct from a bare cross. The representation of Jesus himself on the cross is referred to in English as the corpus (Latin for \"body\")." }, "Language development-13": { "title": "Language development", "section": "Gender differences", "headers": [ "Children versus adults" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "0-1 years of age: An infant mainly uses non-verbal communication (mostly gestures) to communicate. For a newborn, crying is the only means of communication. Infants 1-5 months old have different tones of crying that indicate their emotions. Infants also begin laughing at this stage. At 6-7 months old, infants begin to respond to their own name, yell and squeal, and distinguish emotions based on the tone of voice of the mother and father. Between 7 and 10 months the infant starts putting words together, for example \"mama\" and \"dada\", but these words lack meaning and significance. Verbal communication begins at approximately 10-12 months, and the child starts to imitate any sounds they hear, for example animal sounds. The non-verbal communication of infants includes the use of gaze, head orientation and body positioning. Gestures are also widely used as an act of communication. All these stages can be delayed if the parents do not communicate with their infant on a daily basis. Nonverbal communication begins with the comprehension of parents and how they use it effectively in conversation. Infants are able to break down what adults and others are saying to them and use their comprehension of this communication to produce their own. 1\u20132 years of age: Verbal and nonverbal communication are both used at this stage of development. At 12 months, children start to repeat the words they hear. Adults, especially parents, are used as a point of reference for children in terms of the sound of words and what they mean in context of the conversation. Children learn much of their verbal communication through repetition and observing others. If parents do not speak to their children at this age it can become quite difficult for them to learn the essentials of conversation. The vocabulary of a 1\u20132 year old should consist of 50 words and can be up to 500. Gestures that were used earlier on in development begin to be replaced by words and eventually are only used when needed. Verbal communication is chosen over nonverbal as development progresses. 2\u20133 years of age: Children aged 2\u20133 communicate best in a turn-taking style. This creates a conversational structure that makes it easier for verbal communication to develop. It also teaches patience, kindness, and respect as they learn from the direction of elders that one person should speak at a time. This creates interactional synchrony during their preverbal routines that shapes their interpersonal communication skills early on in their development. Children during this stage in their life also go through a recognition and continuity phase. Children start to see that shared awareness is a factor in communication along with their development of symbolic direction of language. This especially affects the relationship between the child and the caregiver; it is a crucial part of self-discovery for the child when they begin to take ownership over their own actions in a continuous manner. 3\u20135 years of age: In this age group children are still learning how to form abstract thoughts and are still communicating concretely. Children begin to be fluent in connecting sounds, syllables, and linking words that make sense together in one thought. They begin to participate in short conversations with others. Stuttering can develop, generally resulting in slowed-down speech with a few letter enunciation errors (f, v, s, z). At the beginning of this stage toddlers tend to be missing function words and misunderstand how to use verb tenses.Over time they start including functional words, pronouns, and auxiliary verbs. This is the stage at which most children can pick up on emotional cues of the tone of adults' conversation. If negative feedback is distinguished by the child, this ends with fear and avoidance of the associated verbal and nonverbal cues. Toddlers develop the skills to listen and partially understand what another person is saying and can develop an appropriate response. 5\u201310 years of age: Much language development during this time period takes place in a school setting. At the beginning of the school age years, a child\u2019s vocabulary expands through exposure to reading, which also helps children to learn more difficult grammatical forms, including plurals and pronouns. They also begin to develop metalinguistic awareness which allows them to reflect and more clearly understand the language they use. They therefore start to understand jokes and riddles. Reading is a gateway for learning new vernacular and having confidence in complex word choices while talking with adults. This is an important developmental stage socially and physiologically for the child. School-aged children can easily be influenced through communication and gestures. As children continue to learn communication, they realize the difference between forms of intentions and understand that there are numerous different ways to express the same intent, with different meaning. 10\u201318 years of age: By the age of 10, the child's cognitive potential has matured and they can participate fully and understand the purpose of their conversations. During this time, the sophistication and effectiveness of communication skills increase and understanding of vocabulary and grammar increases as a result of education. Adolescents go through changes in social interactions and cognitive development that influence the way they communicate. They often use colloquial speech (slang), however, which can increase confusion and misunderstandings. An individual\u2019s style of interpersonal communication depends on who they are communicating with. Their relationships change influencing how they communicate with others. During this period, adolescents tend to communicate less with their parents and more with their friends. When discussions are initiated in different channels of communication, attitude and predispositions are key factors that drive the individual to discuss their feelings. This also shows that respect in communication is a trait in interpersonal communication that is built on throughout development. The end of this adolescent stage is the basis for communication in the adult stage. Language development and processing begins before birth. Evidence has shown that there is language development occurring antepartum. DeCasper and Spence performed a study in 1986 by having mothers read aloud during the last few weeks of pregnancy. When the infants were born, they were then tested. They were read aloud a story while sucking on a pacifier; the story was either the story read by the mother when the infant was in utero or a new story. The pacifier used was able to determine the rate of sucking that the infant was performing. When the story that the mother had read before was heard, the sucking of the pacifier was modified. This did not occur during the story that the infant had not heard before. The results for this experiment had shown that the infants were able to recognize what they had heard in utero, providing insight that language development had been occurring in the last six weeks of pregnancy." }, "Christopher Columbus-5": { "title": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The name Christopher Columbus is the Anglicisation of the Latin Christophorus Columbus. His name in Ligurian is Cristoffa Corombo, in Italian Cristoforo Colombo, in Spanish Crist\u00f3bal Col\u00f3n, and in Portuguese, Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o Colombo. He was born before 31 October 1451 in the territory of the Republic of Genoa (now part of modern Italy), though the exact location remains disputed. His father was Domenico Colombo, a wool weaver who worked both in Genoa and Savona and who also owned a cheese stand at which young Christopher worked as a helper. His mother was Susanna Fontanarossa. He had three brothers, Bartolomeo, Giovanni Pellegrino, and Giacomo . He also had a sister named Bianchinetta. His brother Bartolomeo worked in a cartography workshop in Lisbon for at least part of his adulthood." }, "Bern-17": { "title": "Bern", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Modern history" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "As of September 2017, the resident population stood at 142,349, of which 100,000 were Swiss citizens and 42,349 (31%) resident foreigners. A further estimated 350,000 people live in the immediate urban agglomeration." }, "Executive order-1": { "title": "Executive order", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In the United States, a federal executive order is a directive issued by the president of the United States that manages operations of the federal government. [See below for a discussion of executive orders issued by governors of each state.] The legal or constitutional basis for executive orders has multiple sources. Article Two of the United States Constitution gives the president broad executive and enforcement authority to use their discretion to determine how to enforce the law or to otherwise manage the resources and staff of the executive branch. The ability to make such orders is also based on express or implied Acts of Congress that delegate to the President some degree of discretionary power (delegated legislation)." }, "Eddie Murphy-7": { "title": "Eddie Murphy", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "My mother and father broke up when I was three, and he died when I was eight, so I have very dim memories (\u2026) He was a victim of the Murphy charm (laughs). A woman stabbed my father. I never got all the logistics. It was supposed to be one of those crimes of passion: 'If I can't have you, no one else will'-kind of deal. When Murphy's single mother became ill, the eight-year-old Murphy and his older brother Charlie lived in foster care for one year. In interviews, Murphy has said that his time in foster care was influential in developing his sense of humor. Later, he and his brother were raised in Roosevelt, New York, by his mother and stepfather Vernon Lynch, a foreman at an ice cream plant." }, "Great ape language-1": { "title": "Great ape language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Research into great ape language has involved teaching chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans to communicate with humans and with each other using sign language, physical tokens, lexigrams (Yerkish), and mimicking human speech. Some primatologists argue that these primates' use of the communication tools indicates their ability to use \"language\", although this is not consistent with some definitions of that term." }, "HIV-1": { "title": "HIV", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of Lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11\u00a0years, depending on the HIV subtype. In most cases, HIV is a sexually transmitted infection and occurs by contact with or transfer of blood, pre-ejaculate, semen, and vaginal fluids. Research has shown (for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples) that HIV is untransmittable through condomless sexual intercourse if the HIV-positive partner has a consistently undetectable viral load. Non-sexual transmission can occur from an infected mother to her infant during pregnancy, during childbirth by exposure to her blood or vaginal fluid, and through breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells." }, "Hugh Henry Brackenridge-1": { "title": "Hugh Henry Brackenridge", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hugh Henry Brackenridge (1748\u00a0\u2013 June 25, 1816) was an American writer, lawyer, judge, and justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania." }, "Islamophobia-54": { "title": "Islamophobia", "section": "Manifestations", "headers": [ "Public opinion" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Within the United States specifically, despite the rise in islamophobia, the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding (ISPU) has also found that the most Americans, \u201cremain steadfast in their commitment to the country\u2019s fundamental freedoms\u201d, one of which being the freedom of religion. 86% of all Americans polled by ISPU said they wanted to \u201clive in a country where no one is targeted for their religious identity\u201d, 83% of the general public told ISPU they support \u201cprotecting the civil rights of American Muslims\u201d, and overall, 66% of Americans, \u201cbelieve negative political rhetoric toward Muslims is harmful to U.S.\u201d. Average Americans also seem to be aware of the fact that islamophobia produces discriminatory consequences for Muslims in America, with 65% of the general public agreeing." }, "Rupert Murdoch-8": { "title": "Rupert Murdoch", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Murdoch attended Geelong Grammar School, where he was co-editor of the school's official journal The Corian and editor of the student journal If Revived. He took his school's cricket team to the National Junior Finals. He worked part-time at the Melbourne Herald and was groomed by his father to take over the family business. Murdoch studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Worcester College, Oxford in England, where he kept a bust of Lenin in his rooms and came to be known as \"Red Rupert\". He was a member of the Oxford University Labour Party, stood for Secretary of the Labour Club and managed Oxford Student Publications Limited, the publishing house of Cherwell. After his father's death from cancer in 1952, his mother Elisabeth did charity work as life governor of the Royal Women's Hospital in Melbourne and established the Murdoch Childrens Research Institute. At the age of 102 (in 2011), she had 74 descendants. Murdoch completed an MA before working as a sub-editor with the Daily Express for two years." }, "The Police-1": { "title": "The Police", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Police were an English rock band formed in London in 1977. For most of their history the line-up consisted of primary songwriter Sting (lead vocals, bass guitar), Andy Summers (guitar), and Stewart Copeland (drums, percussion). The Police became globally popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Emerging in the British new wave scene, they played a style of rock influenced by punk, reggae, and jazz. Considered one of the leaders of the Second British Invasion of the U.S., in 1983 Rolling Stone labelled them \"the first British New Wave act to break through in America on a grand scale, and possibly the biggest band in the world.\" The Police disbanded in 1986, but reunited in early 2007 for a one-off world tour that ended in August 2008." }, "Cats and the Internet-1": { "title": "Cats and the Internet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Images and videos of domestic cats make up some of the most viewed content on the web, particularly image macros in the form of lolcats. ThoughtCatalog has described cats as the \"unofficial mascot of the Internet\"." }, "1,000,000,000-1": { "title": "1,000,000,000", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mathematics portal 1,000,000,000 (one billion, short scale; one thousand million or milliard, yard, long scale) is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001. One billion can also be written as b or bn." }, "Switzerland during the World Wars-1": { "title": "Switzerland during the World Wars", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "During World War I and World War II, Switzerland maintained armed neutrality, and was not invaded by its neighbors. Consequently, it was of considerable interest to belligerent states as the scene for diplomacy, espionage, and commerce. Additionally, it was a safe haven for refugees." }, "Sodomy laws in the United States-2": { "title": "Sodomy laws in the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Through the 20th century, the gradual liberalization of American sexuality led to the elimination of sodomy laws in most states. During this time, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of sodomy laws in Bowers v. Hardwick in 1986. However, in 2003, the Supreme Court reversed the decision with Lawrence v. Texas, invalidating sodomy laws in the remaining 14 states (Alabama, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri (statewide), North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, and Virginia)." }, "Micronesia-31": { "title": "Micronesia", "section": "Economy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Nationally, the primary income is the sale of fishing rights to foreign nations that harvest tuna using huge purse seiners. A few Japanese long liners still ply the waters. The crews aboard fishing fleets contribute little to the local economy since their ships typically set sail loaded with stores and provisions that are cheaper than local goods. Additional money comes in from government grants, mostly from the United States and the $150 million the US paid into a trust fund for reparations of residents of Bikini Atoll that had to move after nuclear testing. Few mineral deposits worth exploiting exist, except for some high-grade phosphate, especially on Nauru." }, "Shadow-16": { "title": "Shadow", "section": "Color", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "During the daytime, a shadow cast by an opaque object illuminated by sunlight has a bluish tinge. This happens because of Rayleigh scattering, the same property that causes the sky to appear blue. The opaque object is able to block the light of the sun, but not the ambient light of the sky which is blue as the atmosphere molecules scatter blue light more effectively. As a result, the shadow appears bluish." }, "Joy-1": { "title": "Joy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The word joy means a feeling of great pleasure and happiness." }, "Psychotherapy-4": { "title": "Psychotherapy", "section": "Definitions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The term psychotherapy is derived from Ancient Greek psyche (\u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae meaning \"breath; spirit; soul\") and therapeia (\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \"healing; medical treatment\"). The Oxford English Dictionary defines it now as \"The treatment of disorders of the mind or personality by psychological methods...\", however, in earlier use it denoted the treatment of disease through hypnotic suggestion." }, "Diabetes-2": { "title": "Diabetes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. There are three main types of diabetes mellitus:" }, "Y.M.C.A. (song)-4": { "title": "Y.M.C.A. (song)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In 2009, \"Y.M.C.A.\" set a Guinness World Record when over 44,000 people danced to Village People's live performance of the song at the 2008 Sun Bowl game in El Paso, Texas. \"Y.M.C.A.\" is #7 on VH1's list of \"The 100 Greatest Dance Songs of the 20th Century.\"" }, "Musket-29": { "title": "Musket", "section": "Replacement by the rifle", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "In the late 19th century, the rifle took another major step forward with the introduction of breech-loading rifles. These rifles also used brass cartridges. The brass cartridge had been introduced earlier; however, it was not widely adopted for various reasons. In the U.S. Army, generals thought their soldiers would waste ammunition, so they kept muzzle-loading black powder rifles until after the American Civil War. The introduction of breech loaders meant that the rifling of a weapon was no longer damaged when it was loaded, and reloading was a much faster process. Shortly afterwards, magazine loading rifles were introduced, which further increased the weapons' rate of fire. From this period (c. 1870) on, the musket was obsolete in modern warfare." }, "Climate of New York-7": { "title": "Climate of New York", "section": "Temperatures", "headers": [ "Summer" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Summers in New York State vary by a lot. The summer climate is cooler in the Adirondacks due to higher elevation. The Adirondacks typically experiences pleasant dry weather in the summer, with temperatures in the range of 66\u00b0F-73\u00b0F (18-22\u00b0C). Evenings in the Adirondacks are chilly, with temperatures ranging on average between 45\u00b0F-54\u00b0F (7-12\u00b0C). Most of central New York, mid Hudson Valley and the Catskills have moderate temperatures but and are usually humid, with temperatures ranging 80\u00b0F-85\u00b0F (26-29\u00b0C). Nights in central New York state are often muggy, between 61\u00b0F-67\u00b0F (16-19\u00b0C). The New York City area and lower portions of the Hudson Valley in contrast feature more sultry and tropical summers with frequent bouts of high temperatures and high dew points. Temperatures in this area are usually between 86\u00b0F-91\u00b0F but a slight cooler by the ocean and south facing shorelines of Long Island and the temperatures there are between 85-90\u00b0F. Nights are warm and muggy, between 68-75\u00b0F (20-23\u00b0C). The record high for New York state is 108\u00a0\u00b0F (42\u00a0\u00b0C), set at Troy on July 22, 1926." }, "Prime number-1": { "title": "Prime number", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only ways of writing it as a product, 1 \u00d7 5 or 5 \u00d7 1, involve 5 itself." }, "Black swan-1": { "title": "Black swan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The black swan (Cygnus atratus) is a large waterbird, a species of swan which breeds mainly in the southeast and southwest regions of Australia. Within Australia they are nomadic, with erratic migration patterns dependent upon climatic conditions. Black swans are large birds with mostly black plumage and red bills. They are monogamous breeders, with both partners sharing incubation and cygnet rearing duties." }, "Karachi-1": { "title": "Karachi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Karachi (Urdu: \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0686\u06cc\u200e; Sindhi: \u06aa\u0631\u0627\u0686\u064a; ALA-LC: Kar\u0101c\u012b, IPA:\u00a0[k\u0259\u02c8ra\u02d0t\u0283i] (listen)) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Sindh. It is the largest city in Pakistan, and seventh largest city proper in the world. Ranked as a beta-global city, the city is Pakistan's premier industrial and financial centre, with an estimated GDP of $114\u00a0billion (PPP) as of 2014.. Karachi is Pakistan's most cosmopolitan city, its most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse city, as well as one of Pakistan's most secular and socially liberal cities. With its location on the Arabian Sea, Karachi serves as a transport hub, and is home to Pakistan's two largest seaports, the Port of Karachi and Port Bin Qasim, as well as Pakistan's busiest airport, Jinnah International Airport." }, "September 11 attacks-1": { "title": "September 11 attacks", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The September 11 attacks (also referred to as 9/11) were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The attacks resulted in 2,977 fatalities, over 25,000 injuries, and substantial long-term health consequences, in addition to at least $10\u00a0billion in infrastructure and property" }, "Passover Seder-62": { "title": "Passover Seder", "section": "Order of the Seder", "headers": [ "Bareich (Grace after Meals)", "Kos shel Eliyahu ha-Navi (cup of Elijah the Prophet); Miriam's cup" ], "para_index": 62, "content": "Most Ashkenazim have the custom to fill a fifth cup at this point. This relates to a Talmudic discussion that concerns the number of cups that are supposed to be drunk. Given that the four cups are in reference to the four expressions of redemption in Exodus 6:6\u20137, some rabbis felt that it was important to include a fifth cup for the fifth expression of redemption in Exodus 6:8. All agreed that five cups should be poured but the question as to whether or not the fifth should be drunk, given that the fifth expression of redemption concerned being brought into the Land of Israel, which \u2013 by this stage \u2013 was no longer possessed of an autonomous Jewish community, remained insoluble. The rabbis determined that the matter should be left until Elijah (in reference to the notion that Elijah's arrival would precipitate the coming of the Messiah, at which time all halakhic questions will be resolved) and the fifth cup came to be known as the Kos shel Eliyahu (\"Cup of Elijah\"). Over time, people came to relate this cup to the notion that Elijah will visit each home on Seder night as a foreshadowing of his future arrival at the end of the days, when he will come to announce the coming of the Jewish Messiah." }, "Scar (The Lion King)-3": { "title": "Scar (The Lion King)", "section": "Development", "headers": [ "Conception and influences" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Lion King was first conceived in 1988. The film was eventually pitched to Disney executives, one of whom was among the first to observe similarities between author Thomas M. Disch's treatment and William Shakespeare's play Hamlet. Although first citing these similarities as initially unintentional, director Rob Minkoff always felt it was essential \"to anchor [the film] with something familiar\". As directors, Minkoff and Roger Allers aspired to create \"an animal picture based in a more natural setting,\" describing the film as \"More true-life adventure than mythical epic.\" Although not the first Disney film to have been inspired by Shakespeare's work, The Lion King remains the studio's most prominent example due to close parallels between its characters and Hamlet, while both stories revolve around main characters who struggle to come to terms with the reality that they must confront their treacherous uncles and avenge their fathers' deaths. Scar is based on King Claudius. According to Slate, while Claudius is mostly \"a second-rate schemer\u00a0... consumed by anxiety and guilt,\" Scar very much \"delight[s] in his monstrosity;\" both characters are motivated by jealousy. Meanwhile, The Week observed that although both characters ultimately die, Claudius is killed by protagonist Hamlet while Scar dies \"at the hand of his former hyena minions, and not Simba himself.\" Additionally, the character shares similarities with Iago from Shakespeare's play Othello; both antagonists are skilled in exploiting their victims' fears." }, "Egg carton-8": { "title": "Egg carton", "section": "Sizes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Standard egg cartons have room for 10 or 12 eggs, but they can come in a variety of sizes, holding from three to 24 eggs." }, "Whitewater kayaking-1": { "title": "Whitewater kayaking", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Whitewater kayaking is a recreational outdoor activity which uses a kayak to navigate a river or other body of whitewater or rough water." }, "Fixed election dates in Canada-13": { "title": "Fixed election dates in Canada", "section": "Provincial", "headers": [ "Ontario" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "In Ontario, the legislature, with a majority held by Dalton McGuinty's Liberals, passed the Election Statute Law Amendment Act, 2005, which requires elections to be held on the first Thursday in October every four years, starting with 2007. However, the Act does not prevent the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario from dissolving the legislature \"when the Lieutenant Governor sees fit\". The law also allows the date to be moved forward to any of the seven days following the first Thursday of October in the case of religious or culturally significant holidays: the 2007 election was moved from October 4 to 10 to avoid the Jewish holiday of Shemini Atzeret. As of December 2016, the Elections Act was amended, scheduling all subsequent provincial elections for \"the first Thursday in June in the fourth calendar year following polling day in the most recent general election\". This amendment will result in the next provincial election occurring on June 2, 2022." }, "Vice President of the United States-24": { "title": "Vice President of the United States", "section": "Selection process", "headers": [ "Eligibility" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "To be Constitutionally eligible to serve as the nation's vice president, a person must, according to the Twelfth Amendment, meet the eligibility requirements to become president (which are stated in Article II, Section 1, Clause 5). Thus, to serve as vice president, an individual must:" }, "Infant-9": { "title": "Infant", "section": "Physical characteristics of newborns", "headers": [ "Head" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "A newborn's head is very large in proportion to the body, and the cranium is enormous relative to his or her face. While the adult human skull is about one seventh of the total body length, the newborn's is about \u00bc. Normal head circumference for a full-term infant is 33\u201336\u00a0cm at birth. At birth, many regions of the newborn's skull have not yet been converted to bone, leaving \"soft spots\" known as fontanels. The two largest are the diamond-shaped anterior fontanel, located at the top front portion of the head, and the smaller triangular-shaped posterior fontanel, which lies at the back of the head. Later in the child's life, these bones will fuse together in a natural process. A protein called noggin is responsible for the delay in an infant's skull fusion." }, "Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gand\u00eda-1": { "title": "Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gand\u00eda", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Saint Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gand\u00eda SJ (Valencian: Francesc de Borja, Spanish: Francisco de Borja) (1510\u20131572) was a great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI, a Grandee of Spain, a Spanish Jesuit, and third Superior General of the Society of Jesus. He was canonized on 20 June 1670 by Pope Clement X." }, "USS President (1800)-31": { "title": "USS President (1800)", "section": "War of 1812", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Rodgers reported that his decision to flee the ships was based on identifying them as a ship of the line and a frigate. Royal Navy records later revealed that the vessels were actually the 32-gun frigate Alexandria and the 16-gun fireship Spitfire. Spending a few days near the Irish Channel, President captured several more merchant ships. She then set a course for the United States. In late September, she encountered HMS\u00a0Highflyer along the east coast of the United States. Rodgers used his signal flags to trick Highflyer into believing that President was HMS\u00a0Tenedos. Lieut. George Hutchinson, Highflyer's captain, came aboard President only to discover he had walked into a trap; President captured Highflyer without a shot being fired. President's long cruise netted her 11 merchant ships, in addition to Highflyer." }, "NES Classic Edition-1": { "title": "NES Classic Edition", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Nintendo Entertainment System: NES Classic Edition, known as Nintendo Classic Mini: Nintendo Entertainment System in Europe and Australia and Nintendo Classic Mini: Family Computer (Japanese: \u30cb\u30f3\u30c6\u30f3\u30c9\u30fc\u30af\u30e9\u30b7\u30c3\u30af\u30df\u30cb \u30d5\u30a1\u30df\u30ea\u30fc\u30b3\u30f3\u30d4\u30e5\u30fc\u30bf) in Japan, is a dedicated video game console by Nintendo, which emulates the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). It launched on November 10, 2016 in Australia and Japan, and November 11, 2016 in North America and Europe. Aesthetically, the console is a miniature replica of the NES, and it includes a static library of 30 built-in games from the licensed NES library, supporting save states for all of them." }, "Wembley Arena-1": { "title": "Wembley Arena", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Wembley Arena /\u02c8w\u025bmbli/ (originally the Empire Pool and, since 1 July 2014, currently known as The SSE Arena, Wembley for sponsorship reasons) is an indoor arena adjacent to Wembley Stadium in Wembley, London. Used for music, comedy, family entertainment and sport, the 12,500-seat facility is London's second-largest indoor arena after The O2 Arena, and the ninth-largest (as of August 2019) in the United Kingdom." }, "Girl-1": { "title": "Girl", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A girl is a young female human, usually a child or an adolescent. When she becomes an adult, she is described as a woman. The term girl may also be used to mean a young woman, and is sometimes used as a synonym for daughter. Girl may also be a term of endearment used by an adult, usually a woman, to designate adult female friends." }, "Bathing-1": { "title": "Bathing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bathing is the washing of the body with a liquid, usually water or an aqueous solution, or the immersion of the body in water. It may be practiced for personal hygiene, religious ritual or therapeutic purposes. By analogy, especially as a recreational activity, the term is also applied to sun bathing and sea bathing." }, "Popcorn-5": { "title": "Popcorn", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Corn was domesticated about 10,000 years ago in what is now Mexico. Archaeologists discovered that people have known about popcorn for thousands of years. In Mexico, for example, remnants of popcorn have been found that date circa 3600 BC." }, "Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster-3": { "title": "Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In the days after the accident, radiation released to the atmosphere forced the government to declare an ever larger evacuation zone around the plant, culminating in an evacuation zone with a 20-kilometer radius. All told, some 154,000 residents evacuated from the communities surrounding the plant due to the rising off-site levels of ambient ionizing radiation caused by airborne radioactive contamination from the damaged reactors." }, "Philadelphia Eagles-1": { "title": "Philadelphia Eagles", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football team based in Philadelphia. The Eagles compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. In the 2017 season the team won Super Bowl LII, their first Super Bowl win in franchise history and their fourth NFL title overall, after winning the Championship Game in 1948, 1949, and 1960." }, "History of the United States (1980\u20131991)-22": { "title": "History of the United States (1980\u20131991)", "section": "Reagan Revolution", "headers": [ "Ronald Reagan and the elections of 1980" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Reagan won a landslide victory with 489 votes in the electoral college to Carter's 49. Republicans defeated twelve Democratic senators to regain control of the Senate for the first time in 25 years. Reagan received 43,904,153 votes in the election (50.7% of total votes cast), and Carter, 35,483,883 (41.0%). John Anderson won 5,720,060 (6.6%) popular votes." }, "Drowning-2": { "title": "Drowning", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Drowning is more common when the weather is warm and among those with frequent access to water. Risk factors include alcohol use, epilepsy, and low socioeconomic status. Common locations of drowning include swimming pools, bathtubs, natural bodies of water, and buckets. Initially the person holds their breath, which is followed by laryngospasm, and then low oxygen levels. Significant amounts of water usually only enter the lungs later in the process. It may be classified into three types: drowning with death, drowning with ongoing health problems, and drowning with no ongoing health problems." }, "Logging-11": { "title": "Logging", "section": "Logging methods", "headers": [ "Cut-to-length logging" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Cut-to-length logging is the process of felling, delimbing, bucking, and sorting (pulpwood, sawlog, etc.) at the stump area, leaving limbs and tops in the forest. Harvesters fell the tree, delimb, and buck it, and place the resulting logs in bunks to be brought to the landing by a skidder or forwarder. This method is routinely available for trees up to 900\u00a0mm (35\u00a0in) in diameter. Harvesters are employed effectively in level to moderately steep terrain. Harvesters are highly computerized to optimize cutting length, control harvesting area by GPS, and use price lists for each specific log to archive most economical results during harvesting." }, "Limestone-18": { "title": "Limestone", "section": "Limestone landscape", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Limestone is partially soluble, especially in acid, and therefore forms many erosional landforms. These include limestone pavements, pot holes, cenotes, caves and gorges. Such erosion landscapes are known as karsts. Limestone is less resistant than most igneous rocks, but more resistant than most other sedimentary rocks. It is therefore usually associated with hills and downland, and occurs in regions with other sedimentary rocks, typically clays." }, "Dave Grohl-1": { "title": "Dave Grohl", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "David Eric Grohl (born January 14, 1969) is an American musician, singer, songwriter and director. He is known for being the longest-serving drummer for the rock band Nirvana, from 1990 to 1994. When the group disbanded following the suicide of its frontman Kurt Cobain, he became the founder, lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist and primary songwriter of the rock band Foo Fighters. Grohl is also the drummer and co-founder of the rock supergroup Them Crooked Vultures, and wrote the music and performed all the instruments for his short-lived side projects Late! and Probot. He has also recorded and toured with Queens of the Stone Age." }, "Lord Voldemort-29": { "title": "Lord Voldemort", "section": "Characterisation", "headers": [ "Magical abilities and skills" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "In the final book, Voldemort flies unsupported, something that amazes those who see it. Voldemort, like his ancestral family, the Gaunts, is a Parselmouth, meaning he can converse with serpents. This skill was inherited from his ancestor, Salazar Slytherin. The Gaunt family speak Parseltongue among themselves. This highly unusual trait may be preserved through inbreeding, a practice employed by the Gaunt Family to maintain their blood's purity. When Voldemort attempts to kill Harry his ability to speak Parseltongue is passed to Harry through the small bit of the former's soul. After that bit of soul is destroyed, Harry loses this ability. In a flashback in the sixth novel, Voldemort boasts to Dumbledore during a job interview that he has \"pushed the boundaries of magic farther than they had ever before\". Dumbledore states that Voldemort's knowledge of magic is more extensive than any wizard alive and that even Dumbledore's most powerful protective spells and charms would likely be insufficient if Voldemort returned to full power. Dumbledore also said that Voldemort was probably the most brilliant student Hogwarts has ever seen. Although Voldemort remains highly accomplished and prodigious in skill, he is enormously lacking and highly inept in the most powerful magic, love. This inability to love and trust others proves to be Voldemort's greatest weakness in the series. Voldemort initially voices scepticism that his own magic might not be the most powerful, but upon returning to power, he admits to his Death Eaters that he had overlooked the ancient and powerful magic which Lily Potter invoked and that would protect Harry from harm." }, "Soldier Field-1": { "title": "Soldier Field", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Soldier Field is an American football and soccer stadium located in the Near South Side of Chicago, Illinois, near Downtown Chicago. It opened in 1924 and is the home field of the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL), who moved there in 1971, and Chicago Fire FC of Major League Soccer (MLS), who will begin playing at the stadium in 2020. It has a football capacity of 61,500, and it is the oldest stadium in the NFL." }, "Naruhito-3": { "title": "Naruhito", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Naruhito was born on 23 February 1960 at 4:15\u00a0p.m. in the Imperial Household Agency Hospital in Tokyo Imperial Palace. As a prince, he later quipped, \"I was born in a barn inside the moat\". His mother is a convert to Shinto from Roman Catholicism. Before Naruhito's birth, the announcement of the then Crown Prince Akihito's engagement and marriage to Michiko Sh\u014dda (later Empress Michiko) had drawn opposition from traditionalist groups, because Michiko came from a Roman Catholic family. Although she was never baptized, she was educated in Catholic schools and seemed to share the faith of her parents. Rumors also speculated that Empress K\u014djun had opposed the engagement. After the death of Naruhito's paternal grandmother Empress K\u014djun in 2000, Reuters reported that she had been one of the strongest opponents of her son's marriage, and that in the 1960s, she had driven her daughter-in-law and grandchildren to depression by persistently accusing her of not being suitable for her son." }, "Drew Carey-2": { "title": "Drew Carey", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Carey is interested in a variety of sports and has worked as a photographer at U.S. National Team soccer games. He is a minority owner of the Major League Soccer team Seattle Sounders FC, which won the MLS Cup, first in 2016 and again in 2019. He briefly participated in professional wrestling, most notably entering the 2001 Royal Rumble, and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2011." }, "Racism-54": { "title": "Racism", "section": "Ideology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Racism existed during the 19th century as \"scientific racism\", which attempted to provide a racial classification of humanity. In 1775 Johann Blumenbach divided the world's population into five groups according to skin color (Caucasians, Mongols, etc.), positing the view that the non-Caucasians had arisen through a process of degeneration. Another early view in scientific racism was the polygenist view, which held that the different races had been separately created. Polygenist Christoph Meiners for example, split mankind into two divisions which he labeled the \"beautiful White race\" and the \"ugly Black race\". In Meiners' book, The Outline of History of Mankind, he claimed that a main characteristic of race is either beauty or ugliness. He viewed only the white race as beautiful. He considered ugly races to be inferior, immoral and animal-like." }, "Statue of Liberty-20": { "title": "Statue of Liberty", "section": "Design and construction process", "headers": [ "Announcement and early work" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Initially focused on the elites, the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society. Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave, as did 181\u00a0French municipalities. Laboulaye's political allies supported the call, as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War. Less idealistically, contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal. The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes, Norway, though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples. According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York, 200,000 pounds (91,000\u00a0kg) was needed to build the statue, and the French copper industrialist Eug\u00e8ne Secr\u00e9tan donated 128,000 pounds (58,000\u00a0kg) of copper." }, "Sophist-1": { "title": "Sophist", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A sophist (Greek: \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2, sophistes) was a specific kind of teacher in ancient Greece, in the fifth and fourth centuries BC. Many sophists specialized in using the tools of philosophy and rhetoric, though other sophists taught subjects such as music, athletics, and mathematics. In general, they claimed to teach arete (\"excellence\" or \"virtue\", applied to various subject areas), predominantly to young statesmen and nobility." }, "President of India-2": { "title": "President of India", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The president is indirectly elected by an electoral college comprising the Parliament of India (both houses) and the legislative assemblies of each of India's states and territories, who themselves are all directly elected." }, "Scrubs (TV series)-69": { "title": "Scrubs (TV series)", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "Awards and nominations" ], "para_index": 69, "content": "Scrubs received 17 Emmy nominations, in categories such as casting, cinematography, directing, editing, and writing, winning only two. Its fourth season earned the series its first nomination for Outstanding Comedy Series. Zach Braff was also nominated that year for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series. The series was nominated again the following year for Outstanding Comedy Series. At the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards, the episode \"My Musical\" was nominated for five awards in four categories: Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series (Will Mackenzie), Outstanding Music Direction (Jan Stevens) and Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics (\"Everything Comes Down to Poo\" and \"Guy Love\"); while sharing the award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (Half-Hour) And Animation (Joe Foglia, Peter J. Nusbaum, and John W. Cook II) with Entourage." }, "Biochemistry-4": { "title": "Biochemistry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Much of biochemistry deals with the structures, functions, and interactions of biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, which provide the structure of cells and perform many of the functions associated with life. The chemistry of the cell also depends on the reactions of smaller molecules and ions. These can be inorganic (for example, water and metal ions) or organic (for example, the amino acids, which are used to synthesize proteins). The mechanisms by which cells harness energy from their environment via chemical reactions are known as metabolism. The findings of biochemistry are applied primarily in medicine, nutrition, and agriculture. In medicine, biochemists investigate the causes and cures of diseases. In nutrition, they study how to maintain health and wellness and study the effects of nutritional deficiencies. In agriculture, biochemists investigate soil and fertilizers. They also try to discover ways to improve crop cultivation, crop storage, and pest control." }, "Confidentiality-13": { "title": "Confidentiality", "section": "Medical confidentiality", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Confidentiality is commonly applied to conversations between doctors and patients. Legal protections prevent physicians from revealing certain discussions with patients, even under oath in court. This physician-patient privilege only applies to secrets shared between physician and patient during the course of providing medical care." }, "Telescope-5": { "title": "Telescope", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The idea that the objective, or light-gathering element, could be a mirror instead of a lens was being investigated soon after the invention of the refracting telescope. The potential advantages of using parabolic mirrors\u2014reduction of spherical aberration and no chromatic aberration\u2014led to many proposed designs and several attempts to build reflecting telescopes. In 1668, Isaac Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope, of a design which now bears his name, the Newtonian reflector." }, "Scout (Scouting)-5": { "title": "Scout (Scouting)", "section": "Foundation", "headers": [ "Age groups and sections" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "While most Scouts may join a troop after finishing Cub Scouts, this is not required. As Scouts get older, they often seek more challenging and diverse activities. He may later join another affiliated program for older children, such as Exploring, Venturing, or Rovering." }, "Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)-26": { "title": "Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)", "section": "Fictional character biography", "headers": [ "The Infinity War" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "The Avengers successfully obtain all of the Infinity Stones before returning to the present, which are incorporated into a gauntlet made by Stark which Banner then uses to resurrect those that were disintegrated by Thanos. However, they are followed by a 2014 version of Thanos and his forces, who are summoned to 2023 by an alternate version of Nebula. During an ensuing battle, Thanos obtains Stark's gauntlet and the two of them wrestle for control of it. Thanos is able to fling Stark away before attempting another snap, but discovers that Stark has caused all of the Infinity Stones to move to Stark's own armor. Stark then uses them to disintegrate Thanos and all of his forces, saving the universe but fatally injuring himself in the process. He dies surrounded by Rhodes, Parker, and Potts. A funeral attended by many heroes is later held for him at his homestead." }, "Easter-14": { "title": "Easter", "section": "Date", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "incomplete short citation] In Western Christianity, using the Gregorian calendar, Easter always falls on a Sunday between 22 March and 25 April, within about seven days after the astronomical full moon. The following day, Easter Monday, is a legal holiday in many countries with predominantly Christian traditions." }, "Bathyal zone-1": { "title": "Bathyal zone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The bathyal zone or bathypelagic \u2013 from Greek \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03cd\u03c2 (bath\u00fds), deep \u2013 (also known as midnight zone) is the part of the pelagic zone that extends from a depth of 1,000 to 4,000\u00a0m (3,300 to 13,100\u00a0ft) below the ocean surface. It lies between the mesopelagic above, and the abyssopelagic below. The average temperature hovers at about 4\u00a0\u00b0C (39\u00a0\u00b0F). Although larger by volume than the photic zone, the bathyal zone is less densely populated. Sunlight does not reach this zone, meaning primary production, if any, is almost nonexistent. There are no known plants because of the lack of sunlight necessary for photosynthesis. It is known as the midnight (also twilight or dark) zone because of this feature." }, "Nikola Tesla-5": { "title": "Nikola Tesla", "section": "Early years", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Nikola Tesla was born an ethnic Serb in the village Smiljan, Lika county, in the Austrian Empire (present day Croatia), on 10 July [O.S. 28 June] 1856. His father, Milutin Tesla (1819\u20131879), was an Eastern Orthodox priest. Tesla's mother, \u0110uka Tesla (n\u00e9e Mandi\u0107; 1822\u20131892), whose father was also an Orthodox priest, had a talent for making home craft tools and mechanical appliances and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems. \u0110uka had never received a formal education. Tesla credited his eidetic memory and creative abilities to his mother's genetics and influence. Tesla's progenitors were from western Serbia, near Montenegro." }, "Blue House-8": { "title": "Blue House", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Presidents Park Chung-hee, Choi Kyu-ha, and Chun Doo-hwan used the building both as their office and official residence. While President Roh Tae-woo was in office, a new office building, official residence, and press center, called Chunchu-gwan, were built. The main office building was opened in April 1991. In 1993 during Kim Young-sam's presidency, the building built by Japan for then official residence was dismantled." }, "No Exit-3": { "title": "No Exit", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Three damned souls, Joseph Garcin, In\u00e8z Serrano, and Estelle Rigault, are brought to the same room in Hell and locked inside by a mysterious valet. They had all expected torture devices to punish them for eternity, but instead, find a plain room furnished in the style of the French 'Second Empire'. At first, none of them will admit the reason for their damnation: Garcin says that he was executed for being an outspoken pacifist, while Estelle insists that a mistake has been made; In\u00e8z, however, is the only one to demand that they all stop lying to themselves and confess to their moral crimes. She refuses to believe that they have all ended up in the room by accident and soon realizes that they have been placed together to make each other miserable. She deduces that they are to be one another's torturers." }, "Rugby union-1": { "title": "Rugby union", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rugby union, widely known simply as rugby, is a full contact team sport that originated in England in the first half of the 19th century. One of the two codes of rugby football, it is based on running with the ball in hand. In its most common form, a game is played between two teams of 15 players using an oval-shaped ball on a rectangular field called a pitch. The field has H-shaped goalposts at both ends." }, "Pitman shorthand-1": { "title": "Pitman shorthand", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pitman shorthand is a system of shorthand for the English language developed by Englishman Sir Isaac Pitman (1813\u20131897), who first presented it in 1837. Like most systems of shorthand, it is a phonetic system; the symbols do not represent letters, but rather sounds, and words are, for the most part, written as they are spoken. As of 1996[update], Pitman shorthand was the most popular shorthand system used in the United Kingdom and the second most popular in the United States." }, "Anchovy-3": { "title": "Anchovy", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Anchovies are small, green fish with blue reflections due to a silver-colored longitudinal stripe that runs from the base of the caudal (tail) fin. They range from 2 to 40\u00a0cm (0.79 to 15.75\u00a0in) in adult length, and their body shapes are variable with more slender fish in northern populations." }, "Bull-1": { "title": "Bull", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A bull is an intact (i.e., not castrated) adult male of the species Bos taurus. More muscular and aggressive than the female of the species, the cow, the bull has long been an important symbol in many cultures, and plays a significant role in beef ranching, dairy farming, and a variety of other cultural activities, including bull fighting and bull riding." }, "Medical thermometer-24": { "title": "Medical thermometer", "section": "Classification by technology", "headers": [ "Liquid-filled", "Mercury" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Mercury-in-glass thermometers have been considered the most accurate liquid-filled types. However, mercury is a toxic heavy metal, and mercury has only been used in clinical thermometers if protected from breakage of the tube." }, "Disneyland-2": { "title": "Disneyland", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Walt Disney came up with the concept of Disneyland after visiting various amusement parks with his daughters in the 1930s and 1940s. He initially envisioned building a tourist attraction adjacent to his studios in Burbank to entertain fans who wished to visit; however, he soon realized that the proposed site was too small. After hiring a consultant to help him determine an appropriate site for his project, Disney bought a 160-acre (65\u00a0ha) site near Anaheim in 1953. Construction began in 1954 and the park was unveiled during a special televised press event on the ABC Television Network on July 17, 1955." }, "Karl Marx-3": { "title": "Karl Marx", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Marx's critical theories about society, economics and politics\u00a0\u2013 collectively understood as Marxism\u00a0\u2013 hold that human societies develop through class conflict. In capitalism, this manifests itself in the conflict between the ruling classes (known as the bourgeoisie) that control the means of production and the working classes (known as the proletariat) that enable these means by selling their labour power in return for wages. Employing a critical approach known as historical materialism, Marx predicted that, like previous socio-economic systems, capitalism produced internal tensions which would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system known as socialism." }, "Three-cent silver-28": { "title": "Three-cent silver", "section": "Collecting", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "The 1873 coin, the final issue, was struck in proof only, and is listed at between $825 and $2,000, depending on condition. Most U.S. coins of that year were struck with a \"close 3\" in the date, and, following a complaint that the 3 too closely resembled an eight, an \"open 3\" variety. The three-cent silver exists only as a close 3. Of coins struck for circulation, Yeoman's highest listings are for the 1868, at $11,000 in near pristine MS-66 condition." }, "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland-1": { "title": "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (commonly shortened to Alice in Wonderland) is an 1865 novel written by English author Charles Lutwidge Dodgson under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll. It tells of a young girl named Alice falling through a rabbit hole into a subterranean fantasy world populated by peculiar, anthropomorphic creatures. The tale plays with logic, giving the story lasting popularity with adults as well as with children. It is considered to be one of the best examples of the literary nonsense genre." }, "Plessy v. Ferguson-3": { "title": "Plessy v. Ferguson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In May 1896, the Supreme Court issued a 7\u20131 decision against Plessy ruling that the Louisiana law did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, stating that although the Fourteenth Amendment established the legal equality of white and black Americans, it did not and could not require the elimination of all social or other \"distinctions based upon color\". The Court rejected Plessy's lawyers' arguments that the Louisiana law inherently implied that black people were inferior, and gave great deference to American state legislatures' inherent power to make laws regulating health, safety, and morals\u2014the \"police power\"\u2014and to determine the reasonableness of the laws they passed. Justice John Marshall Harlan was the lone dissenter from the Court's decision, writing that the U.S. Constitution \"is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens\", and so the law's distinguishing of passengers' races should have been found unconstitutional." }, "Savannah cat-1": { "title": "Savannah cat", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Savannah is a hybrid cat breed. It is a cross between a serval and a domestic cat." }, "Louvre-16": { "title": "Louvre", "section": "History", "headers": [ "12th\u201320th centuries", "Restoration and Second Empire" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "During the Restoration (1814\u20131830), Louis\u00a0XVIII and Charles\u00a0X between them added 135\u00a0pieces at a cost of 720,000\u00a0francs and created the department of Egyptian antiquities curated by Champollion, increased by more than 7,000\u00a0works with the acquisition of antiquities in the Edme-Antoine Durand, the Egyptian collection of Henry Salt or the second collection former by Bernardino Drovetti. This was less than the amount given for rehabilitation of Versailles, and the Louvre suffered relative to the rest of Paris. After the creation of the French Second Republic in 1848, the new government allocated two\u00a0million francs for repair work and ordered the completion of the Galerie d'Apollon, the Salon Carr\u00e9, and the Grande Gal\u00e9rie. In 1861, Napoleon III bought 11,835\u00a0artworks including 641 paintings, Greek gold and other antiquities of the Campana collection. Between 1852 and 1870, under Napoleon III, the museum added 20,000\u00a0new pieces to its collections, and the Pavillon de Flore and the Grande Gal\u00e9rie were remodelled under architects Louis Visconti and Hector Lefuel." }, "Acupuncture-10": { "title": "Acupuncture", "section": "Clinical practice", "headers": [ "Needles" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Apart from the usual filiform needle, other needle types include three-edged needles and the Nine Ancient Needles. Japanese acupuncturists use extremely thin needles that are used superficially, sometimes without penetrating the skin, and surrounded by a guide tube (a 17th-century invention adopted in China and the West). Korean acupuncture uses copper needles and has a greater focus on the hand." }, "Markhor-6": { "title": "Markhor", "section": "Behavior", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Markhor are adapted to mountainous terrain, and can be found between 600 and 3,600 meters in elevation. They typically inhabit scrub forests made up primarily of oaks (Quercus ilex), pines (Pinus gerardiana), and junipers (Juniperus macropoda). They are diurnal, and are mainly active in the early morning and late afternoon. Their diets shift seasonally: in the spring and summer periods they graze, but turn to browsing in winter, sometimes standing on their hind legs to reach high branches. The mating season takes place in winter, during which the males fight each other by lunging, locking horns and attempting to push each other off balance. The gestation period lasts 135\u2013170 days, and usually results in the birth of one or two kids, though rarely three. Markhor live in flocks, usually numbering nine animals, composed of adult females and their young. Adult males are largely solitary. Adult females and kids comprise most of the markhor population, with adult females making up 32% of the population and kids making up 31%. Adult males comprise 19%, while subadults (males aged 2\u20133 years) make up 12%, and yearlings (females aged 12\u201324 months) make up 9% of the population. Their alarm call closely resembles the bleating of domestic goats. Early in the season the males and females may be found together on the open grassy patches and clear slopes among the forest. During the summer, the males remain in the forest, while the females generally climb to the highest rocky ridges above." }, "Submersible-1": { "title": "Submersible", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A submersible is a small watercraft designed to operate underwater. The term submersible is often used to differentiate from other underwater vessels known as submarines, in that a submarine is a fully autonomous craft, capable of renewing its own power and breathing air, whereas a submersible is usually supported by a surface vessel, platform, shore team or sometimes a larger submarine. In common usage by the general public, however, the word submarine may be used to describe a craft that is by the technical definition actually a submersible. There are many types of submersibles, including both manned and unmanned craft, otherwise known as remotely operated vehicles or ROVs. Submersibles have many uses worldwide, such as oceanography, underwater archaeology, ocean exploration, adventure, equipment maintenance and recovery, and underwater videography." }, "Scooby-Doo (character)-1": { "title": "Scooby-Doo (character)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Scoobert Scooby-Doo is the eponymous character and protagonist of the animated television franchise of the same name created in 1969 by the American animation company Hanna-Barbera. He is a male Great Dane and lifelong companion of amateur detective Shaggy Rogers, with whom he shares many personality traits. He features a mix of both canine and human behaviors (reminiscent of other funny animals in Hanna-Barbera's series), and is treated by his friends more or less as an equal. He speaks in a famous, and much parodied, dog-like voice. His catchphrase is \"Scooby-Dooby-Doo!\"" }, "Square root of 5-1": { "title": "Square root of 5", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The square root of 5 is the positive real number that, when multiplied by itself, gives the prime number 5. It is more precisely called the principal square root of 5, to distinguish it from the negative number with the same property. This number appears in the fractional expression for the golden ratio. It can be denoted in surd form as:" }, "Snowy owl-1": { "title": "Snowy owl", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus) is a large, white owl of the true owl family. Snowy owls are native to Arctic regions in North America and the Palearctic. Males are almost all white, while females have more flecks of black plumage. Juvenile snowy owls have black feathers until they turn white. The snowy owl is a ground nester that primarily hunts rodents and waterfowl, and opportunistically eats carrion. Most owls sleep during the day and hunt at night, but the snowy owl is active during the day, especially in the summertime." }, "New Year's Eve-37": { "title": "New Year's Eve", "section": "Americas", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "The most prominent celebration in the country is the \"ball drop\" held at New York City's Times Square, which was inspired by the time balls that were formerly used as a time signal. At 11:59\u00a0p.m. ET, an 11,875-pound (5,386\u00a0kg), 12-foot-diameter (3.7\u00a0m) ball is lowered down a 70-foot-high (21\u00a0m) pole on the roof of One Times Square, reaching the roof of the building sixty seconds later at midnight. The event has been held since 1907, and has seen an average attendance of one million spectators yearly. Since 2009, the ball itself\u2014which is adorned with Waterford Crystal panels and an LED lighting system\u2014has been displayed atop the building year-round. The spectacle has inspired similar events outside of New York City, where a ball or other item is lowered or raised in an identical manner. The items used for these events often represent local culture or history: Atlanta's Peach Drop reflects Georgia's identity as the \"Peach State\"." }, "Gladius-9": { "title": "Gladius", "section": "Manufacture", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "By the time of the Roman Republic, which flourished during the Iron Age, steel and the steel-making process was not unknown to the classical world. Pure iron is relatively soft, but pure iron is never found in nature. Natural iron ore contains various impurities in solid solution, which harden the reduced metal by producing irregular-shaped metallic crystals. The gladius was generally made out of steel." }, "Hardwood-1": { "title": "Hardwood", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hardwood is wood from dicot trees. These are usually found in broad-leaved temperate and tropical forests. In temperate and boreal latitudes they are mostly deciduous, but in tropics and subtropics mostly evergreen. Hardwood contrasts with softwood (which is from gymnosperm trees)." }, "Transistor-48": { "title": "Transistor", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Field-effect transistor (FET)", "Metal-oxide-semiconductor FET (MOSFET)" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "The metal\u2013oxide\u2013semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET), also known as the metal\u2013oxide\u2013silicon transistor (MOS transistor, or MOS), is a type of field-effect transistor that is fabricated by the controlled oxidation of a semiconductor, typically silicon. It has an insulated gate, whose voltage determines the conductivity of the device. This ability to change conductivity with the amount of applied voltage can be used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. The MOSFET is by far the most common transistor, and the basic building block of most modern electronics. The MOSFET accounts for 99.9% of all transistors in the world." }, "United States Postal Service creed-1": { "title": "United States Postal Service creed", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The words \"Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds\" have long been associated with the American postal worker. Though not an official creed or motto of the United States Postal Service," }, "Jainism-4": { "title": "Jainism", "section": "Main principles", "headers": [ "Non-violence (ahimsa)" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The principle of ahimsa (non-violence or non-injury) is a fundamental tenet of Jainism. It holds that one must abandon all violent activity and that without such a commitment to non-violence all religious behavior is worthless. In Jain theology, it does not matter how correct or defensible the violence may be, one must not kill or harm any being, and non-violence is the highest religious duty. Jain texts such as Acaranga S\u016btra and Tattvarthas\u016btra state that one must renounce all killing of living beings, whether tiny or large, movable or immovable. Its theology teaches that one must neither kill another living being, nor cause another to kill, nor consent to any killing directly or indirectly. Furthermore, Jainism emphasizes non-violence against all beings not only in action but also in speech and in thought. It states that instead of hate or violence against anyone, \"all living creatures must help each other\". Jains believe that violence negatively affects and destroys one's soul, particularly when the violence is done with intent, hate or carelessness, or when one indirectly causes or consents to the killing of a human or non-human living being." }, "Secretariat (horse)-3": { "title": "Secretariat (horse)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "At age three, Secretariat not only won the Triple Crown, he set speed records in all three races. His time in the Kentucky Derby still stands as the Churchill Downs track record for \u200b1\u00a01\u20444 miles, and his time in the Belmont Stakes stands as the American record for \u200b1\u00a01\u20442 miles on the dirt. His controversial time in the Preakness Stakes was eventually recognized as a stakes record in 2012. Secretariat's win in the Gotham Stakes tied the track record for 1 mile, he set a world record in the Marlboro Cup at \u200b1\u00a01\u20448 miles, and further proved his versatility by winning two major stakes races on turf. He lost three times that year: in the Wood Memorial, Whitney, and Woodward Stakes, but the brilliance of his nine wins made him an American icon. He won his second Horse of the Year title, plus Eclipse Awards for champion three-year-old colt and champion turf horse." }, "Sport in Russia-15": { "title": "Sport in Russia", "section": "Bandy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Bandy is a team winter sport played on ice, in which skaters use sticks to direct a ball into the opposing team's goal. The rules of the game have many similarities to those of association football. The game is played on a rectangle of ice, the same size as a football field. Each team has eleven players, one of whom is the goalkeeper. A standard bandy match consists of two halves of 45 minutes each. The offside rule is also similar to that observed in football." }, "Jack Dempsey-27": { "title": "Jack Dempsey", "section": "Early life and career", "headers": [ "Title defenses", "Jack Dempsey vs. Georges Carpentier" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Dempsey did not defend his title again until July 1923 against Tommy Gibbons in Shelby, Montana. Dempsey won the match as result of a 15-round decision." }, "Richard-2": { "title": "Richard", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "\"Richard\" is a common male name in many Germanic languages, including English, German, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, and Dutch. It is also often used as a French, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Finnish, or Estonian name." }, "Letter frequency-11": { "title": "Letter frequency", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Herbert S. Zim, in his classic introductory cryptography text \"Codes and Secret Writing\", gives the English letter frequency sequence as \"ETAON RISHD LFCMU GYPWB VKJXZQ\", the most common letter pairs as \"TH HE AN RE ER IN ON AT ND ST ES EN OF TE ED OR TI HI AS TO\", and the most common doubled letters as \"LL EE SS OO TT FF RR NN PP CC\"." }, "Frozen (2013 film)-7": { "title": "Frozen (2013 film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Anna ventures out to find Elsa and end the winter, leaving Hans in command. She gets lost, collecting supplies at Wandering Oaken's shop. She meets an iceman named Kristoff and his reindeer, Sven, convincing them to take her to the mountains. An attack by wolves leads to Kristoff's sleigh being destroyed. On foot, they meet Olaf, a cheerful snowman brought to life unknowingly by Elsa, who offers to lead them to her. When Anna's horse returns to Arendelle without her, Hans sets out to find Anna and Elsa, accompanied by the Duke's minions, who have secret orders to kill Elsa." }, "Deacon-1": { "title": "Deacon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A deacon is a member of the diaconate, an office in Christian churches that is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions. Major Christian churches, such as the Catholic Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Anglican church, view the diaconate as part of the clerical state." }, "Rusev (wrestler)-1": { "title": "Rusev (wrestler)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Miroslav Barnyashev (Bulgarian: \u041c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u0411\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044f\u0448\u0435\u0432, [miro\u02c8sl\u0251f b\u0251r\u02c8nj\u0251\u0283\u025bf]; born December 25, 1984) is a Bulgarian-American professional wrestler best known for his time with WWE, where he performed under the ring name Rusev (Bulgarian: \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0435\u0432). In WWE, he was a three-time United States Champion, and he was the first and only Bulgarian wrestler to have worked for WWE." }, "Silk-2": { "title": "Silk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Silk is produced by several insects; but, generally, only the silk of moth caterpillars has been used for textile manufacturing. There has been some research into other types of silk, which differ at the molecular level. Silk is mainly produced by the larvae of insects undergoing complete metamorphosis, but some insects, such as webspinners and raspy crickets, produce silk throughout their lives. Silk production also occurs in hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and ants), silverfish, mayflies, thrips, leafhoppers, beetles, lacewings, fleas, flies, and midges. Other types of arthropods produce silk, most notably various arachnids, such as spiders." }, "Vesta (mythology)-1": { "title": "Vesta (mythology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Vesta (Latin pronunciation:\u00a0[\u02c8w\u025bsta]) is the virgin goddess of the hearth, home, and family in Roman religion. She was rarely depicted in human form, and was often represented by the fire of her temple in the Forum Romanum. Entry to her temple was permitted only to her priestesses, the Vestals, who tended the sacred fire at the hearth in her temple. As she was considered a guardian of the Roman people, her festival, the Vestalia (7\u201315 June), was regarded as one of the most important Roman holidays. During the Vestalia matrons walked barefoot through the city to the sanctuary of the goddess, where they presented offerings of food. Such was Vesta's importance to Roman religion that hers was one of the last republican pagan cults still active following the rise of Christianity until it was forcibly disbanded by the Christian emperor Theodosius I in AD 391." }, "Ahi\u1e43s\u0101-1": { "title": "Ahi\u1e43s\u0101", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ahimsa (Ahinsa) (Sanskrit: \u0905\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0938\u093e IAST: ahi\u1e43s\u0101, P\u0101li: avihi\u1e43s\u0101) (\"compassion\") is an ancient Indian principle of nonviolence which applies to all living beings. It is a key virtue in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism." }, "Pear-5": { "title": "Pear", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The pear is native to coastal and mildly temperate regions of the Old World, from western Europe and north Africa east right across Asia. It is a medium-sized tree, reaching 10\u201317 metres (33\u201356\u00a0ft) tall, often with a tall, narrow crown; a few species are shrubby." }, "The Matrix-1": { "title": "The Matrix", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Matrix is a 1999 science fiction action film written and directed by the Wachowskis. It stars Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, Hugo Weaving, and Joe Pantoliano and is the first installment in the Matrix franchise. It depicts a dystopian future in which humanity is unknowingly trapped inside a simulated reality, the Matrix, created by intelligent machines to distract humans while using their bodies as an energy source. When computer programmer Thomas Anderson, under the hacker alias \"Neo\", uncovers the truth, he \"is drawn into a rebellion against the machines\" along with other people who have been freed from the Matrix." }, "Menthol cigarette-32": { "title": "Menthol cigarette", "section": "Health impact", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "failed verification] Menthol cigarettes have been shown to inhibit nicotine metabolisation, leading to increased systemic nicotine exposure and increased nicotine addiction." }, "William Howard Taft-1": { "title": "William Howard Taft", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857\u00a0\u2013 March 8, 1930) was the 27th president of the United States (1909\u20131913) and the tenth chief justice of the United States (1921\u20131930), the only person to have held both offices. Taft was elected president in 1908, the chosen successor of Theodore Roosevelt, but was defeated for re-election by Woodrow Wilson in 1912 after Roosevelt split the Republican vote by running as a third-party candidate. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, a position in which he served until a month before his death." }, "Barley-1": { "title": "Barley", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Barley (Hordeum vulgare), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. Barley has been used as animal fodder, as a source of fermentable material for beer and certain distilled beverages, and as a component of various health foods. It is used in soups and stews, and in barley bread of various cultures. Barley grains are commonly made into malt in a traditional and ancient method of preparation." }, "White-collar crime-3": { "title": "White-collar crime", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "By the type of offense, e.g., property crime, economic crime, and other corporate crimes like environmental and health and safety law violations. Some crime is only possible because of the identity of the offender, e.g., transnational money laundering requires the participation of senior officers employed in banks. But the FBI has adopted the narrow approach, defining white-collar crime as \"those illegal acts which are characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust and which are not dependent upon the application or threat of physical force or violence\" (1989, 3). While the true extent and cost of white-collar crime are unknown, the FBI and the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners estimate the annual cost to the United States to fall between $300 and $660 billion. By the type of offender, e.g., by social class or high socioeconomic status, the occupation of positions of trust or profession, or academic qualification, researching the motivations for criminal MAFIA behavior, e.g., greed or fear of loss of face if economic difficulties become obvious. Shover and Wright point to the essential neutrality of a crime as enacted in a statute. It almost inevitably describes conduct in the abstract, not by reference to the character of the persons performing it. Thus, the only way that one crime differs from another is in the backgrounds and characteristics of its perpetrators. By organizational culture rather than the offender or offense which overlaps with organized crime. Appelbaum and Chambliss offer a twofold definition: Occupational crime which occurs when crimes are committed to promote personal interests, say, by altering records and overcharging, or by the cheating of clients by professionals. Organizational or corporate crime which occurs when corporate executives commit criminal acts to benefit their company by overcharging or price fixing, false advertising, etc. White-collar crime had been going on prior to Sutherland's definition and his research done in 1939. Sutherland wanted to find a general theory of the typical criminal and by reading other researchers work, getting the idea that all criminals were stereotyped as impoverished or of low social standing he found that hard to believe considering people of high social standing committed crime as well.In his book Sutherland said \"White collar crime may be defined as approximately as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.\"There were many factors going into the establishment of White-collar crime but the main issue was industrialization.There is a White collar crime registry identifying those who've committed white-collar crime to the public trying to deter possible victims from being victimized.The first White Collar Crime Offender Registrywas established in Utah in 2016." }, "Iyer-1": { "title": "Iyer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Iyer (also spelt as Ayyar, Aiyar, Ayer or Aiyer) is a caste of Hindu Brahmin communities of Tamil origin. Most Iyers are followers of the Advaita philosophy propounded by Adi Shankara.[citation needed] The majority reside in Tamil Nadu, India." }, "Peach-9": { "title": "Peach", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Although its botanical name Prunus persica refers to Persia (present Iran) from where it came to Europe, genetic studies suggest peaches originated in China, where they have been cultivated since the neolithic period. Until recently, it was believed that the cultivation started c. 2000 BC. More recent evidence indicates that domestication occurred as early as 6000 BC in Zhejiang Province of China. The oldest archaeological peach stones are from the Kuahuqiao site. Archaeologists point to the Yangtze River Valley as the place where the early selection for favorable peach varieties probably took place. Peaches were mentioned in Chinese writings and literature beginning from the early 1st millennium BC." }, "Cerebral palsy-5": { "title": "Cerebral palsy", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Cerebral palsy is defined as \"a group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation, that are attributed to non-progressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain.\" While movement problems are the central feature of CP, difficulties with thinking, learning, feeling, communication and behavior often co-occur, with 28% having epilepsy, 58% having difficulties with communication, at least 42% having problems with their vision, and 23\u201356% having learning disabilities. Muscle contractions in people with cerebral palsy are commonly thought to arise from overactivation." }, "Tokyo-1": { "title": "Tokyo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tokyo (/\u02c8to\u028aki\u02cco\u028a, -\u02cckjo\u028a/; Japanese: \u6771\u4eac, T\u014dky\u014d [to\u02d0k\u02b2o\u02d0] (listen)), officially Tokyo Metropolis (\u6771\u4eac\u90fd, T\u014dky\u014d-to), is the capital and most populous prefecture of Japan. Located at the head of Tokyo Bay, the prefecture forms part of the Kant\u014d region on the central Pacific coast of Japan's main island, Honshu. Tokyo is the political and economic center of the country, as well as the seat of the Emperor and the national government. The Greater Tokyo Area is the largest urban economy and the most populous metropolitan area in the world, with more than 37.4 million residents as of 2018." }, "Black Widow Murders-1": { "title": "Black Widow Murders", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "On April 18, 2008, Helen Golay, 78, formerly of Santa Monica, California, and Olga Rutterschmidt, 75, formerly of Hollywood, California, were convicted of the murders of two vagrants \u2014 Paul Vados in 1999 and Kenneth McDavid in 2005. According to reports, Golay and Rutterschmidt staged Vados and McDavid's deaths to appear as hit and run incidents in order to collect on multimillion-dollar life insurance policies they had taken out on the men. The killings became known as the 'Black Widow Homeless Murders." }, "Katharine Hepburn-63": { "title": "Katharine Hepburn", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Final years and death" ], "para_index": 63, "content": "Hepburn stated in her eighties, \"I have no fear of death. Must be wonderful, like a long sleep.\" Her health began to deteriorate not long after her final screen appearance, and she was hospitalized in March 1993 for exhaustion. In the winter of 1996, she was hospitalized with pneumonia. By 1997, she had become very weak and was speaking and eating very little, and it was feared she would die. She showed signs of dementia in her final years. In May 2003, an aggressive tumor was found in Hepburn's neck. The decision was made not to medically intervene, and she died from cardiac arrest on June 29, 2003, a month after her 96th birthday at the Hepburn family home in Fenwick, Connecticut. She was buried in Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford. Hepburn requested that there be no memorial service." }, "Elizabeth II-5": { "title": "Elizabeth II", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, the Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother, the Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat the Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London house: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May, and named Elizabeth after her mother; Alexandra after George V's mother, who had died six months earlier; and Mary after her paternal grandmother. Called \"Lilibet\" by her close family, based on what she called herself at first, she was cherished by her grandfather George V, and during his serious illness in 1929 her regular visits were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery." }, "Tiny house movement-25": { "title": "Tiny house movement", "section": "The pros and cons of tiny houses", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Small houses may emphasize design over size, utilize dual purpose features and multi-functional furniture, and incorporate technological advances of space saving equipment and appliances. Vertical space optimization is also a common feature of small houses and apartments. An example of this is the use of loft spaces for sleeping and storage. Because of overall height restrictions related to the ability to easily tow a tiny house, it is common for lofts to be between 3.3\u00a0ft and 5.5\u00a0ft (1.0m and 1.7m) inside height. Therefore, for accessibility of elderly and disabled people, larger floor plans that keep essential elements like bed, bathroom and kitchen on the main floor are more typical." }, "Sheol-2": { "title": "Sheol", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "While the Hebrew Bible describes Sheol as the permanent place of the dead, in the Second Temple period (roughly 500 BC \u2013 70 AD) Sheol is considered to be the home of the dead wicked, while paradise is the home of the dead righteous until the Last Judgement (e.g. 1 Enoch 22; Luke 16:19-31). In some texts, Sheol was considered a place of punishment, meant for the wicked dead, and is equated with Gehenna in the Talmud. When the Hebrew scriptures were translated into Greek in ancient Alexandria around 200 BC, the word \"Hades\" (the Greek underworld) was substituted for Sheol. This is reflected in the New Testament where Hades is both the underworld of the dead and the personification of it." }, "Cleopatra-8": { "title": "Cleopatra", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Early childhood" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Cleopatra VII was born in early 69 BC to the ruling Ptolemaic pharaoh Ptolemy XII and an unknown mother, presumably Ptolemy XII's wife Cleopatra VI Tryphaena (also known as Cleopatra V Tryphaena), the mother of Cleopatra's older sister, Berenice IV Epiphaneia. Cleopatra Tryphaena disappears from official records a few months after the birth of Cleopatra in 69 BC. The three younger children of Ptolemy XII, Cleopatra's sister Arsinoe IV and brothers Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator and Ptolemy XIV, were born in the absence of his wife. Cleopatra's childhood tutor was Philostratos, from whom she learned the Greek arts of oration and philosophy. During her youth Cleopatra presumably studied at the Musaeum, including the Library of Alexandria." }, "Evan Tanner-27": { "title": "Evan Tanner", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "In the summer of 2008, Tanner announced plans for a solo trip to the Imperial County, California desert. After concerns were raised, he responded on August 27, 2008. \"It seems some MMA (Mixed Martial Arts) websites have reported on the story, posting up that I might die out in the desert, or that it might be my greatest opponent yet, etc. Come on, guys. It's really common down in Southern California to go out to the off-road recreation areas in the desert about an hour away from LA and San Diego. So my plan is to go out to the desert, do some camping, ride the motorcycle, and shoot some guns. Sounds like a lot of fun to me. A lot of people do it. This isn't a version of 'Into the Wild.'\"" }, "Glorious Revolution-38": { "title": "Glorious Revolution", "section": "Dutch intervention", "headers": [ "William seeks English commitment to an invasion" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "In August, it became clear that William had surprisingly strong support within the English army, a situation brought about by James himself. In January 1688 he had forbidden any of his subjects to serve the Dutch and had demanded that the Republic dissolve its six mercenary Scottish and English regiments. When this was refused, he asked that at least those willing would be released from their martial oath to be free to return to Britain. To this William consented as it would purify his army of Jacobite elements. In total 104\u00a0officers and 44\u00a0soldiers returned. The officers were enlisted within the British armies and so favoured that the established officer corps began to fear for its position. On 14 August Lord Churchill wrote to William: \"I owe it to God and my country to put my honour into the hands of Your Highness\". Nothing comparable happened within the Royal Navy, however; claims after the event by certain captains that they had somehow prevented the English fleet from engaging seem to have been little more than attempts at self-aggrandisement." }, "Integrated circuit-2": { "title": "Integrated circuit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Integrated circuits were made practical by technological advancements in metal\u2013oxide\u2013silicon (MOS) semiconductor device fabrication. Since their origins in the 1960s, the size, speed, and capacity of chips have progressed enormously, driven by technical advances that fit more and more MOS transistors on chips of the same size\u00a0\u2013 a modern chip may have many billions of MOS transistors in an area the size of a human fingernail. These advances, roughly following Moore's law, make computer chips of today possess millions of times the capacity and thousands of times the speed of the computer chips of the early 1970s." }, "English language-2": { "title": "English language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a group of West Germanic (Ingvaeonic) dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the 5th century, are collectively called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England; this was a period in which English was influenced by Old French, in particular though its Old Norman dialect. Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London, the printing of the King James Bible and the start of the Great Vowel Shift." }, "Adhesive-42": { "title": "Adhesive", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "By origin", "Synthetic" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Synthetic adhesives are based on elastomers, thermoplastics, emulsions, and thermosets. Examples of thermosetting adhesives are: epoxy, polyurethane, cyanoacrylate and acrylic polymers. The first commercially produced synthetic adhesive was Karlsons Klister in the 1920s." }, "Kurt Cobain-3": { "title": "Kurt Cobain", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "During the last years of his life, Cobain struggled with heroin addiction and chronic health problems such as depression. He also struggled with the personal and professional pressures of fame, and his marriage to musician Courtney Love. On April 8, 1994, Cobain was found dead at his home in Seattle at the age of 27; police concluded he had died on April 5 from a self-inflicted shotgun wound to his head." }, "Thou shalt not kill-29": { "title": "Thou shalt not kill", "section": "Roman Catholic doctrine", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "This commandment demands respect for human life and is more accurately translated as \"thou shalt not murder.\" Killing may, under limited circumstances, be justified within Catholicism. The basis of all Catholic teaching about the fifth commandment is the \"sanctity of life\", which is often contrasted with the \"quality of life\" to some extent. The Church is actively involved in the public debates over abortion, capital punishment and euthanasia, and encourages believers to support legislation and politicians it describes as pro-life." }, "Mumbai-3": { "title": "Mumbai", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India. It is also one of the world's top ten centres of commerce in terms of global financial flow, generating 6.16% of India's GDP and accounting for 25% of industrial output, 70% of maritime trade in India (Mumbai Port Trust and JNPT), and 70% of capital transactions to India's economy. Mumbai's billionaires had the highest average wealth of any city in the world in 2008. The city houses important financial institutions and the corporate headquarters of numerous Indian companies and multinational corporations. It is also home to some of India's premier scientific and nuclear institutes. The city also houses India's Hindi (Bollywood) and Marathi cinema industries. Mumbai's business opportunities attract migrants from all over India." }, "Elizabeth II-3": { "title": "Elizabeth II", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "When her father died in February 1952, Elizabeth became head of the Commonwealth and queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon. She has reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. Between 1956 and 1992, the number of her realms varied as territories gained independence, and as realms, including South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (renamed Sri Lanka), became republics. Her many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and visits to or from five popes. Significant events have included her coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, and Diamond Jubilees in 1977, 2002, and 2012, respectively. In 2017, she became the first British monarch to reach a Sapphire Jubilee. She is the longest-lived and longest-reigning British monarch. She is the longest-serving female head of state in world history, and the world's oldest living monarch, longest-reigning current monarch, and oldest and longest-serving current head of state." }, "Cheek pouch-1": { "title": "Cheek pouch", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cheek pouches are pockets on both sides of the head of some mammals between the jaw and the cheek. They can be found on mammals including the platypus, some rodents, and most monkeys, as well as the marsupial koala. The cheek pouches of chipmunks can reach the size of their body when full." }, "Thermometer-1": { "title": "Thermometer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient. A thermometer has two important elements: (1) a temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer or the pyrometric sensor in an infrared thermometer) in which some change occurs with a change in temperature; and (2) some means of converting this change into a numerical value (e.g. the visible scale that is marked on a mercury-in-glass thermometer or the digital readout on an infrared model). Thermometers are widely used in technology and industry to monitor processes, in meteorology, in medicine, and in scientific research." }, "Disability-2": { "title": "Disability", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "\"Disabilities is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. An impairment is a problem in body function or structure; an activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action; while a participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations. Disability is thus not just a health problem. It is a complex phenomenon, reflecting the interaction between features of a person\u2019s body and features of the society in which he or she lives.\" \u2014\u2009World Health Organization, Disabilities Disability is a contested concept, with different meanings in different communities. The term disability may refer to physical or mental attributes that some institutions, particularly medicine, view as needing to be fixed (the medical model); it may also refer to limitations imposed on people by the constraints of an ableist society (the social model); or the term may serve to refer to the identity of disabled people. Physiological functional capacity (PFC) is a measure of an individual's performance level that gauges one's ability to perform the physical tasks of daily life and the ease with which these tasks are performed. PFC declines with advancing age to result in frailty, cognitive disorders, or physical disorders, all of which may lead to labeling individuals as disabled." }, "Monoamine oxidase-8": { "title": "Monoamine oxidase", "section": "Clinical significance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Adrenaline or noradrenaline to 3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid Metanephrine or normetanephrine to vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) Dopamine to dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3-Methoxytyramine to homovanillic acid Because of the vital role that MAOs play in the inactivation of neurotransmitters, MAO dysfunction (too much or too little MAO activity) is thought to be responsible for a number of psychiatric and neurological disorders. For example, unusually high or low levels of MAOs in the body have been associated with schizophrenia, depression, attention deficit disorder, substance abuse, migraines, and irregular sexual maturation.[citation needed] Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are one of the major classes of drug prescribed for the treatment of depression, although they are often last-line treatment due to risk of the drug's interaction with diet or other drugs. Excessive levels of catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) may lead to a hypertensive crisis, and excessive levels of serotonin may lead to serotonin syndrome." }, "Alexander Hamilton-109": { "title": "Alexander Hamilton", "section": "Post-Secretary years", "headers": [ "Duel with Burr and death" ], "para_index": 109, "content": "The duel began at dawn on July 11, 1804, along the west bank of the Hudson River on a rocky ledge in Weehawken, New Jersey. Coincidentally, the duel took place relatively close to the location of the duel that had ended the life of Hamilton's eldest son, Philip, three years earlier. After the seconds had measured the paces, Hamilton, according to both William P. Van Ness and Burr, raised his pistol \"as if to try the light\" and had to wear his glasses to prevent his vision from being obscured. Hamilton also refused the hairspring set of dueling pistols (needing less trigger pressure) offered by Nathaniel Pendleton." }, "Krishna-1": { "title": "Krishna", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Krishna (/\u02c8kr\u026a\u0283n\u0259/, Sanskrit pronunciation:\u00a0[\u02c8k\u027d\u026a\u0282\u0273\u0250]; Sanskrit: \u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0923, IAST: K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a) is a major deity in Hinduism. He is worshipped as the eighth avatar of the god Vishnu and also as the supreme God in his own right. He is the god of compassion, tenderness, love and is one of the most popular and widely revered among Indian divinities. Krishna's birthday is celebrated every year by Hindus on Krishna Janmashtami according to the lunisolar Hindu calendar, which falls in late August or early September of the Gregorian calendar. Krishna is usually depicted with a flute in his hand." }, "Minor (law)-1": { "title": "Minor (law)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In law, a minor is a person under a certain age, usually the age of majority, which legally demarcates childhood from adulthood. The age of majority depends upon jurisdiction and application, but it is generally 18. Minor may also be used in contexts that are unconnected to the overall age of majority. For example, the drinking age in the United States is usually 21, and younger people are sometimes called minors in the context of alcohol law, even if they are at least 18. The term underage often refers to those under the age of majority, but it may also refer to persons under a certain age limit, such as the drinking age, smoking age, age of consent, marriageable age, driving age, voting age, etc. Such age limits are often different from the age of majority." }, "Oscar Wilde-1": { "title": "Oscar Wilde", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854\u00a0\u2013 30 November 1900) was an Irish poet and playwright. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, the early 1890s saw him become one of the most popular playwrights in London. He is best remembered for his epigrams and plays, his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, and the circumstances of his criminal conviction for \"gross indecency\", imprisonment, and early death at age 46." }, "PlayStation 4 system software-1": { "title": "PlayStation 4 system software", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The PlayStation 4 system software is the updatable firmware and operating system of the PlayStation 4. The operating system is Orbis OS, based on FreeBSD 9. Sony didn't make downgrading the firmware possible, meaning there's no official way to downgrade." }, "Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)-7": { "title": "Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)", "section": "Concept and creation", "headers": [ "Characterization" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Tom Holland first appears as Peter Parker in the MCU in Captain America: Civil War, where he is recruited by Tony Stark to help him arrest Captain America and his rogue Avengers. Producer Kevin Feige said that Parker would be torn between superhero ideologies, saying, \"Does he want to be like these other characters? Does he want nothing to do with these other characters? How does that impact his experience, being this grounded but super powerful hero? Those are all the things that Stan Lee and Steve Ditko played with in the first 10 years of his comics, and that now we can play with for the first time in a movie.\" On aligning with Tony Stark, Anthony Russo said that, despite entering the conflict after the two factions have formed and not having much political investment, Parker's choice comes from \"a very personal relationship\" he develops with Stark. The Russos hoped \"to take a very logical and realistic and naturalistic approach to the character\" compared to the previous film portrayals. Anthony Russo added that the character's introduction had to fit \"that specific tonal stylistic world\" of the MCU, as well as the tone established by the directors in Winter Soldier, saying, \"It's a little more grounded and a little more hard-core contemporary.\" That was \"coloring our choices a lot\" with Parker. On the Spider-Man suit, Joe Russo described it as \"a slightly more traditional, Steve Ditko influenced suit,\" and that the film would explore the way the suit operates, particularly the mechanical eyes." }, "Welding-10": { "title": "Welding", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Resistance welding was also developed during the final decades of the 19th century, with the first patents going to Elihu Thomson in 1885, who produced further advances over the next 15 years. Thermite welding was invented in 1893, and around that time another process, oxyfuel welding, became well established. Acetylene was discovered in 1836 by Edmund Davy, but its use was not practical in welding until about 1900, when a suitable torch was developed. At first, oxyfuel welding was one of the more popular welding methods due to its portability and relatively low cost. As the 20th century progressed, however, it fell out of favor for industrial applications. It was largely replaced with arc welding, as advances in metal coverings (known as flux) were made. Flux covering the electrode primarily shields the base material from impurities, but also stabilizes the arc and can add alloying components to the weld metal." }, "Alcoholism-13": { "title": "Alcoholism", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "Warning signs", "Social effects" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Serious social problems arise from alcoholism; these dilemmas are caused by the pathological changes in the brain and the intoxicating effects of alcohol. Alcohol abuse is associated with an increased risk of committing criminal offences, including child abuse, domestic violence, rape, burglary and assault. Alcoholism is associated with loss of employment, which can lead to financial problems. Drinking at inappropriate times and behavior caused by reduced judgment can lead to legal consequences, such as criminal charges for drunk driving or public disorder, or civil penalties for tortious behavior, and may lead to a criminal sentence. An alcoholic's behavior and mental impairment while drunk can profoundly affect those surrounding him and lead to isolation from family and friends. This isolation can lead to marital conflict and divorce, or contribute to domestic violence. Alcoholism can also lead to child neglect, with subsequent lasting damage to the emotional development of the alcoholic's children. For this reason, children of alcoholic parents can develop a number of emotional problems. For example, they can become afraid of their parents, because of their unstable mood behaviors. In addition, they can develop considerable amount of shame over their inadequacy to liberate their parents from alcoholism. As a result of this failure, they develop wretched self-images, which can lead to depression." }, "CAPTCHA-1": { "title": "CAPTCHA", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A CAPTCHA (/k\u00e6p.t\u0283\u0259/, a contrived acronym for \"completely automated public Turing test to tell computers and humans apart\") is a type of challenge\u2013response test used in computing to determine whether or not the user is human." }, "Foot (unit)-2": { "title": "Foot (unit)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Historically the \"foot\" was a part of many local systems of units, including the Greek, Roman, Chinese, French, and English systems. It varied in length from country to country, from city to city, and sometimes from trade to trade. Its length was usually between 250\u00a0mm and 335\u00a0mm and was generally, but not always, subdivided into 12\u00a0inches or 16\u00a0digits." }, "Sh\u014den-8": { "title": "Sh\u014den", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Shoki-sh\u014den" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "One feature that distinguishes early or shoki-sh\u014den from medieval sh\u014den is their manner of formation. Most shoki-sh\u014den were established by a Buddhist temple or a central noble by obtaining ownership of either of two kinds of paddy fields: those that had existed prior to the temple's or noble's ownership; and those that were reclaimed under the order of the temple or the noble which ruled a sh\u014den. Sh\u014den composed primarily of newly reclaimed land characterized shoki sh\u014den, and accordingly shoki-sh\u014den are sometimes called kondenchi-kei-sh\u014den (\u58be\u7530\u5730\u7cfb\u8358\u5712, lit. 'estates of reclaimed fields.')." }, "Cooking-14": { "title": "Cooking", "section": "Ingredients", "headers": [ "Carbohydrates" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "An emulsion of starch with fat or water can, when gently heated, provide thickening to the dish being cooked. In European cooking, a mixture of butter and flour called a roux is used to thicken liquids to make stews or sauces. In Asian cooking, a similar effect is obtained from a mixture of rice or corn starch and water. These techniques rely on the properties of starches to create simpler mucilaginous saccharides during cooking, which causes the familiar thickening of sauces. This thickening will break down, however, under additional heat." }, "Competitive eating-2": { "title": "Competitive eating", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Traditionally, eating contests, often involving pies, were events at county fairs. The recent surge in the popularity of competitive eating is due in large part to the development of the Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest, an annual holiday tradition that has been held on July 4 every year since 1916 at Coney Island. In 2001, Takeru Kobayashi ate 50 hot dogs \u2013 smashing the previous record (25.5). The event generates enormous media attention and has been aired on ESPN for the past eight years, contributing to the growth of the competitive eating phenomenon. Kobayashi won the competition every year from 2001 until 2006, but was dethroned in 2007 by Joey Chestnut. In 2008, Chestnut and Kobayashi tied at 59 hot dogs in 10 minutes (the time span had previously been 12 minutes) and Chestnut won in an eat-off in which he was the first of the two competitors to finish eating 5 hot dogs, earning him a second consecutive title." }, "Eve-13": { "title": "Eve", "section": "In Genesis", "headers": [ "Mother of humanity" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Eve (and womankind after her) is sentenced to a life of sorrow and travail in childbirth, and to be under the power of her husband. Adam and Eve had two sons, Cain and Abel (Qayin and He\u1e07el), the first a tiller of the ground, the second a keeper of sheep. After the death of Abel, Eve gave birth to a third son, Seth (\u0160et), from whom Noah (and thus the whole of modern humanity) is descended. According to Genesis, Seth was born when Adam was 130 years old \"a son in his likeness and like his image\". Genesis 5:4 says that Eve had sons and daughters beyond just Cain, Abel, and Seth." }, "Americans-19": { "title": "Americans", "section": "Racial and ethnic groups", "headers": [ "Black and African Americans" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. According to the 2009 American Community Survey, there were 38,093,725 Black and African Americans in the United States, representing 12.4% of the population. In addition, there were 37,144,530 non-Hispanic blacks, which comprised 12.1% of the population. This number increased to 42 million according to the 2010 United States Census, when including Multiracial African Americans, making up 14% of the total U.S. population. Black and African Americans make up the second largest group in the United States, but the third largest group after White Americans and Hispanic or Latino Americans (of any race). The majority of the population (55%) lives in the South; compared to the 2000 Census, there has also been a decrease of African Americans in the Northeast and Midwest." }, "Madrid-2": { "title": "Madrid", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "km2 (233.3\u00a0sq\u00a0mi). Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid region, of which it is also the capital. As the capital city of Spain, seat of government, residence of the Spanish monarch, Madrid is also the political, economic and cultural centre of the country. The current mayor is Jos\u00e9 Luis Mart\u00ednez-Almeida from the People's Party." }, "Popeye-68": { "title": "Popeye", "section": "Popeye's Origin and The Popeye & Friends Character Trail", "headers": [ "Spinach" ], "para_index": 68, "content": "Initially Popeye's chief superhuman characteristic was his indestructibility, rather than super strength, which was attributed to his having rubbed the head of Bernice the Whiffle Hen numerous times after being shot. Popeye later attributed his strength to spinach. The popularity of Popeye helped boost spinach sales. Using Popeye as a role model for healthier eating may work; a 2010 study revealed that children increased their vegetable consumption after watching Popeye cartoons. The spinach-growing community of Crystal City, Texas, erected a statue of the character in recognition of Popeye's positive effects on the spinach industry. There is another Popeye statue in Segar's hometown, Chester, Illinois, and statues in Springdale and Alma, Arkansas (which claims to be \"The Spinach Capital of the World\"), at canning plants of Allen Canning, which markets Popeye-branded canned spinach. In addition to Allen Canning's Popeye spinach, Popeye Fresh Foods markets bagged, fresh spinach with Popeye characters on the package. In 2006, when spinach contaminated with E. coli was accidentally sold to the public, many editorial cartoonists lampooned the affair by featuring Popeye in their cartoons." }, "Voyages of Christopher Columbus-12": { "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus", "section": "Background to the voyages", "headers": [ "Funding campaign", "Spanish procurement" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "After continually lobbying at the royal court and enduring two years of negotiations, Columbus finally succeeded in January 1492. Queen Isabella's forces had just conquered the Moorish Emirate of Granada, the last Muslim stronghold of Al-Andalus on the Iberian peninsula, for Castile. Isabella and Ferdinand received Columbus in the Alc\u00e1zar (castle) in C\u00f3rdoba to support his plans." }, "Solar System-73": { "title": "Solar System", "section": "Galactic context", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 73, "content": "The Solar System is located in the Milky Way, a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter of about 100,000 light-years containing more than 100\u00a0billion stars. The Sun resides in one of the Milky Way's outer spiral arms, known as the Orion\u2013Cygnus Arm or Local Spur. The Sun lies between 25,000 and 28,000 light-years from the Galactic Centre, and its speed within the Milky Way is about 220\u00a0km/s, so that it completes one revolution every 225\u2013250\u00a0million years. This revolution is known as the Solar System's galactic year. The solar apex, the direction of the Sun's path through interstellar space, is near the constellation Hercules in the direction of the current location of the bright star Vega. The plane of the ecliptic lies at an angle of about 60\u00b0 to the galactic plane." }, "Sugar Ray Robinson-28": { "title": "Sugar Ray Robinson", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "In Robinson\u2019s last years he was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. He died in Los Angeles on April 12, 1989 at the age of 67. Robinson is buried at Inglewood Park Cemetery, Inglewood, California." }, "USS Iwo Jima (LPH-2)-1": { "title": "USS Iwo Jima (LPH-2)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "USS Iwo Jima (LPH-2) was the lead ship of her class and type\u2014the first ship to be designed and built from the keel up as an amphibious assault ship. She carried helicopters and an embarked USMC detachment for use in the Navy's \"vertical envelopment\" concept of amphibious operations. Iwo Jima was the second of three ships of the United States Navy to be named for the Battle of Iwo Jima, although the first to be completed and see service (the first was cancelled during construction)." }, "Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan-2": { "title": "Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan", "section": "Family and early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Zayed was the youngest of four sons of Sheikh Sultan bin Khalifa Al Nahyan. His father was the ruler of Abu Dhabi from 1922 until his death in 1926. Zayed was the youngest of his four brothers. His eldest brother, Sheikh Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan, became ruler of Abu Dhabi after their uncle, Saqr bin Zayed Al Nahyan, His mother was Sheikha Salama bint Butti. She extracted a promise from her sons not to use violence against each other, a promise which they kept. Sheikh Zayed was named after his grandfather, Sheikh Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan (\"Zayed the Great\"), who ruled the emirate from 1855 to 1909. At the time of Sheikh Zayed's birth, the sheikhdom of Abu Dhabi was one of seven Trucial States along the lower coast of the Persian Gulf. He also showed interest in falconry." }, "Field goal-1": { "title": "Field goal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A field goal (FG) is a means of scoring in gridiron football. To score a field goal, the team in possession of the ball must place kick, or drop kick, the ball through the goal, i.e., between the uprights and over the crossbar. American football requires that a field goal must only come during a play from scrimmage, while Canadian football retains open field kicks and thus field goals may be scored at any time from anywhere on the field and by any player. The vast majority of field goals, in both codes, are place kicked. Drop kicked field goals were common in the early days of Gridiron football but are almost never done in modern times. In most leagues, a successful field goal awards three points (a notable exception is in six-man football where, due to the difficulty of making a successful field goal because of the small number of players available to stop the opposing team from attempting a block, a field goal is worth four points)." }, "Ludacris-1": { "title": "Ludacris", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Christopher Brian Bridges (born September 11, 1977), better known by his stage name Ludacris (/\u02c8lu\u02d0d\u0259kr\u026as/), is an American rapper and actor. Ludacris is the founder of the Disturbing tha Peace record label. Ludacris has won Screen Actors Guild, Critics' Choice, MTV, and 3 Grammy Awards. Along with fellow Atlanta-based rappers Big Boi and Andr\u00e9 3000 of OutKast, Ludacris was one of the first and most influential \"Dirty South\" rappers to achieve mainstream success during the early 2000s. In 2014, Ludacris was featured in Forbes list titled \"Hip-Hop Cash Kings\", as he earned $8\u00a0million." }, "Dawes Act-3": { "title": "Dawes Act", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The \"Five Civilized Tribes\" (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee, and Seminole) were initially exempt from the Dawes Act, resulting in the creation of the Dawes Commission in 1893 as a delegation which came to define tribal belonging in terms of blood-quantum. However, because there was no method of determining precise bloodlines, commission members often assigned \"full-blood status\" to Native Americans who were perceived as \"poorly-assimilated\" or \"legally incompetent,\" and \"mixed-blood status\" to Native Americans who \"most resembled whites.\"" }, "Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia-1": { "title": "Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Alexei Nikolaevich (Russian: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0301\u0439 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447) (12 August 1904 [O.S. 30 July] \u2013 17 July 1918) of the House of Romanov, was the last Tsesarevich and heir apparent to the throne of the Russian Empire. He was the youngest child and only son of Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. He was born with haemophilia, which was treated by the faith healer Grigori Rasputin." }, "Crocodile-1": { "title": "Crocodile", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Crocodiles (subfamily Crocodylinae) or true crocodiles are large semiaquatic reptiles that live throughout the tropics in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Australia. Crocodylinae, all of whose members are considered true crocodiles, is classified as a biological subfamily. A broader sense of the term crocodile, Crocodylidae that includes Tomistoma, is not used in this article. The term crocodile here applies to only the species within the subfamily of Crocodylinae. The term is sometimes used even more loosely to include all extant members of the order Crocodilia, which includes the alligators and caimans (family Alligatoridae), the gharial and false gharial (family Gavialidae), and all other living and fossil Crocodylomorpha." }, "Sandal-1": { "title": "Sandal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sandals are an open type of footwear, consisting of a sole held to the wearer's foot by straps going over the instep and, sometimes, around the ankle. Sandals can also have a heel. While the distinction between sandals and other types of footwear can sometimes be blurry (as in the case of huaraches\u2014the woven leather footwear seen in Mexico, and peep-toe pumps), the common understanding is that a sandal leaves all or most of the foot exposed. People may choose to wear sandals for several reasons, among them comfort in warm weather, economy (sandals tend to require less material than shoes and are usually easier to construct), and as a fashion choice." }, "Rock in Rio-1": { "title": "Rock in Rio", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rock in Rio is a recurring music festival originating in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It later branched into other locations such as Lisbon, Madrid, Las Vegas and Santiago." }, "History of cannon-1": { "title": "History of cannon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The history of the cannon spans several hundred years from the 12th century to modern times. The cannon first appeared in China sometime during the 12th and 13th centuries. It likely developed in parallel or as an evolution of an earlier gunpowder weapon called the fire lance. The result was a metal projectile firing weapon that replaced other traditional missile weapons such as the bow and arrow, crossbow, and trebuchet. Cannons were used for warfare by the late 13th century in the Yuan dynasty and spread throughout Eurasia in the 14th century. During the Middle Ages, large and small cannons were developed for siege and field battles. After the Middle Ages, most large cannon were abandoned in favor of greater numbers of lighter, more maneuverable field artillery. New defensive fortifications such as bastions and star forts were designed specifically to better withstand artillery sieges. Cannons transformed naval warfare with its deadly firepower, allowing vessels to destroy each other from long range. As rifling became more commonplace, the accuracy of cannon was significantly improved, and they became deadlier than ever, especially to infantry. In World War I, a considerable majority of all deaths were caused by cannon; they were also used widely in World War II. Most modern cannon are similar to those used in the Second World War, including autocannon\u2014with the exception of naval guns, which are now significantly smaller in caliber." }, "Gratuity-15": { "title": "Gratuity", "section": "By region", "headers": [ "Africa", "Nigeria" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "In Nigeria tipping is common at upscale hotels and restaurants but a service charge is usually included in the bill, though the employees seldom get this as part of their wages." }, "Confederate States of America-1": { "title": "Confederate States of America", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Confederate States of America (CSA or C.S.), commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was an unrecognized republic in North America that existed from 1861 to 1865. The Confederacy was originally formed by seven secessionist slave-holding states\u2014South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas\u2014in the Lower South region of the United States, whose economy was heavily dependent upon agriculture, particularly cotton, and a plantation system that relied upon the labor of African-American slaves. Convinced that white supremacyand the institution of slavery were threatened by the November 1860 election of Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln to the U.S. presidency on a platform which opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories, the Confederacy declared its secession in rebellion against the United States, with the loyal states becoming known as the Union during the ensuing American Civil War. Confederate Vice President Alexander H. Stephens described its ideology as being centrally based \"upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race, is his natural and normal condition\"." }, "Prime number-14": { "title": "Prime number", "section": "Definition and examples", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "decimal numbers that end in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 are even, and decimal numbers that end in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5." }, "Anchovies as food-5": { "title": "Anchovies as food", "section": "Preparation and marketing", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The strong taste people associate with anchovies is due to the curing process. Fresh anchovies, known in Italy as alici\u00a0[it], have a much milder flavor. In Sweden and Finland, the name anchovies is related strongly to a traditional seasoning, hence the product \"anchovies\" is normally made of sprats and also herring can be sold as \"anchovy-spiced\", leading to confusion when translating recipes." }, "Communist Party of China-2": { "title": "Communist Party of China", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The CPC is officially organised on the basis of democratic centralism, a principle conceived by Russian Marxist theoretician Vladimir Lenin which entails democratic and open discussion on policy on the condition of unity in upholding the agreed upon policies. Theoretically, the highest body of the CPC is the National Congress, convened every fifth year. When the National Congress is not in session, the Central Committee is the highest body, but since the body meets normally only once a year most duties and responsibilities are vested in the Politburo and its Standing Committee, members of the latter seen as the top leadership of the Party and the State. The party's leader recently holds the offices of General Secretary (responsible for civilian party duties), Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) (responsible for military affairs) and State President (a largely ceremonial position). Through these posts, the party leader is the country's paramount leader. The current paramount leader is General Secretary Xi Jinping, elected at the 18th Central Committee held on 15 November 2012." }, "Cloak-10": { "title": "Cloak", "section": "In literature and the arts", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Cloaks are a staple garment in the fantasy genre due to the popularity of medieval settings, although fantasy cloak designs normally have more resemblance to 18th or 19th-century cloaks rather than medieval ones.[citation needed] They are also usually associated with witches, wizards, and vampires; the best-known stage version of Dracula, which first made actor Bela Lugosi prominent, featured him wearing it so that his exit through a trap door concealed on the stage could seem sudden. When Lugosi reprised his role as Dracula for the 1931 Universal Studios motion picture version of the play, he retained the cloak as part of his outfit, which made such a strong impression that cloaks came to be equated with Count Dracula in nearly all non-historical media depictions of him." }, "Vibrio cholerae-6": { "title": "Vibrio cholerae", "section": "Cholera Illness and Symptoms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Cholera is an illness that derives from the bacteria, V. cholerae. This bacteria infects the intestine where it then causes diarrhea. This bacteria, V. cholerae can be spread by eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water. This illness is also spread through humans making skin contact with contaminated water from human feces. When it comes to symptoms, not everyone with Cholera will experience symptoms but it averages about 1 in 10 people with Cholera will experience symptoms. Some symptoms include: watery diarrhea, vomiting, rapid heart rate, loss of skin elasticity, low blood pressure, thirst, and muscle cramps. This illness can get as serious as kidney failure and possible coma. If this illness is treated fast enough, the people infected can easily be cured and there is no chance of this illness reoccurring unless they are re-exposed to the bacteria." }, "Tokyo City-5": { "title": "Tokyo City", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In 1943, the city was abolished and merged with Tokyo Prefecture to form the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, which was functionally a part of the central government of Japan: the governor of Tokyo became a Cabinet minister reporting directly to the Prime Minister. This system remained in place until 1947 when the current structure of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government was formed." }, "Outline of the United Kingdom-1": { "title": "Outline of the United Kingdom", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; a sovereign state in Europe, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK), or Britain. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain\u2014a term also applied loosely to refer to the whole country\u2014the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands" }, "Osmia lignaria-8": { "title": "Osmia lignaria", "section": "Lifecycle", "headers": [ "Spring" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Once the female has finished the nest, she plugs the entrance with a mud wall, thicker than the partitions that precede it. She then seeks another location for a new nest. She works tirelessly until she dies. An O. lignaria female lives for about four to eight weeks, and can fill an average of four six-inch tubes in her lifetime, with about eight eggs per tube. Her work includes nearly 60,000 blossom visits, and has attracted growers to propagate the insect for pollination purposes in fruit orchards." }, "Harvard University-1": { "title": "Harvard University", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with about 6,800 undergraduate students and about 14,000 postgraduate students. Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, clergyman John Harvard, Harvard is the United States' oldest institution of higher learning. Its history, influence, wealth, and academic reputation have made Harvard one of the most prestigious universities in the world." }, "Macbeth-1": { "title": "Macbeth", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Macbeth (/m\u0259k\u02c8b\u025b\u03b8/; full title The Tragedy of Macbeth) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare; it is thought to have been first performed in 1606. It dramatises the damaging physical and psychological effects of political ambition on those who seek power for its own sake. Of all the plays that Shakespeare wrote during the reign of James I, who was patron of Shakespeare's acting company, Macbeth most clearly reflects the playwright's relationship with his sovereign. It was first published in the Folio of 1623, possibly from a prompt book, and is Shakespeare's shortest tragedy." }, "Ice hockey-1": { "title": "Ice hockey", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent's net to score goals. The sport is known to be fast-paced and physical, with teams usually fielding six players at a time: one goaltender, and five players who skate the span of the ice trying to control the puck and score goals against the opposing team." }, "Sam Harris-1": { "title": "Sam Harris", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Samuel Benjamin Harris (born April 9, 1967) is an American author, philosopher, neuroscientist, and podcast host. His work touches on a wide range of topics, including rationality, religion, ethics, free will, neuroscience, meditation, philosophy of mind, politics, terrorism, and artificial intelligence. Harris came to prominence for his criticism of religion, and Islam in particular, and is described as one of the \"Four Horsemen of Atheism\", along with Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens, and Daniel Dennett. His academic background is in philosophy and cognitive neuroscience." }, "Paul C\u00e9zanne-1": { "title": "Paul C\u00e9zanne", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Paul C\u00e9zanne (/se\u026a\u02c8z\u00e6n/ say-ZAN, also UK: /s\u026a\u02c8z\u00e6n/ siz-AN, US: /se\u026a\u02c8z\u0251\u02d0n/ say-ZAHN, French:\u00a0[p\u0254l sezan]; 19 January 1839 \u2013 22 October 1906) was a French artist and Post-Impressionist painter whose work laid the foundations of the transition from the 19th-century conception of artistic endeavor to a new and radically different world of art in the 20th century." }, "Personal injury-1": { "title": "Personal injury", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Personal injury is a legal term for an injury to the body, mind or emotions, as opposed to an injury to property. In Anglo-American jurisdictions the term is most commonly used to refer to a type of tort lawsuit in which the person bringing the suit, or \"plaintiff,\" has suffered harm to his or her body or mind. Personal injury lawsuits are filed against the person or entity that caused the harm through negligence, gross negligence, reckless conduct, or intentional misconduct, and in some cases on the basis of strict liability. Different jurisdictions describe the damages (or, the things for which the injured person may be compensated) in different ways, but damages typically include the injured person's medical bills, pain and suffering, and diminished quality of life." }, "Euphoria-15": { "title": "Euphoria", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Drug-induced" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "A euphoriant is a type of psychoactive drug which tends to induce euphoria. Most euphoriants are addictive drugs due to their reinforcing properties and ability to activate the brain's reward system." }, "Snickers-3": { "title": "Snickers", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In 1930, Mars introduced Snickers, named after the favorite horse of the Mars family. The Snickers chocolate bar consists of nougat, peanuts, and caramel with a chocolate coating. The bar was marketed under the name \"Marathon\" in the UK and Ireland until 1990, when Mars decided to align the UK product with the global Snickers name (Mars had marketed and discontinued an unrelated bar named Marathon in the United States during the 1970s). There are also several other Snickers products such as Snickers mini, dark chocolate, ice cream bars, Snickers with almonds, Snickers with hazelnuts, Snickers with pecans, Snickers peanut butter bars, Snickers protein and Snickers with Extra Caramel, as well as espresso, fiery, and sweet & salty versions." }, "Brooke Shields-1": { "title": "Brooke Shields", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Brooke Christa Shields (born May 31, 1965) is an American actress and model. She was initially a child model and gained critical acclaim at age 12 for her leading role in Louis Malle's film Pretty Baby (1978), in which she played a child prostitute in New Orleans at the beginning of the 20th century. Shields garnered widespread notoriety in the role, and she continued to model into her late teenage years and starred in several dramas in the 1980s, including The Blue Lagoon (1980), and Franco Zeffirelli's Endless Love (1981)." }, "Elon Musk-2": { "title": "Elon Musk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Born and raised in Pretoria, South Africa, Musk briefly attended the University of Pretoria before moving to Canada when he was 17 to attend Queen's University. He transferred to the University of Pennsylvania two years later, where he received a bachelor's degree in economics from the Wharton School and a bachelor's degree in physics from the College of Arts and Sciences. He began a Ph.D. in applied physics and material sciences at Stanford University in 1995 but dropped out after two days to pursue a business career. He subsequently co-founded (with his brother Kimbal) Zip2, a web software company, which was acquired by Compaq for $340 million in 1999. Musk then founded X.com, an online bank. It merged with Confinity in 2000, which had launched PayPal the previous year and was subsequently bought by eBay for $1.5 billion in October 2002." }, "Frankenstein-8": { "title": "Frankenstein", "section": "Summary", "headers": [ "Victor Frankenstein's narrative" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Weeks before he leaves for the University of Ingolstadt in Germany, his mother dies of scarlet fever; Victor buries himself in his experiments to deal with the grief. At the university, he excels at chemistry and other sciences, soon developing a secret technique to impart life to non-living matter. Eventually, he undertakes the creation of a humanoid, but due to the difficulty in replicating the minute parts of the human body, Victor makes the Creature tall, about 8 feet (2.4\u00a0m) in height and proportionally large. Despite Victor's selecting its features as beautiful, upon animation the creature is instead hideous, with watery white eyes and yellow skin that barely conceals the muscles and blood vessels underneath. Repulsed by his work, Victor flees when it awakens. While wandering the streets, he meets his childhood friend, Henry Clerval, and takes Henry back to his apartment, fearful of Henry's reaction if he sees the monster. However, the Creature has escaped." }, "Tony Bennett-13": { "title": "Tony Bennett", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "1951\u20131959: First successes" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "On February 12, 1952, Bennett married Ohio art student and jazz fan Patricia Beech, whom he had met the previous year after a nightclub performance in Cleveland. Two thousand female fans dressed in black gathered outside the ceremony at St. Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan, New York, in mock mourning. The couple had two sons, D'Andrea (Danny, born 1954) and Daegal (Dae, born 1955)." }, "Orthodox Presbyterian Church-1": { "title": "Orthodox Presbyterian Church", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC) is a confessional Presbyterian denomination located primarily in the northern United States. It was founded by conservative members of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (PCUSA) who strongly objected to the Modernist theology during the 1930s (see Fundamentalist\u2013Modernist Controversy). It has had an influence on evangelicalism far beyond its size." }, "Saint Kitts and Nevis-1": { "title": "Saint Kitts and Nevis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Saint Kitts and Nevis (/-\u02c8k\u026ats\u2009...\u2009\u02c8ni\u02d0v\u026as/ (listen)), officially known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis, is an island country in the West Indies. Located in the Leeward Islands chain of the Lesser Antilles, it is the smallest sovereign state in the Western Hemisphere, in both area and population. The country is a Commonwealth realm, with Elizabeth II as queen and head of state." }, "One stop shop-1": { "title": "One stop shop", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A one-stop shop, one-stop store or one-stop source is a business or office where multiple services are offered; i.e., customers can get all they need in just \"one stop\". The term originated in the United States in the late 1920s or early 1930s to describe a business model offering customers the convenience of having multiple needs met in one location, instead of having to \"drive all over the town\" to attain related services at different stores. The phrase is now used as slang to describe everything from Web sites to TV shows where people can find most of what they need, including information, in one place." }, "Noble gas-1": { "title": "Noble gas", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The noble gases (historically also the inert gases; sometimes referred to as aerogens) make up a group of chemical elements with similar properties; under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity. The six naturally occurring noble gases are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and the radioactive radon (Rn). Oganesson (Og) is variously predicted to be a noble gas as well or to break the trend due to relativistic effects; its chemistry has not yet been investigated." }, "Public holidays in the United States-16": { "title": "Public holidays in the United States", "section": "Holidays with religious, cultural or historical significance", "headers": [ "Drinking holidays" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Confederate Memorial Day is a public holiday observed by Alabama, Florida, Kentucky, Mississippi, South Carolina, Louisiana[citation needed] and Texas and an unofficially observed holiday in some other states. It is often in late April to align with the final surrender of the last Confederate Army. Texas observes Confederate Heroes Day. Confederate History Month has been declared at least once in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia as well as by various cities, usually in April to augment Confederate Memorial Day. Robert E. Lee Day (on or around Lee's Jan. 19 birthday) is still observed in Alabama and Mississippi combined with Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, the only remaining states to do so. It is officially recognised in Florida, but is not widely observed there. Arkansas combined the observance of Robert E. Lee Day with Martin Luther King, Jr. Day in 1985. In 2017, it passed a law removing Lee's name from the January holiday and instead establishing a state memorial day on the second Saturday of October in honor of Lee. Lee\u2013Jackson Day is a holiday celebrated in Virginia for the birthdays of Robert E. Lee (Jan 19) and Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson (Jan 21). The original 1889 holiday celebrated Lee's birthday until Jackson's name was added to the holiday in 1904. The holiday is currently observed on the Friday before Martin Luther King, Jr. Day. According to the National Institutes of Health, about 86% of the population over 18 drinks alcohol recreationally or socially. In the United States, the holidays that are considered the most \"festive\" are generally regarded as some of the \"most drunken holidays.\" Celebrations usually revolve around barbecues and beer. Although many of these holidays lack any official status, they are generally observed by the drinking culture for the fact that these holidays revolve around drinking. One measurement of the popularity of these holidays is the amount of alcohol purchased for the occasion. One survey names New Year's Eve as the holiday on which the most alcohol is consumed on the basis of sales. While many holidays are listed, some are generally notable for their drinking requirement while others are known for abstinence." }, "Cucumber-1": { "title": "Cucumber", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a widely cultivated plant in the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae. It is a creeping vine that bears cucumiform fruits that are used as vegetables. There are three main varieties of cucumber: slicing, pickling, and seedless. Within these varieties, several cultivars have been created. In North America, the term \"wild cucumber\" refers to plants in the genera Echinocystis and Marah, but these are not closely related. The cucumber is originally from South Asia, but now grows on most continents. Many different types of cucumber are traded on the global market." }, "Disneyland-1": { "title": "Disneyland", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Disneyland Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July 17, 1955. It is the only theme park designed and built to completion under the direct supervision of Walt Disney. It was originally the only attraction on the property; its official name was changed to Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the expanding complex in the 1990s. It was the first Disney theme park." }, "Mysophobia-1": { "title": "Mysophobia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mysophobia, also known as verminophobia, germophobia, germaphobia, bacillophobia and bacteriophobia, is a pathological fear of contamination and germs. The term was coined by William A. Hammond in 1879 when describing a case of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD) exhibited in repeatedly washing one's hands. Mysophobia has long been related to compulsive hand washing. Names pertaining directly to the abnormal fear of dirt and filth include molysmophobia or molysomophobia, rhypophobia, and rupophobia, whereas the terms bacillophobia and bacteriophobia specifically refer to the fear of bacteria and microbes in general." }, "The Atlantic-1": { "title": "The Atlantic", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Atlantic is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher. It was founded in 1857 in Boston, Massachusetts, as The Atlantic Monthly, a literary and cultural commentary magazine that published leading writers' commentary on the abolition of slavery, education, and other major issues in contemporary political affairs. Its founders included Francis H. Underwood and prominent writers Ralph Waldo Emerson, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and John Greenleaf Whittier. James Russell Lowell was its first editor. It is known for publishing literary pieces by leading writers." }, "Earth's magnetic field-1": { "title": "Earth's magnetic field", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Earth's magnetic field, also known as the geomagnetic field, is the magnetic field that extends from the Earth's interior out into space, where it interacts with the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun. The magnetic field is generated by electric currents due to the motion of convection currents of a mixture of molten iron and nickel in the Earth's outer core: these convection currents are caused by heat escaping from the core, a natural process called a geodynamo. The magnitude of the Earth's magnetic field at its surface ranges from 25 to 65\u00a0microteslas (0.25 to 0.65\u00a0gauss). As an approximation, it is represented by a field of a magnetic dipole currently tilted at an angle of about 11 degrees with respect to Earth's rotational axis, as if there were an enormous bar magnet placed at that angle through the center of the Earth. The North geomagnetic pole, which was in 2015 located on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, in the northern hemisphere, is actually the south pole of the Earth's magnetic field, and conversely." }, "Spider-Man-27": { "title": "Spider-Man", "section": "Fictional character biography", "headers": [ "2000s" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "He joins the superhero team the Avengers in New Avengers #1-2. After their respective homes are destroyed by a deranged, superpowered former high-school classmate, Parker, Watson, and May move into Stark Tower, and Parker begins working as Tony Stark's assistant while again freelancing for The Daily Bugle and continuing his teaching. In the 12-part 2005 story arc \"The Other\", Parker undergoes a transformation that evolves his powers. In the comic Civil War #2 (June 2006), part of the company-wide crossover arc of that title, the U.S. government's Superhuman Registration Act leads Spider-Man to reveal his true identity publicly. A growing unease about the Registration Act prompts him to escape with May and Watson and join the anti-registration underground." }, "Caspian Sea-1": { "title": "Caspian Sea", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. It is an endorheic basin (a basin without outflows) located between Europe and Asia, to the east of the Caucasus Mountains and to the west of the broad steppe of Central Asia. The sea has a surface area of 371,000 km2 (143,200 sq mi) (excluding the detached lagoon of Garabogazk\u00f6l) and a volume of 78,200 km3 (18,800 cu mi). It has a salinity of approximately 1.2% (12 g/l), about a third of the salinity of most seawater. It is bounded by Kazakhstan to the northeast, Russia to the northwest, Azerbaijan to the west, Iran to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southeast. The Caspian Sea is home to a wide range of species and may be best known for its caviar and oil industries. Pollution from the oil industry and dams on rivers draining into the Caspian Sea have had negative effects on the organisms living in the sea." }, "Glenn Beck-49": { "title": "Glenn Beck", "section": "Political views", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 49, "content": "On March 18, 2015, Beck officially announced that he had left the Republican Party, saying that the GOP had failed to effectively stand against the president on Obamacare and immigration reform, and because of the GOP establishment's opposition to insurgent lawmakers such as Mike Lee and Ted Cruz." }, "Apollo-183": { "title": "Apollo", "section": "Mythology", "headers": [ "Female counterparts", "Athena" ], "para_index": 183, "content": "As a deity of knowledge and great power, Apollo was seen being the male counterpart of Athena. Being Zeus' favorite children, they were given more powers and duties. Apollo and Athena often took up the role as protectors of cities, and were patrons of some of the important cities. Athena was the principle goddess of Athens, Apollo was the principle god of Sparta." }, "Diwali-1": { "title": "Diwali", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Diwali, Divali, Deepavali is the Hindu festival of lights, usually lasting five days and celebrated during the Hindu Lunisolar month Kartika (between mid-October and mid-November). One of the most popular festivals of Hinduism, Diwali symbolizes the spiritual \"victory of light over darkness, good over evil, and knowledge over ignorance\". The festival is widely associated with Lakshmi, goddess of prosperity, but regional traditions connect it to Sita and Rama, Vishnu, Krishna, Yama, Yami, Durga, Kali, Dhanvantari, or Vishvakarman." }, "Causes of cancer-1": { "title": "Causes of cancer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cancer is a disease caused by genetic changes leading to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation. The basic cause of sporadic (non-familial) cancers is DNA damage[citation needed] and genomic instability. A minority of cancers are due to inherited genetic mutations. Most cancers are related to environmental, lifestyle, or behavioral exposures. Cancer is generally not contagious in humans, though it can be caused by oncoviruses and cancer bacteria. The term \"environmental\", as used by cancer researchers, refers to everything outside the body that interacts with humans. The environment is not limited to the biophysical environment (e.g. exposure to factors such as air pollution or sunlight), but also includes lifestyle and behavioral factors." }, "John Muir-52": { "title": "John Muir", "section": "Philosophical beliefs", "headers": [ "Seeing nature as home" ], "para_index": 52, "content": "Muir often used the term \"home\" as a metaphor for both nature and his general attitude toward the \"natural world itself,\" notes Holmes. He often used domestic language to describe his scientific observations, as when he saw nature as providing a home for even the smallest plant life: \"the little purple plant, tended by its Maker, closed its petals, crouched low in its crevice of a home, and enjoyed the storm in safety.\" Muir also saw nature as his own home, as when he wrote friends and described the Sierra as \"God's mountain mansion.\" He considered not only the mountains as home, however, as he also felt a closeness even to the smallest objects: \"The very stones seem talkative, sympathetic, brotherly. No wonder when we consider that we all have the same Father and Mother.\"" }, "Walt Disney-1": { "title": "Walt Disney", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Walter Elias Disney (/\u02c8d\u026azni/; December 5, 1901\u00a0\u2013\u00a0December 15, 1966) was an American entrepreneur, animator, writer, voice actor and film producer. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons. As a film producer, Disney holds the record for most Academy Awards earned by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors. Several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress." }, "Week-8": { "title": "Week", "section": "Definition and duration", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "A week is defined as an interval of exactly seven days, so that technically, except at daylight saving time transitions or leap seconds," }, "Global warming-32": { "title": "Global warming", "section": "Models, projections and carbon budget", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "A subset of climate models add societal factors to a simple physical climate model. These models simulate how population, economic growth, and energy use affect \u2013 and interact with \u2013 the physical climate. With this information, these models can produce scenarios of how greenhouse gas emissions may vary in the future. This output is then used as input for physical climate models to generate climate change projections. Emissions scenarios, estimates of changes in future emission levels of greenhouse gases, depend upon uncertain economic, sociological, technological, and natural developments. In some scenarios emissions continue to rise over the century, while others have reduced emissions. Fossil fuel reserves are abundant, and will not limit carbon emissions in the 21st century." }, "Hal Smith (actor)-16": { "title": "Hal Smith (actor)", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Voice acting" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Smith also voiced the Disney cartoon character Goofy after Pinto Colvig died in 1967. Additionally, he provided the voice of Owl in the three original Winnie the Pooh featurettes (Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree, Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day and Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too) and The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh in 1977. In the 1960s, he was one of the most sought after voice actors in Hollywood. From 1959 till 1975, he provided the voices for Goliath, Davey's dad and many other characters in Davey and Goliath. From 1960 to 1961, he was the voice of Elmer Fudd after Arthur Q. Bryan died. In 1963, he voiced Dr. Todd Goodheart, Belly Laguna, and Dr. Von Upp in The Funny Company cartoon series. From 1964 to 1966, he was the voice of Yappee in the Hanna-Barbera cartoon shorts Yippee, Yappee and Yahooey. He was also the voice of Cosgoode Creeps, Asa Shanks, the Farmer, Mr. Greenway and Mr. Bluestone the Great Phantom, on Scooby-Doo, Where are You!." }, "Starbucks-19": { "title": "Starbucks", "section": "Products", "headers": [ "Tea" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Starbucks entered the tea business in 1999 when it acquired the Tazo brand for US$8,100,000. In late 2012, Starbucks paid US$620 million to buy Teavana. Sarbucks' does not market Teavana products in its stores, though the acquisition allowed the expansion of Teavana beyond its current main footprint in shopping malls. In January 2015, Starbucks began to roll out Teavana teas into Starbucks stores, both in to-go beverage and retail formats." }, "Pollination-1": { "title": "Pollination", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pollination is the transfer of pollen from a male part of a plant to a female part of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind. Pollinating agents are animals such as insects, birds, and bats; water; wind; and even plants themselves, when self-pollination occurs within a closed flower. Pollination often occurs within a species. When pollination occurs between species it can produce hybrid offspring in nature and in plant breeding work." }, "Phobos (moon)-6": { "title": "Phobos (moon)", "section": "Discovery", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Phobos was discovered by astronomer Asaph Hall on 18 August 1877, at the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., at about 09:14 Greenwich Mean Time (contemporary sources, using the pre-1925 astronomical convention that began the day at noon, give the time of discovery as 17 August at 16:06 Washington mean time, meaning 18 August 04:06 in the modern convention). Hall had discovered Deimos, Mars's other moon, a few days earlier on 12 August 1877 at about 07:48 UTC. The names, originally spelled Phobus and Deimus respectively, were suggested by Henry Madan (1838\u20131901), science master at Eton College, based on Greek mythology, in which Phobos is a companion to the god Ares." }, "RoboCop-1": { "title": "RoboCop", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "RoboCop is a 1987 American satirical science fiction action film directed by Paul Verhoeven and written by Edward Neumeier and Michael Miner. The film stars Peter Weller, Nancy Allen, Dan O'Herlihy, Kurtwood Smith, Miguel Ferrer, and Ronny Cox. Set in a crime-ridden Detroit, Michigan, in the near future, RoboCop centers on police officer Alex Murphy (Weller) who is murdered by a gang of criminals and subsequently revived by the megacorporation Omni Consumer Products as the superhuman cyborg law enforcer RoboCop." }, "Fastest Car-1": { "title": "Fastest Car", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fastest Car is a Netflix original series which premiered on April 6, 2018. It is a reality-show where drivers of exotic supercars go up against sleeper cars in a quarter-mile drag race. Supercars include a Lamborghini Aventador, Lamborghini Hurac\u00e1n, Ford GT, Ferrari 458, Ferrari 488, Dodge Viper, McLaren MP4, McLaren 675LT, McLaren 650S, and McLaren 720S." }, "Legend-15": { "title": "Legend", "section": "Urban legend", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Urban legends are a modern genre of folklore that is rooted in local popular culture, usually comprising fictional stories that are often presented as true, with macabre or humorous elements. These legends can be used for entertainment purposes, as well as semi-serious explanations for seemingly-mysterious events, such as disappearances and strange objects." }, "Midnight sun-3": { "title": "Midnight sun", "section": "Details", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Because there are no permanent human settlements south of the Antarctic Circle, apart from research stations, the countries and territories whose populations experience the midnight sun are limited to those crossed by the Arctic Circle: the Canadian Yukon, Nunavut, and Northwest Territories; the nations of Iceland, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (Greenland), Russia; and the State of Alaska in the United States. A quarter of Finland's territory lies north of the Arctic Circle, and at the country's northernmost point the sun does not set at all for 60 days during summer. In Svalbard, Norway, the northernmost inhabited region of Europe, there is no sunset from approximately 19 April to 23 August. The extreme sites are the poles, where the sun can be continuously visible for half the year. The North Pole has midnight sun for 6 months from late March to late September." }, "Fallout: New Vegas-2": { "title": "Fallout: New Vegas", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Players take control of a character known as the Courier. While transporting a package across the Mojave Desert to the city of New Vegas, the Courier is ambushed, robbed of the package, shot, and left for dead. After surviving, the Courier begins a journey to find their would-be killer and recover the package, makes friends and enemies among various warring factions, and ultimately becomes caught up in a conflict that will determine who controls New Vegas and the Mojave Wasteland. New Vegas received positive reviews, with critics praising the game's writing, quests, and improved gameplay, though it was criticized for its glitches and bugs on launch. It was a commercial success, shipping more than 5 million copies, and is estimated to have sold around 12 million copies worldwide. The game received a Golden Joystick Award for \"RPG of the Year\" in 2011 and was nominated for two BAFTA Awards (Best Strategy Game and Best Story), as well as a NAVGTR Award for Supporting Performance in a Drama (Felicia Day)." }, "T-1000-7": { "title": "T-1000", "section": "Creation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The development of computer-generated imagery (CGI) by Industrial Light & Magic to manipulate, re-create, and \"morph\" the image of an actor was used in the creation of the T-1000 character in the film. The computer graphics composed 6 of the 15 minutes that the T-1000 displays its morphing and healing abilities. The other 9 were achieved in camera with the use of advanced animatronic puppets and prosthetic effects created by Stan Winston and his team, who were also responsible for the metal skeleton effects of the T-800. The visual effects used in Terminator 2 to create the T-1000 won the Academy Award for Visual Effects." }, "Great Dane-3": { "title": "Great Dane", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "cm (44.0\u00a0in) from paw to shoulder. The tallest living dog is another Dane named Freddy, measuring 103.5\u00a0cm (40.7\u00a0in). In Austria and Germany the Molossian hound, the Suliot dog and other imports from Greece were used in the 18th century to increase the stature of the boarhounds." }, "Paleolithic diet-1": { "title": "Paleolithic diet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Paleolithic diet, Paleo diet, caveman diet, or stone-age diet is a modern fad diet requiring the sole or predominant eating of foods presumed to have been available to humans during the Paleolithic era." }, "Capsaicin-5": { "title": "Capsaicin", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Food" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Because of the burning sensation caused by capsaicin when it comes in contact with mucous membranes, it is commonly used in food products to provide added spice or \"heat\" (piquancy), usually in the form of spices such as chili powder and paprika. In high concentrations, capsaicin will also cause a burning effect on other sensitive areas, such as skin or eyes. The degree of heat found within a food is often measured on the Scoville scale. Because some people enjoy the heat, there has long been a demand for capsaicin-spiced products like curry, chili con carne, and hot sauces such as Tabasco sauce and salsa." }, "Hurricane force wind warning-1": { "title": "Hurricane force wind warning", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A hurricane force wind warning is a warning issued by the National Weather Service of the United States when sustained winds or frequent gusts of 64 knots (118 km/h, 74 mph) or greater are either being observed or are predicted to occur. The winds must not be directly associated with a tropical cyclone, or a hurricane warning will be issued. If winds are lighter than 64 knots, a storm warning or gale warning will be issued. In US maritime warning flag systems, two red square flags with a black square taking up the middle ninth of each flag is used to indicate a hurricane force wind warning (the use of one such flag denotes a storm warning or a tropical storm warning)." }, "The Sun-1": { "title": "The Sun", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System." }, "Second grade-1": { "title": "Second grade", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Second grade (also called grade two, corresponding to Year 3 in the UK) is a year of primary education in Canada and the US. Second grade is the second grade of primary school. Children are usually aged 7\u20138 in this grade level." }, "Lower Galilee-1": { "title": "Lower Galilee", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Lower Galilee (Hebrew: \u05d4\u05d2\u05dc\u05d9\u05dc \u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05ea\u05d5\u05df\u200e, translit. HaGalil HaTa\u1e25ton), is a region within the Northern District of Israel. The Lower Galilee is bordered by the Jezreel Valley to the south; the Upper Galilee to the north, from which it is separated by the Beit HaKerem Valley; the Jordan Rift Valley with the Jordan River and the Sea of Galilee to the east; and to the west, a segment of the Northern Coastal Plain known as the Zebulon (Zvulun) Valley, stretching between the Carmel ridge and Acre. The Lower Galilee is the southern part of the Galilee. In Josephus' time, it was known to stretch in breadth from Xaloth (Iksal) to Bersabe, and in length from Cabul to Tiberias, a region that contains around 470 square miles. It is called \"Lower\" since it is less mountainous than the Upper Galilee. The peaks of the Lower Galilee rise to 500\u00a0m (1,600\u00a0ft) above sea level. The tallest peaks are Mount Kamon (598\u00a0m (1,962\u00a0ft)) at the northern part of the Lower Galilee, and Mount Tabor (588\u00a0m (1,929\u00a0ft)) in the southern part.} The Lower Galilee consists of three different regions which differ in their geological structure:" }, "Eric Roberts-1": { "title": "Eric Roberts", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Eric Anthony Roberts (born April 18, 1956) is an American actor. His career began with a leading role in King of the Gypsies (1978), for which he received his first Golden Globe Award nomination. He was again recognized by the Golden Globes for his interpretation of Paul Snider in Bob Fosse's Star 80 (1983). Roberts' performance in Runaway Train (1985), as prison escapee Buck McGeehy, earned him a nomination for a third Golden Globe and a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He is the older brother of actress Julia Roberts." }, "Gulf of Mexico-38": { "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "section": "Pollution", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "The Gulf contains a hypoxic dead zone that runs east\u2013west along the Texas-Louisiana coastline. In July 2008, researchers reported that between 1985 and 2008, the area roughly doubled in size and now stretches from near Galveston, Texas, to near Venice, Louisiana. It is now about 8,000 square miles (21,000\u00a0km2), nearly the record. Poor agricultural practices in the northern portion of the Gulf of Mexico have led to a tremendous increase of nitrogen and phosphorus in neighboring marine ecosystems, which has resulted in algae blooms and a lack of available oxygen. Occurrences of masculinization and estrogen suppression were observed as a result. An October 2007 study of the Atlantic croaker found a disproportioned sex ratio of 61% males to 39% females in hypoxic Gulf sites. This was compared with a 52% to 48% male-female ratio found in reference sites, showing an impairment of reproductive output for fish populations inhabiting hypoxic coastal zones." }, "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles-1": { "title": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (often shortened to the TMNT or Ninja Turtles) are four fictional teenaged anthropomorphic turtles named after Italian Renaissance artists. They were trained by their anthropomorphic rat sensei in the art of ninjutsu. From their home in the sewers of New York City, they battle petty criminals, evil overlords, mutated creatures, and alien invaders while attempting to remain hidden from society. They were created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird. The characters originated in comic books published by Mirage Studios and expanded into cartoon series, films, video games, toys, and other merchandise. During the peak of the franchise's popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it gained worldwide success and fame." }, "Marvin Gay Sr.-1": { "title": "Marvin Gay Sr.", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Marvin Pentz Gay Sr. (October 1, 1914 \u2013 October 10, 1998) was an American Pentecostal minister. He was the father of American recording artists Marvin Gaye and Frankie Gaye and gained notoriety after shooting and killing Marvin on April 1, 1984, following an argument at their home." }, "Self-harm-3": { "title": "Self-harm", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The desire to self-harm is a common symptom of some personality disorders. People with other mental disorders may also self-harm, including those with depression, anxiety disorders, substance abuse, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, and dissociative disorders. Studies also provide strong support for a self-punishment function, and modest evidence for anti-dissociation, interpersonal-influence, anti-suicide, sensation-seeking, and interpersonal boundaries functions. Self-harm can also occur in high-functioning individuals who have no underlying mental health diagnosis. The motivations for self-harm vary. Some use it as a coping mechanism to provide temporary relief of intense feelings such as anxiety, depression, stress, emotional numbness, or a sense of failure. Self-harm is often associated with a history of trauma, including emotional and sexual abuse. There are a number of different methods that can be used to treat self-harm and which concentrate on either treating the underlying causes or on treating the behaviour itself. When self-harm is associated with depression, antidepressant drugs and therapy may be effective.[citation needed] Other approaches involve avoidance techniques, which focus on keeping the individual occupied with other activities, or replacing the act of self-harm with safer methods that do not lead to permanent damage." }, "Red Dog Saloon (Virginia City, Nevada)-4": { "title": "Red Dog Saloon (Virginia City, Nevada)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "During the summer of 1965, Laughlin (better known in media as Travus T. Hipp, a disc jockey and news commentator,) recruited much of the original talent that led to a mix of traditional folk music and psychedelic rock. He and his friends created what became known as \"The Red Dog Experience,\" featuring previously unknown musical acts \u2014 Big Brother and the Holding Company, The Charlatans, The Wildflower and others \u2014 who played in the refurbished saloon during 1965 - 66. There was no clear delineation between \"performers\" and \"audience\" in \"The Red Dog Experience,\" during which music, psychedelic experimentation and Bill Ham's first primitive light shows combined to create a new sense of community. Laughlin and George Hunter of the Charlatans were termed \"proto-hippies\", with their long hair, boots and clothing of a distinctly Native American heritage." }, "Robin Williams-60": { "title": "Robin Williams", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 60, "content": "On August 11, 2014, at the age of 63, Williams committed suicide by hanging at his home in Paradise Cay, California. His body was cremated at Monte's Chapel of the Hills in San Anselmo, and his ashes were scattered over San Francisco Bay the next day." }, "Green Eggs and Ham-3": { "title": "Green Eggs and Ham", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Sam-I-Am pesters his friend Guy-Am-I (who is unnamed in the original book) to eat a plate of green eggs and ham. Guy refuses by saying, \"I do not like green eggs and ham. I do not like them, Sam-I-Am.\" He repeats this all throughout the story while Sam persistently follows him, asking him to eat them in eight environments (house, box, car, tree, train, dark, rain, boat) and with three animals (mouse, fox, goat), but Guy still refuses, saying, \u201cI would not like them here or there! I would not like them anywhere!\u201d" }, "Rabbinic Judaism-3": { "title": "Rabbinic Judaism", "section": "Written and oral law", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Rabbinic Judaism is distinguished by belief in Moses as \"our Rabbi\" and that God revealed the Torah in two parts, as both the Written and the Oral Torah, also known as the Mishnah. All the laws in the Written Torah are recorded only as part of a narrative describing God imparting these laws to Moses and commanding him to transmit them to the Jewish nation." }, "Red kangaroo-10": { "title": "Red kangaroo", "section": "Ecology and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The red kangaroo ranges throughout western and central Australia. Its range encompasses scrubland, grassland, and desert habitats. It typically inhabits open habitats with some trees for shade. Red kangaroos are capable of conserving enough water and selecting enough fresh vegetation to survive in an arid environment. The kangaroo's kidneys efficiently concentrate urine, particularly during summer. Red kangaroo primarily eat green vegetation, particularly fresh grasses and forbs, and can get enough even when most plants look brown and dry. One study of kangaroos in Central Australia found that green grass makes up 75\u201395% of the diet, with Eragrostis setifolia dominating at 54%. This grass continues to be green into the dry season. Kangaroos also primarily consumed this species, along with Enneapogon avanaceus, in western New South Wales where they comprised much as 21\u201369% of its diet according to a study. During dry times, kangaroos search for green plants by staying on open grassland and near watercourses. While grasses and forbs are preferred, red kangaroos will also eat certain species of chenopods, like Bassia diacantha and Maireana pyramidata, and will even browse shrubs when its favoured foods are scarce. However, some perennial chenopods, such as round-leaf chenopod Kochia are avoided even when abundant." }, "David Duchovny-12": { "title": "David Duchovny", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Duchovny married actress T\u00e9a Leoni on May 13, 1997. Their daughter Madelaine West Duchovny was born on April 24, 1999. Their son Kyd Miller was born on June 15, 2002. Duchovny is a former vegetarian and a pescetarian." }, "Felony-6": { "title": "Felony", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "Classification by subject matter" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Murder Aggravated assault or battery Manslaughter (unintentional killing of another) Animal cruelty Vehicular homicide Larceny Arson Burglary Tax evasion Various forms of fraud Computer Crime Fraud and Abuse (computer hacking) The manufacture, sale, distribution, or possession with intent to distribute of certain types or quantities of illegal drugs In some states, the simple possession (possession without intent to distribute, e.g., for personal use) of certain types of illegal drugs, usually in more than a certain quantity but regardless of quantity for some drugs in some jurisdictions (such as Virginia for cocaine and heroin) Grand larceny or grand theft, i.e., larceny or theft above a certain statutorily established value or quantity of goods Vandalism on federal property. Impersonation of a law enforcement officer with intention of deception Treason Rape/sexual assault Kidnapping Obstruction of justice Perjury Check fraud Copyright infringement Child pornography Mail and wire fraud Forgery Threatening an official (police officer, judge) Extortion Blackmail Broadly, felonies can be characterized as either violent or nonviolent:" }, "Led Zeppelin-1": { "title": "Led Zeppelin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968. The group consisted of vocalist Robert Plant, guitarist Jimmy Page, bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones, and drummer John Bonham. With their heavy, guitar-driven sound, they are regularly cited as one of the progenitors of heavy metal, although their style drew from a variety of influences, including blues and folk music." }, "Central Park Zoo-4": { "title": "Central Park Zoo", "section": "Areas", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The Central Park Zoo is part of the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), an integrated network of four zoos and an aquarium spread throughout New York City. Located at East 64th Street and Fifth Avenue, the zoo is situated on a 6.5-acre (2.6\u00a0ha) plot in Central Park. Visitors may enter through the Fifth Avenue entrance or from within Central Park." }, "Development and discovery of SSRI drugs-10": { "title": "Development and discovery of SSRI drugs", "section": "Adverse effects", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Although generally well tolerated and numerous advantages over other antidepressants, SSRIs are not devoid of adverse effects. The adverse effects of SSRIs are usually predictable from a knowledge of their pharmacology and are dose related. Such adverse effects are gastrointestinal dysfunction (nausea, diarrhea, epigastric discomfort), effects on the central nervous system (CNS) (anxiety, fatigue, tremor), anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, difficulty in urination) and sexual dysfunction (anorgasmia or delayed ejaculation)." }, "Texas-146": { "title": "Texas", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "Languages" ], "para_index": 146, "content": "In total, 34.2% (7,660,406) of Texas's population aged five and older spoke a language at home other than English." }, "Lactic acid bacteria-14": { "title": "Lactic acid bacteria", "section": "Lactic acid bacteria and dental plaque", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "LAB are able to synthesize levans from sucrose, and dextrans from glucose. Glucans, such as dextran, enable bacteria to adhere to the surface of teeth, which in turn can cause tooth decay through the formation of dental plaque and production of lactic acid. While the primary bacteria responsible for tooth decay is Streptococcus mutans, LAB are among the most common oral bacteria which cause dental cavities." }, "QWERTY-12": { "title": "QWERTY", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Differences from modern layout", "Combined characters" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In early designs, some characters were produced by printing two symbols with the carriage in the same position. For instance, the exclamation point, which shares a key with the numeral 1 on post-mechanical keyboards, could be reproduced by using a three-stroke combination of an apostrophe, a backspace, and a period. A semicolon (;) was produced by printing a comma (,) over a colon (:). As the backspace key is slow in simple mechanical typewriters (the carriage was heavy and optimized to move in the opposite direction), a more professional approach was to block the carriage by pressing and holding the space bar while printing all characters that needed to be in a shared position. To make this possible, the carriage was designed to advance forward only after releasing the space bar." }, "Nataraja-25": { "title": "Nataraja", "section": "In dance and yoga", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "6th/7th century Nataraja in Cave 1 of Badami cave temples A damaged 6th-century Nataraja, Elephanta Caves 6th-century Nataraja in Cave 21, Ellora Caves 8th-century Nataraja in Kailasa temple (Cave 16), Ellora Caves 8th-century sandstone Nataraja from Madhya Pradesh Sukanasa with Shiva Nataraja in Pattadakal Shiva Nataraja, mid-10th Century AD, British Museum Shiva-Nataraja in the Thousand-Pillar-Hall of Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India In the Shiva temple of Melakadambur is a rare Pala image that shows the ten-armed Nataraja dancing on his bull. Nataraja The Lord of Dance. In modern yoga as exercise, Natarajasana is a posture resembling Nataraja and named for him in the 20th century. A similar pose appears in the classical Indian dance form Bharatanatyam." }, "Giraffe-16": { "title": "Giraffe", "section": "Appearance and anatomy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Fully grown giraffes stand 4.3\u20135.7\u00a0m (14.1\u201318.7\u00a0ft) tall, with males taller than females. The tallest recorded male was 5.88\u00a0m (19.3\u00a0ft) and the tallest recorded female was 5.17\u00a0m (17.0\u00a0ft) tall. The average weight is 1,192\u00a0kg (2,628\u00a0lb) for an adult male and 828\u00a0kg (1,825\u00a0lb) for an adult female with maximum weights of 1,930\u00a0kg (4,250\u00a0lb) and 1,180\u00a0kg (2,600\u00a0lb) having been recorded for males and females, respectively. Despite its long neck and legs, the giraffe's body is relatively short. Located at both sides of the head, the giraffe's large, bulging eyes give it good all-round vision from its great height. Giraffes see in colour and their senses of hearing and smell are also sharp. The animal can close its muscular nostrils to protect against sandstorms and ants." }, "Hudud-26": { "title": "Hudud", "section": "Requirements for conviction", "headers": [ "Theft" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Commenting on the verse in the Quran on theft, Yusuf Ali says that most Islamic jurists believe that \"petty thefts are exempt from this punishment\" and that \"only one hand should be cut off for the first theft.\" Islamic jurists disagree as to when amputation is mandatory religious punishment. This is a fatwa given by Taq\u012b al-D\u012bn \u02bfAl\u012b b. \u02bfAbd al-K\u0101f\u012b al-Subk\u012b (d. 756/1356), a senior Shafi scholar and judge from one of the leading scholarly families of Damascus:" }, "Solvency-1": { "title": "Solvency", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Solvency, in finance or business, is the degree to which the current assets of an individual or entity exceed the current liabilities of that individual or entity. Solvency can also be described as the ability of a corporation to meet its long-term fixed expenses and to accomplish long-term expansion and growth. This is best measured using the net liquid balance (NLB) formula. In this formula solvency is calculated by adding cash and cash equivalents to short-term investments, then subtracting notes payable." }, "Amoeba-10": { "title": "Amoeba", "section": "Shape, movement and nutrition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The food sources of amoebae vary. Some amoebae are predatory and live by consuming bacteria and other protists. Some are detritivores and eat dead organic material." }, "Kobe beef-1": { "title": "Kobe beef", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Kobe beef (\u795e\u6238\u30d3\u30fc\u30d5, K\u014dbe b\u012bfu) pronounced\u00a0[ko\u02d0be bi\u02d0\u0278\u026f] is Wagyu beef from the Tajima strain of Japanese Black cattle, raised in Japan's Hy\u014dgo Prefecture according to rules set out by the Kobe Beef Marketing and Distribution Promotion Association. The meat is a delicacy, valued for its flavor, tenderness, and fatty, well-marbled texture. Kobe beef can be prepared as steak, sukiyaki, shabu-shabu, sashimi, and teppanyaki. Kobe beef is generally considered one of the three top brands (known as Sandai Wagyu, \"the three big beefs\"), along with Matsusaka beef and \u014cmi beef or Yonezawa beef." }, "Colt Python-1": { "title": "Colt Python", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Colt Python is a .357 Magnum caliber revolver manufactured by Colt's Manufacturing Company of Hartford, Connecticut. It is sometimes referred to as a \"combat magnum\". It was first introduced in 1955, the same year as Smith & Wesson's M29 .44 Magnum. The Colt Python is intended for the premium revolver market segment. Some firearm collectors and writers such as Jeff Cooper, Ian V. Hogg, Chuck Hawks, Leroy Thompson, Scott Wolber, Renee Smeets and Martin Dougherty have described the Python as \"the finest production revolver ever made\"." }, "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution-29": { "title": "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "section": "Cruel and unusual punishments", "headers": [ "Punishments forbidden regardless of the crime" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "In Wilkerson v. Utah, 99 U.S. 130 (1878), the Supreme Court commented that drawing and quartering, public dissection, burning alive, or disembowelment constituted cruel and unusual punishment." }, "Bogan-2": { "title": "Bogan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Since the 1980s, the bogan has become a very well-recognised subculture, often as an example of bad taste. It has antecedents in the Australian larrikin and ocker, and various localised names exist that describe the same or very similar people to the bogan." }, "Gomer Pyle-8": { "title": "Gomer Pyle", "section": "Character", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Gomer's Mayberry roots were evident in the spin-off series Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C., where his countrified, backward nature served as the mainstay for the show's humor, making him a comic foil to the hard-nosed drill instructor (later platoon sergeant) Gunnery Sergeant Vince Carter, played by Frank Sutton. Both series also included several episodes displaying Gomer's skill as a baritone singer. In one episode, Gomer stated that his birthday was on Feb 26." }, "Seven Years' War-1": { "title": "Seven Years' War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Seven Years' War was a global war fought between 1756 and 1763. It involved all five European great powers of the time plus many of the middle powers and spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions: one was led by the Kingdom of Great Britain and included the Kingdom of Prussia, the Kingdom of Portugal, the Electorate of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg (also named Hanover), and a few other small German states; while the other was led by the Kingdom of France and included the Austrian-led Holy Roman Empire, including the Electorate of Saxony and most of the smaller German states, the Russian Empire (until 1762), the Kingdom of Spain, and Sweden. The Dutch Republic, Denmark\u2013Norway, the Italian States, and the Ottoman Empire did not participate. Meanwhile, in India, some regional polities within the increasingly fragmented Mughal Empire, with the support of the French, failed to defeat a British attempt to conquer Bengal." }, "General Hospital-1": { "title": "General Hospital", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "General Hospital (commonly abbreviated GH) is an American daytime television medical drama. It is listed in Guinness World Records as the longest-running American soap opera in production and the second longest-running drama in television in American history after Guiding Light. Concurrently, it is the world's third longest-running scripted drama series in production after British serials The Archers and Coronation Street, as well as the world's second-longest-running televised soap opera still in production. General Hospital premiered on the ABC television network on April 1, 1963. General Hospital is the longest-running serial produced in Hollywood, and the longest-running entertainment program in ABC television history. It holds the record for most Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Drama Series, with 13 wins." }, "Dementia-1": { "title": "Dementia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dementia is a broad category of brain diseases that cause a long-term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember that is severe enough to affect daily functioning. Other common symptoms include emotional problems, difficulties with language, and a decrease in motivation. Consciousness is usually not affected. A diagnosis of dementia requires a change from a person's usual mental functioning and a greater decline than one would expect due to aging. These diseases have a significant effect on caregivers." }, "Brown bear-27": { "title": "Brown bear", "section": "Behavior and life history", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "The brown bear is often described as nocturnal. However, it frequently seems to peak in activity in the morning and early evening hours. Studies have shown that activity throughout the range can occur at nearly any time of night or day, with bears who dwell in areas with more extensive human contact being more likely to be fully nocturnal. Furthermore, yearling and newly independent bears are more likely to be active diurnally and many adult bears in low-disturbance areas are largely crepuscular. In summer through autumn, a brown bear can double its weight from the spring, gaining up to 180\u00a0kg (400\u00a0lb) of fat, on which it relies to make it through winter, when it becomes very lethargic. Although they are not full hibernators and can be woken easily, both sexes like to den in a protected spot during the winter months. Hibernation dens may consist of any spot that provides cover from the elements and that can accommodate their bodies, such as a cave, crevice, cavernous tree roots, or hollow logs." }, "Beer-45": { "title": "Beer", "section": "Varieties", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "With improved modern yeast strains, most lager breweries use only short periods of cold storage, typically 1\u20133 weeks." }, "Aretha Franklin-1": { "title": "Aretha Franklin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Aretha Louise Franklin (March 25, 1942\u00a0\u2013 August 16, 2018) was an American singer, songwriter, actress, pianist, and civil rights activist. Franklin began her career as a child singing gospel at New Bethel Baptist Church in Detroit, Michigan, where her father C. L. Franklin was a minister. At the age of 18, she embarked on a secular-music career as a recording artist for Columbia Records. While Franklin's career did not immediately flourish, she found acclaim and commercial success after signing with Atlantic Records in 1966. Hit songs such as \"I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)\", \"Respect\", \"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\", \"Chain of Fools\", \"Think\", and \"I Say a Little Prayer\" propelled her past her musical peers. By the end of the 1960s, Aretha Franklin had come to be known as the \"Queen of Soul\"." }, "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-21": { "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "Environment" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "In addition to genetics, some environmental factors might play a role in causing ADHD. Alcohol intake during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders which can include ADHD or symptoms like it. Children exposed to certain toxic substances, such as lead or polychlorinated biphenyls, may develop problems which resemble ADHD. Exposure to the organophosphate insecticides chlorpyrifos and dialkyl phosphate is associated with an increased risk; however, the evidence is not conclusive. Exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy can cause problems with central nervous system development and can increase the risk of ADHD." }, "Henry Ford-14": { "title": "Henry Ford", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Ford Motor Company" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "In response, Malcomson brought in another group of investors and convinced the Dodge Brothers to accept a portion of the new company. Ford & Malcomson was reincorporated as the Ford Motor Company on June 16, 1903, with $28,000 capital. The original investors included Ford and Malcomson, the Dodge brothers, Malcomson's uncle John S. Gray, Malcolmson's secretary James Couzens, and two of Malcomson's lawyers, John W. Anderson and Horace Rackham. Ford then demonstrated a newly designed car on the ice of Lake St. Clair, driving 1 mile (1.6\u00a0km) in 39.4 seconds and setting a new land speed record at 91.3 miles per hour (146.9 kilometres per hour). Convinced by this success, the race driver Barney Oldfield, who named this new Ford model \"999\" in honor of the fastest locomotive of the day, took the car around the country, making the Ford brand known throughout the United States. Ford also was one of the early backers of the Indianapolis 500." }, "Eid al-Fitr-4": { "title": "Eid al-Fitr", "section": "General rituals", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Traditionally, Eid al-Fitr begins at sunset on the night of the first sighting of the crescent moon. If the moon is not observed immediately after the 29th day of the previous lunar month (either because clouds block its view or because the western sky is still too bright when the moon sets), then the holiday is celebrated the following day. Eid al-Fitr is celebrated for one to three days, depending on the country. It is forbidden to fast on the Day of Eid, and a specific prayer is nominated for this day. As an obligatory act of charity, money is paid to the poor and the needy (Arabic: Zakat-ul-fitr) before performing the \u2018Eid prayer." }, "Metropolitan Museum of Art-58": { "title": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "section": "Architecture", "headers": [ "Landmark designations" ], "para_index": 58, "content": "The museum's main building was designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1967, and its interior was separately recognized by the Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1977. The Met's main building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986, recognizing both its monumental architecture, and its importance as a cultural institution." }, "Jesus-1": { "title": "Jesus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jesus (c.\u20094 BC\u00a0\u2013 c.\u2009AD 30 / 33), also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus Christ, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader. He is the central figure of Christianity. Most Christians believe he is the incarnation of God the Son and the awaited Messiah (the Christ) prophesied in the Old Testament." }, "Herpes simplex virus-1": { "title": "Herpes simplex virus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), also known by their taxonomical names Human alphaherpesvirus 1 and Human alphaherpesvirus 2, are two members of the human Herpesviridae family, a set of new viruses that produce viral infections in the majority of humans. Both HSV-1 (which produces most cold sores) and HSV-2 (which produces most genital herpes) are common and contagious. They can be spread when an infected person begins shedding the virus." }, "Naloxone-4": { "title": "Naloxone", "section": "Medical uses", "headers": [ "Opioid overdose" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Naloxone is useful in treating both acute opioid overdose and respiratory or mental depression due to opioids. Whether it is useful in those in cardiac arrest due to an opioid overdose is unclear." }, "UTC+00:30-2": { "title": "UTC+00:30", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It was used in Switzerland (Bernese Time) until the adoption of Central European Time in 1894." }, "Manta ray-21": { "title": "Manta ray", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Mantas are found in tropical and subtropical waters in all the world's major oceans, and also venture into temperate seas. The furthest from the equator they have been recorded is North Carolina in the United States (31\u00b0N) and the North Island of New Zealand (36\u00b0S). They prefer water temperatures above 68\u00a0\u00b0F (20\u00a0\u00b0C) and M. alfredi is predominantly found in tropical areas. Both species are pelagic. M. birostris lives mostly in the open ocean, travelling with the currents and migrating to areas where upwellings of nutrient-rich water increase prey concentrations." }, "Santa Claus-3": { "title": "Santa Claus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Santa Claus is said to make lists of children throughout the world, categorizing them according to their behavior, and to deliver presents, including toys and candy, to all of the well-behaved children in the world, and coal to all the misbehaving children, on the night of Christmas Eve. He accomplishes this feat with the aid of his elves, who make the toys in his workshop at the North Pole, and his flying reindeer, who pull his sleigh. He is commonly portrayed as living at the North Pole, and laughing in a way that sounds like \"ho ho ho\"." }, "Door-to-door-1": { "title": "Door-to-door", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Door-to-door is a canvassing technique that is generally used for sales, marketing, advertising, or campaigning, in which the person or persons walk from the door of one house to the door of another, trying to sell or advertise a product or service to the general public or gather information. People who use this sales approach are often known as traveling salesmen, or by the archaic name drummer (someone who \"drums up\" business), and the technique is also sometimes called direct sales. A variant of this involves cold calling first, when another sales representative attempts to gain agreement that a salesperson should visit." }, "Pearl Harbor-1": { "title": "Pearl Harbor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pearl Harbor is an American lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. It has been long visited by the Naval fleet of the United States, before it was acquired from the Hawaiian Kingdom by the U.S. with the signing of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is now a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The U.S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet and the right to maintain a repair and coaling station for ships here in 1887. The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7, 1941, was the immediate cause of the United States' entry into World War II." }, "Self-harm-12": { "title": "Self-harm", "section": "Cause", "headers": [ "Mental disorder" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Although some people who self-harm do not have any form of recognised mental disorder, many people experiencing various forms of mental illnesses do have a higher risk of self-harm. The key areas of disorder which exhibit an increased risk include autism spectrum disorders, borderline personality disorder, dissociative disorders, bipolar disorder, depression, phobias, and conduct disorders. Schizophrenia may also be a contributing factor for self-harm. Those diagnosed with schizophrenia have a high risk of suicide, which is particularly greater in younger patients as they may not have an insight into the serious effects that the disorder can have on their lives. Substance abuse is also considered a risk factor as are some personal characteristics such as poor problem-solving skills and impulsivity. There are parallels between self-harm and M\u00fcnchausen syndrome, a psychiatric disorder in which individuals feign illness or trauma. There may be a common ground of inner distress culminating in self-directed harm in a M\u00fcnchausen patient. However, a desire to deceive medical personnel in order to gain treatment and attention is more important in M\u00fcnchausen's than in self-harm." }, "Death Magnetic-44": { "title": "Death Magnetic", "section": "Commercial performance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "In addition, nearly 60,000 copies were sold digitally, making it debut at #1 on the Digital Album chart. The album debuted at #1 on the UK albums chart after three days of availability, selling 75,164 copies. It remained at #1 for two weeks and has sold over 150,000 copies to date. In Canada, Death Magnetic debuted at #1 on the Canadian Albums Chart. It sold 81,000 copies in its first week, making it the second best-selling debut album of 2008 in Canada. It remained the #1 album for four consecutive weeks. The album was certified 4x platinum in Canada in October 2009." }, "Bathing-44": { "title": "Bathing", "section": "Types of baths", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "Where bathing is for personal hygiene, bathing in a bathtub or shower is the most common form of bathing in Western, and many Eastern, countries. Bathrooms usually have a tap, and a shower if it is a modern home, and a huge water heating pot. People take water from the tap or the water-heating pot into a large bucket and use a mug to pour water on themselves. A soap and loofah is used to clean the body after, and then rinsed again using the mug. People most commonly bathe in their home or use a private bath in a public bathhouse. In some societies, bathing can take place in rivers, creeks, lakes or water holes, or any other place where there is an adequate pool of water. The quality of water used for bathing purposes varies considerably. Normally bathing involves use of soap or a soap-like substance, such as shower gel. In southern India people more commonly use aromatic oil and other home-made body scrubs." }, "Underworld-1": { "title": "Underworld", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The underworld is the supernatural world of the dead in various religious traditions, located below the world of the living. Chthonic is the technical adjective for things of the underworld." }, "Vulcan (mythology)-41": { "title": "Vulcan (mythology)", "section": "Greek myths of Hephaestus", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "Through his identification with the Hephaestus of Greek mythology, Vulcan came to be considered as the manufacturer of art, arms, iron, jewelry, and armor for various gods and heroes, including the lightning bolts of Jupiter. He was the son of Jupiter and Juno, and the husband of Maia and Aphrodite (Venus). His smithy was believed to be situated underneath Mount Etna in Sicily." }, "Christopher Columbus-80": { "title": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "Commemoration", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 80, "content": "The anniversary of Columbus's 1492 landing in the Americas is usually observed on 12 October in Spain and throughout the Americas, except Canada. In Spain it is called the Fiesta Nacional de Espa\u00f1a y D\u00eda de la Hispanidad, while a number of countries in Latin America celebrate it as D\u00eda de la Raza. In the United States it is called Columbus Day and is observed annually on the second Monday in October. There are efforts in the US to rename Columbus Day as Indigenous Peoples' Day." }, "Very Large Telescope-3": { "title": "Very Large Telescope", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The VLT is the most productive ground-based facility for astronomy, with only the Hubble Space Telescope generating more scientific papers among facilities operating at visible wavelengths. Among the pioneering observations carried out using the VLT are the first direct image of an exoplanet, the tracking of individual stars moving around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way, and observations of the afterglow of the furthest known gamma-ray burst." }, "Disability-68": { "title": "Disability", "section": "Rights and government policies", "headers": [ "Political issues", "Abuse" ], "para_index": 68, "content": "As the prevalence of disability and the cost of supporting disability increases with medical advancement and longevity in general, this aspect of society becomes of greater political importance. How political parties treat their disabled constituents may become a measure of a political party's understanding of disability, particularly in the social model of disability." }, "Oropharyngeal dysphagia-2": { "title": "Oropharyngeal dysphagia", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Some signs and symptoms of swallowing difficulties include difficulty controlling food in the mouth, inability to control food or saliva in the mouth, difficulty initiating a swallow, coughing, choking, frequent pneumonia, unexplained weight loss, gurgly or wet voice after swallowing, nasal regurgitation, and dysphagia (patient complaint of swallowing difficulty). Other symptoms include drooling, dysarthria, dysphonia, aspiration pneumonia, depression, or nasopharyngeal regurgitation as associated symptoms. When asked where the food is getting stuck patients will often point to the cervical (neck) region as the site of the obstruction." }, "Goofy-43": { "title": "Goofy", "section": "Voice actors", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "Goofy was the star of an early platformer, Matterhorn Screamer for the Apple II and Commodore 64. Goofy appears as the owner (or perhaps simply the cashier) of the \"Junk\" store in Donald Duck's Playground, developed and published in the 1980s by Sierra On-Line for the Commodore 64, IBM PC, Apple II, Amiga, and Atari ST. Goofy also starred in Super NES action game Goof Troop alongside his son Max and in Goofy's Hysterical History Tour for the Sega Genesis where he's ahead janitor and he must recover the missing pieces of some museum exhibits. Goofy appears briefly in Quackshot, a Genesis game that starred Donald Duck. Goofy is located within the ancient ruins in Mexico and gives Donald the red plunger (an upgrade to Donald's plunger gun allows the climbing of walls) and a strange note that solves a puzzle in Egypt later in the game. He also was in the Nintendo GameCube and Game Boy Advance game Disney's Party as one of the playable characters. Two games for kids were released: Goofy's Fun House for the PlayStation and Goofy's Railway Express for the Commodore 64. He also appears 2001 in Disney's Extremely Goofy Skateboarding for PC. Goofy is a playable character in Disney TH!NK Fast. Concept art for Goofy was made for his appearance in the 2009 & 2010 Wii game, Epic Mickey. He appears as one of the \"buddies\" that the Mad Doctor creates for Oswald the Lucky Rabbit to replicate the facade of Mickey Mouse's success. A variation of him seems to appear as a minor shopkeeper named Tiki Sam. Goofy briefly appears in Disney's Magical Quest for Super NES, released in 1992. As noted above, Goofy appears in Disney's online game Toontown Online. Goofy was also a playable character in Disney Golf for the PS2. Goofy is one the eight playable racers in the GBA game Disney Kart: Circuit Tour. Pinto Colvig voiced Goofy for most of his classic appearances from 1932 (Mickey's Revue) to 1938 (The Whalers) when he had a fallout with Disney and left the company to work on other projects. He was later replaced by Danny Webb from 1939 to 1941. However, Colvig returned to Disney and resumed the role in 1944 (How to Be a Sailor) until shortly before his death in 1967. One of his last known performances as the character was for the Telephone Pavilion at Expo 67. Many cartoons feature Goofy silent or have recycled dialogue from earlier shorts or have various different-sounding Goofys instead of the original. Colvig also gave Goofy a normal voice for four George Geef. Stuart Buchanan voiced Goofy in The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air. Bob Jackman took Colvig's place when he left the Disney Studios for unknown reasons and voiced Goofy in 1951 for a brief time. Jimmy MacDonald, the voice of Mickey Mouse voiced Goofy in the 1960s Disney album, Donald Duck and his Friends. Jack Bailey also voiced Goofy in several Donald Duck cartoons. Bill Lee provided the singing voice for Goofy on the 1964 record, Children's Riddles and Game Songs. Hal Smith began voicing Goofy in 1967 after Pinto Colvig's death and voiced him until Mickey's Christmas Carol in 1983. Will Ryan did the voice for DTV Valentine in 1986 and Down and Out with Donald Duck in 1987. Tony Pope voiced Goofy in the 1979 Disney album, Mickey Mouse Disco for the song, \"Watch out for Goofy\". He then voiced him in Sport Goofy in Soccermania in 1987 and Who Framed Roger Rabbit in 1988. Aside from those occasions, Bill Farmer has been voicing Goofy since 1987. While Pope was the sole voice credit for Goofy in Roger Rabbit, Farmer actually provided some of Goofy's lines in the movie as well. Farmer closely imitated Colvig for projects like The Prince and the Pauper but began putting his own spin on the character in 1992's Goof Troop. Farmer also inherited Colvig's other characters, like Pluto, Sleepy, and Practical Pig." }, "Aloe vera-17": { "title": "Aloe vera", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Dietary supplement" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Aloe vera juice is marketed to support the health of the digestive system, but there is neither scientific evidence nor regulatory approval to support this claim. The extracts and quantities typically used for such purposes appear to be dose-dependent for toxic effects." }, "Dysphoria-5": { "title": "Dysphoria", "section": "In psychiatry", "headers": [ "Gender dysphoria" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Gender dysphoria is discomfort, unhappiness, or distress due to one's gender or physical sex. The current edition (DSM-5) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders uses the term \"gender dysphoria\" where it previously referred to \"gender identity disorder\", making it clear that they no longer consider the gender identity to be disordered, but rather the emotional state of distress which results from the gender identity." }, "Bob Ross-1": { "title": "Bob Ross", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Robert Norman Ross (October 29, 1942 \u2013 July 4, 1995) was an American painter, art instructor, and television host. He was the creator and host of The Joy of Painting, an instructional television program that aired from 1983 to 1994 on PBS in the United States, and also aired in Canada, Latin America, and Europe. Ross went from being a public television personality in the 1980s and 1990s to posthumously being an Internet celebrity in the 21st century, with his talent and kindness leading to major popularity with fans on YouTube, Twitch, and other websites years after his death." }, "Julia (daughter of Caesar)-1": { "title": "Julia (daughter of Caesar)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Julia (c. 76 BC \u2013 54 BC) was the daughter of Roman dictator Julius Caesar by his first or second wife Cornelia, and his only child from his marriages. Julia became the fourth wife of Pompey the Great and was renowned for her beauty and virtue." }, "Backpack-23": { "title": "Backpack", "section": "Special-purpose backpacks", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Some backpacks are specifically designed to carry certain items. Common examples include backpacks for small valuable items such as laptops and cameras; backpacks designed to hold laptop computers in particular generally have a padded compartment to hold the computer and medium-sized pockets and flaps to accommodate accessories such as charger cables and mice. These are especially common in college and university settings. In order to supply these devices with electricity, a few high-end backpacks are equipped with solar panels." }, "Cucumber-25": { "title": "Cucumber", "section": "Cultivation history", "headers": [ "Early-modern age" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Throughout the 16th century, European trappers, traders, bison hunters, and explorers bartered for the products of American Indian agriculture. The tribes of the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains learned from the Spanish how to grow European crops. The farmers on the Great Plains included the Mandan and Abenaki. They obtained cucumbers and watermelons from the Spanish, and added them to the crops they were already growing, including several varieties of corn and beans, pumpkins, squash, and gourd plants. The Iroquois were also growing them when the first Europeans visited them." }, "Polo Grounds-32": { "title": "Polo Grounds", "section": "Polo Grounds III and IV", "headers": [ "Demolition" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "The final iteration of the Polo Grounds was demolished in 1964, beginning in April with the same wrecking ball bomb (painted to look like a baseball) that had been used four years earlier on Ebbets Field. The wrecking crew wore Giants jerseys and tipped their hard hats to the historic stadium as they began dismantlement. It took a crew of 60 workers more than four months to level the structure. The Indians' bus passed the site in the midst of demolition while Cleveland was playing the Yankees; Dick Donovan, eyeing the rubble, remarked, \"Boy, they must have had a helluva game there last night.\" The site is now home to the Polo Grounds Towers, a public housing project opened in 1968 and managed by the New York City Housing Authority." }, "T-1000-10": { "title": "T-1000", "section": "Appearance and abilities", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "In the Terminator 2 storyline, the T-1000 is made of liquid metal. The T-800 explains that the T-1000 is a more advanced Terminator, composed entirely of a \"mimetic polyalloy\", rendering it capable of rapid shape shifting, near-perfect mimicry and recovery from damage. Furthermore, it can use its ability to liquify and assume alternative forms such as fitting through narrow openings, morphing its arms into solid metal tools or bladed weapons, walking through prison bars, flattening itself and imitating the pattern and texture of the ground to hide or ambush targets." }, "William Franklyn-1": { "title": "William Franklyn", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "William Leo Franklyn (22 September 1925 \u2013 31 October 2006) was a British actor, perhaps best known for voicing the \"Schhh... You Know Who\" adverts for Schweppes from 1965 to 1973. He also performed on stage, film, television and radio, taking over from Peter Jones as \"The Book\" (the narrator) in the third, fourth and fifth radio series of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. He is also known for his portrayal of Sexton Blake for BBC Radio 4 in 1967." }, "Bruce Gandy-5": { "title": "Bruce Gandy", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In 1982, he joined the nascent 78th Fraser Highlanders Pipe Band under pipe major Bill Livingstone, and played with them for 15 years, including a World Championship win in 1987, when the 78th Fraser Highlanders became the first band based outside Scotland to win the title. He was later pipe sergeant of the band between 1995 and 1997. In late 1997, he moved from Ontario to Prince Edward Island, where he was an instructor at the College of Piping, and then three years later he moved to Halifax, and played with the 78th Highlanders (Halifax Citadel) Pipe Band." }, "Lil Wayne-4": { "title": "Lil Wayne", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Lil Wayne has sold over 120 million records worldwide, including more than 15 million albums and 37 million digital tracks in the United States, making him one of the world's best-selling music artists. He has won five Grammy Awards, 11 BET Awards, four Billboard Music Awards, two MTV Video Music Awards and eight NAACP Image Awards. On September 27, 2012, he became the first male artist to surpass Elvis Presley with the most entries on the Billboard Hot 100, with 109 songs. Lil Wayne also currently serves as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of his own label, Young Money Entertainment." }, "Ancient Greece-42": { "title": "Ancient Greece", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Regions" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "In the south lay the Peloponnese, itself consisting of the regions of Laconia (southeast), Messenia (southwest), Elis (west), Achaia (north), Korinthia (northeast), Argolis (east), and Arcadia (center). These names survive to the present day as regional units of modern Greece, though with somewhat different boundaries. Mainland Greece to the north, nowadays known as Central Greece, consisted of Aetolia and Acarnania in the west, Locris, Doris, and Phocis in the center, while in the east lay Boeotia, Attica, and Megaris. Northeast lay Thessaly, while Epirus lay to the northwest. Epirus stretched from the Ambracian Gulf in the south to the Ceraunian mountains and the Aoos river in the north, and consisted of Chaonia (north), Molossia (center), and Thesprotia (south). In the northeast corner was Macedonia, originally consisting Lower Macedonia and its regions, such as Elimeia, Pieria, and Orestis. Around the time of Alexander I of Macedon, the Argead kings of Macedon started to expand into Upper Macedonia, lands inhabited by independent Macedonian tribes like the Lyncestae and the Elmiotae and to the West, beyond the Axius river, into Eordaia, Bottiaea, Mygdonia, and Almopia, regions settled by Thracian tribes. To the north of Macedonia lay various non-Greek peoples such as the Paeonians due north, the Thracians to the northeast, and the Illyrians, with whom the Macedonians were frequently in conflict, to the northwest. Chalcidice was settled early on by southern Greek colonists and was considered part of the Greek world, while from the late 2nd millennium BC substantial Greek settlement also occurred on the eastern shores of the Aegean, in Anatolia." }, "Week-10": { "title": "Week", "section": "Definition and duration", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "1 Gregorian calendar year = 52 weeks + 1 day (2 days in a leap year) 1 week = \u200b1600\u20446957 \u2248 22." }, "Swan-6": { "title": "Swan", "section": "Distribution and movements", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Swans are generally found in temperate environments, rarely occurring in the tropics. A group of swans is called a bevy or a wedge in flight. Four (or five) species occur in the Northern Hemisphere, one species is found in Australia, one extinct species was found in New Zealand and the Chatham Islands, and one species is distributed in southern South America. They are absent from tropical Asia, Central America, northern South America and the entirety of Africa. One species, the mute swan, has been introduced to North America, Australia and New Zealand." }, "Sharia-4": { "title": "Sharia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In the modern era, traditional laws in the Muslim world have been widely replaced by statutes inspired by European models. Judicial procedures and legal education were likewise brought in line with European practice. While the constitutions of most Muslim-majority states contain references to Sharia, its classical rules were largely retained only in personal status (family) laws. Legislators who codified these laws sought to modernize them without abandoning their foundations in traditional jurisprudence. The Islamic revival of the late 20th century brought along calls by Islamist movements for full implementation of Sharia, including hudud corporal punishments, such as stoning. In some cases, this resulted in traditionalist legal reform, while other countries witnessed juridical reinterpretation of Sharia advocated by progressive reformers. Some Muslim-minority countries recognize the use of Sharia-based family laws for their Muslim populations. Sharia also continues to influence other aspects of private and public life." }, "Tesla-2": { "title": "Tesla", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Nikola Tesla (1856\u20131943), Serbian-American electrical engineer and inventor Tesla, Inc., an American electric vehicle and clean energy company, formerly Tesla Motors, Inc. Tesla may also refer to:" }, "Secretary General of NATO-13": { "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "section": "Selection", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "The NATO Command Structure (NCS), consisting of two strategic commands directed by the North Atlantic Council (NAC): Liaison:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Provides advice and support to the NAC There is no formal process for selecting the secretary general. Instead, the members of NATO traditionally reach a consensus on who should serve next. This procedure often takes place through informal diplomatic channels, but it still can become contentious. For example, in 2009, controversy arose over the choice of Anders Fogh Rasmussen as secretary general, due to opposition from Turkey." }, "H\u00e9lio Gracie-25": { "title": "H\u00e9lio Gracie", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "H\u00e9lio Gracie had been married to Margarida for fifty years. During their marriage, Gracie became the father of three sons (Rickson, Rorion, and Relson) with Isabel 'Belinha' Soares and four sons (Royler, Rolker, Royce, Robin), two daughters (Rerika and Ricci) with Vera. After Margarida's death, he married Vera who was 32 years his junior. Gracie was grandfather to many BJJ black belts, including Ryron, Rener, Ralek, Kron, and Rhalan." }, "Life expectancy-12": { "title": "Life expectancy", "section": "Human patterns", "headers": [ "Regional variations" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Human beings are expected to live on average 30\u201340 years in Eswatini and 82.6 years in Japan, but the latter's recorded life expectancy may have been very slightly increased by counting many infant deaths as stillborn. An analysis published in 2011 in The Lancet attributes Japanese life expectancy to equal opportunities and public health as well as diet." }, "Meryl Streep-1": { "title": "Meryl Streep", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mary Louise \"Meryl\" Streep (born June 22, 1949) is an American actress. Often described as the \"best actress of her generation\", Streep is particularly known for her versatility and accents. Nominated for a record 21 Academy Awards, she has won three. Among other accolades, she has received a record 32 Golden Globe nominations, and has won eight." }, "Herman Tarnower-1": { "title": "Herman Tarnower", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Herman Tarnower (March 18, 1910 \u2013 March 10, 1980) was an American cardiologist and co-author (with Samm Sinclair Baker) of the bestselling diet book The Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet (1978), which promoted a high-protein low-carbohydrate fad diet known as the Scarsdale diet. On March 10, 1980, just eight days before his 70th birthday, Tarnower was shot dead by Jean Harris. Harris was convicted of his murder at trial in White Plains, New York in 1981." }, "Hair coloring-26": { "title": "Hair coloring", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Alternative color" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "The chemical formulae of alternative color dyes typically contain only tint and have no developer. This means that they will only create the bright color of the packet if they are applied to light blond hair. Darker hair (medium brown to black) would need to be bleached in order for these pigment applications to take to the hair desirably. Some types of fair hair may also take vivid colors more fully after bleaching. Gold, yellow and orange undertones in hair that has not been lightened enough can muddy the final hair color, especially with pink, blue and green dyes. Although some alternative colors are semi-permanent, such as blue and purple, it could take several months to fully wash the color from bleached or pre-lightened hair." }, "Easy Rider-40": { "title": "Easy Rider", "section": "Sequel", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "In 2012, a sequel to the movie was released titled Easy Rider: The Ride Back, directed by Dustin Rikert. The film is about the family of Wyatt \"Captain America\" Williams from the 1940s to the present day. No members of the original cast or crew were involved with the film, which was produced and written by amateur filmmaker Phil Pitzer, who had purchased the sequel rights to Easy Rider. Pitzer also pursued legal action against Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider in order to block them from reclaiming the rights to the film." }, "Cigarette-3": { "title": "Cigarette", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Smoking rates have generally declined in the developed world, but continue to rise in some developing nations. Cigarette smoking causes disease and harms nearly every organ of the body. Nicotine is also highly addictive. About half of cigarette smokers die of tobacco-related disease and lose on average 14 years of life. Every year, tobacco cigarettes kill more than 8 million people worldwide; with 1.2 million of those being non-smokers dying as the result of exposure to second-hand smoke. Second-hand smoke from cigarettes causes many of the same health problems as smoking, including cancer, which has led to legislation and policy that has prohibited smoking in many workplaces and public areas. Cigarette smoke contains over 7,000 chemical compounds, including arsenic, formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide, lead, nicotine, carbon monoxide, acrolein, and other poisonous substances. Over 70 of these are carcinogenic. Cigarette use by pregnant women has also been shown to cause birth defects, including low birth weight, fetal abnormalities, and premature birth." }, "Salt-1": { "title": "Salt", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in its natural form as a crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite. Salt is present in vast quantities in seawater, where it is the main mineral constituent. The open ocean has about 35 grams (1.2\u00a0oz) of solids per liter of sea water, a salinity of 3.5%." }, "Tricarboxylic acid-1": { "title": "Tricarboxylic acid", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A tricarboxylic acid is an organic carboxylic acid whose chemical structure contains three carboxyl functional groups (-COOH). The best-known example of a tricarboxylic acid is citric acid." }, "Surf culture-68": { "title": "Surf culture", "section": "Surfing in multimedia", "headers": [ "Films about surfing" ], "para_index": 68, "content": "The surf culture is reflected in film. Bruce Brown's classic movie The Endless Summer glorified surfing in a round-the-world search for the perfect wave. John Milius's homage to the Malibu of his youth in Big Wednesday remains a metaphor for the similarities between the changing surf and life. The 1980s cult classics North Shore and Fast Times at Ridgemont High serve as mainstream introductions to teenage, light-hearted, superficial surf life (from its supposed \"heyday\"). Beach movies such as the Gidget series, and Beach Party films such as Beach Blanket Bingo are less reverential depictions of the culture. Liquid Time (2002) is an avant-garde surf film that focuses solely on the fluid forms of tubing waves. Blue Crush (2002) is a film about surfer girls on Hawaii's North Shore. The sequel, Blue Crush 2 (2011) is a film about a California rich girl who travels to South Africa to find out more about her mother and herself. The 1991 film Point Break involves a group of bank robbers who are also surfers. The 1987 comedy film Surf Nazis Must Die features surfer gangs in the wake of an earthquake that destroys the California coastline. Soul Surfer is a biopic about real-life surfer Bethany Hamilton in Hawaii." }, "The Great Gatsby-23": { "title": "The Great Gatsby", "section": "Writing and production", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "By August, however, Fitzgerald was hard at work and completed what he believed to be his final manuscript in October, sending the book to his editor, Maxwell Perkins, and agent, Harold Ober, on October 30. The Fitzgeralds then moved to Rome for the winter. Fitzgerald made revisions through the winter after Perkins informed him in a November letter that the character of Gatsby was \"somewhat vague\" and Gatsby's wealth and business, respectively, needed \"the suggestion of an explanation\" and should be \"adumbrated.\" Fitzgerald thanked Perkins for his detailed criticisms and stated, \"With the aid you've given me I can make Gatsby perfect.\"" }, "Sun tanning-1": { "title": "Sun tanning", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sun tanning or simply tanning is the process whereby skin color is darkened or tanned. It is most often a result of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight or from artificial sources, such as a tanning lamp found in indoor tanning beds. People who deliberately tan their skin by exposure to the sun engage in a passive recreational activity of sun bathing. Some people use chemical products which can produce a tanning effect without exposure to ultraviolet radiation, known as sunless tanning." }, "Game engine-1": { "title": "Game engine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A game engine, also known as a game architecture, game framework or gameframe, is a software-development environment designed for people to build video games. Developers use game engines to construct games for consoles, mobile devices, and personal computers. The core functionality typically provided by a game engine includes a rendering engine (\"renderer\") for 2D or 3D graphics, a physics engine or collision detection (and collision response), sound, scripting, animation, artificial intelligence, networking, streaming, memory management, threading, localization support, scene graph, and may include video support for cinematics. Implementers often economize on the process of game development by reusing/adapting, in large part, the same game engine to produce different games" }, "Acceleration-13": { "title": "Acceleration", "section": "Definition and properties", "headers": [ "Other forms" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "F = m a \u2192 a = F m {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {F} =m\\mathbf {a} \\quad \\to \\quad \\mathbf {a} ={\\frac {\\mathbf {F} }{m}}} where F is the net force acting on the body, m is the mass of the body, and a is the center-of-mass acceleration. As speeds approach the speed of light, relativistic effects become increasingly large." }, "Seinfeld-1": { "title": "Seinfeld", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Seinfeld is an American sitcom television series created by Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld for NBC. As a comedian rising in popularity in the late eighties, Seinfeld was presented with an opportunity to create a show with NBC. Seinfeld asked fellow comedian and friend Larry David to help create a premise for a sitcom. The show stars Seinfeld as a fictionalized version of himself, and mostly focuses on his personal life with a handful of friends and acquaintances, including best friend George Costanza (Jason Alexander), friend and former girlfriend Elaine Benes (Julia Louis-Dreyfus), and neighbor across the hall Cosmo Kramer (Michael Richards). Seinfeld is set predominantly in an apartment building in Manhattan's Upper West Side in New York City. It is often described as being \"a show about nothing\", as many of its episodes are about the minutiae of daily life." }, "Death (disambiguation)-1": { "title": "Death (disambiguation)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Death is the termination of the biological functions that sustain a living organism." }, "NBA Draft Combine-3": { "title": "NBA Draft Combine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In 2013, Rudy Gobert set the Combine records for wingspan 7\u00a0feet 8.5\u00a0inches (2.35\u00a0m) and standing reach 9\u00a0feet 7\u00a0inches (2.92\u00a0m). Those records were later be broken in 2018 by Mohamed Bamba, and then by Tacko Fall a year later. Fall also became the tallest participant in event history at 7\u00a0feet 7\u00a0inches (2.31\u00a0m). D. J. Stephens set the vertical leap record in 2013 at 46 inches (1.17\u00a0m). Combine results may or may not affect draft position, depending on certain results from it. Supposedly, medical test results caused Jared Sullinger to fall to No. 21 in 2012, while Kevin Durant was drafted No. 2 in 2007 despite not being able to do a single repetition on the 185-pound (84\u00a0kg) bench press. Durant is not alone; Jamal Crawford, Monta Ellis, T. J. Ford, and Luke Ridnour are among the zero-rep producers. The record is 27 reps by Jason Keep in 2003. In 2016, Tyler Ulis set the Combine record for being the lightest player to record his weight at the event, being set at 149 pounds. The heaviest players recorded at the Combine were Dexter Pittman back in 2010 and Isaac Haas in 2018, both of whom were set at 303 pounds." }, "Earthly Branches-6": { "title": "Earthly Branches", "section": "Twelve branches", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Some cultures assign different animals: Vietnam replaces the Ox and Rabbit with the water buffalo and cat, respectively; Tibet replaces the Rooster with the bird. In the traditional Kazakh version of the 12\u00a0year animal cycle (Kazakh: \u043c\u04af\u0448\u0435\u043b, m\u00fc\u015fel), the Dragon is substituted by a snail (Kazakh: \u04b1\u043b\u0443, ulw), and the Tiger appears as a leopard (Kazakh: \u0431\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0441, bar\u0131s)." }, "World War II casualties-1": { "title": "World War II casualties", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history. An estimated total of 70\u201385\u00a0million people perished, which was about 3% of the 1940 world population (est. 2.3\u00a0billion)." }, "Jazz club-2": { "title": "Jazz club", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In the 2000s, jazz clubs may be found in the basements of larger residential buildings, in storefront locations or in the upper floors of retail businesses. They can be rather small compared to other music venues, such as rock music clubs, reflecting the intimate atmosphere of jazz shows and long-term decline in popular interest in jazz. Despite being called \"clubs\", these venues are usually not exclusive. Some clubs, however, have a cover charge if a live band is playing. Some jazz clubs host \"jam sessions\" after hours or on early evenings of the week. At jam sessions, both professional musicians and advanced amateurs will typically share the stage." }, "Eric Roberts-2": { "title": "Eric Roberts", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In a career spanning over 40 years, Roberts has amassed more than 561 credits, including Raggedy Man (1981), The Pope of Greenwich Village (1984), The Specialist (1994), Cecil B. Demented (2000), National Security (2003), A Guide to Recognizing Your Saints (2006), The Dark Knight (2008), The Expendables (2010) and Inherent Vice (2014). His equally varied television work includes three seasons with the sitcom Less than Perfect, as well as recurring roles on the NBC drama Heroes and the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless, as well as Saved by the Light, the legal drama Suits, Fox's The Finder, and as The Master in the 1996 Doctor Who television movie." }, "Clothing-2": { "title": "Clothing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Clothing serves many purposes: it can serve as protection from the elements, rough surfaces, rash-causing plants, insect bites, splinters, thorns and prickles by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment. Clothes can insulate against cold or hot conditions, and they can provide a hygienic barrier, keeping infectious and toxic materials away from the body. Clothing also provides protection from ultraviolet radiation." }, "Coronavirus-26": { "title": "Coronavirus", "section": "Infection in humans", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Coronaviruses vary significantly in risk factor. Some can kill more than 30% of those infected, such as MERS-CoV, and some are relatively harmless, such as the common cold. Coronaviruses can cause colds with major symptoms, such as fever, and a sore throat from swollen adenoids. Coronaviruses can cause pneumonia (either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia) and bronchitis (either direct viral bronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis). The human coronavirus discovered in 2003, SARS-CoV, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), has a unique pathogenesis because it causes both upper and lower respiratory tract infections." }, "Metric system-5": { "title": "Metric system", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The units of the metric system, originally taken from observable features of nature, are now defined by seven physical constants being given exact numerical values in terms of the units. In the modern form of the International System of Units (SI), the seven base units are: metre for length, kilogram for mass, second for time, ampere for electric current, kelvin for temperature, candela for luminous intensity and mole for amount of substance. These, together with their derived units, can measure any physical quantity. Derived units may have their own unit name, such as the watt (J/s) and lux (cd/m2), or may just be expressed as combinations of base units, such as velocity (m/s) and acceleration (m/s2)." }, "Grief-10": { "title": "Grief", "section": "Reactions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Crying is a normal and natural part of grieving. It has also been found, however, that crying and talking about the loss is not the only healthy response and, if forced or excessive, can be harmful. Responses or actions in the affected person, called \"coping ugly\" by researcher George Bonanno, may seem counter-intuitive or even appear dysfunctional, e.g., celebratory responses, laughter, or self-serving bias in interpreting events. Lack of crying is also a natural, healthy reaction, potentially protective of the individual, and may also be seen as a sign of resilience. Science has found that some healthy people who are grieving do not spontaneously talk about the loss. Pressing people to cry or retell the experience of a loss can be damaging. Genuine laughter is healthy. When a loved one dies, it is not unusual for the bereaved to report that they have \"seen\" or \"heard\" the person they have lost. In a 2008 survey, 27% of respondents who had lost a loved one said they had this kind of \"contact\" experience." }, "Argyria-1": { "title": "Argyria", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Argyria or argyrosis is a condition caused by excessive exposure to chemical compounds of the element silver, or to silver dust. The most dramatic symptom of argyria is that the skin turns blue or blue-grey. It may take the form of generalized argyria or local argyria. Generalized argyria affects large areas over much of the visible surface of the body. Local argyria shows in limited regions of the body, such as patches of skin, parts of the mucous membrane or the conjunctiva." }, "History of robots-41": { "title": "History of robots", "section": "Modern history", "headers": [ "1960s" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "Devol sold the first Unimate to General Motors in 1960, and it was installed in 1961 in a plant in Ewing Township, New Jersey to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and place them in cooling liquid. \"Without any fanfare, the world's first working robot joined the assembly line at the General Motors plant in Ewing Township in the spring of 1961.... It was an automated die-casting mold that dropped red-hot door handles and other such car parts into pools of cooling liquid on a line that moved them along to workers for trimming and buffing.\" Devol's patent for the first digitally operated programmable robotic arm represents the foundation of the modern robotics industry." }, "Pantheon (software)-1": { "title": "Pantheon (software)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pantheon is a webops platform for open-source Drupal and WordPress websites. It is an app-specific PaaS provider, sold on a monthly subscription basis, with several support tiers available." }, "Time ball-8": { "title": "Time ball", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "A contemporary version of the concept has been used since 31 December 1907 at New York City's Times Square as part of its New Year's Eve celebrations; at 11:59\u00a0p.m., a lit ball is lowered down a pole atop the One Times Square tower over the course of sixty seconds, concluding at midnight. For the arrival of 1988, the event's organizers acknowledged the addition of a leap second by extending the drop to 61 seconds (in reality, the leap second was applied worldwide five hours earlier at midnight UTC). The spectacle was inspired by an organizer having seen the time ball on the Western Union Building in operation." }, "Big Ben-5": { "title": "Big Ben", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "On 21 August 2017, a four-year schedule of renovation works began on the tower, which are to include the addition of a lift. There are also plans to re-glaze and repaint the clock dials. With a few exceptions, such as New Year's Eve and Remembrance Sunday, the bells are to be silent until the work is completed in 2021." }, "Dairy-58": { "title": "Dairy", "section": "Associated diseases", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 58, "content": "Dairy products manufactured under unsanitary or unsuitable conditions have an increased chance of containing bacteria. Proper sanitation practices help to reduce the rate of bacterial contamination, and pasteurization greatly decreases the amount of contaminated milk that reaches the consumer. Many countries have required government oversight and regulations regarding dairy production, including requirements for pasteurization." }, "Sunset-1": { "title": "Sunset", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sunset, also known as sundown, is the daily disappearance of the Sun below the horizon due to Earth's rotation. As viewed from the Equator, the equinox Sun sets exactly due west in both Spring and Autumn. As viewed from the middle latitudes, the local summer Sun sets to the northwest for the Northern Hemisphere, but to the southwest for the Southern Hemisphere." }, "Vibration-4": { "title": "Vibration", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The studies of sound and vibration are closely related. Sound, or pressure waves, are generated by vibrating structures (e.g. vocal cords); these pressure waves can also induce the vibration of structures (e.g. ear drum). Hence, attempts to reduce noise are often related to issues of vibration." }, "Pound sterling-22": { "title": "Pound sterling", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Medieval" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "In the reign of Henry IV (1399\u20131413), the penny was reduced in weight to 15 grains (0.97\u00a0g) of silver, with a further reduction to 12 grains (0.78\u00a0g) in 1464." }, "Arithmetic-54": { "title": "Arithmetic", "section": "Arithmetic in education", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Primary education in mathematics often places a strong focus on algorithms for the arithmetic of natural numbers, integers, fractions, and decimals (using the decimal place-value system). This study is sometimes known as algorism." }, "Isopoda-1": { "title": "Isopoda", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Isopoda is an order of crustaceans that includes woodlice and their relatives. Isopods live in the sea, in fresh water, or on land. All have rigid, segmented exoskeletons, two pairs of antennae, seven pairs of jointed limbs on the thorax, and five pairs of branching appendages on the abdomen that are used in respiration. Females brood their young in a pouch under their thorax." }, "Ptolemy I Soter-2": { "title": "Ptolemy I Soter", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Ptolemy I was the son of Arsinoe of Macedon by either her husband Lagus or Philip II of Macedon, the father of Alexander. Ptolemy was one of Alexander's most trusted companions and military officers. After the death of Alexander in 323 BC, Ptolemy retrieved his body as it was en route to be buried in Macedon, placing it in Memphis instead, where it was later moved to Alexandria in a new tomb. Afterwards he joined a coalition against Perdiccas, the royal regent over Philip III of Macedon. The latter invaded Egypt but was assassinated by his own officers in 320 BC, allowing Ptolemy I to consolidate his control over the country. After a series of wars between Alexander's successors, Ptolemy gained a claim to Judea in southern Syria which was disputed with the Syrian king Seleucus I Nicator, his former ally. He also took control of Cyprus and Cyrenaica, the latter of which was placed under the control of Ptolemy's stepson Magas." }, "Alligator-1": { "title": "Alligator", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An alligator is a crocodilian in the genus Alligator of the family Alligatoridae. The two living species are the American alligator (A. mississippiensis) and the Chinese alligator (A. sinensis). Additionally, several extinct species of alligator are known from fossil remains. Alligators first appeared during the Oligocene epoch about 37 million years ago." }, "Watergate scandal-79": { "title": "Watergate scandal", "section": "Aftermath", "headers": [ "Political and cultural reverberations" ], "para_index": 79, "content": "Disgust with the revelations about Watergate, the Republican Party, and Nixon strongly affected results of the November 1974 Senate and House elections, which took place three months after Nixon's resignation. The Democrats gained five seats in the Senate and forty-nine in the House (the newcomers were nicknamed \"Watergate Babies\"). Congress passed legislation that changed campaign financing, to amend the Freedom of Information Act, as well as to require financial disclosures by key government officials (via the Ethics in Government Act). Other types of disclosures, such as releasing recent income tax forms, became expected, though not legally required. Presidents since Franklin D. Roosevelt had recorded many of their conversations but the practice purportedly ended after Watergate." }, "United States Air Force Fitness Assessment-1": { "title": "United States Air Force Fitness Assessment", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The United States Air Force Physical Fitness Assessment (PFA) is designed to test the body composition, muscular strength/endurance, and cardiovascular respiratory fitness of airmen in the United States Air Force. As part of the Fit to Fight program, the Air Force adopted a more stringent physical fitness assessment in 2004 and replaced the annual ergo-cycle (stationary bike) test that the Air Force had used for several years. Results are stored in the Air Force Fitness Management System (AFFMS) and accessible via the AF Portal." }, "Gladiator-1": { "title": "Gladiator", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A gladiator (Latin: gladiator, \"swordsman\", from gladius, \"sword\") was an armed combatant who entertained audiences in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire in violent confrontations with other gladiators, wild animals, and condemned criminals. Some gladiators were volunteers who risked their lives and their legal and social standing by appearing in the arena. Most were despised as slaves, schooled under harsh conditions, socially marginalized, and segregated even in death." }, "Emma Stone-7": { "title": "Emma Stone", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Stone attended Xavier College Preparatory\u200d\u2014\u200can all-girl Catholic high school\u200d\u2014\u200cas a freshman, but dropped out after one semester to become an actress. She prepared a PowerPoint presentation for her parents titled \"Project Hollywood\" (featuring Madonna's 2003 song \"Hollywood\") to convince them to let her move to California to pursue an acting career. In January 2004, she moved with her mother to an apartment in Los Angeles. She recalls: \"I went up for every single show on the Disney Channel and auditioned to play the daughter on every single sitcom\", adding, \"I ended up getting none.\" Between auditions for roles, she enrolled in online high-school classes, and worked part-time at a dog-treat bakery." }, "Alpo (pet food)-1": { "title": "Alpo (pet food)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Alpo is an American brand of dog food marketed and manufactured by the Nestl\u00e9 Purina PetCare subsidiary of Nestl\u00e9. The brand is offered as a canned or packaged soft food, as well as in dry kibbles." }, "Chinatown-1": { "title": "Chinatown", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A Chinatown (Chinese: \u5510\u4eba\u8857; pinyin: T\u00e1ngr\u00e9nji\u0113; Jyutping: tong4 jan4 gaai1) is an ethnic enclave of Chinese people located outside mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan, most often in an urban setting. Areas known as \"Chinatown\" exist throughout the world, including Europe, North America, South America, Asia, Africa, Australasia and the Middle East." }, "Winter storm-1": { "title": "Winter storm", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A winter storm is an event in which varieties of precipitation are formed that only occur at low temperatures, such as snow or sleet, or a rainstorm where ground temperatures are low enough to allow ice to form (i.e. freezing rain). In temperate continental climates, these storms are not necessarily restricted to the winter season, but may occur in the late autumn and early spring as well. Very rarely, they may form in summer, though it would have to be an abnormally cold summer, such as the summer of 1816 in the Northeastern United States." }, "Commuting-13": { "title": "Commuting", "section": "Social trends", "headers": [ "Commuting trends in the United States" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "In the United States, the Census Bureau's American Community Survey (ACS) collects data on commuting times, allowing an analysis of average commute time by industry, location, and vehicle. According to the 2014 ACS, the average commute time for adults in the United States was 26.8 minutes. The occupations with the longest commutes were Construction and Mining (33.4 minutes), Computer Science and Math (31.8), and Business Operations Specialists (30.2), while those in the military had the shortest commute (21). In general, urban and suburban workers in the US have similar commute times (about 30 minutes), while rural workers have significantly shorter commutes (22.6 minutes). In the US, over 90% of workers commute by car, while about 5% commute by public transportation. Statistical models indicate that in addition to demographics and work duration, commute time is one of the most important determinants of discretionary time allocation by individuals." }, "Dean Cain-16": { "title": "Dean Cain", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "While the two were both attending Princeton University, Cain dated actress Brooke Shields for two years. In 1997, Cain became engaged to singer Mindy McCready. The couple broke up the following year. He has a son named Christopher Dean Cain (born June 11, 2000) with ex-girlfriend and Playboy Playmate Samantha Torres. Cain named his son after his adoptive father, film director Christopher Cain." }, "House of Lords-18": { "title": "House of Lords", "section": "History", "headers": [ "19th century" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Before the new peers were created, however, the Lords who opposed the bill admitted defeat and abstained from the vote, allowing the passage of the bill. The crisis damaged the political influence of the House of Lords but did not altogether end it. A vital reform was effected by the Lords themselves in 1868, when they changed their standing orders to abolish proxy voting, preventing Lords from voting without taking the trouble to attend. Over the course of the century the powers of the Upper House were further reduced stepwise, culminating in the 20th century with the Parliament Act 1911; the Commons gradually became the stronger House of Parliament." }, "Bill Clinton-1": { "title": "Bill Clinton", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "William Jefferson Clinton (n\u00e9 Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to his presidency, he served as governor of Arkansas (1979\u20131981 and 1983\u20131992) and as attorney general of Arkansas (1977\u20131979). A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was known as a New Democrat, and many of his policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy. He is the husband of former secretary of state, former U.S. senator, and two-time candidate for president Hillary Clinton." }, "Solubility-1": { "title": "Solubility", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid or gaseous solvent. The solubility of a substance fundamentally depends on the physical and chemical properties of the solute and solvent as well as on temperature, pressure and presence of other chemicals (including changes to the pH) of the solution. The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is measured as the saturation concentration, where adding more solute does not increase the concentration of the solution and begins to precipitate the excess amount of solute." }, "Human mission to Mars-73": { "title": "Human mission to Mars", "section": "Technological innovations and hurdles", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 73, "content": "The United States has several robotic missions currently exploring Mars, with a sample-return planned for the future. The Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) is intended to serve as the launch/splashdown crew delivery vehicle, with a Deep Space Habitat module providing additional living-space for the 16-month-long journey. The first crewed Mars Mission, which would include sending astronauts to Mars, orbiting Mars, and a return to Earth, is proposed for the 2030s. Technology development for US government missions to Mars is underway, but there is no well-funded approach to bring the conceptual project to completion with human landings on Mars by the mid-2030s, the stated objective. NASA is under presidential orders to land humans on Mars by 2033, and NASA-funded engineers are studying a way to build potential human habitats there by producing bricks from pressurized Martian soil. The European Space Agency has a long-term goal to send humans but has not yet built a crewed spacecraft. It has sent robotic probes like ExoMars in 2016 and plans to send the next probe in 2020. Indian Space Research Organisation successfully placed an uncrewed Mars Orbiter Mission (also called Mangalyaan) satellite in Mars orbit in 2014. ISRO plans a larger follow-up mission called Mangalyaan 2 between 2024 and 2026. This mission will likely consist of a lander and a Mars rover. No plans for an Indian human mission to Mars have been made public. Japan has sent one robotic mission to Mars in 1998, the Nozomi, but it failed to achieve Mars orbit. JAXA has proposed a rover mission called MELOS for an engineering demonstration of precision landing, and to look for possible biosignatures on Mars in 2020 or 2022. No plans for a Japanese human mission to Mars have been made public. China's first attempted mission to Mars, the Yinghuo-1 space probe, was lost with Russia's sample return mission to Phobos, Fobos-Grunt in 2011\u20132012. China plans to develop and launch an orbiter, lander and rover to Mars in July or August 2020 with a Long March 5 heavy lift rocket. Russia plans to send humans in the 2040\u20132045 timeframe. Significant technological hurdles need to be overcome for human spaceflight to Mars." }, "Sam Harris-12": { "title": "Sam Harris", "section": "Views", "headers": [ "Religion" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Sam Harris is known as one of the most prominent critics of religion, and is a foremost figure in the New Atheism movement. Harris is particularly opposed to dogmatic belief, and says that \"Pretending to know things one doesn't know is a betrayal of science - and yet it is the lifeblood of religion.\" While broadly opposed to general religion and the belief systems they entail, Harris believes that all religions are not created equal. Often using Jainism to contrast other fundamentalist groups, Harris highlights the difference in the specific doctrine and scripture as the main indicator of a religions value, or lack thereof." }, "Organ transplantation-3": { "title": "Organ transplantation", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Organ donors may be living, brain dead, or dead via circulatory death. Tissue may be recovered from donors who die of circulatory death, as well as of brain death \u2013 up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. Unlike organs, most tissues (with the exception of corneas) can be preserved and stored for up to five years, meaning they can be \"banked\". Transplantation raises a number of bioethical issues, including the definition of death, when and how consent should be given for an organ to be transplanted, and payment for organs for transplantation. Other ethical issues include transplantation tourism (medical tourism) and more broadly the socio-economic context in which organ procurement or transplantation may occur. A particular problem is organ trafficking. There is also the ethical issue of not holding out false hope to patients." }, "Atlantic cod-1": { "title": "Atlantic cod", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is a benthopelagic fish of the family Gadidae, widely consumed by humans. It is also commercially known as cod or codling. Dry cod may be prepared as unsalted stockfish, as cured salt cod or clipfish." }, "Logogram-2": { "title": "Logogram", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In the alphabets and syllabaries, individual written characters represent sounds only, rather than entire concepts. These characters are called phonograms in linguistics. Unlike logograms, phonograms do not have word or phrase meanings singularly until the phonograms are combined with additional phonograms thus creating words and phrases that have meaning. Writing language in this way, is called phonemic writing as well as orthographical writing." }, "Borders of the United States-2": { "title": "Borders of the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Canada\u2013United States border to the north of the Contiguous United States and to the east of Alaska The Mexico\u2013United States border to the south. The Russia\u2013United States maritime boundary was defined by a disputed agreement covering the Bering Sea, Bering Strait, and Arctic Ocean. The International Date Line essentially acts as the de facto border between the two nations; the USA ratified the USSR\u2013USA Maritime Boundary Agreement, but the USSR failed to ratify it before dissolving, and it was subsequently never ratified by Russia. During the winter, travel between Russia's uninhabited Big Diomede Island and Alaska's Little Diomede Island with a population of 110 is theoretically possible, although not legal, on some occasions when ice flowing through the Bering Strait clogs between the two islands. West of Puerto Rico, the Mona Passage serves as maritime boundary with the Dominican Republic, and the US shares a border with the United Kingdom east of the US Virgin Islands. The Third Border Initiative is an area of foreign policy concerning the Caribbean Sea border between the United States and the Caribbean region." }, "Amy Winehouse-16": { "title": "Amy Winehouse", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "2006\u20132008: Back to Black and international success" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "The rest of her tour, however, did not go as well. In November 2007, the opening night of a 17-date tour was marred by booing and walkouts at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham. A critic for the Birmingham Mail said it was \"one of the saddest nights of my life...I saw a supremely talented artist reduced to tears, stumbling around the stage and, unforgivably, swearing at the audience.\" Other concerts ended similarly, with, for example, fans at her Hammersmith Apollo performance in London saying that she \"looked highly intoxicated throughout,\" until she announced on 27 November 2007, that her performances and public appearances were cancelled for the remainder of the year, citing her doctor's advice to take a complete rest. A statement issued by concert promoter Live Nation blamed \"the rigours involved in touring and the intense emotional strain that Amy has been under in recent weeks\" for the decision. Mitch Winehouse wrote about her nervousness before public performances in his 2012 book, Amy, My Daughter." }, "Apartheid-153": { "title": "Apartheid", "section": "Final years of apartheid", "headers": [ "Negotiations" ], "para_index": 153, "content": "There were fears that the change of power would be violent. To avoid this, it was essential that a peaceful resolution between all parties be reached. In December 1991, the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) began negotiations on the formation of a multiracial transitional government and a new constitution extending political rights to all groups. CODESA adopted a Declaration of Intent and committed itself to an \"undivided South Africa\"." }, "Climate of New York-2": { "title": "Climate of New York", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Seasonally, summer-like conditions prevail from June to early September statewide, while areas in far southern New York and New York City have summer conditions from late May through late September. Cold-air damming east of the Appalachians leads to protracted periods of cloud cover and precipitation east of the range, primarily between the October and April months. Winter-like conditions prevail from November through April in northern New York, and from December through March in southern New York. On average, western New York is much cloudier than points south and east in New York, much of it generated from the Great Lakes. Greenhouse gas emission is low on a per capita basis when compared to most other states due to the extensive use of mass transit, particularly across New York City. The significant urbanization within New York city has led to an urban heat island, which causes temperatures to be warmer overnight in all seasons." }, "Beaver dam-26": { "title": "Beaver dam", "section": "Disruption", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "citation needed] Beaver dams can be disruptive; the flooding can cause extensive property damage, and when the flooding occurs next to a railroad roadbed, it can cause derailments by washing out the tracks, or when a beaver dam bursts and the resulting flash flood overwhelms a culvert. Traditional solutions to beaver problems have been focused on the trapping and removal of all the beavers in the area. While this is sometimes necessary, it is typically a short-lived solution, as beaver populations have made a remarkable comeback in the United States (after near extirpation in the nineteenth century) and are likely to continually recolonize suitable habitat. Modern solutions include relatively cost-effective and low maintenance flow devices. As for the dams, their construction is often too solid for them to be broken up manually or torn apart by machinery. One effective method for removing beaver dams is through the usage of dynamite. Introduced to an area without its natural predators, as in Tierra del Fuego, beavers have flooded thousands of acres of land and are considered a plague. One notable difference in Tierra del Fuego from most of North America is that the trees in Tierra del Fuego cannot be coppiced[citation needed] as can willows, poplars, aspens, and other North American trees. Thus the damage by the beavers seems more severe. The beaver's disruption is not limited to human geography; beavers can destroy nesting habitat for endangered species." }, "Heath Ledger-30": { "title": "Heath Ledger", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "Autopsy and toxicology report" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "While the medications found in the toxicological analysis may be prescribed in the United States for insomnia, anxiety, pain, or common cold symptoms (doxylamine), the vast majority of physicians in the U.S. are extremely reluctant to prescribe multiple benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam, alprazolam, and temazepam) to a single patient, let alone to prescribe such medications to a patient already taking a mix of oxycodone and hydrocodone. Although the Associated Press and other media reported that police had estimated that Ledger's death had occurred between 1\u00a0pm and 2:45\u00a0pm\" on 22 January 2008, the Medical Examiner's Office announced that it would not publicly disclose the official estimated time of death. The official announcement of the cause and manner of Ledger's death heightened concerns about the growing problems of prescription drug abuse or misuse and combined drug intoxication (CDI)." }, "Secondary education in the United States-1": { "title": "Secondary education in the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Secondary education in the United States is the last seven years of statutory formal education grade 6 (age 11\u201312) through grade 12 (age 17\u201318). It occurs in two phases. The first is the ISCED lower secondary phase, a junior high school or middle school for students grade 6 (age 11\u201312) through grade 8 (age 13\u201314). The second is the ISCED upper secondary phase, the high school for students grade 9 (age 14\u201315) through grade 12 (age 17\u201318). There is some debate over the optimum age of transfer, and variation in some the states." }, "English Channel-2": { "title": "English Channel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It is about 560\u00a0km (350\u00a0mi) long and varies in width from 240\u00a0km (150\u00a0mi) at its widest to 34\u00a0km (21\u00a0mi) in the Strait of Dover." }, "Ultramarathon-9": { "title": "Ultramarathon", "section": "IAU World Best Performances", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In August 2019, Zach Bitter ran 11:19:13 for 100 miles at the Pettit Center in Milwaukee and continued to reach 168.792 km in 12 hours. These will likely be confirmed as the new world bests once ratified." }, "Easter-1": { "title": "Easter", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Easter, also called Pascha (Greek, Latin) or Resurrection Sunday, is a festival and holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day after his burial following his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary c. 30 AD. It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus, preceded by Lent (or Great Lent), a 40-day period of fasting, prayer, and penance." }, "Blood squirt-1": { "title": "Blood squirt", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Blood squirt (blood spurt, blood spray, blood gush, or blood jet) is the effect when an artery, a blood vessel in the alive human body (or other organism's body) is ruptured. Blood pressure causes the blood to bleed out at a rapid, intermittent ratein a spray or jet, coinciding with the pulse, rather than the slower, but steady flow of venous bleeding. Also known as arterial bleeding, arterial spurting, or arterial gushing, the amount of blood loss can be copious, occur very rapidly, and can lead to death." }, "Chlorine-64": { "title": "Chlorine", "section": "Applications", "headers": [ "Sanitation, disinfection, and antisepsis", "Semmelweis and experiments with antisepsis" ], "para_index": 64, "content": "Much later, during World War I in 1916, a standardized and diluted modification of Labarraque's solution containing hypochlorite (0.5%) and boric acid as an acidic stabilizer, was developed by Henry Drysdale Dakin (who gave full credit to Labarraque's prior work in this area). Called Dakin's solution, the method of wound irrigation with chlorinated solutions allowed antiseptic treatment of a wide variety of open wounds, long before the modern antibiotic era. A modified version of this solution continues to be employed in wound irrigation in modern times, where it remains effective against bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics (see Century Pharmaceuticals)." }, "Microwave oven-50": { "title": "Microwave oven", "section": "Heating characteristics", "headers": [ "Safety benefits and features" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "Food and cookware taken out of a microwave oven are rarely much hotter than 100\u00a0\u00b0C (212\u00a0\u00b0F). Cookware used in a microwave oven is often much cooler than the food because the cookware is transparent to microwaves; the microwaves heat the food directly and the cookware is indirectly heated by the food. Food and cookware from a conventional oven, on the other hand, are the same temperature as the rest of the oven; a typical cooking temperature is 180\u00a0\u00b0C (356\u00a0\u00b0F). That means that conventional stoves and ovens can cause more serious burns." }, "Pinocchio (1940 film)-1": { "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pinocchio is a 1940 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Productions, distributed by RKO Radio Pictures and based on the 1883 Italian children's novel The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi. It was the second animated feature film produced by Disney, made after the first animated success Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)." }, "Syrup-2": { "title": "Syrup", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Syrups can be made by dissolving sugar in water or by reducing naturally sweet juices such as cane juice, sorghum juice, maple sap or agave nectar. Corn syrup is made from corn starch using an enzymatic process that converts it to sugars." }, "Quadrupedalism-1": { "title": "Quadrupedalism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Quadrupedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion in animals using four limbs or legs. An animal or machine that usually moves in a quadrupedal manner is known as a quadruped, meaning \"four feet\" (from the Latin quattuor for \"four\" and pes for \"foot\"). The majority of quadrupeds are vertebrate animals, including mammals such as cattle, dogs and cats, and reptiles such as lizards." }, "Yin and yang-40": { "title": "Yin and yang", "section": "Symbolism and importance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "The bigger the front, the bigger the back. Illness is the doorway to health. Tragedy turns to comedy. Disasters turn out to be blessings. Yin is the black side, and yang is the white side. The relationship between yin and yang is often described in terms of sunlight playing over a mountain and a valley. Yin (literally the 'shady place' or 'north slope') is the dark area occluded by the mountain's bulk, while yang (literally the \"sunny place' or \"south slope\") is the brightly lit portion. As the sun moves across the sky, yin and yang gradually trade places with each other, revealing what was obscured and obscuring what was revealed." }, "Esperanza Base-7": { "title": "Esperanza Base", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Mean monthly temperatures range from \u221210.5\u00a0\u00b0C (13.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in July, the coldest month, to 1.4\u00a0\u00b0C (34.5\u00a0\u00b0F) in January, the warmest month. During summer (December\u2013February), the average high is between 3.7 and 4.3\u00a0\u00b0C (38.7 and 39.7\u00a0\u00b0F) while the average low is between \u22122.0 and \u22121.2\u00a0\u00b0C (28.4 and 29.8\u00a0\u00b0F). In winter, mean temperatures are around \u22126.0\u00a0\u00b0C (21.2\u00a0\u00b0F). A temperature of 17.5\u00a0\u00b0C (63.5\u00a0\u00b0F) was recorded on 24 March 2015. This reading was the highest temperature ever recorded on mainland Antarctica and its surrounding islands, until on 6 February 2020, a new high of 18.3\u00a0\u00b0C (64.9\u00a0\u00b0F) was recorded at the base, being the current record. The lowest temperature ever recorded is \u221238.4\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221237.1\u00a0\u00b0F) on 18 July 1994." }, "Atacama Desert-23": { "title": "Atacama Desert", "section": "Fauna", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "The climate of the Atacama Desert limits the number of animals living permanently in this extreme ecosystem. Some parts of the desert are so arid, no plant or animal life can survive. Outside of these extreme areas, sand-colored grasshoppers blend with pebbles on the desert floor, and beetles and their larvae provide a valuable food source in the lomas (hills). Desert wasps and butterflies can be found during the warm and humid season, especially on the lomas. Red scorpions also live in the desert." }, "Persephone-2": { "title": "Persephone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Persephone as a vegetation goddess and her mother Demeter were the central figures of the Eleusinian Mysteries, which promised the initiated a more enjoyable prospect after death. In some versions, Persephone is the mother of Zeus' son Dionysus, (or Iacchus, and/or Zagreus, as a result of their identification with Dionysus). The origins of her cult are uncertain, but it was based on very old agrarian cults of agricultural communities." }, "July 2009 lunar eclipse-4": { "title": "July 2009 lunar eclipse", "section": "", "headers": [ "Eclipse Season" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Third eclipse this season: 6 August 2009 Penumbral Lunar Eclipse" }, "Stephen Colbert-56": { "title": "Stephen Colbert", "section": "Other work", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 56, "content": "On July 17, 2016, Colbert hijacked the 2016 Republican National Convention in Cleveland, Ohio, while dressed as Caesar Flickerman from The Hunger Games series. After he was taken down from the stage, he commented, \"Look, I know I am not supposed to be up here but let's be honest, neither is Donald Trump.\" Colbert also dressed as Flickerman on his show, prior to the stunt, to announce the candidates who had ended their runs in the 2016 election." }, "Spider-4": { "title": "Spider", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "It now appears that the spiral orb web may be one of the earliest forms, and spiders that produce tangled cobwebs are more abundant and diverse than orb-web spiders. Spider-like arachnids with silk-producing spigots appeared in the Devonian period about 386\u00a0million years ago, but these animals apparently lacked spinnerets. True spiders have been found in Carboniferous rocks from 318\u00a0to\u00a0299 million years ago, and are very similar to the most primitive surviving suborder, the Mesothelae. The main groups of modern spiders, Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae, first appeared in the Triassic period, before 200\u00a0million years ago. The species Bagheera kiplingi was described as herbivorous in 2008, but all other known species are predators, mostly preying on insects and on other spiders, although a few large species also take birds and lizards. It is estimated that the world's 25 million tons of spiders kill 400\u2013800 million tons of prey per year. Spiders use a wide range of strategies to capture prey: trapping it in sticky webs, lassoing it with sticky bolas, mimicking the prey to avoid detection, or running it down. Most detect prey mainly by sensing vibrations, but the active hunters have acute vision, and hunters of the genus Portia show signs of intelligence in their choice of tactics and ability to develop new ones. Spiders' guts are too narrow to take solids, so they liquefy their food by flooding it with digestive enzymes. They also grind food with the bases of their pedipalps, as arachnids do not have the mandibles that crustaceans and insects have." }, "Voting rights in the United States-2": { "title": "Voting rights in the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Eligibility to vote in the United States is established both through the United States Constitution and by state law. Several constitutional amendments (the Fifteenth, Nineteenth, and Twenty-sixth specifically) require that voting rights of U.S. citizens cannot be abridged on account of race, color, previous condition of servitude, sex, or age for those above 18; the constitution as originally written did not establish any such rights during 1787\u20131870, except that if a state permitted a person to vote for the \"most numerous branch\" of its state legislature, it was required to permit that person to vote in elections for members of the United States House of Representatives. In the absence of a specific federal law or constitutional provision, each state is given considerable discretion to establish qualifications for suffrage and candidacy within its own respective jurisdiction; in addition, states and lower level jurisdictions establish election systems, such as at-large or single member district elections for county councils or school boards. Beyond qualifications for suffrage, rules and regulations concerning voting (such as the poll tax) have been contested since the advent of Jim Crow laws and related provisions that indirectly disenfranchised racial minorities." }, "Deaf hearing-2": { "title": "Deaf hearing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "When patients are completely deaf in both ears they begin to rely more strongly on their other senses. Because hearing relies on external sound waves, a deaf patient will feel the vibrations, rather than relying on what would normally be perceived as sound. As a patient relies on \"feeling\" sounds rather than hearing them, they subconsciously hear with their sense of touch, therefore reacting to auditory stimuli without actually hearing sound." }, "Madame Berthe's mouse lemur-1": { "title": "Madame Berthe's mouse lemur", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Madame Berthe's mouse lemur (Microcebus berthae) or Berthe's mouse lemur is the smallest of the mouse lemurs and the smallest primate in the world; the average body length is 9.2\u00a0cm (3.6\u00a0in) and seasonal weight is around 30\u00a0g (1.1\u00a0oz). Microcebus berthae is one of many species of Malagasy lemurs that came about through extensive speciation, caused by unknown environmental mechanisms and conditions." }, "Grapefruit\u2013drug interactions-3": { "title": "Grapefruit\u2013drug interactions", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "One whole grapefruit, or a small glass (200\u00a0mL (6.8\u00a0US\u00a0fl\u00a0oz)) of grapefruit juice, can cause drug overdose toxicity. Fruit consumed three days before the medicine can still have an effect. The relative risks of different types of citrus fruit have not been systematically studied. Affected drugs typically have an auxiliary label saying \u201cDo not take with grapefruit\u201d on the container, and the interaction is elaborated upon in the package insert. People are also advised to ask their physician or pharmacist about drug interactions." }, "Steam locomotive-2": { "title": "Steam locomotive", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Steam locomotives were first developed in the United Kingdom during the early 19th century and used for railway transport until the middle of the 20th century. Richard Trevithick built the first steam locomotive in 1802. The first commercially successful steam locomotive was built in 1812\u201313 by John Blenkinsop., the Salamanca (locomotive), the Locomotion No. 1, built by George Stephenson and his son Robert's company Robert Stephenson and Company, was the first steam locomotive to haul passengers on a public railway, the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. In 1830, George Stephenson opened the first public inter-city railway, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Robert Stephenson and Company was the pre-eminent builder of steam locomotives for railways in the United Kingdom, the United States, and much of Europe in the first decades of steam." }, "Amtrak-48": { "title": "Amtrak", "section": "On-board services", "headers": [ "Wi-Fi and electronic services" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "First Class: First Class service is currently offered only on the Acela Express. Seats are larger than those of Business Class and come in a variety of seating styles (single, facing singles with table, double, facing doubles with table and wheelchair accessible). First Class is located in a separate car from business class and is located at the end of the train (to reduce the number of passengers walking in the aisles). A car attendant provides passengers with hot towel service, a complimentary meal and alcoholic beverages. First Class passengers have access to ClubAcela lounges located at select stations. Sleeper Service: Sleeper Service comprises private room accommodations on long-distance trains. Rooms are classified into roomettes, bedrooms, accessible bedrooms, and family bedrooms (on some trains). Included in the price of a room are attendant service and on most routes, full hot meals. At night, attendants convert rooms into sleeping areas with fold-down beds and fresh linens. Shower facilities with towels and bar soap are available. Complimentary juice, coffee and bottled water are included as well. Sleeper car passengers have access to all passenger facilities aboard the train. Sleeper passengers have access to ClubAcela lounges, Metropolitan Lounges, and unattended First Class Lounges located at select stations. Business Class: Business Class seating is offered on the Acela Express, Northeast Regional, many short-haul corridor trains and some long-distance trains. It is the standard class of service on the Acela Express. On all other trains where it is offered, Business Class is located in a dedicated car or section of the train. While the specific features vary by route, many include extra legroom and complimentary non-alcoholic drinks. Seats in business class recline, are typically appointed in leather and feature a fold-down tray table, foot rest, individual reading light, and power outlet. Business Class passengers have access to Metropolitan Lounges located at select stations and may purchase a daily access pass to select ClubAcela locations. Coach Class: Coach Class is the standard class of service on all Amtrak trains except the Acela Express. Seats in coach recline and feature a fold-down tray table, foot rest, individual reading light, and power outlet. Coach cars on long-distance trains are configured with fewer seats per car so that passengers have additional legroom and seats which are equipped with leg rests. Amtrak launched an e-ticketing system on the Downeaster in November 2011 and rolled it out nationwide on July 30, 2012. Amtrak officials said the system gives \"more accurate knowledge in realtime of who is on the train which greatly improves the safety and security of passengers; en route reporting of onboard equipment problems to mechanical crews which may result in faster resolution of the issue; and more efficient financial reporting\"." }, "Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system-5": { "title": "Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system", "section": "Adult belt ranks", "headers": [ "White Belt" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "White belt is the beginning rank for all Brazilian jiu-jitsu students. The rank is held by any practitioner new to the art and has no prerequisite. Some instructors and other high-level practitioners think that a white belt's training should emphasize escapes and defensive positioning since a white belt will often fight from inferior positions, especially when training with more experienced practitioners." }, "Final Fantasy-9": { "title": "Final Fantasy", "section": "Media", "headers": [ "Games", "Main series" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In 2009, Final Fantasy XIII was released in Japan, and in North America and Europe the following year, for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. It is the flagship installment of the Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy series and became the first mainline game to spawn two direct sequels (XIII-2 and Lightning Returns). It was also the first game released in Chinese and High Definition along with being released on two consoles at once. Final Fantasy XIV, a MMORPG, was released worldwide on Microsoft Windows in 2010, but it received heavy criticism when it was launched, prompting Square Enix to rerelease the game as Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn, this time to the PlayStation 3 as well, in 2013. Final Fantasy XV is an action role-playing game that was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in 2016. Originally a XIII spin-off titled Versus XIII, XV uses the mythos of the Fabula Nova Crystallis series, although in many other respects the game stands on its own and has since been distanced from the series by its developers." }, "Giant panda-2": { "title": "Giant panda", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The giant panda lives in a few mountain ranges in central China, mainly in Sichuan, but also in neighbouring Shaanxi and Gansu. As a result of farming, deforestation, and other development, the giant panda has been driven out of the lowland areas where it once lived, and it is a conservation-reliant vulnerable species. A 2007 report showed 239 pandas living in captivity inside China and another 27 outside the country. As of December 2014, 49 giant pandas lived in captivity outside China, living in 18 zoos in 13 different countries. Wild population estimates vary; one estimate shows that there are about 1,590 individuals living in the wild, while a 2006 study via DNA analysis estimated that this figure could be as high as 2,000 to 3,000. Some reports also show that the number of giant pandas in the wild is on the rise. In March 2015, conservation news site Mongabay stated that the wild giant panda population had increased by 268, or 16.8%, to 1,864. In 2016, the IUCN reclassified the species from \"endangered\" to \"vulnerable\"." }, "Alaska-42": { "title": "Alaska", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Statehood" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Statehood for Alaska was an important cause of James Wickersham early in his tenure as a congressional delegate. Decades later, the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum in 1946. The Alaska Statehood Committee and Alaska's Constitutional Convention would soon follow. Statehood supporters also found themselves fighting major battles against political foes, mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska. Statehood was approved by Congress on July 7, 1958. Alaska was officially proclaimed a state on January 3, 1959." }, "Kindergarten Playway-3": { "title": "Kindergarten Playway", "section": "Etymology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "A kindergarten (from German, German pronunciation: [\u02c8k\u026and\u0250\u02cc\u0261a\u02d0\u0250\u032ftn\u0329] which means literally \"garden for the children\", the term was coined in the metaphorical sense of \"place where children can grow in a natural way\", not in the literal sense of having a \"garden\") is a preschool educational approach traditionally based on playing, singing, practical activities such as drawing, and social interaction as part of the transition from home to school. The first such institutions were created in the late eighteenth century in Bavaria and Strasbourg to serve children both of whose parents worked out of the home. The term was coined by the German Friedrich Fr\u00f6bel whose approach greatly influenced early-years education around the world. Today, the term is used in many countries to describe a variety of educational institutions for children ranging from two to seven years of age, based on a variety of teaching methods." }, "Canis Major-4": { "title": "Canis Major", "section": "History and mythology", "headers": [ "In western astronomy" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In Greek Mythology, Canis Major represented the dog Laelaps, a gift from Zeus to Europa; or sometimes the hound of Procris, Diana's nymph; or the one given by Aurora to Cephalus, so famed for its speed that Zeus elevated it to the sky. It was also considered to represent one of Orion's hunting dogs, pursuing Lepus the Hare or helping Orion fight Taurus the Bull; and is referred to in this way by Aratos, Homer and Hesiod. The ancient Greeks refer only to one dog, but by Roman times, Canis Minor appears as Orion's second dog. Alternative names include Canis Sequens and Canis Alter. Canis Syrius was the name used in the 1521 Alfonsine tables." }, "Silver jubilee-1": { "title": "Silver jubilee", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Silver jubilee marks a 25th anniversary. The anniversary celebrations can be of a wedding anniversary, the 25th year of a monarch's reign or anything that has completed a 25-year mark." }, "Warfarin-2": { "title": "Warfarin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The common side effect is bleeding. Less common side effects may include areas of tissue damage and purple toes syndrome. Use is not recommended during pregnancy. It is recommended that the effects of warfarin typically be monitored by checking prothrombin time (INR) every one to four weeks. Many other medications and dietary factors can interact with warfarin, either increasing or decreasing its effectiveness. The effects of warfarin may be reversed with phytomenadione (vitamin K1), fresh frozen plasma, or prothrombin complex concentrate." }, "Pacific War-1": { "title": "Pacific War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia\u2013Pacific War, was the theater of World War II that was fought in the Pacific and Asia. It was geographically the largest theater of the war, including the vast Pacific Ocean theater, the South West Pacific theater, the South-East Asian theater, the Second Sino-Japanese War, and the Soviet\u2013Japanese War." }, "Yeah! (Usher song)-2": { "title": "Yeah! (Usher song)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "\"Yeah!\" topped the US Billboard Hot 100 chart for 12 consecutive weeks, before being dethroned by Usher's follow-up single \"Burn\". \"Yeah!\" was the longest-running number one single in 2004, subsequently topping the year-end chart on the Hot 100. It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The song received a similar response in other countries, topping in other twelve charts worldwide. It was certified platinum in several countries, including Australia, Belgium, Canada, Germany and Norway, and received a two times platinum certification in New Zealand. The song peaked in the top-ten in several Year-end charts." }, "Naruhito-1": { "title": "Naruhito", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Naruhito (\u5fb3\u4ec1, pronounced\u00a0[na\u027e\u026f\ua71c\u00e7i\u0325to]; born 23 February 1960) is the Emperor of Japan. He acceded to the Chrysanthemum Throne on 1 May 2019, beginning the Reiwa era, following the abdication of his father, Akihito. He is the 126th monarch according to Japan's traditional order of succession." }, "Palaeography-1": { "title": "Palaeography", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Palaeography (UK) or paleography (US; ultimately from Greek: \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c2, palai\u00f3s, \"old\", and \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, gr\u00e1phein, \"to write\") is the study of ancient and historical handwriting (that is to say, of the forms and processes of writing; not the textual content of documents). Included in the discipline is the practice of deciphering, reading, and dating historical manuscripts, and the cultural context of writing, including the methods with which writing and books were produced, and the history of scriptoria." }, "Matterhorn Bobsleds-1": { "title": "Matterhorn Bobsleds", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Matterhorn Bobsleds are a pair of intertwined steel roller coasters at Disneyland in Anaheim, California. It is modelled after the Matterhorn, a mountain in the Alps on the border with Switzerland and Italy. It is the first known tubular steel continuous track roller coaster. Located on the border between Tomorrowland and Fantasyland, it employs forced perspective to seem larger." }, "Bee-65": { "title": "Bee", "section": "Relationship with humans", "headers": [ "As alternative medicine" ], "para_index": 65, "content": "Apitherapy is a branch of alternative medicine that uses honey bee products, including raw honey, royal jelly, pollen, propolis, beeswax and apitoxin (Bee venom). The claim that apitherapy treats cancer, which some proponents of apitherapy make, remains unsupported by evidence-based medicine." }, "Battle of Prague (1757)-1": { "title": "Battle of Prague (1757)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In the Battle of Prague or Battle of \u0160t\u011brboholy, fought on 6 May 1757 during the Third Silesian War (Seven Years' War), Frederick the Great's 67,000 Prussians forced 60,000 Austrians to retreat, but having lost 14,300 men, decided he was not strong enough to attack Prague. The battle is mentioned in the famous German ballad Lenore written in 1773 by Gottfried August B\u00fcrger." }, "Evergreen-6": { "title": "Evergreen", "section": "Differences between evergreen and deciduous species", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Evergreen and deciduous species vary in a range of morphological and physiological characters. Generally, broad-leaved evergreen species have thicker leaves than deciduous species, with a larger volume of parenchyma and air spaces per unit leaf area. They have larger leaf biomass per unit leaf area, and hence a lower specific leaf area. Construction costs do not differ between the groups. Evergreens have generally a larger fraction of total plant biomass present as leaves (LMF), but they often have a lower rate of photosynthesis." }, "Alakhai Bekhi-1": { "title": "Alakhai Bekhi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Alakhai Bekhi (Alagai B\u00e4ki; born c. 1191, died after 1230) was a daughter of Genghis Khan and his first wife B\u00f6rte. She played significant role behind the scenes during her father\u2019s lifetime." }, "Communist Party of China-37": { "title": "Communist Party of China", "section": "Ideology", "headers": [ "Formal ideology" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "Marxism\u2013Leninism was the first official ideology of the Communist Party of China. According to the CPC, \"Marxism\u2013Leninism reveals the universal laws governing the development of history of human society.\" To the CPC, Marxism\u2013Leninism provides a \"vision of the contradictions in capitalist society and of the inevitability of a future socialist and communist societies\". According to the People's Daily, Mao Zedong Thought \"is Marxism\u2013Leninism applied and developed in China\". Mao Zedong Thought was conceived not only by Mao Zedong, but by leading party officials." }, "Poodle-1": { "title": "Poodle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Poodle is a formal dog breed that comes in three varieties: Standard Poodle, Miniature Poodle, and Toy Poodle. The origin of the breed is still discussed, with a prominent dispute over whether the poodle descends from Germany as a type of water dog, or from the French Barbet." }, "Warsaw Ghetto-6": { "title": "Warsaw Ghetto", "section": "Establishment of the ghetto", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The Germans closed the Warsaw Ghetto to the outside world on November 15, 1940. The wall around it was 3\u00a0m (9.8\u00a0ft) high and topped with barbed wire. Escapees were shot on sight. German policemen from Battalion 61 used to hold victory parties on the days when a large number of prisoners were shot at the ghetto fence. The borders of the ghetto changed and its overall area was gradually reduced, as the captive population was decreased by outbreaks of infectious diseases, mass hunger, and regular executions." }, "Matterhorn Bobsleds-23": { "title": "Matterhorn Bobsleds", "section": "Relations to other Disney parks", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Disney's Animal Kingdom contains a roller coaster with a similar theme: Expedition Everest. It is a railway adventure to the top of an abstract version of the Himalayan mountain where riders encounter another fictional mountain beast, the Yeti." }, "Anaheim, California-2": { "title": "Anaheim, California", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Anaheim was founded by fifty German families in 1857 and incorporated as the second city in Los Angeles County on March 18, 1876; Orange County was split off from Los Angeles County in 1889. Anaheim remained largely an agricultural community until Disneyland opened in 1955. This led to the construction of several hotels and motels around the area, and residential districts in Anaheim soon followed. The city also developed into an industrial center, producing electronics, aircraft parts and canned fruit. Anaheim is a charter city." }, "Felt-9": { "title": "Felt", "section": "Manufacturing methods", "headers": [ "Wet felting" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Only certain types of fiber can be wet felted successfully. Most types of fleece, such as those taken from the alpaca or the Merino sheep, can be put through the wet felting process. One may also use mohair (goat), angora (rabbit), or hair from rodents such as beavers and muskrats. These types of fiber are covered in tiny scales, similar to the scales found on a strand of human hair. Heat, motion, and moisture of the fleece causes the scales to open, while agitating them causes them to latch onto each other, creating felt. There is an alternative theory that the fibers wind around each other during felting. Plant fibers and synthetic fibers will not wet felt." }, "420 (cannabis culture)-15": { "title": "420 (cannabis culture)", "section": "Other impacts", "headers": [ "Legislation" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The Marijuana Freedom and Opportunity Act (which if enacted would decriminalize and deschedule cannabis in the United States) was announced by Senator and Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-New York) on April 20, 2018. On January 9, 2019, H.R. 420 was introduced into the 116th Congress by Representative Earl Blumenauer (D-Oregon), named the Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol Act, which is designed to remove cannabis from the Controlled Substances Act and return regulation to the states." }, "Aerosmith-1": { "title": "Aerosmith", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Aerosmith is an American rock band formed in Boston, Massachusetts in 1970. The group consists of Steven Tyler (lead vocals), Joe Perry (guitar, vocals), Tom Hamilton (bass), Joey Kramer (drums) and Brad Whitford (guitar). Their style, which is rooted in blues-based hard rock, has come to also incorporate elements of pop rock, heavy metal, and rhythm and blues, and has inspired many subsequent rock artists. They are sometimes referred to as \"the Bad Boys from Boston\" and \"America's Greatest Rock and Roll Band\".. As a partnership, the primary songwriting team of Tyler and Perry is often collectively known as the \"Toxic Twins\"." }, "Adrenal fatigue-1": { "title": "Adrenal fatigue", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Adrenal fatigue or hypoadrenia is a pseudo-scientific term used by alternative medicine providers to suggest that the adrenal glands are exhausted and unable to produce adequate quantities of hormones, primarily cortisol, due to chronic stress or infections. There is no scientific basis for the existence of adrenal fatigue, and the term should not be confused with a number of actual forms of adrenal dysfunction such as adrenal insufficiency or Addison's disease." }, "Swimming pool-1": { "title": "Swimming pool", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A swimming pool, swimming bath, wading pool, paddling pool, or simply pool is a structure designed to hold water to enable swimming or other leisure activities. Pools can be built into the ground (in-ground pools) or built above ground (as a freestanding construction or as part of a building or other larger structure), and are also a common feature aboard ocean-liners and cruise ships. In-ground pools are most commonly constructed from materials such as concrete, natural stone, metal, plastic, or fiberglass, and can be of a custom size and shape or built to a standardized size, the largest of which is the Olympic-size swimming pool." }, "H-1": { "title": "H", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "H or h is the eighth letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is aitch (pronounced /\u02c8e\u026at\u0283/, plural aitches), or regionally haitch /\u02c8he\u026at\u0283/." }, "English words of Greek origin-1": { "title": "English words of Greek origin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Greek language has contributed to the English vocabulary in five main ways:" }, "Mental disorder-1": { "title": "Mental disorder", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A mental disorder, also called a mental illness or psychiatric disorder, is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning. Such features may be persistent, relapsing and remitting, or occur as a single episode. Many disorders have been described, with signs and symptoms that vary widely between specific disorders. Such disorders may be diagnosed by a mental health professional." }, "Sunlight-1": { "title": "Sunlight", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, in particular infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light. On Earth, sunlight is scattered and filtered through Earth's atmosphere, and is obvious as daylight when the Sun is above the horizon. When direct solar radiation is not blocked by clouds, it is experienced as sunshine, a combination of bright light and radiant heat. When blocked by clouds or reflected off other objects, sunlight is diffused. The World Meteorological Organization uses the term \"sunshine duration\" to mean the cumulative time during which an area receives direct irradiance from the Sun of at least 120 watts per square meter. Other sources indicate an \"Average over the entire earth\" of \"164 Watts per square meter over a 24 hour day\"." }, "Sea of Japan-1": { "title": "Sea of Japan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Sea of Japan (see below for other names) is the marginal sea between the Japanese archipelago, Sakhalin, the Korean Peninsula and Russia. The Japanese archipelago separates the sea from the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by Japan, Korea (North and South) and Russia. Like the Mediterranean Sea, it has almost no tides due to its nearly complete enclosure from the Pacific Ocean. This isolation also reflects in the fauna species and in the water salinity, which is lower than in the ocean. The sea has no large islands, bays or capes. Its water balance is mostly determined by the inflow and outflow through the straits connecting it to the neighboring seas and Pacific Ocean. Few rivers discharge into the sea and their total contribution to the water exchange is within 1%." }, "Anthropomorphism-1": { "title": "Anthropomorphism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology." }, "Antarctica-46": { "title": "Antarctica", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "The aurora australis, commonly known as the southern lights, is a glow observed in the night sky near the South Pole created by the plasma-full solar winds that pass by the Earth. Another unique spectacle is diamond dust, a ground-level cloud composed of tiny ice crystals. It generally forms under otherwise clear or nearly clear skies, so people sometimes also refer to it as clear-sky precipitation. A sun dog, a frequent atmospheric optical phenomenon, is a bright \"spot\" beside the true sun." }, "Hayreddin Barbarossa-1": { "title": "Hayreddin Barbarossa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hayreddin Barbarossa (Arabic: \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u200e, romanized:\u00a0Khayr ad-Din Barbarus), or Barbaros Kheireddin Pasha (Turkish: Barbaros Hayrettin Pa\u015fa), born Khizr or Khidr (c. 1478 \u2013 4 July 1546), was an Ottoman corsair and later admiral of the Ottoman Navy. Barbarossa's naval victories secured Ottoman dominance over the Mediterranean during the mid 16th century." }, "Jalape\u00f1o-15": { "title": "Jalape\u00f1o", "section": "Eating characteristics", "headers": [ "Nutrients" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "A raw jalape\u00f1o is 92% water, 6% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contains negligible fat (table). A 100-gram (3\u00a01\u20442\u00a0oz) reference serving of raw jalape\u00f1os provides 120 kilojoules (29\u00a0kcal) of food energy, and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin C, vitamin B6, and vitamin E, with vitamin K in a moderate amount (table). Other micronutrients are low in content (table)." }, "School meal-72": { "title": "School meal", "section": "North America", "headers": [ "United States", "Current status" ], "para_index": 72, "content": "Today, the National School Lunch Program is a federal nutrition assistance program operating in over 101,000 public schools, non-profit private schools, and residential care institutions. It is regulated and administered at the federal level by the Food and Nutrition Service of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The program provides \"nutritionally balanced meals\" at low or no cost to more than 31 million children each school day." }, "Jeff Buckley-36": { "title": "Jeff Buckley", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "citation needed] On the evening of May 29, 1997, Buckley's band flew to Memphis to join him in his studio to work on his new material. The same evening, Buckley went swimming fully dressed in Wolf River Harbor, a slack water channel of the Mississippi River, singing the chorus of \"Whole Lotta Love\" by Led Zeppelin. Keith Foti, a roadie in Buckley's band, remained on shore. After moving a radio and guitar out of reach of the wake from a passing tugboat, Foti looked up to see that Buckley had vanished. A rescue effort that night and the morning after by scuba teams and police failed to discover him. On June 4, two locals spotted his body in the Wolf River near a riverboat, and he was brought to land." }, "Bedtime-1": { "title": "Bedtime", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bedtime (also called putting to bed or tucking in) is a ritual part of parenting to help children feel more secure and become accustomed to a more rigid schedule of sleep than they might prefer. The ritual of bedtime is aimed at facilitating the transition from wakefulness to sleep. It may involve bedtime stories, children's songs, nursery rhymes, bed-making and getting children to change into nightwear. In some religious households, prayers are said shortly before going to bed. Sleep training may be part of the bedtime ritual for babies and toddlers." }, "Federal Bureau of Investigation-61": { "title": "Federal Bureau of Investigation", "section": "Personnel", "headers": [ "Hiring process" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "To apply to become an FBI agent, one must be between the ages of 23 and 37, unless one is a preference-eligible veteran, in which case one may apply after age 37. The applicant must also hold U.S. citizenship, be of high moral character, have a clean record, and hold at least a four-year bachelor's degree. At least three years of professional work experience prior to application is also required. All FBI employees require a Top Secret (TS) security clearance, and in many instances, employees need a TS/SCI (Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information) clearance. To obtain a security clearance, all potential FBI personnel must pass a series of Single Scope Background Investigations (SSBI), which are conducted by the Office of Personnel Management. Special agent candidates also have to pass a Physical Fitness Test (PFT), which includes a 300-meter run, one-minute sit-ups, maximum push-ups, and a 1.5-mile (2.4\u00a0km) run. Personnel must pass a polygraph test with questions including possible drug use. Applicants who fail polygraphs may not gain employment with the FBI. Up until 1975, the FBI had a minimum height requirement of 5\u00a0feet 7\u00a0inches (170\u00a0cm)." }, "Megara (mythology)-4": { "title": "Megara (mythology)", "section": "Mythology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Megara was married to Heracles by her father as a reward for the hero after he led the defense of Thebes against the Minyans at Orchomenus, and the couple had several sons together. Hera sent Heracles into a fit of temporary madness due to her hatred for him. In his madness, Heracles killed their children either by shooting them with arrows or by throwing them into a fire. Whether Megara also died as a result of this attack depended on the author. In some sources, after Heracles completed his Twelve Labours, Megara married Heracles' nephew Iolaus and became the mother of Leipephilene by him." }, "Mongoose-5": { "title": "Mongoose", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Mongooses have long faces and bodies, small, rounded ears, short legs, and long, tapering tails. Most are brindled or grizzly; a few have strongly marked coats which bear a striking resemblance to mustelids. Their nonretractile claws are used primarily for digging. Mongooses, much like goats, have narrow, ovular pupils. Most species have a large anal scent gland, used for territorial marking and signaling reproductive status. The dental formula of mongooses is 3." }, "Yeast extract-11": { "title": "Yeast extract", "section": "Vegemite", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Vegemite (/\u02c8v\u025bd\u0292\u026ama\u026at/ VEJ-i-myte) is a thick, black Australian food spread made from leftover brewers' yeast extract with various vegetable and spice additives. It was developed by Cyril Percy Callister in Melbourne, Victoria in 1922. The Vegemite brand was owned by Mondelez International (formerly Kraft Foods Inc.) until January 2017, when it was acquired by the Australian Bega Cheese group in a US$460,000,000 (equivalent to about $480,000,000 in 2019) agreement for full Australian ownership after Bega would buy most of Mondelez International's Australia and New Zealand grocery and cheese business." }, "Jell-O-30": { "title": "Jell-O", "section": "Jell-O shots", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Vodka or rum is commonly used in Jell-O shots, but the shots can be made with almost any liquor. It is important to adjust the proportions of alcohol and cold water to ensure that the mixture sets when experimenting with various liquors. The Jell-O shots can be served in shot glasses and/or small paper or plastic cups; the paper or plastic cups are easier to eat from, but shot glasses are more attractive. The alcohol in Jell-O shots is contained within the Jell-O, so the body absorbs it more slowly, causing people to underestimate how much alcohol they have consumed. Drinkers must monitor their intake because of this." }, "Copper-5": { "title": "Copper", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Copper used in buildings, usually for roofing, oxidizes to form a green verdigris (or patina). Copper is sometimes used in decorative art, both in its elemental metal form and in compounds as pigments. Copper compounds are used as bacteriostatic agents, fungicides, and wood preservatives." }, "1986 World Series-4": { "title": "1986 World Series", "section": "Matchups", "headers": [ "Game 1" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "NL New York Mets (4) beat AL Boston Red Sox (3) \u2020: postponed from October 26 due to rain Just as they did in the League Championship Series against Houston, the Mets opened the series with a 1\u20130 defeat. Boston's Bruce Hurst dominated the Mets with his looping curve and forkball, allowing only four hits over eight innings, and getting Ray Knight to ground into an inning-ending double play in the bottom of the sixth inning. New York's Ron Darling was equally effective, yielding only an unearned run in the seventh inning when Mets second baseman Tim Teufel committed an error. Red Sox closer Calvin Schiraldi walked Darryl Strawberry to lead off the bottom of the ninth inning, giving Mets fans visions of a rally. However, Schiraldi got Knight to force Strawberry at second base, and got Wally Backman to fly out to left field. With two outs, Danny Heep pinch hit for weak-hitting shortstop Rafael Santana. Schiraldi worked him to a 2\u20132 count, and got Heep to swing at the last pitch for a strikeout and a save." }, "Yellow pages-1": { "title": "Yellow pages", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The yellow pages are any telephone directory of businesses, organised by category rather than alphabetically by business name, and in which advertising is sold. The directories were originally printed on yellow paper, as opposed to white pages for non-commercial listings. The traditional term \"yellow pages\" is now also applied to online directories of businesses." }, "Organ donation-8": { "title": "Organ donation", "section": "Process in the USA", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The surgical process depends upon which organs are being donated. After the surgeons remove the organs, they are transported as quickly as possible to the recipient, for immediate transplantation. Most organs only survive outside the body for a few hours, so recipients in the same region are usually chosen. In the case of a dead donor, after the organs are removed, the body is normally restored to as normal an appearance as possible, so that the family can proceed with funeral rites and either cremation or burial." }, "Mixed doubles-1": { "title": "Mixed doubles", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mixed doubles or mixed pairs is a form of mixed-sex sports that consists of teams of one man and one woman. This variation of competition is prominent in curling and racket sports, such as tennis, table tennis and badminton (where it is known as doubles), as well as gymnastics, figure skating and card games such as contract bridge (where it is known as mixed pairs)." }, "Selfie-53": { "title": "Selfie", "section": "Injuries while taking photos", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "In 2015 it was reported that more people had been killed taking selfies that year than by shark attacks. Other publications have debated that analysis. Takers of selfie photographs have fallen to their deaths while losing their balance in a precarious position, and others have been wounded or killed while posing with handguns which have accidentally fired." }, "Oceanography-1": { "title": "Oceanography", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Oceanography (compound of the Greek words \u1f60\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 meaning \"ocean\" and \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9 meaning \"write\"), also known as oceanology, is the study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean. It is an important Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the world ocean and understanding of processes within: astronomy, biology, chemistry, climatology, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics. Paleoceanography studies the history of the oceans in the geologic past. An oceanographer is a person who studies many matters concerned with oceans including marine geology, physics, chemistry and biology ." }, "Eating disorder-7": { "title": "Eating disorder", "section": "Classification", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Two subtypes of anorexia nervosa are specified in the DSM-5\u2014restricting type and binge-eating/purging type. Those who have the restricting type of anorexia nervosa restrict food intake and do not engage in binge eating, whereas those with the binge/purge type lose control over their eating at least occasionally and may compensate for these binge episodes. Although similar in presentation to bulimia, individuals with the binge-eating/purging subtype of anorexia are typically underweight, whereas those with bulimia tend to be normal weight or overweight." }, "Scouting-1": { "title": "Scouting", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Scout movement, also known as Scouting or the Scouts, is a voluntary non-political educational movement for young people open to all without distinction of gender, origin, race or creed, in accordance with the purpose, principles and method conceived by the founder, Lord Baden-Powell. The purpose of the Scout Movement is to contribute to the development of young people in achieving their full physical, intellectual, emotional, social and spiritual potentials as individuals, as responsible citizens and as members of their local, national and international communities." }, "Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Germany-1": { "title": "Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Germany", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Isabella of Aragon (1305 \u2013 12 July 1330) was the daughter of James II of Aragon and his second wife Blanche of Anjou. Queen consort of Frederick I of Austria. She was a member of the House of Aragon" }, "Metallica (album)-3": { "title": "Metallica (album)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Metallica received widespread critical acclaim and became the band's best-selling album. It debuted at number one in ten countries and spent four consecutive weeks at the top of the Billboard 200, making it Metallica's first album to top the album charts. Metallica is one of the best-selling albums worldwide, and also one of the best-selling albums in the United States since Nielsen SoundScan tracking began. The album was certified 16\u00d7 platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 2012, and has sold over sixteen million copies in the United States, being the first album in the SoundScan era to do so." }, "Winter clothing-1": { "title": "Winter clothing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Winter clothing are clothes used for protection against the particularly cold weather of winter. Often they have a good water resistance, consist of multiple layers to protect and insulate against low temperatures." }, "History of the hippie movement-39": { "title": "History of the hippie movement", "section": "1968", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "By 1968, hippie-influenced fashions were beginning to take off in the mainstream, especially for youths and younger adults of the populous \"Baby Boomer\" generation, many of whom may have aspired to emulate the hardcore movements now living in tribalistic communes, but had no overt connections to them. This was noticed not only in terms of clothes and also longer hair for men, but also in music, film, art, and literature, and not just in the US, but around the world. Eugene McCarthy's brief presidential campaign successfully persuaded a significant minority of young adults to \"get clean for Gene\" by shaving their beards or wearing lower miniskirts; however the \"Clean Genes\" had little impact on the popular image in the media spotlight, of the hirsute hippie adorned in beads, feathers, flowers and bells." }, "Yeast-27": { "title": "Yeast", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Alcoholic beverages", "Wine" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Yeast is used in winemaking, where it converts the sugars present (glucose and fructose) in grape juice (must) into ethanol. Yeast is normally already present on grape skins. Fermentation can be done with this endogenous \"wild yeast\", but this procedure gives unpredictable results, which depend upon the exact types of yeast species present. For this reason, a pure yeast culture is usually added to the must; this yeast quickly dominates the fermentation. The wild yeasts are repressed, which ensures a reliable and predictable fermentation." }, "Gettysburg Battlefield-2": { "title": "Gettysburg Battlefield", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Within 10 miles (16\u00a0km) of the Maryland/Pennsylvania state line, the Gettysburg battlefield is situated in the Gettysburg-Newark Basin of the Pennsylvania Piedmont entirely within the Potomac River Watershed near the Marsh and Rock creeks' triple point with the Susquehanna River Watershed (near Oak Hill) occupying an area 3.33 by 5.33 miles (5.4\u00a0km \u00d7\u00a08.6\u00a0km). Military engagements occurred within and around the borough of Gettysburg (1863 pop. 2,400), which remains the population center for the battlefield area at the intersections of roads that connect the borough with 10 nearby Pennsylvania and Maryland towns (e.g., antebellum turnpikes to Chambersburg, York, and Baltimore.)" }, "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze-6": { "title": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "April interviews Professor Jordan Perry of Techno Global Research Industries (TGRI) about a possible toxic waste leak. He assures her that everything is fine, but at the same time their scientists discover dandelions which have been mutated by the leak. Freddy, a spy for the Foot posing as April's cameraman, discovers this and reports it to his master, who decides to have Perry interrogated. Back at April's apartment, Splinter reveals to her and the turtles that the canister of mutagen (dubbed \"Ooze\" by the Turtles) which mutated them into their current state 15 years prior was created by TGRI, and they too decide to talk to him. The Foot gets to Perry first and kidnaps him, salvaging the last vial canister of ooze in the process. The turtles attempt to get the canister back, but ultimately fail. Afterward, Keno gets into April's apartment under the guise of delivering pizza and discovers Splinter and the turtles." }, "Female reproductive system-1": { "title": "Female reproductive system", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a foetus to full term. The internal sex organs are the uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The uterus or womb accommodates the embryo which develops into the foetus. The uterus also produces vaginal and uterine secretions which help the transit of sperm to the Fallopian tubes. The ovaries produce the ova (egg cells). The external sex organs are also known as the genitals and these are the organs of the vulva including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening. The vagina is connected to the uterus at the cervix." }, "Bit-15": { "title": "Bit", "section": "Unit and symbol", "headers": [ "Multiple bits" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Multiple bits may be expressed and represented in several ways. For convenience of representing commonly reoccurring groups of bits in information technology, several units of information have traditionally been used. The most common is the unit byte, coined by Werner Buchholz in June 1956, which historically was used to represent the group of bits used to encode a single character of text (until UTF-8 multibyte encoding took over) in a computer and for this reason it was used as the basic addressable element in many computer architectures. The trend in hardware design converged on the most common implementation of using eight\u00a0bits per byte, as it is widely used today. However, because of the ambiguity of relying on the underlying hardware design, the unit octet was defined to explicitly denote a sequence of eight\u00a0bits." }, "Donatello-1": { "title": "Donatello", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Donato di Niccol\u00f2 di Betto Bardi (c.\u20091386 \u2013 13 December 1466), better known as Donatello (English: /\u02ccd\u0252n\u0259\u02c8t\u025blo\u028a/ Italian:\u00a0[dona\u02c8t\u025bllo]), was an Italian sculptor of the Renaissance. Born in Florence, he studied classical sculpture and used this to develop a complete Renaissance style in sculpture, whose periods in Rome, Padua and Siena introduced to other parts of Italy a long and productive career. He worked with stone, bronze, wood, clay, stucco and wax, and had several assistants, with four perhaps being a typical number. Though his best-known works were mostly statues in the round, he developed a new, very shallow, type of bas-relief for small works, and a good deal of his output was larger architectural reliefs." }, "Learner's permit-19": { "title": "Learner's permit", "section": "India", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "In India, the minimum age at which a provisional licence is valid is 18 (motorcycle/scooter). When driving under a provisional license, the learner must be accompanied by a driver who holds a full driving license. The supervisor has to be in view of the road and be in a position to control the vehicle. The provisional license is available only after passing the theory test. A full licence can be acquired only after passing the driving test. Once the learner has passed the theory test, they may take the practical driving test. Once the practical driving test has been taken and passed, a full driving licence will be automatically issued. While it is possible to take both tests immediately after each other, most learner drivers take a period between taking the theory and applying for a practical test to carry out driving lessons, either with their supervisor or a professional Driving school." }, "Clint Eastwood-68": { "title": "Clint Eastwood", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Relationships, marriages, affairs and children" ], "para_index": 68, "content": "Eastwood refuses to confirm his exact number of offspring." }, "Dog food-60": { "title": "Dog food", "section": "Foods dangerous to dogs", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 60, "content": "A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulfate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins (cause kidney failure in dogs), milk (some dogs are lactose intolerant and suffer diarrhea; goats' milk can be beneficial), nutmeg (neurotoxic to dogs), mushrooms, fatty foods, rhubarb, xylitol, macadamia nuts, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials." }, "Johann Sebastian Bach-5": { "title": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Bach was born in 1685 in Eisenach, in the duchy of Saxe-Eisenach, into an extensive musical family. His father, Johann Ambrosius Bach, was the director of the town musicians, and all of his uncles were professional musicians. His father probably taught him to play the violin and harpsichord, and his brother Johann Christoph Bach taught him the clavichord and exposed him to much of the contemporary music. Apparently on his own initiative, Bach attended St. Michael's School in L\u00fcneburg for two years. After graduating, he held several musical posts across Germany, including Kapellmeister (director of music) to Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-K\u00f6then, and Thomaskantor in Leipzig, a position of music director at the main Lutheran churches and educator at the Thomasschule. He received the title of \"Royal Court Composer\" from Augustus\u00a0III in 1736. Bach's health and vision declined in 1749, and he died on 28 July 1750." }, "Polar bear-1": { "title": "Polar bear", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is a hypercarnivorous bear whose native range lies largely within the Arctic Circle, encompassing the Arctic Ocean, its surrounding seas and surrounding land masses. It is a large bear, approximately the same size as the omnivorous Kodiak bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi). A boar (adult male) weighs around 350\u2013700\u00a0kg (772\u20131,543\u00a0lb), while a sow (adult female) is about half that size. Polar bears are the largest land carnivores currently in existence, rivaled only by the Kodiak bear. Although it is the sister species of the brown bear, it has evolved to occupy a narrower ecological niche, with many body characteristics adapted for cold temperatures, for moving across snow, ice and open water, and for hunting seals, which make up most of its diet. Although most polar bears are born on land, they spend most of their time on the sea ice. Their scientific name means \"maritime bear\" and derives from this fact. Polar bears hunt their preferred food of seals from the edge of sea ice, often living off fat reserves when no sea ice is present. Because of their dependence on the sea ice, polar bears are classified as marine mammals." }, "The Song of Roland-1": { "title": "The Song of Roland", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Song of Roland (French: La Chanson de Roland) is an 11th century epic poem (chanson de geste) based on the Battle of Roncevaux Pass in 778, during the reign of Charlemagne. It is the oldest surviving major work of French literature and exists in various manuscript versions, which testify to its enormous and enduring popularity in the 12th to 16th centuries." }, "Association football-1": { "title": "Association football", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players. It is played by approximately 250\u00a0million players in over 200 countries and dependencies, making it the world's most popular sport. The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal." }, "Shrimp-16": { "title": "Shrimp", "section": "Species", "headers": [ "Non-decapods" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "A shrimp seems to be almost any crustacean that isn't a lobster, barnacle, or crab \u2013 Greg Jensen A wide variety of non-decapod crustaceans are also commonly referred to as shrimp. This includes the brine shrimp, clam shrimp, fairy shrimp and tadpole shrimp belonging to the branchiopods, the lophogastridan shrimp, opossum shrimp and skeleton shrimp belonging the Malacostraca; and seed shrimp which are ostracods. Many of these species look quite unlike the commercial decapod shrimp that are eaten as seafood. For example, skeleton shrimp have short legs and a slender tail like a scorpion tail, fairy shrimp swim upside down with swimming appendages that look like leaves, and the tiny seed shrimp have bivalved carapaces which they can open or close. Krill resemble miniature shrimp, and are sometimes called \"krill shrimp\"." }, "Hornet-8": { "title": "Hornet", "section": "Distribution", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Hornets are found mainly in the Northern Hemisphere. The common European hornet (Vespa crabro) is the best-known species, widely distributed in Europe (but is never found north of the 63rd parallel), Ukraine and European Russia (except in extreme northern areas). In the east, the species' distribution area stretches over the Ural Mountains to Western Siberia (found in the vicinity of Khanty-Mansiysk). In Asia, the common European hornet is found in southern Siberia, as well as in eastern China. The common European hornet was accidentally introduced to eastern North America about the middle of the 19th century and has lived there since at about the same latitudes as in Europe. However, it has never been found in western North America." }, "Plato-1": { "title": "Plato", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Plato (/\u02c8ple\u026ato\u028a/ PLAY-toe; Greek: \u03a0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd Pl\u00e1t\u014dn, pronounced\u00a0[pl\u00e1.t\u0254\u02d0n] in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 \u2013 348/347 BC) was an Athenian philosopher during the Classical period in Ancient Greece, founder of the Platonist school of thought, and the Academy, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world." }, "Horse-1": { "title": "Horse", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is one of two extant subspecies of Equus ferus. It is an odd-toed ungulate mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55\u00a0million years from a small multi-toed creature, Eohippus, into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began domesticating horses around 4000 BC, and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BC. Horses in the subspecies caballus are domesticated, although some domesticated populations live in the wild as feral horses. These feral populations are not true wild horses, as this term is used to describe horses that have never been domesticated, such as the endangered Przewalski's horse, a separate subspecies, and the only remaining true wild horse. There is an extensive, specialized vocabulary used to describe equine-related concepts, covering everything from anatomy to life stages, size, colors, markings, breeds, locomotion, and behavior." }, "Beaver-6": { "title": "Beaver", "section": "General", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Beavers have webbed hind-feet, and a broad, scaly tail. They have poor eyesight, but keen senses of hearing, smell, and touch. A beaver's teeth grow continuously so they will not be worn down by chewing on wood. Their four incisors are composed of hard orange enamel on the front and a softer dentin on the back. The chisel-like ends of incisors are maintained by their self-sharpening wear pattern. The enamel in a beaver's incisors contains iron and is more resistant to acid than enamel in the teeth of other mammals." }, "Teacher-74": { "title": "Teacher", "section": "Teaching around the world", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 74, "content": "In the United States, each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools. Teaching certification generally lasts three years, but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years. Public school teachers are required to have a bachelor's degree and the majority must be certified by the state in which they teach. Many charter schools do not require that their teachers be certified, provided they meet the standards to be highly qualified as set by No Child Left Behind. Additionally, the requirements for substitute/temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that there are 1.4 million elementary school teachers, 674,000 middle school teachers, and 1 million secondary school teachers employed in the U.S." }, "Joan of Arc-3": { "title": "Joan of Arc", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In 1456, an inquisitorial court authorized by Pope Callixtus III examined the trial, debunked the charges against her, pronounced her innocent, and declared her a martyr. In the 16th century she became a symbol of the Catholic League, and in 1803 she was declared a national symbol of France by the decision of Napoleon Bonaparte. She was beatified in 1909 and canonized in 1920. Joan of Arc is one of the nine secondary patron saints of France, along with Saint Denis, Saint Martin of Tours, Saint Louis, Saint Michael, Saint R\u00e9mi, Saint Petronilla, Saint Radegund and Saint Th\u00e9r\u00e8se of Lisieux." }, "The Legend of Zelda-24": { "title": "The Legend of Zelda", "section": "Characters", "headers": [ "Link" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "The central protagonist of The Legend of Zelda series, Link is the name of various young men who characteristically wear a green tunic and a pointed cap, and are the bearers of the Triforce of Courage. In most games, the player can give Link a different name before the start of the adventure, and he will be referred by that given name throughout by the non-player characters (NPCs). The various Links each have a special title, such as \"Hero of Time\", \"Hero of the Winds\" or \"Hero chosen by the gods\". Like many silent protagonists in video games, Link does not speak, only producing grunts, yells, or similar sounds. Despite the player not seeing the dialogue, it is referenced second-hand by in-game characters, showing that he is not, in fact, mute. Link is shown as a silent protagonist so that the audience is able to have their own thoughts as to how their Link would answer the characters instead of him having scripted responses." }, "The Raven-19": { "title": "The Raven", "section": "Publication history", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "The immediate success of \"The Raven\" prompted Wiley and Putnam to publish a collection of Poe's prose called Tales in June 1845; it was his first book in five years. They also published a collection of his poetry called The Raven and Other Poems on November 19 by Wiley and Putnam which included a dedication to Barrett as \"the Noblest of her Sex\". The small volume, his first book of poetry in 14 years, was 100 pages and sold for 31 cents. In addition to the title poem, it included \"The Valley of Unrest\", \"Bridal Ballad\", \"The City in the Sea\", \"Eulalie\", \"The Conqueror Worm\", \"The Haunted Palace\" and eleven others. In the preface, Poe referred to them as \"trifles\" which had been altered without his permission as they made \"the rounds of the press\"." }, "Banana-54": { "title": "Banana", "section": "Pests, diseases, and natural disasters", "headers": [ "Black sigatoka" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Black sigatoka is a fungal leaf spot disease first observed in Fiji in 1963 or 1964. Black Sigatoka (also known as black leaf streak) has spread to banana plantations throughout the tropics from infected banana leaves that were used as packing material. It affects all main cultivars of bananas and plantains (including the Cavendish cultivars), impeding photosynthesis by blackening parts of the leaves, eventually killing the entire leaf. Starved for energy, fruit production falls by 50% or more, and the bananas that do grow ripen prematurely, making them unsuitable for export. The fungus has shown ever-increasing resistance to treatment, with the current expense for treating 1 hectare (2.5 acres) exceeding $1,000 per year. In addition to the expense, there is the question of how long intensive spraying can be environmentally justified." }, "University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine-26": { "title": "University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine", "section": "Graduate programs", "headers": [ "Doctoral programs", "Clinical and Translational Science" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "This program is offered through Pitt's Institute for Clinical Research Education and is a rigorous, multidisciplinary program designed to train an elite group of scientists in conducting high quality clinical and translation research. A certificate is also available to students enrolled in other health science doctoral programs." }, "Barack Obama-4": { "title": "Barack Obama", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "After winning re-election by defeating Republican opponent Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. During this term, he promoted inclusion for LGBT Americans. His administration filed briefs that urged the Supreme Court to strike down same-sex marriage bans as unconstitutional (United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges); same-sex marriage was legalized nationwide in 2015 after the Court ruled so in Obergefell. He advocated for gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, indicating support for a ban on assault weapons, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning global warming and immigration. In foreign policy, he ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, continued the process of ending U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan in 2016, promoted discussions that led to the 2015 Paris Agreement on global climate change, initiated sanctions against Russia following the invasion in Ukraine and again after Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, brokered a nuclear deal with Iran, and normalized U.S. relations with Cuba. Obama nominated three justices to the Supreme Court: Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan were confirmed as justices, while Merrick Garland faced partisan obstruction and was not confirmed. During his term in office, America's reputation abroad significantly improved." }, "Breakdancing-2": { "title": "Breakdancing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Breaking was created by the African American youth in the early 1970s. The earliest breakdancers were the 1st Generation Bboys known as Trixie (Lauree Myers), Dancing Doug (Douglas Colon), A1 Bboy Sasa, The Legendary Smith Twins and Clark Kent. The groups included Zulu Kings, Star Child La Rock, Salsoul and Crazy Commandos. By the late seventies, the dance had begun to spread to other communities and was gaining wider popularity; at the same time, the dance had peaked in popularity among African Americans and Puerto Ricans." }, "Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex-1": { "title": "Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex (GDSCC), commonly called the Goldstone Observatory, is a satellite ground station located in the Mojave Desert near Barstow in the U.S. state of California. Operated by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), its main purpose is to track and communicate with space missions. It is named after Goldstone, California, a nearby gold-mining ghost town." }, "Monkey-20": { "title": "Monkey", "section": "Relationship with humans", "headers": [ "As service animals for disabled persons" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Helper monkeys are usually trained in schools by private organizations, taking seven years to train, and are able to serve 25\u201330 years (two to three times longer than a guide dog)." }, "Hypertension-24": { "title": "Hypertension", "section": "Pathophysiology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Excessive sodium or insufficient potassium in the diet leads to excessive intracellular sodium, which contracts vascular smooth muscle, restricting blood flow and so increases blood pressure." }, "Portugal-1": { "title": "Portugal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Portugal (Portuguese:\u00a0[pu\u027etu\u02c8\u0263al]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: Rep\u00fablica Portuguesa [\u0281\u025b\u02c8pu\u03b2lik\u0250 pu\u027etu\u02c8\u0263ez\u0250]), is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula, in southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe, being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain. Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments." }, "Dolce & Gabbana-32": { "title": "Dolce & Gabbana", "section": "Inspirations and style", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "D & G trademarks include underwear-as-outerwear (such as corsets and bra fastenings), gangster boss pinstripe suits, and extravagantly printed coats. Meanwhile, their feminine collections are always backed by powerful ad campaigns, like the black-and-white ads featuring model Marpessa photographed by Ferdinando Scianna in 1987 (Dolce & Gabbana). \"They find their way out of any black dress, any buttoned-up blouse (Domenico),\" says Rossellini. \"The first piece of theirs I wore was a white shirt, very chaste, but cut to make my breasts look as if they were bursting out of it (Domenico).\"" }, "Lisa del Giocondo-1": { "title": "Lisa del Giocondo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lisa del Giocondo (Italian pronunciation:\u00a0[\u02c8li\u02d0za del d\u0292o\u02c8kondo]; n\u00e9e Gherardini [\u0261erar\u02c8di\u02d0ni]; June 15, 1479 \u2013 July 15, 1542) was an Italian noblewoman and member of the Gherardini family of Florence and Tuscany. Her name was given to the Mona Lisa, her portrait commissioned by her husband and painted by Leonardo da Vinci during the Italian Renaissance." }, "Jay Thomas-5": { "title": "Jay Thomas", "section": "Letterman appearances", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Thomas made annual Christmas appearances on David Letterman's CBS late night show, beginning in December 1998. Letterman and one of his other guests that evening, then-New York Jets quarterback Vinny Testaverde, took turns throwing footballs trying to knock a large meatball off the top of a Christmas tree at the other end of the stage. As the two took turns futilely attempting to knock off the meatball, Thomas came back out to join in the festivities, and promptly knocked the meatball from the tree." }, "Ultramarine-2": { "title": "Ultramarine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Ultramarine was the finest and most expensive blue used by Renaissance painters. It was often used for the robes of the Virgin Mary, and symbolized holiness and humility. It remained an extremely expensive pigment until a synthetic ultramarine was invented in 1826." }, "Serj Tankian-1": { "title": "Serj Tankian", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Serj Tankian (Armenian:\u00a0[\u02c8s\u025b\u027e\u0292 t\u02b0\u0251n\u02c8kj\u0251n]; born August 21, 1967) is an Armenian American musician, singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer, poet and political activist. He is best known as the lead vocalist, songwriter, keyboardist, and occasional live rhythm guitarist of the band System of a Down, formed in 1994." }, "Ada Lovelace-1": { "title": "Ada Lovelace", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (n\u00e9e Byron; 10 December 1815\u00a0\u2013 27 November 1852) was an English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. She was the first to recognise that the machine had applications beyond pure calculation, and published the first algorithm intended to be carried out by such a machine. As a result, she is widely regarded as the first to recognise the full potential of computers and one of the first computer programmers." }, "Popeye-53": { "title": "Popeye", "section": "Other media", "headers": [ "Films", "Popeye (1980)" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "Director Robert Altman used the character in Popeye, a 1980 live-action musical feature film, starring Robin Williams as Popeye (his first starring movie role), Shelley Duvall as Olive Oyl, and Paul L. Smith as Bluto, with songs by Harry Nilsson and Van Dyke Parks. The script was by Jules Feiffer, who adapted the 1971 Nostalgia Press book of 1936 strips for his screenplay, thus retaining many of the characters created by Segar. A co-production of Paramount Pictures and Walt Disney Productions, the movie was filmed almost entirely on Malta, in the village of Mellie\u0127a on the northwest coast of the island. The set is now a tourist attraction called Popeye Village. The US box office earnings were double the film's budget, making it a success." }, "Pea-1": { "title": "Pea", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The pea is most commonly the small spherical seed or the seed-pod of the pod fruit Pisum sativum. Each pod contains several peas, which can be green or yellow. Botanically, pea pods are fruit, since they contain seeds and develop from the ovary of a (pea) flower. The name is also used to describe other edible seeds from the Fabaceae such as the pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and the seeds from several species of Lathyrus." }, "Mary of Guise-2": { "title": "Mary of Guise", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Mary was born at Bar-le-Duc, Lorraine, the eldest daughter of Claude of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, head of the House of Guise, and his wife Antoinette de Bourbon, herself the daughter of Francis, Count of Vendome, and Marie de Luxembourg. Among her 11 siblings were Francis, Duke of Guise; Claude, Duke of Aumale; Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine; and Louis I, Cardinal of Guise. Mary was tall and her mother mentioned in a letter that she suffered from bad colds. However, there is a story of Mary of Guise being born in a commoner's home while en route to her \"supposed\" birthplace. Her name has also been stylized as Mary of Guise, Marie de Guise, and Mary di Guise." }, "3D printing-47": { "title": "3D printing", "section": "Processes and printers", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "As of December 2017, additive manufacturing systems were on the market that ranged from $99 to $500,000 in price and were employed in industries including aerospace, architecture, automotive, defense, and medical replacements, among many others. For example, General Electric uses high-end 3D Printers to build parts for turbines. Many of these systems are used for rapid prototyping, before mass production methods are employed. Higher education has proven to be a major buyer of desktop and professional 3D printers which industry experts generally view as a positive indicator. Libraries around the world have also become locations to house smaller 3D printers for educational and community access. Several projects and companies are making efforts to develop affordable 3D printers for home desktop use. Much of this work has been driven by and targeted at DIY/Maker/enthusiast/early adopter communities, with additional ties to the academic and hacker communities." }, "Perjury-1": { "title": "Perjury", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Perjury is the intentional act of swearing a false oath or falsifying an affirmation to tell the truth, whether spoken or in writing, concerning matters material to an official proceeding. In some jurisdictions, contrary to popular misconception, no crime has occurred when a false statement is (intentionally or unintentionally) made while under oath or subject to penalty. Instead, criminal culpability attaches only at the instant the declarant falsely asserts the truth of statements (made or to be made) that are material to the outcome of the proceeding. For example, it is not perjury to lie about one's age except if age is a fact material to influencing the legal result, such as eligibility for old age retirement benefits or whether a person was of an age to have legal capacity." }, "Photosynthesis-11": { "title": "Photosynthesis", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "CO2carbon dioxide + H2O water + photonslight energy \u2192 [CH2O]carbohydrate + O2 oxygen Other processes substitute other compounds (such as arsenite) for water in the electron-supply role; for example some microbes use sunlight to oxidize arsenite to arsenate: The equation for this reaction is:" }, "Strawberry-31": { "title": "Strawberry", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "Domestic cultivation" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Strawberries are popular and rewarding plants to grow in the domestic environment, be it for consumption or exhibition purposes, almost anywhere in the world. The best time to plant is in late summer or spring. Plant in full sun or dappled shade, and in somewhat sandy soil. The addition of manure and a balanced fertilizer aids strong growth. Alternatively they can be planted in pots or special planters using compost. Fibre mats placed under each plant will protect fruits from touching the ground, and will act as a weed barrier." }, "Limbic system-17": { "title": "Limbic system", "section": "Function", "headers": [ "Amygdala", "Attentional and emotional processes" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Besides memory, the amygdala also seems to be an important brain region involved in attentional and emotional processes. First, to define attention in cognitive terms, attention is the ability to focus on some stimuli while ignoring others. Thus, the amygdala seems to be an important structure in this ability. Foremost, however, this structure was historically thought to be linked to fear, allowing the individual to take action in response to that fear. However, as time has gone by, researchers such as Pessoa, generalized this concept with help from evidence of EEG recordings, and concluded that the amygdala helps an organism to define a stimulus and therefore respond accordingly. However, when the amygdala was initially thought to be linked to fear, this gave way for research in the amygdala for emotional processes. Kheirbek demonstrated research that the amygdala is involved in emotional processes, in particular the ventral hippocampus. He described the ventral hippocampus as having a role in neurogenesis and the creation of adult-born granule cells (GC). These cells not only were a crucial part of neurogenesis and the strengthening of spatial memory and learning in the hippocampus but also appear to be an essential component to the function of the amygdala. A deficit of these cells, as Pessoa (2009) predicted in his studies, would result in low emotional functioning, leading to high retention rate of mental diseases, such as anxiety disorders." }, "Triton (moon)-3": { "title": "Triton (moon)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "During its 1989 flyby of Triton, Voyager 2 found surface temperatures of \u2212235\u00a0\u00b0C and also discovered active geysers; Voyager 2 remains the only spacecraft to visit Triton. Triton is one of the few moons in the Solar System known to be geologically active (the others being Jupiter's Io and Europa, and Saturn's Enceladus and Titan). As a consequence, its surface is relatively young, with few obvious impact craters. Intricate cryovolcanic and tectonic terrains suggest a complex geological history. Part of its surface has geysers erupting sublimated nitrogen gas, contributing to a tenuous nitrogen atmosphere less than \u200b1\u204470,000 the pressure of Earth's atmosphere at sea level." }, "Game of Thrones-1": { "title": "Game of Thrones", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss for HBO. It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, George R. R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is A Game of Thrones. The show was both produced and filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in the United Kingdom. Filming locations also included Canada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, and Spain. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and concluded on May 19, 2019, with 73 episodes broadcast over eight seasons." }, "Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia-2": { "title": "Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "His martyrdom and the popularity of several biographies gave rise to a reputation for heroic virtue that resulted in his elevation to sainthood. He was posthumously declared to be a king and came to be seen as the patron saint of the Czech state. He is the subject of the well-known \"Good King Wenceslas\", a carol for Saint Stephen's Day." }, "Cellulose-3": { "title": "Cellulose", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Some animals, particularly ruminants and termites, can digest cellulose with the help of symbiotic micro-organisms that live in their guts, such as Trichonympha. In human nutrition, cellulose is a non-digestible constituent of insoluble dietary fiber, acting as a hydrophilic bulking agent for feces and potentially aiding in defecation." }, "Gandalf-31": { "title": "Gandalf", "section": "Fictional biography", "headers": [ "The Lord of the Rings", "Gandalf the White" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "\"This, then, is my counsel,\" [said Gandalf.] \"We have not the Ring. In wisdom or great folly it has been sent away to be destroyed, lest it destroy us. Without it we cannot by force defeat [Sauron's] force. But we must at all costs keep his Eye from his true peril... We must call out his hidden strength, so that he shall empty his land... We must make ourselves the bait, though his jaws should close on us... We must walk open-eyed into that trap, with courage, but small hope for ourselves. For, my lords, it may well prove that we ourselves shall perish utterly in a black battle far from the living lands; so that even if Barad-d\u00fbr be thrown down, we shall not live to see a new age. But this, I deem, is our duty.\" J. R. R. Tolkien, The Return of the King Aragorn and Gandalf lead the final campaign against Sauron's forces at the Black Gate, in an effort to distract the Dark Lord's attention from Frodo and Sam, who are at that moment scaling Mount Doom to destroy the One Ring. In a parley before the battle, Gandalf and the other leaders of the West meet the Sauron's chief Lieutenant who shows them Frodo's mithril shirt and other items from the Hobbits' equipment. Gandalf rejects Mordor's terms of surrender, and the forces of the West faced the full might of Sauron's armies, until the Ring was destroyed in Mount Doom. Gandalf then leads the Eagles to rescue Frodo and Sam from the erupting mountain." }, "Clinical Research Bureau-1": { "title": "Clinical Research Bureau", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Clinical Research Bureau was the first permanent birth control clinic in the United States. It was created in 1923 as a result of the birth control movement, which fought against anti-contraception laws. Several years after a 1918 New York appeals court ruling which permitted physicians to prescribe contraceptives, Margaret Sanger decided to open a second birth control clinic, this time staffed with physicians to make it legal under the court ruling (Sanger's first clinic employed nurses, and was shut down by police soon after opening). The second clinic, called the Clinical Research Bureau (CRB), opened on January 2, 1923. To avoid police harassment, the clinic was not publicized, and it operated under the pretense of conducting scientific research. The existence of the clinic was finally announced to the public in December 1923, but this time there were no arrests or controversy, convincing the activists that, after ten years of progress, birth control had finally become widely accepted in America." }, "Joy Division-1": { "title": "Joy Division", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Joy Division were an English rock band formed in Salford in 1976. The group consisted of vocalist Ian Curtis, guitarist/keyboardist Bernard Sumner, bassist Peter Hook and drummer Stephen Morris." }, "Ben & Jerry's-10": { "title": "Ben & Jerry's", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Unilever era" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "In April 2000, Ben & Jerry's sold the company to Anglo-Dutch multinational food giant Unilever. Unilever said it hoped to carry on the tradition of engaging \"in these critical, global economic and social missions\". Although the founders' names are still attached to the product, they do not hold any board or management position and are not involved in day-to-day management of the company." }, "Adamu (Assyrian king)-4": { "title": "Adamu (Assyrian king)", "section": "Geopolitical context", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The region of Assyria, north of the seat of the empire in central Mesopotamia, had been known as Azuhinum in Akkadian records. Towards the end of the reign of Sargon the Akkad, the Assyrian faction had rebelled against him; \u201cthe tribes of Assyria of the upper country\u2014in their turn attacked, but they submitted to his arms, and Sargon settled their habitations, and he smote them grievously.\u201d" }, "Post-9/11-2": { "title": "Post-9/11", "section": "Political consequences", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "We also must never forget the most vivid events of recent history. On September the 11th, 2001, America felt its vulnerability \u2013 even to threats that gather on the other side of the earth. We resolved then, and we are resolved today, to confront every threat, from any source, that could bring sudden terror and suffering to America. \u2014\u2009George W. Bush, 2002. The attacks led to significant and widespread changes in U.S. politics and foreign policy. Domestically, both parties rallied around new or strengthened anti-terrorism legislation. Much of this legislation has been funded by western countries. Since 9/11 and as of 2011, there have been 119,044 anti-terror arrests and 35,117 convictions in 66 countries. By contrast, before 9/11 there were only a few hundred terrorism convictions each year." }, "Preventive healthcare-54": { "title": "Preventive healthcare", "section": "Effectiveness", "headers": [ "Economics for investment" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "There are a number of organizations and policy actions that are relevant when discussing the economics of preventive care services. The evidence base, viewpoints, and policy briefs from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and efforts by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) all provide examples that improve the health and well-being of populations (e.g. preventive health assessments/screenings, prenatal care, and telehealth/telemedicine). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA, ACA) has major influence on the provision of preventive care services, although it is currently under heavy scrutiny and review by the new administration. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the ACA makes preventive care affordable and accessible through mandatory coverage of preventive services without a deductible, copayment, coinsurance, or other cost sharing." }, "Carmine-9": { "title": "Carmine", "section": "Properties and uses", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Carmine was used in dyeing textiles and in painting since antiquity. It is not very stable in oil paint, and its use ceased after new and better red pigments became available. Jacopo Tintoretto used carmine in several of his paintings, including Portrait of Vincenzo Morosini and Christ Washing the Feet of the Disciples." }, "Earth's outer core-3": { "title": "Earth's outer core", "section": "Properties", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Estimates for the temperature of the outer core are about 3,000\u20134,500\u00a0K (2,730\u20134,230\u00a0\u00b0C; 4,940\u20137,640\u00a0\u00b0F) in its outer regions and 4,000\u20138,000\u00a0K (3,730\u20137,730\u00a0\u00b0C; 6,740\u201313,940\u00a0\u00b0F) near the inner core. Evidence for a fluid outer core includes from seismology which shows that seismic shear-waves are not transmitted through the outer core. Because of its high temperature, modeling work has shown that the outer core is a low-viscosity fluid that convects turbulently. The dynamo theory sees eddy currents in the nickel\u2013iron fluid of the outer core as principal source of the Earth's magnetic field. The average magnetic field strength in the Earth's outer core was estimated to be 2.5\u00a0millitesla, 50 times stronger than the magnetic field at the surface. The outer core is not under enough pressure to be solid, so it is liquid even though it has a composition similar to the inner core. Sulfur and oxygen could be present in the outer core." }, "Elizabeth I of England-1": { "title": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 \u2013 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603. Sometimes called the Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the last of the five monarchs of the House of Tudor." }, "Eritrean Navy-2": { "title": "Eritrean Navy", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Eritrean Navy of today is said to have been an outgrowth of the Eritrean Liberation Front's sea transport operations early in the Eritrean War of Independence. This continued as a part of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) after the split of the organizations. After the Second Congress of the EPLF an offensive force was proposed and created with a base in Sudan." }, "Scientific Revolution-1": { "title": "Scientific Revolution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. The Scientific Revolution took place in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period and continued through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment. While its dates are debated, the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus's De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is often cited as marking the beginning of the Scientific Revolution." }, "Suburb-1": { "title": "Suburb", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A suburb or suburban area is a mixed-use or residential area, existing either as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. Suburbs might have their political jurisdiction, especially in the United States, but this is not always the case, especially in the United Kingdom where suburbs are located within the administrative boundaries of cities. In most English-speaking countries, suburban areas are defined in contrast to central or inner-city areas, but in Australian English and South African English, suburb has become largely synonymous with what is called a \"neighborhood\" in other countries and the term extends to inner-city areas. In some areas, such as Australia, India, China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and parts of the United States and Canada, new suburbs are routinely annexed by adjacent cities. In others, such as Morocco, France, and much of the United States and Canada, many suburbs remain separate municipalities or are governed as part of a larger local government area such as a county. In the United States, beyond the suburbs are exurbs, or \"exurban areas\", with less density but linked to the metropolitan area economically and by commuters." }, "Soy sauce-6": { "title": "Soy sauce", "section": "History", "headers": [ "East Asia", "Japan" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Originally, a common Japanese condiment was uosh\u014dyu, which was fish based. When Buddhism came to Japan from China in the 7th century, they introduced vegetarianism and brought many soy based products with them, such as soya sauce, which is known as sh\u014dyu (\u91a4\u6cb9 sh\u014dyu) in Japan. Shoyu exportation began in 1647 by the Dutch East India Company." }, "Memphis, Tennessee-1": { "title": "Memphis, Tennessee", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Memphis is a city located along the Mississippi River in southwestern Shelby County, Tennessee, United States. The 2018 city population was 650,618, making Memphis the largest city on the Mississippi River, the second most populous city in Tennessee, as well as the 26th largest city in the United States. Greater Memphis is the 42nd largest metropolitan area in the United States, with a population of 1,348,260 in 2017. The city is the anchor of West Tennessee and the greater Mid-South region, which includes portions of neighboring Arkansas, Mississippi, and the Missouri Bootheel. Memphis is the seat of Shelby County, the most populous county in Tennessee. As one of the more historic and culturally significant cities of the southern United States, the city features a wide variety of landscapes and distinct neighborhoods." }, "Coins of the Canadian dollar-2": { "title": "Coins of the Canadian dollar", "section": "Denominations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "There are six denominations of Canadian circulation coinage in production: 5\u00a2, 10\u00a2, 25\u00a2, 50\u00a2, $1, and $2. Officially they are each named according to their value (e.g. \"10-cent piece\"), but in practice only the 50-cent piece is known by that name. The three smallest coins are known by the traditional names \"nickel\" (5\u00a2), \"dime\" (10\u00a2), and \"quarter\" (25\u00a2), and the one-dollar and two-dollar coins are called the \"loonie\" (for the loon depiction on the reverse) and the \"toonie\" (a portmanteau of \"two\" and \"loonie\") respectively. The production of the Canadian 1-cent piece (known as the \"penny\") was discontinued in 2012, as inflation had reduced its value significantly below the cost of production." }, "Executive (government)-5": { "title": "Executive (government)", "section": "Presidents", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "head of state \u2013 often the supreme leader, the president or monarch, the chief public representative and living symbol of national unity. head of government \u2013 often the prime minister, overseeing the administration of all affairs of state. defence minister \u2013 overseeing the armed forces, determining military policy and managing external safety. interior minister \u2013 overseeing the police forces, enforcing the law and managing internal control. foreign minister \u2013 overseeing the diplomatic service, determining foreign policy and managing foreign relations. finance minister \u2013 overseeing the treasury, determining fiscal policy and managing national budget. justice minister \u2013 overseeing criminal prosecutions, corrections, enforcement of court orders. In a presidential system, the leader of the executive is both the head of state and head of government." }, "Allosaurus-3": { "title": "Allosaurus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "As the most abundant large predator in the Morrison Formation, Allosaurus was at the top of the food chain, probably preying on contemporaneous large herbivorous dinosaurs, and perhaps other predators. Potential prey included ornithopods, stegosaurids, and sauropods. Some paleontologists interpret Allosaurus as having had cooperative social behavior, and hunting in packs, while others believe individuals may have been aggressive toward each other, and that congregations of this genus are the result of lone individuals feeding on the same carcasses." }, "Paprika-4": { "title": "Paprika", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Paprika can range from mild to hot \u2013 the flavor also varies from country to country \u2013 but almost all plants grown produce the sweet variety. Sweet paprika is mostly composed of the pericarp, with more than half of the seeds removed, whereas hot paprika contains some seeds, stalks, placentas, and calyces. The red, orange or yellow color of paprika is due to its content of carotenoids." }, "Scientific consensus on climate change-43": { "title": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "section": "Statements by scientific organizations of national or international standing", "headers": [ "Concurring", "Meteorology and oceanography", "Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "Global climate change and global warming are real and observable ... It is highly likely that those human activities that have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have been largely responsible for the observed warming since 1950. The warming associated with increases in greenhouse gases originating from human activity is called the enhanced greenhouse effect. The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has increased by more than 30% since the start of the industrial age and is higher now than at any time in at least the past 650,000 years. This increase is a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity. In November 2005, the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences (CFCAS) issued a letter to the Prime Minister of Canada stating that" }, "P. G. Wodehouse-1": { "title": "P. G. Wodehouse", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sir Pelham Grenville Wodehouse KBE (/\u02c8w\u028adha\u028as/, WOOD-howss; 15 October 1881\u00a0\u2013 14 February 1975) was an English author and one of the most widely read humorists of the 20th century. Born in Guildford, the third son of a British magistrate based in Hong Kong, Wodehouse spent happy teenage years at Dulwich College, to which he remained devoted all his life. After leaving school he was employed by a bank but disliked the work and turned to writing in his spare time. His early novels were mostly school stories, but he later switched to comic fiction, creating several regular characters who became familiar to the public over the years. They include the feather-brained Bertie Wooster and his sagacious valet, Jeeves; the immaculate and loquacious Psmith; Lord Emsworth and the Blandings Castle set; the Oldest Member, with stories about golf; and Mr Mulliner, with tall tales on subjects ranging from bibulous bishops to megalomaniac movie moguls." }, "Grapefruit\u2013drug interactions-1": { "title": "Grapefruit\u2013drug interactions", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Some fruit juices and fruits can interact with numerous drugs, in many cases causing adverse effects. The effect was first discovered accidentally, when a test of drug interactions with alcohol used grapefruit juice to hide the taste of the ethanol." }, "Banana-5": { "title": "Banana", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "A banana corm, about 25\u00a0cm (10\u00a0in) across Female flowers have petals at the tip of the ovary Banana 'tree' showing fruit and inflorescence Banana tree with opening inflorescence Banana inflorescence, partially opened Wild banana with flowers and stem growing in reverse direction Extracted banana's DNA strands that can be seen with naked eyes The banana plant is the largest herbaceous flowering plant. All the above-ground parts of a banana plant grow from a structure usually called a \"corm\". Plants are normally tall and fairly sturdy, and are often mistaken for trees, but what appears to be a trunk is actually a \"false stem\" or pseudostem. Bananas grow in a wide variety of soils, as long as the soil is at least 60\u00a0cm deep, has good drainage and is not compacted. The leaves of banana plants are composed of a \"stalk\" (petiole) and a blade (lamina). The base of the petiole widens to form a sheath; the tightly packed sheaths make up the pseudostem, which is all that supports the plant. The edges of the sheath meet when it is first produced, making it tubular. As new growth occurs in the centre of the pseudostem the edges are forced apart. Cultivated banana plants vary in height depending on the variety and growing conditions. Most are around 5\u00a0m (16\u00a0ft) tall, with a range from 'Dwarf Cavendish' plants at around 3\u00a0m (10\u00a0ft) to 'Gros Michel' at 7\u00a0m (23\u00a0ft) or more. Leaves are spirally arranged and may grow 2.7 metres (8.9\u00a0ft) long and 60\u00a0cm (2.0\u00a0ft) wide. They are easily torn by the wind, resulting in the familiar frond look." }, "Demographics of Kazakhstan-2": { "title": "Demographics of Kazakhstan", "section": "Demographic trends", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Official estimates put the population of Kazakhstan at 18,137,300 as of December 2017, of which 44% is rural and 56% urban population. The 2009 population estimate is 6.8% higher than the population reported in the last census from January 1999 (slightly less than 15 million). These estimates have been confirmed by the 2009 population census, and this means that the decline in population that began after 1989 has been arrested and reversed." }, "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-37": { "title": "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor", "section": "Side effects", "headers": [ "Pregnancy and breastfeeding" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "A 2005 meta-analysis of drug company data found no evidence that SSRIs increased the risk of suicide; however, important protective or hazardous effects could not be excluded. A 2005 review observed that suicide attempts are increased in those who use SSRIs as compared to placebo and compared to therapeutic interventions other than tricyclic antidepressants. No difference risk of suicide attempts was detected between SSRIs versus tricyclic antidepressants. On the other hand, a 2006 review suggests that the widespread use of antidepressants in the new \"SSRI-era\" appears to have led to a highly significant decline in suicide rates in most countries with traditionally high baseline suicide rates. The decline is particularly striking for women who, compared with men, seek more help for depression. Recent clinical data on large samples in the US too have revealed a protective effect of antidepressant against suicide. A 2006 meta-analysis of random controlled trials suggests that SSRIs increase suicide ideation compared with placebo. However, the observational studies suggest that SSRIs did not increase suicide risk more than older antidepressants. The researchers stated that if SSRIs increase suicide risk in some patients, the number of additional deaths is very small because ecological studies have generally found that suicide mortality has declined (or at least not increased) as SSRI use has increased. An additional meta-analysis by the FDA in 2006 found an age-related effect of SSRI's. Among adults younger than 25 years, results indicated that there was a higher risk for suicidal behavior. For adults between 25 and 64, the effect appears neutral on suicidal behavior but possibly protective for suicidal behavior for adults between the ages of 25 and 64. For adults older than 64, SSRI's seem to reduce the risk of both suicidal behavior. In 2016 a study criticized the effects of the FDA Black Box suicide warning inclusion in the prescription. The authors discussed the suicide rates might increase also as a consequence of the warning. SSRI use in pregnancy has been associated with a variety of risks with varying degrees of proof of causation. As depression is independently associated with negative pregnancy outcomes, determining the extent to which observed associations between antidepressant use and specific adverse outcomes reflects a causative relationship has been difficult in some cases. In other cases, the attribution of adverse outcomes to antidepressant exposure seems fairly clear." }, "Garfield (character)-1": { "title": "Garfield (character)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Garfield is a fictional cat and the protagonist of the comic strip of the same name, created by Jim Davis. The comic strip centers on Garfield, portrayed as a lazy, fat, and cynical orange cat. He is noted for his love of lasagna and sleeping, and his hatred of Mondays, fellow cat Nermal and exercise." }, "NC State Wolfpack football-34": { "title": "NC State Wolfpack football", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Dave Doeren era (2013\u2013present)" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "On December 1, 2012, Debbie Yow announced that Northern Illinois head coach Dave Doeren would be the new head coach of the Wolfpack. His total annual salary is $1.8 million." }, "Foot (unit)-26": { "title": "Foot (unit)", "section": "Historical use", "headers": [ "Metric foot", "France" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "In 1799 the meter became the official unit of length in France. This was not fully enforced, and in 1812 Napoleon introduced the system of mesures usuelles which restored the traditional French measurements in the retail trade, but redefined them in terms of metric units. The foot, or pied m\u00e9trique, was defined as one third of a meter. This unit continued in use until 1837." }, "Injera-1": { "title": "Injera", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Injera, \u0259n\u01e7\u00e4ra \u12a5\u1295\u1300\u122b [\u0268nd\u0292\u0259ra], is a sour fermented flatbread with a slightly spongy texture, traditionally made out of teff flour. It is the national dish of Ethiopia, Eritrea. It is central to the dining process in those cultures as bread is the most fundamental component." }, "Skeleton-14": { "title": "Skeleton", "section": "Organisms with skeletons", "headers": [ "Vertebrates" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "In most vertebrates, the main skeletal component is referred to as bone. These bones compose a unique skeletal system for each type of animal. Another important component is cartilage which in mammals is found mainly in the joint areas. In other animals, such as the cartilaginous fishes, which include the sharks, the skeleton is composed entirely of cartilage. The segmental pattern of the skeleton is present in all vertebrates (mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians) with basic units being repeated. This segmental pattern is particularly evident in the vertebral column and the ribcage." }, "Methane-21": { "title": "Methane", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Chemical feedstock" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "More than 50 million metric tons are produced annually worldwide (2013), principally from SMR of natural gas. Much of this hydrogen is used in petroleum refineries, in the production of chemicals and in food processing. Very large quantities of hydrogen are used in the industrial synthesis of ammonia." }, "Days of Our Lives-3": { "title": "Days of Our Lives", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Due to the series' success, Days was expanded from 30 minutes to 60 minutes on April 21, 1975. Days of Our Lives is the most widely distributed soap opera in the United States, and has been syndicated to many countries around the world in the years since its debut. Days of Our Lives aired its 10,000th episode on February 21, 2005, and its 12,000th episode aired on January 11, 2013. The soap was given the title of most daring drama in the seventies due to covering topics other soaps would not dare to cover. The show's executive producer is Ken Corday (who has held that role since his mother, Betty, relinquished showrunning duties upon her semi-retirement from the program in 1986), and co-executive producers are Greg Meng and Albert Alarr. In November 2019, the show entered a planned four-month production hiatus; in January 2020, Days of Our Lives was renewed through September 2021. Since the cancellation of Passions in 2007, Days of Our Lives has been the only soap opera running on NBC." }, "Blood-8": { "title": "Blood", "section": "Constituents", "headers": [ "In mammals" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Supply of oxygen to tissues (bound to hemoglobin, which is carried in red cells) Supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids (dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins (e.g., blood lipids)) Removal of waste such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid Immunological functions, including circulation of white blood cells, and detection of foreign material by antibodies Coagulation, the response to a broken blood vessel, the conversion of blood from a liquid to a semisolid gel to stop bleeding Messenger functions, including the transport of hormones and the signaling of tissue damage Regulation of core body temperature Hydraulic functions Play media Blood accounts for 7% of the human body weight, with an average density around 1060\u00a0kg/m3, very close to pure water's density of 1000\u00a0kg/m3. The average adult has a blood volume of roughly 5 litres (11\u00a0US\u00a0pt) or 1.3 gallons, which is composed of plasma and several kinds of cells. These blood cells (which are also called corpuscles or \"formed elements\") consist of erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). By volume, the red blood cells constitute about 45% of whole blood, the plasma about 54.3%, and white cells about 0.7%." }, "Hermes-4": { "title": "Hermes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In Roman tradition, Hermes was known as Mercury, a name derived from the Latin merx, meaning \"merchandise,\" and from where we get the words \"merchant\" and \"commerce.\"" }, "Northern fur seal-2": { "title": "Northern fur seal", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Northern fur seals have extreme sexual dimorphism, with males being 30\u201340% longer and more than 4.5 times heavier than adult females. The head is foreshortened in both sexes because of the very short, down-curved muzzle, and small nose, which extends slightly beyond the mouth in females and moderately in males. The pelage is thick and luxuriant, with a dense underfur in a creamy color. The underfur is obscured by the longer guard hairs, although it is partially visible when the animals are wet. Features of both fore and hind flippers are unique and diagnostic of the species. Fur is absent on the top of the fore flippers and an abrupt \"clean line\" is seen across the wrist where the fur ends. The hind flippers are proportionately the longest in any otariid because of extremely long, cartilaginous extensions on all of the toes. Small claws are on digits 2\u20134, well back from the flap-like end of each digit. The ear pinnae are long and conspicuous, and naked of dark fur at the tips in older animals. The mystacial vibrissae can be very long, and regularly extend beyond the ears. Adults have all white vibrissae, juveniles and subadults have a mixture of white and black vibrissae, including some that have dark bases and white ends, and pups and yearlings have all black vibrissae. The eyes are proportionately large and conspicuous, especially on females, subadults, and juveniles." }, "War Doctor-1": { "title": "War Doctor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The War Doctor is an incarnation of the Doctor, the protagonist of the BBC science fiction television programme Doctor Who. He was portrayed by the English actor John Hurt. Although he precedes Christopher Eccleston's Ninth Doctor in the show's fictional chronology, his first onscreen appearance came eight years after Eccleston's; the War Doctor was retroactively created by showrunner Steven Moffat for productions celebrating the show's 50th anniversary." }, "Vitamin D deficiency-1": { "title": "Vitamin D deficiency", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Vitamin D deficiency, or hypovitaminosis D is defined as a vitamin D level that is below normal. It most commonly occurs in people when they have inadequate sunlight exposure (in particular sunlight with adequate ultraviolet B rays). Vitamin D deficiency can also be caused by inadequate nutritional intake of vitamin D, disorders limiting vitamin D absorption, and conditions impairing vitamin D conversion into active metabolites\u2014including certain liver, kidney, and hereditary disorders. Deficiency impairs bone mineralization, leading to bone softening diseases such as rickets in children. It can also worsen osteomalacia and osteoporosis in adults, leading to an increased risk of bone fractures. Muscle weakness is also a common symptom of vitamin D deficiency, further increasing the risk of fall and bone fractures in adults." }, "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor-36": { "title": "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Third Crusade" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Around 23 November 1187, Frederick received letters that had been sent to him from the rulers of the Crusader states in the Near East urging him to come to their aid. Around 1 December, Cardinal Henry of Marcy preached a crusade sermon before Frederick and a public assembly in Strasbourg. Frederick expressed support for the crusade but declined to take the cross on the grounds of his ongoing conflict with Archbishop Philip of Cologne. He did, however, urge King Philip II of France to take the cross through messengers and then in a personal meeting on 25 December on the border between Ivois and Mouzon." }, "John Wayne Airport-38": { "title": "John Wayne Airport", "section": "Aircraft noise abatement and curfew", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "John Wayne Airport has been rated as one of the nation's scariest airports. In order to compensate for a short runway, and to comply with local noise restrictions, pilots frequently take off at an angle of 20 to 25 degrees, compared to 10 to 15 degrees at other airports." }, "Star Wars-1": { "title": "Star Wars", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Star Wars is an American epic space-opera media franchise created by George Lucas, which began with the eponymous 1977 film and quickly became a worldwide pop-culture phenomenon. The franchise has been expanded into various films and other media, including television series, video games, novels, comic books, theme park attractions, and themed areas, comprising an all-encompassing fictional universe. The franchise holds a Guinness World Records title for the \"Most successful film merchandising franchise\". In 2020, the total value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at US$70\u00a0billion, and it is currently the fifth-highest-grossing media franchise of all time." }, "Android Cupcake-1": { "title": "Android Cupcake", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Android Cupcake (version 1.5) is the third version of Android developed by Google , a major platform release deployable to Android-powered handsets starting in April 2009, that is no longer supported. The release included new features for users and developers, as well as changes in the Android framework API. For developers, the Android 1.5 platform was available as a downloadable component for the Android SDK." }, "Mario-6": { "title": "Mario", "section": "Concept and creation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Due to the graphical limitations of arcade hardware at the time, Miyamoto clothed the character in red overalls and a blue shirt to contrast against each other and the background. A red cap was added to let Miyamoto avoid drawing the character's hairstyle, forehead, and eyebrows, as well as to circumvent the issue of animating his hair as he jumped. To give distinctly human facial features with the limited graphical abilities, Miyamoto drew a large nose and a mustache, which avoided the need to draw a mouth and facial expressions." }, "Jerusalem-3": { "title": "Jerusalem", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "According to the Bible, King David conquered the city from the Jebusites and established it as the capital of the united kingdom of Israel, and his son, King Solomon, commissioned the building of the First Temple. Modern scholars argue that Jews branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct monolatrous \u2014 and later monotheistic \u2014 religion centered on El/Yahweh, one of the Ancient Canaanite deities. These foundational events, straddling the dawn of the 1st millennium BCE, assumed central symbolic importance for the Jewish people. The sobriquet of holy city (\u05e2\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05e9, transliterated 'ir haqodesh) was probably attached to Jerusalem in post-exilic times. The holiness of Jerusalem in Christianity, conserved in the Septuagint which Christians adopted as their own authority, was reinforced by the New Testament account of Jesus's crucifixion there. In Sunni Islam, Jerusalem is the third-holiest city, after Mecca and Medina. In Islamic tradition, in 610 CE it became the first qibla, the focal point for Muslim prayer (salat), and Muhammad made his Night Journey there ten years later, ascending to heaven where he speaks to God, according to the Quran. As a result, despite having an area of only 0.9 square kilometres (0.35\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), the Old City is home to many sites of seminal religious importance, among them the Temple Mount with its Western Wall, Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Outside the Old City stands the Garden Tomb." }, "Cthulhu-9": { "title": "Cthulhu", "section": "Publication history", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "the Old or Ancient Ones, the Elder Gods, of cosmic good, and those of cosmic evil, bearing many names, and themselves of different groups, as if associated with the elements and yet transcending them: for there are the Water Beings, hidden in the depths; those of Air that are the primal lurkers beyond time; those of Earth, horrible animate survivors of distant eons. According to Derleth's scheme, \"Great Cthulhu is one of the Water Elementals\" and was engaged in an age-old arch-rivalry with a designated air elemental, Hastur the Unspeakable, described as Cthulhu's \"half-brother\". Based on this framework, Derleth wrote a series of short stories published in Weird Tales (1944\u20131952) and collected as The Trail of Cthulhu, depicting the struggle of a Dr. Laban Shrewsbury and his associates against Cthulhu and his minions." }, "Lake Michigan-2": { "title": "Lake Michigan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes located entirely within the territory of the United States. It is shared, from west to east, by the U.S. states of Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan. Ports along its shores include Chicago; Milwaukee; Green Bay, Wisconsin; Gary, Indiana; and Muskegon, Michigan. Green Bay is a large bay in its northwest and Grand Traverse Bay is in the northeast. The word \"Michigan\" is believed to come from the Ojibwe word michi-gami meaning \"great water\"." }, "Swiss neutrality-4": { "title": "Swiss neutrality", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation; it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002. Nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world." }, "To be, or not to be-1": { "title": "To be, or not to be", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"To be, or not to be\" is the opening phrase of a soliloquy uttered by Prince Hamlet in the so-called \"nunnery scene\" of William Shakespeare's play Hamlet, Act 3, Scene 1. In the speech, Hamlet contemplates death and suicide, bemoaning the pain and unfairness of life but acknowledging that the alternative might be worse. The opening line is one of the most widely known and quoted lines in modern English, and the soliloquy has been referenced in innumerable works of theatre, literature and music." }, "Jalape\u00f1o-16": { "title": "Jalape\u00f1o", "section": "Eating characteristics", "headers": [ "Scoville heat units" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Compared to other chillies, the jalape\u00f1o heat level varies from mild to hot depending on cultivation and preparation and can have from a few thousand to over 10,000 Scoville heat units. The number of scars on the pepper, which appear as small brown lines, called 'corking', has a positive correlation with heat level, as growing conditions which increase heat level also cause the pepper to form scars. For US consumer markets, 'corking' is considered unattractive; however, in other markets, it is a favored trait, particularly in pickled or oil preserved jalape\u00f1os." }, "Shark-60": { "title": "Shark", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "Feeding" ], "para_index": 60, "content": "Other highly specialized feeders include cookiecutter sharks, which feed on flesh sliced out of other larger fish and marine mammals. Cookiecutter teeth are enormous compared to the animal's size. The lower teeth are particularly sharp. Although they have never been observed feeding, they are believed to latch onto their prey and use their thick lips to make a seal, twisting their bodies to rip off flesh." }, "2020 United States presidential election-2": { "title": "2020 United States presidential election", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Donald Trump, the 45th and incumbent president, has launched a re-election campaign for the Republican primaries; several state Republican Party organizations have cancelled their primaries in a show of support for his candidacy. Trump became the presumptive Republican nominee on March 17, 2020, after securing a majority of pledged delegates. 29 major candidates launched campaigns for the Democratic nomination, which became the largest field of candidates for any political party in the post-reform period of American politics. Former Vice President Joe Biden became the presumptive Democratic nominee when Senator Bernie Sanders, the last other major candidate in the Democratic primary, suspended his campaign on April 8, 2020. The winner of the 2020 presidential election is scheduled to be inaugurated on January 20, 2021." }, "Maggie Q-1": { "title": "Maggie Q", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Margaret Denise Quigley (born May 22, 1979), professionally known as Maggie Q, is an American actress, model and animal rights activist." }, "Crocodile-3": { "title": "Crocodile", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Crocodile size, morphology, behaviour and ecology differ somewhat among species. However, they have many similarities in these areas as well. All crocodiles are semiaquatic and tend to congregate in freshwater habitats such as rivers, lakes, wetlands and sometimes in brackish water and saltwater. They are carnivorous animals, feeding mostly on vertebrates such as fish, reptiles, birds and mammals, and sometimes on invertebrates such as molluscs and crustaceans, depending on species and age. All crocodiles are tropical species that, unlike alligators, are very sensitive to cold. They separated from other crocodilians during the Eocene epoch, about 55 million years ago. Many species are at the risk of extinction, some being classified as critically endangered." }, "Achilles-1": { "title": "Achilles", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Greek mythology, Achilles (/\u0259\u02c8k\u026ali\u02d0z/ \u0259-KIL-eez) or Achilleus (Ancient Greek: \u1f08\u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2, [a.k\u02b0il\u02c8leu\u032fs]) was a hero of the Trojan War, the greatest of all the Greek warriors, and is the central character of Homer's Iliad. He was the son of the Nereid Thetis and Peleus, king of Phthia." }, "Anchovies as food-3": { "title": "Anchovies as food", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "They are used in small quantities to flavor many dishes. Because of the strong flavor of anchovies, they are also an ingredient in several sauces, including Worcestershire sauce, remoulade and many fish sauces, and in some versions of Caf\u00e9 de Paris butter. Anchovies are a popular pizza topping in some places. In Roman times, anchovies were the base for the fermented fish sauce garum. Garum had a sufficiently long shelf life for long-distance commerce, and was produced in industrial quantities. Anchovies were also eaten raw as an aphrodisiac." }, "Nazi eugenics-3": { "title": "Nazi eugenics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Those humans targeted for destruction under Nazi eugenics policies were largely living in private and state-operated institutions, identified as \"life unworthy of life\" (German: Lebensunwertes Leben), including prisoners, \"degenerates\", dissidents, people with congenital cognitive and physical disabilities (including people who were \"feeble-minded\", epileptic, schizophrenic, manic-depressive, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, deaf, blind) (German: erbkranken), homosexual, idle, insane, and the weak, for elimination from the chain of heredity. More than 400,000 people were sterilized against their will, while up to 300,000 were killed under Action T4, a mass murder program. In June 1935, Hitler and his cabinet made a list of seven new decrees, number 5 was to speed up the investigations of sterilization." }, "Super Bowl-65": { "title": "Super Bowl", "section": "Venues", "headers": [ "Selection process" ], "para_index": 65, "content": "The location of the Super Bowl is chosen at a meeting of all NFL team owners, usually three to five years prior to the event. The game has never been played in a metropolitan area that lacked an NFL franchise at the time the game was played, although in 2007 NFL commissioner Roger Goodell suggested that a Super Bowl might be played in London, perhaps at Wembley Stadium." }, "Blooming onion-1": { "title": "Blooming onion", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A blooming onion, onion bloom, onion blossom, onion flower, bloomin' onion, or onion mum is a dish consisting of one large onion which is cut to resemble a flower, battered, and deep-fried. It is served as an appetizer at some restaurants." }, "Descendants (franchise)-1": { "title": "Descendants (franchise)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Descendants franchise consists of three Disney Channel musical fantasy adventure-comedy films directed by Kenny Ortega and created by Josann McGibbon and Sara Parriott. The franchise's world is placed in a universe that serves as a continuation after the Disney Animated Classics series. Starring Dove Cameron, Cameron Boyce, Sofia Carson and Booboo Stewart each film chronicles the lives of the teenage children of four Disney-villains on the Isle of the Lost, and their move to Auradon at the request of the teenage son of Queen Belle and King Beast. The first film was released as a Disney Channel Original Movie in July 2015. Following its success, a sequel was put into production and premiered across six Disney-owned networks in July 2017. In August 2019, the third film premiered on Disney Channel. Each film was accompanied by original music, and film soundtrack; the first soundtrack peaked at number one in the United States, while the second soundtrack peaked at number six, and the third peaked at number seven." }, "Gratuity-2": { "title": "Gratuity", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Tips and their amount are a matter of social custom and etiquette, and the custom varies between countries and between settings. In some places tipping is not expected and may be discouraged or considered insulting, while in other places tipping is expected from customers. The customary amount of a tip can be a specific range of monetary amounts or a certain percentage of the bill based on the perceived quality of the service given." }, "San Francisco-1": { "title": "San Francisco", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF, San Fran, Frisco, or The City, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States, and the fourth most populous in California, with 881,549 residents as of 2019. It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles (121.4\u00a0km2), mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area, making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city, and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county, behind only four of the five New York City boroughs. San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population, with 4.7 million people, and the fourth-largest by economic output, with GDP of $549 billion in 2018. With San Jose, it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States, the San Jose\u2013San Francisco\u2013Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area (9.67 million residents in 2018)." }, "Compact disc-23": { "title": "Compact disc", "section": "Physical details", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Technical Grammy Award for Sony and Philips, 1998. IEEE Milestone award, 2009, for Philips only with the citation: \"On 8 March 1979, N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken demonstrated for the international press a Compact Disc Audio Player. The demonstration showed that it is possible by using digital optical recording and playback to reproduce audio signals with superb stereo quality. This research at Philips established the technical standard for digital optical recording systems.\" A CD is made from 1.2-millimetre (0.047\u00a0in) thick, polycarbonate plastic and weighs 15\u201320 grams.[better\u00a0source\u00a0needed] From the center outward, components are: the center spindle hole (15\u00a0mm), the first-transition area (clamping ring), the clamping area (stacking ring), the second-transition area (mirror band), the program (data) area, and the rim. The inner program area occupies a radius from 25 to 58\u00a0mm." }, "Coma-18": { "title": "Coma", "section": "Diagnosis", "headers": [ "Imaging and testing" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Imaging basically encompasses computed tomography (CAT or CT) scan of the brain, or MRI for example, and is performed to identify specific causes of the coma, such as hemorrhage in the brain or herniation of the brain structures. Special tests such as an EEG can also show a lot about the activity level of the cortex such as semantic processing, presence of seizures, and are important available tools not only for the assessment of the cortical activity but also for predicting the likelihood of the patient's awakening. The autonomous responses such as the skin conductance response may also provide further insight on the patient's emotional processing." }, "Sloth moth-1": { "title": "Sloth moth", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A sloth moth is a coprophagous moth which has evolved to exclusively inhabit the fur of sloths and to use sloth dung as a substrate for the early stages of reproduction. Sloth moths include Bradypodicola hahneli, Cryptoses choloepi, Cryptoses waagei, Cryptoses rufipictus, and Bradypophila garbei." }, "Actuary-1": { "title": "Actuary", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An actuary is a business professional who deals with the measurement and management of risk and uncertainty (BeAnActuary 2011a). The name of the corresponding field is actuarial science. These risks can affect both sides of the balance sheet and require asset management, liability management, and valuation skills (BeAnActuary 2011b). Actuaries provide assessments of financial security systems, with a focus on their complexity, their mathematics, and their mechanisms (Trowbridge 1989, p." }, "Moose-40": { "title": "Moose", "section": "Description and anatomy", "headers": [ "Size and weight" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "On average, an adult moose stands 1.4\u20132.1\u00a0m (4.6\u20136.9\u00a0ft) high at the shoulder, which is more than a foot higher than the next largest deer on average, the wapiti. Males (or \"bulls\") normally weigh from 380 to 700\u00a0kg (838 to 1,543\u00a0lb) and females (or \"cows\") typically weigh 200 to 490\u00a0kg (441 to 1,080\u00a0lb), depending on racial or clinal as well as individual age or nutritional variations. The head-and-body length is 2.4\u20133.1\u00a0m (7.9\u201310.2\u00a0ft), with the vestigial tail adding only a further 5\u201312\u00a0cm (2.0\u20134.7\u00a0in). The largest of all the races is the Alaskan subspecies (A. a. gigas), which can stand over 2.1\u00a0m (6.9\u00a0ft) at the shoulder, has a span across the antlers of 1.8\u00a0m (5.9\u00a0ft) and averages 634.5\u00a0kg (1,399\u00a0lb) in males and 478\u00a0kg (1,054\u00a0lb) in females. Typically, however, the antlers of a mature bull are between 1.2\u00a0m (3.9\u00a0ft) and 1.5\u00a0m (4.9\u00a0ft). The largest confirmed size for this species was a bull shot at the Yukon River in September 1897 that weighed 820\u00a0kg (1,808\u00a0lb) and measured 2.33\u00a0m (7.6\u00a0ft) high at the shoulder. There have been reported cases of even larger moose, including a bull killed in 2004 that weighed 1,043\u00a0kg (2,299\u00a0lb), and a bull that reportedly scaled 1,180\u00a0kg (2,601\u00a0lb), but none are authenticated and some may not be considered reliable. Behind only the two species of bison, the moose is the second largest of extant terrestrial wildlife after the bisons in North America, Siberia, and Europe." }, "Cake-14": { "title": "Cake", "section": "Varieties", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Butter cakes are made from creamed butter, sugar, eggs, and flour. They rely on the combination of butter and sugar beaten for an extended time to incorporate air into the batter. A classic pound cake is made with a pound each of butter, sugar, eggs, and flour. Baking powder is in many butter cakes, such as Victoria sponge. The ingredients are sometimes mixed without creaming the butter, using recipes for simple and quick cakes. Sponge cakes (or foam cakes) are made from whipped eggs, sugar, and flour. They rely primarily on trapped air in a protein matrix (generally of beaten eggs) to provide leavening, sometimes with a bit of baking powder or other chemical leaven added as insurance. Sponge cakes are thought to be the oldest cakes made without yeast. An angel food cake is a white sponge cake that uses only the whites of the eggs and is traditionally baked in a tube pan. The French G\u00e9noise is a sponge cake that includes clarified butter. Highly decorated sponge cakes with lavish toppings are sometimes called gateau, the French word for cake. Chiffon cakes are sponge cakes with vegetable oil, which adds moistness. Chocolate cakes are butter cakes, sponge cakes, or other cakes flavored with melted chocolate or cocoa powder. German chocolate cake is a variety of chocolate cake. Fudge cakes are chocolate cakes that contain fudge. Coffee cake is generally thought of as a cake to serve with coffee or tea at breakfast or a coffee break. Some types use yeast as a leavening agent while others use baking soda or baking powder. These cakes often have a crumb topping called streusel or a light glaze drizzle. Baked flourless cakes include baked cheesecakes and flourless chocolate cakes. Cheesecakes, despite their name, aren't cakes at all. Cheesecakes are custard pies, with a filling made mostly of some form of cheese (often cream cheese, mascarpone, ricotta, or the like), and have very little flour added, although a flour-based or graham cracker crust may be used. Cheesecakes are also very old, with evidence of honey-sweetened cakes dating back to ancient Greece. Butter or oil layer cakes include most of the traditional cakes used as birthday cakes, etc., and those sold as packaged cakes. Baking powder or bicarbonate of soda is used to provide both lift and a moist texture. Many flavorings and ingredients may be added; examples include devil's food cake, carrot cake, and banana bread. Yeast cakes are the oldest and are very similar to yeast bread. Such cakes are often very traditional in form and include such pastries as babka and stollen. Some varieties of cake are widely available in the form of cake mixes, wherein some of the ingredients (usually flour, sugar, flavoring, baking powder, and sometimes some form of fat) are premixed, and the cook needs add only a few extra ingredients, usually eggs, water, and sometimes vegetable oil or butter. While the diversity of represented styles is limited, cake mixes do provide an easy and readily available homemade option for cooks who are not accomplished bakers." }, "Elvis Presley-86": { "title": "Elvis Presley", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "Later developments" ], "para_index": 86, "content": "For much of his adult life, Presley, with his rise from poverty to riches and massive fame, had seemed to epitomize the American Dream. In his final years and even more so after his death, and the revelations about its circumstances, he became a symbol of excess and gluttony. Increasing attention, for instance, was paid to his appetite for the rich, heavy Southern cooking of his upbringing, foods such as chicken-fried steak and biscuits and gravy. In particular, his love of calorie-laden fried peanut butter, banana, and (sometimes) bacon sandwiches, now known as \"Elvis sandwiches\", came to stand for this aspect of his persona. But the Elvis sandwich represents more than just unhealthy overindulgence\u2014as media and culture scholar Robert Thompson describes, the unsophisticated treat also signifies Presley's enduring all-American appeal: \"He wasn't only the king, he was one of us.\"" }, "Home repair-8": { "title": "Home repair", "section": "Maintenance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Often on the bottom of people's to-do list is home maintenance chores, such as landscaping, window and gutter cleaning, power washing the siding and hard-scape, etc. However, these maintenance chores pay for themselves over time. Often, injury could occur when operating heavy machinery or when climbing on ladders or roofs around your home, so if an individual is not in the proper physical condition to accomplish these chores, then they should consult a professional. Lack of maintenance will cost more due to higher costs associated with repairs or replacements to be made later. It requires discipline and learning aptitude to repair and maintain the home in good condition, but it is a satisfying experience to perform even seemingly minor repairs." }, "Shaolin Monastery-11": { "title": "Shaolin Monastery", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Destructions and renovations" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The monastery has been destroyed and rebuilt many times. During the Red Turban Rebellion in the 14th century, bandits ransacked the monastery for its real or supposed valuables, destroying much of the temple and driving the monks away. The monastery was likely abandoned from 1351 or 1356 (the most likely dates for the attack) to at least 1359, when government troops retook Henan. The events of this period would later figure heavily in 16th-century legends of the temple's patron saint Vajrapani, with the story being changed to claim a victory for the monks, rather than a defeat." }, "Poodle-18": { "title": "Poodle", "section": "In competition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Poodles are one of the most recognizable dogs in all of dogdom and have been depicted as subjects in portraiture, photography, and prints for centuries. They have been show competitors at kennel clubs since the invention of such institutions in the second half of the 19th century. At Crufts, the Standard Poodle ties the Irish Setter and the Welsh Terrier for second most wins at Best In Show, with 4 wins. At the Westminster Dog Show in the USA, the breed has won a total of 10 times, with half being Standard Poodles and the most recent win in 2020." }, "Sign of the Dove-6": { "title": "Sign of the Dove", "section": "Symbolism of the dove", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "\"And it came to pass at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made:...Also he sent forth a dove from him, to see if the waters were abated from off the face of the ground; But the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot, and she returned unto him into the ark, for the waters were on the face of the whole earth: then he put forth his hand, and took her, and pulled her in unto him into the ark. And he stayed yet other seven days; and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark; And the dove came in to him in the evening; and, lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf pluckt off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated from off the earth. And he stayed yet other seven days; and sent forth the dove; which returned not again unto him any more.\"" }, "Do it yourself-10": { "title": "Do it yourself", "section": "Home Improvement", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "DIY home improvement books burgeoned in the 1970s, first created as collections of magazine articles. An early, extensive line of DIY how-to books were created by Sunset Books, based upon previously published articles from their magazine, Sunset, based in California. Time-Life, Better Homes and Gardens, Balcony Garden Web and other publishers soon followed suit." }, "Ford Super Duty-56": { "title": "Ford Super Duty", "section": "Third generation (2011\u20132016)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 56, "content": "The F-450 is able to tow 24,400 pounds (11,100\u00a0kg) and has a maximum payload of 4,920 pounds (2,230\u00a0kg). The F350 has a maximum 21,600 pounds (9,800\u00a0kg) of towing capacity and 7,110 pounds (3,230\u00a0kg) of payload. Each engine is mated to a 6R140 heavy-duty TorqShift six-speed automatic transmission. The Ford F-250, the F-350 and the F-450 all come with trim levels including the XL, XLT, Lariat, King Ranch, and Platinum." }, "University of Pennsylvania-48": { "title": "University of Pennsylvania", "section": "Rankings", "headers": [ "General rankings" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "U.S. News & World Report's 2020 rankings place Penn 6th among national universities in the United States. The Princeton Review includes Penn in its Dream Colleges list. As reported by USA Today, Penn was ranked 1st in the United States by College Factual for 2015." }, "Watchmaker-1": { "title": "Watchmaker", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A watchmaker is an artisan who makes and repairs watches. Since a majority of watches are now factory made, most modern watchmakers only repair watches. However, originally they were master craftsmen who built watches, including all their parts, by hand. Modern watchmakers, when required to repair older watches, for which replacement parts may not be available, must have fabrication skills, and can typically manufacture replacements for many of the parts found in a watch. The term clockmaker refers to an equivalent occupation specializing in clocks." }, "Saline water-1": { "title": "Saline water", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Saline water (more commonly known as salt water) is water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts (mainly sodium chloride). The salt concentration is usually expressed in parts per thousand (permille, \u2030) or parts per million (ppm). The United States Geological Survey classifies saline water in three salinity categories. Salt concentration in slightly saline water is around 1,000 to 3,000 ppm (0.1\u20130.3%), in moderately saline water 3,000 to 10,000 ppm (0.3\u20131%) and in highly saline water 10,000 to 35,000 ppm (1\u20133.5%). Seawater has a salinity of roughly 35,000 ppm, equivalent to 35 grams of salt per one liter (or kilogram) of water. The saturation level is dependent on the temperature of the water. At 20\u00a0\u00b0C one liter of water can dissolve about 357 grams of salt, a concentration of 26.3% w/w. At boiling (100\u00a0\u00b0C) the amount that can be dissolved in one liter of water increases to about 391 grams, a concentration of 28.1% w/w." }, "Impeachment of Bill Clinton-16": { "title": "Impeachment of Bill Clinton", "section": "Impeachment by House of Representatives", "headers": [ "House of Representatives impeachment votes" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Although proceedings were delayed due to the bombing of Iraq, on the passage of H. Res. 611, Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives on December 19, 1998 on grounds of perjury to a grand jury (first article, 228\u2013206) and obstruction of justice (third article, 221\u2013212). The two other articles were rejected, the count of perjury in the Jones case (second article, 205\u2013229) and abuse of power (fourth article, 148\u2013285). Clinton thus became the second U.S. president to be impeached; the first, Andrew Johnson, was impeached in 1868. The only other previous U.S. president to be the subject of formal House impeachment proceedings was Richard Nixon in 1973\u201374. The Judiciary Committee agreed to a resolution containing three articles of impeachment in July 1974, but Nixon resigned from office soon thereafter, before the House took up the resolution." }, "Log Cabin syrup-4": { "title": "Log Cabin syrup", "section": "Marketing", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In the 1970s the product was endorsed on television commercials by singer Eddy Arnold. The newest version of Log Cabin syrup has eliminated high-fructose corn syrup, believed by some to increase the risk of obesity. It is the first American brand to eliminate the ingredient, though it does still contain corn syrup." }, "Godzilla-2": { "title": "Godzilla", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Godzilla is depicted as an enormous, destructive, prehistoric sea monster awakened and empowered by nuclear radiation. With the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Lucky Dragon 5 incident still fresh in the Japanese consciousness, Godzilla was conceived as a metaphor for nuclear weapons. As the film series expanded, some stories took on less serious undertones, portraying Godzilla as an antihero, or a lesser threat who defends humanity. With the end of the Cold War, several post-1984 Godzilla films shifted the character's portrayal to themes including Japan's forgetfulness over its imperial past, natural disasters and the human condition." }, "The Mandalorian-2": { "title": "The Mandalorian", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Favreau also serves as head writer and showrunner, as well as executive producer, alongside Dave Filoni, Kathleen Kennedy, and Colin Wilson. The Mandalorian premiered with the launch of Disney+ on November 12, 2019, with its eight-episode first season. The series has received positive reviews." }, "Jonah-4": { "title": "Jonah", "section": "Book of Jonah", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Jonah is the central character in the Book of Jonah, in which God commands him to go to the city of Nineveh to prophesy against it \"for their great wickedness is come up before me,\" but Jonah instead attempts to flee from \"the presence of the Lord\" by going to Jaffa (sometimes transliterated as Joppa or Joppe), and sailing to Tarshish. A huge storm arises and the sailors, realizing that it is no ordinary storm, cast lots and discover that Jonah is to blame. Jonah admits this and states that if he is thrown overboard, the storm will cease. The sailors refuse to do this and continue rowing, but all their efforts fail and they are eventually forced to throw Jonah overboard. As a result, the storm calms and the sailors then offer sacrifices to God. Jonah is miraculously saved by being swallowed by a large fish, in whose belly he spends three days and three nights. While in the great fish, Jonah prays to God in his affliction and commits to thanksgiving and to paying what he has vowed. God then commands the fish to vomit Jonah out." }, "Grapefruit\u2013drug interactions-2": { "title": "Grapefruit\u2013drug interactions", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The effect is most studied with grapefruit and grapefruit juice, but similar effects have been observed with certain other citrus fruits. One medical review advises patients to avoid all citrus juices until further research clarifies the risks. Effects have been observed with apple juice, but their clinical significance is not yet known." }, "Shofetim (parsha)-26": { "title": "Shofetim (parsha)", "section": "In ancient parallels", "headers": [ "Deuteronomy chapter 19" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "The Code of Hammurabi contained precursors of the law of \"an eye for an eye\" in Deuteronomy 19:16\u201321. The Code of Hammurabi provided that if a man destroyed the eye of another man, they were to destroy his eye. If one broke a man's bone, they were to break his bone. If one destroyed the eye of a commoner or broke the bone of a commoner, he was to pay one mina of silver. If one destroyed the eye of a slave or broke a bone of a slave, he was to pay one-half the slave's price. If a man knocked out a tooth of a man of his own rank, they were to knock out his tooth. If one knocked out a tooth of a commoner, he was to pay one-third of a mina of silver." }, "Power move-3": { "title": "Power move", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Floats" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Play media Back spin: One of the first and most famous spinning power moves, the dancer is balled up and spinning on his or her back. In some variations, the dancer may choose to hop while spinning. Shoulder spin Air chair spin Zulu spin The headspin is an athletic move in which a person spins on their head from a headstand position. These may be done continuously through hand-tapping and proper balance. The 1990 is a breakdance move which resembles a rapidly spinning one-handed handstand. Created Spinner of the Dynamic Rockers referred to as a \"Hand Spin\"*2000s are similar to 1990s, but with both hands. Airflare is a breakdance move that requires the dancer to revolve hand to hand while keeping their legs in the air in a V-Formation. Floats were one of the first power moves in the 1980s. The body is usually in a fixed position while the arms move." }, "Lionel Richie-1": { "title": "Lionel Richie", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lionel Brockman Richie Jr. (born June 20, 1949) is an American singer, songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist, record producer and actor. His recordings with the Commodores and in his solo career made him one of the most successful balladeers of the 1980s." }, "Religion in Karachi-6": { "title": "Religion in Karachi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The state religion in Pakistan is Islam, which is practiced by about 96-98% of the 195,343,000 people of the nation. The remaining 2-4% practice Hinduism, Christianity, Ahmadiyya, Sikhism, Buddhism, Bah\u00e1'\u00ed and other religions. Muslims are divided into two major sects: the majority of them practice Sunni Islam, while the Shias comprise an estimated 30%. Nearly all Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi Fiqh Islamic law school. The majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to the Ithn\u0101\u2018Ashariyyah Islamic law school, with significant minority groups who practice Ismailism, which is composed of Nizari (Aga Khanis), Mustaali, Dawoodi Bohra, Sulaymani, and others." }, "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone-1": { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling. The first novel in the Harry Potter series and Rowling's debut novel, it follows Harry Potter, a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage on his eleventh birthday, when he receives a letter of acceptance to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Harry makes close friends and a few enemies during his first year at the school, and with the help of his friends, Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry's parents, but failed to kill Harry when he was just 15 months old." }, "Woodrow Wilson-2": { "title": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Wilson spent his early years in the American South (mainly in Augusta, Georgia) during the Civil War and Reconstruction. After earning a Ph.D. in political science from Johns Hopkins University, Wilson taught at various schools before becoming the president of Princeton University. As governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913, Wilson broke with party bosses and won the passage of several progressive reforms. His success in New Jersey gave him a national reputation as a progressive reformer, and he won the presidential nomination at the 1912 Democratic National Convention. Wilson defeated incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft and Progressive Party nominee of former president Theodore Roosevelt to win the 1912 presidential election, becoming the first Southerner to be elected president since the American Civil War." }, "Latino (demonym)-2": { "title": "Latino (demonym)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Within the Latino community itself in the United States, there is some variation in how it is defined or used. Various U.S. governmental agencies, especially the Census Bureau, codified their usage, and so have specific definitions which may or may not agree with community usage, and includes a specific list of countries from which American residents stem, which are, or are not, included in the agency's definition of Latino." }, "Osiris-1": { "title": "Osiris", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Osiris (/o\u028a\u02c8sa\u026ar\u026as/, from Egyptian wsjr, Coptic \u2c9f\u2ca9\u2ca5\u2c93\u2ca3\u2c89) is the god of fertility, agriculture, the afterlife, the dead, resurrection, life, and vegetation in ancient Egyptian religion. He was classically depicted as a green-skinned deity with a pharaoh's beard, partially mummy-wrapped at the legs, wearing a distinctive atef crown, and holding a symbolic crook and flail. He was one of the first to be associated with the mummy wrap. When his brother, Set, cut him up into pieces after killing him, Isis, his wife, found all the pieces and wrapped his body up. Osiris was at times considered the eldest son of the god Geb and the sky goddess Nut, as well as being brother and husband of Isis, with Horus being considered his posthumously begotten son. He was also associated with the epithet Khenti-Amentiu, meaning \"Foremost of the Westerners\", a reference to his kingship in the land of the dead. Through syncretism with Iah, he is also a god of the Moon." }, "Penny (United States coin)-5": { "title": "Penny (United States coin)", "section": "History of composition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In 1943, at the peak of World War II, zinc-coated steel cents were made for a short time because of war demands for copper. A few copper cents from 1943 were produced from 1942 planchets remaining in the bins. Similarly, some 1944 steel cents have been confirmed. From 1944 to 1946, salvaged ammunition shells made their way into the minting process, and it was not uncommon to see coins featuring streaks of brass or having a considerably darker finish than other issues." }, "Millennials-1": { "title": "Millennials", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Millennials, also known as Generation Y (or simply Gen Y), are the demographic cohort following Generation X and preceding Generation Z. Researchers and popular media use the early 1980s as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years, with 1981 to 1996 a widely accepted defining range for the generation." }, "Microsoft Excel-1": { "title": "Microsoft Excel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of the Microsoft Office suite of software." }, "Kim Il-sung-1": { "title": "Kim Il-sung", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Kim Il-sung (/\u02c8k\u026am \u02c8\u026al\u02c8s\u028c\u014b, -\u02c8s\u028a\u014b/; Korean:\u00a0\uae40\uc77c\uc131, Korean pronunciation:\u00a0[kimils\u0348\u028c\u014b]; born Kim S\u014fng-ju (\uae40\uc131\uc8fc), 15 April 1912\u00a0\u2013 8 July 1994) was the founder and first Supreme Leader of North Korea, which he ruled from the country's establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994. He held the posts of Premier from 1948 to 1972 and President from 1972 to 1994. He was also the leader of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) from 1949 to 1994 (titled as Chairman from 1949 to 1966 and as General Secretary after 1966). Coming to power after the end of Japanese rule in 1945, he authorized the invasion of South Korea in 1950, triggering an intervention in defense of South Korea by the United Nations led by the United States. Following the military stalemate in the Korean War, a ceasefire was signed on 27 July 1953. He was the third longest-serving non-royal head of state/government in the 20th century, in office for more than 45 years." }, "North Magnetic Pole-1": { "title": "North Magnetic Pole", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The North Magnetic Pole is a wandering point on the surface of Earth's Northern Hemisphere at which the planet's magnetic field points vertically downwards (in other words, if a magnetic compass needle is allowed to rotate about a horizontal axis, it will point straight down). There is only one location where this occurs, near (but distinct from) the Geographic North Pole and the Geomagnetic North Pole." }, "Kangaroo-34": { "title": "Kangaroo", "section": "Biology and behaviour", "headers": [ "Reproduction and life cycle" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "Kangaroo reproduction is similar to that of opossums. The egg (still contained in the shell membrane, a few micrometres thick, and with only a small quantity of yolk within it) descends from the ovary into the uterus. There it is fertilised and quickly develops into a neonate. Even in the largest kangaroo (the red kangaroo), the neonate emerges after only 33 days. Usually, only one young is born at a time. It is blind, hairless, and only a few centimetres long; its hindlegs are mere stumps; it instead uses its more developed forelegs to climb its way through the thick fur on its mother's abdomen into the pouch, which takes about three to five minutes. Once in the pouch, it fastens onto one of the four teats and starts to feed. Almost immediately, the mother's sexual cycle starts again. Another egg descends into the uterus and she becomes sexually receptive. Then, if she mates and a second egg is fertilised, its development is temporarily halted. Meanwhile, the neonate in the pouch grows rapidly. After about 190 days, the baby (joey) is sufficiently large and developed to make its full emergence out of the pouch, after sticking its head out for a few weeks until it eventually feels safe enough to fully emerge. From then on, it spends increasing time in the outside world and eventually, after about 235 days, it leaves the pouch for the last time. The lifespan of kangaroos averages at six years in the wild to in excess of 20 years in captivity, varying by species. Most individuals, however, do not reach maturity in the wild." }, "The Industrial Christian Home for Polygamous Wives-3": { "title": "The Industrial Christian Home for Polygamous Wives", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Representing the group before the Senate Committee on Education and Labor in Washington D. C., Newman applied for federal funds and was successful in securing an initial $40,000. The Industrial Christian Home opened in a temporary location in December 1886, overseen by a Congressionally appointed \"Board of Control\" (the Utah Commission), headed by territorial governors Eli H. Murray and Caleb Walton West. A dispute ensued when the women challenged who should administer the financial oversight. Newman appealed for intervention directly to President Grover Cleveland, who delegated the request to the Secretary of the Interior." }, "Company-1": { "title": "Company", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A company, abbreviated as co., is a legal entity representing an association of people, whether natural, legal, or a mixture of both, with a specific objective. Company members share a common purpose and unite to achieve specific, declared goals. Companies take various forms, such as:" }, "Passover-22": { "title": "Passover", "section": "Date and duration", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "In Israel, Passover is the seven-day holiday of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, with the first and last days celebrated as legal holidays and as holy days involving holiday meals, special prayer services, and abstention from work; the intervening days are known as Chol HaMoed (\"Weekdays [of] the Festival\"). Jews outside the Land of Israel celebrate the festival for eight days. Reform and Reconstructionist Jews usually celebrate the holiday over seven days. Karaites and Samaritans use different versions of the Jewish calendar, which are often out of sync with the modern Jewish calendar by one or two days. In 2009, for example, Nisan 15 on the Jewish calendar used by Rabbinic Judaism corresponds to April 9. On the calendars used by Karaites and Samaritans, Abib or Aviv 15 (as opposed to 'Nisan') corresponds to April 11 in 2009. The Karaite and Samaritan Passovers are each one day long, followed by the six-day Festival of Unleavened Bread \u2013 for a total of seven days." }, "PC game-4": { "title": "PC game", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "PC gaming is considered synonymous (by Newzoo and others) with IBM Personal Computer compatible systems; while mobile computers\u00a0\u2013 smartphones and tablets, such as those running Android or iOS\u00a0\u2013 are also personal computers in the general sense. The APAC region was estimated to generate $46.6 billion in 2016, or 47% of total global video game revenues (note, not only \"PC\" games). China alone accounts for half of APAC's revenues (at $24.4 billion), cementing its place as the largest video game market in the world, ahead of the US's anticipated market size of $23.5 billion. China is expected to have 53% of its video game revenues come from mobile gaming in 2017 (46% in 2016)." }, "Maximum density-3": { "title": "Maximum density", "section": "Water", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "An especially notable irregular maximum density is that of water, which reaches a density peak at 3.98\u00a0\u00b0C (39.16\u00a0\u00b0F). This has important ramifications in Earth's ecosystem." }, "Jyoti Amge-3": { "title": "Jyoti Amge", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Amge was featured in the 2009 documentary entitled Body Shock: Two Foot Tall Teen. She was also a guest participant on Bigg Boss 6, an Indian television show. On 13 August 2014, she was cast in the fourth season of American Horror Story: Freak Show as Ma Petite." }, "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner-9": { "title": "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner", "section": "Synopsis", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Four times fifty living men, (And I heard nor sigh nor groan) With heavy thump, a lifeless lump, They dropped down one by one. The souls did from their bodies fly,\u2014 They fled to bliss or woe! And every soul, it passed me by, Like the whizz of my cross-bow! \u2014\u2009lines 216-223 Eventually, this stage of the mariner's curse is lifted after he begins to appreciate the many sea creatures swimming in the water. Despite his cursing them as \"slimy things\" earlier in the poem, he suddenly sees their true beauty and blesses them (\"A spring of love gush'd from my heart, And I bless'd them unaware\"). As he manages to pray, the albatross falls from his neck and his guilt is partially expiated. It then starts to rain, and the bodies of the crew, possessed by good spirits, rise again and help steer the ship. In a trance, the mariner hears two spirits discussing his voyage and penance, and learns that the ship is being powered supernaturally:" }, "Jared Fogle-3": { "title": "Jared Fogle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Fogle's tenure with Subway ended after he was investigated for paying for sex with minors and receiving child pornography in 2015; he had been the subject of a long-running investigation by the FBI since 2007. On August 19, 2015, he agreed to plead guilty in federal court to possessing child pornography and traveling to pay for sex with minors. Fogle formally pleaded guilty to the charges on November 19 of that year, and was sentenced to serve 15 years, 8 months in federal prison, with a minimum of 13 years before becoming eligible for early release." }, "Fuel injection-1": { "title": "Fuel injection", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine, most commonly automotive engines, by the means of an injector." }, "Wahhabism-52": { "title": "Wahhabism", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Abdulaziz Ibn Saud" ], "para_index": 52, "content": "In Mecca and Jeddah (in Hejaz) prohibition of tobacco, alcohol, playing cards and listening to music on the phonograph was looser than in Najd. Over the objections of Wahhabi ulama, Ibn Saud permitted both the driving of automobiles and the attendance of Shia at hajj." }, "Presidency of John F. Kennedy-8": { "title": "Presidency of John F. Kennedy", "section": "Inauguration", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Kennedy was inaugurated as the nation's 35th president on January 20, 1961, on the East Portico of the United States Capitol. Chief Justice Earl Warren administered the oath of office. In his inaugural address, Kennedy spoke of the need for all Americans to be active citizens, famously saying: \"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.\" He also invited the nations of the world to join together to fight what he called the \"common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself.\" To these admonitions he added:" }, "Polio vaccine-3": { "title": "Polio vaccine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The first successful demonstration of a polio vaccine was by Hilary Koprowski in 1950, with a live attenuated virus which people drank. This vaccine, however, was not approved in the United States. An inactivated polio vaccine, developed a few years later by Jonas Salk, came into use in 1955. A different, oral polio vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin and came into commercial use in 1961. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost per dose for the oral vaccine in the developing world is about US$0.25 as of 2014. In the United States, the inactivated form costs between $25 and $50." }, "Vacuum-16": { "title": "Vacuum", "section": "Historical interpretation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "While outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air from which it took its name, (see Aether (mythology)). Early theories of light posited a ubiquitous terrestrial and celestial medium through which light propagated. Additionally, the concept informed Isaac Newton's explanations of both refraction and of radiant heat. 19th century experiments into this luminiferous aether attempted to detect a minute drag on the Earth's orbit. While the Earth does, in fact, move through a relatively dense medium in comparison to that of interstellar space, the drag is so minuscule that it could not be detected. In 1912, astronomer Henry Pickering commented: \"While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteristic of a gas, and free gaseous molecules are certainly there\"." }, "Paris Peace Conference (1919\u20131920)-1": { "title": "Paris Peace Conference (1919\u20131920)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Paris Peace Conference, also known as the Versailles Peace Conference, was the meeting in 1919 and 1920 of the victorious Allies after the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers." }, "Ninth Doctor-5": { "title": "Ninth Doctor", "section": "Appearances", "headers": [ "Television" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Adam Mitchell (Bruno Langley) joins the Doctor and Rose as companion at the end of \"Dalek\". However, when he tries to smuggle future knowledge from Satellite Five in the year 200,000 back to his own time in \"The Long Game\", the Doctor expels him from the TARDIS. The Doctor is angry at Rose after he takes her to the event of father Pete Tyler's (Shaun Dingwall) death and she saves his life, causing a paradox in \"Father's Day\". However, when Pete dies to restore the timeline he shows compassion and encourages her to sit by his side as he passes away. In \"The Empty Child\", after encountering Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) (a con artist and former Time Agent from the 51st century) in 1941, the Doctor realises Jack had caused a deadly nanotechnological plague to sweep through the human race, turning humans into gas-mask zombies. Following the resolution of the situation, Jack prepares to sacrifice himself in \"The Doctor Dances\", but the Doctor saves him and invites him on board the TARDIS. In \"Boom Town\", when the Doctor encounters Blon (Annette Badland), the only Slitheen to survive the Downing Street explosion, in present-day Cardiff he has doubts over whether or not to send her home to be executed. During this episode, the Doctor first notices that he and Rose had kept coming across the words \"Bad Wolf\". In \"Bad Wolf\", the Doctor, Rose and Jack find themselves at the mercy of the Bad Wolf Corporation based on Satellite Five. However, the true enemy is revealed to be the Daleks, as the Dalek Emperor had also survived the Time War and had rebuilt the Dalek race. In \"The Parting of the Ways\", the Doctor sends Rose back to the 21st century to protect her before attempting to destroy the Dalek army. When he realises that doing this would destroy most of planet Earth he is unable to do so, proclaiming he would rather be a coward than a killer. Having absorbed the energies of the time vortex, Rose is able to return to the Doctor and destroy the Daleks. To save Rose from being killed by harbouring the time vortex, the Doctor removes the harmful effects by kissing her. However, the damage to his cells causes him to regenerate and the Tenth Doctor (David Tennant) takes his place." }, "Scandinavia-1": { "title": "Scandinavia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Scandinavia (/\u02ccsk\u00e6nd\u026a\u02c8ne\u026avi\u0259/ SKAN-dih-NAY-vee-\u0259) is a subregion in Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties. The term Scandinavia in local usage covers the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The majority national languages of these three belong to the Scandinavian dialect continuum, and are mutually intelligible North Germanic languages." }, "Cruciferous vegetables-1": { "title": "Cruciferous vegetables", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cruciferous vegetables are vegetables of the family Brassicaceae (also called Cruciferae) with many genera, species, and cultivars being raised for food production such as cauliflower, cabbage, kale, garden cress, bok choy, broccoli, Brussels sprouts and similar green leaf vegetables. The family takes its alternative name (Cruciferae, New Latin for \"cross-bearing\") from the shape of their flowers, whose four petals resemble a cross." }, "Grief-59": { "title": "Grief", "section": "In those with cognitive impairment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "Contrary to the belief that those who have a high degree of cognitive impairment, such as an intellectual disability, are unable to process the loss of those around them, those with cognitive impairments are able to process grief in a similar manner to those without cognitive impairment. One of the main differences between those with an intellectual disability and those without is typically the ability to verbalize their feelings about the loss, which is why non-verbal cues and changes in behavior become so important, because these are usually signs of distress and expression of grief among this population. It is important when working with individuals with these such impairments that caregivers and family members meet them where their level of functioning is and allow them to process the loss and grief with assistance given where needed, and not to ignore the grief that these individuals undergo. An important aspect of treatment of grief for those with an intellectual disability is family involvement where possible, which may take the form of a biological family or a family created in a group home or clinical setting. By having the family involved in an open and supporting dialogue with the individual it helps them to process. However, if the family is not properly educated on how these individuals handle loss, their involvement may not be as beneficial than those who are educated. The importance of the family unit is very crucial in a socio-cognitive approach to bereavement counseling. In this approach the individual with intellectual disability has the opportunity to see how those around them handle the loss and have the opportunity to act accordingly by modeling behavior. This approach also helps the individual know that their emotions are acceptable and normal." }, "Stephen King-6": { "title": "Stephen King", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "From 1966, King studied at the University of Maine, graduating in 1970 with a Bachelor of Arts in English. That year, his daughter Naomi Rachel was born. He wrote a column, Steve King's Garbage Truck, for the student newspaper, The Maine Campus, and participated in a writing workshop organized by Burton Hatlen. King held a variety of jobs to pay for his studies, including janitor, gas pump attendant, and worker at an industrial laundry. King met his future wife, fellow student Tabitha Spruce, at the University's Fogler Library after one of Professor Hatlen's workshops; they wed in 1971." }, "United States presidential election-3": { "title": "United States presidential election", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Presidential elections occur quadrennially with registered voters casting their ballots on Election Day, which since 1845 has been the first Tuesday after November 1. This date coincides with the general elections of various other federal, state, and local races; since local governments are responsible for managing elections, these races typically all appear on one ballot. The Electoral College electors then formally cast their electoral votes on the first Monday after December 12 at their respective state capitals. Congress then certifies the results in early January, and the presidential term begins on Inauguration Day, which since the passage of the Twentieth Amendment has been set at January 20." }, "Water taxi-1": { "title": "Water taxi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A water taxi or a water bus, also known as a sightseeing boat, is a watercraft used to provide public or private transport, usually, but not always, in an urban environment. Service may be scheduled with multiple stops, operating in a similar manner to a bus, or on demand to many locations, operating in a similar manner to a taxi. A boat service shuttling between two points would normally be described as a ferry rather than a water bus or taxi." }, "Arizona-40": { "title": "Arizona", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "About midway through February, the temperatures start to rise, with warm days, and cool, breezy nights. The summer months of June through September bring a dry heat from 90 to 120\u00a0\u00b0F (32 to 49\u00a0\u00b0C), with occasional high temperatures exceeding 125\u00a0\u00b0F (52\u00a0\u00b0C) having been observed in the desert area. Arizona's all-time record high is 128\u00a0\u00b0F (53\u00a0\u00b0C) recorded at Lake Havasu City on June 29, 1994, and July 5, 2007; the all-time record low of \u221240\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221240\u00a0\u00b0C) was recorded at Hawley Lake on January 7, 1971." }, "Human body-6": { "title": "Human body", "section": "Composition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The adult male body is about 60% water for a total water content of some 42 litres (9.2\u00a0imp\u00a0gal; 11\u00a0US\u00a0gal). This is made up of about 19 litres (4.2\u00a0imp\u00a0gal; 5.0\u00a0US\u00a0gal) of extracellular fluid including about 3.2 litres (0.70\u00a0imp\u00a0gal; 0.85\u00a0US\u00a0gal) of blood plasma and about 8.4 litres (1.8\u00a0imp\u00a0gal; 2.2\u00a0US\u00a0gal) of interstitial fluid, and about 23 litres (5.1\u00a0imp\u00a0gal; 6.1\u00a0US\u00a0gal) of fluid inside cells. The content, acidity and composition of the water inside and outside cells is carefully maintained. The main electrolytes in body water outside cells are sodium and chloride, whereas within cells it is potassium and other phosphates." }, "Career portfolio-8": { "title": "Career portfolio", "section": "Industries", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "A typical type of a portfolio is one used by artists. An artist's portfolio consists of artwork that the artist can take to job interviews, conferences, galleries, and other networking opportunities to showcase his or her work, and give others an idea of what type of genre the artist works in. Art Portfolios, sometimes called \"artfolios\", can be a variety of sizes, and usually consist of approximately ten to twenty photographs of the artist's best works. Some artists create multiple portfolios to showcase different styles and to apply for different types of jobs. For instance, one portfolio may be mainly for doing technical illustrations and another may be for surreal painting or sculpture." }, "Satan-1": { "title": "Satan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Satan, also known as the Devil, is an entity in the Abrahamic religions that seduces humans into sin or falsehood. In Christianity and Islam, he is usually seen as either a fallen angel or a genie, who used to possess great piety and beauty, but rebelled against God, who nevertheless allows him temporary power over the fallen world and a host of demons. In Judaism, Satan is typically regarded as a metaphor for the yetzer hara, or \"evil inclination\", or as an agent subservient to God." }, "Thetis-1": { "title": "Thetis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Thetis (/\u02c8\u03b8\u025bt\u026as/; Greek: \u0398\u03ad\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 [t\u02b0\u00e9tis]), is a figure from Greek mythology with varying mythological roles. She mainly appears as a sea nymph, a goddess of water, or one of the 50 Nereids, daughters of the ancient sea god Nereus." }, "Eve-2": { "title": "Eve", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "According to the second chapter of Genesis, Eve was created by God (Yahweh) by taking her from the rib of Adam, to be Adam's companion. Adam is charged with guarding and keeping the garden before her creation; she is not present when God commands Adam not to eat the forbidden fruit. She succumbs to the serpent's temptation to eat the forbidden fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. She shares the fruit with Adam, and as a result the first humans are expelled from the Garden of Eden. Christian churches differ on how they view both Adam and Eve's disobedience to God (often called the fall of man), and to the consequences that those actions had on the rest of humanity. Christian and Jewish teachings sometimes hold Adam (the first man) and Eve to a different level of responsibility for the fall, although Islamic teaching holds both equally responsible." }, "Medieval Times-1": { "title": "Medieval Times", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Medieval Times Dinner and Tournament is a family dinner theater featuring staged medieval-style games, sword-fighting, and jousting. Medieval Times Entertainment, the holding company, is headquartered in Irving, Texas." }, "Andes-19": { "title": "Andes", "section": "Climate and hydrology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "The Andes of Chile and Argentina can be divided in two climatic and glaciological zones: the Dry Andes and the Wet Andes. Since the Dry Andes extend from the latitudes of Atacama Desert to the area of Maule River, precipitation is more sporadic and there are strong temperature oscillations. The line of equilibrium may shift drastically over short periods of time, leaving a whole glacier in the ablation area or in the accumulation area." }, "Holy Spirit-1": { "title": "Holy Spirit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Abrahamic religions, the Holy Spirit is an aspect or agent of God, by means of which people become His messenger or servant. The term is also used to describe aspects of other religions and belief structures." }, "Berlin Wall-1": { "title": "Berlin Wall", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer, pronounced [b\u025b\u0281\u02c8li\u02d0n\u0250 \u02c8ma\u028a\u032f\u0250] (listen)) was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. Construction of the Wall was commenced by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) on 13 August 1961. The Wall cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany, including East Berlin. The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, accompanied by a wide area (later known as the \"death strip\") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, beds of nails, and other defenses. The Eastern Bloc portrayed the Wall as protecting its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the \"will of the people\" from building a socialist state in East Germany." }, "Brothers Grimm-1": { "title": "Brothers Grimm", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Brothers Grimm (die Br\u00fcder Grimm or die Gebr\u00fcder Grimm, German: [di\u02d0 \u0261\u0259\u02c8b\u0281y\u02d0d\u0250 \u0261\u0281\u026am] (listen)), Jacob Ludwig Karl Grimm (1785\u20131863) and Wilhelm Carl Grimm (1786\u20131859), were German academics, philologists, cultural researchers, lexicographers and authors who together collected and published folklore during the 19th century. They were among the first and best-known collectors of German and European folk tales, and popularized traditional oral tale types such as \"Cinderella\" (\"Aschenputtel\"), \"The Frog Prince\" (\"Der Froschk\u00f6nig\"), \"The Goose-Girl\" (\"Die G\u00e4nsemagd\"), \"Hansel and Gretel\" (\"H\u00e4nsel und Gretel\"), \"Rapunzel\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Little Red Riding Hood\", \"The Wolf and the Seven Young Goats\", \"The Three Little Pigs\", \"Rumpelstiltskin\" (\"Rumpelstilzchen\"), \"Sleeping Beauty\" (\"Dornr\u00f6schen\"), and \"Snow White\" (\"Schneewittchen\"). Their classic collection, Children's and Household Tales (Kinder- und Hausm\u00e4rchen), was published in two volumes\u2014the first in 1812 and the second in 1815." }, "La Femme Nikita (TV series)-2": { "title": "La Femme Nikita (TV series)", "section": "Comparison with the film", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In the original Luc Besson film (and in the American remake Point of No Return (also released as The Assassin), also released by Warner Bros.), Nikita is a drug-addicted juvenile delinquent who kills a police officer in cold blood during an attempted robbery of a pharmacy. She is later arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in Nikita and to death by lethal injection in Point of No Return, upon which she was secretly drugged by the government, faking her death. Nikita is then \"recruited\" by a secret government organization and transformed into a highly skilled assassin who cannot be traced." }, "Mike Tyson-37": { "title": "Mike Tyson", "section": "Comeback", "headers": [ "Tyson\u2013Holyfield fights", "Tyson vs. Holyfield II and aftermath" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "Soon to become one of the most controversial events in modern sports, the fight was stopped at the end of the third round, with Tyson disqualified for biting Holyfield on both ears. The first time Tyson bit him, the match was temporarily stopped. Referee Mills Lane deducted two points from Tyson and the fight resumed. However, after the match resumed, Tyson bit him again, resulting in his disqualification, and Holyfield won the match. One bite was severe enough to remove a piece of Holyfield's right ear, which was found on the ring floor after the fight. Tyson later stated that his actions were retaliation for Holyfield repeatedly headbutting him without penalty. In the confusion that followed the ending of the bout and announcement of the decision, a near riot occurred in the arena and several people were injured. Tyson Holyfield II was the first heavyweight title fight in over 50 years to end in a disqualification." }, "Scientology-40": { "title": "Scientology", "section": "Beliefs and practices", "headers": [ "Reactive mind, traumatic memories, and auditing" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "Scientology presents two major divisions of the mind. The reactive mind is thought to record all pain and emotional trauma, while the analytical mind is a rational mechanism that serves consciousness. The reactive mind stores mental images which are not readily available to the analytical (conscious) mind; these are referred to as engrams. According to Scientology, engrams are painful and debilitating; as they accumulate, people move further away from their true identity. To avoid this fate is Scientology's basic goal. Some engrams are taught by Hubbard to happen by accident while others are inflicted by \"thetans who have gone bad and want power\", as described by the Los Angeles Times. These engrams are named Implants in the doctrine of Scientology. Hubbard said, \"Implants result in all varieties of illness, apathy, degradation, neurosis and insanity and are the principal cause of these in man.\"" }, "Charles Darwin-2": { "title": "Charles Darwin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. By the 1870s, the scientific community and a majority of the educated public had accepted evolution as a fact. However, many favoured competing explanations which gave only a minor role to natural selection, and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life." }, "Nickel (United States coin)-1": { "title": "Nickel (United States coin)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A nickel, in American usage, is a five-cent coin struck by the United States Mint. Composed of 75%\u00a0copper and 25% nickel, the piece has been issued since 1866. Its diameter is .835 inches (21.21\u00a0mm) and its thickness is .077 inches (1.95\u00a0mm). Due to inflation, the purchasing power of the nickel continues to drop and currently the coin represents less than 1% of the federal hourly minimum wage. In 2018, over 1.26 billion nickels were produced at the Philadelphia and Denver mints." }, "Abaddon in popular culture-1": { "title": "Abaddon in popular culture", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The angel, or demon Abaddon has appeared many times in works of literature, films, television and popular culture. In Hebrew term Abaddon (Hebrew: \u05d0\u05b2\u05d1\u05b7\u05d3\u05bc\u05d5\u05b9\u05df\u200e Avaddon), means \"doom\"); the Greek equivalent is Apollyon. In the Christian Bible it is both a place of destruction and an angel of the abyss. In the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh), abaddon is a bottomless pit, and often appears alongside the place \u05e9\u05b0\u05c1\u05d0\u05d5\u05b9\u05dc (Sheol), meaning the realm of the dead." }, "Chris Christie-1": { "title": "Chris Christie", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Christopher James Christie (born September 6, 1962) is an American politician, political commentator, and former federal prosecutor who served as the 55th Governor of New Jersey from 2010 to 2018." }, "Falling (accident)-17": { "title": "Falling (accident)", "section": "Height and severity", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Injuries caused by falls from buildings vary depending on the building's height and the age of the person. Falls from a building's second floor/story (American English) or first floor/storey (British English and equivalent idioms in continental European languages) usually cause injuries but are not fatal. Overall, the height at which 50% of children die from a fall is between four and five storey heights (around 12 to 15 metres or 40 to 50 feet) above the ground." }, "La Reine Margot (novel)-3": { "title": "La Reine Margot (novel)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The story begins in Paris in August 1572, during the reign of the Valois King Charles IX, it is the French Wars of Religion. The protagonist is Marguerite de Valois, better known as Margot, the daughter of the deceased Henry II. The antagonist is the scheming Catholic power player Catherine de Medici, Margot's mother." }, "Old Testament-2": { "title": "Old Testament", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The books that compose the Old Testament canon, as well as their order and names, differ between Christian denominations. The Catholic canon comprises 46 books, the canons of the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches comprise up to 49 books, and the most common Protestant canon comprises 39 books. The 39 books in common to all the Christian canons correspond to the 24 books of the Tanakh, with some differences of order, and there are some differences in text. The additional number reflects the splitting of several texts (Kings, Samuel and Chronicles, Ezra\u2013Nehemiah and the Twelve Minor Prophets) into separate books in Christian bibles." }, "Ninth Doctor-6": { "title": "Ninth Doctor", "section": "Appearances", "headers": [ "Television" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The Ninth Doctor's origins were originally not explored in 2005, but were given in the show's fiftieth anniversary special, \"The Day of the Doctor\", in 2013. This episode also revealed that the \"Ninth\" Doctor was actually the Doctor's tenth incarnation; the short episode \"The Night of the Doctor\" revealed that the Eighth Doctor accepted aid from the Sisterhood of Karn after a spaceship crash to ensure that he would regenerate into an incarnation suited to fight in the war, with this incarnation being known as \"the War Doctor\" (John Hurt), as he officially did not consider himself to be worthy of his usual title. In the aftermath of the Time War, the War Doctor succumbs to old age, musing that his body is \"wearing a bit thin\". The regeneration scene is cut short before Eccleston's likeness can be fully seen, as the actor declined to return for the episode and showrunner Steven Moffat wished to honour Eccleston's decision. Eccleston does, however, appear in stock footage and stills alongside the first eight Doctors." }, "PlayStation 3-23": { "title": "PlayStation 3", "section": "Hardware", "headers": [ "Technical specifications" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "PlayStation 3 features a slot-loading 2x speed Blu-ray Disc drive for games, Blu-ray movies, DVDs, and CDs. It was originally available with hard drives of 20 and 60\u00a0GB (20\u00a0GB model was not available in PAL regions) but various sizes up to 500\u00a0GB have been made available since then (see: model comparison). All PS3 models have user-upgradeable 2.5\" SATA hard drives." }, "STS-40-1": { "title": "STS-40", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "STS-40, the eleventh launch of Space Shuttle Columbia, was a nine-day mission in June, 1991. It carried the Spacelab module for Spacelab Life Sciences 1 (SLS-1), the fifth Spacelab mission and the first dedicated solely to biology. STS-40 was the first spaceflight that included three women crew members." }, "Ancient Egypt-3": { "title": "Ancient Egypt", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River valley for agriculture. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which supported a more dense population, and social development and culture. With resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions, and a military intended to assert Egyptian dominance. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a pharaoh, who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs." }, "Reconstruction era-2": { "title": "Reconstruction era", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The term has two applications: the first applies to the complete history of the entire country from 1865 to 1877 following the American Civil War; the second, to the attempted transformation of the 11 former Confederate states from 1863 to 1877, as directed by Congress, and the role of the Union states in that transformation. Reconstruction ended the remnants of Confederate secession and abolished slavery, making the newly freed slaves citizens with civil rights ostensibly guaranteed by three new constitutional amendments." }, "High Courts of Justice of Spain-1": { "title": "High Courts of Justice of Spain", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Superior Courts of Justice (Spanish: Tribunales Superiores de Justicia), or High Courts of Justice, are courts within the judicial system of Spain, whose territorial scope covers an Autonomous Community, as laid down in the Organic Law of Judicial Power (Ley Org\u00e1nica del Poder Judicial)." }, "Panic attack-47": { "title": "Panic attack", "section": "Treatment", "headers": [ "Medication" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "Medication options for panic attacks typically include benzodiazepines and antidepressants. Benzodiazepines are being prescribed less often because of their potential side effects, such as dependence, fatigue, slurred speech, and memory loss. Antidepressant treatments for panic attacks include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and MAO inhibitors (MAOIs). SSRIs in particular tend to be the first drug treatment used to treat panic attacks. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants appear similar for short-term efficacy." }, "Canidae-1": { "title": "Canidae", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Canidae /\u02c8k\u00e6n\u026adi\u02d0/ (from Latin, canis, \"dog\") is a biological family of dog-like carnivorans. A member of this family is called a canid. There are three subfamilies found within the canid family, which are the extinct Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae, and the extant Caninae. The Caninae are known as canines, which includes domestic dogs, wolves, foxes and other extant and extinct species." }, "Uberl\u00e2ndia-1": { "title": "Uberl\u00e2ndia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Uberl\u00e2ndia (Portuguese pronunciation:\u00a0[ub\u025bx\u02c8l\u0250\u0303d\u0361\u0292i\u0250]) is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. It is the second largest municipality in the state of Minas Gerais after the state capital Belo Horizonte. Its population in 2018 was 683,247, making it the fourth largest city of the interior region of Brazil. The city is located on the Brazilian Highlands 2,802 feet (854\u00a0m) above sea level. It is an important logistic hub between S\u00e3o Paulo and Bras\u00edlia. The city sits within the Brazilian cerrado and has eight protected zones of tropical savanna vegetation." }, "Jackie Chan-38": { "title": "Jackie Chan", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "Chan speaks Cantonese, Mandarin, English, and American Sign Language and also speaks some German, Korean, Japanese, Spanish, and Thai. Chan is an avid football fan and supports the Hong Kong national football team, the England national football team, and Manchester City." }, "Robert-3": { "title": "Robert", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Robert is also a common name in many Germanic languages, including English, German, Dutch, Norwegian, Swedish, Scottish, Danish, and Icelandic. It can be used as a French, Polish, Irish, Finnish, and Estonian name as well." }, "Bornean orangutan-25": { "title": "Bornean orangutan", "section": "Conservation status", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "The Bornean orangutan is more common than the Sumatran, with about 54,500 individuals in the wild, whereas about 15,000 Sumatran orangutans are left in the wild.[citation needed] Orangutans are becoming increasingly endangered due to habitat destruction and the bushmeat trade, and young orangutans are captured to be sold as pets, usually entailing the killing of their mothers." }, "Unicycle-1": { "title": "Unicycle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A unicycle is a vehicle that touches the ground with only one wheel. The most common variation has a frame with a saddle, and has a pedal-driven direct drive. A two speed hub is commercially available for faster unicycling. Unicycling is practiced professionally in circuses, by street performers, in festivals, and as a hobby. Unicycles have also been used to create new sports such as unicycle hockey. In recent years, unicycles have also been used in mountain unicycling, an activity similar to mountain biking or trials." }, "English festivals-15": { "title": "English festivals", "section": "Easter", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The celebration of Easter Day is not fixed and is a movable observance. Easter Day, also known as Resurrection Sunday, marks the high point of the Christian year. It is a festival and holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day of his burial after his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary c. 30 AD. It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus, preceded by Lent (or Great Lent), a forty-day period of fasting, prayer, and penance." }, "Kayak-1": { "title": "Kayak", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A kayak is a small, narrow watercraft which is typically propelled by means of a double-bladed paddle. The word kayak originates from the Greenlandic word" }, "Flight length-5": { "title": "Flight length", "section": "Superlative flights", "headers": [ "Longest commercial flight" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "From 11 October 2018, the longest commercial flight is the Singapore Airlines Flight SQ 21/22 between Singapore Changi and New York/Newark, covering 15,344\u00a0km (9,534\u00a0mi; 8,285\u00a0nmi) with an Airbus A350-900ULR in nearly 19 hours, with 161 seats: 67 Business and 94 Premium Economy." }, "Naruto-24": { "title": "Naruto", "section": "Media", "headers": [ "Anime", "Part I" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "The Naruto anime, directed by Hayato Date and produced by Studio Pierrot and TV Tokyo, premiered in Japan on October 3, 2002, and concluded on February 8, 2007 after 220 episodes on TV Tokyo. The first 135 episodes were adapted from Part I of the manga; the remaining 85 episodes are original and use plot elements that are not in the manga. Tetsuya Nishio was the character designer for Naruto when the manga was adapted into an anime series; Kishimoto had requested that Nishio be given this role. Beginning on April 29, 2009, the original Naruto anime began a rerun on Wednesdays and Thursdays (until the fourth week of September 2009 when it changed to only Wednesdays). It was remastered in HD, with new 2D and 3D effects, under the name Naruto: Sh\u014dnen Hen (\u5c11\u5e74\u7bc7, \"Youth Version\"). Episodes from the series have been released on both VHS and DVD, and collected as boxed sets." }, "Soylent (meal replacement)-16": { "title": "Soylent (meal replacement)", "section": "Health effects", "headers": [ "Product recalls" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "The company initially suspected soy or sucralose intolerance. However, on November 7, 2016, Soylent instead blamed algal flour for making people sick, and said it planned to remove algal flour from future formulations of the powders and bars, which it did in the next formulation version 1.7 introduced on December 15, 2016. The drink-based products use algal oil, not algal flour, so were deemed to be safe for users." }, "Donald Duck-4": { "title": "Donald Duck", "section": "Origin", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The first mention of Donald Duck was made in 1931 for the storybook The Adventures of Mickey Mouse, as one of Mickey's barnyard friends. The character featured in the cover is much different from the modern Donald Duck, being drawn more like a normal duck and sporting a green hat and pants." }, "Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand-2": { "title": "Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Reflecting family influences, Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand started political life on the Catholic nationalist right. He served under the Vichy Regime during its earlier years. Subsequently he joined the Resistance, moved to the left, and held ministerial office several times under the Fourth Republic. Fran\u00e7ois Mitterand opposed de Gaulle's establishment of the Fifth Republic. Although at times a politically isolated figure, Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand outmanoeuvered rivals to become the left's standard bearer at every presidential election from 1965\u201388; with the exception of 1969. Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand was elected President at the 1981 presidential election. He was re-elected in 1988 and remained in office until 1995." }, "Warfarin-1": { "title": "Warfarin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Warfarin, sold under the brand name Coumadin among others, is a medication that is used as an anticoagulant (blood thinner). It is commonly used to treat blood clots such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and to prevent stroke in people who have atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease or artificial heart valves. Less commonly it is used following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and orthopedic surgery. It is generally taken by mouth but may also be used by injection into a vein." }, "Tennis games-23": { "title": "Tennis games", "section": "Doubles Games", "headers": [ "Touch the Curtain" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "This game requires that there is a wall behind both baselines on the court. 4 individual players take the court with 2 on each side positioned at the baseline. Any extra players will line up by the net post as substitutes. The game also requires a feeder, one who will stand out of the game with a large basket of balls quickly putting a new ball into play once the previous ball is out of play. When the game begins, the 4 players on the court rally the ball back and forth with freedom of mobility and aggressiveness. Each player's main goal is to not be eliminated from the game by falling to a winner (a ball that bounces on the player's court twice). When an individual player mishits the ball, the player is substituted with the next person in line while the feeder immediately puts a ball into play to the opposite (unharmed) side. When a winner is hit, the player within whose court the ball lands (half the court being divided vertically as well), this player is eliminated from the game (it is also popular that a super-shot, or a winner hit through the middle of the court without a definite decision to which player is eliminated, results in both players on that side being eliminated from the game). As more eliminations occur the number of substitutes decrease. When only 4 players remain in the game (no substitutes) a mistake is penalized with the player running back and touching the wall behind the baseline while a ball is put into play in the opposite side allowing the other duo to hit a winner. With 3 players remaining, the same rules apply but the single player only needs to defend a singles court. When 2 players remain, they can decide between themselves to touch the wall, or any other penalty (Dropping the racquet and spinning a full circle is a popular penalty). With that set rule, the 2 players play on a complete singles court until one player remains to be designated the winner. Once a new game begins, the highest ranking players from the previous game usually begin as the substitutes with the winner substituting last, and the runner-up substituting next to last etc. This game is designed to work on the advanced skill of consistency after running to a shot, shot placement, and builds stamina." }, "Polygon (website)-1": { "title": "Polygon (website)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Polygon is an American video game website that publishes news, culture, reviews, and videos. At its October 2012 launch as Vox Media's third property, Polygon sought to distinguish itself from competitors by focusing on the stories of the people behind the games instead of the games themselves. It also produced long-form magazine-style feature articles, invested in video content, and chose to let their review scores be updated as the game changed." }, "Aloe vera-15": { "title": "Aloe vera", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Topical medication and potential side effects" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Aloe vera may be prepared as a lotion, gel, soap or cosmetics product for use on skin as a topical medication. For people with allergies to Aloe vera, skin reactions may include contact dermatitis with mild redness and itching, difficulty with breathing, or swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat." }, "Summer-5": { "title": "Summer", "section": "Summer timing", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Reckoning by cultural festivals, the summer season in the United States is traditionally regarded as beginning on Memorial Day weekend (the last Weekend in May) and ending on Labor Day (the first Monday in September), more closely in line with the meteorological definition for the parts of the country that have four-season weather. The similar Canadian tradition starts summer on Victoria Day one week prior (although summer conditions vary widely across Canada's expansive territory) and ends, as in the United States, on Labour Day." }, "Eggplant-16": { "title": "Eggplant", "section": "Etymology and regional names", "headers": [ "Aubergine-type names", "From Dravidian to Arabic" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Aubergine, usual in British English, German, French and Dutch. Brinjal or brinjaul, usual in South Asia and South African English. Solanum melongena, the Linnaean name. All the aubergine-type names have the same origin, in the Dravidian languages. Modern descendants of this ancient Dravidian word include Malayalam va\u1e5futina and Tamil va\u1e5futu\u1e47ai." }, "Saffron (color)-1": { "title": "Saffron (color)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Saffron is a colour resembling the colour of the tip of the saffron crocus thread, from which the spice saffron is derived." }, "Hattori Hanz\u014d-6": { "title": "Hattori Hanz\u014d", "section": "Military career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Hattori served during the siege of Odawara and was awarded 8,000 koku. By the time Ieyasu entered Kant\u014d, he was awarded an additional 8,000 koku and had 30 yoriki and 200 public officials for his services. Ieyasu was said to have also begun to employ more Iga ninja with Hanz\u014d as their leader. Hanz\u014d was known as an expert tactician and a master of sword fighting. Historical sources say he lived the last several years of his life as a monk under the name \"Sainen\" and built the temple Sainenji, which was named after him and mainly built to commemorate Tokugawa Ieyasu's elder son, Nobuyasu. Nobuyasu was accused of treason and conspiracy by Oda Nobunaga and was then ordered to commit seppuku by his father, Ieyasu. Hanzo was called in to act as the official second to end Nobuyasu's suffering, but he refused to take the sword on the blood of his own lord.[clarification needed] Ieyasu valued his loyalty after hearing of Hanzo's ordeal and said, \"Even a demon can shed tears.\"" }, "Judge-5": { "title": "Judge", "section": "Functions", "headers": [ "Requirements and appointment" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "There are both volunteer and professional judges. A volunteer judge, such as an English magistrate, is not required to have legal training and is unpaid. Whereas, a professional judge is required to be legally educated; in the U.S., this generally requires a degree of Juris Doctor. Furthermore, significant professional experience is often required; for example, in the U.S., judges are often appointed from experienced attorneys. Judges are often appointed by the head of state. In some U.S. jurisdictions, however, judges are elected in a political election." }, "Social Security (United States)-1": { "title": "Social Security (United States)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In the United States, Social Security is the commonly used term for the federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program and is administered by the Social Security Administration. The original Social Security Act was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935, and the current version of the Act, as amended, encompasses several social welfare and social insurance programs." }, "Vlad the Impaler-8": { "title": "Vlad the Impaler", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Vlad was the second legitimate son of Vlad II Dracul, who was an illegitimate son of Mircea I of Wallachia. Vlad\u00a0II had won the moniker \"Dracul\" for his membership in the Order of the Dragon, a militant fraternity founded by Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. The Order of the Dragon was dedicated to halting the Ottoman advance into Europe. As he was old enough to be a candidate to the throne of Wallachia in 1448, his time of birth would have been between 1428 and 1431. Vlad was most probably born after his father settled in Transylvania in 1429. Historian Radu Florescu writes that Vlad was born in the Transylvanian Saxon town of Sighi\u0219oara (then in the Kingdom of Hungary), where his father lived in a three-storey stone house from 1431 to 1435. Modern historians identify Vlad's mother either as a daughter or a kinswoman of Alexander I of Moldavia, or as his father's unknown first wife." }, "Hodor (disambiguation)-1": { "title": "Hodor (disambiguation)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hodor is a fictional character from the epic fantasy novel series A Song of Ice and Fire and its TV adaptation, Game of Thrones." }, "Karate-22": { "title": "Karate", "section": "Practice", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Karate can be practiced as an art (bud\u014d), self defense or as a combat sport. Traditional karate places emphasis on self-development (bud\u014d). Modern Japanese style training emphasizes the psychological elements incorporated into a proper kokoro (attitude) such as perseverance, fearlessness, virtue, and leadership skills. Sport karate places emphasis on exercise and competition. Weapons are an important training activity in some styles of karate." }, "Johann Sebastian Bach-20": { "title": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "K\u00f6then (1717\u20131723)" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "On 7 July 1720, while Bach was away in Carlsbad with Prince Leopold, Bach's wife suddenly died. The following year, he met Anna Magdalena Wilcke, a young, highly gifted soprano 16 years his junior, who performed at the court in K\u00f6then; they married on 3 December 1721. Together they had 13 more children, 6 of whom survived into adulthood: Gottfried Heinrich; Elisabeth Juliane Friederica (1726\u20131781); Johann Christoph Friedrich and Johann Christian, who both, especially Johann Christian, became significant musicians; Johanna Carolina (1737\u20131781); and Regina Susanna (1742\u20131809)." }, "Official language-14": { "title": "Official language", "section": "In specific countries/territories", "headers": [ "Canada" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "In accordance with the Constitution Act, 1982 the (federal) Government of Canada gives equal status to English and French as official languages. The Province of New Brunswick is also officially bilingual, as is the Yukon. Nunavut has four official languages. The Northwest Territories has eleven official languages. All provinces, however, offer some necessary services in both English and French." }, "Wandering albatross-5": { "title": "Wandering albatross", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The wandering albatross breeds on South Georgia Island, Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Islands, Prince Edward Islands, and Macquarie Island, is seen feeding year round off the Kaikoura Peninsula on the east coast of the south island of New Zealand and it ranges in all the southern oceans from 28\u00b0 to 60\u00b0. Wandering albatrosses spend most of their life in flight, landing only to breed and feed. Distances travelled each year are hard to measure, but one banded bird was recorded travelling 6000\u00a0km in twelve days." }, "United States Air Force Basic Military Training-34": { "title": "United States Air Force Basic Military Training", "section": "Prohibited and illegal activities", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "Insubordination Use of any tobacco product Possession/consumption of food, except during designated meal hours (or \"chow time\") and in designated areas Possession of any contraband Failure to perform duty (such as neglecting EC watch duties) Being absent without leave (AWOL) Fraternization When a trainee engages in a prohibited activity, their MTI may recommend the Commander impose non-judicial punishment (UCMJ Article 15). An Article 15 is a type of disciplinary action (also known as non-judicial punishment) and can entail any or all of the following:" }, "Cyprus-81": { "title": "Cyprus", "section": "Economy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 81, "content": "According to the 2017 International Monetary Fund estimates, its per capita GDP (adjusted for purchasing power) at $36,442 is below the average of the European Union. Cyprus has been sought as a base for several offshore businesses for its low tax rates. Tourism, financial services and shipping are significant parts of the economy. Economic policy of the Cyprus government has focused on meeting the criteria for admission to the European Union. The Cypriot government adopted the euro as the national currency on 1 January 2008." }, "Ten-pin bowling-1": { "title": "Ten-pin bowling", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ten-pin bowling is a type of bowling in which a bowler rolls a bowling ball down a wood or synthetic lane toward ten pins positioned in a tetractys (equilateral triangle-based pattern) at the far end of the lane. The objective is to knock down all ten pins on the first roll of the ball (a strike), or failing that, on the second roll (a spare)." }, "Dido, Queen of Carthage (play)-1": { "title": "Dido, Queen of Carthage (play)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dido, Queen of Carthage (full title: The Tragedie of Dido Queene of Carthage) is a short play written by the English playwright Christopher Marlowe, with possible contributions by Thomas Nashe. It was probably written between 1587 and 1593, and was first published in 1594. The story focuses on the classical figure of Dido, the Queen of Carthage. It tells an intense dramatic tale of Dido and her fanatical love for Aeneas (induced by Cupid), Aeneas' betrayal of her and her eventual suicide on his departure for Italy. The playwrights relied on Books 1, 2, and 4 of Virgil's Aeneid as primary source." }, "Zucchini-1": { "title": "Zucchini", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The zucchini (/zu\u02d0\u02c8ki\u02d0ni/) or courgette (/k\u028a\u0259r\u02c8\u0292\u025bt/) is a summer squash, of Mesoamerican origin, which can reach nearly 1\u00a0m (100\u00a0cm; 39\u00a0in) in length, but is usually harvested when still immature at about 15 to 25\u00a0cm (6 to 10\u00a0in). A zucchini is a thin-skinned cultivar of what in Britain and Ireland is referred to as a marrow. In South Africa, a zucchini is known as a baby marrow." }, "Strength of glass-5": { "title": "Strength of glass", "section": "Hardness", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Glass has a hardness of 6.5 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness." }, "Leather-5": { "title": "Leather", "section": "Production processes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Tanning is a process that stabilizes the proteins, particularly collagen, of the raw hide to increase the thermal, chemical and microbiological stability of the hides and skins, making it suitable for a wide variety of end applications. The principal difference between raw and tanned hides is that raw hides dry out to form a hard, inflexible material that, when rewetted, will putrefy, while tanned material dries to a flexible form that does not become putrid when rewetted." }, "Emmy Award-9": { "title": "Emmy Award", "section": "Emmy statuette", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, was designed by television engineer Louis McManus, who used his wife as the model. The ATAS rejected forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus's design in 1948. The statuette \"has since become the symbol of the TV Academy's goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television: The wings represent the muse of art; the atom the electron of science.\"" }, "Karate-1": { "title": "Karate", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Karate (\u7a7a\u624b) (/k\u0259\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0ti/; Japanese pronunciation:\u00a0[ka\u027eate] (listen); Okinawan pronunciation: [ka\u027dati]) is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom. It developed from the indigenous Ryukyuan martial arts (called te (\u624b), \"hand\"; tii in Okinawan) under the influence of Kung Fu, particularly Fujian White Crane. Karate is now predominantly a striking art using punching, kicking, knee strikes, elbow strikes and open-hand techniques such as knife-hands, spear-hands and palm-heel strikes. Historically, and in some modern styles, grappling, throws, joint locks, restraints and vital-point strikes are also taught. A karate practitioner is called a karateka (\u7a7a\u624b\u5bb6), and its plural is \"karateka\" or \"karatekas\"." }, "Bicycle-26": { "title": "Bicycle", "section": "Technical aspects", "headers": [ "Performance" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "The bicycle is extraordinarily efficient in both biological and mechanical terms. The bicycle is the most efficient human-powered means of transportation in terms of energy a person must expend to travel a given distance. From a mechanical viewpoint, up to 99% of the energy delivered by the rider into the pedals is transmitted to the wheels, although the use of gearing mechanisms may reduce this by 10\u201315%." }, "2024-1": { "title": "2024", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "2024 (MMXXIV) will be a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2024th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 24th year of the 3rd\u00a0millennium, the 24th year of the 21st\u00a0century, and the 5th year of the 2020s decade. The United Nations has declared 2024 as the International Year of Camelids." }, "Antisemitism in Islam-33": { "title": "Antisemitism in Islam", "section": "The Quran on Jews in its historical setting", "headers": [ "Remarks on Jews" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "Some verses of the Quran, notably [Quran\u00a02:256], preach tolerance towards members of the Jewish faith. According to Kramer, Jews are regarded as members of a legitimate community of believers in God, \"people of the Book\", and therefore legally entitled to sufferance." }, "Baby boom-3": { "title": "Baby boom", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The U.S. birthrate exploded after World War II. From 1941 to 1961, more than 65 million children were born in the United States. At the height of this baby boom, a child was born every seven seconds on average. Factors that contributed to the baby boom consisted of young couples who started families after putting off marriage during the War, government encouragement of growth of families through the aid of GI benefits, and popular culture that celebrated pregnancy, parenthood, and large families." }, "Shanghai-27": { "title": "Shanghai", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Shanghai is located on an alluvial plain. As such, the vast majority of its 6,340.5\u00a0km2 (2,448.1\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) land area is flat, with an average elevation of 4\u00a0m (13\u00a0ft). The city's few hills, such as She Shan, lie to the southwest, and its highest point is the peak of Dajinshan Island (103\u00a0m or 338\u00a0ft) in Hangzhou Bay. Shanghai has many rivers, canals, streams, and lakes, and it is known for its rich water resources as part of the Lake Tai drainage basin." }, "Antarctica-3": { "title": "Antarctica", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Antarctica is noted as the last region on Earth in recorded history to be discovered, unseen until 1820 when the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny sighted the Fimbul ice shelf. The continent, however, remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment, lack of easily accessible resources, and isolation. In 1895, the first confirmed landing was conducted by a team of Norwegians. Antarctica's buried active volcanoes weren't discovered until 2013." }, "Johnny Carson-1": { "title": "Johnny Carson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "John William Carson (October 23, 1925\u00a0\u2013 January 23, 2005) was an American television host, comedian, writer, and producer. He is best known as the host of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962\u20131992). Carson received six Emmy Awards, the Television Academy's 1980 Governor's Award, and a 1985 Peabody Award. He was inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 1987. Carson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1992 and received a Kennedy Center Honor in 1993." }, "Childhood amnesia-3": { "title": "Childhood amnesia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Most psychologists differ in defining the offset of childhood amnesia. Some define it as the age from which a first memory can be retrieved. This is usually at the age of three or four, but it can range from two to eight years." }, "Megara (Disney character)-17": { "title": "Megara (Disney character)", "section": "Appearances", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Highlighted versions were released later than 1997 Meg first appears in Hercules (1997) as a young woman working for Hades, god of the underworld. She meets Hercules when he frees her from Nessus, a centaur Meg had been sent by Hades to recruit for his army. Resisting Hercules' help, Meg distrusts men, having once sold her soul to Hades in return for an ex-boyfriend's life only for him to pursue another woman, leaving Meg indebted to Hades for eternity. Hades enlists Meg to entice the seemingly infallible Hercules in hopes of distracting and ultimately defeating him, offering her freedom for uncovering his weaknesses. Upon convincing Hercules to take a day off, they share a romantic evening during which Meg realizes she has unwillingly begun to fall in love with him, although she denies feeling this way. Meg refuses to assist Hades any further, prompting him to kidnap her in order to lure Hercules upon discovering that Meg is Hercules' weakness. Hades tricks Hercules into giving up his strength in return for Meg's guaranteed safety, only to reveal that Meg was initially working for him. With Hercules incapacitated, Hades attacks Mount Olympus and Thebes, but Hercules remains determined to defend both regions. During the battle, Meg pushes Hercules out of the way of a falling column, by which she is crushed and fatally injured. Meg's injury restores Hercules' strength, which he uses to confront Hades and retrieve Meg's soul from the River Styx before it reaches the underworld, ultimately reviving her. Hercules' sacrifice for Meg proves himself a true hero, becoming a god in the process and finally allowing him to return to Mount Olympus. However, Hercules chooses to relinquish his immortality so that he can remain on Earth with Meg. Meg appears in the film's direct-to-video sequel Hercules: Zero to Hero (1999), in which she learns about Hercules' past and childhood." }, "Richard I of England-1": { "title": "Richard I of England", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Richard I (8 September 1157\u00a0\u2013 6 April 1199) was King of England from 1189 until his death. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes, and was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. He was the third of five sons of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine and seemed unlikely to become king, but all of his brothers except the youngest, John, predeceased their father. Richard is known as Richard C\u0153ur de Lion (Norman French: le quor de lion) or Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior. The troubador Bertran de Born also called him in Richard Oc-e-Non (Occitan for Yes and No), possibly from a reputation for terseness." }, "Rhode Island-29": { "title": "Rhode Island", "section": "Geography and climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "Rhode Island covers an area of 1,214 square miles (3,144\u00a0km2) located within the New England region and is bordered on the north and east by Massachusetts, on the west by Connecticut, and on the south by Rhode Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean." }, "Ranger School-17": { "title": "Ranger School", "section": "Training", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "The purpose of the course is learning to soldier as a combat leader while enduring the great mental and psychological stresses and physical fatigue of combat; the Ranger Instructors (RIs) \u2013 also known as Lane Graders \u2013 create and cultivate such a physical and mental environment. The course primarily comprises field craft instruction; students plan and execute daily patrolling, perform reconnaissance, ambushes, and raids against dispersed targets, followed by stealthy movement to a new patrol base to plan the next mission. Ranger students conduct about 20 hours of training per day, while consuming two or fewer meals daily totaling about 2,200 calories (9,200\u00a0kJ), with an average of 3.5 hours of sleep a day. Students sleep more before a parachute jump for safety considerations. Ranger students typically wear and carry some 65\u201390 pounds (29\u201341\u00a0kg) of weapons, equipment, and training ammunition while patrolling more than 200 miles (320\u00a0km) throughout the course." }, "Donald Trump-9": { "title": "Donald Trump", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Family" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Trump's father, Fred, was born in 1905 in the Bronx. After Fred's father Friedrich died in the Spanish flu pandemic in 1918, Fred started working with his mother in real estate when he was 15. Their company, \"E. Trump & Son\", founded in 1923, was active in the New York boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn, building and selling thousands of houses, barracks, and apartments. In spite of his German ancestry, Fred claimed to be Swedish amid the anti-German sentiment sparked by World War II; Trump repeated this claim until the 1990s. Trump's mother Mary Anne MacLeod was born in Scotland. Fred and Mary were married in 1936 and raised their family in Queens. Trump grew up with three elder siblings\u00a0\u2013 Maryanne, Fred Jr., and Elizabeth\u00a0\u2013 and younger brother Robert." }, "Opposition to World War I-9": { "title": "Opposition to World War I", "section": "Pacifists", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Christian pacifists and the traditional peace churches such as the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) opposed the war. Most American Pentecostal denominations were critical to the war and encouraged their members to be conscientious objectors." }, "Heart symbol-3": { "title": "Heart symbol", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Earliest use" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The combination of the heart shape and its use within the heart metaphor developed at the end of the Middle Ages, although the shape has been used in many ancient epigraphy monuments and texts. With possible early examples or direct predecessors in the 13th to 14th century, the familiar symbol of the heart represented love developed in the 15th century, and became popular in Europe during the 16th. Before the 14th century, the heart shape was not associated with the meaning of the heart metaphor. The geometric shape itself is found in much earlier sources, but in such instances does not depict a heart, but typically foliage: in examples from antiquity fig leaves, and in medieval iconography and heraldry typically the leaves of ivy and of the water-lily. One possible early use in the 11th century could be found in the manuscript, Al-Maqamat written by Al Hariri of Basra. The manuscript includes an illustration of a farewell greeting between two men while astride their camels, with the heart shape seen prominently over their heads." }, "Star Wars: The Vintage Collection-1": { "title": "Star Wars: The Vintage Collection", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Star Wars: The Vintage Collection is a Star Wars basic action figures toy line produced by the Hasbro company, and released under their \"Kenner\" brand. The line features modern 'super-articulated' figures in product packaging nearly identical to that of the original Kenner toy series marketed from 1978 until 1984. The Vintage Collection started in the summer of 2010 and continued with new releases throughout 2012. It was preceded by limited 'vintage' style figure issues that were part of The Original Trilogy Collection (2004) and The Saga Collection (2006) lines." }, "Kyungnam High School-2": { "title": "Kyungnam High School", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Kyungnam High School was constructed in 1942, while Korea was under Japanese rule, as the name of Second Public Middle School of Busan. After the colonial rule has ended in August 15th, 1945, it has reopened and continued its operation from October 1945, and then renamed as Kyungnam Public Middle School in March 1946. During Korean War, it has separated into First High School of Busan and West Middle School of Busan in August 1951. First High School of Busan has held its first graduation ceremony in March 1952, still during the war. It has got its current name in August 1953." }, "Armenian Genocide in culture-37": { "title": "Armenian Genocide in culture", "section": "Music", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "The American band System of a Down, composed of four descendants of Armenian Genocide survivors, has promoted awareness of the Armenian Genocide through its lyrics, including P.L.U.C.K. and in concerts." }, "Seven Dwarfs-6": { "title": "Seven Dwarfs", "section": "Popular culture", "headers": [ "Disney Dwarfs" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "1912 play Blick, Flick, Glick, Plick, Quee, Snick, Whick 1937 animated Disney film, The 7D (2014\u20132016), Descendants (2015\u2013) Dopey, Doc, Bashful, Happy, Grumpy, Sleepy, Sneezy Schneewittchen (1961) Huckepack, Naseweis, Packe, Pick, Puck, Purzelbaum, Rumpelbold Mr. Magoo's Little Snow White (1965) Axlerod, Bartholomew, Cornelius, Dexter, Eustace, Ferdinand, George Faerie Tale Theatre (1984) Bertram, Bubba, Barnaby, Bernard, Boniface, Bruno, Baldwin 1987 film Biddy, Diddy, Fiddy, Giddy, Iddy, Kiddy, Liddy Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics (1988) Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday Happily Ever After (1993) Blossom, Critterina, Marina, Moonbeam, Muddy, Sunburn, Thunderella The Legend of Snow White (1994) Boss, Gourmet, Woody, Goldie, Chamomile, Vet, Jolly Snow White (1995) Sunbeam, Cricket, Fawn, Hedgehog, Toadstool, Robin, Tadpole Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child Bright Silver, Sharp Flint, Fools Gold, Smelly Sulfur, Heavy Metal, Rough Copper, Hard Jade 2001 film Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday Sydney White (2007) Terrence, Gurkin, Spanky, Embele, Jeremy, Lenny, George Schneewittchen (2009) Gorm, Knirps, Niffel, Quarx, Querx, Schrat, Wichtel My Fair Godmother (2009) Reginald, Percival, Cedric, Edgar, Cuthbert, Ethelred, Edwin Once Upon a Time (2011\u20132018) Doc, Grumpy/Dreamy (Leroy), Happy, Sleepy (Walter), Bashful, Sneezy (Tom Clark), Dopey, Stealthy Mirror Mirror (2012) Butcher, Will Grimm, Half Pint, Napoleon, Grub, Chuck/Chuckles, Wolf Snow White and the Huntsman (2012) Beith, Coll, Duir, Gort, Muir, Nion, Quert, Gus. (All but Gus map to letters in the Ogham alphabet.) A Disney version of the Seven Dwarfs, also called Disney Dwarfs as a potential Disney Consumer Products/DisneyToon Studios franchise, appeared in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the Seven Dwarfs in this are:" }, "Charlemagne-7": { "title": "Charlemagne", "section": "Political background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "By the 6th century, the western Germanic tribe of the Franks had been Christianised, due in considerable measure to the Catholic conversion of Clovis I. Francia, ruled by the Merovingians, was the most powerful of the kingdoms that succeeded the Western Roman Empire. Following the Battle of Tertry, the Merovingians declined into powerlessness, for which they have been dubbed the rois fain\u00e9ants (\"do-nothing kings\"). Almost all government powers were exercised by their chief officer, the mayor of the palace." }, "Abitur-28": { "title": "Abitur", "section": "The International Abitur", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "The International Abitur is offered at schools outside Germany that are accredited by the German Government. The five Abitur exams (three written exams and two oral exams) are in the following subjects: German Literature, European History or Economics or Math or a Natural Science or a language. In February of senior year (grade 12), all students take the written examinations for the German International Abitur in three subjects including German. In late spring, students have mandatory oral examinations in two subjects, which are overseen by a German educational official. The final GPA includes grades from both junior and senior years, as well as for the five Abitur exams. The final diploma that students receive after successful completion of these exams allows them to qualify for admission to Universities in Germany." }, "Lorem ipsum-2": { "title": "Lorem ipsum", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Lorem ipsum is typically a corrupted version of De finibus bonorum et malorum, a first-century BCE text by the Roman statesman and philosopher Cicero, with words altered, added, and removed to make it nonsensical, improper Latin." }, "Port of Karachi-2": { "title": "Port of Karachi", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The history of the port is intertwined with that of the city of Karachi. Several ancient ports have been attributed in the area including \"Krokola\", \"Morontobara\" (Woman's Harbour) (mentioned by Nearchus), Barbarikon (the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, and Debal (a city captured by the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim in 712 CE). There is a reference to the early existence of the port of Karachi in the \"Umdah\", by the Arab navigator Sulaiman al Mahri (AD 1511), who mentions \"Ras al Karazi\" and \"Ras Karashi\" while describing a route along the coast from Pasni to Ras Karashi. Karachi is also mentioned in the sixteenth century Turkish treatise Mir'\u00e2t \u00fcl Mem\u00e2lik (Mirror of Countries, 1557) by the Ottoman captain Seydi Ali Reis, which is a compilation of sailing directions from the Portuguese island of Diu to Hormuz in the Persian Gulf. It warns sailors about whirlpools and advises them to seek safety in \"Kaurashi\" harbour if they found themselves drifting dangerously. There is a legend of a prosperous coastal town called Kharak in the estuary of the Hub River (west of modern Karachi) in the late 17th and early eighteenth century." }, "Eddie Murphy-40": { "title": "Eddie Murphy", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Family" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "Murphy began a longtime romantic relationship with Nicole Mitchell after meeting her in 1988 at an NAACP Image Awards show. They lived together for almost two years before getting married at the Grand Ballroom of The Plaza Hotel in New York City on March 18, 1993. Murphy and Mitchell had five children together: Bria, Myles, Shayne, Zola, and Bella. In August 2005, Mitchell filed for divorce, citing \"irreconcilable differences\". The divorce was finalized on April 17, 2006." }, "Callus-13": { "title": "Callus", "section": "Treatment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Calluses and corns may heal by themselves eventually, once the irritation is consistently avoided. They may also be dissolved with keratolytic agents containing salicylic acid, sanded down with a pumice stone or silicon carbide sandpaper or filed down with a callus shaver, or pared down by a professional such as a podiatrist." }, "Home run-15": { "title": "Home run", "section": "Number of runs batted in", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The term \"four-run homer\" is seldom used; instead, it is nearly always called a \"grand slam\". Hitting a grand slam is the best possible result for the batter's turn at bat and the worst possible result for the pitcher and his team." }, "Lizard-27": { "title": "Lizard", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "Diet" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "The majority of lizard species are predatory and the most common prey items are small, terrestrial invertebrates, particularly insects. Many species are sit-and-wait predators though others may be more active foragers. Chameleons prey on numerous insect species, such as beetles, grasshoppers and winged termites as well as spiders. They rely on persistence and ambush to capture these prey. An individual perches on a branch and stays perfectly still, with only its eyes moving. When an insect lands, the chameleon focuses its eyes on the target and slowly moves towards it before projecting its long sticky tongue which, when hauled back, brings the attach prey with it. Geckos feed on crickets, beetles, termites and moths." }, "Race and ethnicity in the United States-8": { "title": "Race and ethnicity in the United States", "section": "Racial and ethnic categories", "headers": [ "Racial categories" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "White American, European American, or Middle Eastern American: those having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. Following consultations with Middle East and North Africa (MENA) organizations, the Census Bureau announced in 2014 that it would establish a new MENA ethnic category for populations from the Middle East, North Africa and the Arab world. Black or African American: those having origins in any of the native peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa. Native American or Alaska Native: those having origins in any of the original peoples of North, Central and South America, irrespective of whether they maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment. Asian American: those having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander: those having origins in any of the original peoples of Polynesia, Melanesia, or Micronesia. Other: respondents wrote how they identified themselves if different from the preceding categories (e.g. Roma or Aboriginal/Indigenous Australian). However, 95% of the people who report in this category are Hispanic Mestizos. This is not a standard OMB race category. Responses have included mixed-race terms such as M\u00e9tis, Creole, and Mulatto, which are generally considered to be categories of multi-racial ancestry (see below), but, write-in entries reported in the 2000 census also included nationalities (as opposed to ethnicities), such as South African, Belizean, or Puerto Rican, as well as other terms for mixed-race groups like Wesort, Melungeon, mixed, interracial, and others. Two or more races, widely known as multiracial: those who check off and/or write in more than one race. There is no option labelled \"two or more races\" or \"multiracial\" on census and other forms; people who report more than one of the foregoing six options are classified as people of \"two or more races\" in subsequent processing. Any respondent may identify with any number (including all six) of the racial categories. Each person has two identifying attributes, racial identity and whether or not they are of Hispanic ethnicity. These categories are sociopolitical constructs and should not be interpreted as being scientific or anthropological in nature. They have been changed from one census to another, and the racial categories include both \"racial\" and national-origin groups." }, "Cuauht\u00e9moc-1": { "title": "Cuauht\u00e9moc", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cuauht\u00e9moc (Nahuatl pronunciation:\u00a0[k\u02b7a\u02d0\u028d\u02c8temo\u02d0k] (listen), Spanish pronunciation:\u00a0[kwaw\u02c8temok] (listen) also known as Cuauhtemotz\u00edn, Guatimoz\u00edn or Guat\u00e9moc; c. 1495) was the Aztec ruler (tlatoani) of Tenochtitlan from 1520 to 1521, making him the last Aztec Emperor. The name Cuauhtem\u014dc means \"one who has descended like an eagle\", and is commonly rendered in English as \"Descending Eagle\", as in the moment when an eagle folds its wings and plummets down to strike its prey. This is a name that implies aggressiveness and determination." }, "Soulseek-20": { "title": "Soulseek", "section": "Copyright issues", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "I would also like to take this opportunity to address some of the lies that have been spread about our lifestyle and the money we make off Soulseek. We live from hand to mouth. A few months ago we had to let go of sierracat, our system admin, despite his excellent work, because we could no longer afford his services. We are pretty heavily in debt. We are fighting a legal battle in France. We are not poor nor starving, but neither of us drives a fancy car nor could we begin to afford one if we wanted to. I don't like discussing money issues, but I feel it necessary to defend ourselves from accusations that are, and have always been, patently untrue. With that, I would like to thank you all for using Soulseek and making it a significant, if not hugely popular or successful, experience. Thanks. Soulseek claims to be against copyright violation and that the purpose of their service is to promote unsigned artists." }, "Frog-42": { "title": "Frog", "section": "Morphology and physiology", "headers": [ "Nervous system" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Frogs have a highly developed nervous system that consists of a brain, spinal cord and nerves. Many parts of frog brains correspond with those of humans. It consists of two olfactory lobes, two cerebral hemispheres, a pineal body, two optic lobes, a cerebellum and a medulla oblongata. Muscular coordination and posture are controlled by the cerebellum, and the medulla oblongata regulates respiration, digestion and other automatic functions. The relative size of the cerebrum in frogs is much smaller than it is in humans. Frogs have ten pairs of cranial nerves which pass information from the outside directly to the brain, and ten pairs of spinal nerves which pass information from the extremities to the brain through the spinal cord. By contrast, all amniotes (mammals, birds and reptiles) have twelve pairs of cranial nerves." }, "Eddie Murphy-9": { "title": "Eddie Murphy", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Stand-up comedy" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Murphy's early comedy was characterized by copious profanity and sketches lampooning a diverse group of people (including White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs), African Americans, Italian Americans, overweight people, and gay people). Murphy released two stand-up specials. Eddie Murphy was his first album, released in 1982. Delirious was filmed in 1983 in Washington, D.C. Due to the popularity of Delirious, his concert film Eddie Murphy Raw (1987) received a wide theatrical release, grossing $50\u00a0million; the movie was filmed in the Felt Forum section of Madison Square Garden in New York City." }, "Canibus-4": { "title": "Canibus", "section": "Music career", "headers": [ "Early career (1992\u20131996)" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "He began rhyming in the early '90s and by 1992 under the name Canibus Sativa, and formed a duo called T.H.E.M. (The Heralds of Extreme Metaphors) with Atlanta rapper Webb (now called C.I., also known as Central Intelligence). In 1996, T.H.E.M. split and Canibus teamed with businessman Charles Suitt. That same year Charles Suitt introduced Canibus to platinum producer Frankie Cutlass and the two collaborated on a song. Canibus also appeared on the Music Makes Me High remix by the Lost Boyz featuring Tha Dogg Pound making it Canibus' first official appearance on a record." }, "Serotonin-36": { "title": "Serotonin", "section": "Pharmacology", "headers": [ "Antidepressants" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Drugs that alter serotonin levels are used in treating depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and social phobia. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) prevent the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters (including serotonin), and therefore increase concentrations of the neurotransmitter in the brain. MAOI therapy is associated with many adverse drug reactions, and patients are at risk of hypertensive emergency triggered by foods with high tyramine content, and certain drugs. Some drugs inhibit the re-uptake of serotonin, making it stay in the synaptic cleft longer. The tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine. The newer selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have fewer side-effects and fewer interactions with other drugs." }, "Oregon Trail-116": { "title": "Oregon Trail", "section": "Travel equipment", "headers": [ "Clothing, equipment and supplies" ], "para_index": 116, "content": "Professional tools used by blacksmiths, carpenters, and farmers were carried by nearly all. Axes, crow bars, hammers, hatchets, hoes, mallets, mattocks, picks, planes, saws, scythes, and shovels were used to clear or make a road through brush or trees, cut down the banks to cross a wash or steep banked stream, build a raft or bridge, or repair the wagon. In general, as little road work as possible was done. Travel was often along the top of ridges to avoid the brush and washes common in many valleys." }, "James Bay-4": { "title": "James Bay", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Human presence along the shores of the bay began after the retreat of the glaciers at the end of the last ice age, around 8,150 years ago. A variety of indigenous cultures have lived in this area. At the time of contact with Europeans, the indigenous peoples along both shores of the bay were ethnically Cree peoples." }, "Bing (search engine)-52": { "title": "Bing (search engine)", "section": "Market share", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 52, "content": "The combined \"Bing Powered\" U.S. searches declined from 26.5% in 2011 to 25.9% in April 2012. By November 2015, its market share had declined further to 20.9%. As of October 2018, Bing is the third largest search engine in the US, with a query volume of 4.58%, behind Google (77%) and Baidu(14.45%). Yahoo! Search, which Bing largely powers, has 2.63%." }, "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz-13": { "title": "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "When Dorothy and her friends meet the Wizard of Oz again, Toto tips over a screen in a corner of the throne room that reveals the Wizard. He sadly explains he is a humbug\u2014an ordinary old man who, by a hot air balloon, came to Oz long ago from Omaha. He provides the Scarecrow with a head full of bran, pins, and needles (\"a lot of bran-new brains\"), the Tin Woodman with a silk heart stuffed with sawdust, and the Cowardly Lion a potion of \"courage\". Their faith in his power gives these items a focus for their desires. He decides to take Dorothy and Toto home and then go back to Omaha in his balloon. At the send-off, he appoints the Scarecrow to rule in his stead, which he agrees to do after helping Dorothy return to Kansas. Toto chases a kitten in the crowd and Dorothy goes after him, but the ropes holding the balloon break and the Wizard floats away." }, "Jimmy Vee-5": { "title": "Jimmy Vee", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "He is a dwarf, standing 1.12 metres (3\u00a0ft 8\u00a0in) tall, the same height as Kenny Baker, who originally played R2-D2." }, "The Great Gatsby-3": { "title": "The Great Gatsby", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "First published by Scribner's in April 1925, The Great Gatsby received mixed reviews and sold poorly. In its first year, the book sold only 20,000 copies. Fitzgerald died in 1940, believing himself to be a failure and his work forgotten. However, the novel experienced a revival during World War II, and became a part of American high school curricula and numerous stage and film adaptations in the following decades. Today, The Great Gatsby is widely considered to be a literary classic and a contender for the title of the \"Great American Novel.\"" }, "Jet aircraft-8": { "title": "Jet aircraft", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The British experimental Gloster E.28/39 first took to the air on May 15, 1941, powered by Sir Frank Whittle's turbojet. The United States produced the Bell XP-59A using two examples of a version of the Whittle engine built by General Electric, which flew on October 1, 1942. The Meteor was the first production jet as it entered production a few months before the Me 262,[citation needed] which itself had been in development since before the start of the war as Projekt 1065." }, "Jenny McCarthy-3": { "title": "Jenny McCarthy", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "McCarthy was born on November 1, 1972 at Little Company of Mary Hospital located in the southwest Chicago suburb of Evergreen Park, Illinois. She was born to a working-class Catholic family, and has German, Irish, and Polish ancestry. She lived in the West Elsdon neighborhood of Chicago. She is the second of four daughters \u2013 her sisters are named Lynette, Joanne, and Amy; actress Melissa McCarthy is her cousin. McCarthy's mother, Linda, was a housewife and courtroom custodian, and her father, Dan McCarthy, was a steel mill foreman." }, "Elle Fanning-5": { "title": "Elle Fanning", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Fanning was born on April 9, 1998, in Conyers, Georgia, to Heather Joy (n\u00e9e Arrington), who played tennis professionally, and Steven J. Fanning, who played minor league baseball for teams affiliated with the St.\u00a0Louis Cardinals and now works as an electronics salesman in Los Angeles." }, "Elf (film)-9": { "title": "Elf (film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "By the next Christmas, Walter starts his own publishing company with a best-selling book about Buddy's adventures. Buddy and Jovie, now married, bring their newborn daughter Susie to visit Papa Elf." }, "Twinkie-12": { "title": "Twinkie", "section": "Cultural references", "headers": [ "Shelf life" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "A common urban legend claims that Twinkies have an infinite shelf life, and can last unspoiled for a relatively long time of ten, fifty, or one hundred years due to the chemicals used in their production.A homage to the unlimited shelf life urban myth appears in the film WALL-E, where the title character's pet cockroach is shown eating its way into the cream filling at one end and emerging out the other none the worse for wear." }, "Pi-16": { "title": "Pi", "section": "Fundamentals", "headers": [ "Irrationality and normality" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "\u03c0 is an irrational number, meaning that it cannot be written as the ratio of two integers. Fractions such as 22/7 and 355/113 are commonly used to approximate \u03c0, but no common fraction (ratio of whole numbers) can be its exact value. Because \u03c0 is irrational, it has an infinite number of digits in its decimal representation, and it does not settle into an infinitely repeating pattern of digits. There are several proofs that \u03c0 is irrational; they generally require calculus and rely on the reductio ad absurdum technique. The degree to which \u03c0 can be approximated by rational numbers (called the irrationality measure) is not precisely known; estimates have established that the irrationality measure is larger than the measure of e or ln 2 but smaller than the measure of Liouville numbers." }, "Parsley-18": { "title": "Parsley", "section": "Culinary use", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Parsley is the main ingredient in Italian salsa verde, which is a mixed condiment of parsley, capers, anchovies, garlic, and sometimes bread, soaked in vinegar. It is an Italian custom to serve it with bollito misto or fish. Gremolata, a mixture of parsley, garlic, and lemon zest, is a traditional accompaniment to the Italian veal stew, ossobuco alla milanese." }, "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)-10": { "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Early versions" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Paige O'Hara as Belle \u2013 A bibliophilic young woman who seeks adventure, and offers her own freedom to the Beast in return for her father's. In their effort to enhance the character from the original story, the filmmakers felt that Belle should be \"unaware\" of her own beauty and made her \"a little odd\". Wise recalls casting O'Hara because of a \"unique tone\" she had, \"a little bit of Judy Garland\", after whose appearance Belle was modeled. James Baxter and Mark Henn served as the supervising animators for Belle. Robby Benson as Beast \u2013 A young prince who is transformed into a talking beast by an enchantress as punishment for his arrogance. The animators drew him with the head structure and horns of an American bison, the arms and body of a bear, the ears of a deer, the eyebrows of a gorilla, the jaws, teeth, and mane of a lion, the tusks of a wild boar, and the legs and tail of a wolf. Chris Sanders, one of the film's storyboard artists, drafted the designs for the Beast and came up with designs based on birds, insects, and fish before coming up with something close to the final design. Glen Keane, supervising animator for the Beast, refined the design by going to the zoo and studying the animals on which the Beast was based. Benson commented, \"There's a rage and torment in this character I've never been asked to use before.\" The filmmakers commented that \"everybody was big fee-fi-fo-fum and gravelly\" while Benson had the \"big voice and the warm, accessible side\" so that \"you could hear the prince beneath the fur\". Richard White as Gaston \u2013 A vain hunter who vies for Belle's hand in marriage and is determined not to let anyone else win her heart. He serves as a foil personality to the Beast, who was once as egotistical as Gaston prior to his transformation. Gaston's supervising animator, Andreas Deja, was pressed by Jeffrey Katzenberg to make Gaston handsome in contrast to the traditional appearance of a Disney villain, an assignment he found difficult at first. In the beginning, Gaston is depicted as more of a narcissist than a villain, but later he threatens to put Maurice in a mental institution if Belle doesn't marry him, and eventually leads all the villagers to kill the beast, enraged that Belle would love a Beast more than him. Jerry Orbach as Lumi\u00e8re \u2013 The kind-hearted but rebellious French-accented ma\u00eetre d\u2019 of the Beast's castle, who has been transformed into a candelabra. He has a habit of disobeying his master's strict rules, sometimes causing tension between them, but the Beast often turns to him for advice. He is depicted as flirtatious, as he is frequently seen with the Featherduster and immediately takes a liking to Belle. A running gag throughout the movie is Lumi\u00e8re burning Cogsworth. Nik Ranieri served as the supervising animator for Lumi\u00e8re. David Ogden Stiers as Cogsworth / Narrator \u2013 Majordomo, the head of the household staff and Lumi\u00e8re's best friend, who has been transformed into a pendulum clock. He is extremely loyal to the Beast so as to save himself and anyone else any trouble, often leading to friction between himself and Lumi\u00e8re. Will Finn served as the supervising animator for Cogsworth. Stiers also narrates the prologue. Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Potts \u2013 The castle cook, turned into a teapot, who takes a motherly attitude toward Belle. The filmmakers went through several names for Mrs. Potts, such as \"Mrs. Chamomile\", before Ashman suggested the use of simple and concise names for the household objects. David Pruiksma served as the supervising animator for Mrs. Potts. Bradley Pierce as Chip \u2013 Mrs. Potts' son, who has been turned into a teacup. Originally intended to only have one line, the filmmakers were impressed with Pierce's performance and expanded the character's role significantly, eschewing a mute Music Box character. Pruiksma also served as the supervising animator for Chip. Rex Everhart as Maurice \u2013 Belle's inventor father. The villagers see him as insane for crafting devices believed impossible to construct in reality, but his loyal daughter believes he will be famous one day. Ruben A. Aquino served as the supervising animator for Maurice. Jesse Corti as Lefou \u2013 Gaston's often abused yet loyal sidekick. He looks up to Gaston as his hero, and sings a song with the other villagers to cheer him up. His name is French for \"The Madman\" and also a phonetic play on \"The Fool\". Chris Wahl served as the supervising animator for Lefou. Jo Anne Worley as the Wardrobe \u2013 The castle's authority over fashion, and a former opera singer, who has been turned into a wardrobe. The character of Wardrobe was introduced by visual development person Sue C. Nichols to the then entirely male cast of servants, and was originally a more integral character named \"Madame Armoire\". Wardrobe is known as \"Madame de la Grande Bouche\" (Madame Big Mouth) in the stage adaptation of the film and is the only major enchanted object character whose human form does not appear in the film. Tony Anselmo served as the supervising animator for the Wardrobe. Hal Smith as Philippe \u2013 Belle's Belgian horse. Russ Edmonds served as the supervising animator for Philippe. Mary Kay Bergman and Kath Soucie as the Bimbettes \u2013 A trio of village maidens who constantly fawn over Gaston, known as the \"Silly Girls\" in the stage adaptation. Brian Cummings as the Stove \u2013 The castle's chef who has been transformed into a stove. He is named Chef Bouche in 1998's Belle's Magical World. Alvin Epstein as the Bookseller \u2013 The owner of a book shop in Belle's hometown. Tony Jay as Monsieur D'Arque \u2013 The sadistic warden of the Asylum de Loons. Gaston bribes him to help in his plan to blackmail Belle. Alec Murphy as the Baker \u2013 The owner of a bakery in Belle's hometown. Kimmy Robertson as the Featherduster \u2013 A maid and Lumi\u00e8re's sweetheart, who has been turned into a feather duster. She is never mentioned by name in the 1991 film (listed as Featherduster in the credits); Babette is the name given to this character later in the 1994 stage adaptation of the film; Fifi in the 1998 animated musical film Belle's Magical World and Plumette in the 2017 live-action remake. Frank Welker as Sultan \u2013 The castle's pet dog turned into a footstool. After the success of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937, Walt Disney sought out other stories to adapt into feature films, with Beauty and the Beast being among the stories he considered. Attempts to develop the Beauty and the Beast story into a film were made in the 1930s and 1950s, but were ultimately given up because it \"proved to be a challenge\" for the story team. Peter M. Nichols states Disney may later have been discouraged by Jean Cocteau having already done his 1946 version." }, "Mount Wycheproof-3": { "title": "Mount Wycheproof", "section": "Geology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Mount Wycheproof is a granite outcrop. Located in a flat grassland area, the rounded terrain of Mount Wycheproof is consistent with that of the surrounding area. Sharing several similarities to nearby Pyramid Hill, Mount Wycheproof is part of the low-lying Terrick Terrick range. The hill rises to a height of 148 metres (486\u00a0ft) above sea level or only 43 metres (141\u00a0ft) above the surrounding plains, The hill is characterised by a rocky, conical peak, common in the western areas of Victoria. Phosphate materials are relatively rare in Victoria, yet the Wycheproof area is known to have its own unique mineral, known as Wycheproofite. Wycheproofite can be characterised by its pinkish colour and its transparency." }, "Panzer VIII Maus-2": { "title": "Panzer VIII Maus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "These two prototypes underwent trials in late 1944. The complete vehicle was 10.2 metres (33\u00a0ft 6\u00a0in) long, 3.71 metres (12\u00a0ft 2\u00a0in) wide and 3.63 metres (11.9\u00a0ft) high. Weighing 188 metric tons, the Maus's main armament was the Krupp-designed 128\u00a0mm KwK 44 L/55 gun, based on the 12.8 cm Pak 44 anti-tank field artillery piece also used in the casemate-type Jagdtiger tank destroyer, with a coaxial 75\u00a0mm KwK 44 L/36.5 gun. The 128\u00a0mm gun was powerful enough to destroy all Allied armoured fighting vehicles then in service, some at ranges exceeding 3,500 metres (2." }, "Rama-1": { "title": "Rama", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rama or Ram (/\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0m\u0259/; Sanskrit: \u0930\u093e\u092e, IAST: R\u0101ma // (listen)), also known as Ramachandra, is a major deity of Hinduism. He is the seventh avatar of the god Vishnu, one of his most popular incarnations along with Krishna, Parshurama, and Gautama Buddha. Jain Texts also mentioned Rama as eighth balabhadra among the 63 salakapurusas. In Rama-centric traditions of Hinduism, he is considered the Supreme Being." }, "Natalie Portman-30": { "title": "Natalie Portman", "section": "Social and political causes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "In January 2011, Portman became an ambassador of WE Charity (formerly known as Free The Children), an international charity and educational partner, spearheading their Power of a Girl campaign. She hosted a contest challenging girls in North America to fundraise for one of WE Charity's all-girls schools in Kenya. As incentives for the contest winner, she offered her designer Rodarte dress, worn at the red carpet premiere of Black Swan, along with tickets to her next premiere. It was announced in May 2012 that Portman would be working with watch designer Richard Mille to develop a limited-edition timepiece with proceeds supporting WE Charity. During WE Day California 2019 Portman gave a pro vegan speech in front of the student audience, linking vegan lifestyle and feminism. In December 2019, she visited Kenya a second time with WE Charity and spoke with young girls determined to improve their lives through access to education." }, "Daytona 500-7": { "title": "Daytona 500", "section": "Origins", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Daytona International Speedway is 2.5 miles (4\u00a0km) long and a 500-mile race requires 200 laps to complete. However, the race is considered official after two stages (120 laps) have been completed (300 miles). The race has been shortened four times due to rain (in 1965, 1966, 2003, and 2009) and once in response to the energy crisis of 1974. Since the adaptation of the green\u2013white\u2013checker finish rule in 2004, the race has gone past 500 miles on eight occasions (2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, and 2019)." }, "Alfa Romeo-1": { "title": "Alfa Romeo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A. (Italian:\u00a0[\u02c8alfa ro\u02c8m\u025b\u02d0o]) is an Italian luxury car manufacturer, founded by Frenchman Alexandre Darracq as Societ\u00e0 Anonima Italiana Darracq (SAID), a company that would produce and sell special Darracq models for Italy. In late 1909, the Italian Darracq cars were selling slowly, and the Italian partners of the company hired Giuseppe Merosi to design new cars. On 24 June 1910, a new company was founded named A.L.F.A. (\"[Societ\u00e0] Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili\", \"Anonymous Lombard Automobile Factory\") on 24 June 1910, in Milan (initially still in partnership with Darracq). The brand is known for sporty vehicles and has been involved in car racing since 1911." }, "Carrot-31": { "title": "Carrot", "section": "Cultivars", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Western carrot cultivars are commonly classified by their root shape. The four general types are:" }, "Rick and Morty-5": { "title": "Rick and Morty", "section": "Premise and main characters", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Rick is an eccentric and alcoholic mad scientist, who eschews many ordinary conventions such as school, marriage, love, and family. He frequently goes on adventures with his 14-year-old grandson, Morty, a kind-hearted but easily distressed boy, whose na\u00efve but grounded moral compass plays counterpoint to Rick's Machiavellian ego. Morty's 17-year-old sister, Summer, is a more conventional teenager who worries about improving her status among her peers and sometimes follows Rick and Morty on their adventures. The kids' mother, Beth, is a generally level-headed person and assertive force in the household, though self-conscious about her professional role as a horse surgeon. She is dissatisfied with her marriage to Jerry, a simple-minded and insecure person, who disapproves of Rick's influence over his family." }, "Garlic-32": { "title": "Garlic", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Culinary" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "The distinctive aroma is mainly due to organosulfur compounds including allicin present in fresh garlic cloves and ajoene which forms when they are crushed or chopped. A further metabolite allyl methyl sulfide is responsible for garlic breath." }, "Giant panda-1": { "title": "Giant panda", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca; Chinese: \u5927\u718a\u732b; pinyin: d\u00e0xi\u00f3ngm\u0101o), also known as the panda bear or simply the panda, is a bear native to south central China. It is characterised by large, black patches around its eyes, over the ears, and across its round body. The name \"giant panda\" is sometimes used to distinguish it from the red panda, a neighboring musteloid. Though it belongs to the order Carnivora, the giant panda is a folivore, with bamboo shoots and leaves making up more than 99% of its diet. Giant pandas in the wild will occasionally eat other grasses, wild tubers, or even meat in the form of birds, rodents, or carrion. In captivity, they may receive honey, eggs, fish, yams, shrub leaves, oranges, or bananas along with specially prepared food." }, "Image macro-2": { "title": "Image macro", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "cultural 'stuff'\". Image macros often feature a \"witty message\" or \"catchphrase,\" although not all image macros are necessarily humorous. LOLCats, which are images of expressive cats coupled with texts, are considered to be the first notable occurrence of image macros. Advice animal image macros, also referred to as stock-character macros, are also highly associated with the image macro template." }, "American Idol-3": { "title": "American Idol", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "American Idol employs a panel of vocal judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original judges, for the first through eighth seasons, were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, singer and choreographer Paula Abdul, and music executive and manager Simon Cowell. The judging panel for the last three seasons on Fox consisted of singers Keith Urban, Jennifer Lopez, and Harry Connick Jr. The sixteenth season brought three new judges: singers Lionel Richie, Katy Perry, and Luke Bryan. The first season was hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, but Seacrest has been the sole master of ceremonies for the rest of the series." }, "Los Angeles-35": { "title": "Los Angeles", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "Temperatures in the coastal basin exceed 90\u00a0\u00b0F (32\u00a0\u00b0C) on a dozen or so days in the year, from one day a month in April, May, June and November to three days a month in July, August, October and to five days in September. Temperatures in the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys are considerably warmer. Temperatures are subject to substantial daily swings; in inland areas the difference between the average daily low and the average daily high is over 30\u00a0\u00b0F (17\u00a0\u00b0C). The average annual temperature of the sea is 63\u00a0\u00b0F (17\u00a0\u00b0C), from 58\u00a0\u00b0F (14\u00a0\u00b0C) in January to 68\u00a0\u00b0F (20\u00a0\u00b0C) in August. Hours of sunshine total more than 3,000 per year, from an average of 7 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12 in July." }, "Internal fixation-3": { "title": "Internal fixation", "section": "Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Plate and screws Kirschner wires Intramedullary nails Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) involves the implementation of implants to guide the healing process of a bone, as well as the open reduction, or setting, of the bone. Open reduction refers to open surgery to set bones, as is necessary for some fractures. Internal fixation refers to fixation of screws and/or plates, intramedullary rods and other devices to enable or facilitate healing. Rigid fixation prevents micro-motion across lines of fracture to enable healing and prevent infection, which happens when implants such as plates (e.g. dynamic compression plate) are used. Open Reduction Internal Fixation techniques often are used in cases involving serious fractures such as comminuted or displaced fractures or, in cases where the bone otherwise would not heal correctly with casting or splinting alone." }, "Yin and yang-1": { "title": "Yin and yang", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Ancient Chinese philosophy, yin and yang (/j\u026an/ and /j\u0251\u02d0\u014b, j\u00e6\u014b/; Chinese: \u9670\u967d y\u012bny\u00e1ng, lit. \"dark-bright\", \"negative-positive\") is a concept of dualism, describing how seemingly opposite or contrary forces may actually be complementary, interconnected, and interdependent in the natural world, and how they may give rise to each other as they interrelate to one another. In Chinese cosmology, the universe creates itself out of a primary chaos of material energy, organized into the cycles of Yin and Yang and formed into objects and lives. Yin is the receptive and Yang the active principle, seen in all forms of change and difference such as the annual cycle (winter and summer), the landscape (north-facing shade and south-facing brightness), sexual coupling (female and male), the formation of both women and men as characters and sociopolitical history (disorder and order)." }, "Cabbage-39": { "title": "Cabbage", "section": "Culinary use", "headers": [ "Flavor" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "The characteristic flavor of cabbage is caused by glucosinolates, a class of sulfur-containing glucosides. Although found throughout the plant, these compounds are concentrated in the highest quantities in the seeds; lesser quantities are found in young vegetative tissue, and they decrease as the tissue ages. Cooked cabbage is often criticized for its pungent, unpleasant odor and taste. These develop when cabbage is overcooked and hydrogen sulfide gas is produced." }, "Butterfly-15": { "title": "Butterfly", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "Life cycle" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Butterflies in their adult stage can live from a week to nearly a year depending on the species. Many species have long larval life stages while others can remain dormant in their pupal or egg stages and thereby survive winters. The Melissa Arctic (Oeneis melissa) overwinters twice as a caterpillar. Butterflies may have one or more broods per year. The number of generations per year varies from temperate to tropical regions with tropical regions showing a trend towards multivoltinism." }, "Utah-2": { "title": "Utah", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The territory of modern Utah was inhabited by various indigenous groups for thousands of years, including the ancient Puebloans, the Navajo, and the Ute. The Spanish were the first to arrive in the mid-16th century, though the region's difficult geography and climate made it a peripheral part of New Spain and later Mexico. Even while it was part of Mexico, many of Utah's earliest settlers were American, particularly Mormons fleeing marginalization and persecution from the United States. Following the Mexican-American War, it became part of the Utah Territory, which included what are now Colorado and Nevada. Disputes between the dominant Mormon community and the federal government delayed Utah's admission as a state; only after the outlawing of polygamy was it admitted as the 45th, in 1896." }, "Pineapple-35": { "title": "Pineapple", "section": "Storage and transport", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "Some buyers prefer green fruit, others ripened or off-green. A plant growth regulator, Ethephon, is typically sprayed onto the fruit one week before harvest, developing ethylene, which turns the fruit golden yellow. After cleaning and slicing, a pineapple is typically canned in sugar syrup with added preservative." }, "Basketball-32": { "title": "Basketball", "section": "Rules and regulations", "headers": [ "Playing regulations" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "Games are played in four quarters of 10 (FIBA) or 12 minutes (NBA). College men's games use two 20-minute halves, college women's games use 10-minute quarters, and most United States high school varsity games use 8-minute quarters; however, this varies from state to state. 15 minutes are allowed for a half-time break under FIBA, NBA, and NCAA rules and 10 minutes in United States high schools. Overtime periods are five minutes in length except for high school, which is four minutes in length. Teams exchange baskets for the second half. The time allowed is actual playing time; the clock is stopped while the play is not active. Therefore, games generally take much longer to complete than the allotted game time, typically about two hours." }, "Miami-1": { "title": "Miami", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Miami (/ma\u026a\u02c8\u00e6mi/), officially the City of Miami, is the seat of Miami-Dade County, and the cultural, economic and financial center of South Florida in the United States. The city covers an area of about 56 square miles (150\u00a0km2) between the Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east. Miami is the sixth most densely populated major city in the United States with an estimated 2018 population of 470,914. The Miami metropolitan area is home to 6.1\u00a0million people, the second-most populous in the southeastern United States and the seventh-largest in the nation. The city has the third tallest skyline in the U.S. with over 300 high-rises, 55 of which exceed 490\u00a0ft (149\u00a0m)." }, "Chewing-1": { "title": "Chewing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Chewing or mastication is the process by which food is crushed and ground by teeth. It is the first step of digestion, and it increases the surface area of foods to allow a more efficient break down by enzymes. During the mastication process, the food is positioned by the cheek and tongue between the teeth for grinding. The muscles of mastication move the jaws to bring the teeth into intermittent contact, repeatedly occluding and opening. As chewing continues, the food is made softer and warmer, and the enzymes in saliva begin to break down carbohydrates in the food. After chewing, the food (now called a bolus) is swallowed. It enters the esophagus and via peristalsis continues on to the stomach, where the next step of digestion occurs." }, "Adrenal gland-3": { "title": "Adrenal gland", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "A number of endocrine diseases involve dysfunctions of the adrenal gland. Overproduction of cortisol leads to Cushing's syndrome, whereas insufficient production is associated with Addison's disease. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a genetic disease produced by dysregulation of endocrine control mechanisms. A variety of tumors can arise from adrenal tissue and are commonly found in medical imaging when searching for other diseases." }, "Armageddon-5": { "title": "Armageddon", "section": "Christianity", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Most traditions interpret this Bible prophecy to be symbolic of the progression of the world toward the \"great day of God, the Almighty\" in which God pours out their just and holy wrath against unrepentant sinners, led by Satan, in a literal end-of-the-world final confrontation. Armageddon is the symbolic name given to this event based on scripture references regarding divine obliteration of God's enemies. The hermeneutical method supports this position by referencing Judges 4 and 5 where God miraculously destroys the enemy of their elect, Israel, at Megiddo." }, "Lenovo-51": { "title": "Lenovo", "section": "Name", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 51, "content": "\"Lenovo\" is a portmanteau of \"Le-\" (from Legend) and \"novo\", Latin ablative for \"new\". The Chinese name (simplified Chinese: \u8054\u60f3; traditional Chinese: \u806f\u60f3; pinyin: Li\u00e1nxi\u01ceng) means \"association\" (as in \"word association\") or \"connected thinking\". It can also imply creativity. \"Lianxiang\" was first used to refer to a layout of Chinese typewriters in the 1950s organized into groups of common words and phrases rather than the standard dictionary layout." }, "S. Truett Cathy-3": { "title": "S. Truett Cathy", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Cathy was a member of the First Baptist Church in Jonesboro, Georgia, and taught Sunday School there for more than 50 years. He said that the Bible is his guide-book for life. Due to his strong religious beliefs, all of the company's locations, whether company-owned or franchised, are closed on Sundays to allow its employees to attend church and spend time with their families. This policy began when Cathy was working six days a week, multiple shifts. He decided to close on Sundays." }, "Honey bee-21": { "title": "Honey bee", "section": "Origin, systematics, and distribution", "headers": [ "Apis", "Africanized bee" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Africanized bees (known colloquially as \"killer bees\") are hybrids between European stock and the East African lowland subspecies A. m. scutellata; they are often more aggressive than European bees and do not create as much of a honey surplus, but are more resistant to disease and are better foragers. Accidentally released from quarantine in Brazil, they have spread to North America and constitute a pest in some regions. However, these strains do not overwinter well, so are not often found in the colder, more northern parts of North America. The original breeding experiment for which the African bees were brought to Brazil in the first place has continued (though not as originally intended). Novel hybrid strains of domestic and redomesticated Africanized bees combine high resilience to tropical conditions and good yields. They are popular among beekeepers in Brazil." }, "Avengers: Infinity War-5": { "title": "Avengers: Infinity War", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Hulk crash-lands in the Sanctum Sanctorum in New York City, reverting to the form of Bruce Banner. He warns Stephen Strange and Wong about Thanos' plan to kill half of all life in the universe, and they recruit Tony Stark. Maw and Obsidian arrive to retrieve the Time Stone from Strange, drawing the attention of Peter Parker. Maw is unable to take the Time Stone due to an enchantment and captures Strange instead. Stark and Parker sneak aboard Maw's spaceship while Wong stays behind to guard the Sanctum." }, "Daniel in the lions' den-1": { "title": "Daniel in the lions' den", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Daniel in the lions' den Daniel's age Daniel in the lions' den (chapter 6 of the Book of Daniel) tells of how the legendary Daniel is saved from lions by the God of Israel \"because I was found blameless before him\" (Daniel 6:22). It parallels and complements chapter 3, the story of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego: each begins with the jealousy of non-Jews towards successful Jews and an imperial edict requiring them to compromise their religion, and concludes with divine deliverance and a king who confesses the greatness of the God of the Jews and issues an edict of royal protection. The tales making up chapters 1\u20136 of Daniel are no earlier than the Hellenistic period (3rd to 2nd century BC) and were probably originally independent, but were collected in the mid-2nd century BC and expanded shortly afterwards with the visions of the later chapters to produce the modern book." }, "Utah Territory-1": { "title": "Utah Territory", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Territory of Utah was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from September 9, 1850, until January 4, 1896, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Utah, the 45th state." }, "Rick and Morty-18": { "title": "Rick and Morty", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Animation and voice recording" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Animation for the show is done using Toon Boom Harmony, post-production work is done in Adobe After Effects, and background art is done in Adobe Photoshop. Production of animation is handled by Bardel Entertainment in Vancouver, Canada." }, "The Wachowskis-53": { "title": "The Wachowskis", "section": "Personal lives", "headers": [ "Lana's gender transition" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "In October 2012, Lana Wachowski received the Human Rights Campaign's Visibility Award. In her acceptance speech, she revealed that once during her youth, she had considered suicide because of her feelings of confusion about identity. Her acceptance speech was one of the longest public appearances by either of the notoriously reclusive sisters. Lana said that, although she and Lilly had not publicly commented on her transitioning during the previous decade, it was not because she was ashamed of it, nor had she kept it a secret from her family and friends. Rather, she stated, the two are generally shy about the news media and prefer to maintain their privacy. Comparing media exposure to losing one's virginity as an irreversible event that only happens once, the Wachowskis had tried to stay out of the public eye. They feared losing their privacy and the ability to go to public places without being noticed and harassed as celebrities." }, "Sea otter-2": { "title": "Sea otter", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The sea otter inhabits nearshore environments, where it dives to the sea floor to forage. It preys mostly on marine invertebrates such as sea urchins, various molluscs and crustaceans, and some species of fish. Its foraging and eating habits are noteworthy in several respects. First, its use of rocks to dislodge prey and to open shells makes it one of the few mammal species to use tools. In most of its range, it is a keystone species, controlling sea urchin populations which would otherwise inflict extensive damage to kelp forest ecosystems. Its diet includes prey species that are also valued by humans as food, leading to conflicts between sea otters and fisheries." }, "Metric system-28": { "title": "Metric system", "section": "Common metric systems", "headers": [ "International System of Electrical and Magnetic Units" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "The CGS units of electricity were cumbersome to work with. This was remedied at the 1893 International Electrical Congress held in Chicago by defining the \"international\" ampere and ohm using definitions based on the metre, kilogram and second." }, "Space Mountain-1": { "title": "Space Mountain", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Space Mountain is a space-themed indoor roller coaster attraction located at five of the six Disneyland-style Disney Parks. Although all five versions of the attraction are different in nature, all have a similar conical exterior fa\u00e7ade that is a landmark for the respective park. The original Space Mountain coaster opened in 1975 at Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. There are two tracks within this attraction, Alpha and Omega, which passengers can choose from. Other versions of the attraction were built at the other Disney parks (all except for the Shanghai Disneyland Park)." }, "Sahara-14": { "title": "Sahara", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "The effects of local surface low pressure are extremely limited because upper-level subsidence still continues to block any form of air ascent. Also, to be protected against rain-bearing weather systems by the atmospheric circulation itself, the desert is made even drier by its geographical configuration and location. Indeed, the extreme aridity of the Sahara is not only explained by the subtropical high pressure: the Atlas Mountains of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia also help to enhance the aridity of the northern part of the desert. These major mountain ranges act as a barrier, causing a strong rain shadow effect on the leeward side by dropping much of the humidity brought by atmospheric disturbances along the polar front which affects the surrounding Mediterranean climates." }, "Birdy (bicycle)-11": { "title": "Birdy (bicycle)", "section": "Specifications", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The standard Mark 2 weighed 10.8\u00a0kg (23.8\u00a0lb) (2013). Some riders have reduced the Birdy's weight to 8\u00a0kg using racing components, but this was only on the Mark 1 frames. Stock bikes ranged from 10.2\u00a0kg (22.5\u00a0lb) (for the Birdy Speed with Tune and Shimano Ultegra road components) to over 12\u00a0kg (26.5\u00a0lb), depending on the setup. The heavier bikes tend to have 3x8 gearing systems, involving an internally geared rear hub and an external derailleur. The Birdy Race (10.9\u00a0kg or 24.0\u00a0lb) was introduced in 2013 and has dropped handlebars, and Shimano 20-speed gears with two front chainrings." }, "History of Go-4": { "title": "History of Go", "section": "Origin in China", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "citation needed] The earliest written reference of the game is usually taken to be the historical annal Zuo Zhuan (c. 4th century BC), referring to a historical event of 548 BC. It is also mentioned in Book XVII of the Analects of Confucius and in two of the books of Mencius (c. 3rd century BC). In all of these works, the game is referred to" }, "Augustus-2": { "title": "Augustus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Augustus was born Gaius Octavius into an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian gens Octavia. His maternal great-uncle Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, and Octavius was named in Caesar's will as his adopted son and heir, taking the name Octavian (Latin: Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus). Along with Mark Antony and Marcus Lepidus, he formed the Second Triumvirate to defeat the assassins of Caesar. Following their victory at the Battle of Philippi, the Triumvirate divided the Roman Republic among themselves and ruled as de facto dictators. The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart by the competing ambitions of its members. Lepidus was driven into exile and stripped of his position, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of Actium by Octavian in 31 BC." }, "American Idol-9": { "title": "American Idol", "section": "Judges and hosts", "headers": [ "Judges" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Judges and host of the most recent season of American Idol The show had originally planned on having four judges following the Pop Idol format; however, only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season, namely Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell. A fourth judge, radio DJ Stryker, was originally chosen but he dropped out citing \"image concerns\". In the second season, New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism. The show decided to continue with the three judges format until the eighth season. All three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons." }, "IPhone-10": { "title": "IPhone", "section": "History and availability", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Jobs unveiled the iPhone to the public on January 9, 2007, at the Macworld 2007 convention at the Moscone Center in San Francisco. The two initial models, a 4\u00a0GB model priced at US$499 and an 8\u00a0GB model at US$599 (both requiring a two-year contract), went on sale in the United States on June 29, 2007, at 6:00\u00a0pm local time, while hundreds of customers lined up outside the stores nationwide. The passionate reaction to the launch of the iPhone resulted in sections of the media dubbing it the 'Jesus phone'. Following this successful release in the US, the first generation iPhone was made available in the UK, France, and Germany in November 2007, and Ireland and Austria in the spring of 2008." }, "Colosseum-2": { "title": "Colosseum", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Colosseum could hold an estimated 50,000 to 80,000 spectators at various points of its history over the centuries, having an average audience of some 65,000; it was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles (for only a short time as the hypogeum was soon filled in with mechanisms to support the other activities), animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine." }, "Thomas Greenhill (surgeon)-4": { "title": "Thomas Greenhill (surgeon)", "section": "Elizabeth Greenhill", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Thomas Greenhill was the last of 39 children by his parents Elizabeth and William Greenhill. The family consisted of 7 sons and 32 daughters. Not only is this a large number of live newborns but unusual in that apart from one pair of twins they were single births." }, "Aldi-23": { "title": "Aldi", "section": "Business practices", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Outside of the United Kingdom, Ireland the United States, the Netherlands and France, Aldi generally does not accept credit cards, though Aldi Australia accepts MasterCard and Visa for a 0.5% surcharge. In the United States, as of February 2020, Aldi accepts all four major credit cards (MasterCard, Visa, American Express and Discover Card), and from the beginning, all credit cards \"Carte Bleue\" (Visa, American Express or MasterCard) were accepted in France due to the banking system in France, where debit cards don't exist; before this, Aldi only accepted debit cards. Aldi has accepted Visa/MasterCard without surcharge throughout Great Britain from October 2014, which had previously been accepted only in Scotland, and throughout Germany from September 2015." }, "Inferior vena cava syndrome-3": { "title": "Inferior vena cava syndrome", "section": "Diagnosis", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Edema of the lower extremities (peripheral edema), caused by an increase in the venous blood pressure. Tachycardia. This is caused by the decreased preload, decreased cardiac output, and leads to increased frequency. In pregnant women, signs of fetal hypoxia and distress may be seen in the cardiotocography. This is caused by decreased perfusion of the uterus, resulting in hypoxemia of the fetus. Supine hypotensive syndrome Obstruction by deep vein thrombosis or tumors (most commonly renal cell carcinoma) Compression through external pressure by neighbouring structures or tumors, either by significantly compressing the vein or by promoting thrombosis by causing turbulence by disturbing the blood flow. This is quite common during the third trimester of pregnancy when the uterus compresses the vein in the right side position. Iatrogenic causes may be suspected in patients with a medical history of liver transplantion, vascular catheters, dialysis and other invasive procedures in the vicinity Budd-Chiari syndrome The diagnosis can be made clinically by observing the patient when in the right sided position where you can see multiple dilated veins over abdomen due to collaterals. Ultrasound with Doppler flow measurement may be used to assess the IVC and circulatory system." }, "30th Street Station-5": { "title": "30th Street Station", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "30th Street Station is Amtrak's third-busiest station, and by far the busiest of the 24 stations served in Pennsylvania, serving 4,411,662 passengers in fiscal year 2017. On an average day in fiscal 2013, about 12,000 people boarded or left trains in Philadelphia, nearly twice as many as in the rest of the Pennsylvania stations combined." }, "Depression (mood)-1": { "title": "Depression (mood)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity. It can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, motivation, feelings, and sense of well-being. It may feature sadness, difficulty in thinking and concentration and a significant increase or decrease in appetite and time spent sleeping. People experiencing depression may have feelings of dejection, hopelessness and, sometimes, suicidal thoughts. It can either be short term or long term. The core symptom of depression is said to be anhedonia, which refers to loss of interest or a loss of feeling of pleasure in certain activities that usually bring joy to people. Depressed mood is a symptom of some mood disorders such as major depressive disorder or dysthymia; it is a normal temporary reaction to life events, such as the loss of a loved one; and it is also a symptom of some physical diseases and a side effect of some drugs and medical treatments." }, "Hobbit-13": { "title": "Hobbit", "section": "Appearance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Hobbits are not quite as stocky as the similarly-sized dwarves, but still tend to be stout, with slightly pointed ears. Tolkien does not describe hobbits' ears in The Hobbit or The Lord of the Rings, but in a 1938 letter to his American publisher, he described them as having \"ears only slightly pointed and 'elvish'\". Tolkien describes hobbits thus:" }, "Kylie Jenner-1": { "title": "Kylie Jenner", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Kylie Kristen Jenner (born August 10, 1997) is an American media personality. She has starred in the E! reality television series Keeping Up with the Kardashians since 2007 and is the founder and owner of cosmetic company Kylie Cosmetics." }, "Waltz-1": { "title": "Waltz", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The waltz (from German Walzer [\u02c8valt\u0361s\u0250\u032f]) is a ballroom and folk dance, normally in triple\u00a0(help\u00b7info) time, performed primarily in closed position." }, "Leila George-1": { "title": "Leila George", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Leila George D'Onofrio (born March 20, 1992) is an Australian-American actress." }, "Criss Angel Mindfreak-1": { "title": "Criss Angel Mindfreak", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Criss Angel: Mindfreak is an American reality TV show that aired on A&E from 2005 to 2010. It centers on stunts and street magic acts by magician Criss Angel." }, "Siberia-1": { "title": "Siberia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Siberia (/sa\u026a\u02c8b\u026a\u0259ri\u0259/; Russian: \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u044c, tr. Sib\u00edr', IPA:\u00a0[s\u02b2\u026a\u02c8b\u02b2ir\u02b2] (listen)) is an extensive geographical region spanning much of Eurasia and Northern Asia. Siberia has been part of modern Russia since the 17th century." }, "Cowbell-1": { "title": "Cowbell", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Play media A cowbell (or cow bell) is a bell worn around the neck of free-roaming livestock so herders can keep track of an animal via the sound of the bell when the animal is grazing out of view in hilly landscapes or vast plains. Although they are typically referred to as \"cow bells\" due to their extensive use with cattle, the bells are used on a wide variety of animals." }, "History of the roller coaster-8": { "title": "History of the roller coaster", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Growing popularity and innovations" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "By 1919, the first underfriction roller coaster had been developed by John Miller. Soon, roller coasters spread to amusement parks all around the world. Perhaps the best known historical roller coaster, The Cyclone, was opened at Coney Island in 1927. Like The Cyclone, all early roller coasters were made of wood. Many old wooden roller coasters are still operational, at parks such as Kennywood near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Pleasure Beach Blackpool, England. The oldest operating roller coaster is Leap-The-Dips at Lakemont Park in Pennsylvania, a side friction roller coaster built in 1902. The oldest wooden roller coaster in the United Kingdom is the Scenic Railway at Dreamland Amusement Park in Margate, Kent and features a system where the brakeman rides the car with wheels. It was severely damaged by fire on April 7, 2008, but was subsequently restored and reopened to the public in 2015. Scenic Railway at Melbourne's Luna Park built in 1912, is the world's oldest continually-operating roller coaster, and it also still features a system where the brakeman rides the car with wheels. One of only 13 remaining examples of John Miller's work worldwide is the wooden roller coaster at Lagoon in Utah. The coaster opened in 1921 and is the 6th oldest coaster in the world." }, "General surgery-1": { "title": "General surgery", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "General surgery is a surgical specialty that focuses on abdominal contents including esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, appendix and bile ducts, and often the thyroid gland (depending on local referral patterns). They also deal with diseases involving the skin, breast, soft tissue, trauma, Peripheral artery disease and hernias and perform endoscopic procedures such as gastroscopy and colonoscopy." }, "Movement for Black Lives-6": { "title": "Movement for Black Lives", "section": "Major protests and demonstrations", "headers": [ "Cleveland State University" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "\"the criminalization and dehumanization of Black youth across all areas of society\"; capital punishment; money bail and court surcharges in court proceedings; \"use of past criminal history to determine eligibility for housing, education, licenses, voting, loans, employment, and other services\"; \"the war on Black immigrants including the repeal of the 1996 crime and immigration bills\"; \"the war on Black trans, queer and gender nonconforming people\"; \"the mass surveillance of Black communities\"; \"the militarization of law enforcement\"; \"the privatization of police, prisons, jails, probation, parole, food, phone and all other criminal justice related services\"; and \"public jails, detention centers, youth facilities and prisons\" in their present conditions. Reparations for the: \"systemic denial of access to high quality educational opportunities in the form of full and free access for all Black people\"; \"continued divestment from, discrimination toward and exploitation of our communities in the form of a guaranteed minimum livable income for all Black people\"; \"wealth extracted from\" the black communities \"through environmental racism, slavery, food apartheid, housing discrimination and racialized capitalism in the form of corporate and government reparations\"; \"cultural and educational exploitation, erasure, and extraction\" in the form of, among other things, \"public school curriculums that critically examine the political, economic, and social impacts of colonialism and slavery\"; and the demand the state and federal levels require \"the United States to acknowledge the lasting impacts of slavery, establish and execute a plan to address those impacts\". Invest-Divest: Reallocation of federal, state, and local government funds from \"policing and incarceration to long-term strategies for education, restorative justice services, and employment programs.\" The decriminalization, immediate release, record expungement, and reparations for the disparaging effects of both the \"war on drugs\" and \"the criminalization of prostitution\" on black communities. \"Real, meaningful, and equitable universal healthcare\" A constitutionally protected right to a \"fully-funded education\" Divestment from the \"use of fossil fuels and investment in community-based sustainable energy solutions.\" Cuts to military expenditures and a reallocation of those funds to \"infrastructure and community well-being\" Economic Justice: Redistribution of wealth through a \"progressive restructuring of tax codes at the local, state, and federal levels.\" Employment programs that specifically target the \"most marginalized Black people\" in order to promote economic equality. \"A right to restored land, clean air, clean water and housing and an end to the exploitative privatizaiton of natural resources.\" Right for workers to organize in both the public and private sector. Restoration of the Glass-Steagall Act. \"An end to the Trans-Pacific Partnership, and a renegotiation of all trade agreements\" with an increased focus on the interests of workers and communities. Increased support for \"the development of cooperative or social economy networks.\" \"Financial support of Black alternative institutions.\" Increased protection for workers in poorly regulated industries. Community Control: Implementation of \"democratic community control of local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies.\" \"End to the privatization of education.\" Communal participation in \"budgeting at the local state and federal level.\" Political Power: \"End to the criminalization of Black political activity.\" Termination of super PACs and the implementation of \"public financing of elections.\" Establishment of \"full-access guarantees, and protections of the right to vote for all people.\" \"Full-access to technology\" through the implementation of \"net-neutrality and universal access to internet.\" \"Protection and increased funding for Black institutions.\" On July 24, 2015 individuals from across the country gathered at Cleveland State University in response to incidents of police brutality targeting the African-American community. Specifically, the deaths of individuals such as Michael Brown, Eric Garner, and Tamir Rice sparked a need for the conference among the African-American community. During the three day conference (July 24\u201326), activists participated in discussions, viewed short films, and engaged in workshops designed to mobilize individuals seeking to find solutions to the problems that black communities face. The Cleveland State University convention is considered the first major gathering of the Movement for Black Lives as more than 1500 individuals attended the conference. Subsequently, activists from the convention embarked on a mission to establish the official Movement for Black Lives organization as well as establish a policy platform that could guide activists from around the country in their fight to end police brutality and discrimination against blacks within the United States." }, "Ronnie Rancifer-1": { "title": "Ronnie Rancifer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ronnie Rancifer [1952-] is an American keyboardist, musician and songwriter, noted for being the original keyboardist for The Jackson 5 from their early Gary, Indiana days until the end of their famed career at Motown. The label presented Rancifer and drummer Johnny Jackson as the cousins of Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, Michael, however neither Rancifer nor Johnny Jackson are actually related to the Jacksons." }, "Immersion baptism-4": { "title": "Immersion baptism", "section": "Terminology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Still others use the term \"immersion baptism\" to mean a merely partial immersion by dipping the head in the water or by pouring water over the head of a person standing in a baptismal pool, and use instead for baptism that involves total immersion of the body beneath the water the term \"submersion baptism\"." }, "HMS Ocean (L12)-1": { "title": "HMS Ocean (L12)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "HMS Ocean was an amphibious assault ship, formerly the UK's helicopter carrier and the fleet flagship of the Royal Navy. She was designed to support amphibious landing operations and to support the staff of Commander UK Amphibious Force and Commander UK Landing Force. She was constructed in the mid-1990s by Kvaerner Govan on the River Clyde and fitted out by VSEL at Barrow-in-Furness prior to trials and subsequent acceptance in service. Ocean was commissioned in September 1998 at her home port HMNB Devonport, Plymouth." }, "Log Cabin syrup-1": { "title": "Log Cabin syrup", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Log Cabin syrup is an American brand of pre-packaged syrups owned by Pinnacle Foods." }, "Shrimp-34": { "title": "Shrimp", "section": "Human uses", "headers": [ "As food" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "As with other seafood, shrimp is high in calcium, iodine and protein but low in food energy. A shrimp-based meal is also a significant source of cholesterol, from 122\u00a0mg to 251\u00a0mg per 100\u00a0g of shrimp, depending on the method of preparation. Shrimp consumption, however, is considered healthy for the circulatory system because the lack of significant levels of saturated fat in shrimp means that the high cholesterol content in shrimp actually improves the ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol and lowers triglycerides." }, "Baptism-2": { "title": "Baptism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Martyrdom was identified early in Church history as \"baptism by blood\", enabling the salvation of martyrs who had not been baptized by water. Later, the Catholic Church identified a baptism of desire, by which those preparing for baptism who die before actually receiving the sacrament are considered saved. Some Christians have regarded baptism as necessary for salvation, though others, such as Huldrych Zwingli (1484\u20131531), denied its necessity." }, "Dr. Seuss-18": { "title": "Dr. Seuss", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "Later years" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "In 1956, Dartmouth awarded Geisel with an honorary doctorate, finally legitimizing the \"Dr.\" in his pen name." }, "Bruiser Brody-1": { "title": "Bruiser Brody", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Frank Donald Goodish (June 18, 1946 \u2013 July 17, 1988) was an American professional wrestler who earned his greatest fame under the ring name Bruiser Brody. He also worked as King Kong Brody, The Masked Marauder, and Red River Jack. Over the years Brody became synonymous with the hardcore wrestling brawling style that often saw one or more of the participants bleeding by the time the match was over. In his prime he worked as a \"special attraction\" wrestler in North America, making select appearances for various promotions such as World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW), World Wrestling Federation (WWF), Central States Wrestling (CSW), Championship Wrestling from Florida (CWFF), and the American Wrestling Association (AWA) among others. He worked regularly in Japan for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW)." }, "Compact disc-3": { "title": "Compact disc", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "At the time of the technology's introduction in 1982, a CD could store much more data than a personal computer hard drive, which would typically hold 10 MB. By 2010, hard drives commonly offered as much storage space as a thousand CDs, while their prices had plummeted to commodity level. In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide." }, "Hag\u00e5t\u00f1a, Guam-1": { "title": "Hag\u00e5t\u00f1a, Guam", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hag\u00e5t\u00f1a (/h\u0259\u02c8\u0261\u0251\u02d0tnj\u0259/; Chamorro pronunciation:\u00a0[h\u00e6\u02c8\u0261\u0251t\u0272\u00e6]; formerly in English: Agana /\u0259\u02c8\u0261\u0251\u02d0nj\u0259/, in Spanish: Aga\u00f1a) is the capital village of the United States territory of Guam. From the 18th through mid-20th century, it was Guam's population center, but today it is the second smallest of the island's 19 villages in both area and population. However, it remains one of the island's major commercial districts in addition to being the seat of government." }, "Structure of Handel's Messiah-7": { "title": "Structure of Handel's Messiah", "section": "Oratorio", "headers": [ "Music" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The orchestra scoring is simple: oboes, strings and basso continuo of harpsichord, violoncello, violone and bassoon. Two trumpets and timpani highlight selected movements, in Part I the song of the angels, Glory to God in the highest, and with timpani the closing movements of both Part II, Hallelujah, and of Part III, Worthy is the Lamb." }, "Last Supper-1": { "title": "Last Supper", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Last Supper is the final meal that, in the Gospel accounts, Jesus shared with his apostles in Jerusalem before his crucifixion. The Last Supper is commemorated by Christians especially on Maundy Thursday. The Last Supper provides the scriptural basis for the Eucharist, also known as \"Holy Communion\" or \"The Lord's Supper\"." }, "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-33": { "title": "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor", "section": "Side effects", "headers": [ "Suicide risk", "Children and adolescents" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "Meta analyses of short duration randomized clinical trials have found that SSRI use is related to a higher risk of suicidal behavior in children and adolescents. For instance, a 2004 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) analysis of clinical trials on children with major depressive disorder found statistically significant increases of the risks of \"possible suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior\" by about 80%, and of agitation and hostility by about 130%. According to the FDA, the heightened risk of suicidality is within the first one to two months of treatment. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) places the excess risk in the \"early stages of treatment\". The European Psychiatric Association places the excess risk in the first two weeks of treatment and, based on a combination of epidemiological, prospective cohort, medical claims, and randomized clinical trial data, concludes that a protective effect dominates after this early period. A 2014 Cochrane review found that at six to nine months, suicidal ideation remained higher in children treated with antidepressants compared to those treated with psychological therapy." }, "Dr DisRespect-5": { "title": "Dr DisRespect", "section": "Career and personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Beahm gained a following from playing battle royale games, starting with H1Z1 before switching to PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds and then moving on to Call of Duty: Black Ops 4. In December 2017, he took a two-month hiatus from streaming to tend to his relationship with his wife, after having admitted to being unfaithful to her. Beahm and his wife have a daughter. He returned on February 5, 2018, with a total peak of 388,000 concurrent viewers, just shy of beating Tyler1's record of 410,000. His popularity has led to sponsorship deals with Gillette, ASUS, Razer and G Fuel." }, "Jury-2": { "title": "Jury", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Most trial juries are \"petit juries\", and usually consist of twelve people. A larger jury known as a grand jury was used to investigate potential crimes and render indictments against suspects, but all common law countries except the United States and Liberia have phased these out. The modern criminal court jury arrangement has evolved out of the medieval juries in England. Members were supposed to inform themselves of crimes and then of the details of the crimes. Their function was therefore closer to that of a grand jury than that of a jury in a trial." }, "Pi-2": { "title": "Pi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Being an irrational number, \u03c0 cannot be expressed as a common fraction, and equivalently its decimal representation never ends and never settles into a permanently repeating pattern. Still, fractions such as 22/7 and other rational numbers are commonly used to approximate \u03c0. The digits appear to be randomly distributed. In particular, the digit sequence of \u03c0 is conjectured to satisfy a specific kind of statistical randomness, but to date, no proof of this has been discovered. Also, \u03c0 is a transcendental number; that is, it is not the root of any polynomial having rational coefficients. This transcendence of \u03c0 implies that it is impossible to solve the ancient challenge of squaring the circle with a compass and straightedge." }, "Prussia-1": { "title": "Prussia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Prussia (/\u02c8pr\u028c\u0283\u0259/; German: Preu\u00dfen, pronounced [\u02c8p\u0281\u0254\u028fsn\u0329] (listen), Old Prussian: Pr\u016bsa or Pr\u016bsija) was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centered on the region of Prussia on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It was de facto dissolved by an emergency decree transferring powers of the Prussian government to German Chancellor Franz von Papen in 1932 and de jure by an Allied decree in 1947. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organised and effective army. Prussia, with its capital first in K\u00f6nigsberg and then, in 1701, in Berlin, decisively shaped the history of Germany." }, "Neanderthal-1": { "title": "Neanderthal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Neanderthals (/ni\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259rt\u0251\u02d0l, ne\u026a-, -\u03b8\u0254\u02d0l/, also Neandertals or Neandert(h)alers, Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago (40 kya [thousand years ago]). They probably went extinct due to competition with or extermination by immigrating modern humans or due to great climatic change, disease, or a combination of these factors." }, "Astronaut-1": { "title": "Astronaut", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the terms are sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists and tourists." }, "Soylent (meal replacement)-1": { "title": "Soylent (meal replacement)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Soylent is a brand of meal replacement products made by Soylent Nutrition, Inc. Soylent was introduced in 2014 after a crowdfunding campaign." }, "Marco Polo-1": { "title": "Marco Polo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Marco Polo (/\u02c8m\u0251\u02d0rko\u028a \u02c8po\u028alo\u028a/ (listen), Venetian:\u00a0[\u02c8ma\u027eko \u02c8polo], Italian:\u00a0[\u02c8marko \u02c8p\u0254\u02d0lo], 1254\u00a0\u2013 January 8\u20139, 1324) was an Italian merchant, explorer, and writer who travelled through Asia along the Silk Road between 1271 and 1295. His travels are recorded in The Travels of Marco Polo (also known as Book of the Marvels of the World and Il Milione, c. 1300), a book that described to Europeans the then mysterious culture and inner workings of the Eastern world, including the wealth and great size of the Mongol Empire and China in the Yuan Dynasty, giving their first comprehensive look into China, India, Japan and other Asian cities and countries." }, "Mile run world record progression-1": { "title": "Mile run world record progression", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The world record in the mile run is the best mark set by a male or female runner in the middle-distance track and field event. The IAAF is the official body which oversees the records. Hicham El Guerrouj is the current men's record holder with his time of 3:43.13, while Sifan Hassan has the women's record, pending ratification, of 4:12.33. Since 1976, the mile has been the only non-metric distance recognized by the IAAF for record purposes." }, "Sloth-20": { "title": "Sloth", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "Activity" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Sloths are surprisingly strong swimmers and can reach speeds of 13.5 metres (44\u00a0ft) per minute. They use their long arms to paddle through the water and can cross rivers and swim between islands. Sloths can reduce their already slow metabolism even further and slow their heart rate to less than a third of normal, allowing them to hold their breath underwater for up to 40 minutes." }, "Johann Sebastian Bach-1": { "title": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Johann Sebastian Bach (31 March\u00a0[O.S. 21 March]\u00a01685\u00a0\u2013 28 July 1750) was a German composer and musician of the Baroque period. He is known for instrumental compositions such as the Brandenburg Concertos and the Goldberg Variations, and for vocal music such as the St\u00a0Matthew Passion and the Mass in B\u00a0minor. Since the 19th-century Bach Revival he is generally regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time." }, "Picnic at Hanging Rock (film)-1": { "title": "Picnic at Hanging Rock (film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Picnic at Hanging Rock is a 1975 Australian mystery drama film which was produced by Hal and Jim McElroy, directed by Peter Weir, and starred Rachel Roberts, Dominic Guard, Helen Morse, Vivean Gray and Jacki Weaver. It was adapted by Cliff Green from the 1967 novel of the same name by Joan Lindsay, who was deliberately ambiguous about whether the events really took place, although the story is entirely fictitious." }, "Hades-13": { "title": "Hades", "section": "Mythology", "headers": [ "Persephone" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Persephone did not submit to Hades willingly, but was abducted by him while picking flowers in the fields of Nysa (Her father, Zeus, had previously given Persephone to Hades, to be his wife, as is stated in the very first lines of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter). In protest of his act, Demeter cast a curse on the land and there was a great famine; though, one by one, the gods came to request she lift it, lest mankind perish and cause the gods to be deprived of their receiving gifts and sacrifices, Demeter asserted that the earth would remain barren until she saw her daughter again. Zeus then sends for his son, Hermes, and instructs him to go down to the Underworld in hopes that he may be able to convince Hades to allow Persephone to return to Earth, so that Demeter might see Persephone and cause the famine to stop. Hermes obeys and goes down to Hades' realm, wherein he finds Hades seated upon a couch, Persephone seated next to him. Hermes relays Zeus' message, and Hades complies, saying," }, "Ahura Mazda-1": { "title": "Ahura Mazda", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ahura Mazda (/\u0259\u02cch\u028a\u0259r\u0259 \u02c8m\u00e6zd\u0259/; Avestan: \ud802\udf28\ud802\udf00\ud802\udf30\ud802\udf1b\ud802\udf01 \ud802\udf00\ud802\udf35\ud802\udf0e\ud802\udf2d\ud802\udf00\u200e, romanized:\u00a0Mazd\u0101 Ahura also known as Oromasdes, Ohrmazd, Ahuramazda, Hourmazd, Hormazd, and Hurmuz) is the creator and highest deity of Zoroastrianism. Ahura Mazda is the first and most frequently invoked spirit in the Yasna. The literal meaning of the word Ahura is \"lord\", and that of Mazda is \"wisdom\"." }, "TiVo-46": { "title": "TiVo", "section": "TiVo digital video recorder", "headers": [ "Drive expansion" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "TiVo has partnered with Western Digital to create an external hard drive, the My DVR Expander eSATA Edition, for TiVo HD and Series3 systems. The external drive plugs into the TiVo box using an eSATA interface. The first version of the eSATA drive shipped was a 500 GB drive that shipped in June 2008. In June 2009 the 1 TB version of the drive began shipping. The 1 TB version expands the TiVo HD and Series3 systems' capacity by up to 140 hours of HD content or 1,200 hours of standard programming." }, "Cleopatra-1": { "title": "Cleopatra", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cleopatra VII Philopator (Koin\u0113 Greek: \u039a\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1, romanized:\u00a0Kleop\u00e1tra Philop\u00e1t\u014dr; 69 \u2013 10 or 12 August 30\u00a0BC) was the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, nominally survived as pharaoh by her son Caesarion. As a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, she was a descendant of its founder Ptolemy I Soter, a Macedonian Greek general and companion of Alexander the Great. After the death of Cleopatra, Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire, marking the end of the Hellenistic period that had lasted since the reign of Alexander (336\u2013323 BC). Her native language was Koine Greek, and she was the only Ptolemaic ruler to learn the Egyptian language." }, "Scream (band)-5": { "title": "Scream (band)", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "After the third album Banging the Drum, Kent Stax left the band for personal reasons and was replaced by local drummer Dave Grohl, who then played on Scream's 4th album No More Censorship. The band then toured Europe; with their May 4, 1990 show in Alzey, Germany being released by Tobby Holzinger as Your Choice Live Series Vol.10. Scream then recorded their fifth and final studio album Fumble, (which was much later released in 1993 on Dischord Records) and then called it quits in late 1990." }, "Constitution of the United States-132": { "title": "Constitution of the United States", "section": "Criticisms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 132, "content": "The Constitution did not originally define who was eligible to vote, allowing each state to determine who was eligible. In the early history of the U.S., most states allowed only white male adult property owners to vote. Until the Reconstruction Amendments were adopted between 1865 and 1870, the five years immediately following the Civil War, the Constitution did not abolish slavery, nor give citizenship and voting rights to former slaves. These amendments did not include a specific prohibition on discrimination on the basis of sex; it took another amendment\u00a0\u2013 the Nineteenth, ratified in 1920\u00a0\u2013 for the Constitution to prohibit any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex." }, "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor-44": { "title": "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Death and burials" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "Emperor Frederick Barbarossa opted on the local Armenians' advice to follow a shortcut along the Saleph river, meanwhile the army started to traverse the mountain path. On 10 June 1190, he drowned near Silifke Castle in the Saleph river. There are several conflicting accounts of the event:" }, "Watergate scandal-65": { "title": "Watergate scandal", "section": "Final investigations and resignation", "headers": [ "Resignation" ], "para_index": 65, "content": "In all the decisions I have made in my public life, I have always tried to do what was best for the Nation. Throughout the long and difficult period of Watergate, I have felt it was my duty to persevere, to make every possible effort to complete the term of office to which you elected me. In the past few days, however, it has become evident to me that I no longer have a strong enough political base in the Congress to justify continuing that effort. As long as there was such a base, I felt strongly that it was necessary to see the constitutional process through to its conclusion, that to do otherwise would be unfaithful to the spirit of that deliberately difficult process and a dangerously destabilizing precedent for the future. ...\u00a0I would have preferred to carry through to the finish whatever the personal agony it would have involved, and my family unanimously urged me to do so. But the interest of the Nation must always come before any personal considerations. From the discussions I have had with Congressional and other leaders, I have concluded that because of the Watergate matter I might not have the support of the Congress that I would consider necessary to back the very difficult decisions and carry out the duties of this office in the way the interests of the Nation would require. ...\u00a0I have never been a quitter. To leave office before my term is completed is abhorrent to every instinct in my body. But as President, I must put the interest of America first. America needs a full-time President and a full-time Congress, particularly at this time with problems we face at home and abroad. To continue to fight through the months ahead for my personal vindication would almost totally absorb the time and attention of both the President and the Congress in a period when our entire focus should be on the great issues of peace abroad and prosperity without inflation at home. Therefore, I shall resign the Presidency effective at noon tomorrow. Vice President Ford will be sworn in as President at that hour in this office. The morning that his resignation took effect, the President, with Mrs. Nixon and their family, said farewell to the White House staff in the East Room. A helicopter carried them from the White House to Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland. Nixon later wrote that he thought, \"As the helicopter moved on to Andrews, I found myself thinking not of the past, but of the future. What could I do now?\" At Andrews, he and his family boarded an Air Force plane to El Toro Marine Corps Air Station in California, and then were transported to his home La Casa Pacifica in San Clemente." }, "Cerebral palsy-1": { "title": "Cerebral palsy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders that appear in early childhood. Signs and symptoms vary among people and over time. Often, symptoms include poor coordination, stiff muscles, weak muscles, and tremors. There may be problems with sensation, vision, hearing, swallowing, and speaking. Often, babies with cerebral palsy do not roll over, sit, crawl or walk as early as other children of their age. Other symptoms include seizures and problems with thinking or reasoning, which each occur in about one third of people with CP. While symptoms may get more noticeable over the first few years of life, underlying problems do not worsen over time." }, "Diol-2": { "title": "Diol", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The most common industrial diol is ethylene glycol. Examples of diols in which the hydroxyl functional groups are more widely separated include 1,4-butanediol HO\u2212(CH2)4\u2212OH and propylene-1,3-diol, or beta propylene glycol, HO\u2212CH2\u2212CH2\u2212CH2\u2212OH." }, "Food dehydrator-2": { "title": "Food dehydrator", "section": "Design", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Most modern food dehydrators are low-power convection ovens that uses heated air flow to reduce the water content of foods. The water content of food is usually very high, typically 80\u201395% for various fruits and vegetables and 50\u201375% for various meats. Removing moisture from food restrains various bacteria from growing and spoiling food. Further, removing moisture from food dramatically reduces the weight and often volume of the food, making it easier for storage. Thus, food dehydrators are used to preserve and extend the shelf life of various foods." }, "Alfa Romeo 4C-12": { "title": "Alfa Romeo 4C", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Production" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Delivery of the European Alfa Romeo 4C Launch Edition took place at Balocco (Vercelli, Italy) Test Centre, with vehicles delivered to Pierluigi De Silvestro (Switzerland), Philippe Walch (France), Carlos Diniz (Germany), Aldo Mariani (the Netherlands) and Stefano Zanotti (Italy). In 2018 4C, in its coup\u00e9 form, will no longer be available in United States. 4C Spider will however continue to be sold there. As of 2019 both models are still in production for the full year at least. For 2020, the 4C is still in production." }, "The Little Prince-1": { "title": "The Little Prince", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Little Prince (French: Le Petit Prince, pronounced\u00a0[l\u0259 p(\u0259)ti p\u0281\u025b\u0303s]) is a novella by French aristocrat, writer, and aviator Antoine de Saint-Exup\u00e9ry. It was first published in English and French in the US by Reynal & Hitchcock in April 1943, and posthumously in France following the liberation of France as Saint-Exup\u00e9ry's works had been banned by the Vichy Regime. The story follows a young prince who visits various planets in space, including Earth, and addresses themes of loneliness, friendship, love, and loss. Despite its style as a children's book, The Little Prince makes poignant observations about life and human nature." }, "Mongoose-2": { "title": "Mongoose", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Herpestidae originated about 21.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.6\u00a0million years ago in the Early Miocene and genetically diverged into two main genetic lineages between 19." }, "Nuclear family-1": { "title": "Nuclear family", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A nuclear family, elementary family or conjugal family is a family group consisting of two parents and their children (one or more). It is in contrast to a single-parent family, the larger extended family, and a family with more than two parents. Nuclear families typically center on a married couple; the nuclear family may have any number of children. There are differences in definition among observers; some definitions allow only biological children that are full-blood siblings, but others allow for a stepparent and any mix of dependent children including stepchildren and adopted children. Some sociologists and anthropologists consider the nuclear family as the most basic form of social organization." }, "Indianapolis Motor Speedway-3": { "title": "Indianapolis Motor Speedway", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "It is the third-oldest permanent automobile race track in the world, behind Brooklands and the Milwaukee Mile. With a permanent seating capacity of 257,325, it is the highest-capacity sports venue in the world." }, "Nitrogen-26": { "title": "Nitrogen", "section": "Chemistry and compounds", "headers": [ "Allotropes" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "At atmospheric pressure, molecular nitrogen condenses (liquefies) at 77\u00a0K (\u2212195.79\u00a0\u00b0C) and freezes at 63\u00a0K (\u2212210.01\u00a0\u00b0C) into the beta hexagonal close-packed crystal allotropic form. Below 35.4\u00a0K (\u2212237.6\u00a0\u00b0C) nitrogen assumes the cubic crystal allotropic form (called the alpha phase). Liquid nitrogen, a colourless fluid resembling water in appearance, but with 80.8% of the density (the density of liquid nitrogen at its boiling point is 0.808\u00a0g/mL), is a common cryogen. Solid nitrogen has many crystalline modifications. It forms a significant dynamic surface coverage on Pluto and outer moons of the Solar System such as Triton. Even at the low temperatures of solid nitrogen it is fairly volatile and can sublime to form an atmosphere, or condense back into nitrogen frost. It is very weak and flows in the form of glaciers and on Triton geysers of nitrogen gas come from the polar ice cap region." }, "The Godfather-1": { "title": "The Godfather", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Godfather is a 1972 American crime film directed by Francis Ford Coppola who co-wrote the screenplay with Mario Puzo, based on Puzo's best-selling 1969 novel of the same name. It is the first installment in The Godfather trilogy. The film features an ensemble cast including Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, James Caan, Richard Castellano, Robert Duvall, Sterling Hayden, John Marley, Richard Conte, and Diane Keaton. The story, spanning from 1945 to 1955, chronicles the Corleone family under patriarch Vito Corleone (Brando), focusing on the transformation of one of his sons, Michael Corleone (Pacino), from reluctant family outsider to ruthless mafia boss." }, "Th (digraph)-1": { "title": "Th (digraph)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Th is a digraph in the Latin script. It was originally introduced into Latin to transliterate Greek loan words. In modern languages that use the Latin alphabet, it represents a number of different sounds. It is the most common digraph in order of frequency in the English language." }, "Sex organ-1": { "title": "Sex organ", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A sex organ (or reproductive organ) is any part of an animal's body that is involved in sexual reproduction. The reproductive organs together constitute the reproductive system. The testis in the male, and the ovary in the female, are called the primary sex organs. All others are called secondary sex organs, divided between the external sex organs\u2014the genitals or genitalia, visible at birth in both sexes\u2014and the internal sex organs." }, "Information Age-1": { "title": "Information Age", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Information Age (also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age) is a historic period beginning in the late 20th century and characterized by the rapid shift from traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought through industrialization to an economy primarily based upon information technology. The onset of the Information Age can be associated with the development of transistor technology, particularly the MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor), which revolutionized modern technology and became the fundamental building block of digital electronics in the information age." }, "Scavenger-1": { "title": "Scavenger", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Scavengers are animals that consume dead organisms that have died from causes other than predation. While scavenging generally refers to carnivores feeding on carrion, it is also a herbivorous feeding behavior. Scavengers play an important role in the ecosystem by consuming dead animal and plant material. Decomposers and detritivores complete this process, by consuming the remains left by scavengers." }, "Touchdown-1": { "title": "Touchdown", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A touchdown is a scoring play in gridiron football. Whether running, passing, returning a kickoff or punt, or recovering a turnover, a team scores a touchdown by advancing the ball into the opponent's end zone." }, "Statue of Unity-1": { "title": "Statue of Unity", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Statue of Unity is a colossal statue of Indian statesman and independence activist Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (1875\u20131950), who was the first Deputy Prime Minister and Home minister of independent India and the chief adherent of Mahatma Gandhi during the non-violent Indian Independence movement. Patel was highly respected for his leadership in uniting 562 princely states of India with a major part of the former British Raj to form the single Union of India. The statue is located in the state of Gujarat, India. It is the world's tallest statue with a height of (597 ft) 182 metres. It is located on a river facing the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the river Narmada in the Kevadiya colony, 100 kilometres (62\u00a0mi) southeast of the city of Vadodara and 150 kilometres (93\u00a0mi) from Surat." }, "Dale Earnhardt Jr.-5": { "title": "Dale Earnhardt Jr.", "section": "Racing career", "headers": [ "Early life and career" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Earnhardt Jr. attended the high performance driving school run by Andy Hillenburg and began his racing career at the late age of 17 with his father, competing in the Street Stock division at Concord, North Carolina's Motorsport Park. His first race car was a 1979 Monte Carlo that he co-owned with Kerry. By age 19, after two seasons of driving Street Stock Division, Earnhardt Jr. had honed his driving abilities to the point of joining the Late Model Stock Car Division. He competed on the North and South Carolina short tracks driving a No. 3 Buick. While he did run various tracks during this time, Earnhardt Jr. primarily focused his efforts at the Myrtle Beach Speedway in South Carolina and the East Carolina Motor Speedway in Robersonville, North Carolina, where he captured the pole for the Greenville Merchants 300 on October 28, 1994. There, he developed an in-depth knowledge of chassis setup and car preparation, while racing against his siblings. He worked at his father's dealership as a mechanic while he went to Mitchell Community College to earn an associate degree in automotive technology." }, "Flat Earth-1": { "title": "Flat Earth", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The flat Earth model is an archaic conception of Earth's shape as a plane or disk. Many ancient cultures subscribed to a flat Earth cosmography, including Greece until the classical period, the Bronze Age and Iron Age civilizations of the Near East until the Hellenistic period, India until the Gupta period (early centuries AD), and China until the 17th century." }, "1908 United States presidential election-1": { "title": "1908 United States presidential election", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The 1908 United States presidential election was the 31st quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1908. Secretary of War and Republican Party nominee William Howard Taft defeated three-time Democratic nominee William Jennings Bryan." }, "Israel-5": { "title": "Israel", "section": "Etymology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Under British Mandate (1920\u20131948), the whole region was known as Palestine (Hebrew: \u05e4\u05dc\u05e9\u05ea\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 [\u05d0\u05f4\u05d9]\u200e, lit.\u00a0'Palestine [Eretz Israel]'). Upon independence in 1948, the country formally adopted the name \"State of Israel\" (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b0\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05e0\u05b7\u05ea \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc Med\u012bnat Yisr\u0101'el [medi\u02c8nat jis\u0281a\u02c8\u0294el]; Arabic: \u062f\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644\u200e Dawlat Isr\u0101\u02bc\u012bl [dawlat \u0294isra\u02d0\u02c8\u0294i\u02d0l]) after other proposed historical and religious names including Eretz Israel (\"the Land of Israel\"), Ever (from ancestor Eber), Zion, and Judea, were considered but rejected, while the name 'Israel' was suggested by Ben-Gurion and passed by a vote of 6\u20133. In the early weeks of independence, the government chose the term \"Israeli\" to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Sharett." }, "Nail (fastener)-2": { "title": "Nail (fastener)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Nails are typically driven into the workpiece by a hammer or pneumatic nail gun. A nail holds materials together by friction in the axial direction and shear strength laterally. The point of the nail is also sometimes bent over or clinched after driving to prevent pulling out." }, "Languages of Burundi-1": { "title": "Languages of Burundi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Burundi traditionally had two official languages, Kirundi and French. In 2015, a new law was adopted making English the third official language of the country.. By the same law on languages promulgated in 2014 Kiswahili is mentioned as a fourth language spoken and taught in the country. Of these, only Kirundi is spoken by the vast majority of the population. It is recognised as the national language by the Burundian constitution of 2005. French is spoken by a significant minority and is spoken mainly as a second language, as a French pidgin, or by foreign residents of the country." }, "Arnold Schwarzenegger-24": { "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "section": "Bodybuilding career", "headers": [ "Mr. Olympia" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Clean and press \u2013 264\u00a0lb (120\u00a0kg) Snatch \u2013 243\u00a0lb (110\u00a0kg) Clean and jerk \u2013 298\u00a0lb (135\u00a0kg) Squat \u2013 545\u00a0lb (247\u00a0kg) Bench press \u2013 520\u00a0lb (240\u00a0kg) Deadlift \u2013 710\u00a0lb (320\u00a0kg) Schwarzenegger's goal was to become the greatest bodybuilder in the world, which meant becoming Mr. Olympia. His first attempt was in 1969, when he lost to three-time champion Sergio Oliva. However, Schwarzenegger came back in 1970 and won the competition, making him the youngest ever Mr. Olympia at the age of 23, a record he still holds to this day." }, "Computer fan-7": { "title": "Computer fan", "section": "Applications", "headers": [ "CPU fan" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Used to cool the CPU (central processing unit) heatsink. Effective cooling of a concentrated heat source such as a large-scale integrated circuit requires a heatsink, which may be cooled by a fan; use of a fan alone will not prevent overheating of the small chip." }, "The Rockettes-5": { "title": "The Rockettes", "section": "Controversies", "headers": [ "Discrimination and lack of diversity" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The Rockettes were created in 1925, but the first East Asian Rockette, a Japanese-born woman named Setsuko Maruhashi, was not hired until 1985. The Rockettes did not allow dark-skinned dancers into the dance line until 1987. The justification for this policy was that such women would supposedly distract from the consistent look of the dance group. The first African American Rockette was Jennifer Jones; she made her debut in 1988. The first person with a visible disability hired by the Rockettes (Sydney Mesher, missing a left hand due to symbrachydactyly), was hired in 2019." }, "Marshmallow sofa-5": { "title": "Marshmallow sofa", "section": "Design", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Officially listed by Herman Miller as the Marshmallow love seat #5670, the sofa was designed for both residential and contract (office) sales. The playful design of the Marshmallow sofa is the result of placement of circular \"marshmallow\" cushions at regular intervals across a metal frame. The cushions were covered in either fabric, vinyl, or leather in bright colors. Generally all the cushions were the same color, but the sofa could also be ordered with cushions of various colors for a more whimsical look." }, "Osama bin Laden-10": { "title": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "Early life and education", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Bin Laden was raised as a devout Sunni Muslim. From 1968 to 1976, he attended the \u00e9lite secular Al-Thager Model School. He studied economics and business administration at King Abdulaziz University. Some reports suggest he earned a degree in civil engineering in 1979, or a degree in public administration in 1981. bin Laden was an attendant at an English-language course in Oxford, England during 1971. One source described him as \"hard working\"; another said he left university during his third year without completing a college degree. At university, bin Laden's main interest was religion, where he was involved in both \"interpreting the Quran and jihad\" and charitable work. Other interests included writing poetry; reading, with the works of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and Charles de Gaulle said to be among his favorites; black stallions; and association football, in which he enjoyed playing at centre forward and followed the English club Arsenal." }, "Ten Commandments-16": { "title": "Ten Commandments", "section": "Religious interpretations", "headers": [ "Judaism" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "According to Conservative Rabbi Louis Ginzberg, Ten Commandments are virtually entwined, in that the breaking of one leads to the breaking of another. Echoing an earlier rabbinic comment found in the commentary of Rashi to the Songs of Songs (4:5) Ginzberg explained\u2014there is also a great bond of union between the first five commandments and the last five. The first commandment: \"I am the Lord, thy God,\" corresponds to the sixth: \"Thou shalt not kill,\" for the murderer slays the image of God. The second: \"Thou shalt have no strange gods before me,\" corresponds to the seventh: \"Thou shalt not commit adultery,\" for conjugal faithlessness is as grave a sin as idolatry, which is faithlessness to God. The third commandment: \"Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord in vain,\" corresponds to the eighth: \"Thou shalt not steal,\" for stealing result in false oath in God's name. The fourth: \"Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy,\" corresponds to the ninth: \"Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor,\" for he who bears false witness against his neighbor commits as grave a sin as if he had borne false witness against God, saying that He had not created the world in six days and rested on the seventh day (the holy Sabbath). The fifth commandment: \"Honor thy father and thy mother,\" corresponds to the tenth: \"Covet not thy neighbor's wife,\" for one who indulges this lust produces children who will not honor their true father, but will consider a stranger their father." }, "Abortion-1": { "title": "Abortion", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Abortion is the ending of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus before it can survive outside the uterus. An abortion that occurs without intervention is known as a miscarriage or spontaneous abortion. When deliberate steps are taken to end a pregnancy, it is called an induced abortion, or less frequently \"induced miscarriage\". The unmodified word abortion generally refers to an induced abortion. A similar procedure after the fetus has potential to survive outside the womb is known as a \"late termination of pregnancy\" or less accurately as a \"late term abortion\"." }, "Brian Cuban-2": { "title": "Brian Cuban", "section": "Early life and education", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Cuban was born on January 11, 1961, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He grew up in Pittsburgh and attended Mt. Lebanon High School. Cuban earned his undergraduate degree from Pennsylvania State University and his J.D. degree from The University of Pittsburgh School of Law." }, "Surgery-1": { "title": "Surgery", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a person to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas." }, "Julia Roberts-2": { "title": "Julia Roberts", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Her films have collectively brought box office receipts of over US$2.8\u00a0billion, making her one of the most bankable actresses in Hollywood. Her most successful films include Mystic Pizza (1988), Steel Magnolias (1989), Pretty Woman (1990), Sleeping with the Enemy (1991), The Pelican Brief (1993), My Best Friend's Wedding (1997), Notting Hill (1999), Runaway Bride (1999), Erin Brockovich (2000), Ocean's Eleven (2001), Ocean's Twelve (2004), Charlie Wilson's War (2007), Valentine's Day (2010), Eat Pray Love (2010), Money Monster (2016), and Wonder (2017). Roberts was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie for her performance in the HBO television film The Normal Heart (2014). In 2018, she starred in the Prime Video psychological thriller series Homecoming." }, "Polycarbonate-25": { "title": "Polycarbonate", "section": "Applications", "headers": [ "Niche applications" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "The light weight of polycarbonate as opposed to glass has led to development of electronic display screens that replace glass with polycarbonate, for use in mobile and portable devices. Such displays include newer e-ink and some LCD screens, though CRT, plasma screen and other LCD technologies generally still require glass for its higher melting temperature and its ability to be etched in finer detail." }, "Bobby Jindal-7": { "title": "Bobby Jindal", "section": "Early life and education", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The family settled near Louisiana State University. Jindal attended Baton Rouge Magnet High School, graduating in 1988. While in high school, he competed in tennis tournaments, started various enterprises such as a computer newsletter, retail candy business, and a mail-order software company. He spent free time working in the stands at LSU football games." }, "Car-1": { "title": "Car", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A car (or automobile) is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation. Most definitions of cars say that they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four tires, and mainly transport people rather than goods." }, "Chinstrap penguin-5": { "title": "Chinstrap penguin", "section": "Distribution", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Chinstrap penguins have a circumpolar distribution. They breed in Antarctica, Argentina, Bouvet Island, Chile, the Falkland Islands, the French Southern Territories, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Vagrant individuals have been found in New Zealand, the islands of Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha, and South Africa." }, "Sydenham's chorea-1": { "title": "Sydenham's chorea", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sydenham's chorea, also known as chorea minor and historically and occasionally referred to as St Vitus' dance, is a disorder characterized by rapid, uncoordinated jerking movements primarily affecting the face, hands and feet. Sydenham's chorea results from childhood infection with Group A beta-haemolytic Streptococcus and is reported to occur in 20\u201330% of people with acute rheumatic fever. The disease is usually latent, occurring up to 6 months after the acute infection, but may occasionally be the presenting symptom of rheumatic fever. Sydenham's chorea is more common in females than males and most below 16 years of age. Adult onset of Sydenham's chorea is comparatively rare, and the majority of the adult cases are associated with exacerbation of chorea following childhood Sydenham's chorea." }, "Television Electronic Disc-2": { "title": "Television Electronic Disc", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Initially known as, \"The Video Disc\" or the Teldec Television Disc, TeD (Television Electronic Disc) was first announced at a press conference in Berlin on June 24, 1970. It was developed by a team from two German companies: AEG-Telefunken and Teldec. Program information was stored in the form of ridges in the surface of a thin, flexible foil disc, which was claimed to be sufficiently robust to withstand being played 1,000 times. The main technological breakthrough was the vertical recording method that reduced the track pitch to 0.007\u00a0mm, and increased the rotation speed to 1,500\u00a0rpm, making it possible to record 130\u2013150 grooves per millimeter, compared with the typical 10\u201313 grooves on an audio disc. This increased the available bandwidth from around 15\u00a0kHz to 3\u00a0MHz. The tracks were read by a pressure pick-up, which translated the surface of the ridges, via a piezo-electric crystal, into an electrical signal." }, "The Shield-1": { "title": "The Shield", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Shield is an American crime drama television series starring Michael Chiklis that premiered on March 12, 2002, on FX in the United States, and concluded on November 25, 2008, after seven seasons. Known for its portrayal of corrupt police officers, it was originally advertised as Rampart in reference to the true-life Rampart Division police scandal, on which the show's Strike Team was loosely based. The series was created by Shawn Ryan and The Barn Productions for Fox Television Studios and Sony Pictures Television." }, "Bing (search engine)-10": { "title": "Bing (search engine)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Live Search" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "A series of reorganisations and consolidations of Microsoft's search offerings were made under the Live Search branding. On May 23, 2008, Microsoft announced the discontinuation of Live Search Books and Live Search Academic and integrated all academic and book search results into regular search, and as a result this also included the closure of Live Search Books Publisher Program. Soon after, Windows Live Expo was discontinued on July 31, 2008. Live Search Macros, a service for users to create their own custom search engines or use macros created by other users, was also discontinued shortly after. On May 15, 2009, Live Product Upload, a service which allowed merchants to upload products information onto Live Search Products, was discontinued. The final reorganisation came as Live Search QnA was rebranded as MSN QnA on February 18, 2009, however, it was subsequently discontinued on May 21, 2009." }, "Unicode-12": { "title": "Unicode", "section": "Origin and development", "headers": [ "History" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Based on experiences with the Xerox Character Code Standard (XCCS) since 1980, the origins of Unicode date to 1987, when Joe Becker from Xerox with Lee Collins and Mark Davis from Apple, started investigating the practicalities of creating a universal character set. With additional input from Peter Fenwick and Dave Opstad, Joe Becker published a draft proposal for an \"international/multilingual text character encoding system in August 1988, tentatively called Unicode\". He explained that \"[t]he name 'Unicode' is intended to suggest a unique, unified, universal encoding\"." }, "Napoleon-1": { "title": "Napoleon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte (Italian:\u00a0[napole\u02c8o\u02d0ne di \u02ccbw\u0254na\u02c8parte]; Corsican: Napulione Buonaparte; French: Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte [nap\u0254le\u0254\u0303 b\u0254napa\u0281t]; 15 August 1769 \u2013 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. He was Emperor of the French as Napoleon I from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over much of continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. He is considered one of the greatest commanders in history, and his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy has endured as one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history." }, "Butter-2": { "title": "Butter", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Most frequently made from cow's milk, butter can also be manufactured from the milk of other mammals, including sheep, goats, buffalo, and yaks. It is made by churning milk or cream to separate the fat globules from the buttermilk. Salt and food colorings are sometimes added to butter. Rendering butter, removing the water and milk solids, produces clarified butter or ghee, which is almost entirely butterfat." }, "La Reine Margot (novel)-5": { "title": "La Reine Margot (novel)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Catherine decides to make an overture of goodwill by offering up Margot in marriage to prominent Huguenot and King of Navarre, Henri de Bourbon, which is supposed to cement the hard-fought Peace of Saint-Germain. At the same time, Catherine schemes to bring about the notorious St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1572 and assassinate many of the most wealthy and prominent Huguenots, who are in the largely-Catholic city of Paris to escort the Protestant prince to his wedding. The massacre begins four days after the wedding ceremony, and thousands of Protestants are slaughtered. The marriage goes ahead, but Margot, who does not love Henri, begins a passionate affair with the soldier La M\u00f4le, also a Protestant from a well-to-do family." }, "Ton-2": { "title": "Ton", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It is derived from the tun, the term applied to a cask of the largest capacity. This could contain a volume between 175 and 213 imperial gallons (210 and 256\u00a0US\u00a0gal; 800 and 970\u00a0l), which could weigh around 2,000 pounds (910\u00a0kg) and occupy some 60 cubic feet (1.7\u00a0m3) of space." }, "Huma Abedin-10": { "title": "Huma Abedin", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Clinton's 2016 presidential campaign" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Abedin has served as vice chairwoman for Hillary Clinton's 2016 campaign for president since 2015 and in 2015 had a role as personal assistant to Clinton. In her role as the campaign's vice chairperson, she screened and interviewed applicants for key campaign roles, including campaign manager Robby Mook, and was the primary channel for communications to Clinton before the campaign officially began. After Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump proposed banning Muslims from entering the United States, she wrote an email to Clinton supporters calling herself \"a proud Muslim\" and criticized Trump's plan as \"literally (writing) racism into our law books\"." }, "Bun-1": { "title": "Bun", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A bun is a small, sometimes sweet, bread-based item or roll. Though they come in many shapes and sizes, they are most commonly hand-sized or smaller, with a round top and flat bottom." }, "Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York-3": { "title": "Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York", "section": "Descent", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Richard of York was born on 22 September 1411, the son of Richard, Earl of Cambridge (1385\u20131415), and his wife Anne Mortimer (1388\u20131411). Both his parents were descended from King Edward III of England (1312\u20131377): his father was son of Edmund, 1st Duke of York (founder of the House of York), fourth surviving son of Edward III, whereas his mother Anne Mortimer was a great-granddaughter of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Edward's second son. After the death in 1425 of Anne's childless brother Edmund, Earl of March, this ancestry supplied her son Richard, of the House of York, with a claim to the English throne that was arguably superior to that of the reigning House of Lancaster, descended from John of Gaunt, the third son of Edward III." }, "Theocracy-1": { "title": "Theocracy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Theocracy is a form of government in which a deity of some type is recognized as the supreme ruling authority, giving divine guidance to human intermediaries that manage the day to day affairs of the government." }, "Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York-1": { "title": "Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York (22 September 1411\u00a0\u2013 30 December 1460), also named Richard Plantagenet, was a leading English magnate, a great-grandson of King Edward III through his father, and a great-great-grandson of the same king through his mother. He inherited vast estates and served in various offices of state in Ireland, France, and England, a country he ultimately governed as Lord Protector during the madness of King Henry VI." }, "Kangaroo-1": { "title": "Kangaroo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The kangaroo is a marsupial from the family Macropodidae (macropods, meaning \"large foot\"). In common use the term is used to describe the largest species from this family, the red kangaroo, as well as the antilopine kangaroo, eastern grey kangaroo, and western grey kangaroo. Kangaroos are indigenous to Australia. The Australian government estimates that 34.3\u00a0million kangaroos lived within the commercial harvest areas of Australia in 2011, up from 25.1\u00a0million one year earlier." }, "Shaolin Kung Fu-9": { "title": "Shaolin Kung Fu", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Sui and Tang dynasties (581\u2013907 AD): Shaolin soldier monks" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The monks of Shaolin allied with Wang's enemy, Li Shimin, and took back the Cypress Valley Estate, defeating Wang's troops and capturing his nephew Renze. Without the fort at Cypress Valley, there was nothing to keep Li Shimin from marching on Luoyang after his defeat of Wang's ally Dou Jiande at the Battle of Hulao, forcing Wang Shichong to surrender. Li Shimin's father was the first Tang Emperor and Shimin himself became its second. Thereafter Shaolin enjoyed the royal patronage of the Tang." }, "Brewery-27": { "title": "Brewery", "section": "Brewing companies", "headers": [ "Contract brewing" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Microbrewery \u2013 A late-20th-century name for a small brewery. The term started to be supplanted with craft brewer at the start of the 21st century.[citation needed] Brewpub \u2013 A brewery whose beer is brewed primarily on the same site from which it is sold to the public, such as a pub or restaurant. If the amount of beer that a brewpub distributes off-site exceeds 75%, it may also be described as a craft or microbrewery. Farm brewery \u2013 A farm brewery, or farmhouse brewery, is a brewery that primarily brews its beer on a farm. Crops and other ingredients grown on the farm, such as barley, wheat, rye, hops, herbs, spices, and fruits are used in the beers brewed. A farmhouse brewery is similar in concept to a vineyard growing grapes to make wine at the vineyard. Regional brewery \u2013 An established term for a brewery that supplies beer in a fixed geographical location. Macrobrewery or Megabrewery \u2013 Terms for a brewery, too large or economically diversified to be a microbrewery, which sometimes carry a negative connotation. Contract brewing \u2013When one brewery hires another brewery to produce its beer. The contracting brewer generally handles all of the beer's marketing, sales, and distribution, while leaving the brewing and packaging to the producer-brewery (which confusingly may also be referred to as a contract brewer). Often the contract brewing is performed when a small brewery can not supply enough beer to meet demands and contracts with a larger brewery to help alleviate their supply issues. Some breweries do not own a brewing facility, these contract brewers have been criticized by traditional brewing companies for avoiding the costs associated with a physical brewery." }, "Richard III of England-1": { "title": "Richard III of England", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Richard III (2 October 1452\u00a0\u2013 22 August 1485) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1483 until his death in 1485. He was the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. His defeat and death at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the last decisive battle of the Wars of the Roses, marked the end of the Middle Ages in England. He is the protagonist of Richard III, one of William Shakespeare's history plays." }, "Ocelot-26": { "title": "Ocelot", "section": "Ecology and behavior", "headers": [ "Hunting and diet" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Primates prevail in the diet of ocelots in southeastern Brazil, and iguanas in a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico. The composition of the diet varies by season; in Venezuela, ocelots were found to prefer iguanas and rodents in the dry season and then switch to land crabs in the wet season. In southeastern Brazil, ocelots have a similar prey preference as margays and oncillas. The oncillas focus on tree-living marsupials and birds while the margays are not as selective." }, "Types of tennis match-4": { "title": "Types of tennis match", "section": "Standard types of match", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Mixed doubles is played the same as doubles, but with one man and one woman per team. This form of tennis is rare in the professional game because the men's and women's tours are organised separately (by the ATP and WTA, respectively). However, all four Grand Slam tournaments hold a mixed doubles competition, alongside the men's and women's doubles, featuring many of the same players. There is also an annual mixed tournament for national teams, the Hopman Cup, which includes mixed doubles matches. Additionally, there have been mixed doubles events at the Summer Olympics on various occasions (In 1900, from 1912 until 1920 and again since 2012)." }, "Han Solo-12": { "title": "Han Solo", "section": "Appearances", "headers": [ "Skywalker saga", "Return of the Jedi" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Retreating back to the Rebel Base, they discover that the Empire is building another Death Star, which orbits the forest moon of Endor. Following his return, Han is made a general in the Rebel Alliance, along with Leia. Reuniting with Luke after his return from Dagobah, Han leads the Rebels to Endor to take down the force field surrounding the battle station, which is still under construction. With help from the native Ewoks, Han and his team destroy the Death Star's shield generator, allowing Lando and his strike team to destroy the Death Star. Han then reunites with Leia and Luke on Endor to celebrate the defeat of the Empire." }, "Ramjit Raghav-1": { "title": "Ramjit Raghav", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ramjit Raghav (1916 \u2013 11 February 2020) was an Indian wrestler and farmer who was claimed by various media outlets as the world's oldest father. He resided in southern India with his wife. He claimed to have had his first child with his wife at age 94. He fathered a second child at age 96. A vegetarian who claimed to engage in sexual intercourse around three times a day, Raghav was chosen to be an ambassador for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) in November 2012." }, "Learning difficulties-2": { "title": "Learning difficulties", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Learning disability, difficulty learning in a typical manner, often divided into: Dyslexia, difficulty in learning to read fluently Dyscalculia, difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic Intellectual disability, significantly impaired cognitive functioning and adaptive deficits appearing before adulthood Note that the term learning disability means \"difficulty learning in a typical manner\" in North America but refers specifically to \"intellectual disability\" in the United Kingdom." }, "Space station-20": { "title": "Space station", "section": "Architecture", "headers": [ "Habitability" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "citation needed] Play media The space station environment presents a variety of challenges to human habitability, including short-term problems such as the limited supplies of air, water and food and the need to manage waste heat, and long-term ones such as weightlessness and relatively high levels of ionizing radiation. These conditions can create long-term health problems for space-station inhabitants, including muscle atrophy, bone deterioration, balance disorders, eyesight disorders, and elevated risk of cancer." }, "Holy Land-4": { "title": "Holy Land", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Many sites in the Holy Land have long been pilgrimage destinations for adherents of the Abrahamic religions, including Jews, Christians, Muslims, and Bah\u00e1'\u00eds. Pilgrims visit the Holy Land to touch and see physical manifestations of their faith, to confirm their beliefs in the holy context with collective excitation, and to connect personally to the Holy Land." }, "STS-40-7": { "title": "STS-40", "section": "Mission highlights", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Landing was on 14 June 1991, at 8:39:11\u00a0am PDT, on Runway 22, at Edwards Air Force Base, California. Rollout distance: 2,866 metres (9,403\u00a0ft). Rollout time: 55 seconds. Orbiter returned to KSC 21 June." }, "Elf (film)-3": { "title": "Elf (film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "On Christmas Eve, a baby boy at an orphanage crawls into Santa Claus's sack as he is captivated by the sight of a teddy bear, and is unwittingly transported back to the North Pole. When he is discovered at the workshop, the elves name him Buddy after the brand label on his diaper, and Papa Elf adopts and raises him. Buddy grows up at the North Pole, believing he is an elf and accepted by the elf community, but due to his human size, he is unable to keep up with the other elves and demoted to the demeaning job of toy testing. Soon, Buddy overhears that he is a human, and Papa Elf explains that Buddy was born to Walter Hobbs and Susan Wells and given up for adoption. Susan subsequently died, and Walter, who now works for a children's book publisher at the Empire State Building in New York City, is unaware of Buddy's existence. To Buddy's horror, Santa reveals that Walter is on the naughty list due to his selfish and unscrupulous demeanor, but suggests Buddy could help redeem him." }, "Kublai Khan-2": { "title": "Kublai Khan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Kublai was the fourth son of Tolui (his second son with Sorghaghtani Beki) and a grandson of Genghis Khan. He succeeded his older brother M\u00f6ngke as Khagan in 1260, but had to defeat his younger brother Ariq B\u00f6ke in the Toluid Civil War lasting until 1264. This episode marked the beginning of disunity in the empire. Kublai's real power was limited to China and Mongolia, though as Khagan he still had influence in the Ilkhanate and, to a significantly lesser degree, in the Golden Horde. If one counts the Mongol Empire at that time as a whole, his realm reached from the Pacific Ocean to the Black Sea, from Siberia to what is now Afghanistan." }, "Bugatti Chiron-8": { "title": "Bugatti Chiron", "section": "Sales", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "L/100\u00a0km (12.55\u00a0mpg\u2011imp; 10.45\u00a0mpg\u2011US). The first 200 cars were sold before the first was delivered. The base price is \u20ac2,400,000 and buyers were required to place a \u20ac200,000 deposit before their purchase." }, "Venus (mythology)-1": { "title": "Venus (mythology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Venus (/\u02c8vi\u02d0n\u0259s/, Classical Latin: /\u02c8w\u025bn\u028as/; genitive Veneris /\u02c8w\u025bn\u025br\u026as/) is a Roman goddess, whose functions encompassed love, beauty, desire, sex, fertility, prosperity and victory. In Roman mythology, she was the ancestor of the Roman people through her son, Aeneas, who survived the fall of Troy and fled to Italy. Julius Caesar claimed her as his ancestor. Venus was central to many religious festivals, and was revered in Roman religion under numerous cult titles." }, "House of Lords-8": { "title": "House of Lords", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The House of Lords developed from the \"Great Council\" (Magnum Concilium) that advised the King during medieval times. This royal council came to be composed of ecclesiastics, noblemen, and representatives of the counties of England and Wales (afterwards, representatives of the boroughs as well). The first English Parliament is often considered to be the \"Model Parliament\" (held in 1295), which included archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and representatives of the shires and boroughs." }, "Cattle-88": { "title": "Cattle", "section": "Environmental impact", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 88, "content": "A report from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) states that the livestock sector is \"responsible for 18% of greenhouse gas emissions\". The IPCC estimates that cattle and other livestock emit about 80 to 93 Megatonnes of methane per year, accounting for an estimated 37% of anthropogenic methane emissions, and additional methane is produced by anaerobic fermentation of manure in manure lagoons and other manure storage structures. The net change in atmospheric methane content was recently about 1 Megatonne per year, and in some recent years there has been no increase in atmospheric methane content. While cattle fed forage actually produce more methane than grain-fed cattle, the increase may be offset by the increased carbon recapture of pastures, which recapture three times the CO2 of cropland used for grain." }, "Technical support-3": { "title": "Technical support", "section": "Categories of technical support", "headers": [ "Call in" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "This type of technical support has been very common in the services industry.[citation needed] It is also known as \"Time and Materials\" (T&M) IT support.[citation needed] The customer pays for the materials (hard drive, memory, computer, digital devices, etc.) and also pays the technician based on the pre-negotiated rate when a problem occurs." }, "Foreign and Commonwealth Office-4": { "title": "Foreign and Commonwealth Office", "section": "Ministers", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Safeguarding the UK's national security by countering terrorism and weapons proliferation, and working to reduce conflict. Building the UK's prosperity by increasing exports and investment, opening markets, ensuring access to resources, and promoting sustainable global growth. Supporting British nationals around the world through modern and efficient consular services. The FCO Ministers are as follows:" }, "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring-8": { "title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The Fellowship of the Ring sets off over the mountain Caradhras, but Saruman summons a storm that forces them to travel through the Mines of Moria. After finding all of the Dwarves of Moria have been slain, the Fellowship are attacked by Orcs and a cave troll. They hold them off but are confronted by Durin's Bane, a Balrog residing within the mines. Gandalf casts the Balrog into a vast chasm, but it drags Gandalf down into the darkness. The devastated Fellowship reaches Lothl\u00f3rien, ruled by the Elf-queen Galadriel and her husband Celeborn. Galadriel privately informs Frodo that only he can complete the quest and that one of his friends will try to take the Ring. Meanwhile, Saruman creates an army of Uruk-hai to track down and kill the Fellowship." }, "Ammonia-72": { "title": "Ammonia", "section": "Safety precautions", "headers": [ "Household use" ], "para_index": 72, "content": "Solutions of ammonia (5\u201310% by weight) are used as household cleaners, particularly for glass. These solutions are irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes (respiratory and digestive tracts), and to a lesser extent the skin. Caution should be used that the chemical is never mixed into any liquid containing bleach, as a toxic gas may result. Mixing with chlorine-containing products or strong oxidants, such as household bleach, can generate chloramines." }, "One half-1": { "title": "One half", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "One half is the irreducible fraction resulting from dividing one by two (2) or the fraction resulting from dividing any number by its double. Multiplication by one half is equivalent to division by two, or \"halving\"; conversely, division by one half is equivalent to multiplication by two, or \"doubling\". One half appears often in mathematical equations, recipes, measurements, etc. Half can also be said to be one part of something divided into two equal parts." }, "Morocco-39": { "title": "Morocco", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "Morocco has a coast by the Atlantic Ocean that reaches past the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Spain to the north (a water border through the Strait and land borders with three small Spanish-controlled exclaves, Ceuta, Melilla, and Pe\u00f1\u00f3n de V\u00e9lez de la Gomera), Algeria to the east, and Western Sahara to the south. Since Morocco controls most of Western Sahara, its de facto southern boundary is with Mauritania." }, "Japanese spider crab-1": { "title": "Japanese spider crab", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Japanese spider crab (Macrocheira kaempferi) is a species of marine crab that lives in the waters around Japan. It has the largest leg span of any arthropod. These giants go through three main larval stages along with a prezoeal stage in order to grow to their great size.The genus Macrocheira contains multiple species. Two fossil species belonging to this genus have been found, Macrocheira ginzanensis and Macrocheira yabei, both from the Miocene of Japan. The diverse taxonomic history is an important part of what these creatures are and how they evolved to be what they are today. These creatures are not isolated however, as they are the subject of fishery and are considered a delicacy. To prevent overfishing, conservation efforts are being put forth for to protect these creatures and their population from the dangers of overfishing." }, "UTC+01:00-1": { "title": "UTC+01:00", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "UTC+01:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +01:00. In ISO 8601, the associated time would be written as 2019-02-07T23:28:34+01:00. This time is used in:" }, "Alec Baldwin-47": { "title": "Alec Baldwin", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Marriages", "Hilaria Thomas" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "By August 2011, Baldwin began dating Hilaria Thomas, a yoga instructor with Yoga Vida in Manhattan. Baldwin and Thomas moved from the Upper West Side to Greenwich Village that August. The couple became engaged in April 2012 and married on June 30, 2012, at St. Patrick's Old Cathedral in New York City. They have four children together, daughter Carmen (born August 23, 2013), and sons Rafael (born June 17, 2015), Leonardo Angel Charles (born September 2016) and Romeo Alejandro David (born May 2018). In April 2019, Thomas announced that she was pregnant with the couple's fifth child; later that month she confirmed a miscarriage, saying she wanted to be part of normalizing and removing the stigma of miscarriage. In September 2019, the couple announced that Hilaria was again pregnant, but in November 2019, the couple announced that Hilaria had suffered a second miscarriage." }, "HIV-49": { "title": "HIV", "section": "Treatment and transmission", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 49, "content": "The management of HIV/AIDS normally includes the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs. In many parts of the world, HIV has become a chronic condition in which progression to AIDS is increasingly rare." }, "First Amendment to the United States Constitution-4": { "title": "First Amendment to the United States Constitution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The Free Press Clause protects publication of information and opinions, and applies to a wide variety of media. In Near v. Minnesota (1931) and New York Times v. United States (1971), the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected against prior restraint\u2014pre-publication censorship\u2014in almost all cases. The Petition Clause protects the right to petition all branches and agencies of government for action. In addition to the right of assembly guaranteed by this clause, the Court has also ruled that the amendment implicitly protects freedom of association." }, "Turtle racing-6": { "title": "Turtle racing", "section": "Versions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Speed Several estimates have been given for the average speed of a racing turtle. S.N. Castle, an early turtle racer, said that his turtles could travel 100 yards (91\u00a0m) in four hours. In 1930, organizers of a large turtle race in Pittsburgh said that their turtles could reach speeds of up to 12 inches (30\u00a0cm) per 30 seconds. A later proponent of turtle racing once claimed that the fastest turtles he traveled up to 1\u20444\u00a0mph (0.4\u00a0km/h), though he only raced them over short distances. At the 1974 Canadian Turtle Derby, the champion turtle raced from the center of a 25-foot (7.6\u00a0m) circle to its edge in thirty nine seconds." }, "Palestine (region)-20": { "title": "Palestine (region)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Ottoman era" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "In 1486, hostilities broke out between the Mamluks and the Ottoman Empire in a battle for control over western Asia, and the Ottomans conquered Palestine in 1516. Between the mid-16th and 17th centuries, a close-knit alliance of three local dynasties, the Ridwans of Gaza, the Turabays of al-Lajjun and the Farrukhs of Nablus, governed Palestine on behalf of the Porte (imperial Ottoman government)." }, "Walmart-5": { "title": "Walmart", "section": "History", "headers": [ "1945\u20131969: Early history" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In 1945, businessman and former J. C. Penney employee Sam Walton bought a branch of the Ben Franklin stores from the Butler Brothers. His primary focus was selling products at low prices to get higher-volume sales at a lower profit margin, portraying it as a crusade for the consumer. He experienced setbacks because the lease price and branch purchase were unusually high, but he was able to find lower-cost suppliers than those used by other stores and was consequently able to undercut his competitors on pricing. Sales increased 45 percent in his first year of ownership to US$105,000 in revenue, which increased to $140,000 the next year and $175,000 the year after that. Within the fifth year, the store was generating $250,000 in revenue. The lease then expired for the location and Walton was unable to reach an agreement for renewal, so he opened up a new store at 105 N. Main Street in Bentonville, naming it \"Walton's Five and Dime\". That store is now the Walmart Museum." }, "Deaf education-25": { "title": "Deaf education", "section": "Educational settings", "headers": [ "Specialized settings", "Oral schools" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Examples of auditory/verbal K-12 programs in the United States include Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech, Cleary School for the Deaf, and Memphis Oral School for the Deaf." }, "Gallifrey-30": { "title": "Gallifrey", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Novels" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Television series executive producer Russell T Davies wrote in Doctor Who Magazine #356 that there is no connection between the War of the books and the Time War of the television series. In the same Doctor Who Magazine column, Davies compared Gallifrey being destroyed twice with Earth's two World Wars. He also said that he was \"usually happy for old and new fans to invent the Complete History of the Doctor in their heads, completely free of the production team's hot and heavy hands\"." }, "Hand model-1": { "title": "Hand model", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A hand model is a person who models (poses or displays) their hand or hands for the purposes of art, fashion, products or advertising. Hand models are used in advertising where advertisers want close ups of the product being handled. Most hands have blemishes such as scrapes, scars, spots, or discolorations which would stand out in a close up and detract from the product. Hand models tend to have flawless skin and hands. In female hand models agents often seek long, slender hands and fingers and long nail beds. They also value smooth, hairless, unblemished skin with minimal wrinkles and visible pores." }, "John Kerry-5": { "title": "John Kerry", "section": "Early life and education (1943\u20131966)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "John Forbes Kerry was born on December 11, 1943, at Fitzsimons Army Medical Center in Aurora, Colorado. He is the second of four children born to Richard John Kerry, a Foreign Service officer and lawyer, and Rosemary Forbes, a nurse and social activist. His father was raised Catholic (John's paternal grandparents were Austro-Hungarian Jewish immigrants who converted to Catholicism) and his mother was Episcopalian. He was raised with an elder sister named Margaret, a younger sister named Diana, and a younger brother named Cameron. The children were raised in their father's Catholic faith, and John served as an altar boy." }, "Isopoda-14": { "title": "Isopoda", "section": "Feeding and nutrition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Isopods are detritivores, browsers, carnivores (including predators and scavengers), parasites, and filter feeders, and may occupy one or more of these feeding niches. Only aquatic and marine species are known to be parasites or filter feeders. Some exhibit coprophagia and will also consume their own fecal pellets. Terrestrial species are in general herbivorous, with woodlice feeding on moss, bark, algae, fungi and decaying material. In marine isopods that feed on wood, cellulose is digested by enzymes secreted in the caeca. Limnoria lignorum, for example, bores into wood and additionally feeds on the mycelia of fungi attacking the timber, thus increasing the nitrogen in its diet. Land-based wood-borers mostly house symbiotic bacteria in the hindgut which aid in digesting cellulose. There are numerous adaptations to this simple gut, but these are mostly correlated with diet rather than by taxonomic group." }, "Attack on Pearl Harbor-1": { "title": "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise, preemptive military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States (a neutral country at the time) against the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, just before 08:00, on Sunday morning, December 7, 1941. The attack led to the United States' formal entry into World War II the next day. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI, and as Operation Z during its planning." }, "Tonsil-3": { "title": "Tonsil", "section": "Structure", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Humans are born with four types of tonsils: the pharyngeal tonsil, two tubal tonsils, two palatine tonsils and the lingual tonsils." }, "Texas-31": { "title": "Texas", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Night-time summer temperatures range from the upper 50s \u00b0F (14\u00a0\u00b0C) in the West Texas mountains to 80\u00a0\u00b0F (27\u00a0\u00b0C) in Galveston." }, "Multiracial people-1": { "title": "Multiracial people", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Multiracial people (or mixed-race people) is defined as made up of or relating to people of many races. Many terms exist for people of various multiracial backgrounds, including multiracial, biracial, multiethnic, polyethnic, M\u00e9tis, Creole, Coloured, Dougla, mestizo, mulatto, Melungeon, quadroon, Chindian, zambo, Eurasian, hapa, h\u0101fu, Garifuna and pardo." }, "World War II-1": { "title": "World War II", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "World War\u00a0II (often abbreviated as WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries\u2014including all the great powers\u2014eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. A state of total war emerged, directly involving more than 100\u00a0million people from more than 30 countries. The major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War\u00a0II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, genocides (including the Holocaust), strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons in war." }, "East Auckland-1": { "title": "East Auckland", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "East Auckland is an area of Auckland, New Zealand, characterised in the popular mind as a socio-economically mixed urban area with a relatively large multi-cultural population. The name \"East Auckland\" is not an official placename, but is in popular use by New Zealanders. It is also used in the names of some organisations and companies. Coverage and connotations of the name are not precisely defined and vary somewhat with the user." }, "Shrimp-36": { "title": "Shrimp", "section": "Human uses", "headers": [ "As food" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Shrimp and other shellfish are among the most common food allergens. They are not kosher and thus are forbidden in Jewish cuisine." }, "Kurt Cobain-47": { "title": "Kurt Cobain", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Health" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "If any of you in any way hate homosexuals, people of different color, or women, please do this one favor for us\u2014leave us the fuck alone! Don't come to our shows and don't buy our records. Throughout most of his life, Cobain suffered from chronic bronchitis and intense physical pain due to an undiagnosed chronic stomach condition. His first drug experience was with cannabis in 1980, at age 13. He regularly used the drug during adulthood. Cobain also had a period of consuming \"notable\" amounts of LSD, as observed by Marander, and was \"really into getting fucked up: drugs, acid, any kind of drug\", observed Krist Novoselic; Cobain was also prone to alcoholism and solvent abuse. According to The Telegraph, Cobain had depression. His cousin brought attention to the family history of suicide, mental illness and alcoholism, noting two of her uncles who had died by suicide with guns." }, "Wladimir Klitschko-4": { "title": "Wladimir Klitschko", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Klitschko holds the record for the longest cumulative heavyweight title reign of all time, with 4,382 days as world heavyweight champion. Wladimir has defeated 23 opponents for the world heavyweight championship, more than any other heavyweight in history. In 2011, Wladimir and his brother Vitali entered the Guinness World Records book as the pair of brothers with most world heavyweight title fight wins (30 at the time; 40 as of 2020). After defeating Alexander Povetkin in October 2013 and until his loss to Tyson Fury in November 2015, Klitschko was recognized as the lineal champion by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board, while the WBA recognised him as one of its \"Super champions\", a distinction given to boxers who hold that title in addition to those by other sanctioning bodies in the same division. From 2004 to 2015, Wladimir and Vitali (himself a former world heavyweight champion) dominated heavyweight boxing, a period typically known as the \"Klitschko Era\" of the division." }, "Brazilian Navy-55": { "title": "Brazilian Navy", "section": "Brazilian Navy today", "headers": [ "Personnel" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "Battle of 4 May \u2013 The largest naval battle of the War of Independence. The Brazilian and Portuguese fleets clashed with inconclusive results. Siege of Salvador \u2013 Brazilian Imperial warships surrounding troops and Portuguese ships in Salvador, Bahia. Battle of Montevideo \u2013 Imperial naval forces sought to capture the last Portuguese redoubt in the Cisplatina province. Battle of Monte Santiago \u2013 The Imperial Navy, commanded by James Norton, surprised and chased an Argentine squad. Battle of The Tonelero Pass \u2013 An Imperial naval force forced passage under an artillery barrage from the Argentine Army. Siege of Salto \u2013 Imperial Navy blockade and bombing of the city of Salto, Uruguay. Siege of Paysand\u00fa \u2013 Imperial warships siege and bombard the city of Paysand\u00fa. Battle of Riachuelo \u2013 Largest naval battle of the Brazilian Navy history, one of the most important in South America. Involved Brazilian and Paraguayan naval forces. Battle of Paso de Cuevas \u2013 Brazilian and Argentine warships successfully pass Argentine troops at the Cuevas Pass on the Rio Paran\u00e1. Battle of Curuz\u00fa \u2013 Brazilian Imperial warships bombardment of Curuz\u00fa fortifications. Siege of Humait\u00e1 \u2013 Passage of the Imperial fleet before the fortification of Humait\u00e1 on the Rio Paraguay. U-boat Campaign (World War I) \u2013 Brazilian squad created to patrol the area between Dakar-Cape Verde-Gibraltar, during World War I. Battle of the Atlantic \u2013 Brazilian warships against German submarines in World War II. As of 2011, the Brazilian Navy has a reported strength of 60,000 active personnel, of which approximately 15,000 are naval infantry. The current Navy Commander is Admiral Eduardo Leal Ferreira." }, "Barn-1": { "title": "Barn", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A barn is an agricultural building usually on farms and used for various purposes. In the North American area, a barn refers to structures that house livestock, including cattle and horses, as well as equipment and fodder, and often grain. As a result, the term barn is often qualified e.g. tobacco barn, dairy barn, sheep barn, potato barn. In the British Isles, the term barn is restricted mainly to storage structures for unthreshed cereals and fodder, the terms byre or shippon being applied to cow shelters, whereas horses are kept in buildings known as stables. In mainland Europe, however, barns were often part of integrated structures known as byre-dwellings (or housebarns in US literature). In addition, barns may be used for equipment storage, as a covered workplace, and for activities such as threshing." }, "Werner Herzog-1": { "title": "Werner Herzog", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Werner Herzog (German: [\u02c8v\u025b\u0250\u032fn\u0250 \u02c8h\u025b\u0250\u032ftso\u02d0k]; born 5 September 1942) is a German film director, screenwriter, author, actor, and opera director. Herzog is a figure of the New German Cinema. His films often feature ambitious protagonists with impossible dreams, people with unique talents in obscure fields, or individuals who are in conflict with nature." }, "MacOS-1": { "title": "MacOS", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "macOS (/\u02ccm\u00e6ko\u028a\u02c8\u025bs/; previously Mac\u00a0OS\u00a0X and later OS\u00a0X) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001. It is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac computers. Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the second most widely used desktop OS, after Microsoft Windows." }, "Los Angeles-1": { "title": "Los Angeles", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Los Angeles (/l\u0254\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u0259s/ (listen); Spanish: Los \u00c1ngeles; Spanish for 'The Angels'), officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A., is the largest city in California. With an estimated population of nearly four million people, it is the country's second most populous city (after New York City) and the third most populous city in North America (after Mexico City and New York City). Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, Hollywood entertainment industry, and its sprawling metropolis." }, "Straight edge-5": { "title": "Straight edge", "section": "History", "headers": [ "1970s and early 1980s" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Straight edge sentiments can be found in songs by the early 1980s band Minor Threat. This anti-inebriation movement had been developing in punk prior to Minor Threat, but their song \"Straight Edge\" was influential in giving the scene a name, and something of a (somewhat unwilling) figurehead. Minor Threat frontman Ian MacKaye is often credited with birthing the Straight edge name and movement and in later years has often spoken out about how he never intended it to be a movement." }, "Pedanius Dioscorides-1": { "title": "Pedanius Dioscorides", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pedanius Dioscorides (Greek: \u03a0\u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2\u00a0: Ped\u00e1nios Dioskour\u00edd\u0113s; c. 40 \u2013 90 AD) was a Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist, and author of De materia medica (Ancient Greek: \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u1f55\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2, On Medical Material) \u2014a 5-volume Greek encyclopedia about herbal medicine and related medicinal substances (a pharmacopeia), that was widely read for more than 1,500 years. He was employed as a physician in the Roman army." }, "Scarecrow (Oz)-3": { "title": "Scarecrow (Oz)", "section": "In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "His desire for a brain notably contrasts with the Tin Woodman's desire for a heart, reflecting a common debate between the relative importance of the mind and the emotions. Indeed, both believe they have neither. This philosophical debate between the two friends as to why their own choices are superior; neither convinces the other, and Dorothy, listening, is unable to decide which one is right. Symbolically, because they remain with Dorothy throughout her quest, she is provided with both and need not select." }, "J. D. Salinger-1": { "title": "J. D. Salinger", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jerome David Salinger (/\u02c8s\u00e6l\u026and\u0292\u0259r/; January 1, 1919\u00a0\u2013 January 27, 2010) was an American writer best known for his novel The Catcher in the Rye." }, "Walter Knott-1": { "title": "Walter Knott", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Walter Marvin Knott (December 11, 1889 \u2013 December 3, 1981) was an American farmer who created the Knott's Berry Farm amusement park in California, introduced the Boysenberry, and made Knott's Berry Farm boysenberry preserves." }, "Albanian Declaration of Independence-1": { "title": "Albanian Declaration of Independence", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Albanian Declaration of Independence (Albanian: Deklarata e Pavar\u00ebsis\u00eb) was the declaration of independence of Albania from the Ottoman Empire. Independent Albania was proclaimed in Vlor\u00eb on 28 November 1912. Six days later the Assembly of Vlor\u00eb formed the first Government of Albania which was led by Ismail Qemali and the Council of Elders (Pleqnia)." }, "Electric stove-13": { "title": "Electric stove", "section": "Variants", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "A third technology\u2014developed first for professional kitchens, but today also entering the domestic market\u2014is induction cooking. This process has hitherto only heated ferromagnetic cookware directly through electromagnetic induction. Recent developments have enabled non ferrous cookware to work as well, but not as efficiently as ferrous. Induction stoves also have a smooth glass-ceramic surface." }, "Revolutionary Road-5": { "title": "Revolutionary Road", "section": "Plot summary", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Seeking to break out of their suburban rut (and consequently blaming herself for all of Frank's \"problems\"), April convinces Frank they should move to Paris, where she will work and support him while he realizes his vague ambition to be something other than an office worker. The promise of France brings the two together in love and excitement again, and Frank seemingly ends his relationship with Maureen. While April sees the emigration as an opportunity to escape their bland environment, Frank's plans are more driven by vanity of his own intelligence, which April panders to. When the dull and prim neighbor Mrs. Givings begins bringing her \"insane\" son John around to the Wheelers' house for regular lunches, John's honest and erratic condemnation of his mother's suburban lifestyle strikes a chord with the Wheelers, particularly Frank." }, "Flora Call Disney-4": { "title": "Flora Call Disney", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Herbert Arthur Disney (December 8, 1888\u2013January 29, 1961) Raymond Arnold Disney (December 30, 1890\u2013May 24, 1989) Roy Oliver Disney (June 24, 1893\u2013December 20, 1971) Walter Elias Disney (December 5, 1901\u2013December 15, 1966) Ruth Flora Disney Beecher (December 6, 1903\u2013April 7, 1995) Disney died in 1938 in an accident that plagued her son Walt Disney with grief for the rest of his life. After the success of their film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, in 1938, Walt Disney and Roy Disney presented their parents with a new home in North Hollywood, near" }, "Donny Hathaway-4": { "title": "Donny Hathaway", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Hathaway worked as a songwriter, session musician, and producer for Curtis Mayfield's Curtom Records in Chicago. He did the arrangements for hits by the Unifics (\"Court of Love\" and \"The Beginning of My End\") and took part in projects by the Staple Singers, Jerry Butler, Aretha Franklin, the Impressions and Curtis Mayfield himself. After becoming a \"house producer\" at Curtom, he also started recording there. Hathaway recorded his first single under his own name in 1969, a duet with singer June Conquest called \"I Thank You, Baby\". They also recorded the duet \"Just Another Reason\", released as the b-side. Former Cleveland Browns president Bill Futterer, who as a college student promoted Curtom in the southeast in 1968 and 1969, was befriended by Hathaway and has cited Hathaway's influence on his later projects." }, "Cleaning agent-16": { "title": "Cleaning agent", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "All-purpose cleaners" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "All-purpose cleansers contain mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants, polymeric phosphates or other sequestering agents, solvents, hydrotropic substances, polymeric compounds, corrosion inhibitors, skin-protective agents, and sometimes perfumes and colorants. Aversive agents, such as denatonium, are occasionally added to cleaning products to discourage animals and small children from consuming them." }, "Texas-30": { "title": "Texas", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Maximum temperatures in the summer months average from the 80s \u00b0F (26\u00a0\u00b0C) in the mountains of West Texas and on Galveston Island to around 100\u00a0\u00b0F (38\u00a0\u00b0C) in the Rio Grande Valley, but most areas of Texas see consistent summer high temperatures in the 90\u00a0\u00b0F (32\u00a0\u00b0C) range." }, "Solar eclipse-3": { "title": "Solar eclipse", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Total eclipses are rare because the timing of the new moon within the eclipse season needs to be more exact for an alignment between the observer (on Earth) and the centers of the Sun and Moon. In addition, the elliptical orbit of the Moon often takes it far enough away from Earth that its apparent size is not large enough to block the Sun entirely. Total solar eclipses are rare at any particular location because totality exists only along a narrow path on the Earth's surface traced by the Moon's full shadow or umbra." }, "Iron tris(dimethyldithiocarbamate)-7": { "title": "Iron tris(dimethyldithiocarbamate)", "section": "Safety", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal (permissible exposure limit) for ferbam exposure in the workplace as 15\u00a0mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 1\u00a0mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 800\u00a0mg/m3, ferbam is immediately dangerous to life and health." }, "Green Giant-10": { "title": "Green Giant", "section": "The Valley", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Sixty miles (97\u00a0km) further south on US 169, in the city of Blue Earth, Minnesota, stands a 55-foot (17\u00a0m) fiberglass statue of the Jolly Green Giant. The statue was first unveiled in 1978 and was set on its permanent base on July 6, 1979, at 43\u00b039\u203202\u2033N 94\u00b05\u203246\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff43.65056\u00b0N 94.09611\u00b0W\ufeff / 43.65056; -94.09611\ufeff (Jolly Green Giant statue (Blue Earth, Minnesota)). The statue attracts over 10,000 visitors a year." }, "Outline of the Middle Ages-2": { "title": "Outline of the Middle Ages", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Middle Ages \u2013 periodization of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The Middle Ages follows the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and precedes the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period of a three-period division of Western history: Classic, Medieval and Modern." }, "Ronda Rousey-1": { "title": "Ronda Rousey", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ronda Jean Rousey (/\u02c8ra\u028azi/; born February 1, 1987) is an American professional wrestler, actress, author, and former mixed martial artist and judoka who is signed to WWE as a wrestler since 2018. Her longstanding nickname, \"Rowdy\", was inherited from late professional wrestler Roddy Piper." }, "Disability-4": { "title": "Disability", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "For the purposes of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission regulations provide a list of conditions that should easily be concluded to be disabilities: deafness, blindness, an intellectual disability (formerly termed mental retardation), partially or completely missing limbs or mobility impairments requiring the use of a wheelchair, autism, cancer, cerebral palsy, diabetes, epilepsy, HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia." }, "Hot sauce-1": { "title": "Hot sauce", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hot sauce, also known as chili sauce or pepper sauce, is any condiment, seasoning, or salsa made from chili peppers and other ingredients." }, "Pancreas-37": { "title": "Pancreas", "section": "Clinical significance", "headers": [ "Cancer" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the most common form of pancreatic cancer, and is cancer arising from the exocrine digestive part of the pancreas. Most occur in the head of the pancreas. Symptoms tend to arise late in the course of the cancer, when it causes abdominal pain, weight loss, or yellowing of the skin (jaundice). Jaundice occurs when the outflow of bile is blocked by the cancer. Other less common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, pancreatitis, diabetes or recurrent venous thrombosis. Pancreatic cancer is usually diagnosed by medical imaging in the form of an ultrasound or CT scan with contrast enhancement. An endoscopic ultrasound may be used if a tumour is being considered for surgical removal, and biopsy guided by ERCP or ultrasound can be used to confirm an uncertain diagnosis." }, "United States Department of Education-4": { "title": "United States Department of Education", "section": "Functions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Unlike the systems of most other countries, education in the United States is highly decentralized, and the federal government and Department of Education are not heavily involved in determining curricula or educational standards (with the exception of the No Child Left Behind Act). This has been left to state and local school districts. The quality of educational institutions and their degrees is maintained through an informal private process known as accreditation, over which the Department of Education has no direct public jurisdictional control." }, "Dale Earnhardt Jr.-3": { "title": "Dale Earnhardt Jr.", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "After driving the No. 8 Chevrolet Monte Carlo for Dale Earnhardt, Inc. (DEI), his father's team in the NASCAR Cup Series, for much of his early Cup career, he moved to Hendrick Motorsports to drive the No. 88 in 2008. He remained with HMS until his retirement as a full-time driver in 2017. Earnhardt retired with 26 wins in the Cup Series, a total that ranks him in the top 40 in NASCAR history." }, "Pharaoh-1": { "title": "Pharaoh", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pharaoh (/\u02c8f\u025b\u0259ro\u028a/, US also /\u02c8fe\u026a.ro\u028a/; Coptic: \u2ca1\u2ca3\u0305\u2ca3\u2c9f P\u01ddrro) is the common title of the monarchs of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BCE) until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Empire in 30 BCE, although the actual term \"Pharaoh\" was not used contemporaneously for a ruler until Merneptah, c. 1200 BCE. In the early dynasty, ancient Egyptian kings used to have up to three titles, the Horus, the Sedge and Bee (nswt-bjtj) name, and the Two Ladies (nbtj) name. The Golden Horus and nomen and prenomen titles were later added." }, "Aquatic respiration-2": { "title": "Aquatic respiration", "section": "Respiratory systems", "headers": [ "Fish" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Most fish exchange gases using gills on either side of the pharynx (throat), forming the Splanchnocranium; the Splanchnocranium being the portion of the skeleton where the cartilage of the cranium converges into the cartilage of the pharynx and its associated parts. Gills are tissues which consist of threadlike structures called filaments. These filaments have many functions and are involved in ion and water transfer as well as oxygen, carbon dioxide, acid and ammonia exchange. Each filament contains a capillary network that provides a large surface area for the exchange of gases and ions. Fish exchange gases by pulling oxygen-rich water through their mouths and pumping it over their gills. In species like the Spiny dogfish and other sharks and rays, a spiracle exists near the top of the head that pumps water into the gills when the animal is not in motion. In some fish, capillary blood flows in the opposite direction to the water, causing countercurrent exchange. The muscles on the sides of the pharynx push the oxygen-depleted water out the gill openings. In bony fish, the pumping of oxygen-poor water is aided by a bone that surrounds the gills called the Operculum (fish)." }, "Canadian dollar-16": { "title": "Canadian dollar", "section": "Coins", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Coins are produced by the Royal Canadian Mint's facilities in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and Ottawa, Ontario, in denominations of 5\u00a2 (nickel), 10\u00a2 (dime), 25\u00a2 (quarter), 50\u00a2 (50\u00a2 piece) (though the 50\u00a2 piece is no longer distributed to banks and is only available directly from the mint, therefore seeing very little circulation), $1 (loonie), and $2 (toonie). The last 1\u00a2 coin (penny) to be minted in Canada was struck on May 4, 2012, and distribution of the penny ceased on February 4, 2013. Ever since, the price for a cash transaction is rounded to the nearest five cents. The penny continues to be legal tender, although they are only accepted as payment and not given back as change." }, "Parc des Princes-1": { "title": "Parc des Princes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Parc des Princes (French pronunciation:\u00a0\u200b[pa\u0281k de p\u0281\u025b\u0303s], literally \"Princes\u2019 Park\" in English) is an all-seater football stadium in Paris, France. The venue is located in the south-west of the French capital, inside the 16th arrondissement of Paris, in the immediate vicinity of the Stade Jean-Bouin (rugby venue) and within walking distance from the Stade Roland Garros (tennis venue)." }, "Greyhound Lines-17": { "title": "Greyhound Lines", "section": "History", "headers": [ "1945\u20131983: Expansion, desegregation, and diversification" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "After World War II, and the building of the Interstate Highway System beginning in 1956, automobile travel became a preferred mode of travel in the United States. This, combined with the increasing affordability of air travel, spelled trouble for Greyhound and other intercity bus carriers." }, "Vulnerable species-1": { "title": "Vulnerable species", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A vulnerable species is a species which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as likely to become endangered unless the circumstances that are threatening its survival and reproduction improve." }, "Lucha libre-16": { "title": "Lucha libre", "section": "Style of wrestling", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Lucha libre is also known for its tag team wrestling matches. The teams are often made up of three members, instead of two as is common in the United States. These three man teams participate in what are called trios matches, for tag team championship belts. Of these three members, one member is designated the captain. A successful fall in a trios match can be achieved by either pinning the captain of the opposing team or by pinning both of the other members. A referee can also stop the match because of \"excessive punishment\". He can then award the match to the aggressors. Falls often occur simultaneously, which adds to the extremely stylized nature of the action. In addition, a wrestler can opt to roll out of the ring in lieu of tagging a partner or simply be knocked out of the ring, at which point one of his partners may enter. As a result, the tag team formula and pacing which has developed in U.S. tag matches is different from lucha libre because the race to tag is not a priority. There are also two-man tag matches (parejas), as well as \"four on four\" matches (atomicos)." }, "Moon Jae-in-7": { "title": "Moon Jae-in", "section": "Early life, education and military service", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Moon entered Kyungnam High School as the top of his class. He was accepted to study law at Kyung Hee University with a full scholarship. There he met his future wife, Kim Jung-sook. After organising a student protest against the Yushin Constitution, he was arrested, convicted, imprisoned and expelled from the university. Later, he was conscripted into the military and assigned to the South Korean special forces, where he participated in \"Operation Paul Bunyan\" during the axe murder incident in Panmunjom." }, "Golden Gate Bridge-50": { "title": "Golden Gate Bridge", "section": "Issues", "headers": [ "Suicides" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "The Golden Gate Bridge is the second-most used suicide site/suicide bridge in the world, after the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge. The deck is about 245 feet (75\u00a0m) above the water. After a fall of four seconds, jumpers hit the water at around 75\u00a0mph (120\u00a0km/h; 30\u00a0m/s). Most of the jumpers die from impact trauma. About 5% of the jumpers survive the initial impact but generally drown or die of hypothermia in the cold water." }, "Griffin (The Invisible Man)-11": { "title": "Griffin (The Invisible Man)", "section": "Universal Classic Monsters", "headers": [ "Reboot" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The Invisible Man Returns (1940): Vincent Price stars as Sir Geoffrey Radcliffe / Invisible Man. Radcliffe tries to clear himself of a murder charge and receives the serum from Jack Griffin's brother. The Invisible Woman (1940): Virginia Bruce stars as Kitty Carroll / Invisible Woman. A comedic installment in the franchise, Carroll becomes invisible after being subject to experimentation. There is no direct link to the previous films or Wells's novel. Invisible Agent (1942): Jon Hall stars as Frank Griffin Jr. / Frank Raymond / Invisible Man. Raymond is the grandson of original Invisible Man, but heroically uses the formula on himself to help the Allies during WWII. The Invisible Man's Revenge (1944): Jon Hall stars as Robert Griffin / Invisible Man. Griffin is a madman who seeks revenge on those who have wronged him, and becomes invisible upon experimentation. Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948): Vincent Price reprises his role in a cameo appearance at the end of the film. Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man (1951): Arthur Franz stars as Tommy Nelson / Invisible Man. Nelson, a middleweight boxer, is framed for the murder of promoter. As he tries to clear himself of the crime, he gets the invisibility serum from a former colleague of Jack Griffin's. Claude Rains appears in a still-photograph, reprising his role as John \"Jack\" Griffin. Johnny Depp was to portray the Invisible Man as part of Universal's Dark Universe, a shared cinematic universe based on the classic Universal Monsters. It was uncertain if the character would be Dr. Griffin or a very different character. But on November 8, 2017, producers Alex Kurtzman and Chris Morgan moved on to other projects, leaving the future of the Dark Universe in doubt. In January 2019, Universal announced that the plan moving forward was to focus on filmmaker-driven films, and less of an interconnection in the Dark Universe. Ultimately, Elisabeth Moss was given a starring role in the film as Cecilia Kass, while Oliver Jackson-Cohen and Michael Dorman were respectively cast as Adrian Griffin and Tom Griffin. The Invisible Man re-entered development, written and directed by Leigh Whannell and produced by Jason Blum. Johnny Depp still had option to star in the lead role, though all parties ultimately passed. The Invisible Man was released on February 28, 2020, receiving positive reviews." }, "Kurt Cobain-1": { "title": "Kurt Cobain", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Kurt Donald Cobain (February 20, 1967\u00a0\u2013 April 5, 1994) was an American singer, songwriter, and musician, best known as the guitarist and frontman of the rock band Nirvana. Regarded as a Generation X icon, he is considered to be one of the most iconic and influential rock musicians in the history of alternative music." }, "Bharal-3": { "title": "Bharal", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "This medium-sized caprid is 115 to 165\u00a0cm (45 to 65\u00a0in) long along the head-and-body, with a tail of 10 to 20\u00a0cm (3.9 to 7.9\u00a0in). They stand 69 to 91\u00a0cm (27 to 36\u00a0in) high at the shoulder. Body mass can range from 35 to 75\u00a0kg (77 to 165\u00a0lb). Males are slightly larger than females. The short, dense coat is slate grey in colour, sometimes with a bluish sheen. The underparts and backs of the legs are white, while the chest and fronts of the legs are black. Separating the grey back and white belly is a charcoal colored stripe. The ears are small, and the bridge of the nose is dark. The horns are found in both sexes and are ridged on the upper surface. In males, they grow upwards, then turn sideways and curve backward, looking somewhat like an upside-down mustache. They may grow to a length of 80\u00a0cm (31\u00a0in). In females, the horns are much shorter and straighter, growing up to 20\u00a0cm (7.9\u00a0in) long." }, "Salmonella enterica-3": { "title": "Salmonella enterica", "section": "Epidemiology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Raw chicken eggs and goose eggs can harbor S. enterica, initially in the egg whites, although most eggs are not infected. As the egg ages at room temperature, the yolk membrane begins to break down and S. enterica can spread into the yolk. Refrigeration and freezing do not kill all the bacteria, but substantially slow or halt their growth. Pasteurizing and food irradiation are used to kill Salmonella for commercially produced foodstuffs containing raw eggs such as ice cream. Foods prepared in the home from raw eggs, such as mayonnaise, cakes, and cookies, can spread salmonellae if not properly cooked before consumption." }, "Hippopotamus-44": { "title": "Hippopotamus", "section": "Hippos and humans", "headers": [ "In zoos" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "Like many zoo animals, hippos were traditionally displayed in concrete exhibits. In the case of hippos, they usually had a pool of water and patch of grass. In the 1980s, zoo exhibits increasingly reflected native habitats. For example, the Toledo Zoo Hippoquarium features a 360,000-US-gallon (1,400,000\u00a0l) pool. In 1987, the Toledo Zoo saw the first underwater birth by a captive hippo. The exhibit was so popular, the hippos became the logo of the Toledo Zoo." }, "Santa Claus-50": { "title": "Santa Claus", "section": "Traditions and rituals", "headers": [ "Parades, department stores, and shopping malls" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "Santa Claus appears in the weeks before Christmas in department stores or shopping malls, or at parties. The practice of this has been credited[dubious \u2013 discuss] to James Edgar, as he started doing this in 1890 in his Brockton, Massachusetts department store. He is played by an actor, usually helped by other actors (often mall employees) dressed as elves or other creatures of folklore associated with Santa. Santa's function is either to promote the store's image by distributing small gifts to children, or to provide a seasonal experience to children by listening to their wishlist while having them sit on his knee (a practice now under review by some organisations in Britain, and Switzerland). Sometimes a photograph of the child and Santa are taken. Having a Santa set up to take pictures with children is a ritual that dates back at least to 1918." }, "Baptism-59": { "title": "Baptism", "section": "Meaning and effects", "headers": [ "Officiator" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "The discipline of the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy and the Assyrian Church of the East is similar to that of the Eastern Catholic Churches. They require the baptizer, even in cases of necessity, to be of their own faith, on the grounds that a person cannot convey what he himself does not possess, in this case membership in the Church. The Latin Catholic Church does not insist on this condition, considering that the effect of the sacrament, such as membership of the Church, is not produced by the person who baptizes, but by the Holy Spirit. For the Orthodox, while Baptism in extremis may be administered by a deacon or any lay-person, if the newly baptized person survives, a priest must still perform the other prayers of the Rite of Baptism, and administer the Mystery of Chrismation." }, "Julia Roberts-7": { "title": "Julia Roberts", "section": "Early life and family", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Roberts wanted to be a veterinarian as a child. She also played the clarinet in her school band. After graduating from Smyrna's Campbell High School, she attended Georgia State University but did not graduate. She later headed to New York City to pursue a career in acting. Once there, she signed with the Click Modeling Agency and enrolled in acting classes." }, "Mobile phone-4": { "title": "Mobile phone", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The development of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) large-scale integration (LSI) technology, information theory and cellular networking led to the development of affordable mobile communications. The first handheld cellular mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing 2 kilograms (4.4\u00a0lb). The first commercial automated cellular network (1G) analog was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone in 1979. This was followed in 1981 by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Several other countries then followed in the early to mid-1980s. These first-generation (1G) systems could support far more simultaneous calls but still used analog cellular technology. In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available handheld mobile phone." }, "Riksdag-1": { "title": "Riksdag", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Riksdag (Swedish: riksdagen or Sveriges riksdag) is the national legislature and the supreme decision-making body of Sweden. Since 1971, the Riksdag has been a unicameral legislature with 349 members (riksdagsledam\u00f6ter), elected proportionally and serving, from 1994 onwards, on fixed four-year terms." }, "Reticulated python-26": { "title": "Reticulated python", "section": "Danger to humans", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "The reticulated python is among the few snakes that prey on humans. Attacks on humans are not common, but this species has been responsible for several reported human fatalities, in both the wild and captivity. Considering the known maximum prey size, a full-grown reticulated python can open its jaws wide enough to swallow a human, but the width of the shoulders of some adult Homo sapiens can pose a problem for even a snake with sufficient size. Reports of human fatalities and human consumption (the latest examples of consumption of an adult human being well authenticated) include:" }, "Ham-10": { "title": "Ham", "section": "Methods", "headers": [ "Dry-cured" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The duration of the curing process varies by the type of ham, with, for example, Serrano ham curing in 9\u201312 months, Parma hams taking more than 12 months, and Iberian ham taking up to 2 years to reach the desired flavour characteristics. Some dry cured hams, such as the Jinhua ham, take approximately 8 to 10 months to complete." }, "Femur-1": { "title": "Femur", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The femur (/\u02c8fi\u02d0m\u0259r/, pl. femurs or femora /\u02c8f\u025bm\u0259r\u0259/), or thigh bone, is the proximal bone of the hindlimb in tetrapod vertebrates (for example, the largest bone of the human thigh). The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and kneecap, forming the knee joint. By most measures the two (left and right) femurs are the strongest bones of the body, and in humans," }, "Justin Timberlake-1": { "title": "Justin Timberlake", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Justin Randall Timberlake (born January 31, 1981), occasionally known by his initials JT, is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and record producer. Raised in Tennessee, he appeared on the television shows Star Search and The All-New Mickey Mouse Club as a child. In the late 1990s, Timberlake rose to prominence as one of the two lead vocalists and youngest member of NSYNC, which eventually became one of the best-selling boy bands of all time. Timberlake began to adopt a more mature image as an artist with the release of his debut solo album, the R&B-focused Justified (2002), which yielded the successful singles \"Cry Me a River\" and \"Rock Your Body\", and earned his first two Grammy Awards." }, "Assassination of Abraham Lincoln-2": { "title": "Assassination of Abraham Lincoln", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Shot in the head as he watched the play, Lincoln died the following day at 7:22\u00a0am, in the Petersen House opposite the theater. He was the first U.S. president to be assassinated, with his funeral and burial marking an extended period of national mourning." }, "Diplomatic immunity-11": { "title": "Diplomatic immunity", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Modern" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Modern diplomatic immunity evolved parallel to the development of modern diplomacy. In the 17th century, European diplomats realized that protection from prosecution was essential to doing their jobs, and a set of rules evolved guaranteeing the rights of diplomats. These were still confined to Western Europe and were closely tied to the prerogatives of nobility. Thus, an emissary to the Ottoman Empire could expect to be arrested and imprisoned upon the outbreak of hostilities between his state and the empire. The French Revolution also disrupted this system, as the revolutionary state and Napoleon imprisoned numerous diplomats who were accused of working against France. More recently, the Iran hostage crisis is universally considered a violation of diplomatic immunity. Although the hostage takers did not officially represent the state, host countries are obligated to protect diplomatic property and personnel. On the other hand, during World War II, diplomatic immunity was upheld and the embassies of the belligerents were evacuated through neutral countries." }, "Diary-1": { "title": "Diary", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A diary is a record (originally in handwritten format) with discrete entries arranged by date reporting on what has happened over the course of a day or other period. A personal diary may include a person's experiences, thoughts, and/or feelings, excluding comments on current events outside the writer's direct experience. Someone who keeps a diary is known as a diarist. Diaries undertaken for institutional purposes play a role in many aspects of human civilization, including government records (e.g. Hansard), business ledgers, and military records. In British English, the word may also denote a preprinted journal format. A diary is a collection of notes." }, "Sacrum-1": { "title": "Sacrum", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The sacrum\u00a0; plural: sacra or sacrums), in human anatomy, is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine that forms by the fusing of sacral vertebrae S1\u2013S5 between 18 and 30\u00a0years of age." }, "Joker (character)-3": { "title": "Joker (character)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Joker possesses no superhuman abilities, instead using his expertise in chemical engineering to develop poisonous or lethal concoctions and thematic weaponry, including razor-tipped playing cards, deadly joy buzzers, and acid-spraying lapel flowers. The Joker sometimes works with other Gotham City supervillains, such as the Penguin and Two-Face, and groups like the Injustice Gang and Injustice League, but these relationships often collapse due to the Joker's desire for unbridled chaos. The 1990s introduced a romantic interest for the Joker in his former psychiatrist, Harley Quinn, who becomes his villainous sidekick. Although his primary obsession is Batman, the Joker has also fought other heroes, including Superman and Wonder Woman." }, "Oyster-48": { "title": "Oyster", "section": "As food", "headers": [ "Dishes" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "specify] Oysters can be eaten on the half shell, raw, smoked, boiled, baked, fried, roasted, stewed, canned, pickled, steamed, or broiled, or used in a variety of drinks. Eating can be as simple as opening the shell and eating the contents, including juice. Butter and salt are often added. Poached oysters can be served on toast with a cream roux. In the case of Oysters Rockefeller, preparation can be very elaborate. They are sometimes served on edible seaweed, such as brown algae." }, "Secretary of state-14": { "title": "Secretary of state", "section": "The Americas", "headers": [ "United States", "Federal government" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "In the United States federal government, \"Secretary of State\" refers to the official responsible for executing the non-military and non-homeland security aspects of foreign policy, the analogue of the foreign secretary or foreign minister of a country that has one or the other. The U.S. secretary of state is head of the United States Department of State. He or she is responsible for the administration of United States embassies and their subsidiary units throughout the world." }, "Cutlery-5": { "title": "Cutlery", "section": "Composition", "headers": [ "Metallic" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Sterling silver is the traditional material from which good quality cutlery is made. Historically, silver had the advantage over other metals of being less chemically reactive. Chemical reactions between certain foods and the cutlery metal can lead to unpleasant tastes. Gold is even less reactive than silver, but the use of gold cutlery was confined to the exceptionally wealthy, such as monarchs." }, "Marshall Applewhite-13": { "title": "Marshall Applewhite", "section": "Introduction to Nettles and first travels", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "While traveling, Applewhite and Nettles pondered the life of St.\u00a0Francis of Assisi and read works by authors including Helena Blavatsky, R.\u00a0D. Laing, and Richard Bach. They kept a King James Version of the Bible with them and studied several passages from the New Testament, focusing on teachings about Christology, asceticism, and eschatology. Applewhite also read science fiction, including works by Robert A.\u00a0Heinlein and Arthur C.\u00a0Clarke. By June 1974, Applewhite and Nettles' beliefs had solidified into a basic outline. They concluded that they had been chosen to fulfill biblical prophecies, and that they had been given higher-level minds than other people. They wrote a pamphlet that described Jesus' reincarnation as a Texan, a thinly veiled reference to Applewhite. Furthermore, they concluded that they were the two witnesses described in the Book of Revelation and occasionally visited churches or other spiritual groups to speak of their identities, often referring to themselves as \"The Two\", or \"The UFO Two\". They believed that they would be killed and then restored to life and, in view of others, transported onto a spaceship. This event, which they referred to as \"the Demonstration\", was to prove their claims. To their dismay, these ideas were poorly received." }, "Moose-41": { "title": "Moose", "section": "Ecology and biology", "headers": [ "Diet" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "The moose is a herbivore and is capable of consuming many types of plant or fruit. The average adult moose needs to consume 9,770\u00a0kcal (40.9\u00a0MJ) per day to maintain its body weight. Much of a moose's energy is derived from terrestrial vegetation, mainly consisting of forbs and other non-grasses, and fresh shoots from trees such as willow and birch. These plants are rather low in sodium, and moose generally need to consume a good quantity of aquatic plants. While much lower in energy, aquatic plants provide the moose with its sodium requirements, and as much as half of their diet usually consists of aquatic plant life. In winter, moose are often drawn to roadways, to lick salt that is used as a snow and ice melter. A typical moose, weighing 360\u00a0kg (794\u00a0lb), can eat up to 32\u00a0kg (71\u00a0lb) of food per day." }, "The Avengers (2012 film)-37": { "title": "The Avengers (2012 film)", "section": "Marketing", "headers": [ "Trailers" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "In January 2012, Marvel Studios held a global Twitter chat. The 30-minute live tweeting event featured writer/director Joss Whedon, cast members Samuel L. Jackson, Tom Hiddleston and Clark Gregg and a 10-second tease of the 30-second Super Bowl commercial that would air during Super Bowl XLVI in February. According to the Los Angeles Times, Disney paid an estimated $4\u00a0million for the 30-second spot. On May 1, 2012, executives from Marvel Studios, along with actors Tom Hiddleston and Clark Gregg, rang the opening bell of the New York Stock Exchange in honor of the film's theatrical release." }, "Winter-1": { "title": "Winter", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Winter is the coldest season of the year in polar and temperate zones (winter does not occur in most of the tropical zone). It occurs after autumn and before spring in each year. Winter is caused by the axis of the Earth in that hemisphere being oriented away from the Sun. Different cultures define different dates as the start of winter, and some use a definition based on weather. When it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere, it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa. In many regions, winter is associated with snow and freezing temperatures. The moment of winter solstice is when the Sun's elevation with respect to the North or South Pole is at its most negative value (that is, the Sun is at its farthest below the horizon as measured from the pole). The day on which this occurs has the shortest day and the longest night, with day length increasing and night length decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice. The earliest sunset and latest sunrise dates outside the polar regions differ from the date of the winter solstice, however, and these depend on latitude, due to the variation in the solar day throughout the year caused by the Earth's elliptical orbit (see earliest and latest sunrise and sunset)." }, "Douglas Adams-1": { "title": "Douglas Adams", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Douglas Noel Adams (11 March 1952 \u2013 11 May 2001) was an English author, screenwriter, essayist, humorist, satirist and dramatist." }, "Most livable cities-7": { "title": "Most livable cities", "section": "Mercer's Quality of Living Ranking", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "American global human resources and related financial services consulting firm Mercer annually releases its Mercer Quality of Living Survey, comparing 221 cities based on 39 criteria. New York City is given a baseline score of 100 and other cities are rated in comparison. Important criteria are safety, education, hygiene, health care, culture, environment, recreation, political-economic stability, public transport and access to goods and services. The list is intended to help multinational companies decide where to open offices or plants, and how much to pay employees. For nine consecutive years (2009\u20132017), Mercer ranked Austria's capital Vienna first in its annual \"Quality of Living\" survey, a title the city still held in 2016." }, "Metroid (video game)-1": { "title": "Metroid (video game)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Metroid is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo. The first installment in the Metroid series, it was originally released in Japan for the Family Computer Disk System peripheral in August 1986. North America received a release in August 1987 on the Nintendo Entertainment System in a ROM cartridge format, with the European release following in January 1988. Set on the planet Zebes, the story follows Samus Aran as she attempts to retrieve the parasitic Metroid organisms that were stolen by Space Pirates, who plan to replicate the Metroids by exposing them to beta rays and then use them as biological weapons to destroy Samus and all who oppose them." }, "Horseradish-1": { "title": "Horseradish", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana, syn. Cochlearia armoracia) is a perennial plant of the family Brassicaceae (which also includes mustard, wasabi, broccoli, cabbage, and radish). It is a root vegetable used as a spice and prepared as a condiment." }, "Art Deco-1": { "title": "Art Deco", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Art Deco, sometimes referred to as Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I. Art Deco influenced the design of buildings, furniture, jewelry, fashion, cars, movie theatres, trains, ocean liners, and everyday objects such as radios and vacuum cleaners. It took its name, short for Arts D\u00e9coratifs, from the Exposition internationale des arts d\u00e9coratifs et industriels modernes (International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts) held in Paris in 1925. It combined modern styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials. During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, and faith in social and technological progress." }, "Fir-1": { "title": "Fir", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Firs (Abies) are a genus of 48\u201356 species of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Pinaceae. They are found through much of North and Central America, Europe, Asia, and North Africa, occurring in mountains over most of the range. Firs are most closely related to the genus Cedrus (cedar). Douglas firs are not true firs, being of the genus Pseudotsuga." }, "Evidence-based medicine-1": { "title": "Evidence-based medicine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is \"the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.\" The aim of EBM is to integrate the experience of the clinician, the values of the patient, and the best available scientific information to guide decision-making about clinical management. The term was originally used to describe an approach to teaching the practice of medicine and improving decisions by individual physicians about individual patients." }, "Fairyland-3": { "title": "Fairyland", "section": "In English and Scots texts", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Records of the Scottish witch trials reveal that many initiates claimed to have had congress with the \"Queen of Elfame\" and her retinue. On 8 November 1576 midwife Bessie Dunlop, a resident of Dalry, Scotland, was accused of sorcery and witchcraft. She answered her accusers that she had received tuition from Thomas Reid, a former barony officer who had died at the Battle of Pinkie 30 years earlier, and from the Queen of \"Court of Elfame\" that lay nearby. It resulted in a conviction and she was burned at the stake in 1576." }, "Cigarette-22": { "title": "Cigarette", "section": "Legislation", "headers": [ "Smoking age" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Most countries in the world have a legal vending age of 18. In Macedonia, Italy, Malta, Austria, Luxembourg, and Belgium, the age for legal vending is 16. Since January 1, 2007, all cigarette machines in public places in Germany must attempt to verify a customer's age by requiring the insertion of a debit card. Turkey, which has one of the highest percentage of smokers in its population, has a legal age of 18. Japan is one of the highest tobacco-consuming nations, and requires purchasers to be 20 years of age (suffrage in Japan is 20 years old). Since July 2008, Japan has enforced this age limit at cigarette vending machines through use of the taspo smart card. In other countries, such as Egypt, it is legal to use and purchase tobacco products regardless of age.[citation needed] Germany raised the purchase age from 16 to 18 on the 1 September 2007." }, "Floppy disk-1": { "title": "Floppy disk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A floppy disk, also known as a floppy, diskette, or simply disk, is a type of disk storage composed of a disk of thin and flexible magnetic storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic enclosure lined with fabric that removes dust particles. Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk drive (FDD)." }, "Time (magazine)-22": { "title": "Time (magazine)", "section": "Circulation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "citation needed] As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3\u00a0million, making it the 11th-most circulated magazine in the United States, and the second-most circulated weekly behind People. As of July 2017, its circulation was 3,028,013. In October 2017, Time cut its circulation to two million." }, "Nudity-1": { "title": "Nudity", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Nudity is a state of being in which a human is not wearing clothing or specifically is not covering the genitals. In some societies, partial nudity is defined as not covering other parts of the body that are deemed to be sexual." }, "Globalization-1": { "title": "Globalization", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Globalization or globalisation is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide. As a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, globalization is considered by some as a form of capitalist expansion which entails the integration of local and national economies into a global, unregulated market economy. Globalization has grown due to advances in transportation and communication technology. With the increased global interactions comes the growth of international trade, ideas, and culture. Globalization is primarily an economic process of interaction and integration that's associated with social and cultural aspects. However, conflicts and diplomacy are also large parts of the history of globalization, and modern globalization." }, "Monopoly-2": { "title": "Monopoly", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A monopoly is distinguished from a monopsony, in which there is only one buyer of a product or service; a monopoly may also have monopsony control of a sector of a market. Likewise, a monopoly should be distinguished from a cartel (a form of oligopoly), in which several providers act together to coordinate services, prices or sale of goods. Monopolies, monopsonies and oligopolies are all situations in which one or a few entities have market power and therefore interact with their customers (monopoly or oligopoly), or suppliers (monopsony) in ways that distort the market." }, "Glucose-1": { "title": "Glucose", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6. Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates. Glucose is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight, where it is used to make cellulose in cell walls, which is the most abundant carbohydrate. In energy metabolism, glucose is the most important source of energy in all organisms. Glucose for metabolism is partially stored as a polymer, in plants mainly as starch and amylopectin and in animals as glycogen. Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar. The naturally occurring form of glucose is d-glucose, while l-glucose is produced synthetically in comparatively small amounts and is of lesser importance. Glucose is a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms, an aldehyde group and is therefore referred to as an aldohexose. The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) as well as ring (cyclic) form, the latter being the result of an intramolecular reaction between the aldehyde C atom and the C-5 hydroxyl group to form an intramolecular hemiacetal. In water solution both forms are in equilibrium and at pH 7 the cyclic one is the predominant. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. In animals glucose arises from the breakdown of glycogen in a process known as glycogenolysis." }, "Coffee-45": { "title": "Coffee", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "In 2017, world production of green coffee beans was 9.2\u00a0million tonnes, led by Brazil with 29% of the total (table). Vietnam, Colombia, and Indonesia were other major producers." }, "Christian cross-1": { "title": "Christian cross", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Christian cross, seen as a representation of the instrument of the crucifixion of Jesus, is the best-known symbol of Christianity. It is related to the crucifix (a cross that includes a corpus, usually a three-dimensional representation of Jesus' body) and to the more general family of cross symbols, the term cross itself being detached from the original specifically Christian meaning in modern English (as in many other western languages)." }, "Sperm whale-2": { "title": "Sperm whale", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The sperm whale is a pelagic mammal with a worldwide range, and will migrate seasonally for feeding and breeding. Females and young males live together in groups, while mature males (bulls) live solitary lives outside of the mating season. The females cooperate to protect and nurse their young. Females give birth every four to 20 years, and care for the calves for more than a decade. A mature sperm whale has few natural predators, although calves and weakened adults are sometimes killed by pods of killer whales (orcas)." }, "William the Conqueror-8": { "title": "William the Conqueror", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "William was born in 1027 or 1028 at Falaise, Duchy of Normandy, most likely towards the end of 1028. He was the only son of Robert I, son of Richard II. His mother Herleva was a daughter of Fulbert of Falaise; he may have been a tanner or embalmer. She was possibly a member of the ducal household, but did not marry Robert. She later married Herluin de Conteville, with whom she had two sons\u00a0\u2013 Odo of Bayeux and Robert, Count of Mortain\u00a0\u2013 and a daughter whose name is unknown. One of Herleva's brothers, Walter, became a supporter and protector of William during his minority. Robert also had a daughter, Adelaide, by another mistress." }, "Oyster-2": { "title": "Oyster", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Some types of oysters are commonly consumed cooked or raw, and in some locales are regarded as a delicacy. Some types of pearl oysters are harvested for the pearl produced within the mantle. Windowpane oysters are harvested for their translucent shells, which are used to make various kinds of decorative objects." }, "Edgar Allan Poe-35": { "title": "Edgar Allan Poe", "section": "Legacy", "headers": [ "Influence" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "Poe's early detective fiction tales featuring C. Auguste Dupin laid the groundwork for future detectives in literature. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said, \"Each [of Poe's detective stories] is a root from which a whole literature has developed.... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it?\" The Mystery Writers of America have named their awards for excellence in the genre the \"Edgars\". Poe's work also influenced science fiction, notably Jules Verne, who wrote a sequel to Poe's novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket called An Antarctic Mystery, also known as The Sphinx of the Ice Fields. Science fiction author H. G. Wells noted, \"Pym tells what a very intelligent mind could imagine about the south polar region a century ago\". In 2013, The Guardian cited Pym as one of the greatest novels ever written in the English language, and noted its influence on later authors such as Doyle, Henry James, B. Traven, and David Morrell." }, "Jamie Brewer-3": { "title": "Jamie Brewer", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In 2011, Brewer made her television debut as Adelaide \"Addie\" Langdon in American Horror Story: Murder House. \"I first got word of the audition for the show from a friend of mine.\" She said. \"They were looking for a young lady with Down syndrome who could act. My headshot and resume were submitted and I was called for an audition and, to my surprise I got the part. I was so excited.\"" }, "Bar and bat mitzvah-1": { "title": "Bar and bat mitzvah", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bar Mitzvah and Bat Mitzvah lead here. For other uses, see Bar Mitzvah (disambiguation) and Bat Mitzvah (disambiguation) Bar mitzvah (Hebrew: \u05d1\u05b7\u05bc\u05e8 \u05de\u05b4\u05e6\u05b0\u05d5\u05b8\u05d4) is a Jewish coming of age ritual for boys, whereas Bat mitzvah (Hebrew: \u05d1\u05b7\u05bc\u05ea \u05de\u05b4\u05e6\u05b0\u05d5\u05b8\u05d4; Ashkenazi pronunciation: bas mitzveh) is a Jewish coming of age ritual for girls. The plural is b'nai mitzvah for boys, and b'not mitzvah (Ashkenazi pronunciation: b'nos mitzvah) for girls." }, "Code of Hammurabi-2": { "title": "Code of Hammurabi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Nearly half of the code deals with matters of contract, establishing the wages to be paid to an ox driver or a surgeon for example. Other provisions set the terms of a transaction, the liability of a builder for a house that collapses, or property that is damaged while left in the care of another. A third of the code addresses issues concerning household and family relationships such as inheritance, divorce, paternity, and reproductive behavior. Only one provision appears to impose obligations on a government official; this provision establishes that a judge who alters his decision after it is written down is to be fined and removed from the bench permanently. A few provisions address issues related to military service." }, "Pope Leo III-1": { "title": "Pope Leo III", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pope Leo III (Latin: Leo; fl. 12 June 816) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 26 December 795 to his death. Protected by Charlemagne from the supporters of his predecessor, Adrian I, Leo subsequently strengthened Charlemagne's position by crowning him emperor. The coronation was not approved in Constantinople, although the Byzantines, occupied with their own defenses, were in no position to offer much opposition." }, "Rammstein-55": { "title": "Rammstein", "section": "Controversies", "headers": [ "Imagery" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "The New York Times described Rammstein's music as a \"powerful strain of brutally intense rock... bringing gale-force music and spectacular theatrics together\". The members have not been shy about courting controversy and have periodically attracted condemnation from morality campaigners. Till and Flake's stage act earned them a night in jail in June 1999 after a liquid-ejecting dildo was used in a concert in Worcester, Massachusetts. Back home in Germany, the band faced repeated accusations of fascist sympathies because of the dark and sometimes militaristic imagery of their videos and concerts, including the use of excerpts from the film Olympia by Leni Riefenstahl in the video for their cover of Depeche Mode's song \"Stripped\". MTV Germany studied the lyrics, talked to the band and came away satisfied that Rammstein are apolitical; Peter Ruppert, then head of Music Programming at MTV Germany, stated that the band \"aren't in any way connected with any right-wing activities\"." }, "Apollo 13-3": { "title": "Apollo 13", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Although the LM was designed to support two men on the lunar surface for two days, Mission Control in Houston improvised new procedures so it could support three men for four days. The crew experienced great hardship caused by limited power, a chilly and wet cabin and a shortage of potable water. There was a critical need to adapt the CM's cartridges for the carbon dioxide removal system to work in the LM; the crew and mission controllers were successful in improvising a solution. The astronauts' peril briefly renewed public interest in the Apollo program; tens of millions watched the splashdown in the South Pacific Ocean on television." }, "Hippopotamus-36": { "title": "Hippopotamus", "section": "Behaviour and life history", "headers": [ "Social spacing" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Hippos appear to communicate vocally, through grunts and bellows, and they may practice echolocation, but the purpose of these vocalisations is currently unknown. Hippos have the unique ability to hold their heads partially above the water and send out a cry that travels through both water and air; individuals respond above and under water. Hippos will also express threat and alarm with exhalations." }, "Modafinil-19": { "title": "Modafinil", "section": "Overdose", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "In mice and rats, the median lethal dose (LD50) of modafinil is approximately or slightly greater than 1250\u00a0mg/kg. Oral LD50 values reported for rats range from 1000\u20133400\u00a0mg/kg. Intravenous LD50 for dogs is 300\u00a0mg/kg. Clinical trials on humans involving taking up to 1200\u00a0mg/day for 7\u201321\u00a0days and known incidents of acute one-time overdoses up to 4500\u00a0mg did not appear to cause life-threatening effects, although a number of adverse experiences were observed, including excitation or agitation, insomnia, anxiety, irritability, aggressiveness, confusion, nervousness, tremor, palpitations, sleep disturbances, nausea, and diarrhea. As of 2004, the FDA is not aware of any fatal overdoses involving modafinil alone (as opposed to multiple drugs including modafinil)." }, "Sheol-1": { "title": "Sheol", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sheol (/\u02c8\u0283i\u02d0o\u028al/ SHEE-ohl, /-\u0259l/; Hebrew: \u05e9\u05b0\u05c1\u05d0\u05d5\u05b9\u05dc \u0160\u0259\u02be\u014dl), in the Hebrew Bible, is a place of darkness to which spirits of the dead go. Under some circumstances they are thought to be able to be contacted by the living. Sheol is also called Hades." }, "Thomas Greenhill (surgeon)-7": { "title": "Thomas Greenhill (surgeon)", "section": "Elizabeth Greenhill", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Reflecting this unusual circumstance of birth, he was granted a version of his father's coat of arms in 1698 that commemorated \"his being the thirty-ninth child of one father and mother.\"\" It consists of \"Vert 2 bars of ermine, in chief a lion passant guardant or\" and a demi-griffin for its crest differenced by 39 mullets. Its motto was \"Honos Alit Artes\" or \"Honour Nourishes the Arts\"." }, "Human height-1": { "title": "Human height", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Human height or stature is the distance from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head in a human body, standing erect. It is measured using a stadiometer, usually in centimetres when using the metric system, or feet and inches when using the imperial system." }, "Eugenics-4": { "title": "Eugenics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The eugenics movement became associated with Nazi Germany and the Holocaust when the defense of many of the defendants at the Nuremberg trials of 1945 to 1946 attempted to justify their human-rights abuses by claiming there was little difference between the Nazi eugenics programs and the U.S. eugenics programs. In the decades following World War II, with more emphasis on human rights, many countries began to abandon eugenics policies, although some Western countries (the United States, Canada, and Sweden among them) continued to carry out forced sterilizations." }, "Khanbaliq-1": { "title": "Khanbaliq", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Khanbaliq or Dadu was the winter capital of the Yuan dynasty, the main center of the Mongol Empire founded by Kublai Khan in what is now Beijing, also the capital of China today. It was located at the center of modern Beijing. The Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng) directly administered the Central Region (\u8179\u88cf) of the Yuan Empire (comprising present-day Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, and parts of Henan and Inner Mongolia) and dictated policies for the other provinces. Kublai and his successors also claimed supremacy over the entire Mongol Empire: although in practice the unified empire had already fragmented into a number of khanates following the death of M\u00f6ngke Khan (Kublai's brother and predecessor) in 1259." }, "Lactic acid-4": { "title": "Lactic acid", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In animals, L-lactate is constantly produced from pyruvate via the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a process of fermentation during normal metabolism and exercise. It does not increase in concentration until the rate of lactate production exceeds the rate of lactate removal, which is governed by a number of factors, including monocarboxylate transporters, concentration and isoform of LDH, and oxidative capacity of tissues. The concentration of blood lactate is usually 1\u20132\u00a0mM at rest, but can rise to over 20\u00a0mM during intense exertion and as high as 25\u00a0mM afterward. In addition to other biological roles, L-lactic acid is the primary endogenous agonist of hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor\u00a01 (HCA1), which is a Gi/o-coupled G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)." }, "Oscar Wilde-75": { "title": "Oscar Wilde", "section": "Trials", "headers": [ "Regina v. Wilde" ], "para_index": 75, "content": "After Wilde left the court, a warrant for his arrest was applied for on charges of sodomy and gross indecency. Robbie Ross found Wilde at the Cadogan Hotel, Pont Street, Knightsbridge, with Reginald Turner; both men advised Wilde to go at once to Dover and try to get a boat to France; his mother advised him to stay and fight. Wilde, lapsing into inaction, could only say, \"The train has gone. It's too late.\" On 6 April 1895, Wilde was arrested for \"gross indecency\" under Section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, a term meaning homosexual acts not amounting to buggery (an offence under a separate statute). At Wilde's instruction, Ross and Wilde's butler forced their way into the bedroom and library of 16 Tite Street, packing some personal effects, manuscripts, and letters. Wilde was then imprisoned on remand at Holloway, where he received daily visits from Douglas." }, "Roman numerals-1": { "title": "Roman numerals", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet. Modern usage employs seven symbols, each with a fixed integer value:" }, "Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer-1": { "title": "Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer is an Empire Award presented annually by the British film magazine Empire to honor an actor who has delivered a breakthrough performance while working within the film industry. The Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer is one of two ongoing awards which were first introduced at the 17th Empire Awards ceremony in 2012 (along with Best Female Newcomer) with Tom Hiddleston receiving the award for his role in Thor. Josh O'Connor is the most recent winner in this category for his role in God's Own Country. Winners are voted by the readers of Empire magazine." }, "Year-57": { "title": "Year", "section": "Astronomical years", "headers": [ "Summary" ], "para_index": 57, "content": "An average Gregorian year is 365.2425 days (52.1775 weeks, 8765.82 hours, 525949.2 minutes or 31556952 seconds). For this calendar, a common year is 365 days (8760 hours, 525600 minutes or 31536000 seconds), and a leap year is 366 days (8784 hours, 527040 minutes or 31622400 seconds). The 400-year cycle of the Gregorian calendar has 146097 days and hence exactly 20871 weeks." }, "Tokyo Tower-3": { "title": "Tokyo Tower", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The tower acts as a support structure for an antenna. Intended for television broadcasting, radio antennas were installed in 1961, but the tower now broadcasts signals for Japanese media outlets such as NHK, TBS and Fuji TV. Japan's planned digital television transition by July 2011 was problematic, however; Tokyo Tower's height, 332.9\u00a0m (1,092\u00a0ft) was not high enough to support complete terrestrial digital broadcasting to the area. A taller digital broadcasting tower, known as Tokyo Skytree, was completed on 29 February 2012. Every five years Tokyo Tower is repainted. It takes one year to repaint it." }, "George Washington-121": { "title": "George Washington", "section": "Retirement (1797\u20131799)", "headers": [ "Final days and death" ], "para_index": 121, "content": "Washington's death came more swiftly than expected. On his deathbed, he instructed his private secretary Tobias Lear to wait three days before his burial, out of fear of being entombed alive. According to Lear, he died peacefully between 10 and 11 p.m. on Saturday, December 14, 1799, with Martha seated at the foot of his bed. His last words were \"'Tis well\", from his conversation with Lear about his burial. He was 67." }, "B-52 (cocktail)-10": { "title": "B-52 (cocktail)", "section": "Flaming B-52", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Triple Sec at room temperature will not ignite easily, so it should be warmed up beforehand or topped with a small layer of an overproof rum with 65\u201385% ABV such as Bacardi 151 or Stroh 160. Such a preparation can be referred to as a \"B-52 On a Mission\"." }, "Death Eater-31": { "title": "Death Eater", "section": "Notable Death Eaters", "headers": [ "Igor Karkaroff" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Sirius Black later identifies Karkaroff as a former Death Eater. Karkaroff was captured by Auror Alastor Moody and imprisoned in Azkaban. Karkaroff later told the Ministry of Magic that he had seen the error of his ways, and \"named names\", putting many people in Azkaban in exchange for his freedom. Karkaroff is thus also hated by the Death Eaters. Karkaroff's history gives him a connection with Snape, also a former Death Eater. Karkaroff interrupts a Potions lesson demanding to talk to Snape, and shows him his Dark Mark reappearing. He also apparently has an unpleasant history with Alastor Moody, and tries to avoid him unsuccessfully for the entirety of the tournament, not knowing that it is Barty Crouch Jr. in disguise. At the end of the novel, following Voldemort's return, Karkaroff goes into hiding, leaving behind his student charges at Durmstrang. In the sixth novel, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Remus Lupin states that Karkaroff was found dead in a shack with the Dark Mark hovering over it, an indication that he was killed by other Death Eaters. Lupin also expresses surprise that Karkaroff managed to live even a year after deserting Voldemort and that no one else has been known to avoid capture quite as long." }, "Statue of Liberty-1": { "title": "Statue of Liberty", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Libert\u00e9 \u00e9clairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Auguste Bartholdi and its metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886." }, "Boeing 737-4": { "title": "Boeing 737", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "It evolved through four generations, offering several variants for 85 to 215 passengers." }, "Disgust-47": { "title": "Disgust", "section": "Functions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "The emotion of disgust can be described to serve as an effective mechanism following occurrences of negative social value, provoking repulsion, and desire for social distance. The origin of disgust can be defined by motivating the avoidance of offensive things, and in the context of a social environment, it can become an instrument of social avoidance. An example of disgust in action can be found from the Bible in the book of Leviticus (See especially Leviticus chapter 11). Leviticus includes direct commandments from God to avoid disgust causing individuals, which included people who were sexually immoral and those who had leprosy. Disgust is known to promote the avoidance of pathogens and disease." }, "Rock in Rio-31": { "title": "Rock in Rio", "section": "Lisbon, Portugal, and Madrid, Spain", "headers": [ "Rock in Rio Lisboa (2021)" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "The festival was originally set to take place in June 2020, but was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic." }, "Bear-1": { "title": "Bear", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bears are carnivoran mammals of the family Ursidae. They are classified as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans. Although only eight species of bears are extant, they are widespread, appearing in a wide variety of habitats throughout the Northern Hemisphere and partially in the Southern Hemisphere. Bears are found on the continents of North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. Common characteristics of modern bears include large bodies with stocky legs, long snouts, small rounded ears, shaggy hair, plantigrade paws with five nonretractile claws, and short tails." }, "Gulo-1": { "title": "Gulo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Gulo is a genus of carnivoran mammals in the family Mustelidae. It contains one extant species, the wolverine (G. gulo), as well as several extinct ones. Fossil evidence suggests that this genus appeared in North America and later spread to Eurasia during the Pliocene. Diagnostic traits include a strongly reduced P2, a robust P4 with three roots, and upper molars smaller than in other gulonines. Overall, the teeth are adapted for hypercarnivory." }, "1936 United States presidential election-4": { "title": "1936 United States presidential election", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Although some political pundits predicted a close race, Roosevelt went on to win the greatest electoral landslide since the beginning of the two-party system in the 1850s. Roosevelt took 60.8% of the popular vote, while Landon won 36.5% and Lemke won just under 2%. Roosevelt carried every state except Maine and Vermont, which together cast eight electoral votes. By winning 523 electoral votes, Roosevelt received 98.49% of the electoral vote total, which remains the highest percentage of the electoral vote won by any candidate since 1820. Roosevelt also won the highest share of the popular vote since 1820, though Lyndon Johnson would later win a slightly higher share of the popular vote in 1964. Roosevelt won the second most electoral votes to date, while Ronald Reagan won slightly more in 1984, when an additional seven electoral votes were contested." }, "Horse-12": { "title": "Horse", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "Size and measurement" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "The size of horses varies by breed, but also is influenced by nutrition. Light riding horses usually range in height from 14 to 16\u00a0hands (56 to 64\u00a0inches, 142 to 163\u00a0cm) and can weigh from 380 to 550 kilograms (840 to 1,210\u00a0lb)." }, "Chromophobia-3": { "title": "Chromophobia", "section": "Terminology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Names exist that mean fear of specific colors such as erythrophobia for the fear of red, xanthophobia for the fear of yellow and leukophobia for the fear of white. A fear of the color red may be associated with a fear of blood." }, "Citrus-34": { "title": "Citrus", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "As ornamental plants" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "Some modern hobbyists still grow dwarf citrus in containers or greenhouses in areas where the weather is too cold to grow it outdoors. Consistent climate, sufficient sunlight, and proper watering are crucial if the trees are to thrive and produce fruit. Compared to many of the usual \"green shrubs\", citrus trees better tolerate poor container care. For cooler winter areas, limes and lemons should not be grown, since they are more sensitive to winter cold than other citrus fruits. Hybrids with kumquats (\u00d7 Citrofortunella) have good cold resistance. A citrus tree in a container may have to be repotted every 5 years or so, since the roots may form a thick \"root-ball\" on the bottom of the pot." }, "Parsifal-34": { "title": "Parsifal", "section": "Synopsis", "headers": [ "Act 2" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "Klingsor sees this young man stray into his Flowermaiden garden and calls to Kundry to seek the boy out and seduce him, but when he turns, he sees that Kundry has already left on her mission." }, "Flirting (film)-9": { "title": "Flirting (film)", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Flirting grossed $1,655,044 at the box office in Australia and $2,415,396 in the USA. and was widely critically acclaimed. It featured on Roger Ebert's Top 10 Best Films List of 1992. Later it was ranked number 46 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies. The New York Times film review of 6 November 1992 commented:" }, "Marathi language-1": { "title": "Marathi language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Marathi (English: /m\u0259\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0ti/; \u092e\u0930\u093e\u0920\u0940 Mar\u0101\u1e6dh\u012b; Marathi:\u00a0[m\u0259\u02c8\u027ea\u0288\u02b0i] (listen)) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by around 83.1 million Marathi people of Maharashtra, India. It is the official language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India, respectively, and is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. With 83.1 million speakers in 2019, Marathi ranks 10th in the list of most spoken languages in the world. Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India, after Hindi and Bengali. The language has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages, dating from around 600 AD. The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect. Koli and Malvani Konkani have been heavily influenced by Marathi varieties." }, "Tesla, Inc.-4": { "title": "Tesla, Inc.", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Tesla Motors was founded in July 2003 by engineers Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning. The company's name is a tribute to inventor and electrical engineer Nikola Tesla. The next three employees were Ian Wright, Elon Musk, and J. B. Straubel, all of whom are retroactively allowed to call themselves co-founders of the company. Musk, who formerly served as chairman and is the current CEO, said that he envisioned Tesla Motors as a technology company and independent automaker, aimed at eventually offering electric cars at prices affordable to the average consumer. In February 2017, Tesla Motors shortened its name to Tesla." }, "Spinach-1": { "title": "Spinach", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is a leafy green flowering plant native to central and western Asia. It is of the order Caryophyllales, family Amaranthaceae, subfamily Chenopodioideae. Its leaves are a common edible vegetable consumed either fresh, or after storage using preservation techniques by canning, freezing, or dehydration. It may be eaten cooked or raw, and the taste differs considerably; the high oxalate content may be reduced by steaming." }, "Vehicle insurance-1": { "title": "Vehicle insurance", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Vehicle insurance (also known as car insurance, motor insurance, or auto insurance) is insurance for cars, trucks, motorcycles, and other road vehicles. Its primary use is to provide financial protection against physical damage or bodily injury resulting from traffic collisions and against liability that could also arise from incidents in a vehicle. Vehicle insurance may additionally offer financial protection against theft of the vehicle, and against damage to the vehicle sustained from events other than traffic collisions, such as keying, weather or natural disasters, and damage sustained by colliding with stationary objects. The specific terms of vehicle insurance vary with legal regulations in each region." }, "Sea snail-1": { "title": "Sea snail", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sea snail is a common name for slow moving marine gastropod molluscs usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the absence of a visible shell." }, "Waltz-5": { "title": "Waltz", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Describing life in Vienna (dated at either 1776 or 1786), Don Curzio wrote, \"The people were dancing mad\u00a0... The ladies of Vienna are particularly celebrated for their grace and movements of waltzing of which they never tire.\" There is a waltz in the second act finale of the 1786 opera Una Cosa Rara by Martin y Soler. Soler's waltz was marked andante con moto, or \"at a walking pace with motion\", but the flow of the dance was sped-up in Vienna leading to the Geschwindwalzer, and the Galloppwalzer." }, "Metallica-13": { "title": "Metallica", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Kill 'Em All and Ride the Lightning (1983\u20131985)" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Elektra Records A&R director Michael Alago, and co-founder of Q-Prime Management Cliff Burnstein, attended a Metallica concert in September 1984. They were impressed with the performance, signed Metallica to Elektra, and made the band a client of Q-Prime Management. Metallica's growing success was such that the band's British label Music for Nations released \"Creeping Death\" as a limited edition single, which sold 40,000 copies as an import in the U.S. Two of the three songs on the record\u2014cover versions of Diamond Head's \"Am I Evil?\" and Blitzkrieg's \"Blitzkrieg\"\u2014appeared on the 1988 Elektra reissue of Kill 'Em All. Metallica embarked on its first major European tour with Tank to an average crowd of 1,300. Returning to the U.S., it embarked upon a tour co-headlining with W.A.S.P. and supported by Armored Saint. Metallica played its largest show at the Monsters of Rock festival at Donington Park, England, on August 17, 1985, with Bon Jovi and Ratt, playing to 70,000 people. At a show in Oakland, California, at the Day on the Green festival, the band played to a crowd of 60,000." }, "Flag of France-1": { "title": "Flag of France", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The flag of France (French: drapeau fran\u00e7ais) is a tricolour flag featuring three vertical bands coloured blue (hoist side), white, and red. It is known to English speakers as the French Tricolour or simply the Tricolour (French: Tricolore). The Tricolour has become one of the most influential flags in history, with its three-colour scheme being copied by many other nations, both in Europe and the rest of the world." }, "Smartphone-6": { "title": "Smartphone", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Forerunner" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "In the early 1990s, IBM engineer Frank Canova realised that chip-and-wireless technology was becoming small enough to use in handheld devices. The first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a \"smartphone\" began as a prototype called \"Angler\" developed by Canova in 1992 while at IBM and demonstrated in November of that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade show. A refined version was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator. In addition to placing and receiving cellular calls, the touchscreen-equipped Simon could send and receive faxes and emails. It included an address book, calendar, appointment scheduler, calculator, world time clock, and notepad, as well as other visionary mobile applications such as maps, stock reports and news." }, "Elephant-48": { "title": "Elephant", "section": "Behaviour and life history", "headers": [ "Birth and development" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "Gestation in elephants typically lasts around two years with interbirth intervals usually lasting four to five years. Births tend to take place during the wet season. Calves are born 85\u00a0cm (33\u00a0in) tall and weigh around 120\u00a0kg (260\u00a0lb). Typically, only a single young is born, but twins sometimes occur. The relatively long pregnancy is maintained by five corpus luteums (as opposed to one in most mammals) and gives the foetus more time to develop, particularly the brain and trunk. As such, newborn elephants are precocial and quickly stand and walk to follow their mother and family herd. A new calf is usually the centre of attention for herd members. Adults and most of the other young will gather around the newborn, touching and caressing it with their trunks. For the first few days, the mother is intolerant of other herd members near her young. Alloparenting \u2013 where a calf is cared for by someone other than its mother \u2013 takes place in some family groups. Allomothers are typically two to twelve years old. When a predator is near, the family group gathers together with the calves in the centre." }, "Anna Magdalena Bach-10": { "title": "Anna Magdalena Bach", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Christiana Sophia Henrietta (1723\u20131726) Gottfried Heinrich (1724\u20131763) Christian Gottlieb (1725\u20131728) Elisabeth Juliana Friederica, called \"Liesgen\" (1726\u20131781), married to Bach's pupil, Johann Christoph Altnickol Ernestus Andreas (1727\u20131727) Regina Johanna (1728\u20131733) Christiana Benedicta (1730\u20131730) Christiana Dorothea (1731\u20131732) Johann Christoph Friedrich, the 'B\u00fcckeburg' Bach (1732\u20131795) Johann August Abraham (1733\u20131733) Johann Christian, the 'London' Bach (1735\u20131782) Johanna Carolina (1737\u20131781) Regina Susanna (1742\u20131809) After Bach's death in 1750, his sons came into conflict and moved on in separate directions, going to live with other family members. While Bach did everything to educate his sons, his daughters never went to school. Anna Magdalena was left alone, with no financial support from family members, to care for herself and her two youngest daughters, plus her stepdaughter from Bach's first marriage. Anna Magdalena became increasingly dependent upon charity and handouts from the city council, ultimately relying on public begging to survive. Probably her only child or stepchild who provided any support to her was her stepson Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, whose letters show he provided regular financial assistance. She died on the street on February 27, 1760, with no money at all, and was buried in an unmarked pauper's grave at Leipzig's Johanniskirche\u00a0[de] (St. John's Church). The church was destroyed by Allied bombing during World War II." }, "Astrophotography-1": { "title": "Astrophotography", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Astrophotography is photography of astronomical objects, celestial events, and areas of the night sky. The first photograph of an astronomical object (the Moon) was taken in 1840, but it was not until the late 19th century that advances in technology allowed for detailed stellar photography. Besides being able to record the details of extended objects such as the Moon, Sun, and planets, astrophotography has the ability to image objects invisible to the human eye such as dim stars, nebulae, and galaxies. This is done by long time exposure since both film and digital cameras can accumulate and sum light photons over these long periods of time." }, "Dermis-1": { "title": "Dermis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The dermis or corium is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the cutis) and subcutaneous tissues, that primarily consists of dense irregular connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. It is divided into two layers, the superficial area adjacent to the epidermis called the papillary region and a deep thicker area known as the reticular dermis. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis through a basement membrane. Structural components of the dermis are collagen, elastic fibers, and extrafibrillar matrix. It also contains mechanoreceptors that provide the sense of touch and thermoreceptors that provide the sense of heat. In addition, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands (oil glands), apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels, nerves and blood vessels are present in the dermis. Those blood vessels provide nourishment and waste removal for both dermal and epidermal cells." }, "Simon Cowell-43": { "title": "Simon Cowell", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "In 2020, Cowell announced he would be writing a 7 book series titled Wishfits with his son. The first three volumes are to be released 2021, with the remaining four the next year." }, "Refrigeration-6": { "title": "Refrigeration", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Ice harvesting" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Before 1830, few Americans used ice to refrigerate foods due to a lack of ice-storehouses and iceboxes. As these two things became more widely available, individuals used axes and saws to harvest ice for their storehouses. This method proved to be difficult, dangerous, and certainly did not resemble anything that could be duplicated on a commercial scale." }, "Spinach-7": { "title": "Spinach", "section": "Nutrients", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Raw spinach is 91% water, 4% carbohydrates, 3% protein, and contains negligible fat. In a 100\u00a0g (3.5\u00a0oz) serving providing only 23 calories, spinach has a high nutritional value, especially when fresh, frozen, steamed, or quickly boiled. It is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin K, magnesium, manganese, iron and folate. Spinach is a good source (10-19% of DV) of the B vitamins riboflavin and vitamin B6, vitamin E, calcium, potassium, and dietary fiber. Although spinach is touted as being high in iron and calcium content, and is often served and consumed in its raw form, raw spinach contains high levels of oxalates, which block absorption of calcium and iron in the stomach and small intestine. Spinach cooked in several changes of water has much lower levels of oxalates and is better digested and its nutrients absorbed more completely." }, "Sahara-2": { "title": "Sahara", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The desert comprises much of North Africa, excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan. It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, where the landscape gradually changes from desert to coastal plains. To the south, it is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa. The Sahara can be divided into several regions including: the western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the A\u00efr Mountains, the T\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 desert, and the Libyan Desert." }, "Santa Mar\u00eda (ship)-62": { "title": "Santa Mar\u00eda (ship)", "section": "Design of the ship", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 62, "content": "Santa Mar\u00eda was probably a medium-sized nau (carrack), about 58\u00a0ft (17.7\u00a0m) long on deck, and according to Juan Escalante de Mendoza in 1575, Santa Maria was \"very little larger than 100 toneladas\" (about 100 tons, or tuns) burthen, or burden, and was used as the flagship for the expedition. Santa Mar\u00eda had a single deck and three small masts." }, "Software engineer-6": { "title": "Software engineer", "section": "Education", "headers": [ "Other degrees" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "In business, some software engineering practitioners have MIS or computer information systems degrees. In embedded systems, some have electrical engineering, electronics engineering, computer science with emphasis in \"embedded systems\" or computer engineering degrees, because embedded software often requires a detailed understanding of hardware. In medical software, practitioners may have medical informatics, general medical, or biology degrees." }, "Newt Gingrich-1": { "title": "Newt Gingrich", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Newton Leroy Gingrich (/\u02c8\u0261\u026a\u014b\u0261r\u026at\u0283/; born June 17, 1943) is an American politician, author, and historian who served as the 50th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. A member of the Republican Party, he was the U.S. Representative for Georgia's 6th congressional district serving north Atlanta and nearby areas from 1979 until his resignation in 1999. In 2012, Gingrich was a candidate for the presidential nomination of his party." }, "Balearic Islands-3": { "title": "Balearic Islands", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The archipelago forms an autonomous community and a province of Spain, with Palma de Mallorca as the capital. The 2007 Statute of Autonomy declares the Balearic Islands as one nationality of Spain. The co-official languages in the Balearic Islands are Catalan and Spanish." }, "Sea turtle migration-6": { "title": "Sea turtle migration", "section": "Post-hatchling migration", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Juveniles often reside in coastal feeding grounds as is the case with green sea turtles and loggerheads. Adult sea turtles can be divided into 3 categories according to their movements. Leatherbacks and olive ridley turtles roam widely and unpredictably before returning to specific breeding sites. Satellite tracking of leatherbacks showed however that they tended to stay within relatively food-rich areas of the ocean during their migration. Kemp's ridley sea turtles, loggerheads and flatback sea turtles migrate between breeding areas and a series of coastal foraging areas. Green sea turtles and hawksbill sea turtles shuttle between fixed foraging and nesting sites. Both species of ridley sea turtle nest in large aggregations, a phenomenon called an arribada. It is thought to be an adaptation against predators\u00a0\u2014 there are simply too many eggs for the predators to consume. One unifying aspect of sea turtle migrations is their ability to return to specific nesting sites over vast areas of ocean year after year. They may return to the beach where they hatched, an ability called natal philopatry and this has been demonstrated in green turtles using mitochondrial DNA analysis." }, "Dafne Keen-1": { "title": "Dafne Keen", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dafne Mar\u00eda Keen Fern\u00e1ndez (born 4 January 2005) is a British-Spanish actress. She played the role of Ana \"Ani\" Cruz Oliver in the television series The Refugees, and the mutant Laura Kinney / X-23 in the 2017 film Logan. As of 2019 she plays Lyra Belacqua/Silvertongue in the BBC/HBO television series His Dark Materials." }, "Al-Farabi-11": { "title": "Al-Farabi", "section": "Religious beliefs", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Henry Corbin writes that the evidence supports the opinion common in Iran that al-Farabi was a Shia Muslim. Corbin argues that there are many similarities between what he calls Farabi's \"prophetic philosophy\" and the teachings of Shiite Imams. Najjar Fauzi likewise argues that al-Farabi's political philosophy was influenced by Shiite sects. Giving a positive account, Nadia Maftouni describes shi'ite aspects of Farabi's writings. As she put it, Farabi in his Al-Millah, Al-S\u012by\u0101sah al-Madan\u012byah, and Tahsil al-Sa\u2019adah believes in a utopia governed by prophet and his successors: the Imams." }, "Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)-7": { "title": "Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In the woods, Alice meets the Cheshire Cat, who advises her to visit the Mad Hatter or the March Hare to learn the Rabbit's location. She encounters both, along with the Dormouse, at the Hare's house having a mad tea party and celebrating their \"unbirthdays\". They celebrate hers too, but she becomes frustrated by interruptions whenever she tries to speak. As she prepares to leave, the Rabbit appears, continuing to exclaim that he is late; the Hatter examines his pocket watch and says it is \"two days slow\", and attempts to \"fix\" it by filling it with food and tea but ends up having to destroy it after it goes \"mad\". The Rabbit laments that his watch was an \"unbirthday present\", and the Hatter and Hare sing \"The Unbirthday Song\" to him before throwing him back into the woods. Fed up with the nonsense, Alice decides to go home, but her surroundings have completely changed and she gets lost. Fearing she is lost forever, she sits on a rock sobbing." }, "Dodgeball-10": { "title": "Dodgeball", "section": "Matchplay", "headers": [ "Starting the game" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "By even distribution to the two teams. By being lined up on the central dividing line. In this latter option, players then rush toward the center line to grab one of the balls. This is called the opening rush. It is never legal to immediately throw such a ball at an opponent; a player grabbing a ball on the center line retreats or throws it back to a teammate." }, "System of a Down-1": { "title": "System of a Down", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "System of a Down is an American heavy metal band formed in Glendale, California in 1994. The band currently consists of founding members Serj Tankian (lead vocals, keyboards), Daron Malakian (vocals, guitar) and Shavo Odadjian (bass, backing vocals), as well as John Dolmayan (drums), who replaced original drummer Andy Khachaturian in 1997." }, "EastEnders-1": { "title": "EastEnders", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "EastEnders is a British soap opera created by Julia Smith and Tony Holland which has been broadcast on BBC One since 1985. Set in Albert Square in the East End of London in the fictional borough of Walford, the programme follows the stories of local residents and their families as they go about their daily lives. Initially there were two 30-minute episodes per week, later increasing to three, but since 2001, episodes have been broadcast on every weekday except Wednesday (outside of special occasions). On 18 March 2020, BBC made the decision to suspend production of the programme until further notice, in addition to reducing the broadcast frequency to two 30-minute episodes per week. This was due to the COVID-19 pandemic with the reduced broadcast frequency being a temporary measure to preserve the ongoing broadcast of filmed episodes." }, "Jackson Pollock-10": { "title": "Jackson Pollock", "section": "Career (1936\u20131954)", "headers": [ "Drip period" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Pollock's most famous paintings were made during the \"drip period\" between 1947 and 1950. He became famous following an August 8, 1949 four-page spread in Life magazine that asked, \"Is he the greatest living painter in the United States?\" Thanks to the mediation of Alfonso Ossorio, a close friend of Pollock and the art historian Michel Tapi\u00e9, the young gallery owner Paul Facchetti, from March 7, 1952, managed to realize the first exhibition of Pollock's works from 1948 to 1951 in his Studio Paul Facchetti in Paris and in Europe. At the peak of his fame, Pollock abruptly abandoned the drip style." }, "Leonidas I-9": { "title": "Leonidas I", "section": "Battle of Thermopylae", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "For you, inhabitants of wide-wayed Sparta, Either your great and glorious city must be wasted by Persian men, Or if not that, then the bound of Lacedaemon must mourn a dead king, from Heracles' line. The might of bulls or lions will not restrain him with opposing strength; for he has the might of Zeus. I declare that he will not be restrained until he utterly tears apart one of these. In August 480 BC, Leonidas marched out of Sparta to meet Xerxes' army at Thermopylae with a small force of 1,200 men (900 helots and 300 Spartan hoplites), where he was joined by forces from other Greek city-states, who put themselves under his command to form an army of 7,000 strong. There are various theories on why Leonidas was accompanied by such a small force of hoplites. According to Herodotus, \"the Spartans sent the men with Leonidas on ahead so that the rest of the allies would see them and march with no fear of defeat, instead of medizing like the others if they learned that the Spartans were delaying. After completing their festival, the Carneia, they left their garrison at Sparta and marched in full force towards Thermopylae. The rest of the allies planned to do likewise, for the Olympiad coincided with these events. They accordingly sent their advance guard, not expecting the war at Thermopylae to be decided so quickly.\" Many modern commentators are unsatisfied with this explanation and point to the fact that the Olympic Games were in progress or impute internal dissent and intrigue." }, "Royal Air Force Ensign-3": { "title": "Royal Air Force Ensign", "section": "Early history and authorisation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Ever since the formation of the RAF in 1918, the Air Council had wanted to introduce a flag which would be flown at RAF stations. However, the Admiralty had the right to veto the introduction of any new flag that was to be flown within the British Empire or on a British vessel. Although the Admiralty were initially opposed to granting the RAF its own flag, after considerable pressure from the Air Council, they reluctantly agreed to the introduction of such a flag, stating that the Air Force should adopt the Union Flag defaced with a suitable device. The Air Council did not welcome the Admiralty's condition, as they wished to use the White Ensign with the St George's Cross removed. Whilst the War Office had no objections to this proposed design, the Admiralty certainly did, and they rejected the Air Council's suggestion on the basis that the White Ensign was exclusively reserved for Royal Navy use." }, "Human body temperature-35": { "title": "Human body temperature", "section": "Temperature variation", "headers": [ "Cold" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "44\u00a0\u00b0C (111.2\u00a0\u00b0F) or more \u2013 Almost certainly death will occur; however, people have been known to survive up to 46.5\u00a0\u00b0C (115.7\u00a0\u00b0F). 43\u00a0\u00b0C (109.4\u00a0\u00b0F) \u2013 Normally death, or there may be serious brain damage, continuous convulsions and shock. Cardio-respiratory collapse will likely occur. 42\u00a0\u00b0C (107.6\u00a0\u00b0F) \u2013 Subject may turn pale or remain flushed and red. They may become comatose, be in severe delirium, vomiting, and convulsions can occur. Blood pressure may be high or low and heart rate will be very fast. 41\u00a0\u00b0C (105.8\u00a0\u00b0F) \u2013 (Medical emergency) \u2013 Fainting, vomiting, severe headache, dizziness, confusion, hallucinations, delirium and drowsiness can occur. There may also be palpitations and breathlessness. 40\u00a0\u00b0C (104\u00a0\u00b0F) \u2013 Fainting, dehydration, weakness, vomiting, headache, breathlessness and dizziness may occur as well as profuse sweating. Starts to be life-threatening. 39\u00a0\u00b0C (102.2\u00a0\u00b0F) \u2013 Severe sweating, flushed and red. Fast heart rate and breathlessness. There may be exhaustion accompanying this. Children and people with epilepsy may be very likely to get convulsions at this point. 38\u00a0\u00b0C (100.4\u00a0\u00b0F) \u2013 (Classed as hyperthermia if not caused by a fever) \u2013 Feeling hot, sweating, feeling thirsty, feeling very uncomfortable, slightly hungry. If this is caused by fever, there may also be chills. 36.5\u201337.5\u00a0\u00b0C (97.7\u201399.5\u00a0\u00b0F) is a typically reported range for normal body temperature. 36\u00a0\u00b0C (96.8\u00a0\u00b0F) \u2013 Feeling cold, mild to moderate shivering. Body temperature may drop this low during sleep. May be a normal body temperature. 35\u00a0\u00b0C (95\u00a0\u00b0F) \u2013 (Hypothermia is less than 35\u00a0\u00b0C (95\u00a0\u00b0F)) \u2013 Intense shivering, numbness and bluish/grayness of the skin. There is the possibility of heart irritability. 34\u00a0\u00b0C (93.2\u00a0\u00b0F) \u2013 Severe shivering, loss of movement of fingers, blueness, and confusion. Some behavioral changes may take place. 33\u00a0\u00b0C (91.4\u00a0\u00b0F) \u2013 Moderate to severe confusion, sleepiness, depressed reflexes, progressive loss of shivering, slow heartbeat, shallow breathing. Shivering may stop. Subject may be unresponsive to certain stimuli. 32\u00a0\u00b0C (89.6\u00a0\u00b0F) \u2013 (Medical emergency) \u2013 Hallucinations, delirium, complete confusion, extreme sleepiness that is progressively becoming comatose. Shivering is absent (subject may even think they are hot). Reflex may be absent or very slight. 31\u00a0\u00b0C (87.8\u00a0\u00b0F) \u2013 Comatose, very rarely conscious. No or slight reflexes. Very shallow breathing and slow heart rate. Possibility of serious heart rhythm problems. 28\u00a0\u00b0C (82.4\u00a0\u00b0F) \u2013 Severe heart rhythm disturbances are likely and breathing may stop at any time. The person may appear to be dead. 24\u201326\u00a0\u00b0C (75.2\u201378.8\u00a0\u00b0F) or less \u2013 Death usually occurs due to irregular heart beat or respiratory arrest; however, some patients have been known to survive with body temperatures as low as 13.7\u00a0\u00b0C (56.7\u00a0\u00b0F). There are non-verbal corporal cues which can hint at an individual experiencing a low body temperature, which can be used for those with dysphasia or for infants. Examples of non-verbal cues of coldness include stillness and being lethargic with regards to kinesiological movement, sneezing, unusual paleness of skin among Caucasians, and, among males, shrinkage, and contraction of the scrotum." }, "Marist Red Foxes-22": { "title": "Marist Red Foxes", "section": "Sports sponsored", "headers": [ "Crew" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Marist has a large and active rowing program. Marist currently hosts both men's and women's heavyweight and lightweight teams all of which compete as part of the MAAC. The teams row out of the Marist Boathouse on campus and use Longview Park to host races. While the women's teams have won 10 conference titles and only finished lower than second once, the men's team in particular dominates the MAAC and has won the rowing title every year since joining the league, except in 2000 when they finished second to Loyola." }, "Pet monkey-4": { "title": "Pet monkey", "section": "As service animals for the disabled", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Some organizations train capuchin monkeys as monkey helpers to assist quadriplegics and other people with severe spinal cord injuries or mobility impairments. After being socialized in a human home as infants, the monkeys undergo extensive training before being placed with a quadriplegic. Around the house, the monkeys help out by doing tasks such as microwaving food, washing the quadriplegic's face, and opening drink bottles. For safety and the possibility of learning through operant condition methods using positive punishment, the quadriplegics had the ability to deliver a warning tone or 0.5 second shock to the monkey. As with all primates, monkeys must never be fully trusted with a human life in an environment they find demanding or where their needs are not being attended to. In at least one study, the monkey completed all tasks and punishment was used only in the learning stage." }, "ZIP Code-10": { "title": "ZIP Code", "section": "History", "headers": [ "ZIP+4" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "In 1983, the U.S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called \"plus-four codes\", \"add-on codes\", or \"add-ons\". A ZIP+4 Code uses the basic five-digit code plus four additional digits to identify a geographic segment within the five-digit delivery area, such as a city block, a group of apartments, an individual high-volume receiver of mail, a post office box, or any other unit that could use an extra identifier to aid in efficient mail sorting and delivery. However, initial attempts to promote universal use of the new format met with public resistance and today the plus-four code is not required. In general, mail is read by a multiline optical character reader (MLOCR) that almost instantly determines the correct ZIP+4 Code from the address\u2014along with the even more specific delivery point\u2014and sprays an Intelligent Mail barcode (IM) on the face of the mail piece that corresponds to 11 digits\u2014nine for the ZIP+4 Code and two for the delivery point." }, "Donald Trump-128": { "title": "Donald Trump", "section": "Presidency", "headers": [ "Foreign policy", "China" ], "para_index": 128, "content": "Before and during his presidency, Trump has repeatedly accused China of taking unfair advantage of the U.S. During his presidency, Trump has launched a trade war against China, sanctioned Huawei for its alleged ties to Iran, significantly increased visa restrictions on Chinese nationality students and scholars and classified China as a \"currency manipulator\". In the wake of the significant deterioration of relations, many political observers have warned against a new cold war between China and the U.S." }, "Dichromacy-1": { "title": "Dichromacy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dichromacy is the state of having two types of functioning color receptors, called cone cells, in the eyes. Organisms with dichromacy are called dichromats. Dichromats can match any color they see with a mixture of no more than two pure spectral lights. By comparison, trichromats require three pure spectral lights to match all colors that they can perceive, and tetrachromats require four." }, "Salmonella-22": { "title": "Salmonella", "section": "Nontyphoidal Salmonella", "headers": [ "Epidemiology" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Due to being considered sporadic, between 60% to 80% of salmonella infections cases go undiagnosed.In March 2010, data analysis was completed to estimate an incidence rate of 1140 per 100,000 person-years. In the same analysis, 93.8 million cases of gastroenteritis were due to salmonella infections. At the 5th percentile the estimated amount was 61.8 million cases and at the 95th percentile the estimated amount was 131.6 million cases. The estimated number of deaths due to salmonella was approximately 155,000 deaths. In 2014, in countries such as Bulgaria and Portugal, children under 4 were 32 and 82 times more likely, respecively, to have a salmonella infection. Those who are most susceptible to infection are: children, pregnant women, elderly people, and those with deficient immune systems." }, "Chlorine-11": { "title": "Chlorine", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "In 1810, Sir Humphry Davy tried the same experiment again, and concluded that the substance was an element, and not a compound. He announced his results to the Royal Society on 15 November that year. At that time, he named this new element \"chlorine\", from the Greek word \u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (chl\u014dros), meaning green-yellow. The name \"halogen\", meaning \"salt producer\", was originally used for chlorine in 1811 by Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger. This term was later used as a generic term to describe all the elements in the chlorine family (fluorine, bromine, iodine), after a suggestion by J\u00f6ns Jakob Berzelius in 1826. In 1823, Michael Faraday liquefied chlorine for the first time, and demonstrated that what was then known as \"solid chlorine\" had a structure of chlorine hydrate (Cl2\u00b7H2O)." }, "Easter-6": { "title": "Easter", "section": "Etymology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "In Latin and Greek, the Christian celebration was, and still is, called Pascha (Greek: \u03a0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03b1), a word derived from Aramaic \u05e4\u05e1\u05d7\u05d0 (Paskha), cognate to Hebrew \u05e4\u05b6\u05bc\u05e1\u05b7\u05d7 (Pesach). The word originally denoted the Jewish festival known in English as Passover, commemorating the Jewish Exodus from slavery in Egypt. As early as the 50s of the 1st century, Paul the Apostle, writing from Ephesus to the Christians in Corinth, applied the term to Christ, and it is unlikely that the Ephesian and Corinthian Christians were the first to hear Exodus 12 interpreted as speaking about the death of Jesus, not just about the Jewish Passover ritual. In most languages, germanic languages such as English being exceptions, the feast is known by names derived from Greek and Latin Pascha. Pascha is also a name by which Jesus himself is remembered in the Orthodox Church, especially in connection with his resurrection and with the season of its celebration." }, "Pacific states-1": { "title": "Pacific states", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The West Pacific States form one of the nine geographic divisions within the United States that are officially recognized by that country's census bureau. There are five states in this division \u2013 Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, Washington \u2013 and, as its name suggests, they all have coastlines on the Pacific Ocean (and are the only US states that border that ocean). The Pacific States division is one of two divisions of the United States Census Bureau's Western region, the other being the Mountain States." }, "Ballroom dance-28": { "title": "Ballroom dance", "section": "Competitive dances", "headers": [ "Standard/Smooth", "Waltz" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Waltz began as a country folk dance in Austria and Bavaria in the 17th century. In the early 19th century it was introduced in England. It was the first dance where a man held a woman close to his body. When performing the dance, the upper body is kept to the left throughout all figures, follow's body leaves the right side of the lead while the head is extended to follow the elbow. Figures with rotation have little rise. The start of the rise begins slowly from the first count, peaks on the 2nd count and lowers slowly on the 3rd. Sway is also used on the second step to make the step longer and also to slow down the momentum by bringing the feet together. Waltz is performed for both International Standard and American Smooth." }, "Bogan-1": { "title": "Bogan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bogan (/\u02c8bo\u028a\u0261\u0259n/ BOHG-\u0259n) is Australian and New Zealand slang for a person whose speech, clothing, attitude and behaviour are considered unrefined or unsophisticated. Depending on the context, the term can be pejorative or self-deprecating. The prevalence of the term bogan has also been associated with changing social attitudes towards social class in Australia. Specifically, the term has been related to the decline of masculine conceptions of meritocracy in Australia, and a growing ambivalence towards traditional sites of working class culture." }, "Venus-19": { "title": "Venus", "section": "Physical characteristics", "headers": [ "Atmosphere and climate" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Venus has an extremely dense atmosphere composed of 96.5% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen, and traces of other gases including sulfur dioxide. The mass of its atmosphere is 93 times that of Earth's, whereas the pressure at its surface is about 92 times that at Earth's\u2014a pressure equivalent to that at a depth of nearly 1 kilometre (0.62\u00a0mi) under Earth's oceans. The density at the surface is 65\u00a0kg/m3, 6.5% that of water or 50 times as dense as Earth's atmosphere at 293\u00a0K (20\u00a0\u00b0C; 68\u00a0\u00b0F) at sea level. The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735\u00a0K (462\u00a0\u00b0C; 864\u00a0\u00b0F). This makes Venus's surface hotter than Mercury's, which has a minimum surface temperature of 53\u00a0K (\u2212220\u00a0\u00b0C; \u2212364\u00a0\u00b0F) and maximum surface temperature of 700\u00a0K (427\u00a0\u00b0C; 801\u00a0\u00b0F), even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury's distance from the Sun and thus receives only 25% of Mercury's solar irradiance. This temperature is higher than that used for sterilization." }, "Elizabeth (film)-1": { "title": "Elizabeth (film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Elizabeth is a 1998 British biographical drama film written by Michael Hirst, directed by Shekhar Kapur, and starring Cate Blanchett in the title role of Queen Elizabeth I of England, alongside Geoffrey Rush, Christopher Eccleston, Joseph Fiennes, John Gielgud, Fanny Ardant, and Richard Attenborough. The film is based on the early years of Elizabeth's reign, where she is elevated to the throne after the death of her half-sister Mary I, who had imprisoned her. As her early years continue, she faces plots and threats to take her down." }, "New York Public Library-19": { "title": "New York Public Library", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Recent history" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "In 2010, as part of the consolidation program, the NYPL moved various back-office operations to a new Library Services Center building in Long Island City. A former warehouse was renovated for this purpose for $50 million. In the basement, a new, $2.3 million book sorter uses bar codes on library items to sort them for delivery to 132 branch libraries. At two-thirds the length of a football field, the machine is the largest of its kind in the world, according to library officials. Books located in one branch and requested from another go through the sorter, which use has cut the previous waiting time by at least a day. Together with 14 library employees, the machine can sort 7,500 items an hour (or 125 a minute). On the first floor of the Library Services Center is an ordering and cataloging office; on the second, the digital imaging department (formerly at the Main Branch building) and the manuscripts and archives division, where the air is kept cooler; on the third, the Barbara Goldsmith Preservation Division, with a staff of 10 (as of 2010) but designed for as many as 30 employees." }, "Mona Lisa-12": { "title": "Mona Lisa", "section": "Title and subject", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "sabella of Aragon, Cecilia Gallerani, Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla, Isabella d'Este, Pacifica Brandano or Brandino, Isabela Gualanda, Caterina Sforza, Bianca Giovanna Sforza\u2014even Sala\u00ec and Leonardo himself\u2014are all among the list of posited models portrayed in the painting." }, "Fear-1": { "title": "Fear", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fear is an emotion induced by perceived danger or threat, which causes physiological changes and ultimately behavioral changes, such as fleeing, hiding, or freezing from perceived traumatic events. Fear in human beings may occur in response to a certain stimulus occurring in the present, or in anticipation or expectation of a future threat perceived as a risk to oneself. The fear response arises from the perception of danger leading to confrontation with or escape from/avoiding the threat (also known as the fight-or-flight response), which in extreme cases of fear (horror and terror) can be a freeze response or paralysis." }, "Breakdancing-27": { "title": "Breakdancing", "section": "Dance elements", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Power moves are acrobatic moves that require momentum, speed, endurance, strength, flexibility, and control to execute. The breaker is generally supported by his upper body while the rest of his body creates circular momentum. Some examples are the windmill, swipe, back spin, and head spin. Some power moves are borrowed from gymnastics and martial arts. An example of a power move taken from gymnastics is the Thomas Flair which is shortened and spelled flare in b-boying." }, "23rd Empire Awards-1": { "title": "23rd Empire Awards", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The 23rd Empire Awards ceremony (officially known as the Rakuten Empire Awards), presented by the British film magazine Empire, honored the best films of 2017. The ceremony took place on 18 March 2018 in London, England at the Roundhouse Theatre. The nominees were announced on 18 January 2018." }, "Heath Ledger-21": { "title": "Heath Ledger", "section": "Health problems and drug use", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "In their New York Times interview, published on 4 November 2007, Ledger told Sarah Lyall that his recently completed roles in I'm Not There (2007) and The Dark Knight (2008) had taken a toll on his ability to sleep: \"Last week I probably slept an average of two hours a night. ... I couldn't stop thinking. My body was exhausted, and my mind was still going.\" At that time, he told Lyall that he had taken two Ambien pills, after taking just one had not sufficed, and those left him in \"a stupor, only to wake up an hour later, his mind still racing\"." }, "Tokyo Tower-1": { "title": "Tokyo Tower", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tokyo Tower (\u6771\u4eac\u30bf\u30ef\u30fc, T\u014dky\u014d taw\u0101, officially called \u65e5\u672c\u96fb\u6ce2\u5854 Nippon denpat\u014d \"Japan Radio Tower\") is a communications and observation tower in the Shiba-koen district of Minato, Tokyo, Japan. At 332.9 meters (1,092\u00a0ft), it is the second-tallest structure in Japan. The structure is an Eiffel Tower-inspired lattice tower that is painted white and international orange to comply with air safety regulations." }, "Overweight-18": { "title": "Overweight", "section": "Epidemiology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "As much as 64% of the United States' adult population is considered either overweight or obese, and this percentage has increased over the last four decades." }, "Language-15": { "title": "Language", "section": "Definitions", "headers": [ "Distinctive features of human language" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "A number of features, many of which were described by Charles Hockett and called design features set human language apart from communication used by non-human animals." }, "Helen Keller-6": { "title": "Helen Keller", "section": "Early childhood and illness", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "At 19 months old, Keller contracted an unknown illness described by doctors as \"an acute congestion of the stomach and the brain\", which might have been scarlet fever or meningitis. The illness left her both deaf and blind. She lived, as she recalled in her autobiography, \"at sea in a dense fog\"." }, "Parody-30": { "title": "Parody", "section": "Copyright issues", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Parodies are protected under the fair use doctrine of United States copyright law, but the defense is more successful if the usage of an existing copyrighted work is transformative in nature, such as being a critique or commentary upon it." }, "Amphibious automobile-1": { "title": "Amphibious automobile", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An amphibious automobile is an automobile that is a means of transport, viable on land as well as on (or under) water. They are unarmored, for civilian use." }, "Boiled egg-4": { "title": "Boiled egg", "section": "Soft-boiled eggs", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Serving temperature Room temperature (for more even cooking and to prevent cracking) or from a refrigerator; eggs may be left out overnight to come to room temperature. Piercing Some pierce the eggs beforehand with an egg piercer to prevent cracking. There is much debate on this subject. Ekelund[who?] et al. in Why eggs should not be pierced claimed that pricking caused egg white proteins to be damaged and was therefore to be discouraged. Others, including the American Egg Board, recommend against this, as it can introduce bacteria and create hairline cracks in the shell through which bacteria can enter the egg. Vinegar Some add vinegar to the water (as is sometimes done with poached eggs) to prevent the white from billowing in case of cracking. For this purpose, table salt can also be used. Placing in water There are various ways to place the eggs in the boiling water and remove: one may place the eggs in the pan prior to heating, lower them in on a spoon, or use a specialized cradle to lower them in. A cradle is also advocated as reducing cracking, since the eggs do not then roll around loose. To remove, one may allow the water to cool, pour off the boiling water, or remove the cradle. Steaming Eggs can be taken straight from the refrigerator and placed in the steamer at full steam. The eggs will not crack due to sudden change in temperatures. At full steam, \"soft-boiled\" eggs can be ready in about 6 minutes and \"hard-boiled\" eggs in about twice that time. However due to variations in the starting temperature and the size of the egg as well as the altitude of the location (longer needed for higher altitudes), these times can only be an approximation. Sous vide Rather than cooking in boiling water, boiled eggs can be made by cooking/coddling in their shell \"sous vide\" in hot water at steady temperatures anywhere from 60 to 85\u00a0\u00b0C (140 to 185\u00a0\u00b0F). It turns out that the outer egg white cooks at 75\u00a0\u00b0C (167\u00a0\u00b0F) and the yolk and the rest of the white sets from 60 to 65\u00a0\u00b0C (140 to 149\u00a0\u00b0F). Cooking times There is substantial variation, with cooking time being the primary variable affecting doneness (soft-boiled vs. hard-boiled). It usually varies from 10\u201317 minutes for large hard-boiled eggs, 1\u20134 minutes for large soft-cooked eggs. Depending on altitude above sea level and humidity densities in a given climate, one may require extended amounts of time to reach the soft-boiled stage, and in fact, may never reach a fully hard stage. Cooking temperatures In addition to cooking at a rolling boil (at 100\u00a0\u00b0C (212\u00a0\u00b0F)), one may instead add the egg before a boil is reached, remove water from heat after a boil is reached, or attempt to maintain a temperature below boiling, the latter all variants of coddling. Cooling After eggs are removed from heat, some cooking continues to occur, particularly of the yolk, due to residual heat, a phenomenon called carry over cooking, also seen in roast meat. For this reason some allow eggs to cool in air or plunge them into cold water as the final stage of preparation. If time is limited, adding a few cubes of ice will quickly reduce the temperature for easy handling. Service Boiled eggs may be served loose, in an eggcup, in an indentation in a plate (particularly a presentation platter of deviled eggs), cut with a knife widthwise, cut lengthwise, cut with a knife or tapped open with a spoon at either end, or peeled (and optionally sliced, particularly if hard-boiled, either manually or with an egg slicer). Baked eggs Baking eggs in an oven instead of boiling in water. Baked eggs (350\u00a0\u00b0F (177\u00a0\u00b0C) for 1/2 hour in a muffin tin, cool in ice water) are identical to boiled eggs but the shells peel more easily.[citation needed] Chef Heston Blumenthal, after \"relentless trials\", published a recipe for \"the perfect boiled egg\" suggesting cooking the egg in water that starts cold and covers the egg by no more than a millimeter, removing the pan from the heat as soon as the water starts to bubble. After six minutes, the egg will be ready." }, "Henry Morgan-1": { "title": "Henry Morgan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sir Henry Morgan (Welsh: Harri Morgan, c. 1635 \u2013 25 August 1688) was a Welsh privateer, plantation owner, and, later, Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica. From his base in Port Royal, Jamaica, he raided settlements and shipping on the Spanish Main, becoming wealthy as he did so. With the prize money from the raids he purchased three large sugar plantations on the island." }, "School meal programs in the United States-36": { "title": "School meal programs in the United States", "section": "Costs and funding", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Budget trends suggest that meal production costs over the last five years have been increasing faster than revenues. A report by the USDA's Economic Research Service in July 2008 suggested: \"Cost pressures may be a barrier to improving school menus in some cases. The nationally representative School Lunch and Breakfast Cost Study II found that while the mean reported cost of producing lunch during 2005\u201306 was below the reimbursement rate, about one in four school districts reported costs above the reimbursement rate.\" It continued, \"Further, the mean full cost of producing a lunch was higher than the reimbursement rate.\"" }, "Gracie family-1": { "title": "Gracie family", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Gracie Family (Portuguese:\u00a0[\u02c8\u0261\u027eejsi]) is a prominent martial arts family from Rio de Janeiro Brazil, known for their development & modification of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ). They have been successful in combat sport competitions for over 80 years representing their self-defence system (Gracie Jiu-Jitsu) including Mixed martial arts, Vale tudo and Submission Wrestling events, They are also the co-creators of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) along with promotor Art Davie." }, "Narcissism-1": { "title": "Narcissism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Narcissism is the pursuit of gratification from vanity or egotistic admiration of one's idealised self image and attributes. The term originated from Greek mythology, where the young Narcissus fell in love with his own image reflected in a pool of water. Narcissism is a concept in psychoanalytic theory, which was popularly introduced in Sigmund Freud's essay On Narcissism (1914). The American Psychiatric Association has listed the classification narcissistic personality disorder in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) since 1968, drawing on the historical concept of megalomania." }, "Northern Cyprus-47": { "title": "Northern Cyprus", "section": "Economy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "The economy of Northern Cyprus is dominated by the services sector (69% of GDP in 2007) which includes the public sector, trade, tourism and education. The revenues gained by the education sector in 2011 was $400 million. Industry (light manufacturing) contributes 22% of GDP and agriculture 9%. The economy of Northern Cyprus is based on a free market approach and it became the top country in Europe in entrepreneurial intent to start a new business in 2014." }, "Monoamine oxidase-7": { "title": "Monoamine oxidase", "section": "Substrate specificities", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Serotonin, melatonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are mainly broken down by MAO-A. Phenethylamine and benzylamine are mainly broken down by MAO-B. Both forms break down dopamine, tyramine, and tryptamine equally. Specific reactions catalyzed by MAO include:" }, "First Communion-1": { "title": "First Communion", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "First Communion is a ceremony in some Christian traditions during which a person first receives the Eucharist. It is most common in many parts of the Latin Church tradition of the Catholic Church, Lutheran Church and Anglican Communion (other ecclesiastical provinces of these denominations administer a congregant's First Communion after he/she receives confirmation). In churches that celebrate First Communion, it typically occurs between the ages of seven and thirteen, often acting as a rite of passage. In other denominations, such as the Methodist Church in India, one's first communion ordinarily follows the reception of confirmation, which occurs after the age of ten; Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Christians first receive the sacrament of Holy Communion in infancy, along with Holy Baptism and Chrismation." }, "Dancing with the Stars-18": { "title": "Dancing with the Stars", "section": "DWTS Global", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "In the United States, the show is called Dancing with the Stars, which airs on ABC featuring athletes, singers, actors, and professional dancers. It is currently hosted by Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews. The show is a huge hit since it debuted in 2005. The Spanish-language network Univision also has its own version in 2010 under the name Mira Quien Baila (\"Look Who's Dancing\"), which airs on Sunday nights. The Mirror Ball trophy is manufactured by the New York firm Society Awards. In addition, ABC debuted the Juniors version of the show on October 7, 2018 with Jordan Fisher and Frankie Muniz as hosts. In September 2019, ABC cancelled the Junior counterpart after one season." }, "Homeopathy-1": { "title": "Homeopathy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Homeopathy or homoeopathy is a pseudoscientific system of alternative medicine. It was created in 1796 by Samuel Hahnemann. Its practitioners, called homeopaths, believe that a substance that causes symptoms of a disease in healthy people would cure similar symptoms in sick people; this doctrine is called similia similibus curentur, or \"like cures like\". Homeopathic preparations are termed remedies and are made using homeopathic dilution. In this process, a chosen substance is repeatedly and thoroughly diluted. The final product is chemically indistinguishable from the diluent, which is usually either distilled water, ethanol or sugar; often, not even a single molecule of the original substance can be expected to remain in the product. Between the dilution iterations homeopaths practice hitting and/or violently shaking the product, and claim that it makes the diluent remember the original substance after its removal. Practitioners claim that such preparations, upon oral intake, can treat or cure disease." }, "Anorexia nervosa-1": { "title": "Anorexia nervosa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Anorexia nervosa, often referred to simply as anorexia, is an eating disorder, characterized by low weight, food restriction, fear of gaining weight, and a strong desire to be thin. Many people with anorexia see themselves as overweight even though they are, in fact, underweight. They often deny that they have a problem with low weight. They weigh themselves frequently, eat small amounts, and only eat certain foods. Some exercise excessively, force themselves to vomit, or use laxatives to produce weight loss. Complications may include osteoporosis, infertility, and heart damage, among others. Women will often stop having menstrual periods." }, "Lead paint-7": { "title": "Lead paint", "section": "Toxicity", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Lead paint is hazardous. It can cause nervous system damage, stunted growth, kidney damage, and delayed development. It is dangerous to children because it tastes sweet, therefore encouraging children to put lead chips and toys with lead dust in their mouths. Lead paint is dangerous to adults and can cause reproductive problems in men or women. Decreases in sperm production in men have been noted. Lead is considered a possible and likely carcinogen. High levels may result in death." }, "Julian calendar-2": { "title": "Julian calendar", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The calendar was the predominant calendar in the Roman world, most of Europe, and in European settlements in the Americas and elsewhere, until it was gradually replaced by the Gregorian calendar, promulgated in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. The Julian calendar is still used in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts of Oriental Orthodoxy as well as by the Berbers." }, "Competitive eating-6": { "title": "Competitive eating", "section": "Organizations", "headers": [ "Other challenges" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Other eating contests sponsored by restaurants can involve a challenge to eat large or extraordinarily spicy food items, including giant steaks, hamburgers and curries in a set amount of time. Those who finish the item are often rewarded by getting the item for free, a T-shirt and the addition of their name and/or photo on a wall of challenge victors. For example, Ward's House of Prime located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, has a prime rib meat challenge. The current record is 360 ounces by Molly Schuyler in June 2017. Various challenges of this type are featured in the Travel Channel show Man v. Food." }, "Pancake-70": { "title": "Pancake", "section": "Regional varieties", "headers": [ "North America", "United States and Canada", "Varieties of American and Canadian pancakes" ], "para_index": 70, "content": "German pancakes or Dutch baby pancakes served in American pancake houses are bowl-shaped. They are eaten with lemons and powdered sugar, jam, or caramelized apples, as well as fritters. A David Eyre's pancake is a variation on the German pancake named for the American writer and editor David W. Eyre (1912\u20132008)." }, "Windows 10 Mobile-1": { "title": "Windows 10 Mobile", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Windows 10 Mobile is a discontinued mobile operating system developed by Microsoft. First released in 2015, it is a successor to Windows Phone 8.1, but was marketed by Microsoft as being an edition of its PC operating system Windows 10." }, "Greg Burson-2": { "title": "Greg Burson", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Burson was trained by Daws Butler and took over the voicing of most of his characters when he died. Burson was also a voice replacement for Mel Blanc, and voiced many of his characters as well, including Bugs Bunny, for whom he was given the responsibility of voicing in 1995's Carrotblanca, a well-received 8-minute Looney Tunes cartoon originally shown in cinemas alongside The Amazing Panda Adventure (USA and Canada) and The Pebble and the Penguin (non-US). It has since then released on video, packaged with older Looney Tunes cartoons, and was even included in the special edition DVD release of Casablanca, of which it is both a parody and a homage. Burson also voiced Bugs in the 1997 short From Hare to Eternity, which is notable for being dedicated to the memory of the then-recently deceased Friz Freleng, and for being the final Looney Tunes cartoon that Chuck Jones directed. Burson also provided Bugs' voice in new animation for The Bugs and Daffy Show, which ran on Cartoon Network from 1996 to 2003. Alternating with Joe Alaskey and Jeff Bergman, he also voiced several other Looney Tunes characters including Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Tweety, Sylvester, Elmer Fudd, Yosemite Sam, Marvin the Martian, Tasmanian Devil, Pep\u00e9 Le Pew, Speedy Gonzales and Foghorn Leghorn on various Warner Bros. animated television series, films, toys, and video games." }, "Short circuit-7": { "title": "Short circuit", "section": "Examples", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In electrical devices, unintentional short circuits are usually caused when a wire's insulation breaks down, or when another conducting material is introduced, allowing charge to flow along a different path than the one intended." }, "Ron Perlman-1": { "title": "Ron Perlman", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ronald Perlman (born April 13, 1950) is an American television, film and voice actor. He played the roles of Amoukar in Quest for Fire (1981), Salvatore in The Name of the Rose (1986), Vincent on the television series Beauty and the Beast (1987\u20131990), for which he won a Golden Globe Award, One in The City of Lost Children (1995), Johner in Alien: Resurrection (1997), Hellboy in both Hellboy (2004) and its sequel Hellboy II: The Golden Army (2008), Clay Morrow on the television series Sons of Anarchy (2008\u20132013) and Nino in Drive (2011)." }, "Alexander the Great-62": { "title": "Alexander the Great", "section": "Death and succession", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 62, "content": "On either 10 or 11 June 323\u00a0BC, Alexander died in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II, in Babylon, at age 32. There are two different versions of Alexander's death and details of the death differ slightly in each. Plutarch's account is that roughly 14 days before his death, Alexander entertained admiral Nearchus, and spent the night and next day drinking with Medius of Larissa. He developed a fever, which worsened until he was unable to speak. The common soldiers, anxious about his health, were granted the right to file past him as he silently waved at them. In the second account, Diodorus recounts that Alexander was struck with pain after downing a large bowl of unmixed wine in honour of Heracles, followed by 11 days of weakness; he did not develop a fever and died after some agony. Arrian also mentioned this as an alternative, but Plutarch specifically denied this claim." }, "Koala-23": { "title": "Koala", "section": "Ecology and behaviour", "headers": [ "Reproduction and development" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "The koala's gestation period lasts 33\u201335 days, and a female gives birth to a single joey (although twins occur on occasion). As with all marsupials, the young are born while at the embryonic stage, weighing only 0.5\u00a0g (0.02\u00a0oz). However, they have relatively well-developed lips, forelimbs, and shoulders, as well as functioning respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems. The joey crawls into its mother's pouch to continue the rest of its development. Unlike most other marsupials, the koala does not clean her pouch." }, "Vitamin D-13": { "title": "Vitamin D", "section": "Deficiency", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "An estimated one billion people worldwide are either vitamin D insufficient or deficient. A diet with insufficient vitamin D in conjunction with inadequate sun exposure causes vitamin D deficiency. Severe vitamin D deficiency in children causes rickets, a softening and weakening of bones, which is a rare disease in the developed world. Vitamin D deficiency is found worldwide in the elderly and remains common in children and adults. Deficiency results in impaired bone mineralization and bone damage which leads to bone-softening diseases, including rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Low blood calcifediol (25-hydroxy-vitamin D) can result from avoiding the sun. Being deficient in vitamin D can cause intestinal absorption of dietary calcium to fall to 15%. When not deficient, an individual usually absorbs between 60-80%." }, "Antipope-1": { "title": "Antipope", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An antipope (Latin: antipapa) is a person who, in opposition to the lawful pope, makes a significant attempt to occupy the position of Bishop of Rome and leader of the Catholic Church. At times between the 3rd and mid-15th centuries, antipopes were supported by important factions within the Church itself and by secular rulers." }, "Throat irritation-7": { "title": "Throat irritation", "section": "Strep throat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "It is caused by bacteria which if untreated can lead to many other problems in the body. Strep throat is most common in childhood but can affect people of all ages. It may present with throat pain, difficulty swallowing, painful and swollen tonsils, fever, headache, skin rash and flu. The diagnosis of strep throat is straight forward and the treatment requires a course of penicillin. However, if the treatment is not adequate, rheumatic fever can occur with resultant damage to the heart valves." }, "Turkey fryer-5": { "title": "Turkey fryer", "section": "Safety", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Deep-frying a turkey uses oil over an open flame, thus it presents some hazards. The operation must be considered hazardous from the time the flame is lit to the time the turkey is removed and the oil is cooled. Risks include fire, severe burns, and explosion. A number of homes and other buildings (such as garages) have been destroyed due to the unsafe use of a turkey fryer and Underwriters Laboratories has refused to list turkey fryers." }, "Pork chop-1": { "title": "Pork chop", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A pork chop, like other meat chops, is a loin cut taken perpendicular to the spine of the pig and usually containing a rib or part of a vertebra. Pork chops are not processed and are leaner than other cuts of pork. Chops are commonly served as an individual portion." }, "J. Edgar Hoover Building-1": { "title": "J. Edgar Hoover Building", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The J. Edgar Hoover Building is a low-rise office building located at 935 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., in the United States. It is the headquarters of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Planning for the building began in 1962, and a site was formally selected in January 1963. Design work, focusing on avoiding the typical blocky, monolithic structure typical of most federal architecture at the time, began in 1963 and was largely complete by 1964 (although final approval did not occur until 1967). Land clearance and excavation of the foundation began in March 1965; delays in obtaining congressional funding meant that only the three-story substructure was complete by 1970. Work on the superstructure began in May 1971. These delays meant that the cost of the project grew to $126.108 million from $60 million. Construction finished in September 1975, and President Gerald Ford dedicated the structure on September 30, 1975." }, "Cuisine of Hawaii-2": { "title": "Cuisine of Hawaii", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "As pineapple and sugarcane plantations grew, so did demand for labor, bringing many immigrant groups to the Islands between 1850 and 1930. Immigrant workers brought cuisines from China, Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Portugal after arriving in Hawaii, introducing their new foods and influencing the region. The introduction of new ethnic foods, such as Chinese char siu bao (manapua), Portuguese sweet bread and malasadas, and the Japanese bento, combined with the existing indigenous, European, and American foods in the plantation working environments and in the local communities. This blend of cuisines formed a \"local food\" style unique to Hawaii, resulting in plantation foods like the plate lunch, snacks like Spam musubi, and dishes like the loco moco. Shortly after World War II several well known local restaurants opened their doors to serve \"Hawaiian Food\". Chefs further refined the local style by inventing Hawaii Regional Cuisine in 1992, a style of cooking that makes use of locally grown ingredients to blend all of Hawaii's historical influences together to form a new fusion cuisine." }, "Snowpiercer-46": { "title": "Snowpiercer", "section": "TV series", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "1st\u00a0\u2013 Andrew Wright, The Parallax View 1st\u00a0\u2013 Alci Rengifo, The Corsair 1st\u00a0\u2013 Glenn Lovell, CinemaDope 1st\u00a0\u2013 Devin Faraci, Badass Digest 2nd\u00a0\u2013 Sherilyn Connelly, The Village Voice 3rd\u00a0\u2013 Borys Kit, The Hollywood Reporter 3rd\u00a0\u2013 Peter Hartlaub, San Francisco Chronicle 3rd\u00a0\u2013 Noel Murray, The Dissolve 4th\u00a0\u2013 Randy Myers, San Jose Mercury News 4th\u00a0\u2013 Kimberley Jones, The Austin Chronicle 5th\u00a0\u2013 Clint O'Connor, The Plain Dealer 5th\u00a0\u2013 Tom Brueggemann, Thompson on Hollywood 5th\u00a0\u2013 Linda Barnard, Toronto Star 5th\u00a0\u2013 Perri Nemiroff, Collider 6th\u00a0\u2013 Matt Brennan, Thompson on Hollywood 6th\u00a0\u2013 Marc Savlov, The Austin Chronicle 7th\u00a0\u2013 Richard Lawson, Vanity Fair 7th\u00a0\u2013 Andrew O'Hehir, Salon 7th\u00a0\u2013 Matt Goldberg, Collider 7th\u00a0\u2013 Mark Olsen, The LA Times 7th\u00a0\u2013 Marlow Stern, The Daily Beast 7th\u00a0\u2013 Liam Lacey, The Globe and Mail 7th\u00a0\u2013 Sean P. Means, The Salt Lake Tribune 8th\u00a0\u2013 Joshua Rothkopf, Time Out New York 8th\u00a0\u2013 Chris Nashawaty, Entertainment Weekly 8th\u00a0\u2013 J. Hoberman, Artforum 8th\u00a0\u2013 Yahoo! 8th\u00a0\u2013 The Playlist 8th\u00a0\u2013 Rene Rodriguez, The Miami Herald 8th\u00a0\u2013 Angie Han, Slashfilm 8th\u00a0\u2013 Germain Lussier, Slashfilm 9th\u00a0\u2013 Drew McWeeny, HitFix 9th\u00a0\u2013 Norman Wilner, Now 9th\u00a0\u2013 Brian Miller, The Seattle Weekly 10th\u00a0\u2013 Jason Bailey, Flavourwire 10th\u00a0\u2013 Mike D'Angelo, The A.V. Club 10th\u00a0\u2013 Melissa Wellham, BMA Magazine 10th\u00a0\u2013 William Bibbiani, CraveOnline 10th\u00a0\u2013 Marjorie Baumgarten, The Austin Chronicle 10th\u00a0\u2013 Devindra Hardawar, Slashfilm Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked)\u00a0\u2013 David Denby,The New Yorker Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked)\u00a0\u2013 iTunes Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked)\u00a0\u2013 Claudia Puig,USA Today Top 10 (not ranked)\u00a0\u2013 Devin D. O'Leary,Weekly Alibi The film, along with the original French graphic novel, was adapted into an American television show by Tomorrow Studios, with two seasons ordered and scheduled to broadcast on TNT in Q2 2020 in the United States, and available on Netflix for worldwide distribution. The show stars Jennifer Connelly and Daveed Diggs, among others, and takes place in a rebooted narrative of the film, with events on the train starting about seven years after the global catastrophe." }, "Inferno (Dante)-45": { "title": "Inferno (Dante)", "section": "Nine circles of Hell", "headers": [ "Fifth Circle (Wrath)" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "Canto VIII Phlegyas reluctantly transports Dante and Virgil across the Styx in his skiff. On the way they are accosted by Filippo Argenti, a Black Guelph from the prominent Adimari family. Little is known about Argenti, although Giovanni Boccaccio describes an incident in which he lost his temper; early commentators state that Argenti's brother seized some of Dante's property after his exile from Florence. Just as Argenti enabled the seizing of Dante's property, he himself is \"seized\" by all the other wrathful souls." }, "Innate immune system-11": { "title": "Innate immune system", "section": "White blood cells", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "All white blood cells (WBCs) are known as leukocytes. Most leukocytes differ from other cells of the body in that they are not tightly associated with a particular organ or tissue; thus, their function is similar to that of independent, single-cell organisms. Most leukocytes are able to move freely and interact with and capture cellular debris, foreign particles, and invading microorganisms (although macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells are less mobile). Unlike many other cells in the body, most innate immune leukocytes cannot divide or reproduce on their own, but are the products of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells present in the bone marrow." }, "Snoop Dogg-7": { "title": "Snoop Dogg", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "As a teenager, Calvin frequently ran into trouble with the law. He was a member of the Rollin' 20s Crips gang in the Eastside area of Long Beach; although in 1993 he denied reports then in rampant circulation among police and media sources by stating that he never joined a gang. Shortly after graduating from high school, he was arrested for possession of cocaine, and for the next three years, was frequently in and out of jail or prison, including Wayside Jail. With his two cousins Nate Dogg and Lil' \u00bd Dead and friend Warren G, Snoop recorded homemade tapes; the four called their group 213 after the area code of their native Long Beach at that time. One of Snoop's early solo freestyles over \"Hold On\" by En Vogue was on a mixtape that fortuitously wound up with Dr. Dre; the influential producer was so impressed by the sample that he called Snoop to invite him to an audition. Former N.W.A affiliate The D.O.C. taught him how to structure his lyrics and separate the thematics into verses, hooks, and choruses." }, "Arizona-42": { "title": "Arizona", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Arizona has an average annual rainfall of 12.7\u00a0in (323\u00a0mm), which comes during two rainy seasons, with cold fronts coming from the Pacific Ocean during the winter and a monsoon in the summer. The monsoon season occurs toward the end of summer. In July or August, the dewpoint rises dramatically for a brief period. During this time, the air contains large amounts of water vapor. Dewpoints as high as 81\u00a0\u00b0F (27\u00a0\u00b0C) have been recorded during the Phoenix monsoon season. This hot moisture brings lightning, thunderstorms, wind, and torrential, if usually brief, downpours. These downpours often cause flash floods, which can turn deadly. In an attempt to deter drivers from crossing flooding streams, the Arizona Legislature enacted the Stupid Motorist Law. It is rare for tornadoes or hurricanes to occur in Arizona." }, "Fifth generation of video game consoles-4": { "title": "Fifth generation of video game consoles", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "3D polygon graphics with texture mapping 3D graphics capabilities \u2013 lighting, Gouraud shading, anti-aliasing and texture filtering Optical disc (CD-ROM) game storage, allowing much larger storage space (up to 650 MB) than ROM cartridges CD quality audio recordings (music and speech) \u2013 PCM audio with 16-bit depth and 44.1\u00a0kHz sampling rate Wide adoption of full motion video, displaying pre-rendered computer animation or live action footage Analog controllers Display resolutions from 480i/480p to 576i Color depth up to 16,777,216 colors (24-bit true color) This era is known for its pivotal role in the video game industry's leap from 2D to 3D computer graphics, as well as the shift from home console games being stored on ROM cartridges to optical discs. This was also the first generation to feature internet connectivity, some systems like the Sega Saturn's Sega Net Link, had add-ons to add connectivity to existing devices, and the Apple Pippin, a commercial flop, was the first system to feature on-board internet capabilities. There was considerable time overlap between this generation and the next, the sixth generation of consoles, which began with the launch of the Dreamcast in Japan on November 27, 1998. The fifth generation officially ended with the discontinuation of the PlayStation (namely, its re-engineered form, the \"PSOne\") on March 23, 2006, a year after the launch of the seventh generation." }, "Mrs. Doubtfire-1": { "title": "Mrs. Doubtfire", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mrs. Doubtfire is a 1993 American comedy-drama film directed by Chris Columbus. It was written for the screen by Randi Mayem Singer and Leslie Dixon, based on the novel Alias Madame Doubtfire by Anne Fine. Robin Williams, who also served as a co-producer, stars with Sally Field, Pierce Brosnan, Harvey Fierstein, and Robert Prosky. It follows a recently divorced actor who dresses up as a female housekeeper to be able to interact with his children. The film addresses themes of divorce, separation, and the effect they have on a family." }, "Narcissism-5": { "title": "Narcissism", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The term \"narcissism\" comes from the Greek myth about Narcissus (Greek: \u039d\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2, Narkissos), a handsome Greek youth who, according to Ovid, rejected the desperate advances of the nymph Echo. This caused Narcissus to fall in love with his own reflection in a pool of water. Unable to consummate his love, Narcissus \"lay gazing enraptured into the pool, hour after hour,\" and finally changed into a flower that bears his name, the narcissus.[failed verification] The concept of excessive selfishness has been recognized throughout history. In ancient Greece the concept was understood as hubris. It is only since the late 1800s that narcissism has been defined in psychological terms." }, "Vitalogy-9": { "title": "Vitalogy", "section": "Release and reception", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Vitalogy was released first on vinyl on November 22, 1994, two weeks before its CD and cassette release, and debuted at No. 55 on the Billboard 200 album chart. The LP sold 34,000 copies in its first week of release, and until Jack White's Lazaretto album in 2014 it held the record for most vinyl sales in one week. It was also the first album to chart on the Billboard 200 due to vinyl sales alone since the CD became the dominant format for album sales. When Vitalogy was released on CD and cassette on December 6, 1994, it went to No. 1 on the Billboard 200 album chart, selling more than 877,000 copies in its first week. It was the second-fastest selling album in history, behind only the band's previous release Vs. Vitalogy has been certified five times platinum by the RIAA, and, as of July 2013, has sold 4.77 million\u00a0copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan. In July 2013, Rolling Stone ranked Vitalogy second in a reader's poll of Pearl Jam's best albums." }, "Fish-5": { "title": "Fish", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Fish are abundant in most bodies of water. They can be found in nearly all aquatic environments, from high mountain streams (e.g., char and gudgeon) to the abyssal and even hadal depths of the deepest oceans (e.g., cusk-eels and snailfish), although no species has yet been documented in the deepest 25% of the ocean. With 34,300 described species, fish exhibit greater species diversity than any other group of vertebrates." }, "Laptop-13": { "title": "Laptop", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Subnotebook" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "A subnotebook or an ultraportable, is a laptop designed and marketed with an emphasis on portability (small size, low weight, and often longer battery life). Subnotebooks are usually smaller and lighter than standard laptops, weighing between 0.8 and 2\u00a0kg (2-5\u00a0lb), with a battery life exceeding 10 hours. Since the introduction of netbooks and ultrabooks, the line between subnotebooks and either category has blurred. Netbooks are a more basic and cheaper type of subnotebook, and while some ultrabooks have a screen size too large to qualify as subnotebooks, certain ultrabooks fit in the subnotebook category. One notable example of a subnotebook is the Apple MacBook Air." }, "Armadillo-2": { "title": "Armadillo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Armadillos are characterized by a leathery armour shell and long sharp claws for digging. They have short legs, but can move quite quickly. The average length of an armadillo is about 75\u00a0cm (30\u00a0in), including tail. The giant armadillo grows up to 150\u00a0cm (59\u00a0in) and weighs up to 54\u00a0kg (119\u00a0lb), while the pink fairy armadillo has a length of only 13\u201315\u00a0cm (5\u20136\u00a0in). When threatened by a predator, Tolypeutes species frequently roll up into a ball." }, "Thirst-1": { "title": "Thirst", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Thirst is the craving for potable fluids, resulting in the basic instinct of animals to drink. It is an essential mechanism involved in fluid balance. It arises from a lack of fluids or an increase in the concentration of certain osmolites, such as sodium. If the water volume of the body falls below a certain threshold or the osmolite concentration becomes too high, structures in the brain detect changes in blood constituents and signal thirst." }, "Nickel\u2013cadmium battery-7": { "title": "Nickel\u2013cadmium battery", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The first production in the United States began in 1946. Up to this point, the batteries were \"pocket type,\" constructed of nickel-plated steel pockets containing nickel and cadmium active materials. Around the middle of the twentieth century, sintered-plate Ni\u2013Cd batteries became increasingly popular. Fusing nickel powder at a temperature well below its melting point using high pressures creates sintered plates. The plates thus formed are highly porous, about 80 percent by volume. Positive and negative plates are produced by soaking the nickel plates in nickel- and cadmium-active materials, respectively. Sintered plates are usually much thinner than the pocket type, resulting in greater surface area per volume and higher currents. In general, the greater amount of reactive material surface area in a battery, the lower its internal resistance." }, "Electricity-4": { "title": "Electricity", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Electricity is at the heart of many modern technologies, being used for:" }, "Poland Spring-1": { "title": "Poland Spring", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Poland Spring is a brand of bottled water, produced in Poland, Maine, named after the original natural spring in the town of Poland, Maine it was drawn from. Today it is a subsidiary of Nestl\u00e9 and sold in the United States. The spring was first exploited commercially in 1859 by Hiram Ricker, owner of a nearby inn.[citation needed] Contemporary demand is so great the brand\u2019s water is derived from multiple sources in the state of Maine including Poland Spring and Garden Spring in Poland, Maine, Clear Spring in Hollis, Evergreen Spring in Fryeburg, Spruce Spring in Pierce Pond Township, White Cedar Spring in Dallas Plantation, and Bradbury Spring in Kingfield." }, "Shiodome-1": { "title": "Shiodome", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Shiodome (\u6c50\u7559) is an area in Minato, Tokyo, Japan, located adjacent to Shinbashi and Ginza, near Tokyo Bay and the Hamarikyu Gardens. Formerly a railway terminal, Shiodome has been transformed into one of Tokyo's most modern areas. It is a collection of 11 tiny town districts or cooperative zones, but generally there are three main areas:" }, "Email-14": { "title": "Email", "section": "Message format", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "The basic Internet message format used for email is defined by RFC 5322, with encoding of non-ASCII data and multimedia content attachments defined in RFC 2045 through RFC 2049, collectively called Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions or MIME. The extensions in International email apply only to email. RFC 5322 replaced the earlier RFC 2822 in 2008, then RFC 2822 in 2001 replaced RFC 822 \u2013 the standard for Internet email for decades. Published in 1982, RFC 822 was based on the earlier RFC 733 for the ARPANET." }, "Himalayas-36": { "title": "Himalayas", "section": "Culture", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "There are many cultural aspects of the Himalayas. In Jainism, Mount Ashtapad in Himalayas is a sacred place where the first Jain Tirthankara, Rishabhdeva attained moksha. It is believed that after Rishabhdeva attained nirvana, his son, Emperor Bharata Chakravartin, had constructed three stupas and twenty four shrines of the 24 Tirthankaras with their idols studded with precious stones over there and named it Sinhnishdha. For the Hindus, the Himalayas are personified as Himavath, the father of the goddess Parvati. The Himalayas is also considered to be the father of the river Ganges. Two of the most sacred places of pilgrimage for the Hindus is the temple complex in Pashupatinath and Muktinath, also known as Saligrama because of the presence of the sacred black rocks called saligrams." }, "Vitamin C-9": { "title": "Vitamin C", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "Deficiency" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Scurvy is a disease resulting from a deficiency of vitamin C. Without this vitamin, collagen made by the body is too unstable to perform its function and several other enzymes in the body do not operate correctly. Scurvy is characterized by spots on and bleeding under the skin, spongy gums, 'corkscrew' hair growth, and poor wound healing. The skin lesions are most abundant on the thighs and legs, and a person with the ailment looks pale, feels depressed, and is partially immobilized. In advanced scurvy there are open, suppurating wounds, loss of teeth, bone abnormalities and, eventually, death. The human body can store only a certain amount of vitamin C, and so the body stores are depleted if fresh supplies are not consumed." }, "Gavel-2": { "title": "Gavel", "section": "Etymology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In Medieval England, the word gavel could refer to a tribute or rent payment made with something other than cash. These agreements were set in English land-court with the sound of a gavel, a word which may come from the Old English: gafol (meaning \"tribute\"). Gavel would be prefixed to any non-monetary payment given to a lord (for example: gavel-malt) and can be found as a prefix to other terms such as gavelkind, a system of partible inheritance formerly found in parts of the UK and Ireland. A gavel may also have referred to a kind of mason's tool, a setting maul that came into use as a way to maintain order in meetings." }, "Zoology-1": { "title": "Zoology", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Zoology (/zo\u028a\u02c8\u0252l\u0259d\u0292i/) is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. The term is derived from Ancient Greek \u03b6\u1ff7\u03bf\u03bd, z\u014dion, i.e. \"animal\" and \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, logos, i.e. \"knowledge, study\"." }, "Cactus-14": { "title": "Cactus", "section": "Morphology", "headers": [ "Stems" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "The stems of most cacti are some shade of green, often bluish or brownish green. Such stems contain chlorophyll and are able to carry out photosynthesis; they also have stomata (small structures that can open and close to allow passage of gases). Cactus stems are often visibly waxy." }, "Child-2": { "title": "Child", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Child may also describe a relationship with a parent (such as sons and daughters of any age) or, metaphorically, an authority figure, or signify group membership in a clan, tribe, or religion; it can also signify being strongly affected by a specific time, place, or circumstance, as in \"a child of nature\" or \"a child of the Sixties\"." }, "Marten-1": { "title": "Marten", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The martens constitute the genus Martes within the subfamily Guloninae, in the family Mustelidae. They have bushy tails and large paws with partially retractile claws. The fur varies from yellowish to dark brown, depending on the species, and is valued by trappers for the fur trade. Martens are slender, agile animals, adapted to living in the taiga, and inhabit coniferous and northern deciduous forests across the Northern Hemisphere." }, "Junk (ship)-1": { "title": "Junk (ship)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A junk is a type of Chinese sailing ship. They were developed during the Song dynasty (960\u20131279) based on Austronesian ship designs, examples of which have been trading with the Eastern Han dynasty since the 2nd century AD. They continued to evolve in the later dynasties, and were predominantly used by Chinese traders throughout Southeast Asia. They were found, and in lesser numbers are still found, throughout Southeast Asia and India, but primarily in China. Found more broadly today is a growing number of modern recreational junk-rigged sailboats. Chinese junks referred to many types of coastal or river ships. They were usually cargo ships, pleasure boats, or houseboats. They vary greatly in size and there are significant regional variations in the type of rig, however they all employ fully battened sails." }, "Climate of Los Angeles-7": { "title": "Climate of Los Angeles", "section": "Temperatures and seasons", "headers": [ "Summer" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "\u25ba See or edit raw graph data. Summers are warm to hot, and nearly completely dry. The summer temperature pattern usually begins in late June or early July, and lasts through September or October, although it may start as early as late May. In August, the average high/low at the University of Southern California downtown campus are 84.8\u00a0\u00b0F (29.3\u00a0\u00b0C) and 65.6\u00a0\u00b0F (18.7\u00a0\u00b0C). The same figures at the LAX airport, approximately 12 miles (19\u00a0km) to the southwest and near the ocean, are 76.6\u00a0\u00b0F (24.8\u00a0\u00b0C) and 64.2\u00a0\u00b0F (17.9\u00a0\u00b0C). However, temperatures across the region often exceed 90\u00a0\u00b0F (32\u00a0\u00b0C) during the summer. This happens when an atmospheric high-pressure area becomes dominant over the Great Basin of Nevada and Utah (a frequent occurrence), and the resulting offshore flow of the atmospheric air mass shuts off the normal coastal sea breeze in Los Angeles. July, August and September are the hottest months, with September holding the all-time record of 113\u00a0\u00b0F (45\u00a0\u00b0C). Skies are nearly constantly sunny, unless interrupted in late spring and early summer by the June Gloom pattern, which is unpredictable year-to-year. The North American Monsoon can bring occasional thunderstorms and high humidity to Los Angeles in the summer and early fall." }, "Holy Land-1": { "title": "Holy Land", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Holy Land (Hebrew: \u05d0\u05b6\u05e8\u05b6\u05e5 \u05d4\u05b7\u05e7\u05bc\u05d5\u05b9\u05d3\u05b6\u05e9\u05c1 Eretz HaKodesh, Latin: Terra Sancta; Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 Al-Ar\u1e0d Al-Muqaddasah or \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 Ad-Diyar Al-Muqaddasah) is an area roughly located between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea that also includes the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River. Traditionally, it is synonymous both with the biblical Land of Israel and with the region of Palestine. The term \"Holy Land\" usually refers to a territory roughly corresponding to the modern State of Israel, the Palestinian territories, western Jordan, and parts of southern Lebanon and of southwestern Syria. Jews, Christians, and Muslims all regard it as holy." }, "Battle of Actium-14": { "title": "Battle of Actium", "section": "Battle", "headers": [ "Combat" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "It is estimated that Antony had around 230 ships,(plus 30-50 armed transports)as opposed to the 300 ships of Octavian's fleet. What Antony lacked in quantity was made up for in quality (of vessel), as his ships were mainly the standard Roman warship, quinqueremes with smaller quadriremes, heavier and wider than Octavian's, making them ideal weapon platforms. Antony's personal flag ship, like those of his admirals, was a \"ten\". An \"eight\" war galley had around 200 heavy marines, archers and at least six ballista catapults. Being larger than Octavian's ships, Antony's war galleys were very difficult to board in close combat and his troops were able to rain down missiles onto their smaller and lower opponent's ships. The bows of the galleys were armoured with bronze plates and square-cut timbers, making a successful ramming attack with similar equipment difficult. The only way to disable such a ship was to smash its oars, rendering it immobile and, hopefully, isolated from the rest of its fleet. The main weakness of Antony's ships was their lack of invulnerability; such a ship, once isolated from support of its fleet, could be swamped with boarding attacks. However, many of his ships were undermanned with rowing crews; there had been a severe malaria outbreak while they were waiting for Octavian's fleet to arrive." }, "Pitman shorthand-5": { "title": "Pitman shorthand", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Pitman was asked to create a shorthand system of his own in 1837. He had used Samuel Taylor's system for seven years, but his symbols bear greater similarity to the older Byrom system. The first phonetician to invent a system of shorthand, Pitman used similar-looking symbols for phonetically related sounds. He was the first to use thickness of a stroke to indicate voicing (voiced consonants such as /b/ and /d/ are written with heavier lines than unvoiced ones such as /p/ and /t/), and consonants with similar place of articulation were oriented in similar directions, with straight lines for plosives and arcs for fricatives. For example, the dental and alveolar consonants are upright: \u27e8|\u27e9 = /t/, \u27e8|\u27e9 = /d/, \u27e8)\u27e9 = /s/, \u27e8)\u27e9 = /z/, \u27e8(\u27e9 = /\u03b8/ (as in thigh), \u27e8(\u27e9 = /\u00f0/ (as in thy)." }, "DARPA-2": { "title": "DARPA", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Originally known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the agency was created in February 1958 by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in response to the Soviet launching of Sputnik 1 in 1957. By collaborating with academic, industry, and government partners, DARPA formulates and executes research and development projects to expand the frontiers of technology and science, often beyond immediate U.S. military requirements." }, "Medici (TV series)-15": { "title": "Medici (TV series)", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Locations" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Bracciano Castle: The principal courtyards and staircases of the Orsini-Odescalchi castle in Bracciano serve as streets in Florence, a palace in Rome, and the ancestral home of Contessina de' Bardi. The central courtyard in the Castle features a particularly recognisable staircase with the sculpture of a bear; this staircase becomes the principal entrance of the Medici home in Florence with the addition of the Medici Coat of Arms. The Villa Farnese in Caprarola and its gardens: The frescoed and ring-vaulted internal terrace-courtyard of Villa Caprarola doubles as a Medici villa in the series, while an un-frescoed terrace is used as a Vatican property in Rome. The Caprarola secret gardens with their unique fountains are used to represent the Vatican Gardens. The creators took significant liberties with sets, often showing interior decorations, works of art, and exterior landscapes that were created many years after the events described in the series which occur in the mid-1430s. For example, the Medici Palazzo was built in 1440s\u20131480s and the Benozzo Gozzoli frescoes of Magi Chapel shown in the Cosimo study were executed in 1459\u201361. The Lorenzo rooms are decorated with the Giulio Romano fresco \"Mars and Venus\" which was painted in the 1520s in Palazzo Te in Mantova. During the episode exile in Venice, the church of Santa Maria della Salute built in the 1630s is repeatedly shown as part of the Venice city landscape. Villa Medici contains \"Fortitude and Temperance with Six Antique Heroes\" by Perugino, painted in 1497." }, "Conservatism-1": { "title": "Conservatism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Conservatism is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. The central tenets of conservatism include tradition, organic society, hierarchy, authority, and property rights. Conservatives seek to preserve a range of institutions such as religion, parliamentary government, and property rights, with the aim of emphasizing social stability and continuity. The more traditional elements\u2014reactionaries\u2014oppose modernism and seek a return to \"the way things were\"." }, "Beer-1": { "title": "Beer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Beer is one of the oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drinks in the world, and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. Beer is brewed from cereal grains\u2014most commonly from malted barley, though wheat, maize (corn), and rice are also used. During the brewing process, fermentation of the starch sugars in the wort produces ethanol and carbonation in the resulting beer. Most modern beer is brewed with hops, which add bitterness and other flavours and act as a natural preservative and stabilizing agent. Other flavouring agents such as gruit, herbs, or fruits may be included or used instead of hops. In commercial brewing, the natural carbonation effect is often removed during processing and replaced with forced carbonation." }, "Andes-3": { "title": "Andes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Andes Mountains are the highest mountain range outside Asia. The highest mountain outside Asia, Argentina's Mount Aconcagua, rises to an elevation of about 6,961\u00a0m (22,838\u00a0ft) above sea level. The peak of Chimborazo in the Ecuadorian Andes is farther from the Earth's center than any other location on the Earth's surface, due to the equatorial bulge resulting from the Earth's rotation. The world's highest volcanoes are in the Andes, including Ojos del Salado on the Chile-Argentina border, which rises to 6,893\u00a0m (22,615\u00a0ft)." }, "Ten Commandments-50": { "title": "Ten Commandments", "section": "Religious interpretations", "headers": [ "Main points of interpretative difference", "Killing or murder" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "The imperative is against unlawful killing resulting in bloodguilt. The Hebrew Bible contains numerous prohibitions against unlawful killing, but does not prohibit killing in the context of warfare (1Kings 2:5-6), capital punishment (Leviticus 20:9-16) or a home invasion during the night (Exodus 22:2\u20133), which are considered justified. The New Testament is in agreement that murder is a grave moral evil, and references the Old Testament view of bloodguilt." }, "Quebec-76": { "title": "Quebec", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "Religion" ], "para_index": 76, "content": "Percentages are calculated as a proportion of the total number of respondents (7,435,905). Only groups with more than 0.5 percent of respondents are shown. Quebec is unique among the provinces in its overwhelmingly Roman Catholic population, though recently with a low church attendance. This is a legacy of colonial times when only Roman Catholics were permitted to settle in New France. The 2001 census showed the population to be 90.3 percent Christian (in contrast to 77 percent for the whole country) with 83.4 percent Catholic (including 83.2 percent Roman Catholic); 4.7 percent Protestant Christian (including 1.2 percent Anglican, 0.7 percent United Church; and 0.5 percent Baptist); 1.4 percent Orthodox Christian (including 0.7 percent Greek Orthodox); and 0.8 percent other Christian; as well as 1.5 percent Muslim; 1.3 percent Jewish; 0.6 percent Buddhist; 0.3 percent Hindu; and 0.1 percent Sikh. An additional 5.8 percent of the population said they had no religious affiliation (including 5.6 percent who stated that they had no religion at all)." }, "Bed size-23": { "title": "Bed size", "section": "North America", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "The sizes of mattresses use non-numeric labels such as a \"king\" or \"full\", but are defined in inches. Historically most beds were \"twins\" or \"doubles\" but in the mid-1940s larger mattresses were introduced by manufacturers. These were later standardised as \"queen\" and \"king\", and first made a significant impact on the market in the 1950s and 60s. Standard mattress depth ranges from the \"standard\" size of 9 inches (23\u00a0cm) to \"high contour\" of up to 13 inches (33\u00a0cm). Below are the standard ISPA widths and heights in the United States and Canada. U.S. bed sizes usually have a length of either 74 or 80\u00a0in (188 or 203\u00a0cm), while UK bed sizes usually have a length of either 75 or 78\u00a0in (191 or 198\u00a0cm). Widths also differ between the U.S. and UK standards." }, "Puget Sound-4": { "title": "Puget Sound", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The term \"Puget Sound\" is used not just for the body of water but also the Puget Sound region centered on the sound. Major cities on the sound include Seattle, Tacoma, Olympia, and Everett, Washington. Puget Sound is also the third-largest estuary in the United States, after the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland and Virginia, and San Francisco Bay in northern California." }, "Wolverine-16": { "title": "Wolverine", "section": "Distribution", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Wolverines live primarily in isolated arctic, boreal, and alpine regions of northern Canada, Alaska, Siberia, and Fennoscandia; they are also native to European Russia, the Baltic countries, the Russian Far East, northeast China and Mongolia. In the Sierra Nevada, wolverines were sighted near Winnemucca Lake in spring 1995 and at Toe Jam Lake north of the Yosemite border in 1996; and later photographed by baited cameras, including in 2008 and 2009, near Lake Tahoe. According to a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service publication, as of 2014 \"wolverines are found in the North Cascades in Washington and the Northern Rocky Mountains in Idaho, Montana, Oregon (Wallowa Range), and Wyoming. Individual wolverines have also moved into historic range in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California and the Southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado, but have not established breeding populations in these areas.\"" }, "Benito Mussolini-1": { "title": "Benito Mussolini", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (Italian:\u00a0[be\u02c8ni\u02d0to musso\u02c8li\u02d0ni]; 29 July 1883 \u2013 28 April 1945) was Prime Minister of Italy from the fascist coup d'etat in 1922 until his deposition in 1943, and Duce (\"Leader\") of Fascism from the establishment of the fasci of combat in 1919 to his execution in 1945 during the Italian civil war. As dictator of Italy and founder of fascism, Mussolini inspired far-right totalitarian rulers such as Adolf Hitler, Francisco Franco, Ant\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar, and several others." }, "The Little Mermaid (musical)-1": { "title": "The Little Mermaid (musical)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Little Mermaid is a stage musical produced by Disney Theatrical, based on the animated 1989 Disney film of the same name and the classic 1837 story of the same name by Hans Christian Andersen about a mermaid who dreams of the world above the sea and gives up her voice to find true love. Its book is by Doug Wright, music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman (written for the film), with additional lyrics by Glenn Slater. Its underwater setting and story about aquatic characters requires unusual technical designs and strategies to create gliding movements for the actors." }, "Ubuntu-1": { "title": "Ubuntu", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ubuntu (/\u028a\u02c8b\u028antu\u02d0/ (listen) uu-BUUN-too) is a free and open-source Linux distribution based on Debian. Ubuntu is officially released in three editions: Desktop, Server, and Core for the internet of things devices and robots. All the editions can run on the computer alone, or in a virtual machine. Ubuntu is a popular operating system for cloud computing, with support for OpenStack." }, "Cigarette-1": { "title": "Cigarette", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A cigarette is a narrow cylinder containing psychoactive material, typically tobacco, that is rolled into thin paper for smoking. Most cigarettes contain a \"reconstituted tobacco\" product known as \"sheet\", which consists of \"recycled [tobacco] stems, stalks, scraps, collected dust, and floor sweepings\", to which are added glue, chemicals and fillers; the product is then sprayed with nicotine that was extracted from the tobacco scraps, and shaped into curls. The cigarette is ignited at one end, causing it to smolder; the resulting smoke is orally inhaled via the opposite end. Most modern cigarettes are filtered, although this does not make them safer. Cigarette manufacturers have described cigarettes as a drug administration system for the delivery of nicotine in acceptable and attractive form. Cigarettes are addictive (because of nicotine) and cause cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, and other health problems." }, "Cannon-5": { "title": "Cannon", "section": "History", "headers": [ "East Asia" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The earliest known depiction of a cannon is a sculpture from the Dazu Rock Carvings in Sichuan dated to 1128, however the earliest archaeological samples and textual accounts do not appear until the 13th century. The primary extant specimens of cannon from the 13th century are the Wuwei Bronze Cannon dated to 1227, the Heilongjiang hand cannon dated to 1288, and the Xanadu Gun dated to 1298. However, only the Xanadu gun contains an inscription bearing a date of production, so it is considered the earliest confirmed extant cannon. The Xanadu Gun is 34.7\u00a0cm in length and weighs 6.2\u00a0kg. The other cannon are dated using contextual evidence." }, "G-1": { "title": "G", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "G or g is the seventh letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is gee (pronounced /\u02c8d\u0292i\u02d0/), plural gees." }, "Preventive healthcare-60": { "title": "Preventive healthcare", "section": "Effectiveness", "headers": [ "Health insurance" ], "para_index": 60, "content": "Healthcare insurance companies are willing to pay for preventive care despite the fact that patients are not acutely sick in hope that it will prevent them from developing a chronic disease later on in life. Today, health insurance plans offered through the Marketplace, mandated by the Affordable Care Act are required to provide certain preventive care services free of charge to patients. Section 2713 of the Affordable Care Act, specifies that all private Marketplace and all employer-sponsored private plans (except those grandfathered in) are required to cover preventive care services that are ranked A or B by the US Preventive Services Task Force free of charge to patients. For example, UnitedHealthcare insurance company has published patient guidelines at the beginning of the year explaining their preventive care coverage." }, "Kindergarten-1": { "title": "Kindergarten", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Kindergarten (/\u02c8k\u026and\u0259r\u02cc\u0261\u0251\u02d0rt\u0259n/, US: /-d\u0259n/ (listen); from German [\u02c8k\u026and\u0250\u02cc\u0261a\u02d0\u0250\u032ftn\u0329] (listen)) is a preschool educational approach based on playing, singing, practical activities such as drawing, and social interaction as part of the transition from home to school. Such institutions were originally made in the late 18th century in Bavaria and Alsace to serve children whose parents both worked outside home. The term was coined by the German Friedrich Fr\u00f6bel, whose approach globally influenced early-years education. Today, the term is used in many countries to describe a variety of educational institutions and learning spaces for children ranging from 2 to 6 or 7 years of age, based on a variety of teaching methods." }, "English language-108": { "title": "English language", "section": "Vocabulary", "headers": [ "Word origins" ], "para_index": 108, "content": "English has also borrowed many words directly from Latin, the ancestor of the Romance languages, during all stages of its development. Many of these words had earlier been borrowed into Latin from Greek. Latin or Greek are still highly productive sources of stems used to form vocabulary of subjects learned in higher education such as the sciences, philosophy, and mathematics. English continues to gain new loanwords and calques (\"loan translations\") from languages all over the world, and words from languages other than the ancestral Anglo-Saxon language make up about 60% of the vocabulary of English." }, "Shinto-1": { "title": "Shinto", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Shinto, also known as kami-no-michi, is a religion originating from Japan. Classified as an East Asian religion by scholars of religion, its practitioners often regard it as Japan's indigenous religion and as a nature religion. Scholars sometimes call its practitioners Shintoists, although adherents rarely use that term themselves. There is no central authority in control of the movement and much diversity exists among practitioners." }, "Robin Williams-1": { "title": "Robin Williams", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Robin McLaurin Williams (July 21, 1951 \u2013 August 11, 2014) was an American actor and comedian. He began performing stand-up comedy in San Francisco and Los Angeles during the mid-1970s, and rose to fame for playing the alien Mork in the sitcom Mork & Mindy (1978\u20131982). He was known for his improvisation skills and the wide variety of memorable voices he created. He is widely regarded by critics as one of the funniest comedians of all time." }, "Potamon fluviatile-1": { "title": "Potamon fluviatile", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Potamon fluviatile is a freshwater crab found in or near wooded streams, rivers and lakes in Southern Europe. It is an omnivore with broad ecological tolerances, and adults typically reach 50\u00a0mm (2\u00a0in) in size during their 10\u201312 year lifespan. They inhabit burrows and are aggressive, apparently outcompeting native crayfish." }, "Musical ensemble-15": { "title": "Musical ensemble", "section": "Jazz ensembles", "headers": [ "Four parts" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Jazz quartets typically add a horn (the generic jazz name for saxophones, trombones, trumpets, or any other wind or brass instrument commonly associated with jazz) to one of the jazz trios described above. Slightly larger jazz ensembles, such as quintets (five instruments) or sextets (six instruments) typically add other soloing instruments to the basic quartet formation, such as different types of saxophones (e.g., alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, etc.) or an additional chordal instrument." }, "Aloe vera-1": { "title": "Aloe vera", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Aloe vera (/\u02c8\u00e6lo\u028ai\u02d0/ or /\u02c8\u00e6lo\u028a/) is a succulent plant species of the genus Aloe. An evergreen perennial, it originates from the Arabian Peninsula, but grows wild in tropical, semi-tropical, and arid climates around the world. It is cultivated for agricultural and medicinal uses. The species is also used for decorative purposes and grows successfully indoors as a potted plant." }, "Bumblebee-45": { "title": "Bumblebee", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "Sting" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "Queen and worker bumblebees can sting. Unlike in honeybees, a bumblebee's stinger lacks barbs, so the bee can sting repeatedly without injuring itself; by the same token, the stinger is not left in the wound. Bumblebee species are not normally aggressive, but may sting in defence of their nest, or if harmed. Female cuckoo bumblebees aggressively attack host colony members, and sting the host queen, but ignore other animals unless disturbed." }, "Thesis-17": { "title": "Thesis", "section": "Regional and degree-specific practices and terminologies", "headers": [ "Canada" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "A typical undergraduate paper or essay might be forty pages. Master's theses are approximately one hundred pages. PhD theses are usually over two hundred pages. This may vary greatly by discipline, program, college, or university. However, normally the required minimum study period is primarily depending on the complexity or quality of research requirements." }, "Rachel Carson-1": { "title": "Rachel Carson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rachel Louise Carson (May 27, 1907\u00a0\u2013 April 14, 1964) was an American marine biologist, author, and conservationist whose book Silent Spring and other writings are credited with advancing the global environmental movement." }, "Cthulhu-1": { "title": "Cthulhu", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cthulhu is a fictional cosmic entity created by writer H. P. Lovecraft and first introduced in the short story \"The Call of Cthulhu\", published in the American pulp magazine Weird Tales in 1928. Considered a Great Old One within the pantheon of Lovecraftian cosmic entities, the creature has since been featured in numerous popular culture references. Lovecraft depicts it as a gigantic entity worshipped by cultists, in shape like an octopus, a dragon, and a caricature of human form. Its name was given to the Lovecraft-inspired universe where it and its fellow entities existed, the Cthulhu Mythos." }, "Code of Hammurabi-15": { "title": "Code of Hammurabi", "section": "Laws covered", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Ex. Law #196: \"If a man destroy the eye of another man, they shall destroy his eye. If one break a man's bone, they shall break his bone. If one destroy the eye of a freeman or break the bone of a freeman he shall pay one gold mina. If one destroy the eye of a man's slave or break a bone of a man's slave he shall pay one-half his price.\" Hammurabi had many other punishments, as well. If a son strikes his father, his hands shall be hewn off. Translations vary." }, "Christianity-3": { "title": "Christianity", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Christianity began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the 1st century in the Roman province of Judea. Jesus' apostles and their followers spread around the Levant, Europe, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Transcaucasia, Egypt, and Ethiopia, despite initial persecution. It soon attracted gentile God-fearers, which led to a departure from Jewish customs, and, after the Fall of Jerusalem, AD 70 which ended the Temple-based Judaism, Christianity slowly separated from Judaism. Emperor Constantine the Great decriminalized Christianity in the Roman Empire by the Edict of Milan (313), later convening the Council of Nicaea (325) where Early Christianity was consolidated into what would become the State church of the Roman Empire (380). The early history of Christianity's united church before major schisms is sometimes referred to as the \"Great Church\". The Church of the East split after the Council of Ephesus (431) and Oriental Orthodoxy split after the Council of Chalcedon (451) over differences in Christology, while the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church separated in the East\u2013West Schism (1054), especially over the authority of the bishop of Rome. Protestantism split in numerous denominations from the Latin Catholic Church in the Reformation era (16th century) over theological and ecclesiological disputes, most predominantly on the issue of justification and papal primacy. Christianity played a prominent role in the development of Western civilization, particularly in Europe from late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Following the Age of Discovery (15th\u201317th century), Christianity was spread into the Americas, Oceania, sub-Saharan Africa, and the rest of the world via missionary work." }, "Futurama (season 1)-2": { "title": "Futurama (season 1)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The original 72-episode run of Futurama was produced as four seasons; Fox broadcast the episodes out of the intended order, resulting in five aired seasons." }, "Rosemary-23": { "title": "Rosemary", "section": "Usage", "headers": [ "Folklore and customs" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "The plant has been used as a symbol for remembrance during war commemorations and funerals in Europe and Australia. Mourners would throw it into graves as a symbol of remembrance for the dead." }, "Coronavirus-1": { "title": "Coronavirus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, these viruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses include some cases of the common cold (which is caused also by certain other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses), while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Symptoms in other species vary: in chickens, they cause an upper respiratory tract disease, while in cows and pigs they cause diarrhea. There are as yet no vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent or treat human coronavirus infections." }, "Asiana Airlines-1": { "title": "Asiana Airlines", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Asiana Airlines Inc. (Korean:\u00a0\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\ub098\ud56d\uacf5; Hanja:\u00a0\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\ub098\u822a\u7a7a; RR:\u00a0Asiana Hanggong KRX: 020560; formerly Seoul Airlines) is South Korea's second-largest airline, behind Korean Air. Asiana is headquartered at the Asiana Town building in Seoul. In 2018, it accounted for a 19% share of the domestic market and a 16% share of the international market. The airline has its domestic hub at Gimpo International Airport and its international hub at Incheon International Airport (70 kilometres (43\u00a0mi) from central Seoul) and Gimhae International Airport." }, "Tiger Stadium (Detroit)-2": { "title": "Tiger Stadium (Detroit)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The last Tigers game at the stadium was held on September 27, 1999. In the decade after the Tigers vacated the stadium, several rejected redevelopment and preservation efforts finally gave way to demolition. The stadium's demolition was completed on September 21, 2009, though the stadium's actual playing field remains at the corner where the stadium stood." }, "Antarctica-2": { "title": "Antarctica", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Most of Antarctica is a polar desert, with annual precipitation of 200\u00a0mm (7.9\u00a0in) along the coast and far less inland; there has been no rain there for almost 2 million years, yet 80% of the world freshwater reserves are stored there, enough to raise global sea levels by about 60 metres (200\u00a0ft) if all of it were to melt. The temperature in Antarctica has reached \u221289.2\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212128.6\u00a0\u00b0F) (or even \u221294.7\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212135.8\u00a0\u00b0F) as measured from space), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is \u221263\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221281\u00a0\u00b0F). Anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at research stations scattered across the continent. Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae, bacteria, fungi, plants, protista, and certain animals, such as mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. Vegetation, where it occurs, is tundra." }, "Maror-13": { "title": "Maror", "section": "Types of maror", "headers": [ "Tamcha" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Rabbi Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller, in his Tosafot Yom-Tov, identified the Mishna's \"temakha\" with Yiddish \"chreyn\" (horseradish). This identification has long been recognized as problematic, as horseradish does not grow natively in Israel and was not available to Jews in the Mishnaic period. Many Jews use horseradish condiment (a mixture of cooked horseradish, beetroot and sugar), though the Shulchan Aruch requires that maror be used as is, that is raw, and not cooked or mixed with salt, vinegar, sugar, lemon, or beets." }, "Michael (archangel)-2": { "title": "Michael (archangel)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Michael is mentioned three times in the Book of Daniel. The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that, in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people, Michael came to occupy a certain place in the Jewish liturgy." }, "Passover Seder-53": { "title": "Passover Seder", "section": "Order of the Seder", "headers": [ "Maror (bitter herbs)" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "The blessing for the eating of the maror (bitter herbs) is recited and then it is to be eaten." }, "Chitin-1": { "title": "Chitin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Chitin (C8H13O5N)n (/\u02c8ka\u026at\u026an/ KY-tin), a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, is a derivative of glucose. It is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the exoskeletons of arthropods, such as crustaceans and insects, the radulae of molluscs, cephalopod beaks, and the scales of fish and lissamphibians. The structure of chitin is comparable to another polysaccharide\u2014cellulose, forming crystalline nanofibrils or whiskers. In terms of function, it may be compared to the protein keratin. Chitin has proved useful for several medicinal, industrial and biotechnological purposes." }, "Swallow-16": { "title": "Swallow", "section": "Behaviour and ecology", "headers": [ "Diet and feeding" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "The swallows generally forage for prey that is on the wing, but they will on occasion snap prey off branches or on the ground. The flight may be fast and involve a rapid succession of turns and banks when actively chasing fast moving prey; less agile prey may be caught with a slower more leisurely flight that includes flying in circles and bursts of flapping mixed with gliding. Where several species of swallow feed together they will be separated into different niches based on height off the ground, some species feeding closer to the ground and others feeding at higher levels. Similar separation occurs where feeding overlaps with swifts. Niche separation may also occur with the size of prey chosen." }, "New York Public Library-1": { "title": "New York Public Library", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The New York Public Library (NYPL) is a public library system in New York City. With nearly 53 million items and 92 locations, the New York Public Library is the second largest public library in the United States (behind the Library of Congress) and the third largest in the world (behind the British Library). It is a private, non-governmental, independently managed, nonprofit corporation operating with both private and public financing." }, "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution-1": { "title": "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Tenth Amendment (Amendment X) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, 1791. It expresses the principle of federalism and states' rights, which strictly supports the entire plan of the original Constitution for the United States of America, by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the United States Constitution; all remaining powers are reserved for the states or the people." }, "Managed care-38": { "title": "Managed care", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Private fee-for-service (PFFS)" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "There are basically two types of health insurance: fee-for-service (indemnity) and managed care. Policies may vary from low cost to all-inclusive to meet different demands of customers, depending on needs, preferences and budget. Fee-for-service is a traditional kind of health care policy: insurance companies pay medical staff fees for each service provided to an insured patient. Such plans offer a wide choice of doctors and hospitals." }, "Seasoning-2": { "title": "Seasoning", "section": "General meaning", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Seasonings include herbs and spices, which are themselves frequently referred to as \"seasonings\".[citation needed] However, Larousse Gastronomique states that \"to season and to flavour are not the same thing\", insisting that seasoning includes a large or small amount of salt being added to a preparation. Salt may be used to draw out water, or to magnify a natural flavour of a food making it richer or more delicate, depending on the dish. This type of procedure is akin to curing. For instance, sea salt (a coarser-grained salt) is rubbed into chicken, lamb, and beef to tenderize the meat and improve flavour. Other seasonings like black pepper and basil transfer some of their flavour to the food. A well designed dish may combine seasonings that complement each other." }, "Julian calendar-1": { "title": "Julian calendar", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Julian calendar, proposed by Julius Caesar in 708\u00a0Ab urbe condita (AUC) (46\u00a0BC), was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on 1 January 709 AUC (45\u00a0BC), by edict. It was designed with the aid of Greek mathematicians and Greek astronomers such as Sosigenes of Alexandria." }, "Fiction-1": { "title": "Fiction", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fiction is the art of creating stories that only exist in the artists imagination. It generally is a narrative form, in any medium, consisting of people, events, or places that are imaginary\u2014in other words, not based strictly on history or fact. It also commonly refers, more narrowly, to written narratives in prose and often specifically novels. In film, it generally corresponds to narrative film in opposition to documentary." }, "Common warthog-5": { "title": "Common warthog", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The common warthog is the only pig species that has adapted to grazing and savanna habitats. Its diet is omnivorous, composed of grasses, roots, berries and other fruits, bark, fungi, insects, eggs and carrion. The diet is seasonably variable, depending on availability of different food items. During the wet seasons, warthogs graze on short perennial grasses. During the dry seasons, they subsist on bulbs, rhizomes, and nutritious roots. Warthogs are powerful diggers, using both their snouts and feet. Whilst feeding, they often bend their front feet backwards and move around on the wrists. Calloused pads that protect the wrists during such movement form quite early in the development of the fetus. Although they can dig their own burrows, they commonly occupy abandoned burrows of aardvarks and other animals. The common warthog commonly reverses into burrows, with its head facing the opening and ready to burst out if necessary. Common warthogs will wallow in mud to cope with high temperatures and huddle together to cope with low temperatures." }, "Freedom of speech in the United States-1": { "title": "Freedom of speech in the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In the United States, freedom of speech and expression is strongly protected from government restrictions by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, many state constitutions, and state and federal laws. The Supreme Court of the United States has recognized several categories of speech that are given lesser or no protection by the First Amendment and has recognized that governments may enact reasonable time, place, or manner restrictions on speech. The First Amendment's constitutional right of free speech, which is applicable to state and local governments under the incorporation doctrine, only prevents government restrictions on speech, not restrictions imposed by private individuals or businesses unless they are acting on behalf of the government. However, laws may restrict the ability of private businesses and individuals from restricting the speech of others, such as employment laws that restrict employers' ability to prevent employees from disclosing their salary with coworkers or attempting to organize a labor union." }, "Tricycle-3": { "title": "Tricycle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In the West, adult-sized tricycles are used primarily for recreation, shopping, and exercise. Tricycles are favoured by children and senior adults for their apparent stability versus a bicycle; however a conventional trike has poor dynamic lateral stability, and the rider must take care when cornering to avoid tipping the trike over. Unconventional designs such as recumbents have a lower centre of gravity so require less care." }, "Neptune-1": { "title": "Neptune", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System. In the Solar System, it is the fourth-largest planet by diameter, the third-most-massive planet, and the densest giant planet. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth, slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus. Neptune is denser and physically smaller than Uranus because its greater mass causes more gravitational compression of its atmosphere. Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8\u00a0years at an average distance of 30.1\u00a0AU (4.5\u00a0billion\u00a0km; 2.8\u00a0billion\u00a0mi). It is named after the Roman god of the sea and has the astronomical symbol \u2646, a stylised version of the god Neptune's trident." }, "Foot (unit)-3": { "title": "Foot (unit)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The United States is the only industrialized nation that uses the international foot and the survey foot (a customary unit of length) in preference to the meter in its commercial, engineering, and standards activities. The foot is legally recognized in the United Kingdom; road signs must use imperial units (however, distances on road signs are always marked in miles or yards, not feet), while its usage is widespread among the British public as a measurement of height. The foot is recognized as an alternative expression of length in Canada officially defined as a unit derived from the meter although both the U.K. and Canada have partially metricated their units of measurement. The measurement of altitude in international aviation is one of the few areas where the foot is used outside the English-speaking world." }, "QWERTY-1": { "title": "QWERTY", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "QWERTY (/\u02c8kw\u025c\u02d0rti/) is a keyboard design for Latin-script alphabets. The name comes from the order of the first six keys on the top left letter row of the keyboard (Q W E R T Y). The QWERTY design is based on a layout created for the Sholes and Glidden typewriter and sold to E. Remington and Sons in 1873. It became popular with the success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878, and remains in ubiquitous use." }, "Mrs. Doubtfire-3": { "title": "Mrs. Doubtfire", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Robin Williams was awarded the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy. It grossed $441.3 million on a $25 million budget, becoming the second-highest-grossing film of 1993 worldwide. Though the film received mixed reviews, it was placed 67th in the American Film Institute's \"AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs\" list and 40th on Bravo's \"100 Funniest Movies of All Time\". The original music score was composed by Howard Shore." }, "Dozen-7": { "title": "Dozen", "section": "Baker's dozen", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "page\u00a0needed] A baker's dozen, devil's dozen, long dozen, or long measure is 13, one more than a standard dozen. The broadest use of baker's dozen today is simply a group of thirteen objects (often baked goods). The term has meant different things over the last few centuries." }, "Mongol Empire-2": { "title": "Mongol Empire", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Mongol Empire emerged from the unification of several nomadic tribes in the Mongol homeland under the leadership of Genghis Khan (c.\u2009 1162\u20131227), whom a council proclaimed as the ruler of all Mongols in 1206. The empire grew rapidly under his rule and that of his descendants, who sent out invading armies in every direction. The vast transcontinental empire connected the East with the West, the Pacific to the Mediterranean, in an enforced Pax Mongolica, allowing the dissemination and exchange of trade, technologies, commodities and ideologies across Eurasia." }, "Polygon (computer graphics)-1": { "title": "Polygon (computer graphics)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Polygons are used in computer graphics to compose images that are three-dimensional in appearance. Usually (but not always) triangular, polygons arise when an object's surface is modeled, vertices are selected, and the object is rendered in a wire frame model. This is quicker to display than a shaded model; thus the polygons are a stage in computer animation. The polygon count refers to the number of polygons being rendered per frame." }, "Television pilot-19": { "title": "Television pilot", "section": "Types of pilots", "headers": [ "Backdoor pilot" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "In other cases, however, an episode of the parent show may also focus on one or more guest characters who have not previously appeared in the show; for example, the JAG season eight episodes \"Ice Queen\" and \"Meltdown\" introduced the characters for what would" }, "Mandarin orange-1": { "title": "Mandarin orange", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata), also known as the mandarin or mandarine, is a small citrus tree with fruit resembling other oranges, usually eaten plain or in fruit salads. The tangerine is a group of orange-coloured citrus fruit consisting of hybrids of mandarin orange." }, "Alphabet-1": { "title": "Alphabet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An alphabet is a standardized set of basic written symbols or graphemes (called letters) that represent the phonemes of certain spoken languages. Not all writing systems represent language in this way; in a syllabary, each character represents a syllable, for instance, and logographic systems use characters to represent words, morphemes, or other semantic units)." }, "Backpack-18": { "title": "Backpack", "section": "Backpack designs", "headers": [ "Internal frame packs" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The internal frame backpack is a recent innovation, invented in 1967 by Greg Lowe, who went on to found Lowe Alpine and Lowepro, companies specializing in backpacks and other forms of carrying bags for various equipment. An internal-frame pack has a large fabric section around an internal frame composed of strips of either aluminum, titanium or plastic, sometimes with additional metal stays to reinforce the frame. A complex series of straps works with the frame to distribute the weight and hold it in place. The internal frame permits the pack to fit closely to the wearer's back and minimizes shifting of the load, which is desirable when participating in activities that involve upper-body movement such as scrambling over rocky surfaces and skiing. However, the tight fit reduces ventilation, so these type of packs tend to be more sweaty than external frame packs. The internal construction also allows for a large storage compartment; a few lash points (including webbing loops and straps for sleeping bags and other large items) may be present, but as the frame is completely integrated, it is difficult to securely lash larger and heavier items which do not fit inside the compartment to the outside of the pack. Internal frame packs originally suffered from smaller load capacity and less comfortable fit during steady walking, but newer models have improved greatly in these respects. In addition, because of their snug fit, the improved internal frame models have largely replaced external frame backpacks for many activities." }, "Arthur Stuart, 7th Earl Castle Stewart-1": { "title": "Arthur Stuart, 7th Earl Castle Stewart", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Arthur Stuart, 7th Earl Castle Stewart, MC (6 August 1889 \u2013 5 November 1961), styled Viscount Stuart from 1915 to 1921, was an Anglo-Irish peer and Unionist politician." }, "Caracal-24": { "title": "Caracal", "section": "Ecology and behaviour", "headers": [ "Diet and hunting" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Its speed and agility make it an efficient hunter, able to take down prey two to three times its size. The powerful hind legs allow it to leap more than 3\u00a0m (10\u00a0ft) in the air to catch birds on the wing. It can even twist and change its direction mid-air. It is an adroit climber. It stalks its prey until it is within 5\u00a0m (16\u00a0ft), following which it can launch into a sprint. While large prey such as antelopes are suffocated by a throat bite, smaller prey are killed by a bite on the back of the neck. Kills are consumed immediately, and less commonly dragged to cover. It returns to large kills if undisturbed. It has been observed to begin feeding on antelope kills at the hind parts. It may scavenge at times, though this has not been frequently observed. It often has to compete with foxes, wolves, leopards, and hyaena for prey." }, "Naomi Watts filmography-2": { "title": "Naomi Watts filmography", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "She transitioned to Hollywood productions in the mid to late 1990s starring in the science fiction film Tank Girl (1995), horror film Children of the Corn IV: The Gathering, and biographical drama Dangerous Beauty (1998). Watts played an aspiring actress in David Lynch's neo-noir film Mulholland Drive (2001), which was her breakthrough role and garnered her international recognition. She then starred as journalist Rachel Keller in the horror remake The Ring (2002), and reprised the role in its sequel The Ring Two (2005). Watts portrayed a grief-stricken mother with a history of substance abuse in Alejandro Gonz\u00e1lez I\u00f1\u00e1rritu-directed 21 Grams (2003), for which she garnered a nomination for Best Actress at the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, and Screen Actors Guild Awards." }, "Fuel cell-1": { "title": "Fuel cell", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel (often hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen) into electricity through a pair of redox reactions. Fuel cells are different from most batteries in requiring a continuous source of fuel and oxygen (usually from air) to sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the chemical energy usually comes from metals and their ions or oxides that are commonly already present in the battery, except in flow batteries. Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied." }, "Tomato sauce-23": { "title": "Tomato sauce", "section": "Varieties", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "American supermarkets commonly carry a variety of prepared tomato sauces described as \"spaghetti sauce\" or \"pasta sauce.\" Common variations include meat sauce, marinara sauce, and sauces with mushrooms or sweet red peppers." }, "Zoroastrianism-1": { "title": "Zoroastrianism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Zoroastrianism or Mazdayasna is one of the world's oldest continuously practiced religions. It is a multi-tendency faith centered on a dualistic cosmology of good and evil and an eschatology predicting the ultimate conquest of evil with theological elements of henotheism, monotheism/monism, and polytheism. Ascribed to the teachings of the Iranian-speaking spiritual leader Zoroaster (also known as Zarathushtra), it exalts an uncreated and benevolent deity of wisdom, Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord), as its supreme being. Major features of Zoroastrianism, such as messianism, judgment after death, heaven and hell, and free will may have influenced other religious and philosophical systems, including Second Temple Judaism, Gnosticism, Greek philosophy, Christianity, Islam, the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith, and Buddhism." }, "AVE-17": { "title": "AVE", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Madrid\u2013Barcelona" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "The Madrid\u2013Zaragoza \u2013Barcelona line was inaugurated on 20 February 2008, after parts of the line had operated since 2003 (Madrid\u2013Zaragoza\u2013Lleida) and 2006 (Lleida\u2013Tarragona). This line is currently one of the world's fastest long-distance trains in commercial operation, with non-stop trains covering the 621\u00a0km (386\u00a0mi) between the two cities in just 2 hours 30 minutes, and those calling at all stations in 3 hours 10 minutes. The line includes a spur railway that branches off at Zaragoza towards Huesca in north Aragon. The Madrid-Huesca high-speed rail line was inaugurated in 2005." }, "Mexican cuisine-28": { "title": "Mexican cuisine", "section": "Food and society", "headers": [ "Street food" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "The best known of Mexico's street foods is the taco, whose origin is based on the pre-Hispanic custom of picking up other foods with tortillas as utensils were not used. The origin of the word is in dispute, with some saying it is derived from Nahuatl and others from various Spanish phrases. Tacos are not eaten as the main meal; they are generally eaten before midday or late in the evening. Just about any other foodstuff can be wrapped in a tortilla, and in Mexico, it varies from rice, to meat (plain or in sauce), to cream, to vegetables, to cheese, or simply with plain chile peppers or fresh salsa. Preferred fillings vary from region to region with pork generally found more often in the center and south, beef in the north, seafood along the coasts, and chicken and lamb in most of the country." }, "Nestor, the Long-Eared Christmas Donkey-2": { "title": "Nestor, the Long-Eared Christmas Donkey", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Santa Claus' donkey, Spieltoe, narrates the story of a donkey named Nestor with abnormally long ears, who lived in the days of the Roman Empire. Every animal in the stable ridicules Nestor because of his ears. One day the animals in the stable are celebrating the winter solstice. Nestor's mother gives socks to Nestor to cover his ears." }, "Paul C\u00e9zanne-33": { "title": "Paul C\u00e9zanne", "section": "\"C\u00e9zanne's Doubt\": essay by Maurice Merleau-Ponty", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "C\u00e9zanne's stylistic approaches and beliefs regarding how to paint were analyzed and written about by the French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty who is primarily known for his association with phenomenology and existentialism. In his 1945 essay entitled \"C\u00e9zanne's Doubt\", Merleau-Ponty discusses how C\u00e9zanne gave up classic artistic elements such as pictorial arrangements, single view perspectives, and outlines that enclosed color in an attempt to get a \"lived perspective\" by capturing all the complexities that an eye observes. He wanted to see and sense the objects he was painting, rather than think about them. Ultimately, he wanted to get to the point where \"sight\" was also \"touch\". He would take hours sometimes to put down a single stroke because each stroke needed to contain \"the air, the light, the object, the composition, the character, the outline, and the style\". A still life might have taken C\u00e9zanne one hundred working sessions while a portrait took him around one hundred and fifty sessions. C\u00e8zanne believed that while he was painting, he was capturing a moment in time, that once passed, could not come back. The atmosphere surrounding what he was painting was a part of the sensational reality he was painting. C\u00e8zanne claimed: \"Art is a personal apperception, which I embody in sensations and which I ask the understanding to organize into a painting.\"" }, "The Honeydrippers-1": { "title": "The Honeydrippers", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Honeydrippers were a rock and roll band of the 1980s, deriving their name from Roosevelt Sykes, an American blues singer also known as \"Honeydripper\". Former Led Zeppelin lead singer Robert Plant formed the group in 1981 to satisfy his long-time goal in having a rock band with a heavy rhythm and blues basis. Formed originally in Worcestershire, the band was also composed of fellow former Led Zeppelin member Jimmy Page; Jeff Beck (a former Yardbirds member like Page); and other friends and well-known studio musicians including original Judas Priest guitarist Ernest Chataway. The band released only one recording, an EP titled The Honeydrippers: Volume One, on 12 November 1984." }, "Samsung Galaxy S20-1": { "title": "Samsung Galaxy S20", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Samsung Galaxy S20 is a line of smartphones designed, developed, marketed, and manufactured by Samsung Electronics as part of its Galaxy S series. They collectively serve as the successor to the Galaxy S10 and were unveiled at Samsung's Galaxy Unpacked event on 11 February 2020." }, "Cassowary-36": { "title": "Cassowary", "section": "Relationship with humans", "headers": [ "Attacks" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Cassowaries have a reputation for being dangerous to people and domestic animals. During World War\u00a0II American and Australian troops stationed in New Guinea were warned to steer clear of them. In his 1958 book, Living Birds of the World, ornithologist Ernest Thomas Gilliard wrote:" }, "Pope-37": { "title": "Pope", "section": "Saint Peter and the origin of the papal office", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "The Catholic Church teaches that, within the Christian community, the bishops as a body have succeeded to the body of the apostles (apostolic succession) and the Bishop of Rome has succeeded to Saint Peter." }, "Grapefruit-16": { "title": "Grapefruit", "section": "Drug interactions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "This happens in two very different ways. In the first, the effect is from bergamottin, a natural furanocoumarin in both grapefruit flesh and peel that inhibits the CYP3A4 enzyme, (among others from the P450 enzyme family responsible for metabolizing 90% of drugs). The action of the CYP3A4 enzyme itself is to metabolize many medications. If the drug's breakdown for removal is lessened, then the level of the drug in the blood may become too high or stay too long, leading to adverse effects. On the other hand, some drugs must be broken down to become active, and inhibiting CYP3A4 may lead to reduced drug effects." }, "Saint Kitts-1": { "title": "Saint Kitts", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Saint Kitts, also known more formally as Saint Christopher Island, is an island in the West Indies. The west side of the island borders the Caribbean Sea, and the eastern coast faces the Atlantic Ocean. Saint Kitts and the neighbouring island of Nevis constitute one country: the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Saint Kitts and Nevis are separated by a shallow 3-kilometre (2\u00a0mi) channel known as \"The Narrows\"." }, "James Watson-29": { "title": "James Watson", "section": "Career and research", "headers": [ "Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "In his roles as director, president, and chancellor, Watson led CSHL to articulate its present-day mission, \"dedication to exploring molecular biology and genetics in order to advance the understanding and ability to diagnose and treat cancers, neurological diseases, and other causes of human suffering.\" CSHL substantially expanded both its research and its science educational programs under Watson's direction. He is credited with \"transforming a small facility into one of the world's great education and research institutions. Initiating a program to study the cause of human cancer, scientists under his direction have made major contributions to understanding the genetic basis of cancer.\" In a retrospective summary of Watson's accomplishments there, Bruce Stillman, the laboratory's president, said, \"Jim Watson created a research environment that is unparalleled in the world of science.\"" }, "Transgender pregnancy-2": { "title": "Transgender pregnancy", "section": "Trans men", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Pregnancy is possible for transgender men who retain a functioning vagina, ovaries and a uterus. Regardless of prior hormone replacement therapy treatments, the progression of pregnancy and birthing procedures are typically the same as those of cisgender females. However, trans men who carry pregnancies are often subjected to a variety of negative, social, emotional, and medical experiences, as pregnancy is regarded as an exclusively feminine or female activity. According to the study \"Transgender Men Who Experienced Pregnancy After Female-to-Male Gender Transitioning\" by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, there is a lack of awareness, services, and medical assistance available to pregnant trans men. Inaccessibility to these services may lead to difficulty in finding comfortable and supportive services concerning prenatal care, as well as an increased risk for unsafe or unhealthy practices. Additionally, the study also exposed that some individuals reported having gender dysphoria and feelings of isolation due to the drastic changes in appearance which occur during pregnancy, such as enlarged breasts, and due to changes in public reception of their gender identity. Researchers also found that prior use of testosterone did not affect pregnancy." }, "Chicago \"L\"-58": { "title": "Chicago \"L\"", "section": "Renovation and expansion plans", "headers": [ "Possible future projects" ], "para_index": 58, "content": "The top level would be a pedestrian mezzanine, buses would operate in the second level, rapid transit trains in the third level, and commuter/high-speed intercity trains in the bottom level. The rapid transit level would connect to the existing Blue Line subway at its north and south ends, making possible the \"Blue Line loop\", envisioned as an underground counterpart to the Loop elevated. Alternatively, this level might be occupied by the Clinton Street Subway. Among other advantages, the West Loop Transportation Center would provide a direct link between the \"L\" and the city's two busiest commuter rail terminals, Ogilvie Transportation Center and Union Station. The plan also proposed transitways along Carroll Avenue (a former rail right-of-way north of the main branch of the Chicago River) and under Monroe Street in the Loop, which earlier transit schemes had proposed as rail routes. The Carroll Avenue route would provide faster bus service between the commuter stations and the rapidly redeveloping Near North Side, with possible rail service later. These new busways would tie into the bus level of the West Loop Transportation Center. There are other possible future expansions, identified in various city and regional planning studies. CTA has not begun official studies of these expansions, so it is unclear whether they will ever be implemented, or simply remain as visionary projects." }, "Methemoglobinemia-6": { "title": "Methemoglobinemia", "section": "Cause", "headers": [ "Acquired" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Methemoglobinemia may be acquired. Classical drug causes of methemoglobinaemia include various antibiotics (trimethoprim, sulfonamides, and dapsone), local anesthetics (especially articaine, benzocaine, prilocaine, and lidocaine), and aniline dyes, metoclopramide, rasburicase, chlorates, and bromates. Nitrates are suspected to cause methemoglobinemia." }, "Bee hummingbird-2": { "title": "Bee hummingbird", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The bee hummingbird is the smallest living bird. Females weigh 2.6\u00a0g (0.092\u00a0oz) and are 6.1\u00a0cm (2.4\u00a0in) long, and are slightly larger than males, with an average weight of 1.95\u00a0g (0.069\u00a0oz) and length of 5.5\u00a0cm (2.2\u00a0in). Like all hummingbirds, it is a swift, strong flier." }, "Euphoria-19": { "title": "Euphoria", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Drug-induced", "Depressants" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Some barbiturates and benzodiazepines may cause euphoria. Euphoriant effects are determined by the drug's speed of onset, increasing dose, and with intravenous administration. Barbiturates more likely to cause euphoria include amobarbital, secobarbital and pentobarbital. Benzodiazepines more likely to cause euphoria are flunitrazepam, alprazolam and clonazepam. Benzodiazepines also tend to enhance opioid-induced euphoria." }, "Coat-1": { "title": "Coat", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A coat is a garment worn on the upper body by either sex, for warmth or fashion. Coats typically have long sleeves and are open down the front, closing by means of buttons, zippers, hook-and-loop fasteners, toggles, a belt, or a combination of some of these. Other possible features include collars, shoulder straps and hoods." }, "Nancy Pelosi-2": { "title": "Nancy Pelosi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Pelosi was first elected to Congress in 1987, following her congressman father Thomas D'Alesandro Jr. into politics. She started her 17th term in 2019. She represents California's 12th congressional district, which consists of four-fifths of the city and county of San Francisco. She initially represented the 5th district (1987\u20131993), and then, when district boundaries were redrawn after the 1990 Census, the 8th district (1993\u20132013). She is a member of the Democratic Party. Pelosi has led House Democrats since 2003\u2014being the first woman to lead a party in Congress\u2014serving twice each as House minority leader (2003\u20132007 and 2011\u20132019, when Republicans held the majority), and as Speaker (2007\u20132011 and 2019\u2013present, during periods of Democratic majority)." }, "Royal Rumble (2002)-1": { "title": "Royal Rumble (2002)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Royal Rumble (2002) was the fifteenth annual Royal Rumble professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It took place on January 20, 2002, at the Philips Arena in Atlanta, Georgia, and was the final Royal Rumble produced under the WWF name." }, "2008 Summer Olympics-2": { "title": "2008 Summer Olympics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) competed in 28 sports and 302 events (one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics). This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics, but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia, following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. These were the third summer Olympic Games staged in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union." }, "Big Ben-61": { "title": "Big Ben", "section": "2017 renovation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "On 21 August 2017, Big Ben's chimes were silenced for four years to allow essential restoration work to be carried out on the tower. The decision to silence the bells was made to protect the hearing of the workers on the tower, and drew much criticism from senior MPs and the then Prime Minister Theresa May. The striking and tolling of the bells for important occasions, such as New Year's Eve and Remembrance Sunday, will be handled via an electric motor; and at least one of the four clock faces will remain visible during the restoration. Scaffolding was put up around the tower immediately after the bells were silenced. The original cost of the project to the taxpayers and creditors was estimated to be roughly \u00a329 million, but this was then more than doubled, to \u00a369 million. In February 2020 it was confirmed that the renovations had revealed that the Elizabeth Tower had sustained greater damage than originally thought in the May 1941 bombing raid that destroyed the adjacent House of Commons. Other costly discoveries included asbestos in the belfry, the \"extensive\" use of lead paint, broken glass on the clock dials, and serious deterioration to the tower's intricate stone carvings due to air pollution. The cost of addressing the new problems was estimated at \u20a418.6 million, bringing the total budget for restoring the Elizabeth Tower to nearly \u20a480 million. The additional renovation work was not set to derail the completion of the project: Big Ben will resume its usual striking and tolling in 2021." }, "Chevrolet Corvette-1": { "title": "Chevrolet Corvette", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Chevrolet Corvette, colloquially known as the Vette, is a two-door, two-passenger sports car manufactured and marketed by Chevrolet across more than 60 years of production and eight design generations. From 1953 to 2019, it was front-engined, and since 2020, it is mid-engined. With its generations noted sequentially from C1 to C8, the Corvette serves as Chevrolet's halo vehicle and is widely noted for its performance and distinctive plastic\u2014either fiberglass or composite\u2014bodywork." }, "Christmas Eve-20": { "title": "Christmas Eve", "section": "Religious traditions", "headers": [ "Meals", "Bulgaria" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "In Bulgaria, the meal consists of an odd number of lenten dishes in compliance with the rules of fasting. They are usually the traditional sarma, bob chorba (bean soup), fortune kravai (pastry with a fortune in it; also called bogovitsa, vechernik, kolednik), stuffed peppers, nuts, dried fruit, boiled wheat. The meal is often accompanied with wine or Bulgaria's traditional alcoholic beverage rakia, in the past olovina (a type of homemade rye beer). The meals used to be put on top of hay, directly on the floor, together with a ploughshare or a coulter." }, "Trick-or-treating-1": { "title": "Trick-or-treating", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Trick-or-treating is a Halloween ritual custom for children and adults in many countries. Children in costumes travel from house to house, asking for treats with the phrase \"Trick or treat\". The \"treat\" is usually some form of candy, although in some cultures money is given instead. The \"trick\" is an invitation or offer to the homeowner to scare or entertain the beggars in lieu of providing the treat (though a treat is customarily provided in addition to any trick that may be performed by the homeowner). Trick-or-treating usually occurs on the evening of October 31. Some homeowners signal that they are willing to hand out treats by putting up Halloween decorations outside their doors; others simply leave treats available on their porches for the children to take freely. Houses may also leave their porch light on as a universal indicator that they have candy. In Ireland especially and Scotland, the tradition of going house to house collecting food at Halloween goes back at least as far as the 16th century, as does the tradition of people wearing costumes at Halloween. There are many accounts from 19th-century ireland and Scotland of people going house to house in costume at Halloween, reciting verses in exchange for food, and sometimes warning of misfortune if they were not welcomed. In North America, trick-or-treating has been a Halloween tradition since the 1920s. The earliest known occurrence there of the Scottish Halloween custom of \"guising\" \u2013 children going from house to house for food or money while disguised in costume \u2013 is from 1911, when children were recorded as having done this in Ontario, Canada. While going house to house in costume has long been popular among the Scots and Irish, it is only recently that saying \"Trick or treat\" has become common in Scotland. The activity is prevalent Ireland and in the United States, Canada and Scotland and Australia, Puerto Rico, and northwestern and central Mexico. In the last, this practice is called calaverita (Spanish diminutive for calavera, \"skull\" in English), and instead of \"Trick or treat\", the children ask, \"\u00bfMe da mi calaverita?\" (\"Can you give me my little skull?\"), where a calaverita is a small skull made of sugar or chocolate." }, "Mustelidae-4": { "title": "Mustelidae", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Within a large range of variation, the mustelids exhibit some common characteristics. They are typically small animals with elongated bodies, short legs, short, round ears, and thick fur. Most mustelids are solitary, nocturnal animals, and are active year-round." }, "Hippopotamus-5": { "title": "Hippopotamus", "section": "Taxonomy and origins", "headers": [ "Classification" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Hippopotamus is the type genus of the family Hippopotamidae. The pygmy hippopotamus belongs to a different genus in Hippopotamidae, either Choeropsis or Hexaprotodon. Hippopotamidae are sometimes known as hippopotamids. Sometimes, the subfamily Hippopotaminae is used. Further, some taxonomists group hippos and anthracotheres in the superfamily Anthracotheroidea. Hippopotamidae are classified along with other even-toed ungulates in the order Artiodactyla. Other artiodactyls include camels, cattle, deer and pigs, although hippos are not closely related to these groups." }, "Pluto-2": { "title": "Pluto", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Pluto was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 and declared to be the ninth planet from the Sun. After 1992, its status as a planet was questioned following the discovery of several objects of similar size in the Kuiper belt. In 2005, Eris, a dwarf planet in the scattered disc which is 27% more massive than Pluto, was discovered. This led the International Astronomical Union (IAU) to define the term \"planet\" formally in 2006, during their 26th General Assembly. That definition excluded Pluto and reclassified it as a dwarf planet." }, "Abortion-41": { "title": "Abortion", "section": "Safety", "headers": [ "Unsafe abortion" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "Women seeking an abortion may use unsafe methods, especially when abortion is legally restricted. They may attempt self-induced abortion or seek the help of a person without proper medical training or facilities. This can lead to severe complications, such as incomplete abortion, sepsis, hemorrhage, and damage to internal organs." }, "Quetiapine-12": { "title": "Quetiapine", "section": "Medical uses", "headers": [ "Major depressive disorder" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia (while not subsidised by the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme for treatment of MDD), quetiapine is licensed for use as an add-on treatment in MDD." }, "News International phone hacking scandal-1": { "title": "News International phone hacking scandal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The News International phone-hacking scandal was a controversy involving the now-defunct News of the World and other British newspapers owned by Rupert Murdoch. Employees of the newspaper were accused of engaging in phone hacking, police bribery, and exercising improper influence in the pursuit of stories. Whilst investigations conducted from 2005 to 2007 appeared to show that the paper's phone hacking activities were limited to celebrities, politicians, and members of the British royal family, in July 2011 it was revealed that the phones of murdered schoolgirl Milly Dowler, relatives of deceased British soldiers, and victims of the 7 July 2005 London bombings had also been hacked. The resulting public outcry against News Corporation and its owner Rupert Murdoch led to several high-profile resignations, including that of Murdoch as News Corporation director, Murdoch's son James as executive chairman, Dow Jones chief executive Les Hinton, News International legal manager Tom Crone, and chief executive Rebekah Brooks. The commissioner of London's Metropolitan Police Service (MPS), Sir Paul Stephenson, also resigned. Advertiser boycotts led to the closure of the News of the World on 10 July 2011, after 168 years of publication. Public pressure shortly forced News Corporation to cancel its proposed takeover of the British satellite broadcaster BSkyB." }, "September 11 attacks-2": { "title": "September 11 attacks", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "damage. Four passenger airliners which had departed from airports in the northeastern United States bound for California were hijacked by 19 al-Qaeda terrorists. Two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan. Within an hour and 42 minutes, both 110-story towers collapsed. Debris and the resulting fires caused a partial or complete collapse of all other buildings in the World Trade Center complex, including the 47-story 7 World Trade Center tower, as well as significant damage to ten other large surrounding structures. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon (the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense) in Arlington County, Virginia, which led to a partial collapse of the building's west side. The fourth plane, United Airlines Flight 93, was initially flown toward Washington, D.C., but crashed into a field in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania, after passengers thwarted the hijackers. 9/11 is the single deadliest terrorist attack in human history and the single deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed, respectively." }, "Oyster-35": { "title": "Oyster", "section": "Human history", "headers": [ "Fishing from the wild" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "In any case, when the oysters are collected, they are sorted to eliminate dead animals, bycatch (unwanted catch), and debris. Then they are taken to market, where they are either canned or sold live." }, "Brave (2012 film)-4": { "title": "Brave (2012 film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In Medieval Scotland, Princess Merida of the clan Dunbroch is given a bow and arrow by her father, King Fergus, for her sixth birthday to the dismay of her mother, Queen Elinor. While venturing into the woods to fetch a stray arrow, Merida encounters a will-o'-the-wisp. Soon afterward, Mor'du, a huge demon bear, attacks the family. Merida flees on horseback with Elinor, while Fergus and his men fend off Mor'du, though the fight costs him one of his legs." }, "United States Department of Defense-1": { "title": "United States Department of Defense", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The United States Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government directly related to national security and the United States Armed Forces. The DoD is the largest employer in the world, with nearly 1.3\u00a0million active-duty service members (soldiers, marines, sailors and airmen) as of 2016. More employees include over 826,000 National Guard and Reservists from the armed forces, and over 732,000 civilians bringing the total to over 2.8\u00a0million employees. Headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C., the DoD's stated mission is to provide \"the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation's security\"." }, "Geographer-1": { "title": "Geographer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A geographer is a scientist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's natural environment and human society. The Greek prefix \"geo\" means \"earth\" and the Greek suffix, \"graphy,\" meaning \"description,\" so a geographer is someone who studies the earth. The word \"geography\" is a Middle French word that is believed to have been first used in 1540." }, "Jury-4": { "title": "Jury", "section": "Types of jury", "headers": [ "Petit jury" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The \"petit jury\" (or \"trial jury\", sometimes \"petty jury\") hears the evidence in a trial as presented by both the plaintiff (petitioner) and the defendant (respondent). After hearing the evidence and often jury instructions from the judge, the group retires for deliberation, to consider a verdict. The majority required for a verdict varies. In some cases it must be unanimous, while in other jurisdictions it may be a majority or supermajority. A jury that is unable to come to a verdict is referred to as a hung jury. The size of the jury varies; in criminal cases involving serious felonies there are usually 12 jurors." }, "Calico cat-1": { "title": "Calico cat", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A calico cat is a domestic cat with a coat that is typically 25% to 75% white with large orange and black patches (or sometimes cream and grey patches). They are the Maryland state cat. They are exclusively female except under rare genetic conditions. A calico is not to be confused with a tortoiseshell, which has a mostly mottled coat of black/orange or grey/cream with relatively few to no white markings. However, outside North America, the calico pattern is more usually called tortoiseshell and white[citation needed]. In the province of Quebec, Canada, they are sometimes called chatte d'Espagne (French for '(female) cat of Spain'). Other names include brindle, tricolor cat, tobi mi-ke (Japanese for 'triple fur'), and lapjeskat (Dutch for 'patches cat'); calicoes with diluted coloration have been called calimanco or clouded tiger. Occasionally, the tri-color calico coloration is combined with a tabby patterning; this calico-patched tabby is called a caliby." }, "Diana, Princess of Wales-53": { "title": "Diana, Princess of Wales", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "On 31 August 1997, Diana died in a car crash in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel in Paris while the driver was fleeing the paparazzi. The crash also resulted in the deaths of her companion Dodi Fayed and the driver, Henri Paul, who was the acting security manager of the H\u00f4tel Ritz Paris. Diana's bodyguard, Trevor Rees-Jones, survived the crash. The televised funeral, on 6 September, was watched by a British television audience that peaked at 32.10\u00a0million, which was one of the United Kingdom's highest viewing figures ever. Millions more watched the event around the world." }, "Seafood-17": { "title": "Seafood", "section": "Consumption", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Iceland, Japan, and Portugal are the greatest consumers of seafood per capita in the world." }, "9/11 Tribute Museum-1": { "title": "9/11 Tribute Museum", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The 9/11 Tribute Museum, formerly known as the 9/11 Tribute Center and Tribute WTC, shares the personal stories of family members who lost loved ones, survivors, rescue and recovery workers, volunteers and Lower Manhattan residents with those who want to learn about the September 11 attacks. It is located in the World Trade Center section of Manhattan, New York City and offers walking tours and galleries with 9/11 artifacts and history." }, "Nanometre-1": { "title": "Nanometre", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The nanometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm) or nanometer (American spelling) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth (short scale) of a metre (0.000000001 m). The name combines the SI prefix nano- (from the Ancient Greek \u03bd\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, nanos, \"dwarf\") with the parent unit name metre (from Greek \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, metr\u03bfn, \"unit of measurement\"). It can be written in scientific notation as 1\u00d710\u22129\u00a0m, in engineering notation as 1 E\u22129 m, and as simply 1/1000000000 metres. When used as a prefix for something other than a unit of measure (as in \"nanoscience\"), nano refers to nanotechnology, or phenomena typically occurring on a scale of nanometres (see nanoscopic scale)." }, "Leonardo da Vinci-3": { "title": "Leonardo da Vinci", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Leonardo is renowned primarily as a painter. The Mona Lisa is the most famous of his works and the most popular portrait ever made. The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time and his Vitruvian Man drawing is regarded as a cultural icon as well. Salvator Mundi was sold for a world record $450.3 million at a Christie's auction in New York, 15 November 2017, the highest price ever paid for a work of art. Leonardo's paintings and preparatory drawings\u2014together with his notebooks, which contain sketches, scientific diagrams, and his thoughts on the nature of painting\u2014compose a contribution to later generations of artists rivalled only by that of his contemporary Michelangelo." }, "Calvin Coolidge-1": { "title": "Calvin Coolidge", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Calvin Coolidge (born John Calvin Coolidge Jr.; /\u02c8ku\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292/; July 4, 1872 \u2013 January 5, 1933) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 30th president of the United States from 1923 to 1929. A Republican lawyer from New England, born in Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of Massachusetts. His response to the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action. The next year, he was elected vice president of the United States, and he succeeded to the presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small government conservative and also as a man who said very little and had a rather dry sense of humor." }, "Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau-1": { "title": "Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Marshal Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau (French pronunciation:\u00a0\u200b[\u0281\u0254\u0283\u0251\u0303bo]; 1 July 1725 \u2013 10 May 1807) was a French nobleman and general who played a major role in helping the Thirteen Colonies win independence during the American Revolution. During this time, he served as commander-in-chief of the French Expeditionary Force that embarked from France in order to help the American Continental Army fight against British forces." }, "Butter-10": { "title": "Butter", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Before modern factory butter making, cream was usually collected from several milkings and was therefore several days old and somewhat fermented by the time it was made into butter. Butter made from a fermented cream is known as cultured butter. During fermentation, the cream naturally sours as bacteria convert milk sugars into lactic acid. The fermentation process produces additional aroma compounds, including diacetyl, which makes for a fuller-flavored and more \"buttery\" tasting product. Today, cultured butter is usually made from pasteurized cream whose fermentation is produced by the introduction of Lactococcus and Leuconostoc bacteria." }, "Scent hound-2": { "title": "Scent hound", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Hounds are hunting dogs that either hunt by following the scent of a game animal (scenthounds) or by following the animal by sight (sighthounds). There are many breeds in the scenthound type, and scenthounds may do other work as well, so exactly which breeds should be called scenthound can be controversial. Kennel clubs assign breeds of dogs to Groups, which are loosely based on breed types. Each kennel club determines which breeds it will place in a given group." }, "War in Vietnam (1945\u20131946)-2": { "title": "War in Vietnam (1945\u20131946)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Indochina Wars are generally numbered as three: the first being France's unsuccessful eight-year conflict with the Vietminh nationalist forces (1946\u20131954); the second being the war for control of South Vietnam, featuring an unsuccessful American-led intervention, ending in 1975; finally, the conflict in Cambodia, sparked by the Vietnamese invasion in 1978. This numbering overlooks the brief but significant initial conflict \u2014 from 1945 to 1946 \u2014 that grew out of the British occupation force landing at Saigon to receive the surrender of Japanese forces." }, "Cantonese-2": { "title": "Cantonese", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Cantonese is viewed as a vital and inseparable part of the cultural identity for its native speakers across large swaths of Southeastern China, Hong Kong and Macau, as well as in overseas communities. In mainland China, it is the lingua franca of the province of Guangdong (being the majority language of the Pearl River Delta) and neighbouring areas such as Guangxi. It is the dominant and official language of Hong Kong and Macau. Cantonese is also widely spoken amongst Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia (most notably in Vietnam and Malaysia, as well as in Cambodia and Singapore to a lesser extent) and throughout the Western world." }, "One pound (British coin)-3": { "title": "One pound (British coin)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The main purpose of redesigning the coin was to combat counterfeiting. As of March 2014 there were an estimated 1,553 million of the original nickel-brass coins in circulation, of which the Royal Mint estimated in 2014 that just over 3% were counterfeit. The new coin, in contrast, is bimetallic like the current \u00a32 coin, and features an undisclosed hidden security feature called \"iSIS\" (Integrated Secure Identification Systems)." }, "Hammer-1": { "title": "Hammer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A hammer is a tool consisting of a weighted \"head\" fixed to a long handle that is swung to deliver an impact to a small area of an object. This can be, for example, to drive nails into wood, to shape metal (as with a forge), or to crush rock. Hammers are used for a wide range of driving, shaping, and breaking applications." }, "Golden eagle-22": { "title": "Golden eagle", "section": "Dietary biology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Golden eagles usually hunt during daylight hours, but were recorded hunting from one hour before sunrise to one hour after sunset during the breeding season in southwestern Idaho. The hunting success rate of golden eagles was calculated in Idaho, showing that, out of 115 hunting attempts, 20% were successful in procuring prey. A fully-grown golden eagle requires about 230 to 250\u00a0g (8.1 to 8.8\u00a0oz) of food per day but in the life of most eagles there are cycles of feast and famine, and eagles have been known to go without food for up to a week and then gorge on up to 900\u00a0g (2.0\u00a0lb) at one sitting." }, "Murder on the Orient Express (2017 film)-1": { "title": "Murder on the Orient Express (2017 film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Murder on the Orient Express is a 2017 mystery thriller film directed by Kenneth Branagh with a screenplay by Michael Green, based on the 1934 novel of the same name by Agatha Christie. The film stars Branagh as Hercule Poirot, with Pen\u00e9lope Cruz, Willem Dafoe, Judi Dench, Johnny Depp, Josh Gad, Derek Jacobi, Leslie Odom Jr., Michelle Pfeiffer, and Daisy Ridley in supporting roles. The film is the fourth screen adaptation of Christie's novel, following the 1974 film, a 2001 TV film version, and a 2010 episode of the television series Agatha Christie's Poirot. The plot follows Poirot, a world-renowned detective, as he seeks to solve a murder on the famous trans-European train in the 1930s." }, "Captain America: Civil War-1": { "title": "Captain America: Civil War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Captain America: Civil War is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), and the 13th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was directed by Anthony and Joe Russo from a screenplay by the writing team of Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, and stars Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America alongside an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr., Scarlett Johansson, Sebastian Stan, Anthony Mackie, Don Cheadle, Jeremy Renner, Chadwick Boseman, Paul Bettany, Elizabeth Olsen, Paul Rudd, Emily VanCamp, Tom Holland, Frank Grillo, William Hurt, and Daniel Br\u00fchl. In Captain America: Civil War, disagreement over international oversight of the Avengers fractures the team into opposing factions\u2014one led by Steve Rogers and the other by Tony Stark." }, "Northern fur seal-17": { "title": "Northern fur seal", "section": "Reproductive behavior", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Peak mating occurs somewhat later than peak birthing from late June to late July. As with many other otariids, the fertilized egg undergoes delayed implantation: after the blastocyst stage occurs, development halts and implantation occurs four months after fertilization. In total, gestation lasts around a year, such that the pups born in a given summer are the product of the previous year's breeding cycle." }, "Deep diving-11": { "title": "Deep diving", "section": "Dealing with depth", "headers": [ "Equipment adaptations for deeper diving" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The equipment used for deep diving depends on both the depth and the type of diving. Scuba is limited to equipment that can be carried by the diver, or is easily deployed by the dive team, while surface supplied diving equipment can be more extensive, and much of it stays above the water where it is operated by the support team." }, "Super Mario 64-21": { "title": "Super Mario 64", "section": "Impact and legacy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Because of the game's popularity, rumors about glitches and secrets spread rapidly after its release. A common rumor was that Luigi was a secret character in the game, fueled by illegible symbols in the castle courtyard that were said to resemble the text \"L is real 2401\". This same texture would reappear in The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time on a plaque in Dodongo's Cavern. IGN received so many questions and supposed methods to unlock Luigi that the staff offered a US$100 reward to anyone who could prove that Luigi was in the game. The number of false codes submitted to IGN dropped dramatically, as Luigi's inclusion was proved to be a myth. The April Fools' Day 1998 issue of Nintendo Power claims that the cryptic phrase would be discussed on the non-existent page 128, and also features a facetious article, \"Luigi 64\", commenting humorously on the rumor. Several players have discovered coins that were impossible to obtain without glitching the game. Scott Buchanan, under the alias pannenkoek2012, had managed to collect one of those coins in 2014 without tool-assistance, and also creates content about the programming mechanics of Super Mario 64. Super Mario 64 has also been widely used as a game engine for machinima purposes, from as early as 2006. Until Machinima, Inc. abruptly discontinued in January 2019, numerous machinimas using the game had been licensed under them, reaching millions of views by 2011. Major examples of the use can still be seen on video-sharing platforms, keenly YouTube." }, "Meat-9": { "title": "Meat", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Hunting and farming" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Sheep, originating from western Asia, were domesticated with the help of dogs prior to the establishment of settled agriculture, likely as early as the 8th millennium BCE. Several breeds of sheep were established in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt by 3500\u20133000 BCE. Today, more than 200 sheep-breeds exist. Cattle were domesticated in Mesopotamia after settled agriculture was established about 5000 BCE, and several breeds were established by 2500 BCE. Modern domesticated cattle fall into the groups Bos taurus (European cattle) and Bos taurus indicus (zebu), both descended from the now-extinct aurochs. The breeding of beef cattle, cattle optimized for meat production as opposed to animals best suited for work or dairy purposes, began in the middle of the 18th century. Domestic pigs, which are descended from wild boars, are known to have existed about 2500 BCE in modern-day Hungary and in Troy; earlier pottery from Tell es-Sultan (Jericho) and Egypt depicts wild pigs. Pork sausages and hams were of great commercial importance in Greco-Roman times. Pigs continue to be bred intensively as they are being optimized to produce meat best suited for specific meat products. Other animals are or have been raised or hunted for their flesh. The type of meat consumed varies much between different cultures, changes over time, depending on factors such as tradition and the availability of the animals. The amount and kind of meat consumed also varies by income, both between countries and within a given country." }, "Jupiter (mythology)-106": { "title": "Jupiter (mythology)", "section": "Relation to other gods", "headers": [ "Veiove" ], "para_index": 106, "content": "In fact, the god (under the name Vetis) is placed in the last case (number 16) of the outer rim of the Piacenza Liver\u2014before Cilens (Nocturnus), who ends (or begins in the Etruscan vision) the disposition of the gods. In Martianus Capella's division of heaven, he is found in region XV with the dii publici; as such, he numbers among the infernal (or antipodal) gods. The location of his two temples in Rome\u2014near those of Jupiter (one on the Capitoline Hill, in the low between the arx and the Capitolium, between the two groves where the asylum founded by Romulus stood, the other on the Tiber Island near that of Iuppiter Iurarius, later also known as temple of Aesculapius)\u2014may be significant in this respect, along with the fact that he is considered the father of Apollo, perhaps because he was depicted carrying arrows. He is also considered to be the unbearded Jupiter. The dates of his festivals support the same conclusion: they fall on January 1, March 7 and May 21, the first date being the recurrence of the Agonalia, dedicated to Janus and celebrated by the king with the sacrifice of a ram. The nature of the sacrifice is debated; Gellius states capra, a female goat, although some scholars posit a ram. This sacrifice occurred rito humano, which may mean \"with the rite appropriate for human sacrifice\". Gellius concludes by stating that this god is one of those who receive sacrifices so as to persuade them to refrain from causing harm." }, "Cuisine of Hawaii-26": { "title": "Cuisine of Hawaii", "section": "Ingredients", "headers": [ "Fish and seafood" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Tuna is the most important fish in Hawaiian cuisine. Varieties include the skipjack tuna (aku), the yellowfin tuna (ahi), and the albacore tuna (tombo). Ahi in particular has a long history, since ancient Hawaiians used it on long ocean voyages because it is well preserved when salted and dried. A large portion of the local tuna fishery goes to Japan to be sold for sashimi. Tuna is eaten as sashimi in Hawaii as well, but is also grilled or saut\u00e9ed, or made into poke." }, "Mohs scale of mineral hardness-4": { "title": "Mohs scale of mineral hardness", "section": "Usage", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "As an example, most modern smartphone displays use a glass panel that scratches at level 6 with deeper grooves at level 7 (on the Mohs scale of hardness)." }, "The Fox and the Hound-4": { "title": "The Fox and the Hound", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "After a young red fox is orphaned, Big Mama the owl, Dinky the finch, and Boomer the woodpecker arrange for him to be adopted by a kindly farmer named Widow Tweed. Tweed names him Tod, because he reminds her of a toddler. Meanwhile, her neighbor, a hunter named Amos Slade, brings home a young hound puppy named Copper and introduces him to his hunting dog Chief. One day, Tod and Copper meet and become playmates, vowing to remain \"friends forever\". Slade grows frustrated at Copper for constantly wandering off to play, and places him on a leash. While playing with Copper outside his doghouse, Tod awakens Chief. Slade and Chief chase Tod until they are stopped by Tweed. After an argument, Slade threatens to kill Tod if he trespasses on his farm again. Hunting season comes and Slade takes his dogs into the wilderness for the interim. Meanwhile, Big Mama, Dinky, and Boomer attempt to explain to Tod that his friendship with Copper will not continue, as they are natural enemies, but Tod naively refuses to believe them, hoping that he and Copper will remain friends forever." }, "Nacre-1": { "title": "Nacre", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Nacre (/\u02c8ne\u026ak\u0259r/ NAY-k\u0259r also /\u02c8n\u00e6kr\u0259/ NAK-r\u0259), also known as mother of pearl, is an organic\u2013inorganic composite material produced by some molluscs as an inner shell layer; it is also the material of which pearls are composed. It is strong, resilient, and iridescent." }, "Mosque-30": { "title": "Mosque", "section": "Role in contemporary society", "headers": [ "Role in violent conflicts" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "As they are considered important to the Muslim community, mosques, like other places of worship, can be at the heart of social conflicts. The Babri Mosque was the subject of such a conflict up until the early 1990s when it was demolished. Before a mutual solution could be devised, the mosque was destroyed on December 6, 1992 as the mosque was built by Babur allegedly on the site of a previous Hindu temple marking the birthplace of Rama. The controversy surrounded the mosque was directly linked to rioting in Bombay (present-day Mumbai) as well as bombings in 1993 that killed 257 people." }, "Keyboard layout-170": { "title": "Keyboard layout", "section": "East Asian languages", "headers": [ "Hangul (for Korean)", "Sebeolsik Noshift" ], "para_index": 170, "content": "Sebeolsik Noshift is a variant of sebeolsik which can be used without pressing the shift key. Its advantage is that people with disabilities who cannot press two keys at the same time will still be able to use it to type in Hangul." }, "Thong-27": { "title": "Thong", "section": "Design and variety", "headers": [ "Men's thongs" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "A jockstrap (also known as a jock, jock strap, strap, supporter, or athletic supporter) is an undergarment designed for supporting the male genitalia during sports or other vigorous physical activity. It was created by Chicago sporting goods company Sharp & Smith in 1874. Technically it is not a thong, as there is no narrow strap that passes up between the buttocks. A jockstrap consists of a waistband (usually elastic) with a support pouch for the genitalia and two elastic straps affixed to the base of the pouch and to the left and right sides of the waistband at the hip. The pouch, in some varieties, may be fitted with a pocket to hold an impact resistant cup to protect the testicles and/or the penis from injury." }, "Milk-61": { "title": "Milk", "section": "Processing", "headers": [ "Creaming and homogenization" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "Milk often is homogenized, a treatment that prevents a cream layer from separating out of the milk. The milk is pumped at high pressures through very narrow tubes, breaking up the fat globules through turbulence and cavitation. A greater number of smaller particles possess more total surface area than a smaller number of larger ones, and the original fat globule membranes cannot completely cover them. Casein micelles are attracted to the newly exposed fat surfaces." }, "Computer programming-7": { "title": "Computer programming", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "citation needed] Machine code was the language of early programs, written in the instruction set of the particular machine, often in binary notation. Assembly languages were soon developed that let the programmer specify instruction in a text format, (e.g., ADD X, TOTAL), with abbreviations for each operation code and meaningful names for specifying addresses. However, because an assembly language is little more than a different notation for a machine language, any two machines with different instruction sets also have different assembly languages." }, "Tourism-47": { "title": "Tourism", "section": "Recent developments", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "There has been an up-trend in tourism over the last few decades,[vague] especially in Europe, where international travel for short breaks is common. Tourists have a wide range of budgets and tastes, and a wide variety of resorts and hotels have developed to cater for them. For example, some people prefer simple beach vacations, while others want more specialized holidays, quieter resorts, family-oriented holidays, or niche market-targeted destination hotels." }, "Claire Danes-3": { "title": "Claire Danes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "From 1998 to 2000, Danes attended Yale University before dropping out to return to acting. She appeared in an Off-Broadway production of The Vagina Monologues in 2000, and made her Broadway debut playing Eliza Doolittle in the 2007 revival of Pygmalion. In 2010, she portrayed Temple Grandin in the highly acclaimed HBO TV film Temple Grandin, which won her a second Golden Globe and her first Primetime Emmy Award for the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie. From 2011 to 2020, she starred as Carrie Mathison in the Showtime drama series Homeland, for which she won two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series, two Golden Globe Award for Best Actress \u2013 Television Series Drama, and the Television Critics Association Award for Individual Achievement in Drama." }, "System of a Down-6": { "title": "System of a Down", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Demo tapes and signing (1994\u201397)" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The band's first official, professionally recorded song was on a collection called Hye Enk (\"we're Armenian\" in English), an Armenian Genocide recognition compilation, in 1997. After playing at notable Hollywood clubs such as the Whisky-A-Go-Go and Viper Room, the band attracted the attention of producer Rick Rubin, who asked them to keep in touch. Showing great interest, the group recorded Demo Tape 4 near the end of 1997, specifically to be sent to record companies. Rubin signed the group to his American/Columbia Records and, with engineer Sylvia Massy, System began laying down tracks that would eventually be released on their debut album. \"I loved them,\" Rubin recalled. \"They were my favourite band, but I didn't think anyone was going to like them apart from a small, likeminded group of people like me who were crazy. No one was waiting for an Armenian heavy metal band. It had to be so good that it transcended all of that.\"" }, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows-15": { "title": "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "Summary" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Harry awakens in a dreamlike location resembling King's Cross station and is greeted by Dumbledore. He explains that Voldemort's original Killing Curse left a fragment of Voldemort's soul in Harry, which caused the connection they felt and made Harry an unintended Horcrux. The fragment had been destroyed by the Killing Curse, allowing Harry the choice to return to life or to \"go on.\" Dumbledore also admits some of his mysterious history, in which his friendship with Gellert Grindelwald resulted in the murder of his younger sister Ariana and estrangement from Aberforth. Harry chooses to return to life and feigns death. Voldemort calls for a truce at Hogwarts and displays Harry's body, offering to spare most of the defenders if they surrender. Neville, however, pulls the Sword of Gryffindor out of the Sorting Hat and uses it to behead Nagini, leaving Voldemort unprotected by Horcruxes." }, "Pangolin-1": { "title": "Pangolin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pangolins are mammals of the order Pholidota (from Ancient Greek \u03c6\u03bf\u03bb\u1fd0\u0301\u03c2, \"horny scale\"). The one extant family, Manidae, has three genera: Manis, Phataginus and Smutsia. Manis comprises the four species found in Asia, while Phataginus and Smutsia each include two species living in Sub-Saharan Africa. These species range in size from 30 to 100\u00a0cm (12 to 39\u00a0in). A number of extinct pangolin species are also known." }, "Fraktur-10": { "title": "Fraktur", "section": "Use", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The Fraktur typefaces remained in use in Nazi Germany, when they were initially represented as true German script; official Nazi documents and letterheads employed the font, and the cover of Hitler's Mein Kampf used a hand-drawn version of it. However, more modernized fonts of the Gebrochene Grotesk type such as Tannenberg were in fact the most popular typefaces in Nazi Germany, especially for running text as opposed to decorative uses such as in titles. These fonts were designed in the early 20th century, mainly the 1930s, as grotesque versions of blackletter typefaces. The Nazis heavily used these fonts themselves, though the shift remained controversial and the press was at times scolded for its frequent use of \"Roman characters\" under \"Jewish influence\" and German \u00e9migr\u00e9s were urged to use only \"German script\". On January 3, 1941, the Nazi Party ended this controversy in favour of the modern scripts including Antiqua. Martin Bormann issued a circular to all public offices which declared Fraktur (and its corollary, the S\u00fctterlin-based handwriting) to be Judenlettern (Jewish letters) and prohibited their further use. German historian Albert Kapr has speculated that the r\u00e9gime had realized that Fraktur would inhibit communication in the territories occupied during World War II." }, "Balkans-16": { "title": "Balkans", "section": "Definitions and boundaries", "headers": [ "Balkans" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Historians state the Balkans comprise Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, and Slovenia. Its total area is usually given as 666,700\u00a0km2 (257,400\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) and the population as 59,297,000 (est. 2002). Italy, although having a small part of its territory in the Balkan Peninsula, is not included in the term \"the Balkans\"." }, "Speech science-10": { "title": "Speech science", "section": "Transmission of speech", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Since sound waves are produced by a vibrating body, the vibrating object moves in one direction and compresses the air directly in front of it. As the vibrating object moves in the opposite direction, the pressure on the air is lessened so that an expansion, or rarefaction, of air molecules occurs. One compression and one rarefaction make up one longitudinal wave. The vibrating air molecules move back and forth parallel to the direction of motion of the wave, receiving energy from adjacent molecules nearer the source and passing the energy to adjacent molecules farther from the source." }, "Abdulqawi Yusuf-1": { "title": "Abdulqawi Yusuf", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf (Somali: Abdulqaawi Ahmed Yuusuf) is a Somali lawyer and judge who is the current President of the International Court of Justice." }, "Henrietta Lacks-2": { "title": "Henrietta Lacks", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Lacks was the unwitting source of these cells from a tumor biopsied during treatment for cervical cancer at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S., in 1951. These cells were then cultured by George Otto Gey who created the cell line known as HeLa, which is still used for medical research. As was then the practice, no consent was obtained to culture her cells, nor were she or her family compensated for their extraction or use." }, "Tonsillectomy-1": { "title": "Tonsillectomy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tonsillectomy is a surgical procedure in which both palatine tonsils are fully removed from the back of the throat. The procedure is mainly performed for recurrent throat infections and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). For those with frequent throat infections, surgery results in fewer sore throats in the following one to two years, but unclear long term benefits. In children with OSA it results in improved quality of life." }, "Lung-3": { "title": "Lung", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The tissue of the lungs can be affected by a number of respiratory diseases, including pneumonia and lung cancer. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and can be related to smoking or exposure to harmful substances. A number of occupational lung diseases can be caused by substances such as coal dust, asbestos fibres, and crystalline silica dust. Diseases such as bronchitis can also affect the respiratory tract. Medical terms related to the lung often begin with pulmo-, from the Latin pulmonarius (of the lungs) as in pulmonology, or with pneumo- (from Greek \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \"lung\") as in pneumonia." }, "Black Death-23": { "title": "Black Death", "section": "14th-century plague", "headers": [ "Transmission", "European outbreak" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders from their port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347. During a protracted siege of the city, in 1345-1346 the Mongol Golden Horde army of Jani Beg, whose mainly Tatar troops were suffering from the disease, catapulted infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants, though it is more likely that infected rats travelled across the siege lines to spread the epidemic to the inhabitants. As the disease took hold, Genoese traders fled across the Black Sea to Constantinople, where the disease first arrived in Europe in summer 1347. The epidemic there killed the 13 year-old son of the Byzantine emperor, John VI Kantakouzenos, who wrote a description of the disease modelled on Thucydides's account of the 5th century BCE Plague of Athens, but noting the spread of the Black Death by ship between maritime cities. Nicephorus Gregoras also described in writing to Demetrios Kydones the rising death toll, the futility of medicine, and the panic of the citizens. The first outbreak in Constantinople lasted a year, but the plague recurred ten times before 1400." }, "Saint-7": { "title": "Saint", "section": "Christianity", "headers": [ "Catholic Church" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "According to the Catholic Church, a \"saint\" is anyone in heaven, whether recognized on Earth or not, who form the \"great cloud of witnesses\" (Hebrews 12:1). These \"may include our own mothers, grandmothers or other loved ones (cf. 2 Tim 1:5)\" who may have not always lived perfect lives but \"amid their faults and failings they kept moving forward and proved pleasing to the Lord\". The title \"Saint\" denotes a person who has been formally canonized, that is, officially and authoritatively declared a saint, by the Church as holder of the Keys of the Kingdom of Heaven, and is therefore believed to be in Heaven by the grace of God. There are many persons that the Church believes to be in Heaven who have not been formally canonized and who are otherwise titled \"saints\" because of the fame of their holiness. Sometimes the word \"saint\" also denotes living Christians." }, "Climate of Antarctica-10": { "title": "Climate of Antarctica", "section": "Weather condition classification", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The weather in Antarctica can be highly variable, and the weather conditions can often change dramatically in short periods of time. There are various classifications for describing weather conditions in Antarctica; restrictions given to workers during the different conditions vary by station and nation." }, "Cooking-34": { "title": "Cooking", "section": "Scientific aspects", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "The application of scientific knowledge to cooking and gastronomy has become known as molecular gastronomy. This is a subdiscipline of food science. Important contributions have been made by scientists, chefs and authors such as Herve This (chemist), Nicholas Kurti (physicist), Peter Barham (physicist), Harold McGee (author), Shirley Corriher (biochemist, author), Heston Blumenthal (chef), Ferran Adria (chef), Robert Wolke (chemist, author) and Pierre Gagnaire (chef)." }, "The Booth at the End-21": { "title": "The Booth at the End", "section": "Season 2", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "In Season 2, the Man has changed his diner and left behind Doris as waitress (and, seemingly, has changed the appearance of his book and pen). He continues to offer patrons deals toward their desires, in return for the completion of tasks. The season reveals more regarding both the Man and his nature, regarding the mysterious book that is the source of the tasks, and regarding the character of Doris from Season 1. The second season of the show premiered on Hulu on August 6, 2012, with new episodes premiering every Monday. The fifth and final episode of Season 2 aired on September 3, 2012. Season 2 was directed by Adam Arkin." }, "Neurotransmitter-16": { "title": "Neurotransmitter", "section": "Actions", "headers": [ "Excitatory and inhibitory" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Type I (excitatory) synapses are typically located on the shafts or the spines of dendrites, whereas type II (inhibitory) synapses are typically located on a cell body. In addition, Type I synapses have round synaptic vesicles, whereas the vesicles of type II synapses are flattened. The material on the presynaptic and post-synaptic membranes is denser in a Type I synapse than it is in a type II, and the type I synaptic cleft is wider. Finally, the active zone on a Type I synapse is larger than that on a Type II synapse." }, "Dustin Hoffman-8": { "title": "Dustin Hoffman", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "His upbringing was nonreligious, and he has said, \"I don't have any memory of celebrating holidays growing up that were Jewish,\" and that he had \"realized\" he was Jewish at around the age of 10." }, "Plant-1": { "title": "Plant", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Plants are mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, plants were treated as one of two kingdoms including all living things that were not animals, and all algae and fungi were treated as plants. However, all current definitions of Plantae exclude the fungi and some algae, as well as the prokaryotes (the archaea and bacteria). By one definition, plants form the clade Viridiplantae (Latin name for \"green plants\"), a group that includes the flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms, ferns and their allies, hornworts, liverworts, mosses and the green algae, but excludes the red and brown algae." }, "Crane (bird)-24": { "title": "Crane (bird)", "section": "In mythology and symbolism", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "The cranes' beauty and spectacular mating dances have made them highly symbolic birds in many cultures with records dating back to ancient times. Crane mythology is widely spread and can be found in areas such as India, the Aegean, South Arabia, China, Korea, Japan, and Native American cultures of North America. In northern Hokkaid\u014d, the women of the Ainu people performed a crane dance that was captured in 1908 in a photograph by Arnold Genthe. In Korea, a crane dance has been performed in the courtyard of the Tongdosa Temple since the Silla Dynasty (646 CE)." }, "Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion-22": { "title": "Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion", "section": "Other technical details", "headers": [ "Foundation in the ground" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "The question of the nature of the foundation for the cross used to crucify Jesus, is related to whether Jesus carried only the patibulum or the full cross (patibulum and stipes) to Golgotha - as to whether the upright stipes was a permanent fixture on Golgotha, or whether there was a permanent, or specially prepared reinforced hole for the base of the stipes. This also relates to the height of the cross, where estimates vary from 8 feet (2.4\u00a0m) to 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m) in height." }, "ITunes-20": { "title": "ITunes", "section": "iTunes Store", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "On April 28, 2003, Apple introduced the iTunes Store, then-named \"iTunes Music Store\". It allowed users to buy and download songs, with 200,000 tracks available at launch. In its first week, customers bought more than one million songs. Music purchased was protected by FairPlay, an encryption layer referred to as digital rights management (DRM). The use of DRM, which limited devices capable of playing purchased files, sparked efforts to remove the protection mechanism. Eventually, after an open letter to the music industry by then-CEO Steve Jobs in February 2007, Apple introduced a selection of DRM-free music in the iTunes Store in April 2007, followed by its entire music catalog without DRM in January 2009." }, "Geography-22": { "title": "Geography", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "The first rigorous system of latitude and longitude lines is credited to Hipparchus. He employed a sexagesimal system that was derived from Babylonian mathematics. The meridians were sub-divided into 360\u00b0, with each degree further subdivided into 60 (minutes). To measure the longitude at different locations on Earth, he suggested using eclipses to determine the relative difference in time. The extensive mapping by the Romans as they explored new lands would later provide a high level of information for Ptolemy to construct detailed atlases. He extended the work of Hipparchus, using a grid system on his maps and adopting a length of 56.5 miles for a degree." }, "Roofer-1": { "title": "Roofer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A roofer, roof mechanic, or roofing contractor is a tradesperson who specializes in roof construction. Roofers replace, repair, and install the roofs of buildings, using a variety of materials, including shingles, bitumen, and metal. Roofing work can be physically demanding because it involves heavy lifting, as well as climbing, bending, and kneeling, often in extreme weather conditions." }, "Spam (food)-10": { "title": "Spam (food)", "section": "International usage", "headers": [ "United States and territories", "Hawaii" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Spam is especially popular in the state of Hawaii, where residents have the highest per capita consumption in the United States. Its perception there is very different from on the mainland. Hawaiians sometimes call it \"Portagee Steak\"." }, "Suicide methods-5": { "title": "Suicide methods", "section": "Cutting", "headers": [ "Wrist cutting" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In the case of a non-fatal suicide attempt, the person may experience injury of the tendons, or the ulnar and median nerves which control the muscles of the hand, both of which can result in temporary or permanent reduction in the person's sensory or motor ability or result in chronic pain." }, "Death of Diana, Princess of Wales-1": { "title": "Death of Diana, Princess of Wales", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In the early hours of 31 August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales died in hospital after being injured in a car crash in a road tunnel in Paris. Her partner, Dodi Fayed, and their driver, Henri Paul, were pronounced dead at the scene. Their bodyguard, Trevor Rees-Jones, survived with serious injuries." }, "Printed circuit board-1": { "title": "Printed circuit board", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electrical or electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate. Components are generally soldered onto the PCB to both electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it." }, "Cultural impact of Star Wars-1": { "title": "Cultural impact of Star Wars", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "George Lucas's science fiction multi-film Star Wars saga has had a significant impact on modern popular culture. Star Wars references are deeply embedded in popular culture; references to the main characters and themes of Star Wars are casually made in many English-speaking countries with the assumption that others will understand the reference. Darth Vader has become an iconic villain, while characters such as Luke Skywalker, Han Solo, Princess Leia, C-3PO, R2-D2, and Chewbacca have all become widely recognised characters around the world. Phrases such as \"evil empire\", \"May the Force be with you\", and \"I am your father\" have become part of the popular lexicon. The first Star Wars film in 1977 was a cultural unifier, enjoyed by a wide spectrum of people." }, "Shaggy (musician)-1": { "title": "Shaggy (musician)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Orville Richard Burrell CD (born October 22, 1968), better known by his stage name Shaggy, is a Jamaican reggae musician, singer, DJ, and actor who scored hits with the songs \"It Wasn't Me\", \"Boombastic\", \"In The Summertime\", \"Oh Carolina\", and \"Angel\". He has been nominated for seven Grammy Awards, winning twice for Best Reggae Album with Boombastic in 1996 and 44/876 with Sting in 2019, and has won the Brit Award for International Male Solo Artist in 2002." }, "Rosalind Franklin-19": { "title": "Rosalind Franklin", "section": "Career and research", "headers": [ "King's College London" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Franklin named these two forms \"B\" and \"A\" respectively. (The biological functions of A-DNA were only discovered 60 years later.) Because of the intense personality conflict developing between Franklin and Wilkins, Randall divided the work on DNA. Franklin chose the data rich \"A\" form while Wilkins selected the \"B\" form because, according to his self-written biography, Wilkins' preliminary pictures had hinted it might be helical. The X-ray diffraction pictures, including the landmark Photo 51 taken by Franklin's student Gosling at this time, have been called by John Desmond Bernal as \"amongst the most beautiful X-ray photographs of any substance ever taken\"." }, "Ancient Greece-47": { "title": "Ancient Greece", "section": "Politics and society", "headers": [ "Political structure" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "Ancient Greece consisted of several hundred relatively independent city-states (poleis). This was a situation unlike that in most other contemporary societies, which were either tribal or kingdoms ruling over relatively large territories. Undoubtedly the geography of Greece\u2014divided and sub-divided by hills, mountains, and rivers\u2014contributed to the fragmentary nature of ancient Greece. On the one hand, the ancient Greeks had no doubt that they were \"one people\"; they had the same religion, same basic culture, and same language. Furthermore, the Greeks were very aware of their tribal origins; Herodotus was able to extensively categorise the city-states by tribe. Yet, although these higher-level relationships existed, they seem to have rarely had a major role in Greek politics. The independence of the poleis was fiercely defended; unification was something rarely contemplated by the ancient Greeks. Even when, during the second Persian invasion of Greece, a group of city-states allied themselves to defend Greece, the vast majority of poleis remained neutral, and after the Persian defeat, the allies quickly returned to infighting." }, "Geographic coordinate system-16": { "title": "Geographic coordinate system", "section": "Horizontal coordinates", "headers": [ "Latitude and longitude", "Length of a degree" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "On the GRS80 or WGS84 spheroid at sea level at the Equator, one latitudinal second measures 30.715 meters, one latitudinal minute is 1843\u00a0 meters and one latitudinal degree is 110.6\u00a0kilometers. The circles of longitude, meridians, meet at the geographical poles, with the west\u2013east width of a second naturally decreasing as latitude increases. On the Equator at sea level, one longitudinal second measures 30.92\u00a0meters, a longitudinal minute is 1855\u00a0meters and a longitudinal degree is 111.3\u00a0kilometers. At 30\u00b0 a longitudinal second is 26.76\u00a0meters, at Greenwich (51\u00b028\u203238\u2033N) 19.22\u00a0meters, and at 60\u00b0 it is 15.42\u00a0meters." }, "Chick-fil-A-3": { "title": "Chick-fil-A", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The chain's origin can be traced to the Dwarf Grill (now the Dwarf House), a restaurant opened by S. Truett Cathy, the chain's former chairman and CEO, in 1946. The restaurant is located in Hapeville, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta, and is near the location of the now-demolished Ford Motor Company Atlanta Assembly Plant, for many years a source of many of the restaurant's patrons." }, "Snowman-1": { "title": "Snowman", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A snowman is an anthropomorphic snow sculpture often built in regions with sufficient snowfall. In many places, typical snowmen consist of three large snowballs of different sizes with some additional accoutrements for facial and other features. Due to the sculptability of snow, there is also a wide variety of other styles. Common accessories include branches for arms and a rudimentary smiley face, with a carrot used for a nose. Clothing, such as a hat or scarf, may be included. Low cost and availability are the common issues, since snowmen are usually abandoned to the elements once completed." }, "Plato-39": { "title": "Plato", "section": "Philosophy", "headers": [ "Metaphysics", "The Forms" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "Plato's Forms thus represent types of things, as well as properties, patterns, and relations, to which we refer as objects. Just as individual tables, chairs, and cars refer to objects in this world, 'tableness', 'chairness', and 'carness', as well as e. g. justice, truth, and beauty refer to objects in another world. One of Plato's most cited examples for the Forms were the truths of geometry, such as the Pythagorean theorem." }, "Chris Christie-101": { "title": "Chris Christie", "section": "Presidential politics", "headers": [ "2012 presidential election" ], "para_index": 101, "content": "Political commentators debated whether Christie's weight would or should affect his viability as a 2012 presidential candidate, either for medical or social reasons. The Obesity Society, a nonprofit scientific group, released a statement asserting, \"To suggest that Governor Christie's body weight discounts and discredits his ability to be an effective political candidate is inappropriate, unjust, and wrong.\"" }, "Aging and society-3": { "title": "Aging and society", "section": "Cultural variations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Arbitrary divisions set to mark periods of life may include: juvenile (via infancy, childhood, preadolescence, adolescence), early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. More casual terms may include \"teenagers,\" \"tweens,\" \"twentysomething\", \"thirtysomething\", etc. as well as \"vicenarian\", \"tricenarian\", \"quadragenarian\", etc." }, "Jackson Pollock-17": { "title": "Jackson Pollock", "section": "Later years and death (1955\u20131956)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Pollock and Krasner's relationship began to crumble by 1956, owing to Pollock's continuing alcoholism and infidelity involving Ruth Kligman. On August 11, 1956, at 10:15 pm, Pollock died in a single-car crash in his Oldsmobile convertible while driving under the influence of alcohol. At the time Krasner was visiting friends in Europe and she abruptly returned on hearing the news from a friend. One of the passengers, Edith Metzger, was also killed in the accident, which occurred less than a mile from Pollock's home. The other passenger, Ruth Kligman, an artist and Pollock's mistress, survived. In December 1956, four months after his death, Pollock was given a memorial retrospective exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City. A larger, more comprehensive exhibition of his work was held there in 1967. In 1998 and 1999, his work was honored with large-scale retrospective exhibitions at MoMA and at The Tate in London." }, "Email-6": { "title": "Email", "section": "Terminology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Electronic mail is called email or e-mail since around 1993, but several variations of the spelling are used:" }, "Acoustic resonance-51": { "title": "Acoustic resonance", "section": "Breaking glass with sound via resonance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 51, "content": "This is a classic demonstration of resonance. A glass has a natural resonance, a frequency at which the glass will vibrate easily. Therefore the glass needs to be moved by the sound wave at that frequency. If the force from the sound wave making the glass vibrate is big enough, the size of the vibration will become so large that the glass fractures. To do it reliably for a science demonstration requires practice and careful choice of the glass and loudspeaker." }, "WWE Heat-4": { "title": "WWE Heat", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Early format" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The show was originally introduced on the USA Network on August 2, 1998 in the United States. The one-hour show would be broadcast on Sunday nights, being taped earlier in the week after Raw. It was the second primary program of the WWF's weekly television show line-up, serving as a supplement to the Monday Night Raw program. Heat would feature a format similar to that of Monday Night Raw, in that continuing feuds from the previous week would progress during the show, and the following day's Monday Night Raw would be heavily promoted. On scheduled WWF pay-per-view event nights, Heat would also serve as a preview show to the events. The show was initially signed for only 6 episodes, but proved to be very popular and was continued." }, "California-52": { "title": "California", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 52, "content": "A reference map of California A topographic map of California A forest of redwood trees in Redwood National Park K\u00f6ppen climate types in California Mount Shasta Aerial view of the California Central Valley Big Sur coast, south of Monterey at Bixby Bridge Yosemite National Park Snow on the Sierra Nevada in eastern California Death Valley, in the Mojave Desert Potato Harbor, named for its distinctive ovular and bumpy shape, on Santa Cruz Island The coastline along Laguna Beach in Southern California Cylindropuntia bigelovii in the Joshua Tree National Park Mojave National Preserve The Sacramento\u2013San Joaquin River Delta viewed from above, with the Sacramento River above and San Joaquin River below Glamis sand dunes Although most of the state has a Mediterranean climate, due to the state's large size the climate ranges from polar to subtropical. The cool California Current offshore often creates summer fog near the coast. Farther inland, there are colder winters and hotter summers. The maritime moderation results in the shoreline summertime temperatures of Los Angeles and San Francisco being the coolest of all major metropolitan areas of the United States and uniquely cool compared to areas on the same latitude in the interior and on the east coast of the North American continent. Even the San Diego shoreline bordering Mexico is cooler in summer than most areas in the contiguous United States. Just a few miles inland, summer temperature extremes are significantly higher, with downtown Los Angeles being several degrees warmer than at the coast. The same microclimate phenomenon is seen in the climate of the Bay Area, where areas sheltered from the sea experience significantly hotter summers than nearby areas closer to the ocean." }, "Hamlet-1": { "title": "Hamlet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet (/\u02c8h\u00e6ml\u026at/), is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601." }, "Tag team-7": { "title": "Tag team", "section": "Tag team match rules", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The basic tag team match has two teams of two wrestlers facing off against each other. All standard rules for singles wrestling apply to a team match. However, only one wrestler from each team, called the \"legal man\" is allowed in the ring at a time (although heels will often flout this rule in an attempt to gang up on a single opponent). All other members of the team wait outside the ropes (on the ring apron or the floor) in the team's specified corner. Only an active/legal wrestler is allowed to score a fall or have a fall scored against him/her. But any wrestler, legal or outside, may face disqualification for himself or his team for violating rules." }, "Vienna Convention on Consular Relations-7": { "title": "Vienna Convention on Consular Relations", "section": "State parties to the convention", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "There are 180 state parties to the convention including most UN member states and UN observer states Holy See and State of Palestine. The signatory states that have not ratified the convention are: Central African Republic, Israel, Ivory Coast and Republic of Congo. The UN member states that have neither signed nor ratified the convention are: Afghanistan, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, Ethiopia, Palau, San Marino, Solomon Islands, South Sudan and Uganda." }, "Ophthalmology-42": { "title": "Ophthalmology", "section": "Professional requirements", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Physicians must complete the requirements of continuing medical education to maintain licensure and for recertification. Professional bodies like the American Academy of Ophthalmology and American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery organize conferences, help physician members through continuing medical education programs for maintaining board certification, and provide political advocacy and peer support." }, "Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing-2": { "title": "Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Based at the site where 1571-1579 Irving Street now stands, on Irving Street between Coach and Elizabeth, Rahway, New Jersey, Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing Company was started in December 1884 after the inventor Nikola Tesla left Thomas Edison's employment following a disagreement over payment. The company was formed in a partnership between Tesla, Robert Lane and Benjamin Vale with Tesla given the task of designing an arc lighting system, a fast growing segment of the new electric light industry used mostly for outdoor lighting. Tesla designed an arc lamp with automatic adjustment and a fail-switch as well as improved dynamos. These were the first patents issued to Tesla in the US. By 1886 he had installed a central station based system in Rahway lighting streets as well as a few factory buildings." }, "The Science of Discworld-1": { "title": "The Science of Discworld", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Science of Discworld is a 1999 book by novelist Terry Pratchett and popular science writers Ian Stewart and Jack Cohen. Three sequels, The Science of Discworld II: The Globe, The Science of Discworld III: Darwin's Watch, and The Science of Discworld IV: Judgement Day, have been written by the same authors." }, "Columbia University-28": { "title": "Columbia University", "section": "Academics", "headers": [ "Undergraduate admissions and financial aid" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Columbia University received nearly 40,100 applications for the class of 2024 (entering 2020) and a total of around 2,450 were admitted to the two schools for an overall acceptance rate of 6.1%, making Columbia the third most selective college in the United States behind Stanford and Harvard as well as the second most selective college in the Ivy League. According to the 2012 college selectivity ranking by U.S. News & World Report, which factors admission and yield rates among other criteria, Columbia was tied with Yale, Caltech and MIT as the most selective colleges in the country. Columbia is a racially diverse school, with approximately 52% of all students identifying themselves as persons of color. Additionally, 50% of all undergraduates received grants from Columbia. The average grant size awarded to these students is $46,516. In 2015\u20132016, annual undergraduate tuition at Columbia was $50,526 with a total cost of attendance of $65,860 (including room and board)." }, "Napoleon-121": { "title": "Napoleon", "section": "Exile on Saint Helena", "headers": [ "Death" ], "para_index": 121, "content": "In February 1821, Napoleon's health began to deteriorate rapidly, and he reconciled with the Catholic Church. He died on 5 May 1821, after confession, Extreme Unction and Viaticum in the presence of Father Ange Vignali. His last words were, France, l'arm\u00e9e, t\u00eate d'arm\u00e9e, Jos\u00e9phine (\"France, the army, head of the army, Jos\u00e9phine\")." }, "Nuclear weapon-2": { "title": "Nuclear weapon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Nuclear weapons have been used twice in war, both times by the United States against Japan near the end of World War II. On August 6, 1945, the U.S. Army Air Forces detonated a uranium gun-type fission bomb nicknamed \"Little Boy\" over the Japanese city of Hiroshima; three days later, on August 9, the U.S. Army Air Forces detonated a plutonium implosion-type fission bomb nicknamed \"Fat Man\" over the Japanese city of Nagasaki. These bombings caused injuries that resulted in the deaths of approximately 200,000 civilians and military personnel. The ethics of these bombings and their role in Japan's surrender are subjects of debate." }, "Aphrodite-1": { "title": "Aphrodite", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Aphrodite is an ancient Greek goddess associated with love, beauty, pleasure, passion and procreation. She was syncretized with the Roman goddess Venus. Aphrodite's major symbols include myrtles, roses, doves, sparrows, and swans. The cult of Aphrodite was largely derived from that of the Phoenician goddess Astarte, a cognate of the East Semitic goddess Ishtar, whose cult was based on the Sumerian cult of Inanna. Aphrodite's main cult centers were Cythera, Cyprus, Corinth, and Athens. Her main festival was the Aphrodisia, which was celebrated annually in midsummer. In Laconia, Aphrodite was worshipped as a warrior goddess. She was also the patron goddess of prostitutes, an association which led early scholars to propose the concept of \"sacred prostitution\" in Greco-Roman culture, an idea which is now generally seen as erroneous." }, "Winter clothing-2": { "title": "Winter clothing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Winter clothes are especially outerwear like coats, jackets, hats, scarves and gloves or mittens, but also warm underwear like long underwear, union suits and socks. Military issue winter clothing evolved from heavy coats and jackets to multilayered clothing for the purpose of keeping troops warm during winter battles. Several shirts and socks, usually four pairs were standard issue for the U.S. Army during WWII. Winter clothes used for sports and recreation includes ski suits and snowmobile suits." }, "Federal holidays in the United States-6": { "title": "Federal holidays in the United States", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "New Year's Day Independence Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day George Washington's Birthday became a Federal holiday in 1879. In 1888 and 1894, respectively, Decoration Day (now Memorial Day) and Labor Day were created. In 1938, Armistice Day (now Veterans Day) was created to mark the end of World War I. The scope and the name of the holiday was expanded in 1954 to honor Americans who fought in World War II and the Korean War." }, "America's Funniest Home Videos-16": { "title": "America's Funniest Home Videos", "section": "History", "headers": [ "2015\u2013present: Alfonso Ribeiro" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "On May 19, 2015, two days after Bergeron's final episode aired, ABC announced that Ribeiro (known for playing Carlton Banks on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air) would take over as host of AFV beginning with the season 26 premiere on October 11, 2015. Bergeron formally introduced Ribeiro's new role as host during the latter's guest performance on the season 20 finale of Dancing with the Stars (Ribeiro appeared as a DWTS competitor and won the previous season). Before becoming the current host of the show, Ribeiro made his only guest appearance in the studio on a season 25 episode of AFV playing one of the show's audience participation games with then-host Bergeron called \"Who's Makin' That Racket?\". While some of the Bergeron-era clip segments, the in-studio audience and background parts of the Bergeron-era set props remained intact and/or continued to air for all five years of Ribiero's tenure as host, the stage featured a metal floor layout and stairway connected to a cube screen put together like a puzzle using smaller sized flat-panel TV screens and new segments (especially for Ribiero's run) continued to be added and aired on the show. The show also introduced the Squares-era (probably in reference to the cube screen) with Ribiero's entrance as host in 2015. Additional set props like the arrow screens with flat-panel monitors on them and light-up color-changing versions of the tables where some of the studio audience sit when not in the bleacher areas made their debut to the AFV set starting in 2019. Ribeiro also humorously narrates the clip, much like his predecessor, though he makes extensive use of rhyming in his speeches." }, "Chaff-5": { "title": "Chaff", "section": "Grain chaff", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The process of loosening the chaff from the grain so as to remove it is called threshing \u2013 traditionally done by milling or pounding. Separating remaining loose chaff from the grain is called winnowing \u2013 traditionally done by repeatedly tossing the grain up into a light wind which gradually blows the lighter chaff away. This method typically utilizes a broad, plate-shaped basket or similar receptacle to hold and collect the winnowed grain as it falls back down." }, "Clouded leopard-1": { "title": "Clouded leopard", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) is a medium-size wild cat occurring from the Himalayan foothills through mainland Southeast Asia into southern China. Since 2008, it is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Its total population is suspected to be fewer than 10,000 mature individuals, with a decreasing population trend, and no single population numbering more than 1,000 adults." }, "Canon Inc.-2": { "title": "Canon Inc.", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Canon has a primary listing on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the TOPIX Core30 and Nikkei 225 index. It has a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange." }, "Art dealer-2": { "title": "Art dealer", "section": "Role", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "An art dealer typically seeks out various artists to represent, and builds relationships with collectors and museums whose interests are likely to match the work of the represented artists. Some dealers are able to anticipate market trends, while some prominent dealers may be able to influence the taste of the market. Many dealers specialize in a particular style, period, or region. They often travel internationally, frequenting exhibitions, auctions, and artists' studios looking for good buys, little-known treasures, and exciting new works. When dealers buy works of art, they resell them either in their galleries or directly to collectors. Those who deal in contemporary art usually exhibit artists' works in their galleries, and take a percentage of the price the works sell for." }, "Mark Twain-23": { "title": "Mark Twain", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Love of science and technology" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Twain patented three inventions, including an \"Improvement in Adjustable and Detachable Straps for Garments\" (to replace suspenders) and a history trivia game. Most commercially successful was a self-pasting scrapbook; a dried adhesive on the pages needed only to be moistened before use. Over 25,000 were sold." }, "Curiosity (rover)-1": { "title": "Curiosity (rover)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Curiosity is a car-sized rover designed to explore the crater Gale on Mars as part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission (MSL). Curiosity was launched from Cape Canaveral on November 26, 2011, at 15:02\u00a0UTC and landed on Aeolis Palus inside Gale on Mars on August 6, 2012, 05:17\u00a0UTC. The Bradbury Landing site was less than 2.4\u00a0km (1.5\u00a0mi) from the center of the rover's touchdown target after a 560\u00a0million\u00a0km (350\u00a0million\u00a0mi) journey. The rover's goals include an investigation of the Martian climate and geology; assessment of whether the selected field site inside Gale has ever offered environmental conditions favorable for microbial life, including investigation of the role of water; and planetary habitability studies in preparation for human exploration." }, "Peer review-1": { "title": "Peer review", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competences as the producers of the work (peers). It functions as a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field. Peer review methods are used to maintain quality standards, improve performance, and provide credibility. In academia, scholarly peer review is often used to determine an academic paper's suitability for publication. Peer review can be categorized by the type of activity and by the field or profession in which the activity occurs, e.g., medical peer review." }, "Armageddon-4": { "title": "Armageddon", "section": "Christianity", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Megiddo is mentioned twelve times in the Old Testament, ten times in reference to the ancient city of Megiddo, and twice with reference to \"the plain of Megiddo\", most probably simply meaning \"the plain next to the city\". None of these Old Testament passages describes the city of Megiddo as being associated with any particular prophetic beliefs. The one New Testament reference to the city of Armageddon found in Revelation 16:16 also makes no specific mention of any armies being predicted to one day gather in this city, but instead seems to predict only that \"they (will gather) the kings together to .... Armageddon\". The text does however seem to imply, based on the text from the earlier passage of Revelation 16:14, that the purpose of this gathering of kings in the \"place called Armageddon\" is \"for the war of the great day of God, the Almighty\".\u00a0 Because of the seemingly highly symbolic and even cryptic language of this one New Testament passage, some Christian scholars conclude that Mount Armageddon must be an idealized location. R. J. Rushdoony says, \"There are no mountains of Megiddo, only the Plains of Megiddo. This is a deliberate destruction of the vision of any literal reference to the place.\" Other scholars, including C. C. Torrey, Kline and Jordan argue that the word is derived from the Hebrew moed (\u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u200e), meaning \"assembly\".\u00a0 Thus, \"Armageddon\" would mean \"Mountain of Assembly,\" which Jordan says is \"a reference to the assembly at Mount Sinai, and to its replacement, Mount Zion.\"" }, "Atmospheric optics-17": { "title": "Atmospheric optics", "section": "Halos", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "There are many types of ice halos. They are produced by the ice crystals in cirrus or cirrostratus clouds high in the upper troposphere, at an altitude of 5 kilometres (3.1\u00a0mi) to 10 kilometres (6.2\u00a0mi), or, during very cold weather, by ice crystals called diamond dust drifting in the air at low levels. The particular shape and orientation of the crystals are responsible for the types of halo observed. Light is reflected and refracted by the ice crystals and may split into colors because of dispersion. The crystals behave like prisms and mirrors, refracting and reflecting sunlight between their faces, sending shafts of light in particular directions. For circular halos, the preferred angular distance are 22 and 46\u00a0degrees from the ice crystals which create them. Atmospheric phenomena such as halos have been used as part of weather lore as an empirical means of weather forecasting, with their presence indicating an approach of a warm front and its associated rain." }, "Najd-23": { "title": "Najd", "section": "Population", "headers": [ "Social and ethnic groups" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Prior to the formation of the modern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the native population Arabian tribes, who were either nomads (bedouins), or sedentary farmers and merchants. The rest of the population consisted mainly of Arabs who were, for various reasons, unaffiliated with any tribes, and who mostly lived in the towns and villages of Najd working in various trades such as carpentry or as Sonnaa' (craftsmen). There was also a small segment of the population made up of African as well as some East and South Eastern European slaves or freedmen." }, "Thailand and the International Monetary Fund-2": { "title": "Thailand and the International Monetary Fund", "section": "IMF Involvement in the 1980's", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "During the span between 1973 and 1985, Thailand experienced a 36% fall in trade, stagnating GDP growth, sharp inflation, and increasing current account deficit coupled with increasing external debt. In order to counter this trend, Thailand entered into IMF backed adjustment program in which it devalued its currency while implementing stricter fiscal policies. The structural changes that this period of adjustment implemented resulted in 10 years of strong economic performance. Between 1987 and 1989, the GDP grew at over 10%, inflation dropped to just 5 percent, and current account deficit was less than 3% of the GDP. Despite this, some argue that the short-term focused structural changes in the 1980s were the catalysts for Thailand's economic crisis just 10 years later in 1997. Specifically, most of the growth in the ten years following the 1983 IMF adjustments were in the non-tradable sector rather than the export-oriented tradable sector. Furthermore, the IMF adjustments cut infrastructure investment from 8.9% of total GDP to just 5.2% in 1989." }, "Robot-assisted surgery-28": { "title": "Robot-assisted surgery", "section": "Comparison to traditional methods", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Major advances aided by surgical robots have been remote surgery, minimally invasive surgery and unmanned surgery. Due to robotic use, the surgery is done with precision, miniaturization, smaller incisions; decreased blood loss, less pain, and quicker healing time. Articulation beyond normal manipulation and three-dimensional magnification help to result in improved ergonomics. Due to these techniques, there is a reduced duration of hospital stays, blood loss, transfusions, and use of pain medication." }, "Arctic-5": { "title": "Arctic", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The Arctic's climate is characterized by cold winters and cool summers. Its precipitation mostly comes in the form of snow and is low, with most of the area receiving less than 50\u00a0cm (20\u00a0in). High winds often stir up snow, creating the illusion of continuous snowfall. Average winter temperatures can go as low as \u221240\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221240\u00a0\u00b0F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately \u221268\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221290\u00a0\u00b0F). Coastal Arctic climates are moderated by oceanic influences, having generally warmer temperatures and heavier snowfalls than the colder and drier interior areas. The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws." }, "Uranus (mythology)-1": { "title": "Uranus (mythology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Uranus (/\u02c8j\u028a\u0259r\u0259n\u0259s/ (listen) YOOR-\u0259-n\u0259s, /j\u028a\u0259\u02c8re\u026an\u0259s/ (listen) yoor-AY-n\u0259s; sometimes written Ouranos (Ancient Greek: \u039f\u1f50\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2, romanized:\u00a0Ouran\u00f3s [o\u02d0ran\u00f3s]) meaning \"sky\" or \"heaven\") was the primal Greek god personifying the sky and one of the Greek primordial deities. Uranus is associated with the Roman god Caelus. In Ancient Greek literature, Uranus or Father Sky was the son and husband of Gaia the primordial Mother Earth. According to Hesiod's Theogony, Uranus was conceived by Gaia alone, but other sources cite Aether as his father. Uranus and Gaia were the parents of the first generation of Titans, and the ancestors of most of the Greek gods, but no cult addressed directly to Uranus survived into Classical times, and Uranus does not appear among the usual themes of Greek painted pottery. Elemental Earth, Sky, and Styx might be joined, however, in a solemn invocation in Homeric epic." }, "Ocelot-2": { "title": "Ocelot", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Typically active during twilight and at night, the ocelot tends to be solitary and territorial. It is efficient at climbing, leaping and swimming. It preys on small terrestrial mammals, such as armadillo, opossum and lagomorphs. Both sexes become sexually mature at around two years of age; they can breed throughout the year, though the peak mating season varies geographically. After a gestation period of two to three months, the female gives birth to a litter of one to three kittens. They stay with their mother for up to two years, after which they leave to establish their own territories." }, "Chondrilla (plant)-3": { "title": "Chondrilla (plant)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "This genus is closely related to the dandelions of genus Taraxacum. Plants of both genera undergo apomixis, producing fertile seeds via asexual reproduction." }, "Do it yourself-11": { "title": "Do it yourself", "section": "Home Improvement", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "In the mid-1990s, DIY home-improvement content began to find its way onto the World Wide Web. HouseNet was the earliest bulletin-board style site where users could share information. HomeTips.com, established in early 1995, was among the first web-based sites to deliver free extensive DIY home-improvement content created by expert authors.[citation needed] Since the late 1990s, DIY has exploded on the Web through thousands of sites." }, "Family Guy-2": { "title": "Family Guy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The family was conceived by MacFarlane after developing two animated films, The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve. MacFarlane redesigned the films' protagonist, Larry, and his dog, Steve, and renamed them Peter and Brian, respectively. MacFarlane pitched a seven-minute pilot to Fox in 1998, and the show was greenlit and began production. Shortly after the third season of Family Guy had aired in 2002, Fox canceled the series with one episode left unaired. Adult Swim aired that episode in 2003, finishing the series' original run. However, favorable DVD sales and high ratings for syndicated reruns on Adult Swim convinced the network to renew the show in 2004 for a fourth season, which began airing on May 1, 2005." }, "Ethiopia-1": { "title": "Ethiopia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ethiopia (/\u02cci\u02d0\u03b8i\u02c8o\u028api\u0259/; Amharic: \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb, \u02be\u012aty\u014d\u1e57\u1e57y\u0101, listen\u00a0(help\u00b7info), Afar: Itiyoophiyaa, Ge'ez: \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb. Oromo: Itoophiyaa, Somali: Itoobiya, Tigrinya: \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest. With over 109 million inhabitants as of 2019[update], Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent. The country has a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres (420,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi). Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa, which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates. Ethiopian national identity is grounded in the indigenous Amharic language, the historic and contemporary roles of Christianity and Islam, and the independence of Ethiopia from foreign rule, stemming from the various ancient Ethiopian kingdoms of antiquity." }, "Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman-1": { "title": "Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman is an American superhero television series based on the DC Comics character Superman created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster. It stars Dean Cain as Clark Kent/Superman and Teri Hatcher as Lois Lane. The series aired on ABC from September 12, 1993 to June 14, 1997." }, "Zeroa-1": { "title": "Zeroa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "(Hebrew: \u05d6\u05e8\u05d5\u05b9\u05e2) is a lamb shank bone or roast chicken wing or neck used on Passover and placed on the Seder plate. It symbolizes the korban Pesach (Pesach sacrifice), a lamb that was offered in the Temple in Jerusalem, then roasted (70 CE) during the destruction of the Temple, the z'roa serves as a visual reminder of the Pesach sacrifice. In Ashkenazi and many Sephardi families, it is not eaten or handled during the Seder, as it represents a sacrifice made at the Temple, but is not actually, making it taboo to eat. Vegetarians often substitute a beet, quoting Pesachim 114b as justification." }, "Pony Express-30": { "title": "Pony Express", "section": "Attacks", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Meanwhile, a raiding party attacked Williams Station, a Pony Express station located on the Carson River near present-day Lake Lahontan. One account says the raid was a deliberate attempt to provoke war. Another says the raiders had heard that men at the station had kidnapped two Paiute women, and fighting broke out when they went to investigate and free the women. Either way, the war party killed five men and the station was burned." }, "Omaha Storm Chasers-1": { "title": "Omaha Storm Chasers", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Omaha Storm Chasers are a Minor League Baseball team of the Pacific Coast League (PCL) and the Triple-A affiliate of the Kansas City Royals. They are located in Papillion, Nebraska, a suburb southwest of Omaha, and play their home games at Werner Park which opened in 2011. The team previously played at Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium, home to the College World Series, from 1969 to 2010." }, "Mike DeWine-1": { "title": "Mike DeWine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Richard Michael DeWine (born January 5, 1947) is an American politician and former attorney serving as the 70th governor of Ohio. A member of the Republican Party, DeWine is a former United States Senator, elected in 1994 and re-elected in 2000. In 2006, DeWine ran for re-election to a third term but lost to the Democratic nominee, U.S. Representative Sherrod Brown. DeWine had served as Lieutenant Governor of Ohio under George Voinovich from 1992 until 1994. In 2010, DeWine was elected Ohio Attorney General, defeating Democratic incumbent Richard Cordray, and was re-elected for a second term in 2014. In the 2018 gubernatorial election, DeWine was elected Governor of Ohio, defeating Cordray in a rematch of their 2010 race." }, "Doug Davidson-2": { "title": "Doug Davidson", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Davidson appeared as captain of The Young and the Restless team when they played for charity on Family Feud several times from 1989 until 1993. Through connections he made during those appearances, Davidson eventually got a position hosting a five-night-a-week, syndicated, half-hour version of the game show The New Price Is Right, beginning on September 12, 1994. The show was canceled just four and a half months later on January 27, 1995. Davidson was one of a few people given an audition to replace Bob Barker after his retirement from The Price Is Right in June 15, 2007, a role which ultimately went to Drew Carey. Davidson has also hosted the live stage show adaptation, The Price Is Right Live!, at Harrah's-owned casinos in Las Vegas, Nevada." }, "Supreme Court of Canada-19": { "title": "Supreme Court of Canada", "section": "Sessions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "The Court sits for 18 weeks of the year beginning the first Monday of October and usually runs until the end of June and sometimes into July. Hearings only take place in Ottawa, although litigants can present oral arguments from remote locations by means of a video-conference system. The Court's hearings are open to the public. Most hearings are taped for delayed telecast in both of Canada's official languages. When in session, the Court sits Monday to Friday, hearing two appeals a day. A quorum consists of five members for appeals, but a panel of nine justices hears most cases." }, "Deafblindness-1": { "title": "Deafblindness", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Deafblindness is the condition of little or no useful hearing and little or no useful sight. There are different degrees of vision loss and auditory loss within each individual, thus making the deafblind community unique with many types of deafblindness involved. Because of this diversity, each deafblind individual's needs regarding lifestyle, communication, education, and work need to be addressed based on their degree of dual-modality deprivation in order to improve their ability to live independently. In 1994, it was estimated that roughly 35,000\u201340,000 United States residents are medically deafblind. Helen Keller was a well-known example of a deafblind individual." }, "Snoop Dogg-1": { "title": "Snoop Dogg", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Calvin Cordozar Broadus Jr. (born October 20, 1971), better known by his stage name Snoop Dogg, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, producer, media personality, entrepreneur, and actor. His music career began in 1992 when he was discovered by Dr. Dre and featured on Dre's solo debut, \"Deep Cover\", and then on Dre's solo debut album, The Chronic. He has since sold over 23 million albums in the United States and 35 million albums worldwide." }, "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone-6": { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "section": "Synopsis", "headers": [ "Plot" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Hagrid introduces Harry to the wizarding world by bringing him to Diagon Alley, a hidden street in London where Harry uncovers a fortune left to him by his parents at Gringotts Wizarding Bank, receives a pet owl, Hedwig, various school supplies, and a wand (which he learns shares a core from the same source as Voldemort's wand). There, he is surprised to discover how famous he truly is among witches and wizards as \"The Boy Who Lived\". A month later, Harry leaves the Dursleys' home to catch the Hogwarts Express from King's Cross railway station's secret Hogwarts platform, Platform \u200b9\u00a03\u20444. On the train, he quickly befriends fellow first-year Ronald Weasley and the two boys meet Hermione Granger, whose snobbiness and affinity for spells initially causes the two boys to dislike her. There, Harry also makes an enemy of yet another first-year, Draco Malfoy, who shows prejudice against Ron for his family's financial difficulties." }, "Snow leopard-17": { "title": "Snow leopard", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Its tail is 80 to 105\u00a0cm (31 to 41\u00a0in) long. It weighs between 22 and 55\u00a0kg (49 and 121\u00a0lb), with an occasional large male reaching 75\u00a0kg (165\u00a0lb) and small female of under 25\u00a0kg (55\u00a0lb). Its canine teeth are 28.6\u00a0mm (1.13\u00a0in) long and are more slender than those of the other Panthera species." }, "History of water supply and sanitation-75": { "title": "History of water supply and sanitation", "section": "Modern age", "headers": [ "Water treatment", "Water chlorination" ], "para_index": 75, "content": "The technique of purification of drinking water by use of compressed liquefied chlorine gas was developed by a British officer in the Indian Medical Service, Vincent B. Nesfield, in 1903. According to his own account, \"It occurred to me that chlorine gas might be found satisfactory ... if suitable means could be found for using it.... The next important question was how to render the gas portable. This might be accomplished in two ways: By liquefying it, and storing it in lead-lined iron vessels, having a jet with a very fine capillary canal, and fitted with a tap or a screw cap. The tap is turned on, and the cylinder placed in the amount of water required. The chlorine bubbles out, and in ten to fifteen minutes the water is absolutely safe. This method would be of use on a large scale, as for service water carts.\"" }, "Unsafe abortion-1": { "title": "Unsafe abortion", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An unsafe abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by people lacking the necessary skills, or in an environment lacking minimal medical standards, or both. An unsafe abortion is a life-threatening procedure. It includes self-induced abortions, abortions in unhygienic conditions, and abortions performed by a medical practitioner who does not provide appropriate post-abortion attention. About 25 million unsafe abortions occur a year, of which most occur in the developing world." }, "Metallica-1": { "title": "Metallica", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Metallica is an American heavy metal band. The band was formed in 1981 in Los Angeles by vocalist/guitarist James Hetfield and drummer Lars Ulrich, and has been based in San Francisco for most of its career. The band's fast tempos, instrumentals and aggressive musicianship made them one of the founding \"big four\" bands of thrash metal, alongside Megadeth, Anthrax and Slayer. Metallica's current lineup comprises founding members and primary songwriters Hetfield and Ulrich, longtime lead guitarist Kirk Hammett and bassist Robert Trujillo. Guitarist Dave Mustaine (who went on to form Megadeth after being fired from the band) and bassists Ron McGovney, Cliff Burton (who died in a bus accident in Sweden in 1986) and Jason Newsted are former members of the band." }, "Prince Andrew, Duke of York-25": { "title": "Prince Andrew, Duke of York", "section": "Association with Jeffrey Epstein", "headers": [ "Friendship with Epstein and sex abuse allegations" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Giuffre (then known by her maiden name Virginia Roberts) asserted that she had sex with Prince Andrew on three occasions, including a trip to London in 2001 when she was 17, and later in New York and on Little Saint James. She alleged Epstein paid her $15,000 to have sex with the Duke in London. Flight logs show the Duke and Giuffre were in the places she alleges the sex happened. Prince Andrew and Giuffre were also photographed together with his arm round her waist and included an Epstein associate, Ghislaine Maxwell, standing in the background, though Andrew's friends have repeatedly claimed the photo is fake and edited. Giuffre stated that she was pressured to have sex with the Duke and \"wouldn't have dared object\" as Epstein, through contacts, could have her \"killed or abducted\". The allegations have, as of early 2015, not been tested in any court." }, "Slam dunk-6": { "title": "Slam dunk", "section": "Dunk types", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Dunk types reflect the various motions performed on the way to the basket. They start with the basic one- or two-hand forward-facing dunk and go on through various levels of athleticism and intricacy. Discrete dunk types can be modified by appending other moves; for example, a player who passes the ball off the backboard, catches it in the air, and executes a double-pump dunk would be said to have completed a \"self-pass off the backboard, double pump\"." }, "Death of Diana, Princess of Wales-2": { "title": "Death of Diana, Princess of Wales", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Some media claimed the erratic behaviour of paparazzi following the car, as reported by the BBC, had contributed to the crash. In 1999, a French investigation found that Paul, who lost control of the vehicle at high speed while intoxicated and under the effects of prescription drugs, was solely responsible for the crash. He was the deputy head of security at the H\u00f4tel Ritz and had earlier goaded paparazzi waiting for Diana and Fayed outside the hotel. Anti-depressants and traces of an anti-psychotic in his blood may have worsened Paul's inebriation. No evidence was found that paparazzi were near the car when it crashed. In 2008, the jury at a British inquest returned a verdict of unlawful killing through grossly negligent driving by Paul and following vehicles. It was also found that none of the occupants of the car were wearing a seat belt." }, "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer-35": { "title": "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer", "section": "History", "headers": [ "MGM cartoons" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "After initial struggles with a poorly received series of The Captain and the Kids cartoons, the studio rehired Harman and Ising in 1939, and Ising created the studio's first successful animated character, Barney Bear. However, MGM's biggest cartoon stars would come in the form of the cat-and-mouse duo Tom and Jerry, created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera in 1940. The Tom and Jerry cartoons won seven Academy Awards between 1943 and 1953. In 1941, Tex Avery, another Schlesinger alumnus, joined the animation department. Avery gave the unit its image, with successes like Red Hot Riding Hood, Swing Shift Cinderella, and the Droopy series." }, "Arnold Schwarzenegger-11": { "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Schwarzenegger served in the Austrian Army in 1965 to fulfill the one year of service required at the time of all 18-year-old Austrian males. During his army service, he won the Junior Mr. Europe contest. He went AWOL during basic training so he could take part in the competition and then spent a week in military prison: \"Participating in the competition meant so much to me that I didn't carefully think through the consequences.\" He entered another bodybuilding contest in Graz, at Steirerhof Hotel, where he placed second. He was voted \"best-built man of Europe\", which made him famous in bodybuilding circles. \"The Mr. Universe title was my ticket to America\u2014the land of opportunity, where I could become a star and get rich.\" Schwarzenegger made his first plane trip in 1966, attending the NABBA Mr. Universe competition in London. He would come in second in the Mr. Universe competition, not having the muscle definition of American winner Chester Yorton." }, "Normandy-10": { "title": "Normandy", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Rollo's descendant William became king of England in 1066 after defeating Harold Godwinson, the last of the Anglo-Saxon kings, at the Battle of Hastings, while retaining the fiefdom of Normandy for himself and his descendants." }, "Palm Beach, Florida-17": { "title": "Palm Beach, Florida", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "The town is located on an 18-mile (29\u00a0km) long barrier island between Intracoastal Waterway (locally known as the Lake Worth Lagoon) on the west and the Atlantic Ocean on the east. At no point is the island wider than three-quarters of a mile (1.2\u00a0km), and in places it is only 500\u00a0feet (150\u00a0m) wide. The northern boundary of Palm Beach is the Lake Worth Inlet, though it adjoined with Singer Island until the permanent dredging of the inlet in 1918. To the south, a section of Lake Worth Beach occupies the island in the vicinity of State Road 802, though an exclave of Palm Beach extends farther southward until the northern limits of South Palm Beach. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the town has a total area of approximately 8.12\u00a0sq\u00a0mi (21.0\u00a0km2), with land accounting for approximately 4.20\u00a0sq\u00a0mi (10.9\u00a0km2) and water covering the remaining 3.92\u00a0sq\u00a0mi (10.2\u00a0km2). The average elevation of the town is 7\u00a0ft (2.1\u00a0m). The town and entire barrier island are located within Evacuation Zone B and evacuations are often ordered if a hurricane is forecast to impact the area, mostly recently in anticipation of Hurricane Dorian in 2019. Palm Beach town officials may deploy law enforcement officers to strategically place roadblocks to limit access to the island during unsafe conditions." }, "Discounts and allowances-33": { "title": "Discounts and allowances", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Dealing with customer characteristics", "Age-related discounts", "Senior discount" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "A discount offered to customers who are above a certain relatively advanced age, typically a round number such as 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, and 75; the exact age varies in different cases. The rationale for a senior discount offered by companies is that the customer is assumed to be retired and living on a limited income, and unlikely to be willing to pay full price; sales at reduced price are better than no sales. Non-commercial organizations may offer concessionary prices as a matter of social policy. Free or reduced-rate travel is often available to older people (see, for example, Freedom Pass)." }, "Glutamic acid-3": { "title": "Glutamic acid", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The acid can lose one proton from its second carboxyl group to form the conjugate base, the singly-negative anion glutamate \u2212OOC-CH(NH+ 3)-(CH 2)2-COO\u2212. This form of the compound is prevalent in neutral solutions. The glutamate neurotransmitter plays the principal role in neural activation. This anion is also responsible for the savory flavor (umami) of certain foods, and used in glutamate flavorings such as MSG. In Europe it is classified as food additive E620. In highly alkaline solutions the doubly negative anion \u2212OOC-CH(NH 2)-(CH 2)2-COO\u2212 prevails. The radical corresponding to glutamate is called glutamyl." }, "Monosodium glutamate-2": { "title": "Monosodium glutamate", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "MSG was first prepared in 1908 by Japanese biochemist Kikunae Ikeda, who was trying to isolate and duplicate the savory taste of kombu, an edible seaweed used as a base for many Japanese soups. MSG balances, blends, and rounds the perception of other tastes. MSG is commonly found in stock (bouillon) cubes, soups, ramen, gravy, stews, condiments, savoury snacks, etc." }, "Alexander Graham Bell-31": { "title": "Alexander Graham Bell", "section": "The telephone", "headers": [ "The race to the patent office" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Bell's patent 174,465, was issued to Bell on March 7, 1876, by the U.S. Patent Office. Bell's patent covered \"the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically ... by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound\" Bell returned to Boston the same day and the next day resumed work, drawing in his notebook a diagram similar to that in Gray's patent caveat." }, "Indigestion-11": { "title": "Indigestion", "section": "Cause", "headers": [ "Post-infectious" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Gastroenteritis increases the risk of developing chronic dyspepsia. Post infectious dyspepsia is the term given when dyspepsia occurs after an acute gastroenteritis infection. It is believed that the underlying causes of post-infectious IBS and post-infectious dyspepsia may be similar and represent different aspects of the same pathophysiology." }, "Square root-1": { "title": "Square root", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number y such that y2 = x; in other words, a number y whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself, or y\u202f\u22c5\u202fy) is x. For example, 4 and \u22124 are square roots of 16 because 42 = (\u22124)2 = 16." }, "Self-harm-16": { "title": "Self-harm", "section": "Pathophysiology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Self-harm is not typically suicidal behaviour, although there is the possibility that a self-inflicted injury may result in life-threatening damage. Although the person may not recognise the connection, self-harm often becomes a response to profound and overwhelming emotional pain that cannot be resolved in a more functional way." }, "Places in Harry Potter-32": { "title": "Places in Harry Potter", "section": "Schools", "headers": [ "Durmstrang" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "Durmstrang is known for placing an emphasis on the study of the Dark Arts. While other schools of magic in the series limit the study to Defence Against the Dark Arts, Durmstrang students actually learn them. In Deathly Hallows, it is revealed that the Dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald attended Durmstrang. He also carved the symbol of the Deathly Hallows onto the school's stone walls. Although Durmstrang teaches the Dark Arts as part of its curriculum, apparently the experiments performed by Grindelwald were considered too extreme even by the school's standards as he was expelled because of them." }, "Severus Snape-3": { "title": "Severus Snape", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The character has been widely acclaimed by readers and critics. Rowling described him as \"a gift of a character\" whose story she had known since the first book, and Elizabeth Hand of The Washington Post opined that Snape's life \"is the most heartbreaking, surprising and satisfying of all of Rowling's achievements\". Actor Alan Rickman portrayed Snape in all eight Harry Potter films, released between 2001 and 2011." }, "Hound-3": { "title": "Hound", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "There are three types of hound, with several breeds within each type:" }, "Dr. Seuss-7": { "title": "Dr. Seuss", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "Early years" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Upon graduating from Dartmouth, he entered Lincoln College, Oxford, intending to earn a D.Phil. in English literature. At Oxford, he met Helen Palmer, who encouraged him to give up becoming an English teacher in favor of pursuing drawing as a career. She later recalled that \"Ted's notebooks were always filled with these fabulous animals. So I set to work diverting him; here was a man who could draw such pictures; he should be earning a living doing that.\"" }, "Disgust-1": { "title": "Disgust", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Disgust (Middle French desgouster, from des- dis- + goust taste, from Latin gustus; akin to Latin gustare to taste) is an emotional response of rejection or revulsion to something potentially contagious or something considered offensive, distasteful, or unpleasant. In The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Charles Darwin wrote that disgust is a sensation that refers to something revolting. Disgust is experienced primarily in relation to the sense of taste (either perceived or imagined), and secondarily to anything which causes a similar feeling by sense of smell, touch, or vision. Musically sensitive people may even be disgusted by the cacophony of inharmonious sounds. Research continually has proven a relationship between disgust and anxiety disorders such as arachnophobia, blood-injection-injury type phobias, and contamination fear related obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (also known as OCD)." }, "Ghetto Boys-7": { "title": "Ghetto Boys", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Early history" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The Ghetto Boys, similar to other gangs in the area, had crews for younger members of the gang: Younger Ghetto Boys (YGB) and Younger Younger Ghetto Boys (YYGB). Younger members often named themselves after older members, while also using the prefix \"younger\" or \"young\", while even younger members used the prefixes \"tiny\" or \"baby\" before their street names, such as Young Kraver. As the Ghetto Boys began to spread, they also formed regional subsets such as the Deptford Ghetto Boys, New Cross Ghetto Boys, and Lewisham Ghetto Boys." }, "2019 Australian federal election-38": { "title": "2019 Australian federal election", "section": "Election timeline", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "11 April \u2013 8:29 am: Prorogation of the 45th Parliament 11 April \u2013 8:30 am: Dissolution of the House of Representatives 11 April \u2013 Issue of writs 18 April \u2013 Close of electoral rolls. At this time, enrolment is at 96.8% of the eligible population. 23 April \u2013 Close of candidate nominations 24 April \u2013 Declaration of nominations 29 April \u2013 Early voting commences 18 May \u2013 Polling day; commencement of terms for territory senators 28 June \u2013 Return of writs (last day) 1 July \u2013 Commencement of terms for state senators The election period included three national public holidays: Good Friday (19 April), Easter Monday (22 April) and Anzac Day (25 April), as well as May Day and Labour Day in Northern Territory and Queensland, respectively, both falling on 6 May." }, "The Powerpuff Girls-16": { "title": "The Powerpuff Girls", "section": "Merchandise and media", "headers": [ "Anime and manga" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "In April 2005, plans for a Japanese anime version, Demashita! Powerpuff Girls Z, were announced. The series premiered in Japan the following year with 52 half-hour episodes, airing each Saturday from July 1 to December 23, 2006, and from January 6 to June 30, 2007. The series deviated from its American predecessor in terms of style, storyline, and characterization, but only minimally retained the essential themes that made the original a success. The characters feature three junior high school students Momoko Akatsutsumi (Hyper Blossom), Miyako Gotokuji (Rolling Bubbles), and Kaoru Matsubara (Powered Buttercup) as the three heroes. A manga adaptation, illustrated by Shiho Komiyuno, was serialized in Shueisha's Ribon magazine between June 2006 and July 2007." }, "Drosophila-4": { "title": "Drosophila", "section": "Morphology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Drosophila species are small flies, typically pale yellow to reddish brown to black, with red eyes. When film of lenses (eyes) are removed, the drosophila brain is revealed. Drosophila brain structure and function develop and age significantly from larval to adult stage. Developing brain structures make these flies a prime candidate for neuro-genetic research. Many species, including the noted Hawaiian picture-wings, have distinct black patterns on the wings. The plumose (feathery) arista, bristling of the head and thorax, and wing venation are characters used to diagnose the family. Most are small, about 2\u20134\u00a0mm long, but some, especially many of the Hawaiian species, are larger than a house fly." }, "Islamic music-28": { "title": "Islamic music", "section": "Permissibility of music", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Those who do not allow music believe that Muhammad censured the use of musical instruments when he said: \"There will be among my Ummah people who will regard as permissible adultery, silk, alcohol and musical instruments\". Islamic scholars of the past who agreed upon this include Abu Hanifa, Al-Shafi'i, Malik, Ahmad bin Hanbal, Al-Tabari, Al-Hasan Al-Basri, Al-Bukhari, Al-Tirmidhi, Al-Nawawi, Al-Bayhaqi, Al-Tahawi, and Al-Qurtubi.[citation needed] However, those who argue that music is halal (permitted) state that this hadith relates to usage\u2014at the time the polytheists used music and musical instruments as part of their worship- and does not apply to all music. They also point out that in the Quran, it is stated that Hazrat Dawud was given the Psalms." }, "Offal-95": { "title": "Offal", "section": "Australia", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 95, "content": "In Australia offal is used in a few dishes inherited from British cuisine; liver may be used in liver and onions, and kidney in steak and kidney pie, as well as in some recipes for rissoles. Lamb brains are occasionally crumbed and fried. Other forms of offal are consumed in some ethnic dishes." }, "Jennifer Lawrence-1": { "title": "Jennifer Lawrence", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jennifer Shrader Lawrence (born August 15, 1990) is an American actress. The films she has acted in have grossed over $6\u00a0billion worldwide, and she was the highest-paid actress in the world in 2015 and 2016. Lawrence appeared in Time's 100 most influential people in the world list in 2013 and in the Forbes Celebrity 100 list in 2014 and 2016." }, "Traffic collision-3": { "title": "Traffic collision", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In 2013, 54 million people worldwide sustained injuries from traffic collisions. This resulted in 1.4 million deaths in 2013, up from 1.1 million deaths in 1990. About 68,000 of these occurred in children less than five years old. Almost all high-income countries have decreasing death rates, while the majority of low-income countries have increasing death rates due to traffic collisions. Middle-income countries have the highest rate with 20 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, accounting for 80% of all road fatalities with 52% of all vehicles. While the death rate in Africa is the highest (24.1 per 100,000 inhabitants), the lowest rate is to be found in Europe (10.3 per 100,000 inhabitants)." }, "Professor-5": { "title": "Professor", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "A professor is an accomplished and recognized academic. In most Commonwealth nations, as well as northern Europe, the title professor is the highest academic rank at a university. In the United States and Canada, the title of professor applies to most post-doctoral academics, so a larger percentage are thus designated. In these areas, professors are scholars with doctorate degrees (typically PhD degrees) or equivalent qualifications who teach in four-year colleges and universities. An emeritus professor is a title given to selected retired professors with whom the university wishes to continue to be associated due to their stature and ongoing research. Emeritus professors do not receive a salary, but they are often given office or lab space, and use of libraries, labs, and so on." }, "Coca-Cola-1": { "title": "Coca-Cola", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Coca-Cola, or Coke, is a carbonated soft drink manufactured by The Coca-Cola Company. Originally marketed as a temperance drink and intended as a patent medicine, it was invented in the late 19th century by John Stith Pemberton and was bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler, whose marketing tactics led Coca-Cola to its dominance of the world soft-drink market throughout the 20th century. The drink's name refers to two of its original ingredients: coca leaves, and kola nuts (a source of caffeine). The current formula of Coca-Cola remains a trade secret, although a variety of reported recipes and experimental recreations have been published." }, "1943 steel cent-1": { "title": "1943 steel cent", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "1943 steel cents are U.S. one-cent coins that were struck in steel due to wartime shortages of copper. The Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco mints each produced these 1943 Lincoln cents. The unique composition of the coin (low-grade steel coated with zinc, instead of the previously 95%-copper-based bronze composition) has led to various nicknames, such as wartime cent, steel war penny, and steelie. The 1943 steel cent features the same Victor David Brenner design for the Lincoln cent which had been in use since the first in 1909." }, "Manchester Arena bombing-4": { "title": "Manchester Arena bombing", "section": "Attack", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "On 22 May 2017 at 22:31 BST (UTC+01:00), a suicide bomber detonated an improvised explosive device, packed with nuts and bolts to act as shrapnel, in the foyer area of the Manchester Arena. The attack took place after an Ariana Grande concert that was part of her 2017 Dangerous Woman Tour. 14,200 people attended the concert. Many exiting concert-goers and waiting parents were in the foyer at the time of the explosion. According to evidence presented at the coroner's inquest, the bomb was strong enough to kill people up to 20 metres (66\u00a0ft) away." }, "Billy Graham-1": { "title": "Billy Graham", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "William Franklin Graham Jr. KBE (November 7, 1918\u00a0\u2013 February 21, 2018) was an American evangelist, a prominent evangelical Christian figure, and an ordained Southern Baptist minister who became well-known internationally in the late 1940s. One of his biographers has placed him \"among the most influential Christian leaders\" of the 20th century." }, "Baby shower-1": { "title": "Baby shower", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A baby shower is a party of gift-giving or a ceremony that has different names in different cultures. It celebrates the delivery or expected birth of a child or the transformation of a woman into a mother." }, "Hundred Years' War-1": { "title": "Hundred Years' War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Hundred Years War was a series of conflicts from 1337 to 1453, waged between the House of Plantagenet, rulers of England and the French House of Valois, over the right to rule the Kingdom of France. Each side drew many allies into the war. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe. The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline, and the development of strong national identities in both countries." }, "Koala-24": { "title": "Koala", "section": "Ecology and behaviour", "headers": [ "Reproduction and development" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "A female koala has two teats; the joey attaches itself to one of them and suckles for the rest of its pouch life. The koala has one of the lowest milk energy production rates in relation to body size of any mammal. The female makes up for this by lactating for as long as 12 months. At seven weeks of age, the joey's head grows longer and becomes proportionally large, pigmentation begins to develop, and its sex can be determined (the scrotum appears in males and the pouch begins to develop in females). At 13 weeks, the joey weighs around 50\u00a0g (1.8\u00a0oz) and its head has doubled in size. The eyes begin to open and fine fur grows on the forehead, nape, shoulders, and arms. At 26 weeks, the fully furred animal resembles an adult, and begins to poke its head out of the pouch." }, "Jet fuel-5": { "title": "Jet fuel", "section": "Standards", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Most jet fuels in use since the end of World War II are kerosene-based. Both British and American standards for jet fuels were first established at the end of World War II. British standards derived from standards for kerosene use for lamps\u2014known as paraffin in the UK\u2014whereas American standards derived from aviation gasoline practices. Over the subsequent years, details of specifications were adjusted, such as minimum freezing point, to balance performance requirements and availability of fuels. Very low temperature freezing points reduce the availability of fuel. Higher flash point products required for use on aircraft carriers are more expensive to produce. In the United States, ASTM International produces standards for civilian fuel types, and the U.S. Department of Defense produces standards for military use. The British Ministry of Defence establishes standards for both civil and military jet fuels. For reasons of inter-operational ability, British and United States military standards are harmonized to a degree. In Russia and former Soviet Union countries, grades of jet fuels are covered by the State Standard (GOST) number, or a Technical Condition number, with the principal grade available in Russia and members of the CIS being TS-1." }, "Christmas-28": { "title": "Christmas", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Introduction of the festival", "History of religions hypothesis" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "With regard to a December religious feast of the deified Sun (Sol), as distinct from a solstice feast of the birth (or rebirth) of the astronomical sun, one scholar has commented that \"while the winter solstice on or around December 25 was well established in the Roman imperial calendar, there is no evidence that a religious celebration of Sol on that day antedated the celebration of Christmas\". \"Thomas Talley has shown that, although the Emperor Aurelian's dedication of a temple to the sun god in the Campus Martius (C.E. 274) probably took place on the 'Birthday of the Invincible Sun' on December 25, the cult of the sun in pagan Rome ironically did not celebrate the winter solstice nor any of the other quarter-tense days, as one might expect.\" The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought remarks on the uncertainty about the order of precedence between the religious celebrations of the Birthday of the Unconquered Sun and of the birthday of Jesus, stating that the hypothesis that December 25 was chosen for celebrating the birth of Jesus on the basis of the belief that his conception occurred on March 25 \"potentially establishes 25 December as a Christian festival before Aurelian's decree, which, when promulgated, might have provided for the Christian feast both opportunity and challenge\"." }, "Iowa-16": { "title": "Iowa", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Iowa has a humid continental climate throughout the state (K\u00f6ppen climate classification Dfa) with extremes of both heat and cold. The average annual temperature at Des Moines is 50\u00a0\u00b0F (10\u00a0\u00b0C); for some locations in the north, such as Mason City, the figure is about 45\u00a0\u00b0F (7\u00a0\u00b0C), while Keokuk, on the Mississippi River, averages 52\u00a0\u00b0F (11\u00a0\u00b0C). Snowfall is common, with Des Moines getting about 26 days of snowfall a year, and other places, such as Shenandoah getting about 11 days of snowfall in a year." }, "New York Harbor-4": { "title": "New York Harbor", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Colonial era" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The colonial Dutch Director-General of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant, ordered construction of the first wharf on the Manhattan bank of the lower East River sheltered from winds and ice, which was completed late in 1648 and called Schreyers Hook Dock (near what is now Pearl and Broad Streets). This prepared New York as a leading port for the British colonies and then within the newly independent United States." }, "Elijah Cummings-1": { "title": "Elijah Cummings", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Elijah Eugene Cummings (January 18, 1951 \u2013 October 17, 2019) was an American politician and civil rights advocate who served in the United States House of Representatives for Maryland's 7th congressional district from 1996 until his death in October of 2019. The district includes just over half of the city of Baltimore, including most of the majority-black precincts of Baltimore County, as well as most of Howard County. He previously served in the Maryland House of Delegates. He was a member of the Democratic Party from 1996. Cummings served in the Maryland House from 1983 through 1996. That year, he was elected to the U.S. House. Cummings served as the chair of the Committee on Oversight and Reform from January 2019 until his death in October of that year." }, "Listeria-14": { "title": "Listeria", "section": "Treatment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "In non-invasive listeriosis, the bacteria often remain within the digestive tract, causing mild symptoms lasting only a few days and requiring only supportive care. Muscle pain and fever in mild cases can be treated with over-the-counter pain relievers, and diarrhea and gastroenteritis can be treated with over-the-counter medications if needed." }, "Paleolithic diet-9": { "title": "Paleolithic diet", "section": "Foods", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The diet advises eating only foods presumed to be available to Paleolithic humans, but there is wide variability in people's understanding of what foods these were, and an accompanying ongoing debate. The diet is based on avoiding not just modern processed foods, but also the foods that humans began eating after the Neolithic Revolution." }, "Red kangaroo-13": { "title": "Red kangaroo", "section": "Behaviour", "headers": [ "Reproduction" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "The red kangaroo breeds all year round. The females have the unusual ability to delay birth of their baby until their previous Joey has left the pouch. This is called embryonic diapause. Copulation may last 25 minutes. The red kangaroo has the typical reproductive system of a kangaroo. The neonate emerges after only 33 days. Usually only one young is born at a time. It is blind, hairless, and only a few centimetres long. Its hind legs are mere stumps; it instead uses its more developed forelegs to climb its way through the thick fur on its mother's abdomen into the pouch, which takes about three to five minutes. Once in the pouch, it fastens onto one of the two teats and starts to feed. Almost immediately, the mother's sexual cycle starts again. Another egg descends into the uterus and she becomes sexually receptive. Then, if she mates and a second egg is fertilised, its development is temporarily halted. Meanwhile, the neonate in the pouch grows rapidly. After approximately 190\u00a0days, the baby (called a joey) is sufficiently large and developed to make its full emergence out of the pouch, after sticking its head out for a few weeks until it eventually feels safe enough to fully emerge. From then on, it spends increasing time in the outside world and eventually, after around 235\u00a0days, it leaves the pouch for the last time. While the young joey will permanently leave the pouch at around 235\u00a0days old, it will continue to suckle until it reaches about 12\u00a0months of age. A doe may first reproduce as early as 18 months of age and as late as five years during drought, but normally she is two and a half years old before she begins to breed." }, "International (Amtrak train)-14": { "title": "International (Amtrak train)", "section": "Equipment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "In its early years, the train usually consisted of two or three coaches and a food-service / custom-class car combination. Amtrak and Via alternated equipment: Amtrak used diesel locomotives and Amfleet coaches, while Via used LRCs and Tempo coaches. Equipment assignments and allocations frequently changed; after the Via equipment was sidelined due to winter conditions in 1985, only Amtrak cars were used. On August 10, 1988, Via began using nine LRC passenger cars with the tilt mechanism removed (making them compatible with Amtrak cafe cars) pulled by F40PH locomotives." }, "Artemis-1": { "title": "Artemis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Artemis (/\u02c8\u0251\u02d0rt\u026am\u026as/; Greek: \u1f0c\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c2 Artemis, Attic Greek:\u00a0[\u00e1r.te.mis]) is the Greek goddess of the hunt, the wilderness, wild animals, the Moon, and chastity." }, "Stephen Colbert-3": { "title": "Stephen Colbert", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Colbert's work as a correspondent on Comedy Central's news-parody series The Daily Show gained him wide recognition. In 2005, he left The Daily Show to host The Colbert Report. Following The Daily Show's news-parody concept, The Colbert Report was a parody of personality-driven political opinion shows including The O'Reilly Factor, in which he portrayed a caricatured version of conservative political pundits. The series became one of Comedy Central's highest-rated series, earning Colbert an invitation to perform as featured entertainer at the White House Correspondents' Association Dinner in 2006. After ending The Colbert Report, he was hired in 2015 to succeed retiring David Letterman as host of the Late Show on CBS. He hosted the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards in September 2017." }, "Leopold's maneuvers-6": { "title": "Leopold's maneuvers", "section": "Performing the maneuvers", "headers": [ "Second maneuver: umbilical grip" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "After the upper abdomen has been palpated and the form that is found is identified, the individual performing the maneuver attempts to determine the location of the fetal back. Still facing the woman, the health care provider palpates the abdomen with gentle but also deep pressure using the palm of the hands. First the right hand remains steady on one side of the abdomen while the left hand explores the right side of the woman's uterus. This is then repeated using the opposite side and hands. The fetal back will feel firm and smooth while fetal extremities (arms, legs, etc.) should feel like small irregularities and protrusions. The fetal back, once determined, should connect with the form found in the upper abdomen and also a mass in the maternal inlet, lower abdomen." }, "Bhut jolokia-4": { "title": "Bhut jolokia", "section": "Scoville rating", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "citation needed] In 2000, India's Defence Research Laboratory (DRL) reported a Scoville rating of 855,000 SHUs, and in 2004 a rating of 1,041,427 SHUs was made using HPLC analysis. For comparison, Tabasco red pepper sauce rates at 2,500\u20135,000, and pure capsaicin (the chemical responsible for the pungency of pepper plants) rates at 16,000,000 SHUs. In 2005, New Mexico State University's Chile Pepper Institute in Las Cruces, New Mexico, found Bhut jolokia grown from seed in southern New Mexico to have a Scoville rating of 1,001,304 SHUs by HPLC. Unlike most peppers, Bhut jolokia produces capsaicin in vesicles found in both the placenta around the seeds and throughout the fruit, rather than just the placenta." }, "Walmart-1": { "title": "Walmart", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Walmart Inc. ( /\u02c8w\u0254\u02d0lm\u0251\u02d0rt/; formerly Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.) is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets, discount department stores, and grocery stores, headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas. The company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 and incorporated on October 31, 1969. It also owns and operates Sam's Club retail warehouses. As of January\u00a031, 2020,[update] Walmart has 11,503 stores and clubs in 27\u00a0countries, operating under 56 different\u00a0names. The company operates under the name Walmart in the United States and Canada, as Walmart de M\u00e9xico y Centroam\u00e9rica in Mexico and Central America, as Asda in the United Kingdom, as the Seiyu Group in Japan, and as Best Price in India. It has wholly owned operations in Argentina, Chile, Canada, and South Africa. Since August 2018, Walmart only holds a minority stake in Walmart Brasil, which was renamed Grupo Big in August 2019, with 20 percent of the company's shares, and private equity firm Advent International holding 80 percent ownership of the company." }, "Chef-2": { "title": "Chef", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "There are different terms that use the word chef in their titles, and deal with specific areas of food preparation. Examples include a sous-chef, who acts as the second-in-command in a kitchen, a chef de partie, who handles a specific area of production. The kitchen brigade system is a hierarchy found in restaurants and hotels employing extensive staff, many of which use the word \"chef\" in their titles. Underneath the chefs are the kitchen assistants. A chef's standard uniform includes a hat (called a toque), neckerchief, double-breasted jacket, apron and sturdy shoes (that may include steel or plastic toe-caps)." }, "Ronda Rousey-43": { "title": "Ronda Rousey", "section": "Mixed martial arts career", "headers": [ "Fighting style" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "A decorated judoka, Rousey typically grounds an opponent with hip throws and sweeps, then seeks to finish with strikes or submissions. From top position, she usually attacks with punches from side control; in rear position, she often secures a back mount and attacks with head strikes. Rousey is right-handed, but is a left-handed judoka fighting in an orthodox stance as a striker." }, "Ronda Rousey-73": { "title": "Ronda Rousey", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 73, "content": "Rousey became a vegan after Beijing 2008, but in 2012 described her diet as \"kind of a mix between a Paleo and a Warrior diet\", trying to eat everything organic." }, "Penguin-2": { "title": "Penguin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Although almost all penguin species are native to the Southern Hemisphere, they are not found only in cold climates, such as Antarctica. In fact, only a few species of penguin live so far south. Several species are found in the temperate zone, but one species, the Gal\u00e1pagos penguin, lives near the equator." }, "Parental Advisory-1": { "title": "Parental Advisory", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Parental Advisory label (abbreviated PAL) is a warning label introduced by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 1985 and adopted by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) in 2011. It is placed on audio recordings in recognition of profanity or inappropriate references, with the intention of alerting parents of material potentially unsuitable for children. The label was first affixed on physical 33 1/3 rpm records, compact discs and cassette tapes, and it has been included on digital listings offered by online music stores." }, "Oocyte cryopreservation-1": { "title": "Oocyte cryopreservation", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Human oocyte cryopreservation (egg freezing) is a procedure to preserve a woman's eggs (oocytes). This technique has been used to enable women to postpone pregnancy to a later date \u2013 whether for medical reasons such as cancer treatment or for social reasons such as employment or studying. Several studies have proven that most infertility problems are due to germ cell deterioration related to aging. Surprisingly, the uterus remains completely functional in most elderly women. This implies that the factor which needs to be preserved is the woman's eggs. The eggs are extracted, frozen and stored. The intention of the procedure is that the woman may choose to have the eggs thawed, fertilized, and transferred to the uterus as embryos to facilitate a pregnancy in the future. The procedure's success rate (the chances of a live birth using frozen eggs) varies depending on the age of the woman, and ranges from 14.8 percent (if the eggs were extracted when the woman was 40) to 31.5 percent (if the eggs were extracted when the woman was 25)." }, "Spider wasp-1": { "title": "Spider wasp", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Wasps in the family Pompilidae are commonly called spider wasps, spider-hunting wasps, or pompilid wasps. The family is cosmopolitan, with some 5,000 species in six subfamilies. Nearly all species are solitary (with the exception of some group-nesting Ageniellini), and most capture and paralyze prey, though members of the subfamily Ceropalinae are kleptoparasites of other pompilids, or ectoparasitoids of living spiders." }, "Jesus-7": { "title": "Jesus", "section": "Etymology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The name Yeshua appears to have been in use in Judea at the time of the birth of Jesus. The 1st-century works of historian Flavius Josephus, who wrote in Koine Greek, the same language as that of the New Testament, refer to at least twenty different people with the name Jesus (i.e. \u1f38\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2). The etymology of Jesus' name in the context of the New Testament is generally given as \"Yahweh is salvation\"." }, "Breakfast-85": { "title": "Breakfast", "section": "North America", "headers": [ "United States", "Traditional" ], "para_index": 85, "content": "There are two different type of breakfasts: traditional and quick. Traditional breakfasts, often eaten on weekends, consists of any combination of eggs, breakfast meats, and breakfast quick breads such as pancakes, waffles, or biscuits. Variants of the full breakfast and continental breakfast are also common. In the Southeastern United States, biscuits and gravy are popularly eaten at a traditional breakfast. In some regions, such as the Northeast, bagels are a common breakfast item, and are often served sliced in half, toasted, and spread with butter or cream cheese or other toppings. Another popular breakfast item in the United States are doughnuts, which are often consumed exclusive of other breakfast foods, and commonly eaten with coffee." }, "The Godfather-5": { "title": "The Godfather", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In 1945 New York City, at his daughter Connie's wedding to Carlo, Vito Corleone listens to requests in his role as don of the Corleone crime family. His youngest son, Michael, who was a Marine during World War II, introduces his girlfriend, Kay Adams, to his family at the reception. Johnny Fontane, a popular singer and Vito's godson, seeks Vito's help in securing a movie role; Vito dispatches his consigliere, Tom Hagen, to Los Angeles to persuade studio head Jack Woltz to give Johnny the part. Woltz refuses until he wakes up in bed with the severed head of his prized stallion." }, "Frederick the Great-1": { "title": "Frederick the Great", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Frederick II (German: Friedrich II.; 24 January 1712 \u2013 17 August 1786) ruled the Kingdom of Prussia from 1740 until 1786, the longest reign of any Hohenzollern king, at 46 years. His most significant accomplishments during his reign included his military victories, his reorganization of Prussian armies, his patronage of the arts and the Enlightenment and his final success against great odds in the Seven Years' War. Frederick was the last Hohenzollern monarch titled King in Prussia and declared himself King of Prussia after achieving sovereignty over most historically Prussian lands in 1772. Prussia had greatly increased its territories and became a leading military power in Europe under his rule. He became known as Frederick the Great (Friedrich der Gro\u00dfe) and was nicknamed Der Alte Fritz (\"The Old Fritz\") by the Prussian people and eventually the rest of Germany." }, "Washington Monument-1": { "title": "Washington Monument", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Washington Monument is an obelisk on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., built to commemorate George Washington, once commander-in-chief of the Continental Army (1775\u20131784), in the American Revolutionary War and the first President of the United States (1789\u20131797). Located almost due east of the Reflecting Pool and the Lincoln Memorial, the monument, made of marble, granite, and bluestone gneiss, is both the world's tallest predominantly stone structure and the world's tallest obelisk, standing 554\u00a0feet 7\u00a011\u204432\u00a0inches (169.046\u00a0m) tall according to the U.S. National Geodetic Survey (measured 2013\u201314) or 555\u00a0feet 5\u00a01\u20448\u00a0inches (169.294\u00a0m) tall according to the National Park Service (measured 1884). It is the tallest monumental column in the world if all are measured above their pedestrian entrances. Overtaking the Cologne Cathedral, it was the tallest structure in the world between 1884 and 1889, after which it was overtaken by the Eiffel Tower in Paris." }, "Steve Martin-1": { "title": "Steve Martin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Stephen Glenn Martin (born August 14, 1945) is an American actor, comedian, author, filmmaker, and musician. Martin came to public notice in the 1960s as a writer for The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, and later as a frequent guest on The Tonight Show. In the 1970s, Martin performed his offbeat, absurdist comedy routines before packed houses on national tours. Since the 1980s, having branched away from comedy, Martin has become a successful actor, as well as an author, playwright, pianist, and banjo player, eventually earning him Emmy, Grammy, and American Comedy awards, among other honors." }, "Ice-1": { "title": "Ice", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ice /a\u026as/ is water frozen into a solid state. Depending on the presence of impurities such as particles of soil or bubbles of air, it can appear transparent or a more or less opaque bluish-white color." }, "Sodium hypochlorite-2": { "title": "Sodium hypochlorite", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Sodium hypochlorite is most often encountered as a pale greenish-yellow dilute solution commonly known as liquid bleach or simply bleach, a household chemical widely used (since the 18th century) as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent. The compound in solution is unstable and easily decomposes, liberating chlorine, which is the active principle of such products. Indeed, sodium hypochlorite is the oldest and still most important chlorine-based bleach." }, "Model (person)-20": { "title": "Model (person)", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Fashion modelling", "Runway modelling" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "The criteria for runway models include certain height and weight requirements. During runway shows, models have to constantly change clothes and makeup. Models walk, turn, and stand in order to demonstrate a garment's key features. Models also go to interviews (called \"go and sees\") to present their portfolios. The more experience a model has, the more likely she/he is to be hired for a fashion show. A runway model can also work in other areas, such as department store fashion shows, and the most successful models sometimes create their own product lines or go into acting." }, "Lorenzo de' Medici-13": { "title": "Lorenzo de' Medici", "section": "Patronage", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Lorenzo's court included artists such as Piero and Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Andrea del Verrocchio, Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Michelangelo Buonarroti, who were instrumental in achieving the 15th-century Renaissance. Although Lorenzo did not commission many works himself, he helped these artists to secure commissions from other patrons. Michelangelo lived with Lorenzo and his family for three years, dining at the family table and participating in discussions led by Marsilio Ficino." }, "Dante's Inferno (song)-3": { "title": "Dante's Inferno (song)", "section": "Lyrics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The first circle is Limbo, where reside the unbaptized and the virtuous pagans, who, though not sinful, did not accept Christ. Beyond the first circle, all of those condemned for active, deliberately willed sin are judged by the serpentine Minos, who sentences each soul to one of the lower eight circles. In the second circle are those overcome by lust. These souls are blown back and forth by the terrible winds of a violent storm, without hope of rest. The third circle is gluttony, where the gluttons, guarded by Cerberus, are forced to lie in a vile slush produced by ceaseless foul, icy rain. Those whose attitude toward material goods deviated from the appropriate mean are punished in the fourth circle, avarice. They include the avaricious or miserly, who hoarded possessions, and the prodigal, who squandered them. The two groups are guarded by a figure Dante names as Pluto. The two groups joust, using as weapons great weights which they push with their chests. In the fifth circle, anger, in the swamp-like water of the river Styx, the wrathful fight each other on the surface, and the sullen lie gurgling beneath the water, withdrawn \"into a black sulkiness which can find no joy in God or man or the universe.\"" }, "Centaur-1": { "title": "Centaur", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A centaur (/\u02c8s\u025bnt\u0254\u02d0r/; Greek: \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, k\u00e9ntauros, Latin: centaurus), or occasionally hippocentaur, is a creature from Greek mythology with the upper body of a human and the lower body and legs of a horse. Centaurs are thought of in many Greek myths as being as wild as untamed horses, and were said to have inhabited the region of Magnesia and Mount Pelion in Thessaly, the Foloi oak forest in Elis, and the Malean peninsula in southern Laconia. Centaurs are subsequently featured in Roman mythology, and were familiar figures in the medieval bestiary. They remain a staple of modern fantastic literature." }, "Zaidiyyah-1": { "title": "Zaidiyyah", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Zaidiyyah or Zaidism (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u200e az-zaydiyya, adjective form Zaidi or Zaydi; occasionally known as Fivers) is one of the Shia sects closest in terms of theology to the Ibadi and Mutazila schools. Zaidiyyah emerged in the eighth century out of Shi'a Islam. Zaidis are named after Zayd ibn \u02bbAl\u012b, the grandson of Husayn ibn \u02bbAl\u012b and the son of their fourth Imam Ali ibn 'Husain. Followers of the Zaydi Islamic jurisprudence are called Zaydi and make up about 50% of Muslims in Yemen, with the vast majority of Shia Muslims in that country being Zaydi." }, "International Court of Justice-3": { "title": "International Court of Justice", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The ICJ comprises a panel of 15 judges elected by the General Assembly and Security Council for nine-year terms. The court is seated in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, making it the only principal UN organ not located in New York City. Its official working languages are English and French." }, "Linux distribution-1": { "title": "Linux distribution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A Linux distribution (often abbreviated as distro) is an operating system made from a software collection that is based upon the Linux kernel and, often, a package management system. Linux users usually obtain their operating system by downloading one of the Linux distributions, which are available for a wide variety of systems ranging from embedded devices (for example, OpenWrt) and personal computers (for example, Linux Mint) to powerful supercomputers (for example, Rocks Cluster Distribution)." }, "Swimming pool-18": { "title": "Swimming pool", "section": "Dimensions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "See: Competition pools (below) Length: Most pools in the world are measured in metres, but in the United States pools are often measured in feet and yards. In the UK most pools are calibrated in metres, but older pools measured in yards still exist. In the US, pools tend to either be 25 yards (SCY-short course yards), 25 metres (SCM-short course metres) or 50 metres (long course). US high schools and the NCAA conduct short course (25 yards) competition. There are also many pools 33\u2153\u00a0m long, so that 3 lengths = 100\u00a0m. This pool dimension is commonly used to accommodate water polo." }, "Falco (musician)-22": { "title": "Falco (musician)", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Falco died of severe injuries received on 6 February 1998, 13 days before his 41st birthday, when his Mitsubishi Pajero collided with a bus on the road linking the towns of Villa Montellano and Puerto Plata in the Dominican Republic. At the time of his death he was planning a comeback, which was successful with the posthumously released album Out of the Dark (Into the Light). His body was returned to Austria and buried at the Vienna Central Cemetery." }, "United States Military Academy-62": { "title": "United States Military Academy", "section": "Athletics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 62, "content": "Since 1899, Army's mascot has officially been a mule because the animal symbolizes strength and perseverance. The academy's football team was nicknamed \"The Black Knights of the Hudson\" due to the black color of its uniforms. This nickname has since been officially shortened to \"Black Knights.\" U.S. sports media use \"Army\" as a synonym for the academy. \"On Brave Old Army Team\" is the school's fight song. Army's chief sports rival is the Naval Academy due to its long-standing football rivalry and the interservice rivalry with the Navy in general. Fourth class cadets verbally greet upper-class cadets and faculty with \"Beat Navy,\" while the tunnel that runs under Washington Road is named the \"Beat Navy\" tunnel. Army also plays the U.S. Air Force Academy for the Commander-in-Chief's Trophy. In the first half of the 20th\u00a0century, Army and Notre Dame were football rivals, but that rivalry has since died out. Notre Dame beat Army 44 \u2013 6 in 2016." }, "Italian cuisine-1": { "title": "Italian cuisine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Italian cuisine is a Mediterranean cuisine consisting of the ingredients, recipes and cooking techniques developed across the Italian Peninsula since the antiquity, and later spread around the world together with waves of Italian diaspora." }, "Tooth enamel-39": { "title": "Tooth enamel", "section": "Dental procedures", "headers": [ "Dental restorations" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "Nonetheless, enamel can sometimes be removed before there is any decay present. The most popular example is the dental sealant. In the past, the process of placing dental sealants involved removing enamel in the deep fissures and grooves of a tooth, followed by replacing it with a restorative material. Presently, it is more common to only remove decayed enamel if present. In spite of this, there are still cases where deep fissures and grooves in enamel are removed in order to prevent decay, and a sealant may or may not be placed depending on the situation. Sealants are unique in that they are preventative restorations for protection from future decay, and have been shown to reduce the risk of decay by 55% over 7 years." }, "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone-2": { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The book was first published in the United Kingdom on 26 June 1997 by Bloomsbury. It was published in the United States the following year by Scholastic Corporation under the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. It won most of the British book awards that were judged by children and other awards in the US. The book reached the top of the New York Times list of best-selling fiction in August 1999 and stayed near the top of that list for much of 1999 and 2000. It has been translated into at least 73 other languages, and has been made into a feature-length film of the same name, as have all six of its sequels." }, "Pi-3": { "title": "Pi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Ancient civilizations, including the Egyptians and Babylonians, required fairly accurate computed approximations to \u03c0 for practical reasons. Around 250 BC the Greek mathematician Archimedes created an algorithm for calculating it. In the 5th century AD Chinese mathematics approximated \u03c0 to seven digits, while Indian mathematics made a five-digit approximation, both using geometrical techniques. The historically first exact formula for \u03c0, based on infinite series, was not available until a millennium later, when in the 14th century the Madhava\u2013Leibniz series was discovered in Indian mathematics. In the 20th and 21st centuries, mathematicians and computer scientists discovered new approaches that, when combined with increasing computational power, extended the decimal representation of \u03c0 to many trillions of digits after the decimal point. Practically all scientific applications require no more than a few hundred digits of \u03c0, and many substantially fewer, so the primary motivation for these computations is the quest to find more efficient algorithms for calculating lengthy numeric series, as well as the desire to break records. The extensive calculations involved have also been used to test supercomputers and high-precision multiplication algorithms." }, "Spoon-17": { "title": "Spoon", "section": "Manufacture", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "For machine-made spoons, the basic shape is cut out from a sheet of sterling silver, nickel silver alloy or stainless steel. The bowl is cross rolled between two pressurized rollers to produce a thinner section. The handle section is also rolled to produce the width needed for the top end. The blank is then cropped to the required shape, and two dies are used to apply the pattern to the blank. The flash is then removed using a linisher, and the bowl is formed between two dies and bent." }, "Iggy Pop-1": { "title": "Iggy Pop", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "James Newell Osterberg Jr. (born April 21, 1947), better known as Iggy Pop, is an American singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, and actor. Designated the \"Godfather of Punk\", he was the vocalist and lyricist of influential proto-punk band the Stooges, who were formed in 1967 and have disbanded and reunited multiple times since." }, "Saltwater crocodile-20": { "title": "Saltwater crocodile", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "The saltwater crocodile has the greatest size sexual dimorphism, by far, of any extant crocodilian, as males average about 4 to 5 times as massive as adult females and can sometimes measure twice her total length. The reason for the male skewered dimorphism in this species is not definitively known but might be correlated with sex-specific territoriality and the need for adult male saltwater crocodiles to monopolise large stretches of habitat. Due to the extreme sexual dimorphism of the species as contrasted with the more modest size dimorphism of other species, the average length of the species is only slightly more than some other extant crocodilians at 3.8\u20134\u00a0m (150\u2013160\u00a0in). Play media The saltwater crocodile inhabits coastal brackish mangrove swamps and river deltas from India's east coast, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh to Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Philippines, Palau, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and Australia's north coast. The southernmost population in India lives in Odisha's Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary and in Subarnarekha and Budhabalanga Rivers. It occurs along the Andaman and Nicobar Islands coasts and in the Sundarbans. In Sri Lanka, it occurs foremost in western and southern parts of the country." }, "Geologist-9": { "title": "Geologist", "section": "Employment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Economic geology: the study of ore genesis, and the mechanisms of ore creation, geostatistics. Engineering geology: application of the geologic sciences to engineering practice for the purpose of assuring that the geologic factors affecting the location, design, construction, operation and maintenance of engineering works are recognized and adequately provided for; Geophysics: the applied branch deals with the application of physical methods such as gravity, seismicity, electricity, magnetic properties to study the earth. Geochemistry: the applied branch deals with the study of the chemical makeup and behaviour of rocks, and the study of the behaviour of their minerals. Geochronology: the study of isotope geology specifically toward determining the date within the past of rock formation, metamorphism, mineralization and geological events (notably, meteorite impacts). Geomorphology: the study of landforms and the processes that create them Hydrogeology: the study of the origin, occurrence and movement of groundwater water in a subsurface geological system. Igneous petrology: the study of igneous processes such as igneous differentiation, fractional crystallization, intrusive and volcanological phenomena. Isotope geology: the case of the isotopic composition of rocks to determine the processes of rock and planetary formation. Metamorphic petrology: the study of the effects of metamorphism on minerals and rocks. Marine geology: the study of the seafloor; involves geophysical, geochemical, sedimentological and paleontological investigations of the ocean floor and coastal margins. Marine geology has strong ties to physical oceanography and plate tectonics. Palaeoclimatology: the application of geological science to determine the climatic conditions present in the Earth's atmosphere within the Earth's history. Palaeontology: the classification and taxonomy of fossils within the geological record and the construction of a palaeontological history of the Earth. Pedology: the study of soil, soil formation, and regolith formation. Petroleum geology: the study of sedimentary basins applied to the search for hydrocarbons (oil exploration). Planetary geology: the study of geology as it relates to other celestial bodies, namely planets and their moons. This includes the subdiscipline of lunar geology, selenology, and martian geology, areology. Sedimentology: the study of sedimentary rocks, strata, formations, eustasy and the processes of modern-day sedimentary and erosive systems. Seismology: The study of earthquakes. Structural geology: the study of folds, faults, foliation and rock microstructure to determine the deformational history of rocks and regions. Volcanology: the study of volcanoes, their eruptions, lavas, magma processes and hazards. Professional geologists work for a wide range of government agencies, private firms, and non-profit and academic institutions. They are usually hired on a contract basis or hold permanent positions within private firms or official agencies (such as the United States Geologic Survey)." }, "Car phone-6": { "title": "Car phone", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "typically used the Mobile Telephone Service (MTS), which was first used in St. Louis, or Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS) before giving way to analog cellular service (AMPS) in 1984. AMPS technology was discontinued in the United States in 2008." }, "Drowning-1": { "title": "Drowning", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Drowning is defined as respiratory impairment as a result of being in or under a liquid. Drowning typically occurs silently, with only a few people able to wave their hands or call for help. Symptoms following rescue may include breathing problems, vomiting, confusion, or unconsciousness. Occasionally symptoms may not appear until up to six hours afterwards. Drowning may be complicated by low body temperature, aspiration of vomit, or acute respiratory distress syndrome." }, "Ku Klux Klan-1": { "title": "Ku Klux Klan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Ku Klux Klan (/\u02ccku\u02d0 kl\u028cks \u02c8kl\u00e6n, \u02cckju\u02d0-/), commonly called the KKK or the Klan, is an American white supremacist hate group, whose primary target is African Americans. The Klan has existed in three distinct eras at different points in time during the history of the United States. Each has advocated extremist reactionary positions such as white nationalism, anti-immigration and\u2014especially in later iterations\u2014Nordicism and anti-Catholicism. Historically, the first Klan used terrorism \u2013 both physical assault and murder \u2013 against politically active blacks and their allies in the South in the late 1860s, until it was suppressed around 1872. All three movements have called for the \"purification\" of American society and all are considered \"right-wing extremist\" organizations. In each era, membership was secret and estimates of the total were highly exaggerated by both friends and enemies." }, "Shelf life-1": { "title": "Shelf life", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Shelf life is the length of time that a commodity may be stored without becoming unfit for use, consumption, or sale. In other words, it might refer to whether a commodity should no longer be on a pantry shelf (unfit for use), or just no longer on a supermarket shelf (unfit for sale, but not yet unfit for use). It applies to cosmetics, foods and beverages, medical devices, medicines, explosives, pharmaceutical drugs, chemicals, tyres, batteries and many other perishable items. In some regions, an advisory best before, mandatory use by or freshness date is required on packaged perishable foods. The concept of expiration date is related but legally distinct in some jurisdictions." }, "Canonization of Joan of Arc-1": { "title": "Canonization of Joan of Arc", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Joan of Arc (1412\u20131431) was formally canonized as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church on 16 May 1920 by Pope Benedict XV in his bull Divina disponente, which concluded the canonization process that the Sacred Congregation of Rites instigated after a petition of 1869 of the French Catholic hierarchy. Although pro-English clergy had Joan burnt at the stake for heresy in 1431, she was rehabilitated in 1456 after a posthumous retrial. Subsequently, she became a folk saint among French Catholics and soldiers inspired by her story of being commanded by God to fight for France against England. Many French regimes encouraged her cult, and the Third Republic was sympathetic to the canonization petition prior to the 1905 separation of church and state." }, "Kia Rio-1": { "title": "Kia Rio", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Kia Rio is a subcompact car produced by the South Korean manufacturer Kia Motors since November 1999 and now in its fourth generation. Body styles have included a three and five-door hatchback and four-door sedan, equipped with inline-four gasoline and diesel engines, and front-wheel drive." }, "Ludacris-3": { "title": "Ludacris", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Christopher Brian Bridges was born in Champaign, Illinois, the only child of Roberta Shields and Wayne Brian Bridges. He later moved to the Chicago area, where he attended Emerson Middle School in Oak Park and Oak Park & River Forest High School for one year. He then moved to Centreville, Virginia and attended Centreville High School for one year. He attended Banneker High School in Atlanta, Georgia and graduated in 1995. From 1998 to 1999, he studied music management at Georgia State University. Bridges is of African American and English ancestry, and has said that one of his great-great grandfathers was Choctaw. He is a distant cousin of late comedian Richard Pryor." }, "Citrus-1": { "title": "Citrus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family, Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as oranges, lemons, grapefruits, pomelos, and limes." }, "Telangiectasia-1": { "title": "Telangiectasia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Telangiectasias, also known as spider veins, are small dilated blood vessels that can occur near the surface of the skin or mucous membranes, measuring between 0.5 and 1 millimeter in diameter. These dilated blood vessels can develop anywhere on the body but are commonly seen on the face around the nose, cheeks and chin. Dilated blood vessels can also develop on the legs, although when they occur on the legs, they often have underlying venous reflux or \"hidden varicose veins\" (see Venous hypertension section below). When found on the legs, they are found specifically on the upper thigh, below the knee joint and around the ankles." }, "Tom Bosley-1": { "title": "Tom Bosley", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Thomas Edward Bosley (October 1, 1927 \u2013 October 19, 2010) was an American actor, television personality and entertainer. Bosley is best known for portraying Howard Cunningham on the 1970s ABC sitcom Happy Days, and the title character on the NBC/ABC series Father Dowling Mysteries. He also was featured in a recurring role on Murder, She Wrote. He originated the title role of the Broadway musical Fiorello!, earning the 1960 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical." }, "Aloe vera-16": { "title": "Aloe vera", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Dietary supplement" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Aloin, a compound found in the semi-liquid latex of some Aloe species, was the common ingredient in over-the-counter (OTC) laxative products in the United States until 2002 when the Food and Drug Administration banned it because manufacturers failed to provide the necessary safety data. Aloe vera has potential toxicity, with side effects occurring at some dose levels both when ingested or applied topically. Although toxicity may be less when aloin is removed by processing, Aloe vera ingested in high amounts may induce side effects, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea or hepatitis. Chronic ingestion of aloe (dose of 1 gram per day) may cause adverse effects, including hematuria, weight loss, and cardiac or kidney disorders." }, "Adrenal gland-2": { "title": "Adrenal gland", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The adrenal cortex produces three main types of steroid hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. Mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone) produced in the zona glomerulosa help in the regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte balance. The glucocorticoids cortisol and cortisone are synthesized in the zona fasciculata; their functions include the regulation of metabolism and immune system suppression. The innermost layer of the cortex, the zona reticularis, produces androgens that are converted to fully functional sex hormones in the gonads and other target organs. The production of steroid hormones is called steroidogenesis, and involves a number of reactions and processes that take place in cortical cells. The medulla produces the catecholamine which function to produce a rapid response throughout the body in stress situations." }, "Urinary system-8": { "title": "Urinary system", "section": "Function", "headers": [ "Urine formation" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Regulate blood volume and composition (e.g. sodium, potassium and calcium) Regulate blood pressure. Regulate pH homeostasis of the blood. Contributes to the production of red blood cells by the kidney. Helps synthesize calcitriol the (active form of Vitamin D). Stores waste product (mainly urea and uric acid) before it and other products are removed from the body. Average urine production in adult humans is about 1\u20132 litres (L) per day, depending on state of hydration, activity level, environmental factors, weight, and the individual's health. Producing too much or too little urine requires medical attention. Polyuria is a condition of excessive urine production (> 2.5 L/day). Oliguria when < 400 mL (millilitres) are produced, and anuria one of < 100 mL per day." }, "Sloth-4": { "title": "Sloth", "section": "Taxonomy and evolution", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Sloths belong to the superorder Xenarthra, a group of placental mammals believed to have evolved in the continent of South America around 60 million years ago. One study found that xenarthrans broke off from other placental mammals around 100 million years ago. Anteaters and armadillos are also included among Xenarthra. The earliest xenarthrans were arboreal herbivores with sturdy vertebral columns, fused pelvises, stubby teeth, and small brains. Sloths are in the taxonomic suborder Folivora of the order Pilosa. These names are from the Latin 'leaf eater' and 'hairy', respectively. Pilosa is one of the smallest of the orders of the mammal class; its only other suborder contains the anteaters." }, "Neanderthal extinction-1": { "title": "Neanderthal extinction", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Neanderthal extinction Neanderthal extinction began around 40,000 years ago in the Paleolithic Europe, after anatomically modern humans had reached the continent. This date, which is based on research published in Nature in 2014, is much earlier than previous estimates, and it was established through improved radio carbon dating methods analyzing 40 sites from Spain to Russia. The survey did not include sites in Asia, where Neanderthals may have survived longer. Evidence for continued Neanderthal presence in the Iberian Peninsula at 37,000 years ago was published in 2017." }, "Marilyn Manson-21": { "title": "Marilyn Manson", "section": "Vocal style", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Manson predominantly delivers lyrics in a melodic fashion, although he invariably enhances his vocal register by utilizing several extended vocal techniques, such as vocal fry, screaming, growling and crooning. His voice has five different tones, which mixing engineer Robert Carranza discovered can form a pentagram when imported into a phrasal analyzer. He possesses a baritone vocal type, and has a vocal range which can span more than four octaves. His lowest bass note of A1 can be heard in \"Arma-goddamn-motherfuckin-geddon\", while his highest note, an E6 \u2013 the first note of the whistle register \u2013 can be heard on the Born Villain song \"Hey, Cruel World...\"." }, "Elvis Presley-1": { "title": "Elvis Presley", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935\u00a0\u2013 August 16, 1977), also known simply as Elvis, was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is often referred to as the \"King of Rock and Roll\" or simply \"the King\"." }, "Giza pyramid complex-31": { "title": "Giza pyramid complex", "section": "Cemeteries", "headers": [ "Tombs of the pyramid builders" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "In 1990, tombs belonging to the pyramid workers were discovered alongside the pyramids, with an additional burial site found nearby in 2009. Although not mummified, they had been buried in mud-brick tombs with beer and bread to support them in the afterlife. The tombs' proximity to the pyramids and the manner of burial supports the theory that they were paid laborers who took great pride in their work and were not slaves, as was previously thought. Evidence from the tombs indicates that a workforce of 10,000 laborers working in three-month shifts took around 30 years to build a pyramid. Most of the workers appear to have come from poor families. Specialists such as architects, masons, metalworkers and carpenters, were permanently employed by the king to fill positions that required the most skill." }, "Combustibility and flammability-2": { "title": "Combustibility and flammability", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The degree of flammability or combustibility in air depends largely upon the volatility of the material - this is related to its composition-specific vapour pressure, which is temperature dependent. The quantity of vapour produced can be enhanced by increasing the surface area of the material forming a mist or dust. Take wood as an example. Finely divided wood dust can undergo explosive combustion and produce a blast wave. A piece of paper (made from wood) catches on fire quite easily. A heavy oak desk is much harder to ignite, even though the wood fibre is the same in all three materials." }, "Oriental magpie-5": { "title": "Oriental magpie", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Compared to the Eurasian magpie, it is somewhat stockier, with a proportionally shorter tail and longer wings. The back, tail, and particularly the remiges show strong purplish-blue iridescence with few if any green hues. They are the largest magpies. They have a rump plumage that is mostly black, with but a few and often hidden traces of the white band which connects the white shoulder patches in their relatives." }, "Tom Bosley-13": { "title": "Tom Bosley", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Bosley died from complications of a staph infection on October 19, 2010, at a hospital in Rancho Mirage, California, near his home in Palm Springs, California. His agent, Sheryl Abrams, said Bosley had been battling lung cancer. He was survived by his wife, former actress Patricia Carr, and daughter Amy Bosley Baer. He was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills Cemetery." }, "Silverfish-1": { "title": "Silverfish", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A silverfish (Lepisma saccharina) is a small, primitive, wingless insect in the order Zygentoma (formerly Thysanura). Its common name derives from the animal's silvery light grey colour, combined with the fish-like appearance of its movements. The scientific name (L. saccharina) indicates the silverfish's diet consists of carbohydrates such as sugar or starches." }, "Magnetic mineralogy-4": { "title": "Magnetic mineralogy", "section": "Strongly magnetic minerals", "headers": [ "Iron-titanium oxides" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Many of the most important magnetic minerals on Earth are oxides of iron and titanium. Their compositions are conveniently represented on a ternary plot with axes corresponding to the proportions of Ti4+, Fe2+, and Fe3+. Important regions on the diagram include the titanomagnetites, which form a line of compositions Fe3-xTixO4 for x between 0 and 1. At the x=0 end is magnetite, while the x=1 composition is ulv\u00f6spinel. The titanomagnetites have an inverse spinel crystal structure and at high temperatures are a solid solution series. Crystals formed from titanomagnetites by cation-deficient oxidation are called titanomaghemites, an important example of which is maghemite. Another series, the titanohematites, have hematite and ilmenite as their end members, and so are also called hemoilmenites. The crystal structure of hematite is trigonal-hexagonal. It has the same composition as maghemite; to distinguish between them, their chemical formulae are generally given as \u03b3Fe2O3 for hematite and \u03b1Fe2O3 for maghemite." }, "WWE Raw-1": { "title": "WWE Raw", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "WWE Raw, also known as Monday Night Raw or simply Raw, is an American professional wrestling television program that currently airs live on Monday evenings on the USA Network from 8:00\u201311:00 PM EST in the United States. The show's name is also used to refer to the Raw brand, to which WWE employees are assigned to work and perform. The show debuted on January 11, 1993 and is currently considered to be one of two flagship shows, along with Friday Night SmackDown. WWE Raw is the longest running weekly episodic television program." }, "Great Depression-65": { "title": "Great Depression", "section": "Turning point and recovery", "headers": [ "World War II and recovery" ], "para_index": 65, "content": "The rearmament policies leading up to World War II helped stimulate the economies of Europe in 1937\u201339. By 1937, unemployment in Britain had fallen to 1.5 million. The mobilization of manpower following the outbreak of war in 1939 ended unemployment." }, "Meryl Streep-19": { "title": "Meryl Streep", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "1970s: Theater and film debut", "The Deer Hunter (1978)", "Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "For Kramer vs. Kramer, Streep won both the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, which she famously left in the ladies' room after giving her speech. She was also awarded the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress, National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress and National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress for her collective work in her three film releases of 1979. Both The Deer Hunter and Kramer vs. Kramer were major commercial successes and were consecutive winners of the Academy Award for Best Picture." }, "Don King (boxing promoter)-3": { "title": "Don King (boxing promoter)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "King has been charged with killing two people in incidents 13 years apart. In 1954, King shot a man in the back after spotting him trying to rob one of his gambling houses; this incident was ruled a justifiable homicide. In 1967, King was convicted of nonnegligent manslaughter for stomping one of his employees to death. For this, he served three years and eleven months in prison. In 1983 he was pardoned by Ohio Governor James A. Rhodes." }, "Drain fly-1": { "title": "Drain fly", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Drain flies, sink flies, filter flies, or sewer gnats (Psychodidae) are small true flies (Diptera) with short, hairy bodies and wings giving them a \"furry\" moth-like appearance, hence one of their common names, moth flies. There are more than 2,600 described species worldwide, most of them native to the humid tropics. This makes them one of the most diverse families of their order. Drain flies sometimes inhabit plumbing drains and sewage systems, where they are harmless, but cause persistent annoyance." }, "Leopard seal-1": { "title": "Leopard seal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), also referred to as the sea leopard, is the second largest species of seal in the Antarctic (after the southern elephant seal). Its only natural predator is the killer whale. It feeds on a wide range of prey including cephalopods, other pinnipeds, krill, birds and fish. It is the only species in the genus Hydrurga. Its closest relatives are the Ross seal, the crabeater seal and the Weddell seal, which together are known as the tribe of Lobodontini seals. The name hydrurga means \"water worker\" and leptonyx is the Greek for \"small clawed\"." }, "Double-barreled shotgun-7": { "title": "Double-barreled shotgun", "section": "Construction", "headers": [ "Barrel configuration" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Double shotguns are also inherently more safe, as whether the shotgun is loaded or can be fired can be ascertained by anyone present if the action is broken open, for instance on a skeet, trap or hunting clays course when another shooter is firing; if the action is open, the gun cannot fire. Similarly, doubles are more easily examined to see if loaded than pump or semi-automatic shotguns, whose bolt must be opened and chamber closely examined or felt to make sure it is unloaded; with a double gun (or a break-action single gun), whether the gun is loaded, i.e., has cartridges in any chamber, is easily and immediately seen with a glance (and just as easily unloaded)." }, "Cancer rehabilitation-3": { "title": "Cancer rehabilitation", "section": "Scope of the specialty ", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Cancer rehabilitation providers focus on improving each patient\u2019s functional status. Using an interdisciplinary model of care, professionals identify patients\u2019 goals, improve their function, develop a patient and family centered plan of care that accounts for medical, physical, psychological and social components. The aim is helping patients improve their cancer-related symptoms and treatment side effects, while promoting optimal patient function at home, work and in the community. Additionally, cancer rehabilitation physicians work on identifying musculoskeletal and neurologic problems and treat them with a variety of treatments including medications, procedures and therapy. Some of those procedures include, but are not limited to, various types of injections and other procedures. Therapeutic exercises include those guided by physical, occupational and speech therapists to work on specific motor or cognitive impairments as well as difficulties performing activities of daily living (ADLs) (dressing, bathing, toileting etc) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) such as house cleaning, shopping, etc. However, patient-driven general exercise to maintain or improve endurance and overall functional status is also an important component of the rehabilitation process. Because cancer patients\u2019 problems typically are complex and survivors have a high likelihood of developing physical, mental and functional issues, rehabilitation experts have recommended that cancer rehabilitation be integrated in oncology care early on. Several clinical articles have highlighted the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions before, during, and after cancer treatment to screen for, assess, and treat patients\u2019 functional needs." }, "Battle of Falkirk-1": { "title": "Battle of Falkirk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Battle of Falkirk (Bl\u00e0r na h-Eaglaise Brice in Gaelic), which took place on 22 July 1298, was one of the major battles in the First War of Scottish Independence. Led by King Edward I of England, the English army defeated the Scots, led by William Wallace. Shortly after the battle Wallace resigned as Guardian of Scotland." }, "Nancy Drew (2007 film)-2": { "title": "Nancy Drew (2007 film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Nancy Drew, an amateur sleuth, and her widowed father, Carson Drew, move from their quaint hometown River Heights to California, where Carson has a temporary job. Carson encourages Nancy to focus on living like a normal teenager, instead of getting herself into trouble with crime- and mystery-solving. However, unbeknownst to Carson, Nancy chose their California house because of its famously unsolved mystery of the death of the movie star Dehlia Draycott. Nancy struggles to fit in at her new school, only befriending a younger boy, Corky. She wears 50's outfits and penny loafers, becoming subject to teasing from Corky's older sister and her best friend. After discovering many clues about the Draycott mystery, she begins secretly sleuthing behind her father's back. Nancy eventually finds Draycott's lost child, Jane Brighton, who turns out to be the sole beneficiary of Draycott's will, which has disappeared. Nancy contacts her father's business associate, Dashiel Biedermeyer, the lawyer of the Draycott estate, to assist her with the case." }, "Caterpillar (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)-6": { "title": "Caterpillar (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)", "section": "In other media", "headers": [ "Disney film" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The Caterpillar in the Disney film is a blue creature who, as in the original Carroll story, smokes a hookah. He is seen as a very forthright character as he yells at Alice quite often during the scenes in which they both appear. He blows smoke in Alice's face and when she needs assistance he ignores her. He is a quite mean character providing little to no assistance to Alice and ends up confusing her more while she is trapped in Wonderland. He then ignores her and turns into a butterfly and flutters away not caring whether or not Alice makes it out alive. He also instructs her to eat a mushroom but does not say what it does thus putting her into possible danger. He briefly appears during the second caucus race. He reappears one final time during the ending chase, still in butterfly form but once again smoking on his hookah, and again ignoring Alice when she asks for his help escaping the Queen of Hearts." }, "Do it yourself-13": { "title": "Do it yourself", "section": "Home Improvement", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Beyond magazines and television, the scope of home improvement DIY continues to grow online where most mainstream media outlets now have extensive DIY-focused informational websites such as This Old House, Martha Stewart, Hometalk, and the DIY Network. These are often extensions of their magazine or television brand. The growth of independent online DIY resources is also spiking. The number of homeowners who blog about their experiences continues to grow, along with DIY websites from smaller organizations." }, "Writing-1": { "title": "Writing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Writing is a medium of human communication that involves the representation of a language with symbols. While not all languages utilize a writing system, those with systems of inscriptions can complement and extend capacities of spoken language by enabling the creation of durable forms of speech that can be transmitted across space (e.g., correspondence) and stored over time (e.g., libraries or other public records). It has also been observed that the activity of writing itself can have knowledge-transforming effects, since it allows humans to externalize their thinking in forms that are easier to reflect on and potentially rework." }, "Leap year-3": { "title": "Leap year", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The term leap year probably comes from the fact that a fixed date in the Gregorian calendar normally advances one day of the week from one year to the next, but the day of the week in the 12 months following the leap day (from March 1 through February 28 of the following year) will advance two days due to the extra day, thus leaping over one day in the week. For example, Christmas Day (December 25) fell on a Tuesday in 2012, Wednesday in 2013, Thursday in 2014, and Friday in 2015, but then leapt over Saturday to fall on a Sunday in 2016." }, "Butler-15": { "title": "Butler", "section": "Origin and history", "headers": [ "Elizabethan through Victorian eras" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Butlers were typically hired by the master of the house but usually reported to its lady. Beeton in her manual suggested a GBP 25\u201350 (US$2,675\u20135,350) per-year salary for butlers; room and board and livery clothing were additional benefits, and tipping known as vails, were common. The few butlers who were married had to make separate housing arrangements for their families, as did all other servants within the hierarchy." }, "North America-10": { "title": "North America", "section": "Extent", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The United Nations formally recognizes \"North America\" as comprising three areas: Northern America, Central America, and The Caribbean. This has been formally defined by the UN Statistics Division." }, "Jason Voorhees-40": { "title": "Jason Voorhees", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "In 2005, California State University's Media Psychology Lab surveyed 1,166 people Americans aged from 16 to 91 on the psychological appeal of movie monsters. Many of the characteristics associated with Jason Voorhees were appealing to the participants. In the survey, Jason was considered to be an \"unstoppable killing machine.\" Participants were impressed by the \"cornucopic feats of slicing and dicing a seemingly endless number of adolescents and the occasional adult.\" Out of the ten monsters used in the survey\u2014which included vampires, Freddy Krueger, Frankenstein's monster, Michael Myers, Godzilla, Chucky, Hannibal Lecter, King Kong and the Alien\u2014Jason scored the highest in all the categories involving killing variables. Further characteristics that appealed to the participants included Jason's \"immortality, his apparent enjoyment of killing [and] his superhuman strength.\"" }, "Elections in the United Kingdom-7": { "title": "Elections in the United Kingdom", "section": "Electoral registration", "headers": [ "Entitlement to register" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In addition, to qualify to appear on the Electoral Register, applicants who are Commonwealth citizens must either possess leave to enter or remain in the UK or not require such leave on the date of their application and no applicant may be a convicted person detained in prison or a mental hospital (or unlawfully at large if they would otherwise have been detained) or a person found guilty of certain corrupt or illegal practices." }, "Animal-4": { "title": "Animal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Humans make use of many other animal species, such as for food (including meat, milk, and eggs), for materials (such as leather and wool), and also as pets, and for transports, as working animals. Dogs have been used in hunting, while many terrestrial and aquatic animals were hunted for sports. Non-human animals have appeared in art from the earliest times and are featured in mythology and religion." }, "Santa's workshop-9": { "title": "Santa's workshop", "section": "Location", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In 1879, Thomas Nast revealed to the world in a series of drawings that Santa's workshop is at the North Pole (specifically the North Magnetic Pole, due to the aurora borealis being centered on it and the fact that the workshop was on land, properties that at the time described the magnetic pole [which was under the Canadian Arctic Archipelago at the time; the magnetic pole has since drifted off to sea] but not the geographic one). The Canada Post postal code for the workshop is H0H 0H0. The United States Postal Service recommends mail to Santa's workshop be sent to Santa Claus 1225 Reindeer Rd. North Pole, AK 99705." }, "Heavyweight-6": { "title": "Heavyweight", "section": "Boxing", "headers": [ "Professional", "Historical development" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "As of 2020, Wladimir Klitschko holds record of most boxers beaten for the world heavyweight title, with 23. Klitschko holds the record for the longest cumulative heavyweight title reign of all time, with 4,382 days as world heavyweight champion. Joe Louis has won the most world heavyweight title bouts, with 27. Louis holds the record for most consecutive title defenses at this division, with 26 defenses of the world title. This is also the record for most consecutive title defenses in boxing history. Michael Moorer, Evander Holyfield, Lennox Lewis, Vitali Klitschko and Ruslan Chagaev have held various versions of the title belts on three occasions. Four boxers have regained the heavyweight title in an immediate rematch: Floyd Patterson in 1960, Muhammad Ali in 1978, Lennox Lewis in 2001, and Anthony Joshua in 2019. Mike Tyson holds the record for being the youngest heavyweight to ever have achieve championship status, becoming champion at the age of 20. Tyson also became the first heavyweight to own all three major belts \u2013 WBA, WBC, and IBF \u2013 at the same time." }, "Full-body CT scan-12": { "title": "Full-body CT scan", "section": "Society and culture", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "These procedures are relatively expensive. Possibly high cost: At a cost of US$600 to $3000, full-body scans are expensive, and are rarely covered by insurance. However, in December 2007, the IRS stated that full-body scans qualify as deductible medical expenses, without a doctor's referral. This will likely lead employer-sponsored, flexible-spending plans to make the cost of the scans eligible for reimbursement." }, "Cheshire-1": { "title": "Cheshire", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cheshire (/\u02c8t\u0283\u025b\u0283\u0259r, -\u026a\u0259r/ CHESH-\u0259r, -\u2060eer; archaically the County Palatine of Chester) is a county in North West England, bordering Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north, Derbyshire to the east, Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south, and Flintshire and Wrexham County Borough in Wales to the west. Cheshire's county town is the City of Chester (118,200); the largest town is Warrington (209,700). Other major towns include Crewe (71,722), Runcorn (61,789), Widnes (61,464), Ellesmere Port (55,715), Macclesfield (52,044), Winsford (32,610) and Northwich (19,924)." }, "Lentil-30": { "title": "Lentil", "section": "Product", "headers": [ "Nutritional value", "Composition" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "According to the USDA National Nutrient Database, 100 g of raw lentils (variety unspecified) provide 353 calories; the same weight of cooked lentils provides 116 calories. Raw lentils are 8% water, 63% carbohydrates including 11% dietary fiber, 25% protein, and 1% fat (table). Cooked lentils (when boiled) are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of numerous essential nutrients, including folate (45% DV), iron (25% DV), manganese (24% DV), and phosphorus (26% DV). They are a good source (10% or more of the Daily Value) of several nutrients including thiamine (15% DV), pantothenic acid (13% DV), vitamin B6 (14% DV), magnesium (10% DV), copper (13% DV), and zinc (13%) (see table). When lentils are cooked by boiling, protein content declines to 9% of total composition, and B vitamins and minerals decrease due to the overall water content increasing (protein itself is not lost). Lentils have the second-highest ratio of protein per calorie of any legume, after soybeans. Lentils contain the carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, and polyunsaturated fatty acids." }, "Miami-22": { "title": "Miami", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Extremes range from 27\u00a0\u00b0F (\u22122.8\u00a0\u00b0C) on February 3, 1917 to 100\u00a0\u00b0F (38\u00a0\u00b0C) on July 21, 1942. While Miami has never recorded snowfall at any official weather station since records have been kept, snow flurries fell in some parts of the city on January 19, 1977." }, "Olympic-size swimming pool-1": { "title": "Olympic-size swimming pool", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An Olympic-size swimming pool conforms to regulated dimensions that are large enough for international competition. This type of swimming pool is used in the Olympic Games, where the race course is 50 metres (164.0\u00a0ft) in length, typically referred to as \"long course\", distinguishing it from \"short course\" which applies to competitions in pools that are 25 metres (82.0\u00a0ft) in length. If touch panels are used in competition, then the distance between touch panels should be either 25 or 50 metres to qualify for FINA recognition. This means that Olympic pools are generally oversized, to accommodate touch panels used in competition." }, "Book of Daniel-2": { "title": "Book of Daniel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In the Hebrew Bible, it is found in the Ketuvim (writings), while in Christian Bibles it is grouped with the Major Prophets. The book divides into two parts, a set of six court tales in chapters 1\u20136 written mostly in Aramaic, followed by four apocalyptic visions in chapters 7\u201312, written mostly in Hebrew. The deuterocanon contains three additional stories: the Song of the Three Holy Children, Susanna, and Bel and the Dragon." }, "Tree-28": { "title": "Tree", "section": "Parts and function", "headers": [ "Trunk" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "The newly created xylem is the sapwood. It is composed of water-conducting cells and associated cells which are often living, and is usually pale in colour. It transports water and minerals from the roots to the upper parts of the tree. The oldest, inner part of the sapwood is progressively converted into heartwood as new sapwood is formed at the cambium. The conductive cells of the heartwood are blocked in some species. Heartwood is usually darker in colour than the sapwood. It is the dense central core of the trunk giving it rigidity. Three quarters of the dry mass of the xylem is cellulose, a polysaccharide, and most of the remainder is lignin, a complex polymer. A transverse section through a tree trunk or a horizontal core will show concentric circles or lighter or darker wood \u2013 tree rings. These rings are the annual growth rings There may also be rays running at right angles to growth rings. These are vascular rays which are thin sheets of living tissue permeating the wood. Many older trees may become hollow but may still stand upright for many years." }, "Ancient Olympic Games-2": { "title": "Ancient Olympic Games", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "During the celebration of the games, an Olympic Truce was enacted so that athletes could travel from their cities to the games in safety. The prizes for the victors were olive leaf wreaths or crowns. The games became a political tool used by city-states to assert dominance over their rivals. Politicians would announce political alliances at the games, and in times of war, priests would offer sacrifices to the gods for victory. The games were also used to help spread Hellenistic culture throughout the Mediterranean. The Olympics also featured religious celebrations. The statue of Zeus at Olympia was counted as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Sculptors and poets would congregate each olympiad to display their works of art to would-be patrons." }, "Centaurus-18": { "title": "Centaurus", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The figure of Centaurus can be traced back to a Babylonian constellation known as the Bison-man (MUL.GUD.ALIM). This being was depicted in two major forms: firstly, as a 4-legged bison with a human head, and secondly, as a being with a man's head and torso attached to the rear legs and tail of a bull or bison. It has been closely associated with the Sun god Utu-Shamash from very early times." }, "Persephone-1": { "title": "Persephone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Greek mythology, Persephone (/p\u0259r\u02c8s\u025bf\u0259ni\u02d0/ p\u0259r-SEF-\u0259-nee; Greek: \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03b5\u03c6\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7), also called Kore (/\u02c8k\u0254\u02d0ri\u02d0/ KOR-ee; Greek: \u039a\u03cc\u03c1\u03b7; \"the maiden\"), is the daughter of Zeus and Demeter. She becomes the queen of the underworld through her abduction by Hades, the god of the underworld. The myth of her abduction represents her function as the personification of vegetation, which shoots forth in spring and withdraws into the earth after harvest; hence, she is also associated with spring as well as the fertility of vegetation. Similar myths appear in the Orient, in the cults of male gods like Attis, Adonis, and Osiris, and in Minoan Crete." }, "Sea salt-9": { "title": "Sea salt", "section": "Taste", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "citation needed] Some gourmets believe sea salt tastes better and has a better texture than ordinary table salt. In applications that retain sea salt's coarser texture, it can provide a different mouth feel, and may change flavor due to its different rate of dissolution. The mineral content also affects the taste. The colors and variety of flavors are due to local clays and algae found in the waters the salt is harvested from. For example, some boutique salts from Korea and France are pinkish gray, some from India are black. Black and red salts from Hawaii may even have powdered black lava and baked red clay added in. Some sea salt contains sulfates. It may be difficult to distinguish sea salt from other salts, such as pink Himalayan salt, Maras salt from the ancient Inca hot springs, or rock salt (halite)." }, "Poaceae-42": { "title": "Poaceae", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Sports turf", "Golf" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Grass on golf courses is kept in three distinct conditions: that of the rough, the fairway, and the putting green. Grass on the fairway is mown short and even, allowing the player to strike the ball cleanly. Playing from the rough is a disadvantage because the long grass may affect the flight of the ball. Grass on the putting green is the shortest and most even, ideally allowing the ball to roll smoothly over the surface. An entire industry revolves around the development and marketing of grass varieties for golf courses." }, "Pangolin-2": { "title": "Pangolin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Pangolins have large, protective keratin scales covering their skin; they are the only known mammals with this feature. They live in hollow trees or burrows, depending on the species. Pangolins are nocturnal, and their diet consists of mainly ants and termites, which they capture using their long tongues. They tend to be solitary animals, meeting only to mate and produce a litter of one to three offspring, which they raise for about two years." }, "Garlic-1": { "title": "Garlic", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Garlic (Allium sativum) is a species in the onion genus, Allium. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, and Chinese onion. It is native to Central Asia and northeastern Iran, and has long been a common seasoning worldwide, with a history of several thousand years of human consumption and use. It was known to ancient Egyptians, and has been used both as a food flavoring and as a traditional medicine. China produces some 80% of the world's supply of garlic." }, "Scholar's mate-3": { "title": "Scholar's mate", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Scholar's Mate is sometimes referred to as the \"four-move checkmate\", although there are other ways to checkmate in four moves." }, "Millard Fillmore-5": { "title": "Millard Fillmore", "section": "Early life and career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Millard Fillmore was born on January 7, 1800, in a log cabin, on a farm in what is now Moravia, Cayuga County, in the Finger Lakes region of New York. His parents were Phoebe (Millard) and Nathaniel Fillmore\u2014he was the second of eight children and the oldest son. Nathaniel Fillmore was the son of Nathaniel Fillmore Sr. (1739\u20131814), a native of Franklin, Connecticut, who became one of the earliest settlers of Bennington, Vermont, when it was founded in the territory then called the New Hampshire Grants." }, "Leonidas I-10": { "title": "Leonidas I", "section": "Battle of Thermopylae", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Whatever the reason Sparta's own contribution was just 300 Spartiates (accompanied by their attendants and probably perioikoi auxiliaries), the total force assembled for the defense of the pass of Thermopylae came to something between four and seven thousand Greeks. They faced a Persian army who had invaded from the north of Greece under Xerxes I. Herodotus stated that this army consisted of over two million men; modern scholars consider this to be an exaggeration and give estimates ranging from 70,000 to 300,000." }, "Snoop Dogg-89": { "title": "Snoop Dogg", "section": "Business ventures and investments", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 89, "content": "In November 2015, Broadus announced his new brand of cannabis products, Leafs By Snoop. The line of branded products includes marijuana flowers, concentrates and edibles. \"Leafs By Snoop is truly the first mainstream cannabis brand in the world and proud to be a pioneer\", Snoop Dogg said. \"LBS is blazing a trail for the industry.\" In such a way, Broadus became the first major celebrity to brand and market a line of legal marijuana products." }, "Rayon-16": { "title": "Rayon", "section": "Rayon and its variants", "headers": [ "Viscose method" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "citation needed] English chemist Charles Frederick Cross and his collaborators, Edward John Bevan and Clayton Beadle, patented their artificial silk in 1894. They named their material \"viscose\" because its production involved the intermediacy of a highly viscous solution. The process built on the reaction of cellulose with a strong base, followed by treatment of that solution with carbon disulfide to give a xanthate derivative. The xanthate is then converted back to a cellulose fiber in a subsequent step. The first commercial viscose rayon was produced by the UK company Courtaulds Fibres in 1905. Courtaulds formed an American division, American Viscose (later known as Avtex Fibers), to produce their formulation in the United States in 1910. The name \"rayon\" was adopted in 1924, with \"viscose\" being used for the viscous organic liquid used to make both rayon and cellophane. In Europe, though, the fabric itself became known as \"viscose\", which has been ruled an acceptable alternative term for rayon by the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC)." }, "Academic grading in the United States-18": { "title": "Academic grading in the United States", "section": "Rank-based grading", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "A = 4 B = 3 C = 2 D = 1 F = 0 This allows grades to be easily averaged. Additionally, many schools add .33 for a + grade and subtract .33 for a \u2212 grade. Thus, a B+ yields a 3.33 whereas an A\u2013 yields a 3.67. A+s, if given, are usually assigned a value of 4.0 (equivalent to an A) due to the common assumption that a 4.00 is the best possible grade-point average, although 4.33 is awarded at some institutions. In some places, .25 or .3 instead of .33 is added for a + grade and subtracted for a \u2212 grade. Other institutions maintain a mid-grade and award .5 for the grade. For example, an AB would receive a 3.5-grade point and a BC would receive a 2.5-grade point." }, "Driver's licenses in the United States-9": { "title": "Driver's licenses in the United States", "section": "Drivers licensing laws", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The minimum age to obtain a restricted driver license in the US varies from 14 years, three months in South Dakota to as high as 17 in New Jersey. In most states, a graduated licensing law applies to newly-licensed teenage drivers, going by names such as Provisional Driver, Junior Operator, Probationary Driver, or Intermediate License. These licenses restrict certain driving privileges, such as whether the new driver may carry passengers and if so how many, as well as setting a curfew for young drivers. For example, Utah drivers who are under 18 may not drive other people outside the family in their first six months with a license. Unlike in some states of Australia and some provinces of Canada, graduated licensing laws do not require lowered speed limits, displaying of L and P plates, restrictions on towing a trailer or boat, or prohibitions on highway driving or operating high performance cars." }, "Suicide-1": { "title": "Suicide", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death. Mental disorders, including depression, bipolar disorder, autism, schizophrenia, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse\u2014including alcoholism and the use of benzodiazepines\u2014are risk factors. Some suicides are impulsive acts due to stress, such as from financial difficulties, relationship problems such as breakups, or bullying. Those who have previously attempted suicide are at a higher risk for future attempts. Effective suicide prevention efforts include limiting access to methods of suicide\u2014such as firearms, drugs, and poisons; treating mental disorders and substance misuse; careful media reporting about suicide; and improving economic conditions. Even though crisis hotlines are common, they have not been well studied." }, "Arctic-4": { "title": "Arctic", "section": "Definition and etymology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "There are a number of definitions of what area is contained within the Arctic. The area can be defined as north of the Arctic Circle (66\u00b0 33'N), the approximate southern limit of the midnight sun and the polar night. Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10\u00a0\u00b0C (50\u00a0\u00b0F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region." }, "Gavel-1": { "title": "Gavel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A gavel is a small ceremonial mallet commonly made of hardwood, typically fashioned with a handle. It is used almost exclusively in the United States in legislatures and courts of law, but is used worldwide for auctions. It can be used to call for attention or to punctuate rulings and proclamations and is a symbol of the authority and right to act officially in the capacity of a presiding officer. It is often struck against a sound block, a striking surface typically also made of hardwood, to enhance its sounding qualities. According to tradition, Vice President John Adams used a gavel as a call to order in the first U.S. Senate in New York in the spring of 1789. Since then, it has remained customary to tap the gavel against a lectern or desk to indicate the opening and closing of proceedings, and it is also used to keep the meeting itself calm and orderly." }, "Mental disorder-40": { "title": "Mental disorder", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "Disability" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "It is also the case that, while often being characterized in purely negative terms, some mental traits or states labeled as disorders can also involve above-average creativity, non-conformity, goal-striving, meticulousness, or empathy. In addition, the public perception of the level of disability associated with mental disorders can change." }, "Albanian Declaration of Independence-3": { "title": "Albanian Declaration of Independence", "section": "Independence", "headers": [ "Declaration" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Assembly of 40 delegates meeting in southern Albania in the city of Vlor\u00eb on 28 November 1912, declared Albania an independent country. On the 4th of December 1912 they set up a provisional government. The complete text of the declaration, composed in Albanian, partially in Gheg and Tosk and Ottoman Turkish, was:" }, "Appointments Clause-1": { "title": "Appointments Clause", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Appointments Clause is part of Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution, which empowers the President of the United States to nominate and, with the advice and consent (confirmation) of the United States Senate, appoint public officials. Although the Senate must confirm certain principal officers (including ambassadors, Cabinet secretaries, and federal judges), Congress may by law delegate the Senate's advice and consent role when it comes to \"inferior\" officers (to the President alone, or the courts of law, or the heads of departments)." }, "Disneyland Paris-15": { "title": "Disneyland Paris", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Controversies" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Topics of controversy also included Disney's American managers requiring English to be spoken at all meetings and Disney's appearance code for members of staff, which listed regulations and limitations for the use of makeup, facial hair, tattoos, jewellery, and more." }, "Learning-1": { "title": "Learning", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, and preferences. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals, and some machines; there is also evidence for some kind of learning in certain plants. Some learning is immediate, induced by a single event (e.g. being burned by a hot stove), but much skill and knowledge accumulates from repeated experiences. The changes induced by learning often last a lifetime, and it is hard to distinguish learned material that seems to be \"lost\" from that which cannot be retrieved." }, "Moshing-4": { "title": "Moshing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "While moshing is seen as a form of positive fan feedback or expression of enjoyment, it has also drawn criticism over dangerous excesses occurring in offshoots. Injuries have been reported in mosh pits, and a few deaths have occurred in \"Wall of Death\" moshing, an offshoot that developed when fans at thrash metal shows adopted punk-style slamdancing." }, "Short circuit-10": { "title": "Short circuit", "section": "Damage", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "A short circuit fault current can, within milliseconds, be thousands of times larger than the normal operating current of the system. Damage from short circuits can be reduced or prevented by employing fuses, circuit breakers, or other overload protection, which disconnect the power in reaction to excessive current. Overload protection must be chosen according to the current rating of the circuit. Circuits for large home appliances require protective devices set or rated for higher currents than lighting circuits. Wire gauges specified in building and electrical codes are chosen to ensure safe operation in conjunction with the overload protection. An overcurrent protection device must be rated to safely interrupt the maximum prospective short-circuit current." }, "Leather-1": { "title": "Leather", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Leather is a durable and flexible material created by tanning animal rawhide and skins. The most common raw material is cattle hide. It can be produced at manufacturing scales ranging from artisan to modern industrial scale." }, "Central processing unit-20": { "title": "Central processing unit", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Microprocessors" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "While the complexity, size, construction and general form of CPUs have changed enormously since 1950, the basic design and function has not changed much at all. Almost all common CPUs today can be very accurately described as von Neumann stored-program machines. As Moore's law no longer holds, concerns have arisen about the limits of integrated circuit transistor technology. Extreme miniaturization of electronic gates is causing the effects of phenomena like electromigration and subthreshold leakage to become much more significant. These newer concerns are among the many factors causing researchers to investigate new methods of computing such as the quantum computer, as well as to expand the usage of parallelism and other methods that extend the usefulness of the classical von Neumann model." }, "Shelf life-31": { "title": "Shelf life", "section": "Enforcement", "headers": [ "Regulation and practices in the United States", "US federal government guidelines" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "The Food and Drug Administration, which regulates packaged foods and drugs, only requires a use-by, or expiration, date on infant formula and some baby foods, because formula must contain a certain quantity of each nutrient as described on the label. If formula is stored too long, it may lose its nutritional value." }, "The Godfather-12": { "title": "The Godfather", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Development" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In March 1967, Paramount announced that they backed Puzo's upcoming work in the hopes of making a film. In 1969, Paramount confirmed their intentions to make a film out of the novel for the price of $80,000, with aims to have the film released on Christmas Day in 1971. On March 23, 1970, Albert S. Ruddy was officially announced as the film's producer, in part because studio executives were impressed with his interview and because he was known for bringing his films in under budget." }, "Johnny Cash-47": { "title": "Johnny Cash", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "\"The Man in Black\"" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "By the early 1970s, he had crystallized his public image as \"The Man in Black\". He regularly performed dressed all in black, wearing a long, black, knee-length coat. This outfit stood in contrast to the costumes worn by most of the major country acts in his day \u2013 rhinestone suits and cowboy boots. In 1971, Cash wrote the song \"Man in Black\" to help explain his dress code:" }, "Superbad (film)-3": { "title": "Superbad (film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Seth and Evan are two high school seniors who have been best friends since childhood. The two are about to go off to different colleges. After Seth is paired with Jules during home economics class, she invites him to a party at her house that night. Their friend Fogell reveals his plans to obtain a fake ID, so Seth promises to buy alcohol for Jules' party with money she gives him. Evan runs into his crush Becca and he offers to get her some vodka for the party. Despite Fogell's fake ID having only one name, \"McLovin,\" Fogell successfully buys the vodka, but is knocked out at the last second by a robber. When police officers Slater and Michaels arrive, Seth and Evan believe that Fogell is being arrested. In reality, the officers agree to give Fogell a ride to the party." }, "Mennonites-59": { "title": "Mennonites", "section": "Beliefs", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "The Church of God in Christ, Mennonite, a group often called Holdeman Mennonites after their founder John Holdeman, was founded from a schism in 1859. They emphasize Evangelical conversion and strict church discipline. They stay separate from other Mennonite groups because of their emphasis on the one-true-church doctrine and their use of avoidance toward their own excommunicated members. The Holdeman Mennonites do not believe that the use of modern technology is a sin in itself, but they discourage too intensive a use of the Internet and avoid television, cameras and radio.[citation needed] The group had 24,400 baptized members in 2013." }, "Obesity in the United States-41": { "title": "Obesity in the United States", "section": "Prevalence", "headers": [ "Age", "Adults" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "There are more obese US adults than those who are just overweight. According to a study in The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), in 2008, the obesity rate among adult Americans was estimated at 32.2% for men and 35.5% for women; these rates were roughly confirmed by the CDC again for 2009\u20132010. Using different criteria, a Gallup survey found the rate was 26.1% for U.S. adults in 2011, up from 25.5% in 2008. Though the rate for women has held steady over the previous decade, the obesity rate for men continued to increase between 1999 and 2008, according to the JAMA study notes.[citation needed] Moreover, \"The prevalence of obesity for adults aged 20 to 74 years increased by 7.9 percentage points for men and by 8.9 percentage points for women between 1976\u20131980 and 1988\u20131994, and subsequently by 7.1 percentage points for men and by 8.1 percentage points for women between 1988\u20131994 and 1999\u20132000.\" According to the CDC, \"obesity is higher among middle age adults, 40-59 years old (39.5%) than among younger adults, age 20-39 (30.3%) or adults over 60 or above (35.4%) adults.\"" }, "Rent (musical)-1": { "title": "Rent (musical)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rent (stylized as RENT) is a rock musical with music, lyrics, and book by Jonathan Larson, loosely based on Giacomo Puccini's 1896 opera La Boh\u00e8me. It tells the story of a group of impoverished young artists struggling to survive and create a life in Lower Manhattan's East Village in the thriving days of bohemian Alphabet City, under the shadow of HIV/AIDS." }, "Hanging-15": { "title": "Hanging", "section": "As suicide", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Hanging is a common method for suicide. The materials necessary for suicide by hanging are readily available to the average person, compared with firearms or poisons. Full suspension is not required, and for this reason, hanging is especially commonplace among suicidal prisoners (see suicide watch). A type of hanging comparable to full suspension hanging may be obtained by self-strangulation using a ligature around the neck and the partial weight of the body (partial suspension) to tighten the ligature. When a suicidal hanging involves partial suspension the deceased is found to have both feet touching the ground, e.g., they are kneeling, crouching or standing. Partial suspension or partial weight-bearing on the ligature is sometimes used, particularly in prisons, mental hospitals or other institutions, where full suspension support is difficult to devise, because high ligature points (e.g., hooks or pipes) have been removed." }, "Compact disc-7": { "title": "Compact disc", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. Although originally dismissed by Philips Research management as a trivial pursuit, the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the LaserDisc format struggled. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. By 1988, CD sales in the United States surpassed those of vinyl LPs, and by 1992 CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music cassette tapes. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, which together agreed upon and developed compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged." }, "Comparison of American football and rugby union-24": { "title": "Comparison of American football and rugby union", "section": "Field", "headers": [ "Dimensions" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Although both codes are played on similar sized rectangular fields, the dimensions of rugby union fields can vary up to a maximum size that is larger than the fixed size of American football fields. Rugby union fields are limited to a maximum length of 144 metres (157\u00a0yd) long (100 metres (110\u00a0yd) between goal lines) and width of 70 metres (77\u00a0yd), while American football fields have a fixed length of 120 yards (110\u00a0m) (100 yards (91\u00a0m) between goal lines) and a width of 160 feet (49\u00a0m). The end zone in American football has a fixed depth of 10 yards (9.1\u00a0m) whilst in Rugby Union the goal area must be between a minimum depth of 10 metres (11\u00a0yd) and a maximum of 22 metres (24\u00a0yd) between the goal line and the dead ball line at the rear of the field." }, "U.S. Constitution hemp paper hoax-1": { "title": "U.S. Constitution hemp paper hoax", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A hoax or urban legend states that the United States Constitution was originally written on hemp paper. According to National Constitution Center, this is not true, as the document was written on parchment. Some sources say that drafts of the document were or may have been written on hemp paper, but this is also refuted by PolitiFact." }, "Public school funding in the United States-9": { "title": "Public school funding in the United States", "section": "Educational resource inequality", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Inadequate and inequitable school funding has a disproportionate impact on low-income students and high-poverty schools. 14% of 4th graders at poor schools were at or above proficient in reading and 17% at math while in low poverty schools, more than twice as many were at proficiency or above in reading and 60% were for math. Additionally, graduation rates for high poverty schools are 68% compared to 91% for other schools, then the rate of college attendance is 28% versus 52%. Low-income children are a full year behind by 14, and the total achievement gap between the richest and poorest 10% has grown by 30-40% in 25 years." }, "Reload (Metallica album)-6": { "title": "Reload (Metallica album)", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Reload sold 436,000 units in first week and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. The album remained on the chart for 75 weeks, and sold just over four million copies in the United States by December 2009. It was certified 3\u00d7 platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipping three million copies in the United States. Reload peaked at number two on the Canadian Albums Chart, and was certified double platinum by Music Canada." }, "M\u00e1ni\u010dka-1": { "title": "M\u00e1ni\u010dka", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "M\u00e1ni\u010dka (in plural: M\u00e1ni\u010dky) is a Czech term used for young people with long hair, usually males, in Czechoslovakia through the 1960s and 1970s. Long hair for males during this time was considered an expression of political and social attitudes in communist Czechoslovakia." }, "Eastern chipmunk-7": { "title": "Eastern chipmunk", "section": "Behavior", "headers": [ "Lifecycle" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Predators of the eastern chipmunk include hawks, owls, foxes, raccoons, snakes, weasels, coyotes, bobcats, lynx, domestic dogs and domestic cats. On average, eastern chipmunks live three or more years in the wild, but in captivity they may live as long as eight years." }, "Sh\u014den-9": { "title": "Sh\u014den", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Shoki-sh\u014den" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Another feature of shoki-sh\u014den is annual rental system of paddy fields. There were no permanent inhabitants of shoki-sh\u014den and the fields of shoki-sh\u014den did not have regular cultivators, so cultivation rights were rented out on a contract of a year to peasants who inhabited the neighborhood around the sh\u014den. Therefore, it was indispensable to recruit help of peasants, who did nearly all the work of cultivation, in order to ensure stable labor force for cultivation and reclamation of new fields. An owner of a shoki-sh\u014den often utilized the local government system of Daij\u014d-kan, kuni and k\u014dri to meet this need; an owner of shoki-sh\u014den who usually had been assigned by the central government as a kokushi (\u56fd\u53f8, a head or officer of kuni) appointed a local chief of the peasants to be a gunji (\u90e1\u53f8, a head or officer of k\u014dri) to recruit and administer labor for the sh\u014den." }, "Clark Gable-34": { "title": "Clark Gable", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "Marriage to Carole Lombard" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "Gable's relationship and marriage in 1939 to his third wife, actress Carole Lombard (1908\u20131942), was one of the happiest periods of his personal life. They met while filming 1932's No Man of Her Own, when Lombard was still married to actor William Powell. A Gable and Lombard romance did not take off until 1936, after becoming reacquainted at a party. They were soon inseparable, with fan magazines and tabloids citing them as an official couple." }, "Achilles' heel-2": { "title": "Achilles' heel", "section": "Origin", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In Greek mythology, when Achilles was a baby, it was foretold that he would die young. To prevent his death, his mother Thetis took Achilles to the River Styx, which was supposed to offer powers of invulnerability, and dipped his body into the water; however, as Thetis held Achilles by the heel, his heel was not washed over by the water of the magical river. Achilles grew up to be a man of war who survived many great battles." }, "Mesopotamia-1": { "title": "Mesopotamia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mesopotamia (Greek: \u039c\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1) is a historical region of Western Asia situated within the Tigris\u2013Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish\u2013Syrian and Iran\u2013Iraq borders." }, "Greek language-1": { "title": "Greek language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Greek (Greek: \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, romanized:\u00a0Ellinik\u00e1) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Albania and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea. It has the longest documented history of any living Indo-European language, spanning at least 3,500 years of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history; other systems, such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary, were used previously. The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin, Cyrillic, Armenian, Coptic, Gothic, and many other writing systems." }, "Desk-2": { "title": "Desk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Some desks have the form of a table, although usually only one side of a desk is suitable to sit at (there are some exceptions, such as a partners desk), unlike most usual tables. Some desks do not have the form of a table, for instance, an armoire desk is a desk built within a large wardrobe-like cabinet, and a portable desk is light enough to be placed on a person's lap. Since many people lean on a desk while using it, a desk must be sturdy. In most cases, people sit at a desk, either on a separate chair or a built-in chair (e.g., in some school desks). Some people use standing desks to be able to stand while using them." }, "Maroon 5-1": { "title": "Maroon 5", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Maroon 5 is an American pop rock band from Los Angeles, California. It currently consists of lead vocalist Adam Levine, keyboardist and rhythm guitarist Jesse Carmichael, bassist Mickey Madden, lead guitarist James Valentine, drummer Matt Flynn, keyboardist PJ Morton and multi-instrumentalist Sam Farrar. Original members Levine, Carmichael, Madden, and drummer Ryan Dusick first came together as Kara's Flowers in 1994, while they were still in high school. After self-releasing their independent album We Like Digging?, the band signed to Reprise Records and released the album The Fourth World in 1997. The album garnered a tepid response, after which the record label dropped the band and the members focused on college. In 2001, the band re-emerged as Maroon 5, pursuing a different direction and adding guitarist Valentine. The band signed with Octone Records, an independent record label with a separate joint venture relationship with J Records and released their debut album Songs About Jane in June 2002. Aided by its lead single, \"Harder to Breathe\", which received heavy airplay, the album peaked at number six on the Billboard 200 chart, and went platinum in 2004. The band won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist in 2005. In 2006, Dusick left the band after suffering from serious wrist and shoulder injuries and was replaced by Matt Flynn." }, "United States-80": { "title": "United States", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "Language" ], "para_index": 80, "content": "English (specifically, American English) is the de facto national language of the United States. Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws\u2014such as U.S. naturalization requirements\u2014standardize English. In 2010, about 230 million, or 80% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. Spanish, spoken by 12% of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language." }, "Colitis-17": { "title": "Colitis", "section": "Treatment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Moreover, several studies recently have found significant relationship between colitis and dairy allergy (including: cow milk, cow milk UHT and casein), suggesting some patients may benefit from an elimination diet." }, "Salmonella-1": { "title": "Salmonella", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped (bacillus) Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The two species of Salmonella are Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori. S. enterica is the type species and is further divided into six subspecies that include over 2,600 serotypes. Salmonella was named after Daniel Elmer Salmon (1850\u20131914), an American veterinary surgeon." }, "Parsley-16": { "title": "Parsley", "section": "Culinary use", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "In central Europe, eastern Europe, and southern Europe, as well as in western Asia, many dishes are served with fresh green, chopped parsley sprinkled on top. In southern and central Europe, parsley is part of bouquet garni, a bundle of fresh herbs used as an ingredient in stocks, soups, and sauces. Freshly chopped green parsley is used as a topping for soups such as chicken soup, green salads, or salads such as salade Olivier, and on open sandwiches with cold cuts or p\u00e2t\u00e9s." }, "Walt Disney Animation Studios-1": { "title": "Walt Disney Animation Studios", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Walt Disney Animation Studios (WDAS), sometimes shortened to Disney Animation, is an American animation studio that creates animated features and short films for The Walt Disney Company. Founded on October 16, 1923 by brothers Walt Disney and Roy O. Disney, it is one of the oldest-running animation studios in the world and currently acts as a division of Walt Disney Studios, being headquartered at the Roy E. Disney Animation Building at the Walt Disney Studios lot in Burbank, California. Since its foundation, the studio has produced 58 feature films, from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) to Frozen II (2019), and hundreds of short films." }, "Ring (jewellery)-17": { "title": "Ring (jewellery)", "section": "Size", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "While the ISO standard defines ring size in terms of the inner circumference in millimeters, various countries have traditional sizing systems that are still used. Sizing beads functionally reduce the ring size and are small metal beads added to the inner surface of a ring to hold it in place against the finger; they have the advantage of being easily added or removed." }, "Northern fur seal-9": { "title": "Northern fur seal", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The northern fur seal is found in the north Pacific \u2013 its southernmost reach is a line that runs roughly from the southern tip of Japan to the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula, the Sea of Okhotsk, and the Bering Sea. An estimated 1.1 million northern fur seals occur across the range, of which roughly half breed on the Pribilof Islands in the east Bering Sea. Another 200\u2013250 thousand breed on the Commander Islands in the west Bering Sea, some 100,000 breed on Tyuleniy Island off the coast of Sakhalin in the southwest Sea of Okhotsk, and another 60\u201370 thousand in the central Kuril Islands in Russia. Smaller rookeries (around 5,000 animals) are found on Bogoslof Island in the Aleutian Chain, San Miguel Island in the Channel Island group and South Farallon Island off the coast of California. Recent evidence from stable isotope analysis of Holocene fur seal bone collagen (\u03b413C and \u03b415N) indicates that before the maritime fur trade, it was more common for these animals to breed at local rookeries in British Columbia, California, and likely along much of the northwest coast of North America." }, "Andr\u00e9 the Giant-2": { "title": "Andr\u00e9 the Giant", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Roussimoff stood at over seven feet tall, which was a result of gigantism caused by excess growth hormone, and later resulted in acromegaly. It also led to his being called \"The Eighth Wonder of the World\". He found success as a fan favorite throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, appearing as an attraction for various professional wrestling promotions. During the 1980s wrestling boom he was paired with the villainous manager Bobby Heenan and feuded with Hulk Hogan in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). The two headlined WrestleMania III in 1987 and he defeated Hogan to win the WWF World Heavyweight Championship, his sole world heavyweight championship, on the first episode of The Main Event in 1988. He also held the WWF Tag Team Championship before failing health forced him to retire in 1992." }, "Medieval Times-2": { "title": "Medieval Times", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "There are ten locations: the nine in the United States are built as replica 11th-century castles; the tenth, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, is located inside the CNE Government Building. Shows are performed by a cast of about 75 actors and 20 horses in each location." }, "Cheering-20": { "title": "Cheering", "section": "Chants in North American sports", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "In High School Basketball games, if the score was a blow-out and approaching the end of regulation, fans of the winning team would chant \"This Game's Over\" or \"This One's Over.\" If the losing team makes a play, and that teams fans chant for that, fans of the winning team will start chanting \"Scoreboard,\" indicating that even after the one play, the other team is losing." }, "Plastic pollution-31": { "title": "Plastic pollution", "section": "Effects of plastic on oceans", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Plankton, fish, and ultimately the human race, through the food chain, ingest these highly toxic carcinogens and chemicals. Consuming the fish that contain these toxins can cause an increase in cancer, immune disorders, and birth defects." }, "Good King Wenceslas-3": { "title": "Good King Wenceslas", "section": "Source legend", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Wenceslas was considered a martyr and a saint immediately after his death in the 10th century, when a cult of Wenceslas rose up in Bohemia and in England. Within a few decades of Wenceslas' death, four biographies of him were in circulation. These hagiographies had a powerful influence on the High Middle Ages conceptualization of the rex iustus, or \"righteous king\"\u2014that is, a monarch whose power stems mainly from his great piety, as well as from his princely vigor." }, "Marley Natural-2": { "title": "Marley Natural", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Marley Natural offers three categories of goods: cannabis (whole flower, pre-rolls, and oil cartridges), body care products, and lifestyle accessories including smoking accessories. Marley Natural body care and smoking accessories are available online and at select retailers across the United States. Cannabis is available in California, Oregon, and Washington state. The brand launched in February 2016 on the 71st anniversary of Bob Marley's birthday and celebrated the event at an exclusive event in the Hollywood Hills that was featured in Rolling Stone magazine." }, "Gang-47": { "title": "Gang", "section": "Gang violence", "headers": [ "Gang violence in schools" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "Gang violence is often associated with carrying weapons, including in school. A study of 10-19-year-olds in the UK found that 44% of those who reported belonging to a delinquent youth group had committed violence and 13% had carried a knife in the previous 12 months versus 17% and 4% respectively among those who were not in such a group." }, "Football pitch-4": { "title": "Football pitch", "section": "Pitch boundary", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The pitch is rectangular in shape. The longer sides are called touchlines. The other opposing sides are called the goal lines. The two goal lines must be between 45 and 90\u00a0m (50 and 100\u00a0yd) wide, and be the same length. The two touchlines must be between 90 and 120\u00a0m (100 and 130\u00a0yd) long, and be the same length. All lines on the ground must be equally wide, not to exceed 12\u00a0cm (5\u00a0in). The corners of the pitch are marked by corner flags." }, "Honey badger-15": { "title": "Honey badger", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The dental formula is: 3.1.3.13.1.3.1. The teeth often display signs of irregular development, with some teeth being exceptionally small, set at unusual angles or absent altogether. Honey badgers of the subspecies signata have a second lower molar on the left side of their jaws, but not the right. Although it feeds predominantly on soft foods, the honey badger's cheek teeth are often extensively worn. The canine teeth are exceptionally short for carnivores. The tongue has sharp, backward-pointing papillae which assist it in processing tough foods." }, "Yakutsk-2": { "title": "Yakutsk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Yakutsk, with an average temperature of \u22128.8\u00a0\u00b0C (16.2\u00a0\u00b0F), is the second coldest large city in the world after Norilsk, although Yakutsk experiences colder temperatures in the winter. Yakutsk is also the largest city located in continuous permafrost and one of the largest that cannot be reached by road. Yakutsk is located in the Central Yakutian Lowland and is a major port on the Lena River. It is served by the Yakutsk Airport as well as the smaller Magan Airport." }, "Andy Warhol-1": { "title": "Andy Warhol", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Andy Warhol (/\u02c8w\u0254\u02d0rh\u0252l/; born Andrew Warhola; August 6, 1928\u00a0\u2013 February 22, 1987) was an American artist, film director, and producer who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. His works explore the relationship between artistic expression, advertising, and celebrity culture that flourished by the 1960s, and span a variety of media, including painting, silkscreening, photography, film, and sculpture. Some of his best known works include the silkscreen paintings Campbell's Soup Cans (1962) and Marilyn Diptych (1962), the experimental film Chelsea Girls (1966), and the multimedia events known as the Exploding Plastic Inevitable (1966\u201367)." }, "Bernard Hopkins-3": { "title": "Bernard Hopkins", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "After losing the undisputed title to Jermain Taylor in 2005 and failing to regain it in a rematch the same year, Hopkins achieved further success in 2006 when he moved up to light heavyweight, winning the IBO and Ring titles from Antonio Tarver at 42 years of age. Two defenses of the Ring title were made before a loss to Joe Calzaghe in 2008. Three years later, Hopkins defeated Jean Pascal for the WBC and lineal light heavyweight titles, as well as regaining the Ring title. This made Hopkins the oldest boxer in history to win a world championship, at the age of 46, breaking George Foreman's record set in 1994. Hopkins later broke his own record by winning the IBF light heavyweight title from Tavoris Cloud in 2013, and again in 2014 when he won the WBA (Super) title from Beibut Shumenov, at ages 48 and 49, respectively." }, "Photography-2": { "title": "Photography", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Typically, a lens is used to focus the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure. With an electronic image sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel, which is electronically processed and stored in a digital image file for subsequent display or processing. The result with photographic emulsion is an invisible latent image, which is later chemically \"developed\" into a visible image, either negative or positive depending on the purpose of the photographic material and the method of processing. A negative image on film is traditionally used to photographically create a positive image on a paper base, known as a print, either by using an enlarger or by contact printing." }, "Frog-2": { "title": "Frog", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "An adult frog has a stout body, protruding eyes, anteriorly-attached tongue, limbs folded underneath, and no tail (except in tailed frogs). Frogs have glandular skin, with secretions ranging from distasteful to toxic. Their skin varies in colour from well-camouflaged dappled brown, grey and green to vivid patterns of bright red or yellow and black to show toxicity and ward off predators. Adult frogs live in fresh water and on dry land; some species are adapted for living underground or in trees." }, "IKEA-1": { "title": "IKEA", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "IKEA (/a\u026a\u02c8ki\u02d0\u0259/ eye-KEE-\u0259, Swedish:\u00a0[\u026a\u02c8k\u00ea\u02d0a]) is a Swedish-origin Dutch-headquartered multinational group that designs and sells ready-to-assemble furniture, kitchen appliances and home accessories, among other useful goods and occasionally home services. Founded no in Sweden in 1943 by 17-year-old Ingvar Kamprad, IKEA has been the world's largest furniture retailer since 2008. According to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, as of January 2018, Kamprad was the eighth richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$58.7 billion. The company's name is an acronym that consists of the founder's initials (Ingvar Kamprad) plus those of Elmtaryd, the family farm where he was born, and the nearby village Agunnaryd (his hometown in Sm\u00e5land, southern Sweden)." }, "American woodcock-14": { "title": "American woodcock", "section": "Migration", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Woodcock migrate at night. They fly at low altitudes, individually or in small, loose flocks. Flight speeds of migrating birds have been clocked at 16 to 28 miles per hour (26 to 45\u00a0kilometers per hour). However, the slowest flight speed ever recorded for a bird, 5 miles per hour (8 kilometers per hour), was recorded for this species. It is believed that woodcock orient visually using major physiographic features such as coastlines and broad river valleys. Both the autumn and spring migrations are leisurely compared with the swift, direct migrations of many passerine birds." }, "Cactus-1": { "title": "Cactus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A cactus (plural cacti, cactuses, or less commonly, cactus) is a member of the plant family Cactaceae, a family comprising about 127 genera with some 1750 known species of the order Caryophyllales. The word \"cactus\" derives, through Latin, from the Ancient Greek \u03ba\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, kaktos, a name originally used by Theophrastus for a spiny plant whose identity is now not certain. Cacti occur in a wide range of shapes and sizes. Most cacti live in habitats subject to at least some drought. Many live in extremely dry environments, even being found in the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on earth. Cacti show many adaptations to conserve water. Almost all cacti are succulents, meaning they have thickened, fleshy parts adapted to store water. Unlike many other succulents, the stem is the only part of most cacti where this vital process takes place. Most species of cacti have lost true leaves, retaining only spines, which are highly modified leaves. As well as defending against herbivores, spines help prevent water loss by reducing air flow close to the cactus and providing some shade. In the absence of leaves, enlarged stems carry out photosynthesis. Cacti are native to the Americas, ranging from Patagonia in the south to parts of western Canada in the north\u2014except for Rhipsalis baccifera, which also grows in Africa and Sri Lanka." }, "AirTrain JFK-2": { "title": "AirTrain JFK", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A railroad link to JFK Airport was first recommended in 1968. Various plans surfaced to build a JFK Airport rail connection until the 1990s, though these were not carried out because of a lack of funding. The JFK Express subway service and shuttle buses provided an unpopular transport system to and around JFK. In-depth planning for a dedicated transport system at JFK began in 1990, but was ultimately cut back from a direct rail link to an intra-borough people mover. Construction of the current people-mover system began in 1998. During construction, AirTrain JFK was the subject of several lawsuits, and an operator died during one of the system's test runs. The system opened on December 17, 2003, after many delays. Since then, several improvements have been proposed for AirTrain JFK, including an extension to Manhattan." }, "Boris Yeltsin-77": { "title": "Boris Yeltsin", "section": "Death and funeral", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 77, "content": "Boris Yeltsin died of congestive heart failure on 23 April 2007, aged 76. According to experts quoted by Komsomolskaya Pravda, the onset of Yeltsin's condition began during his visit to Jordan between 25 March and 2 April. He was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery on 25 April 2007, following a period during which his body had lain in repose in the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow." }, "Bodybuilding-31": { "title": "Bodybuilding", "section": "Competition", "headers": [ "Preparations", "Clean bulking" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Many non-competitive bodybuilders choose not to adopt this conventional strategy, as it often results in significant unwanted fat gain during the \"bulking\" phase. The attempt to increase muscle mass in one's body without any gain in fat is called clean bulking. Competitive bodybuilders focus their efforts to achieve a peak appearance during a brief \"competition season\". Clean bulking takes longer and is a more refined approach to achieving the body fat and muscle mass percentage a person is looking for. A common tactic for keeping fat low and muscle mass high would be to have higher calorie and lower calorie days to maintain a balance between gain and loss. Many clean bulk diets start off with a moderate amount of carbs, moderate amount of protein, and a decently low amount of fats. \"Gaining lean muscle means going for leaner cuts of meat, like flank steaks and fillets, chicken, and, of course, fish,\" says White[who?]. \"Enjoy your meat with some starch: rice, beans, quinoa, whole-grain couscous, or sweet potato, for example\". To maintain a clean bulk it is important to reach calorie goals every day. Macronutrient goals will be different for each person, but, it is ideal to get as close as possible." }, "Prussian Academy of Arts-1": { "title": "Prussian Academy of Arts", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Prussian Academy of Arts (German: Preu\u00dfische Akademie der K\u00fcnste) was a state arts academy first established in Berlin, Brandenburg, in 1694/1696 by prince-elector Frederick III, in personal union Duke Frederick I of Prussia, and later king in Prussia." }, "Double majority-11": { "title": "Double majority", "section": "Examples in use", "headers": [ "Sudan" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The independence referendum for South Sudan required 51% of the vote and 60% turnout." }, "Laptop-1": { "title": "Laptop", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A laptop (also laptop computer), often called a notebook, is a small, portable personal computer (PC) with a \"clamshell\" form factor, typically having a thin LCD or LED computer screen mounted on the inside of the upper lid of the clamshell and an alphanumeric keyboard on the inside of the lower lid. The clamshell is opened up to use the computer. Laptops are folded shut for transportation, and thus are suitable for mobile use. Its name comes from lap, as it was deemed to be placed on a person's lap when being used. Although originally there was a distinction between laptops and notebooks (the former being bigger and heavier than the latter), as of 2014, there is often no longer any difference. Today, laptops are commonly used in a variety of settings, such as at work, in education, for playing games, web browsing, for personal multimedia, and general home computer use." }, "Bengal cat-1": { "title": "Bengal cat", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Bengal cat is a domesticated cat breed created from hybrids of domestic cats, especially the spotted Egyptian Mau, with the Asian leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). The breed name comes from the leopard cat's taxonomic name." }, "Ham-3": { "title": "Ham", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The preserving of pork leg as ham has a long history, with Cato the Elder writing about the \"salting of hams\" in his De Agri Cultura tome around 160 BC." }, "Pearl Jam-1": { "title": "Pearl Jam", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pearl Jam is an American rock band formed in 1990 in Seattle, Washington. The band's lineup consists of founding members Jeff Ament (bass guitar), Stone Gossard (rhythm guitar), Mike McCready (lead guitar), and Eddie Vedder (lead vocals, guitar), as well as Matt Cameron (drums), who joined in 1998. Keyboardist Boom Gaspar has also been a touring/session member with the band since 2002. Drummers Jack Irons, Dave Krusen, Matt Chamberlain, and Dave Abbruzzese are former members of the band." }, "Matterhorn Bobsleds-8": { "title": "Matterhorn Bobsleds", "section": "History", "headers": [ "1970s" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Another major addition was an Abominable Snowman, who had taken up residence in the mountain and was affectionately named \"Harold\" by the Imagineers. The creature exists as three similar Audio-Animatronic figures that roar at the bobsledders; the first is visible from both tracks at the point where they divide to take separate paths, while the other two are visible only from their respective tracks. Each track also features a pair of red eyes that glow in the dark shortly after the lift hill while its roar is heard. These roars can be heard from ground level as well, even over the recorded howling of the Alpine wind. The bobsleds themselves were also changed from the original flat, luge-like, multi-colored two-seaters to the rounder, white cars decorated with orange and red stripes. The bobsleds also changed from a single car to two cars connected to one another to form a \"train\"." }, "John, King of England-1": { "title": "John, King of England", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "John (24 December 1166\u00a0\u2013 19 October 1216) was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216. He lost the Duchy of Normandy and most of his other French lands to King Philip II of France, resulting in the collapse of the Angevin Empire and contributing to the subsequent growth in power of the French Capetian dynasty during the 13th century. The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of Magna Carta, a document sometimes considered an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom." }, "Judiciary of Spain-7": { "title": "Judiciary of Spain", "section": "Court organization", "headers": [ "Territorial", "National", "Supreme Court" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The Supreme Court of Spain (Tribunal Supremo) is the highest judicial body in Spain. Composed of five chambers, it has cognizance of all jurisdictional orders and its rulings cannot be appealed, except to the Constitutional Court, when one of the parties claims that their constitutional rights have been infringed." }, "Dirge-1": { "title": "Dirge", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A dirge is a somber song or lament expressing mourning or grief, such as would be appropriate for performance at a funeral. The English word dirge is derived from the Latin Dirige, Domine, Deus meus, in conspectu tuo viam meam (\"Direct my way in your sight, O Lord my God\"), the first words of the first antiphon in the Matins of the Office for the Dead, created on basis of Psalms 5:8 (5:9 in Vulgate). The original meaning of dirge in English referred to this office." }, "League of Legends: Wild Rift-2": { "title": "League of Legends: Wild Rift", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Like League of Legends, players assume the role of an unseen \"summoner\" that controls a \"champion\" with unique abilities and battle against a team of other players or computer-controlled champions. The goal is usually to destroy the opposing team's \"Nexus\", a structure that lies at the heart of a base protected by defensive structures, although other distinct game modes exist as well. Each League of Legends: Wild Rift match is discrete, with all champions starting off relatively weak but increasing in strength by accumulating items and experience over the course of the game. The champions and setting blend a variety of elements, including high fantasy, steampunk, and Lovecraftian horror." }, "Louisa May Alcott-1": { "title": "Louisa May Alcott", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Louisa May Alcott (/\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lk\u0259t, -k\u0252t/; November 29, 1832\u00a0\u2013 March 6, 1888) was an American novelist, short story writer and poet best known as the author of the novel Little Women (1868) and its sequels Little Men (1871) and Jo's Boys (1886). Raised in New England by her transcendentalist parents, Abigail May and Amos Bronson Alcott, she grew up among many of the well-known intellectuals of the day, such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry David Thoreau, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow." }, "Starling Framework-1": { "title": "Starling Framework", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Starling is an open source game framework used to create 2D games that run both on mobile and desktop platforms. It recreates the traditional Flash display list architecture on top of accelerated graphics hardware. Several commercial games have been built with Starling, including Angry Birds Friends and Incredipede." }, "Solar cycle-3": { "title": "Solar cycle", "section": "Definition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Play media Solar cycles have an average duration of about 11 years. Solar maximum and solar minimum refer to periods of maximum and minimum sunspot counts. Cycles span from one minimum to the next." }, "Apollo program-2": { "title": "Apollo program", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their Apollo Lunar Module (LM) on July 20, 1969, and walked on the lunar surface, while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command and service module (CSM), and all three landed safely on Earth on July 24. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last, Apollo 17, in December 1972. In these six spaceflights, twelve men walked on the Moon." }, "Rogue One-1": { "title": "Rogue One", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (or simply Rogue One) is a 2016 American space opera film directed by Gareth Edwards. The screenplay by Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy is from a story by John Knoll and Gary Whitta. It was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the first installment of the Star Wars anthology series. The cast includes Felicity Jones, Diego Luna, Ben Mendelsohn, Donnie Yen, Mads Mikkelsen, Alan Tudyk, Riz Ahmed, Jiang Wen, and Forest Whitaker." }, "Sniper rifle-9": { "title": "Sniper rifle", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Sniper rifles have continued to be used consistently throughout the later part of the 20th century in Korea, Vietnam and the Middle East as an integral part of the modern style of guerrilla warfare. The durability, accuracy and power of modern sniper rifles are beyond anything in use even 10 years ago and would seem amazing in comparison to any World War II sniper rifles. Now sniper rifles are extremely reliable and are able to fire repeatedly without losing accuracy, whereas earlier sniper rifles would lose accuracy the more consistently they were used due to wear and tear. Sniper rifles continue to be adapted and improved upon with the effective range of modern sniper rifles exceeding 1,000\u00a0m (1,094\u00a0yd), which make it one of the most accurate, deadly and efficient weapons in use now." }, "Lemon-21": { "title": "Lemon", "section": "Other uses", "headers": [ "Industrial" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Lemons were the primary commercial source of citric acid before the development of fermentation-based processes." }, "Water polo-1": { "title": "Water polo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Water polo is a competitive team sport played in water between two teams. The game consists of four quarters in which the two teams attempt to score goals by throwing the ball into the opposing team's goal. The team with the most goals at the end of the game wins the match. Each team is made up of six field players and one goalkeeper. Excluding the goalkeeper, players participate in both offensive and defensive roles. Water polo is typically played in an all-deep pool so that players cannot touch the bottom." }, "Milk-26": { "title": "Milk", "section": "Sources", "headers": [ "Other animal-based sources" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Other significant sources of milk Aside from cattle, many kinds of livestock provide milk used by humans for dairy products. These animals include water buffalo, goat, sheep, camel, donkey, horse, reindeer and yak. The first four respectively produced about 11%, 2%, 1.4% and 0.2% of all milk worldwide in 2011." }, "Emmanuel Macron-5": { "title": "Emmanuel Macron", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Born in Amiens, Emmanuel Jean-Michel Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Macron is the son of Fran\u00e7oise Macron (n\u00e9e Nogu\u00e8s), a physician, and Jean-Michel Macron, professor of neurology at the University of Picardy. The couple divorced in 2010. Macron has two siblings, Laurent, born in 1979 and Estelle, born in 1982. Fran\u00e7oise and Jean-Michel's first child was stillborn." }, "Gluon-1": { "title": "Gluon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A gluon (/\u02c8\u0261lu\u02d0\u0252n/) is an elementary particle that acts as the exchange particle (or gauge boson) for the strong force between quarks. It is analogous to the exchange of photons in the electromagnetic force between two charged particles. In layman's terms, they \"glue\" quarks together, forming hadrons such as protons and neutrons." }, "Kublai Khan-71": { "title": "Kublai Khan", "section": "Later years", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 71, "content": "citation needed] After his wife Chabi died in 1281, Kublai began to withdraw from direct contact with his advisers, and he issued instructions through one of his other queens, Nambui. Only two of Kublai's daughters are known by name; he may have had others. Unlike the formidable women of his grandfather's day, Kublai's wives and daughters were an almost invisible presence. Kublai's original choice of successor was his son Zhenjin, who became the head of the Zhongshu Sheng and actively administered the dynasty according to Confucian fashion. Nomukhan, after returning from captivity in the Golden Horde, expressed resentment that Zhenjin had been made heir apparent, but he was banished to the north. An official proposed that Kublai should abdicate in favor of Zhenjin in 1285, a suggestion that angered Kublai, who refused to see Zhenjin. Zhenjin died soon afterwards in 1286, eight years before his father. Kublai regretted this and remained very close to his wife, Bairam (also known as Kokejin)." }, "Jack Dempsey-22": { "title": "Jack Dempsey", "section": "Early life and career", "headers": [ "Title defenses" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Following his victory, Jack Dempsey traveled around the country, making publicity appearances with circuses, staging exhibitions, and appearing in a low-budget Hollywood movie. Dempsey did not defend his title until September 1920, with a fight against Billy Miske in Benton Harbor, Michigan. Miske was knocked out in three rounds." }, "Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge-4": { "title": "Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The Golden Gate Bridge, referred to by Krista Tippett as a \"suicide magnet\", is the second-most used suicide site/suicide bridge in the world, after the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge (see List of suicide sites).[citation needed] The deck is about 245 feet (75\u00a0m) above the water. After a fall of four seconds, jumpers hit the water at around 75\u00a0mph (120\u00a0km/h). Most of the jumpers die due to impact trauma. About 5% of the jumpers survive the initial impact but generally drown or die of hypothermia in the cold water." }, "Division (military)-16": { "title": "Division (military)", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Divisions are often formed to organize units of a particular type together with appropriate support units to allow independent operations. In more recent times, divisions have mainly been organized as combined arms units with subordinate units representing various combat arms. In this case, the division often retains the name of a more specialized division, and may still be tasked with a primary role suited to that specialization." }, "Stoop (architecture)-1": { "title": "Stoop (architecture)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In urban architecture, a stoop is a small staircase ending in a platform and leading to the entrance of an apartment building or other building." }, "Leonidas I-1": { "title": "Leonidas I", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Leonidas I (/li\u02c8\u0252n\u026ad\u0259s, -d\u00e6s/; Doric \u039b\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u0391\u00b4, Le\u014dn\u00eddas A'; Ionic and Attic Greek: \u039b\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u00b4, Le\u014dn\u00edd\u0113s A' [le\u0254\u02d0n\u00edd\u025b\u02d0s]; \"son of the lion\"; died 11 August 480 BC) was a warrior king of the Greek city-state of Sparta, and the 17th of the Agiad line; a dynasty which claimed descent from the mythological demigod Heracles and Cadmus. He was the husband of Gorgo, the daughter of Cleomenes I of Sparta. Leonidas had a notable participation in the Second Persian War, where he led the allied Greek forces to a last stand at the Battle of Thermopylae (480 BC) while attempting to defend the pass from the invading Persian army; he entered myth as the leader of the 300 Spartans." }, "Central European Summer Time-6": { "title": "Central European Summer Time", "section": "Usage", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Albania, since 1974 Andorra, since 1985 Austria, since 1980 Belgium, since 1980 Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 1983 Croatia, since 1983 Czech Republic, since 1979 Denmark (metropolitan), since 1980 France (metropolitan), since 1976 Germany, since 1980 Gibraltar, since 1982 Hungary, since 1980 Italy, since 1968 Kosovo, since 1983 Liechtenstein, since 1981 Luxembourg, since 1981 Malta, since 1974 Monaco, since 1976 Montenegro, since 1983 Netherlands, since 1977 North Macedonia, since 1983 Norway, since 1980 Poland, since 1977 San Marino, since 1966 Serbia, since 1983 Slovakia, since 1979 Slovenia, since 1983 Spain, since 1974 (except Canary Islands, which instead apply Western European Summer Time) Sweden, since 1980 Switzerland, since 1981 Vatican, since 1966 The following countries have also used Central European Summer Time in the past:" }, "Gothenburg-1": { "title": "Gothenburg", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Gothenburg (/\u02c8\u0261\u0252\u03b8\u0259nb\u025c\u02d0r\u0261/ (listen); abbreviated Gbg; Swedish: G\u00f6teborg [j\u0153t\u025b\u02c8b\u0254rj] (listen)) is the second-largest city in Sweden, fifth-largest in the Nordic countries, and capital of the V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland County. It is situated by Kattegat, on the west coast of Sweden, and has a population of approximately 570,000 in the city proper and about 1 million inhabitants in the metropolitan area." }, "Dionysus-2": { "title": "Dionysus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "He is also known as Bacchus (/\u02c8b\u00e6k\u0259s/ or /\u02c8b\u0251\u02d0k\u0259s/; Greek: \u0392\u03ac\u03ba\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2, B\u00e1kkhos), the name adopted by the Romans; the frenzy he induces is bakkheia. His thyrsus, sometimes wound with ivy and dripping with honey, is both a beneficent wand and a weapon used to destroy those who oppose his cult and the freedoms he represents. As Eleutherios (\"the liberator\"), his wine, music and ecstatic dance free his followers from self-conscious fear and care, and subvert the oppressive restraints of the powerful. Those who partake of his mysteries are believed to become possessed and empowered by the god himself." }, "Moscow Kremlin-1": { "title": "Moscow Kremlin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Moscow Kremlin (Russian: \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044c, tr. Moskovskiy Kreml, IPA:\u00a0[m\u0250\u02c8skofsk\u02b2\u026aj kr\u02b2eml\u02b2]), or simply the Kremlin, is a fortified complex in the center of Moscow, overlooking the Moskva River to the south, Saint Basil's Cathedral and Red Square to the east, and the Alexander Garden to the west. It is the best known of the kremlins (Russian citadels) and includes five palaces, four cathedrals, and the enclosing Kremlin Wall with Kremlin towers. In addition, within this complex is the Grand Kremlin Palace that was formerly the Tsar's Moscow residence. The complex now serves as the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation and as a museum with 2,746,405 visitors in 2017." }, "Color mixing-3": { "title": "Color mixing", "section": "Additive mixing", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "By convention, the three primary colors in additive mixing are red, green, and blue. In the absence of light of any color, the result is black. If all three primary colors of light are mixed in equal proportions, the result is neutral (gray or white). When the red and green lights mix, the result is yellow. When green and blue lights mix, the result is a cyan. When the blue and red lights mix, the result is magenta." }, "Disability-1": { "title": "Disability", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A disability is any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do certain activities or interact with the world around them. These conditions, or impairments, may be cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, sensory, or a combination of multiple factors. Impairments causing disability may be present from birth or occur during a person's lifetime. The World Health Organization proposes the following definition of disabilities:" }, "Latin honors-3": { "title": "Latin honors", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "These honors, when they are used, are almost always awarded to undergraduates earning their bachelor's, and, with the exception of law school graduates, much more rarely to graduate students receiving their master's or doctorate degree. The honor is typically indicated on the diploma. Latin honors are often conferred upon law school students graduating as a Juris Doctor or J.D., in which case they are generally based upon class rank or grade point average." }, "Gallic Wars-4": { "title": "Gallic Wars", "section": "Political background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Caesar had initially four veteran legions under his direct command: Legio VII, Legio VIII, Legio IX Hispana, and Legio X. As he had been Governor of Hispania Ulterior in 61 BC and had campaigned successfully with them against the Lusitanians, Caesar knew personally most (perhaps even all) of these legions.[citation needed] Caesar also had the legal authority to levy additional legions and auxiliary units as he saw fit. The assignment of the provinces that comprise what we today know as Northern Italy was also helpful to his ambitions: the Po Valley and the adjoining regions had large numbers of Roman citizens, who could be enticed to sign up for legionary service." }, "Marxist philosophy-1": { "title": "Marxist philosophy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are works in philosophy that are strongly influenced by Karl Marx's materialist approach to theory, or works written by Marxists. Marxist philosophy may be broadly divided into Western Marxism, which drew out of various sources, and the official philosophy in the Soviet Union, which enforced a rigid reading of Marx called dialectical materialism, in particular during the 1930s. Marxist philosophy is not a strictly defined sub-field of philosophy, because the diverse influence of Marxist theory has extended into fields as varied as aesthetics, ethics, ontology, epistemology, theoretical psychology and philosophy of science, as well as its obvious influence on political philosophy and the philosophy of history. The key characteristics of Marxism in philosophy are its materialism and its commitment to political practice as the end goal of all thought." }, "Taco Bell-1": { "title": "Taco Bell", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Taco Bell is an American chain of fast food restaurants based in Irvine, California and a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, Inc. The restaurants serve a variety of Mexican and Tex-Mex foods that include tacos, burritos, quesadillas, and nachos." }, "Supreme Court of the United States-60": { "title": "Supreme Court of the United States", "section": "Jurisdiction", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 60, "content": "Congress is authorized by Article III of the federal Constitution to regulate the Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction. The Supreme Court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over cases between two or more states but may decline to hear such cases. It also possesses original but not exclusive jurisdiction to hear \"all actions or proceedings to which ambassadors, other public ministers, consuls, or vice consuls of foreign states are parties; all controversies between the United States and a State; and all actions or proceedings by a State against the citizens of another State or against aliens\"." }, "Christopher Columbus-98": { "title": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "Legacy", "headers": [ "Criticism and defense in modern scholarship", "Violence towards Natives and Spanish colonists" ], "para_index": 98, "content": "When Columbus fell ill in 1495, \"what little restraint he had maintained over his men disappeared as he went through a lengthy period of recuperation. The troops went wild, stealing, killing, raping, and torturing natives, trying to force them to divulge the whereabouts of the imagined treasure-houses of gold.\" According to Las Casas, 50,000 natives perished during this period. Upon his recovery, Columbus organized his troops' efforts, forming a squadron of several hundred heavily armed men and more than twenty attack dogs. Dogs were used to hunt down natives who attempted to flee. Columbus's men tore across the land, killing thousands of sick and unarmed natives. Soldiers would use their captives for sword practice, attempting to decapitate them or cut them in half with a single blow." }, "Fallout (series)-1": { "title": "Fallout (series)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fallout is a series of post-apocalyptic role-playing video games created by Interplay Entertainment. The series is set during the 22nd and 23rd centuries, and its atompunk retrofuturistic setting and art work are influenced by the post-war culture of 1950s United States, with its combination of hope for the promises of technology and the lurking fear of nuclear annihilation. A forerunner for Fallout is Wasteland, a 1988 game developed by Interplay Productions to which the series is regarded as a spiritual successor." }, "Oasis-class cruise ship-3": { "title": "Oasis-class cruise ship", "section": "Ship features", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Oasis-class ships feature a split structure, with the 5-deck high \"Central Park\" and \"Boardwalk\" outdoor areas running down the middle of the ship. These areas feature tropical gardens, restaurants, shops, and a working carousel." }, "Saving Private Ryan-6": { "title": "Saving Private Ryan", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "On the morning of June 6, 1944, American soldiers land on Omaha Beach as part of the Normandy Invasion. They suffer heavy losses in assaulting fortified German defensive positions. Captain Miller of the 2nd Ranger Battalion leads a breakout from the beach. Elsewhere on the beach, a dead soldier lies face-down in the bloody surf; his pack is stenciled Ryan,\u00a0S." }, "Glenn Beck-22": { "title": "Glenn Beck", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Television" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "His show's high ratings did not come without controversy. The Washington Post's Howard Kurtz reported that Beck's use of \"distorted or inflammatory rhetoric\" had complicated the channel's and their journalists' efforts to neutralize White House criticism that Fox is not really a news organization. Television analyst Andrew Tyndall echoed these sentiments, saying that Beck's incendiary style had created \"a real crossroads for Fox News\", stating \"they're right on the cusp of losing their image as a news organization.\"" }, "Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother-1": { "title": "Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lady Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon (4 August 1900 \u2013 30 March 2002) was the wife of King George VI, and the mother of Queen Elizabeth II and Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon. She was queen of the United Kingdom and the Dominions from her husband's accession in 1936 until his death in 1952, after which she was known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, to avoid confusion with her daughter. She was the last empress of India." }, "Banana-13": { "title": "Banana", "section": "Taxonomy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Musa is in the family Musaceae. The APG III system assigns Musaceae to the order Zingiberales, part of the commelinid clade of the monocotyledonous flowering plants. Some 70 species of Musa were recognized by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families as of January\u00a02013[update]; several produce edible fruit, while others are cultivated as ornamentals." }, "Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations-1": { "title": "Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961 is an international treaty that defines a framework for diplomatic relations between independent countries. It specifies the privileges of a diplomatic mission that enable diplomats to perform their function without fear of coercion or harassment by the host country. This forms the legal basis for diplomatic immunity. Its articles are considered a cornerstone of modern international relations. As of October 2018, it has been ratified by 192 states." }, "Broad stingray-4": { "title": "Broad stingray", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The broad stingray has only been confirmed to occur around the Hawaiian Islands, where it is the most abundant stingray. A record of this species from off Taiwan has yet to be verified. Broad stingrays are common in coastal bays with mud or silt bottoms, including Ma'alaea Bay off the island of Maui and Kaneohe Bay off the island of Oahu, but may also be encountered in sandy areas or near coral reefs." }, "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)-6": { "title": "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Charlie and the other ticket holders are greeted outside the factory by Wonka, who then leads them into the facility. Individual character flaws cause four children to give into temptation, resulting in their elimination from the tour, while the Oompa-Loompas sing a song of morality after each elimination. During the tour, flashbacks reveal Wonka's troubled past; his father, a prominent dentist named Wilbur, strictly forbade Wonka from consuming candy due to the potential risk to his teeth, and also made Wonka wear uncomfortable braces. After sneaking over a piece of candy, Wonka was instantly hooked, and ran away from home to follow his dreams. When he returned, both his father and their house were gone. After the tour, the four children leave the factory with an exaggerated characteristic or deformity related to their elimination, while Charlie learns that Wonka, now approaching retirement, intended to find a worthy heir to his factory. Since Charlie was the \"least rotten\" of the five, Wonka invites Charlie to come live and work in the factory with him, on the condition that Charlie leave his family behind, just as Wonka did. Charlie declines, as his family is the most important thing in his life." }, "Richard Dawkins-31": { "title": "Richard Dawkins", "section": "Work", "headers": [ "Political views" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Dawkins is an outspoken atheist and a supporter of various atheist, secular, and humanistic organisations, including Humanists UK and the Brights movement. Dawkins suggests that atheists should be proud, not apologetic, stressing that atheism is evidence of a healthy, independent mind. He hopes that the more atheists identify themselves, the more the public will become aware of just how many people are nonbelievers, thereby reducing the negative opinion of atheism among the religious majority. Inspired by the gay rights movement, he endorsed the Out Campaign to encourage atheists worldwide to declare their stance publicly. He supported a UK atheist advertising initiative, the Atheist Bus Campaign in 2008, which aimed to raise funds to place atheist advertisements on buses in the London area." }, "Gratuity-36": { "title": "Gratuity", "section": "By region", "headers": [ "Europe", "Hungary" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "The Hungarian word for tip is borraval\u00f3 (literally \"money for wine\", a loose calque from German: Trinkgeld) or colloquially baksis (from Persian: \u0628\u062e\u0634\u0634\u200e bakhshesh), often written in English as backsheesh. Tipping is widespread in Hungary; the degree of expectation and the expected amount varies with price, type and quality of service, and also influenced by the satisfaction of the customer. As in Germany, rounding up the price to provide a tip is commonplace." }, "Cosmic Girls-1": { "title": "Cosmic Girls", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cosmic Girls (Korean:\u00a0\uc6b0\uc8fc\uc18c\ub140; RR:\u00a0Uju Sonyeo; Chinese: \u5b87\u5b99\u5c11\u5973), also known as WJSN, is a South Korean-Chinese girl group formed by Starship Entertainment and Yuehua Entertainment. The group debuted on February 25, 2016 with the extended play Would You Like? and with twelve members: Seola, Xuanyi, Bona, Exy, Soobin, Luda, Dawon, Eunseo, Cheng Xiao, Meiqi, Yeoreum and Dayoung. In July 2016, Cosmic Girls added a thirteenth member, Yeonjung, to the group." }, "Agriculture-1": { "title": "Agriculture", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Agriculture is the science and art of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. The history of agriculture began thousands of years ago. After gathering wild grains beginning at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers began to plant them around 11,500 years ago. Pigs, sheep and cattle were domesticated over 10,000 years ago. Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world. Industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture in the twentieth century came to dominate agricultural output, though about 2 billion people still depended on subsistence agriculture into the twenty-first." }, "Chordate-2": { "title": "Chordate", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Chordata and Ambulacraria together form the superphylum Deuterostomia. Chordates are divided into three subphyla: Vertebrata (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals); Tunicata or Urochordata (sea squirts, salps); and Cephalochordata (which includes lancelets). There are also extinct taxa such as the Vetulicolia. Hemichordata (which includes the acorn worms) has been presented as a fourth chordate subphylum, but now is treated as a separate phylum: hemichordates and Echinodermata form the Ambulacraria, the sister phylum of the Chordates. Of the more than 65,000 living species of chordates, about half are bony fish that are members of the superclass Pisces, class Osteichthyes." }, "System of measurement-25": { "title": "System of measurement", "section": "Units of currency", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "The American football field, which has a playing area 100 yards (91.4\u00a0m) long by 160 feet (48.8\u00a0m) wide. This is often used by the American public media for the sizes of large buildings or parks. It is used both as a unit of length (100\u00a0yd or 91.4\u00a0m, the length of the playing field excluding goal areas) and as a unit of area (57,600\u00a0sq\u00a0ft or 5,350\u00a0m2), about 1.32 acres (0.53\u00a0ha). British media also frequently uses the football pitch for equivalent purposes, although soccer pitches are not of a fixed size, but instead can vary within defined limits (100\u2013130\u00a0yd or 91.4\u2013118.9\u00a0m long, and 50\u2013100\u00a0yd or 45.7\u201391.4\u00a0m wide, giving an area of 5,000 to 13,000\u00a0sq\u00a0yd or 4,181 to 10,870\u00a0m2). However the UEFA Champions League field must be exactly 105 by 68\u00a0m (114.83 by 74.37\u00a0yd) giving an area of 7,140\u00a0m2 (0.714\u00a0ha) or 8,539\u00a0sq\u00a0yd (1.764 acres). Example: HSS vessels are aluminium catamarans about the size of a football pitch... - Belfast Telegraph 23 June 2007 Larger areas are also expressed as a multiple of the areas of certain American states, or subdivisions of the UK etc. A ton of TNT equivalent, and its multiples the kiloton, the megaton, and the gigaton. Often used in stating the power of very energetic events such as explosions and volcanic events and earthquakes and asteroid impacts. A gram of TNT as a unit of energy has been defined as 1000 thermochemical calories (1,000\u00a0cal or 4,184\u00a0J). The atom bomb dropped on Hiroshima. Its force is often used in the public media and popular books as a unit of energy. (Its yield was roughly 13 kilotons, or 60 TJ). One stick of dynamite. A unit of measurement that applies to money is called a unit of account in economics and unit of measure in accounting. This is normally a currency issued by a country or a fraction thereof; for instance, the US dollar and US cent (\u200b1\u2044100 of a dollar), or the euro and euro cent." }, "Rainbow-6": { "title": "Rainbow", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Rainbows span a continuous spectrum of colours. Any distinct bands perceived are an artefact of human colour vision, and no banding of any type is seen in a black-and-white photo of a rainbow, only a smooth gradation of intensity to a maximum, then fading towards the other side. For colours seen by the human eye, the most commonly cited and remembered sequence is Newton's sevenfold red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet, remembered by the mnemonic Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain (ROYGBIV)." }, "Monocotyledon-2": { "title": "Monocotyledon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The monocotyledons include about 60,000 species. The largest family in this group (and in the flowering plants as a whole) by number of species are the orchids (family Orchidaceae), with more than 20,000 species. About half as many species belong to the true grasses (Poaceae), which are economically the most important family of monocotyledons. In agriculture the majority of the biomass produced comes from monocotyledons. These include not only major grains (rice, wheat, maize, etc.), but also forage grasses, sugar cane, and the bamboos. Other economically important monocotyledon crops include various palms (Arecaceae), bananas and plantains (Musaceae), gingers and their relatives, turmeric and cardamom (Zingiberaceae), asparagus (Asparagaceae), pineapple (Bromeliaceae), water chestnut (Cyperaceae), and leeks, onion and garlic (Amaryllidaceae). Many houseplants are monocotyledon epiphytes. Additionally most of the horticultural bulbs, plants cultivated for their blooms, such as lilies, daffodils, irises, amaryllis, cannas, bluebells and tulips, are monocotyledons." }, "Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant-1": { "title": "Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant was a completed General Electric nuclear boiling water reactor located adjacent to Long Island Sound in East Shoreham, New York." }, "Strawberry-26": { "title": "Strawberry", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "Pests" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Around 200 species of pests are known to attack strawberries both directly and indirectly. These pests include slugs, moths, fruit flies, chafers, strawberry root weevils, strawberry thrips, strawberry sap beetles, strawberry crown moth, mites, aphids, and others. The caterpillars of a number of species of Lepidoptera feed on strawberry plants. For example, the Ghost moth is known to be a pest of the strawberry plant." }, "Orphans in the Soviet Union-2": { "title": "Orphans in the Soviet Union", "section": "Abandoned children, 1918\u20131930", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "By the early 1920s, Russia was home to millions of orphaned and abandoned children, collectively described in Russian as besprizornye, besprizorniki (literally \"unattended\"). By 1922, World War I, Russian Revolution, and Civil War had resulted in the loss of at least 16 million lives within the Soviet Union's borders, and severed contact between millions of children and their parents. At this time, Bolshevik authorities were faced with an estimated seven million homeless youths." }, "Fish jaw-31": { "title": "Fish jaw", "section": "Teeth", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Tooth shape depends on the shark's diet: those that feed on mollusks and crustaceans have dense and flattened teeth used for crushing, those that feed on fish have needle-like teeth for gripping, and those that feed on larger prey such as mammals have pointed lower teeth for gripping and triangular upper teeth with serrated edges for cutting. The teeth of plankton-feeders such as the basking shark are small and non-functional." }, "Rice pudding-17": { "title": "Rice pudding", "section": "Rice pudding around the world", "headers": [ "Canada and the United States" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "In Canada and the United States, most recipes come from European immigrants. In the latter half of the 20th century, Asian, Middle Eastern and Latin American recipes have also become more common. In New England, a popular pudding is made with long grain rice, milk, sugar, or in Vermont, maple syrup. This may be combined with nutmeg, cinnamon, and/or raisins. The pudding is usually partially cooked on top of the stove in a double boiler, and then \"finished\" in an oven." }, "Holiday-6": { "title": "Holiday", "section": "Types of holiday (observance)", "headers": [ "Northern Hemisphere winter holidays" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Winter in the Northern Hemisphere features many holidays that involve festivals and feasts. The Christmas and holiday season surrounds the Christmas and other holidays, and is celebrated by many religions and cultures. Usually, this period begins near the start of November and ends with New Year's Day. Holiday season in the US corresponds to the period that begins with Thanksgiving and ends with New Year's Eve. Some Christian countries consider the end of the festive season to be after the feast of Epiphany." }, "The Osmonds-1": { "title": "The Osmonds", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Osmonds are an American family music group who reached the height of their fame in the early-to-mid 1970s. Currently consisting of a duo of original members Merrill Osmond and Jay Osmond, the group's best known configurations have been as a quartet (billed as the Osmond Brothers) and as a quintet (as the Osmonds). The group has consisted of siblings who are all members of a family of musicians from Ogden, Utah, who have been in the public eye since the 1960s." }, "Rhinoceros-31": { "title": "Rhinoceros", "section": "Horn trade and use", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Domestic sale of rhinoceros horn in South Africa, home of 80% of the remaining rhino population, was banned as of 2009. However, that ban was overturned in a court case in 2017, and South Africa plans to draft regulations for the sale of rhino horn, possibly including export for \"non-commercial purposes\". The South African government has proposed that a legal trade of rhino horn be established, arguing that this could reduce poaching and prevent the extinction of this species." }, "Hammer and sickle (disambiguation)-1": { "title": "Hammer and sickle (disambiguation)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The hammer and sickle (Russian: Serp i Molot: \u0421\u0435\u0440\u043f \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442, \"sickle and hammer\") is the international symbol of Communism." }, "Lolcat-4": { "title": "Lolcat", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The first recorded use of the term \"lolcat\" was used on 4chan, an anonymous imageboard. The word \"Lolcat\" was in use as early as June 2006, and the domain name lolcats.com was registered on June 14, 2006. Their popularity was spread through usage on forums such as Something Awful. The News Journal states that \"some trace the lolcats back to the site 4chan, which features bizarre cat pictures on Saturdays, or 'Caturdays'.\" Ikenburg adds that the images have been \"slinking around the Internet for years under various labels, but they did not become a sensation until early 2007 with the advent of I Can Has Cheezburger?\" The first image on \"I CAN HAZ CHEEZBURGER?\" was posted on January 11, 2007, and was allegedly from the Something Awful website.\" Lev Grossman of Time wrote that the oldest known example \"probably dates to 2006\", but later corrected himself in a blog post where he recanted his statement based on the anecdotal evidence readers had sent him, placing the origin of \"Caturday\" and many of the images now known by a few as \"lolcats\" in early 2005. The domain name \"caturday.com\" was registered on April 30, 2005." }, "Appalachian Power Park-14": { "title": "Appalachian Power Park", "section": "Stadium features", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "In 2007, a party deck was built near the right field foul pole that can accommodate 250 people. An upgrade to a normal game ticket can be purchased for $25, allowing access to the Party Deck, which features all-you-can-eat hot dogs, nachos and other \"baseball food,\" as well as unlimited drinks. Naming rights for the party deck were recently acquired by Anheuser-Busch. In the 2008 and 2009 seasons, this area was known as the \"Landshark Lagoon\" but has since been renamed the \"Budweiser Party Deck.\"" }, "Load (album)-2": { "title": "Load (album)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Load debuted and spent four consecutive weeks at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart. Load sold 680,000 units in its first week, making it the biggest opening week for Metallica as well as the biggest debut of 1996. It was certified 5\u00d7 platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipping five million copies in the United States. Four singles\u2014\"Until It Sleeps\", \"Hero of the Day\", \"Mama Said\", and \"King Nothing\"\u2014were released as part of the marketing campaign for the album." }, "Carotene-9": { "title": "Carotene", "section": "Dietary sources", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "carrots wolfberries (goji) cantaloupe mangoes red bell pepper papaya spinach kale sweet potato tomato dandelion greens broccoli collard greens winter squash pumpkin cassava Absorption from these foods is enhanced if eaten with fats, as carotenes are fat soluble, and if the food is cooked for a few minutes until the plant cell wall splits and the color is released into any liquid. 12 \u03bcg of dietary \u03b2-carotene supplies the equivalent of 1 \u03bcg of retinol, and 24 \u00b5g of \u03b1-carotene or \u03b2-cryptoxanthin provides the equivalent of 1 \u00b5g of retinol." }, "Evander Holyfield-62": { "title": "Evander Holyfield", "section": "Life outside the ring", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 62, "content": "Holyfield is the younger brother of actor and dancer, Bernard Holyfield, and currently lives and trains in Fayette County, Georgia. He is separated from his third wife Candi, with whom he has two children. Holyfield has eleven children with six different women. His son, Elijah Holyfield played college football at the University of Georgia." }, "Sesame-1": { "title": "Sesame", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sesame (/\u02c8s\u025bs\u0259mi\u02d0/; Sesamum indicum) is a flowering plant in the genus Sesamum, also called benne. Numerous wild relatives occur in Africa and a smaller number in India. It is widely naturalized in tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for its edible seeds, which grow in pods. World production in 2016 was 6.1 million tonnes, with Tanzania, Myanmar, India, and Sudan as the largest producers." }, "Dyscalculia-4": { "title": "Dyscalculia", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The earliest appearance of dyscalculia is typically a deficit in the ability to know, from a brief glance and without counting, how many objects there are in a small group (see subitizing). Children as young as 5 can subitize 6 objects, especially looking at a die. However, children with dyscalculia can subitize fewer objects and even when correct take longer to identify the number than their age-matched peers. Dyscalculia often looks different at different ages. It tends to become more apparent as children get older; however, symptoms can appear as early as preschool. Common symptoms of dyscalculia are, having difficulty with mental math, trouble analyzing time and reading an analog clock, struggle with motor sequencing that involves numbers, and often they will count on their fingers when adding numbers." }, "Minor League Baseball-1": { "title": "Minor League Baseball", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Minor League Baseball (MiLB) is a hierarchy of professional baseball leagues in the Americas that compete at levels below Major League Baseball (MLB) and provide opportunities for player development and a way to prepare for the major leagues. All of the minor leagues are operated as independent businesses. Most are members of the umbrella organization formally known as National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues (NAPBL), which operates under the Commissioner of Baseball within the scope of organized baseball. Several leagues, known as independent baseball leagues, do not have any official links to Major League Baseball." }, "Construction of the World Trade Center-4": { "title": "Construction of the World Trade Center", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Construction of the World Trade Center's North Tower began in August 1968, and the South Tower in 1969. Extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed up the construction process. The first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970 and into the South Tower in January 1972. Four other low-level buildings were constructed as part of the World Trade Center in the early 1970s, and the complex was mostly complete by 1973. A seventh building, 7 World Trade Center, was opened in 1987." }, "Egyptian pyramids-9": { "title": "Egyptian pyramids", "section": "Pyramid symbolism", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The shape of Egyptian pyramids is thought to represent the primordial mound from which the Egyptians believed the earth was created. The shape of a pyramid is also thought to be representative of the descending rays of the sun, and most pyramids were faced with polished, highly reflective white limestone, in order to give them a brilliant appearance when viewed from a distance. Pyramids were often also named in ways that referred to solar luminescence. For example, the formal name of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur was The Southern Shining Pyramid, and that of Senwosret at el-Lahun was Senwosret is Shining." }, "Bernie Sanders-1": { "title": "Bernie Sanders", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bernard Sanders (born September\u00a08, 1941) is an American politician who has served as the junior United States Senator from Vermont since 2007 and as U.S. Representative for the state's at-large congressional district from 1991 to 2007. He is the longest-serving independent in U.S. congressional history, although he has a close relationship with the Democratic Party, having caucused with House and Senate Democrats for most of his congressional career. Sanders unsuccessfully sought the Democratic Party nomination for president of the United States in 2016 and 2020." }, "Calendar year-2": { "title": "Calendar year", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Gregorian year, which is in use in most of the world, begins on January 1 and ends on December 31. It has a length of 365 days in an ordinary year, with 8,760 hours, 525,600 minutes, or 31,536,000 seconds; but 366 days in a leap year, with 8,784 hours, 527,040 minutes, or 31,622,400 seconds. With 97 leap years every 400 years, the year has an average length of 365.2425 days. Other formula-based calendars can have lengths which are further out of step with the solar cycle: for example, the Julian calendar has an average length of 365.25 days, and the Hebrew calendar has an average length of 365.2468 days. The Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days." }, "Car controls-23": { "title": "Car controls", "section": "Additional controls", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "These controls vary in scope and design between different types of cars. They may also be located and operated differently in other road vehicles such as motorcycles, where the throttle is controlled by a hand lever and the gear shift is operated by a pedal. Some types of vehicle controls are found in rail vehicles. For example, some trams and light rail vehicles like the PCC streetcar use automobile-style pedals to control the speed." }, "Shuttlecock-4": { "title": "Shuttlecock", "section": "Construction and materials", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "in) in length. The diameter of the cork is 25 to 28\u00a0mm (0.98 to 1.10\u00a0in) and the diameter of the circle that the feathers make is around 58 to 68\u00a0mm (2.3 to 2.7\u00a0in).[citation needed] A shuttlecock is formed from 16 or so overlapping feathers, usually goose or duck, embedded into a rounded cork base. The cork is covered with thin leather. To ensure satisfactory flight properties, it is considered preferable to use feathers from right or left wings only in each shuttlecock, and not mix feathers from different wings, as the feathers from different wings are shaped differently." }, "Bandy-101": { "title": "Bandy", "section": "Countries", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 101, "content": "United States Bandy has been played in the United States since around 1980. The sport is centered in Minnesota, with very few teams based elsewhere. The United States national bandy team has participated in the Bandy World Championships since 1985 and is also regularly playing friendly matches against Canada." }, "Conducting-32": { "title": "Conducting", "section": "Technique", "headers": [ "Beat and tempo" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "During an instrumental solo section (or, in an opera orchestra during a vocalist's unaccompanied solo), some conductors stop counting out all the subdivisions and simply tap the baton down once per bar, to aid performers who are counting bars of rests." }, "Olympia, Washington-3": { "title": "Olympia, Washington", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The site of Olympia had been home to Lushootseed-speaking peoples known as the Steh-Chass (or Stehchass, later part of the post-treaty Squaxin Island Tribe) for thousands of years. Other Native Americans regularly visited the head of Budd Inlet and the Steh-Chass including the other ancestor tribes of the Squaxin, as well as the Nisqually, Puyallup, Chehalis, Suquamish, and Duwamish. The first recorded Europeans came to Olympia in 1792. Peter Puget and a crew from the British Vancouver Expedition are said to have explored the site, but neither recorded any encounters with the resident Indigenous population here. In 1846, Edmund Sylvester and Levi Lathrop Smith jointly claimed the land that is now downtown Olympia. In 1851, the U.S. Congress established the Customs District of Puget Sound for Washington Territory and Olympia became the home of the customs house. Its population steadily expanded from Oregon Trail immigrants. In 1850, the town settled on the name Olympia, at the suggestion of local resident Colonel Isaac N. Ebey, because of its view of the Olympic Mountains to the Northwest. The area began to be served by a small fleet of steamboats known as the Puget Sound Mosquito Fleet." }, "Robert Wadlow-2": { "title": "Robert Wadlow", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Wadlow reached 8\u00a0ft 11.1\u00a0in (2.72\u00a0m) in height and weighed 439\u00a0lb (199\u00a0kg) at his death at age 22. His great size and his continued growth in adulthood were due to hyperplasia of his pituitary gland, which results in an abnormally high level of human growth hormone (HGH). Even by the time of his death, there was no indication that his growth had ended." }, "Vesta (mythology)-8": { "title": "Vesta (mythology)", "section": "Depictions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Depicted as a good-mannered deity who never involved herself in the quarreling of other gods, Vesta was ambiguous at times due to her contradictory association with the phallus. She was the embodiment of the Phallic Mother: she was not only the most virgin and clean of all the gods, but was addressed as mother and granted fertility. Mythographers tell us that Vesta had no myths save being identified as one of the oldest of the gods who was entitled to preference in veneration and offerings over all other gods. Unlike most gods, Vesta was hardly depicted directly; nonetheless, she was symbolized by her flame, the fire stick, and a ritual phallus (the fascinus)." }, "Northern Cyprus-50": { "title": "Northern Cyprus", "section": "Economy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "Despite the constraints imposed by the lack of international recognition, the nominal GDP growth rates of the economy in 2001\u20132005 were 5.4%, 6.9%, 11.4%, 15.4% and 10.6%, respectively. The real GDP growth rate in 2007 was estimated at 2%. This growth has been buoyed by the relative stability of the Turkish Lira and a boom in the education and construction sectors. Between 2002 and 2007, Gross National Product per capita more than tripled, from US$4,409 in 2002 to US$16,158 (in current U.S. dollars). The growth continued through the 2010s, with real growth rates of 3.7%, 3.9%, 1.8% and 1.1% respectively in 2010\u20132013. The unemployment rate declined through the 2010s and was at 8.3% in 2014." }, "Oh No, Ross and Carrie!-4": { "title": "Oh No, Ross and Carrie!", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Blocher and Poppy have since investigated a number of religious groups, fringe science claims, and alternative medicine modalities, including Mormonism, dowsing, and Reiki healing." }, "7 Wonders (board game)-1": { "title": "7 Wonders (board game)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "7 Wonders is a board game created by Antoine Bauza in 2010 and originally published by Repos Production in Belgium. 7 Wonders is a card drafting game that is played using three decks of cards featuring depictions of ancient civilizations, military conflicts, and commercial activity. The game is highly regarded, being one of the highest rated games on the board game discussion website BoardGameGeek. 7 Wonders has won a total of more than 30 gaming awards, including the inaugural Kennerspiel des Jahres connoisseurs' award in 2011. The game has been cited by leading designers as one of the most influential board games of the last decade." }, "Sodium chloride-1": { "title": "Sodium chloride", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sodium chloride /\u02ccso\u028adi\u0259m \u02c8kl\u0254\u02d0ra\u026ad/, commonly known as salt (though sea salt also contains other chemical salts), is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. With molar masses of 22.99 and 35.45 g/mol respectively, 100 g of NaCl contains 39.34 g Na and 60.66 g Cl. Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of seawater and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms. In its edible form of table salt, it is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative. Large quantities of sodium chloride are used in many industrial processes, and it is a major source of sodium and chlorine compounds used as feedstocks for further chemical syntheses. A second major application of sodium chloride is de-icing of roadways in sub-freezing weather." }, "Sharia-16": { "title": "Sharia", "section": "Historical origins", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "regarded the Quran and Muhammad's hadiths as just one sources of law, with jurist personal opinions, the legal practice of conquered peoples, and the decrees and decisions of the caliphs also being valid sources. At least one source (historian Tom Holland) has argued that the strong scholarly tradition of Mobad among the conquered Zoroastrians of Persia and rabbis among the conquered Jews influenced the law of their largely illiterate warrior conquerors; and that this can explain such issues as why the Quran mentions only three prayers (24:58) while Muslims pray five times a day (Zoroastrians prayed five times a day) and why the Quran commands adulterers be lashed, while Sharia calls for their execution by stoning (Deuteronomy 22:21 of the Jewish Torah calls for stoning to death of women who have been found to have had sex before marriage)." }, "Trenton Thunder-1": { "title": "Trenton Thunder", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Trenton Thunder is an American Minor League Baseball team based in Trenton, New Jersey, that is the Double-A affiliate of the New York Yankees. The Thunder plays in the Eastern Division of the Eastern League. The Thunder's home stadium is Arm & Hammer Park." }, "Bronze Age Europe-21": { "title": "Bronze Age Europe", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Atlantic Europe" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "The Bronze Age in Ireland commenced in the centuries around 2000 BC when copper was alloyed with tin and used to manufacture Ballybeg type flat axes and associated metalwork. The preceding period is known as the Copper Age and is characterised by the production of flat axes, daggers, halberds and awls in copper. The period is divided into three phases: Early Bronze Age 2000\u20131500 BC; Middle Bronze Age 1500\u20131200 BC and Late Bronze Age 1200\u2013c. 500 BC. Ireland is also known for a relatively large number of Early Bronze Age Burials." }, "Pattie Boyd-1": { "title": "Pattie Boyd", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Patricia Anne Boyd (born 17 March 1944) is an English model and photographer. She was one of the leading international models during the 1960s and, with Jean Shrimpton, epitomised the British female \"look\" of the era. Boyd married George Harrison in 1966 and experienced the height of the Beatles' popularity as well as sharing in their embrace of Indian spirituality. She divorced Harrison in 1977 and married Harrison's friend Eric Clapton in 1979; they divorced in 1989. Boyd inspired Harrison's songs such as \"If I Needed Someone\", \"Something\" and \"For You Blue\", and Clapton's \"Layla\" and \"Wonderful Tonight\"." }, "John Wayne Airport-34": { "title": "John Wayne Airport", "section": "Aircraft noise abatement and curfew", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "The short primary runway (20R/2L), coupled with the local noise restrictions, can require a takeoff at or near full power (95\u201397% power). Some aircraft departing from the airport may cycle to full power while holding at the runway then release the brakes when engines are fully spooled up (shortfield procedure). On operations from runway 20R a steep climb may also be required to allow for a power reduction at about 500\u00a0to 700 feet (150\u2013210\u00a0m) for a quieter overflight over the city of Newport Beach. For 20R departures, a left turn after departure to 175 degrees allows for a passage over Newport Beach within the confines of the noise abatement profile. Departures from 2L (normally during Santa Ana wind conditions) are not affected by these noise abatement procedures. Landings almost always include full flap extensions, and the use of full reverse thrust. Extension of the runway is almost impossible, as it on both ends is enclosed by motorways and, past the motorways, numerous residences and businesses which would require relocation in case of such a proposition, which is a costly endeavour." }, "Landscaping-5": { "title": "Landscaping", "section": "Additional information", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In the start, the landscaping contractor makes a letter which is a rough design and layout of what could be done with the land in order to achieve the desired outcome. Different pencils are required to make graphics of the picture. Landscaping has become more technological than natural, as few projects begin without bulldozers, lawnmowers, or chainsaws. Different areas have different qualities of plants. When growing new grass, it should ideally be done in the spring and the fall seasons to maximize growth and to minimize the spread of weeds. It is generally agreed that fertilizers are required for good plant growth. Some landscapers prefer to use mix gravel with rocks of varying sizes to add interest in large areas." }, "Hyena-1": { "title": "Hyena", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hyenas or hyaenas (from Ancient Greek \u1f55\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1, h\u00fdaina) are feliform carnivoran mammals of the family Hyaenidae /ha\u026a\u02c8\u025bn\u026adi\u02d0/. With only four extant species (in three genera), it is the fifth-smallest biological family in the Carnivora, and one of the smallest in the class Mammalia. Despite their low diversity, hyenas are unique and vital components of most African ecosystems." }, "Freshwater fish-3": { "title": "Freshwater fish", "section": "Physiology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Freshwater fish differ physiologically from salt water fish in several respects. Their gills must be able to diffuse dissolved gasses while keeping the salts in the body fluids inside. Their scales reduce water diffusion through the skin: freshwater fish that have lost too many scales will die. They also have well developed kidneys to reclaim salts from body fluids before excretion." }, "John Kerry-1": { "title": "John Kerry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is an American politician who served as the 68th United States Secretary of State from 2013 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as a United States Senator from Massachusetts from 1985 until 2013. He was the Democratic nominee in the 2004 presidential election, losing to Republican incumbent President George W. Bush." }, "Pruno-1": { "title": "Pruno", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pruno, or prison wine, is an alcoholic beverage variously made from apples, oranges, fruit cocktail, fruit juices, hard candy, sugar, high fructose syrup, and possibly other ingredients, including crumbled bread. Bread supposedly provides the yeast for the pruno to ferment. Pruno originated in (and remains largely confined to) prisons, where it can be produced with the limited selection of equipment and ingredients available to inmates. The concoction can be made using only a plastic bag, hot running water, and a towel or sock to conceal the pulp during fermentation. The end result has been colorfully described as a \"bile flavored wine-cooler\",. Depending on the time spent fermenting (always balanced against the risk of discovery by officers), the sugar content, and the quality of the ingredients and preparation, pruno's alcohol content by volume can range from as low as 2% (equivalent to a very weak beer) to as high as 14% (equivalent to a strong wine)." }, "Palm Beach, Florida-53": { "title": "Palm Beach, Florida", "section": "Infrastructure", "headers": [ "Transportation" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "The nearby city of West Palm Beach has two train stations. Tri-Rail and Amtrak serve the Tamarind Avenue station, while the higher speed Virgin Trains USA serves the Evernia Street station. Palm Beach is located about 4.5 miles (7.2\u00a0km) east of the Palm Beach International Airport. The northern and central portions of Palm Beach is served by Palm Tran Route 41, which travels to places in Palm Beach such as the Lake Worth Inlet, North County Road and Wells Road, Publix (Bradley Place and Sunrise Avenue), Royal Palm Way (State Road 704) & South County Road (State Road A1A), and various points between. The route returns to the Intermodal Transit Center in West Palm Beach, which connects to several other bus routes and is adjacent to the train station at Tamarind Avenue." }, "Egypt-1": { "title": "Egypt", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Egypt (/\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt/ (listen) EE-jipt; Arabic: \u0645\u0650\u0635\u0631\u200e Mi\u1e63r), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip (Palestine) and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, across the Red Sea lies Saudi Arabia, and across the Mediterranean lie Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, although none share a land border with Egypt." }, "Compass-20": { "title": "Compass", "section": "Modern compasses", "headers": [ "Specialty compasses" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Apart from navigational compasses, other specialty compasses have also been designed to accommodate specific uses. These include:" }, "The Invisible Man-2": { "title": "The Invisible Man", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "While its predecessors, The Time Machine and The Island of Doctor Moreau, were written using first-person narrators, Wells adopts a third-person objective point of view in The Invisible Man. The novel is considered influential, and helped establish Wells as the \"father of science fiction\"." }, "Drumhead-5": { "title": "Drumhead", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Despite the benefits of plastic heads, drummers in historical reenactment groups such as fife and drum use animal skin heads for historical accuracy. Rawhide heads are also popular with musicians performing in the jazz, orchestral and early music genres due to their preference for period correct sounds and instruments. Real hide heads are used on most hand drums, including djembes, frame drums, bongos, and congas, and also some Banjos. In recent years, companies such as Remo have begun manufacturing synthetic counterparts (most notably Fiberskin) for certain hand drums such as congas, and also banjos. There has also been a resurgence in the use of genuine rawhide heads by drum kit players, with companies such as AK Drums, Buchler Trommelbau and Kentville Drums offering goat, calf and kangaroo hide drumheads respectively." }, "Pan (god)-1": { "title": "Pan (god)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Pan (/\u02c8p\u00e6n/; Ancient Greek: \u03a0\u03ac\u03bd, romanized:\u00a0P\u00e1n) is the god of the wild, shepherds and flocks, nature of mountain wilds, rustic music and impromptus, and companion of the nymphs. He has the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat, in the same manner as a faun or satyr. With his homeland in rustic Arcadia, he is also recognized as the god of fields, groves, wooded glens and often affiliated with sex; because of this, Pan is connected to fertility and the season of spring. The ancient Greeks also considered Pan to be the god of theatrical criticism. The word panic ultimately derives from the god's name." }, "Lincoln Park, Chicago-37": { "title": "Lincoln Park, Chicago", "section": "Cuisine", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "Lincoln Park has numerous restaurants, including Chicago's only 3-Michelin star restaurant, Alinea. The Lettuce Entertain You restaurant company started at R.J. Grunts at 2056 N. Lincoln Park West, which is also home to the one of the first salad bars. The Wieners Circle on Clark and Wrightwood is a fast food restaurant that is known for its Polish sausage and the mutual verbal abuse between staff and customers. Demon Dogs was a popular hot dog restaurant that stood under the Fullerton El station from 1983 until 2006. The first Potbelly Sandwich Works opened in 1977 on Lincoln Avenue in Lincoln Park, where it is still in operation today. Chicago Pizza and Oven Grinder Company is a popular restaurant on Clark Street. Along with this Pizza place, Pequod's Pizza is located on Clybourn Avenue in this neighborhood. It is not a large chain and is a favorite among the locals." }, "Male reproductive system-2": { "title": "Male reproductive system", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The main male sex organs are the penis and the testicles which produce semen and sperm, which, as part of sexual intercourse, fertilize an ovum in the female's body; the fertilized ovum (zygote) develops into a fetus, which is later born as an infant." }, "Chickpea-14": { "title": "Chickpea", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Culinary" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "In Portugal, chickpeas are one of the main ingredients in rancho, eaten with pasta and meat or with rice. They are used in other hot dishes with bacalhau and in soups, meat stews, and salads mixed with tuna and vegetables, olive oil, vinegar, hot pepper and salt. In Spain, they are used cold in tapas and salads, as well as in cocido madrile\u00f1o." }, "Polyamory-22": { "title": "Polyamory", "section": "Philosophical aspects", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "PolyOz\u2014\"the positive feelings one gets when a lover is enjoying another relationship. Sometimes called the opposite or flip side of jealousy.\" The Polyamory society\u2014\"the feeling of taking joy in the joy that others you love share among themselves, especially taking joy in the knowledge that your beloveds are expressing their love for one another\". The InnKeeper\u2014\"A feeling of joy when a loved one invests in and takes pleasure from another romantic or sexual relationship. \u2026 It's analogous to the joy parents feel when their children get married, or to the happiness felt between best friends when they find a partner.\" More Than Two - \"A feeling of joy when a partner invests in and takes pleasure from another romantic or sexual relationship. Commentary: Compersion can be thought of as the opposite of \u201cjealousy;\u201d it is a positive emotional reaction to a lover\u2019s other relationship.\" Bertrand Russell published Marriage and Morals in 1929, questioning contemporary notions of morality regarding monogamy in sex and marriage. This viewpoint was criticized by John Dewey." }, "Judo-48": { "title": "Judo", "section": "Judogi (uniform)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "Judo practitioners traditionally wear white uniforms called \u7a3d\u53e4\u7740 (keikogi, keikogi) practice clothing or j\u016bd\u014dgi (\u67d4\u9053\u7740, judogi, judo clothing) sometimes abbreviated in the west as \"gi\". It comprises a heavy cotton kimono-like jacket called an uwagi (\u4e0a\u8863, jacket), similar to traditional hanten (\u534a\u7e8f, workers jackets) fastened by an obi (\u5e2f, obi, belt), coloured to indicate rank, and cotton draw-string zubon (\u30ba\u30dc\u30f3, trousers). Early examples of keikogi had short sleeves and trouser legs and the modern long-sleeved judogi was adopted in 1906." }, "Hephaestus-2": { "title": "Hephaestus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "As a smithing god, Hephaestus made all the weapons of the gods in Olympus. He served as the blacksmith of the gods, and was worshipped in the manufacturing and industrial centers of Greece, particularly Athens. The cult of Hephaestus was based in Lemnos. Hephaestus' symbols are a smith's hammer, anvil, and a pair of tongs." }, "Iowa Assessments-3": { "title": "Iowa Assessments", "section": "Content", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Test levels 9-14 are administered to students from third grade through twelfth grade. Like test levels 5-8, the primary purpose of levels 9-14 is instructional development. School districts use the standardized achievement battery to learn supplementary information useful in choosing curriculum and lesson planning. Teachers may use ITP testing batteries to suggest areas where the skills of individual students are most and least developed. Sections for levels 9-14 include: Vocabulary, Reading Comprehension, Spelling, Capitalization, Punctuation, Usage and Expression, Math Concepts and Estimation, Math Problem Solving and Data Interpretation, Math Computation, Social Studies, Maps and Diagrams, Reference Materials, Word Analysis (Level 9 only), and Listening (Level 9 only)." }, "Felt-8": { "title": "Felt", "section": "Manufacturing methods", "headers": [ "Wet felting" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "In the wet felting process, hot water is applied to layers of animal hairs, while repeated agitation and compression causes the fibers to hook together or weave together into a single piece of fabric. Wrapping the properly arranged fiber in a sturdy, textured material, such as a bamboo mat or burlap, will speed up the felting process. The felted material may be finished by fulling." }, "Order of the British Empire-1": { "title": "Order of the British Empire", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry, rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations," }, "Eritrean Defence Forces-5": { "title": "Eritrean Defence Forces", "section": "Manpower", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The Eritrean Defence Forces are among the largest in Africa alongside those of Egypt, Algeria, and Morocco. The size of Eritrea's population is small, particularly when compared to its neighbors. During peacetime the military of Eritrea numbers approximately 45,000 with a reserve force of approximately 250,000." }, "Goldfish-1": { "title": "Goldfish", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The goldfish (Carassius auratus) is a freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae of order Cypriniformes. It is one of the most commonly kept aquarium fish." }, "Lord Voldemort-30": { "title": "Lord Voldemort", "section": "Characterisation", "headers": [ "Magical abilities and skills" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "On her website, Rowling wrote that Voldemort's wand is made of yew, whose sap is poisonous and which symbolises death. It forms a deliberate contrast to Harry's wand, which is made of holly, which she chose because holly is alleged to repel evil." }, "Brussels sprout-2": { "title": "Brussels sprout", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The leaf vegetables are typically 1.5\u20134.0\u00a0cm (0.6\u20131.6\u00a0in) in diameter and look like miniature cabbages. The Brussels sprout has long been popular in Brussels, Belgium, and may have gained its name there." }, "Yeti-4": { "title": "Yeti", "section": "Etymology and alternative names", "headers": [ "The \"Abominable Snowman\"" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Mich\u00ea (Tibetan: \u0f58\u0f72\u0f0b\u0f51\u0fb2\u0f7a\u0f51\u0f0b, Wylie: mi dred, ZYPY: Mich\u00ea) translates as \"man-bear\". Dzu-teh\u00a0\u2013 'dzu' translates as \"cattle\" and the full meaning translates as \"cattle bear\", referring to the Himalayan brown bear. Migoi or Mi-go (Tibetan: \u0f58\u0f72\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f92\u0f7c\u0f51\u0f0b, Wylie: mi rgod, ZYPY: Mig\u00f6/Mirg\u00f6) translates as \"wild man\". Bun Manchi\u00a0\u2013 Nepali for \"jungle man\" that is used outside Sherpa communities where yeti is the common name. Mirka\u00a0\u2013 Another name for \"wild-man\". Local legend holds that \"anyone who sees one dies or is killed\". The latter is taken from a written statement by Frank Smythe's sherpas in 1937. Kang Admi\u00a0\u2013 \"Snow Man\". The name \"Abominable Snowman\" was coined in 1921, the same year Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Howard-Bury led the 1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition which he chronicled in Mount Everest The Reconnaissance, 1921. In the book, Howard-Bury includes an account of crossing the Lhakpa La at 21,000\u00a0ft (6,400\u00a0m) where he found footprints that he believed \"were probably caused by a large 'loping' grey wolf, which in the soft snow formed double tracks rather like those of a bare-footed man\". He adds that his Sherpa guides \"at once volunteered that the tracks must be that of 'The Wild Man of the Snows', to which they gave the name 'metoh-kangmi'\". \"Metoh\" translates as \"man-bear\" and \"Kang-mi\" translates as \"snowman\"." }, "Sahara-1": { "title": "Sahara", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Play media The Sahara (/s\u0259\u02c8h\u0251\u02d0r\u0259/, /s\u0259\u02c8h\u00e6r\u0259/; Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u200e, a\u1e63-\u1e63a\u1e25r\u0101\u02bc al-kubr\u00e1, 'the Greatest Desert') is a desert located on the African continent. It is the largest hot desert in the world, and the third largest desert overall after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its area of 9,200,000 square kilometres (3,600,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) is comparable to the area of China or the United States. The name 'Sahara' is derived from a dialectal Arabic word for \"desert\", \u1e63a\u1e25ra (\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627 /\u02c8s\u02e4a\u0127ra/)." }, "Tick-1": { "title": "Tick", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ticks (Ixodida) are arachnids, typically 3 to 5\u00a0mm long, part of the superorder Parasitiformes. Along with mites, they constitute the subclass Acari. Ticks are external parasites, living by feeding on the blood of mammals, birds, and sometimes reptiles and amphibians. Ticks evolved by the Cretaceous period, the most common form of fossilisation being amber immersion. Ticks are widely distributed around the world, especially in warm, humid climates." }, "Korean honorifics-1": { "title": "Korean honorifics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Korean language has a system of honorifics that recognizes and reflects the hierarchical social status of participants with respect to the subject and/or the object and/or the audience. Speakers use honorifics to indicate their social relationship with the addressee and/or subject of the conversation, concerning their age, social status, gender, degree of intimacy, and speech act situation." }, "Robin Hood-2": { "title": "Robin Hood", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Through retellings, additions, and variations, a body of familiar characters associated with Robin Hood has been created. These include his lover, Maid Marian, his band of outlaws, the Merry Men, and his chief opponent, the Sheriff of Nottingham. The Sheriff is often depicted as assisting Prince John in usurping the rightful but absent King Richard, to whom Robin Hood remains loyal. His partisanship of the common people and his hostility to the Sheriff of Nottingham are early recorded features of the legend, but his interest in the rightfulness of the king is not, and neither is his setting in the reign of Richard I. He became a popular folk figure in the Late Middle Ages, and the earliest known ballads featuring him are from the 15th century (1400s)." }, "Nanoviridae-1": { "title": "Nanoviridae", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Nanoviridae is a family of viruses. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are currently 12 species in this family, divided among 2 genera and one unassigned species. Diseases associated with this family include: stunting. Their name is derived from the Greek word \u03bd\u1fb6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (nanos; dwarf), because of their small genome and their stunting effect on infected plants." }, "Reconstruction Amendments-2": { "title": "Reconstruction Amendments", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Thirteenth Amendment (proposed in 1864 and ratified in 1865) abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except for those duly convicted of a crime. The Fourteenth Amendment (proposed in 1866 and ratified in 1868) addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws for all persons. The Fifteenth Amendment (proposed in 1869 and ratified in 1870) prohibits discrimination in voting rights of citizens on the basis of \"race, color, or previous condition of servitude\". All races, regardless of prior slavery, could vote in some states of the early United States, such as New Jersey, provided that they could meet other requirements, such as property ownership." }, "Accounting-12": { "title": "Accounting", "section": "Topics", "headers": [ "Financial accounting" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Financial accounting focuses on the reporting of an organization's financial information to external users of the information, such as investors, potential investors and creditors. It calculates and records business transactions and prepares financial statements for the external users in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). GAAP, in turn, arises from the wide agreement between accounting theory and practice, and change over time to meet the needs of decision-makers." }, "Pancreas-44": { "title": "Pancreas", "section": "Clinical significance", "headers": [ "Removal" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "It is possible for one to live without a pancreas, provided that the person takes insulin for proper regulation of blood glucose concentration and pancreatic enzyme supplements to aid digestion." }, "Israelis-1": { "title": "Israelis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Israelis (Hebrew: \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd Yi\u015bra\u02beelim, Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u200e al-\u02beIsr\u0101\u02be\u012bliyyin) are the citizens or permanent residents of the State of Israel, a multiethnic state populated by people of different ethnic backgrounds. The largest ethnic groups in Israel are Jews (75%), followed by Arabs (20%) and other minorities (5%). Among the Israeli Jewish population, hundreds of thousands of Jews born in Israel are descended from Ashkenazi Jew, Mizrahi Jews, Sephardi Jews, Ethiopian Jews, and an array of groups from all the Jewish ethnic divisions, though over 50% of Israel's Jewish population is of at least partial Mizrahi descent." }, "Indigestion-15": { "title": "Indigestion", "section": "Cause", "headers": [ "Food or drug intolerance" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Acute, self-limited dyspepsia may be caused by overeating, eating too quickly, eating high-fat foods, eating during stressful situations, or drinking too much alcohol or coffee. Many medications cause dyspepsia, including aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics (metronidazole, macrolides), diabetes drugs (metformin, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, amylin analogs, GLP-1 receptor antagonists), antihypertensive medications (angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonist), cholesterol-lowering agents (niacin, fibrates), neuropsychiatric medications (cholinesterase inhibitors [donepezil, rivastigmine]), SSRIs (fluoxetine, sertraline), serotonin-norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors (venlafaxine, duloxetine), Parkinson drugs (Dopamine agonist, monoamine oxidase [MAO]-B inhibitors), corticosteroids, estrogens, digoxin, iron, and opioids." }, "Worcester College, Oxford-1": { "title": "Worcester College, Oxford", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Worcester College /\u02c8w\u028ast\u0259r/ is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. The college was founded in 1714 by the benefaction of Sir Thomas Cookes, 2nd Baronet (1648-1701) of Norgrove, Worcestershire, whose coat of arms was adopted by the College. Its predecessor, Gloucester College, had been an institution of learning on the same site since the late 13th century until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539. Founded as a men's college, Worcester has been coeducational since 1979." }, "Christmas elf-1": { "title": "Christmas elf", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In American, Canadian, Irish, and British cultures, a Christmas elf is a diminutive elf that lives with Santa Claus at the North Pole and acts as his helper. Christmas elves are often depicted as green or red clad with large, pointy ears and pointy hats. Santa's elves are often said to make the toys in Santa's workshop and take care of his reindeer, among other tasks." }, "Killer whale-7": { "title": "Killer whale", "section": "Taxonomy and evolution", "headers": [ "Common names" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Although the term \"orca\" is increasingly used, English-speaking scientists most often use the traditional name \"killer whale\". The genus name Orcinus means \"of the kingdom of the dead\", or \"belonging to Orcus\"." }, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows-5": { "title": "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "Summary" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Following Albus Dumbledore's death, Voldemort consolidates support and power, including attempting to take control of the Ministry of Magic. Meanwhile, Harry is about to turn seventeen, at which time he will lose the protection of his home. Members of the Order of the Phoenix explain the situation to the Dursleys and move them to a new location for protection. Using several of Harry's peers and friends as decoys, the Order plans to move Harry to the Burrow under protection. Due to perceived infiltration of communication by the Death Eaters, members of the Order decide that Harry must be flown to the Burrow. However, the Death Eaters have been tipped off about this plan, and the group is attacked upon departure. In the ensuing battle, \"Mad-Eye\" Moody and Hedwig are killed and George Weasley severely wounded. Voldemort himself arrives to kill Harry, but Harry's wand fends him off of its own." }, "Ninth Doctor-4": { "title": "Ninth Doctor", "section": "Appearances", "headers": [ "Television" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The Ninth Doctor first appears in the episode \"Rose\" where he rescues 19-year-old shopgirl Rose Tyler (Billie Piper) from an Auton attack in the department store where she works. After Rose helps the Doctor defeat the Nestene Consciousness (living plastic), he invites her to travel with him in the TARDIS. On their first trip in \"The End of the World\", the Doctor takes Rose to witness the destruction of planet Earth in the year five billion. It is revealed that the Doctor's own species, the Time Lords, have been destroyed and the Doctor is the last of his kind. Following from this, they visit Cardiff in 1869 in \"The Unquiet Dead\", where they encounter author Charles Dickens, of whom the Doctor claims to be a big fan. When faced with a near-death situation, the Doctor tells Rose that he was glad to have met her. In \"Aliens of London\", when taking Rose home, the Doctor accidentally returns to Earth 12 months after they left. Because of his actions, he is treated like an Internet predator by Rose's mother Jackie (Camille Coduri) and Rose's boyfriend Mickey (Noel Clarke) has become Rose's murder suspect. After Mickey helps the Doctor and Rose defeat the Slitheen by firing a missile at their base at 10 Downing Street in \"World War Three\", the Doctor offers Mickey a place in the TARDIS with them but he refuses. In the episode \"Dalek\", the Doctor encounters a Dalek, though he had believed the race to be extinct as the Time War between the Time Lords and Daleks concluded with the mutual annihilation of both races\u2014an event for which the Doctor himself was responsible. The Doctor tortures the surviving Dalek and at the end of the episode prepares to kill it in cold blood. He refrains once Rose calls him out on this." }, "Aladdin (1992 Disney film)-1": { "title": "Aladdin (1992 Disney film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Aladdin is a 1992 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The film is the 31st Disney animated feature film, and was the fourth produced during the Disney film era known as the Disney Renaissance. It was produced and directed by Ron Clements and John Musker, and is based on the Arabic folktale of the same name from the One Thousand and One Nights. The voice cast features Scott Weinger, Robin Williams, Linda Larkin, Jonathan Freeman, Frank Welker, Gilbert Gottfried and Douglas Seale. The film follows Aladdin, an Arabian street urchin, who finds a magic lamp containing a genie. He disguises himself as a wealthy prince, and tries to impress the Sultan and his daughter." }, "JPEG-29": { "title": "JPEG", "section": "JPEG compression", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "JPEG uses a lossy form of compression based on the discrete cosine transform (DCT). This mathematical operation converts each frame/field of the video source from the spatial (2D) domain into the frequency domain (a.k.a. transform domain). A perceptual model based loosely on the human psychovisual system discards high-frequency information, i.e. sharp transitions in intensity, and color hue. In the transform domain, the process of reducing information is called quantization. In simpler terms, quantization is a method for optimally reducing a large number scale (with different occurrences of each number) into a smaller one, and the transform-domain is a convenient representation of the image because the high-frequency coefficients, which contribute less to the overall picture than other coefficients, are characteristically small-values with high compressibility. The quantized coefficients are then sequenced and losslessly packed into the output bitstream. Nearly all software implementations of JPEG permit user control over the compression ratio (as well as other optional parameters), allowing the user to trade off picture-quality for smaller file size. In embedded applications (such as miniDV, which uses a similar DCT-compression scheme), the parameters are pre-selected and fixed for the application." }, "Leopard cat-28": { "title": "Leopard cat", "section": "Threats", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "citation needed] In China, leopard cats are hunted mainly for their fur. Between 1984 and 1989, about 200,000 skins were exported yearly. A survey carried out in 1989 among major fur traders revealed more than 800,000 skins on stock. Since the European Union imposed an import ban in 1988, Japan has become the main importing country, and received 50,000 skins in 1989. Although commercial trade is much reduced, the leopard cat continues to be hunted throughout most of its range for fur, food, and for sale as a pet. It is widely viewed as a poultry thief and killed in retribution." }, "Henry VIII of England-5": { "title": "Henry VIII of England", "section": "Early years", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Born 28 June 1491 at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, Kent, Henry Tudor was the third child and second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Of the young Henry's six (or seven) siblings, only three\u00a0\u2013 Arthur, Prince of Wales; Margaret; and Mary\u00a0\u2013 survived infancy. He was baptised by Richard Fox, the Bishop of Exeter, at a church of the Observant Franciscans close to the palace. In 1493, at the age of two, Henry was appointed Constable of Dover Castle and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. He was subsequently appointed Earl Marshal of England and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland at age three, and was made a Knight of the Bath soon after. The day after the ceremony he was created Duke of York and a month or so later made Warden of the Scottish Marches. In May 1495, he was appointed to the Order of the Garter. The reason for all the appointments to a small child was so his father could keep personal control of lucrative positions and not share them with established families. Henry was given a first-rate education from leading tutors, becoming fluent in Latin and French, and learning at least some Italian. Not much is known about his early life \u2013 save for his appointments \u2013 because he was not expected to become king. In November 1501, Henry also played a considerable part in the ceremonies surrounding his brother's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the youngest surviving child of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. As Duke of York, Henry used the arms of his father as king, differenced by a label of three points ermine. He was further honoured, on 9 February 1506, by Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I who made him a Knight of the Golden Fleece." }, "Labours of Hercules-1": { "title": "Labours of Hercules", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Twelve Labours of Heracles or Hercules (Greek: \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f06\u03b8\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9, hoi H\u0113rakl\u00e9ous \u00e2thloi) are a series of episodes concerning a penance carried out by Heracles, the greatest of the Greek heroes, whose name was later romanised as Hercules. They were accomplished at the service of King Eurystheus. The episodes were later connected by a continuous narrative. The establishment of a fixed cycle of twelve labours was attributed by the Greeks to an epic poem, now lost, written by Peisander, dated about 600 BC. After Heracles killed his wife and children, he went to the oracle at Delphi. He prayed to the god Apollo for guidance. Heracles was told to serve the king of Mycenae, Eurystheus, for ten years. During this time, he is sent to perform a series of difficult feats, called labours." }, "Scientology beliefs and practices-1": { "title": "Scientology beliefs and practices", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Church of Scientology maintains a wide variety of beliefs and practices. The core belief says that a human is an immortal, spiritual being (thetan) that is resident in a physical body. The thetan has had innumerable past lives, some of which, preceding the thetan's arrival on Earth, were lived in extraterrestrial cultures. Based on case studies at advanced levels, it is predicted that any Scientologist undergoing auditing will eventually come across and recount a common series of events." }, "Exoskeleton-3": { "title": "Exoskeleton", "section": "Role", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Exoskeletons contain chitin; the addition of calcium carbonate makes them harder and stronger.[citation needed] Ingrowths of the arthropod exoskeleton known as apodemes serve as attachment sites for muscles. These structures are composed of chitin and are approximately six times stronger and twice the stiffness of vertebrate tendons. Similar to tendons, apodemes can stretch to store elastic energy for jumping, notably in locusts. Calcium carbonates constitute the shells of molluscs, brachiopods, and some tube-building polychaete worms. Silica forms the exoskeleton in the microscopic diatoms and radiolaria. One species of mollusc, the scaly-foot gastropod, even makes use of the iron sulfides greigite and pyrite." }, "Pulitzer Prize for Music-1": { "title": "Pulitzer Prize for Music", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Pulitzer Prize for Music is one of seven Pulitzer Prizes awarded annually in Letters, Drama, and Music. It was first given in 1943. Joseph Pulitzer arranged for a music scholarship to be awarded each year, and this was eventually converted into a prize: \"For a distinguished musical composition of significant dimension by an American that has had its first performance in the United States during the year.\"" }, "Wool-1": { "title": "Wool", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and other animals, including cashmere and mohair from goats, qiviut from muskoxen, hide and fur clothing from bison, angora from rabbits, and other types of wool from camelids." }, "Computer-25": { "title": "Computer", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Digital computers", "Vacuum tubes and digital electronic circuits" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "During World War II, the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications. The German encryption machine, Enigma, was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes which were often run by women. To crack the more sophisticated German Lorenz SZ 40/42 machine, used for high-level Army communications, Max Newman and his colleagues commissioned Flowers to build the Colossus. He spent eleven months from early February 1943 designing and building the first Colossus. After a functional test in December 1943, Colossus was shipped to Bletchley Park, where it was delivered on 18 January 1944 and attacked its first message on 5 February." }, "Cannabis edible-6": { "title": "Cannabis edible", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Modern interest in cannabis-infused food is credited to the publication of The Alice B. Toklas Cook Book. Toklas included a recipe for \"haschich fudge\", which was contributed by artist and friend Brion Gysin when the book was published in 1954. Although it was omitted from the first American editions, Toklas' name and her \"brownies\" became synonymous with cannabis in the growing 1960s counterculture." }, "Vitamin A-16": { "title": "Vitamin A", "section": "Side effects", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Chronic intake of 1500\u00a0RAE of preformed vitamin A may be associated with osteoporosis and hip fractures because it suppresses bone building while simultaneously stimulating bone breakdown, although other reviews have disputed this effect, indicating further evidence is needed." }, "Methuselah-1": { "title": "Methuselah", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Methuselah (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b0\u05ea\u05d5\u05bc\u05e9\u05b6\u05c1\u05dc\u05b7\u05d7 M\u0259\u1e6f\u016b\u0161\u00e9la\u1e25, in pausa \u05de\u05b0\u05ea\u05d5\u05bc\u05e9\u05b8\u05c1\u05dc\u05b7\u05d7 M\u0259\u1e6f\u016b\u0161\u0101\u0301la\u1e25, \"Man of the javelin\" or \"Death of Sword\"; Greek: \u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac Mathousal\u00e1) was a biblical patriarch and a figure in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Said to have died at the age of 969, he lived the longest of all figures mentioned in the Bible. According to the Book of Genesis, Methuselah was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah. Elsewhere in the Bible, Methuselah is mentioned in genealogies in 1st Chronicles and the Gospel of Luke." }, "P. G. Wodehouse-5": { "title": "P. G. Wodehouse", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "Early years" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Wodehouse was born in Guildford, Surrey, the third son of Henry Ernest Wodehouse (1845\u20131929), a magistrate resident in the British colony of Hong Kong, and his wife, Eleanor (1861\u20131941), daughter of the Rev John Bathurst Deane. The Wodehouses, who traced their ancestry back to the 13th century, belonged to a cadet branch of the family of the earls of Kimberley. Eleanor Wodehouse was also of ancient aristocratic ancestry. She was visiting her sister in Guildford when Wodehouse was born there prematurely." }, "The arts-3": { "title": "The arts", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Some art forms combine a visual element with performance (e.g. cinematography), or artwork with the written word (e.g. comics). Major constituents of the arts include visual arts (e.g., architecture, filmmaking, painting and sculpting), literature (e.g., fiction, non fiction, poetry and prose), and performing arts (e.g., dance, music, and theatre)." }, "Human brain-67": { "title": "Human brain", "section": "Function", "headers": [ "Cognition" ], "para_index": 67, "content": "The prefrontal cortex plays a significant role in mediating executive functions. Planning involves activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anterior cingulate cortex, angular prefrontal cortex, right prefrontal cortex, and supramarginal gyrus. Working memory manipulation involves the DLPFC, inferior frontal gyrus, and areas of the parietal cortex. Inhibitory control involves multiple areas of the prefrontal cortex, as well as the caudate nucleus and subthalamic nucleus." }, "Computer-46": { "title": "Computer", "section": "Hardware", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "Analog computer Digital computer Hybrid computer Harvard architecture Von Neumann architecture Reduced instruction set computer Mainframe computer Supercomputer Minicomputer Microcomputer Workstation Personal computer Laptop Tablet computer Smartphone Single-board computer Play media The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible physical objects. Circuits, computer chips, graphic cards, sound cards, memory (RAM), motherboard, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and \"mice\" input devices are all hardware." }, "Twin-14": { "title": "Twin", "section": "Types and zygosity", "headers": [ "Monozygotic (identical) twins" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Monozygotic (MZ) or identical twins occur when a single egg is fertilized to form one zygote (hence, \"monozygotic\") which then divides into two separate embryos." }, "Crustacean-15": { "title": "Crustacean", "section": "Classification", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The subphylum Crustacea comprises almost 67,000 described species, which is thought to be just \u200b1\u204410 to \u200b1\u2044100 of the total number as the majority of species remain as yet undiscovered. Although most crustaceans are small, their morphology varies greatly and includes both the largest arthropod in the world \u2013 the Japanese spider crab with a leg span of 3.7 metres (12\u00a0ft) \u2013 and the smallest, the 100-micrometre-long (0.004\u00a0in) Stygotantulus stocki. Despite their diversity of form, crustaceans are united by the special larval form known as the nauplius." }, "Computer graphics-39": { "title": "Computer graphics", "section": "History", "headers": [ "1990s" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "In video games, in 1992, Virtua Racing, running on the Sega Model 1 arcade system board, laid the foundations for fully 3D racing games and popularized real-time 3D polygonal graphics among a wider audience in the video game industry. The Sega Model 2 in 1993 and Sega Model 3 in 1996 subsequently pushed the boundaries of commercial, real-time 3D graphics. Back on the PC, Wolfenstein 3D, Doom and Quake, three of the first massively popular 3D first-person shooter games, were released by id Software to critical and popular acclaim during this decade using a rendering engine innovated[vague] primarily by John Carmack. The Sony Playstation, Sega Saturn, and Nintendo 64, among other consoles, sold in the millions and popularized 3D graphics for home gamers. Certain late-1990s first-generation 3D titles became seen as influential in popularizing 3D graphics among console users, such as platform games Super Mario 64 and The Legend Of Zelda: Ocarina Of Time, and early 3D fighting games like Virtua Fighter, Battle Arena Toshinden, and Tekken." }, "Associate degree-17": { "title": "Associate degree", "section": "United States", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "In the United States, associate degrees are usually earned in two years or more and can be attained at community colleges, technical colleges, vocational schools, and some colleges, as well as at some universities. A student who completes a two-year program can earn an Associate of Arts/Associate in Arts (AA) or an Associate of Science/Associate in Science (AS) degree. AA degrees are usually earned in the liberal arts and sciences such as humanities and social science fields; AS degrees are awarded to those studying in applied scientific and technical fields and professional fields of study. Generally, one year of study is focused on college level general education and the second year is focused on the area of discipline." }, "Martin Luther King Jr.-22": { "title": "Martin Luther King Jr.", "section": "Religious education, ministry, marriage and family", "headers": [ "Boston university" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "At the age of 25 in 1954, King was called as pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. King received his Ph.D. degree on June 5, 1955, with a dissertation (initially supervised by Edgar S. Brightman and, upon the latter's death, by Lotan Harold DeWolf) titled A Comparison of the Conceptions of God in the Thinking of Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman." }, "Milk allergy-9": { "title": "Milk allergy", "section": "Mechanisms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "IgE-mediated (classic)\u00a0\u2013 the most common type, manifesting as acute changes that occur shortly after eating, and may progress to anaphylaxis Non-IgE mediated\u00a0\u2013 characterized by an immune response not involving IgE; may occur hours to days after eating, complicating the diagnosis IgE- and non-IgE-mediated\u00a0\u2013 a hybrid of the above two types Allergic reactions are hyperactive responses of the immune system to generally innocuous substances, such as proteins in the foods we eat. Some proteins trigger allergic reactions while others do not. One theory is resistance to digestion, the thinking being that when largely intact proteins reach the small intestine the white blood cells involved in immune reactions will be activated. The heat of cooking structurally degrades protein molecules, potentially making them less allergenic. Allergic responses can be divided into two phases: an acute response that occurs immediately after exposure to an allergen, which can then either subside or progress into a \"late-phase reaction,\" prolonging the symptoms of a response and resulting in more tissue damage." }, "Linus Torvalds-20": { "title": "Linus Torvalds", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Linus Torvalds is married to Tove Torvalds (n\u00e9e Monni)\u2014a six-time Finnish national karate champion\u2014whom he first met in late 1993. Linus was running introductory computer laboratory exercises for students and instructed the course attendees to send him an e-mail as a test, to which Tove responded with an e-mail asking for a date. Tove and Linus were later married and have three daughters, two of whom were born in the United States. The Linux kernel's reboot system call accepts their dates of birth (written in hexadecimal) as magic values." }, "Confederate States of America-9": { "title": "Confederate States of America", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The Confederacy was established in the Montgomery Convention in February 1861 by seven states (South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, adding Texas in March before Lincoln's inauguration), expanded in May\u2013July 1861 (with Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina), and was disintegrated in April\u2013May 1865. It was formed by delegations from seven slave states of the Lower South that had proclaimed their secession from the Union. After the fighting began in April, four additional slave states seceded and were admitted. Later, two slave states (Missouri and Kentucky) and two territories were given seats in the Confederate Congress." }, "Chapter book-1": { "title": "Chapter book", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A chapter book or chapterbook is a story book intended for intermediate readers, generally age 7\u201310. Unlike picture books for beginning readers, a chapter book tells the story primarily through prose, rather than pictures. Unlike books for advanced readers, chapter books contain plentiful illustrations. The name refers to the fact that the stories are usually divided into short chapters, which provide readers with opportunities to stop and resume reading if their attention spans are not long enough to finish the book in one sitting. Chapter books are usually works of fiction of moderate length and complexity." }, "A Tale of Two Cities-48": { "title": "A Tale of Two Cities", "section": "Analysis", "headers": [ "Themes", "Social justice" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "Charles Dickens was a champion of the poor in his life and in his writings. His childhood included some of the pains of poverty in England, as he had to work in a factory as a child to help his family. His father, John Dickens, continually lived beyond his means and eventually went to debtors' prison. Charles was forced to leave school and began working ten-hour days at Warren's Blacking Warehouse, earning six shillings a week." }, "Secretary-3": { "title": "Secretary", "section": "Duties and functions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "A secretary, also known as a personal assistant (PA) or administrative assistant, has many administrative duties. The title \"secretary\" is not used as often as in decades past, and responsibilities have evolved in response to the technological age, requiring knowledge in software such as the Microsoft Office suite of applications. The duties may vary according to the nature and size of the company or organization, and might include managing budgets, bookkeeping, attending telephone calls, handling visitors, maintaining websites, travel arrangements, and preparing expense reports. Secretaries might also manage all the administrative details of running a high-level conference or meeting and be responsible for arranging the catering for a lunch meeting. Often executives will ask their assistant to take the minutes at meetings and prepare meeting documents for review. In addition to the minutes, the secretary may be responsible for keeping all of the official records of a company or organization. A secretary is also regarded as an \"office manager\"." }, "Cannabis edible-1": { "title": "Cannabis edible", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A cannabis edible, also known as a cannabis-infused food or simply an edible, is a food product that contains cannabinoids, especially tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Although edible may refer to either a food or a drink, a cannabis-infused drink may be referred to more specifically as a liquid edible or drinkable." }, "100-1": { "title": "100", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "100 or one hundred (Roman numeral: \u216d) is the natural number following 99 and preceding 101." }, "Joffrey Baratheon-2": { "title": "Joffrey Baratheon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Joffrey is the eldest son of Cersei Lannister from the continent of Westeros. He subsequently appeared in Martin's A Clash of Kings (1998) and A Storm of Swords (2000). He is characterized as a spoiled, sadistic bully and is a frequent abuser of Sansa Stark, to whom he becomes engaged in the first novel, and his uncle Tyrion, whom he enjoys ridiculing." }, "Jehovah's Witnesses-36": { "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "section": "Practices", "headers": [ "Ethics and morality" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "All sexual relations outside of marriage are grounds for expulsion if the individual is not deemed repentant; homosexual activity is considered a serious sin, and same-sex marriages are forbidden. Abortion is considered murder. Suicide is considered to be \"self-murder\" and a sin against God. Modesty in dress and grooming is frequently emphasized. Gambling, drunkenness, illegal drugs, and tobacco use are forbidden. Drinking of alcoholic beverages is permitted in moderation." }, "Ketogenic diet-1": { "title": "Ketogenic diet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet that in medicine is used mainly to treat hard-to-control (refractory) epilepsy in children. The diet forces the body to burn fats rather than carbohydrates." }, "Gorilla-2": { "title": "Gorilla", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Gorillas' natural habitats cover tropical or subtropical forest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Although their range covers a small percentage of Sub-Saharan Africa, gorillas cover a wide range of elevations. The mountain gorilla inhabits the Albertine Rift montane cloud forests of the Virunga Volcanoes, ranging in altitude from 2,200 to 4,300 metres (7,200 to 14,100\u00a0ft). Lowland gorillas live in dense forests and lowland swamps and marshes as low as sea level, with western lowland gorillas living in Central West African countries and eastern lowland gorillas living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo near its border with Rwanda." }, "Compact disc-41": { "title": "Compact disc", "section": "Logical format", "headers": [ "Video CD (VCD)" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "Video CD (VCD, View CD, and Compact Disc digital video) is a standard digital format for storing video media on a CD. VCDs are playable in dedicated VCD players, most modern DVD-Video players, personal computers, and some video game consoles." }, "Birth-5": { "title": "Birth", "section": "Mammals", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "citation needed] Large mammals which give birth to twins is much more rare, but it does occur occasionally even for mammals as large as elephants. In April 2018, approximately 8-month old elephant twins were sighted joining their mother's herd in the Tarangire National Park of Tanzania, estimated to have been born in August 2017." }, "Aircraft carrier-43": { "title": "Aircraft carrier", "section": "National fleets", "headers": [ "Brazil", "Current" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "The Brazilian Navy commissioned the multi-purpose amphibious assault ship and helicopter carrier HMS\u00a0Ocean on 29 June 2018 in the United Kingdom, which was renamed to Atl\u00e2ntico. The helicopter carrier package for Brazil includes an Artisan 3D search radar, KH1007 surface surveillance radar system, four 30\u00a0mm DS30M Mk 2 remote weapon systems and four Mk 5B landing craft. However, the three original 20\u00a0mm Mk 15 Block 1B Phalanx close-in weapon systems, the torpedo defense systems and 7.62\u00a0mm M134 machine guns were removed from the ship before its transfer to Brazil. The ship displaces 21,578 tonnes, is 203.43 meters (667.4\u00a0ft) long and has a range of 8,000 nautical miles (9,200\u00a0mi; 15,000\u00a0km)." }, "Richard III of England-43": { "title": "Richard III of England", "section": "Issue", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "Both of Richard's illegitimate children survived him, but they seem to have died without issue and their fate after Richard's demise at Bosworth is not certain. John received a \u00a320 annuity from Henry VII, but there are no mentions of him in contemporary records after 1487 (the year of the Battle of Stoke Field). He may have been executed in 1499, though no record of this exists beyond an assertion by George Buck over a century later. Katherine apparently died before her cousin Elizabeth of York's coronation on 25 November 1487, since her husband Sir William Herbert is described as a widower by that time. Katherine's burial place was located in the London parish church of St James Garlickhithe, between Skinner's Lane and Upper Thames Street. The mysterious Richard Plantagenet, who was first mentioned in Francis Peck's Desiderata Curiosa (a two-volume miscellany published 1732\u20131735) was said to be a possible illegitimate child of Richard III and is sometimes referred to as \"Richard the Master-Builder\" or \"Richard of Eastwell\", but it has also been suggested he could have been Richard, Duke of York, one of the missing Princes in the Tower. He died in 1550." }, "Fever-1": { "title": "Fever", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fever, also referred to as pyrexia, is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set point. There is not a single agreed-upon upper limit for normal temperature with sources using values between 37.2 and 38.3\u00a0\u00b0C (99.0 and 100.9\u00a0\u00b0F) in humans. The increase in set point triggers increased muscle contractions and causes a feeling of cold. This results in greater heat production and efforts to conserve heat. When the set point temperature returns to normal, a person feels hot, becomes flushed, and may begin to sweat. Rarely a fever may trigger a febrile seizure, with this being more common in young children. Fevers do not typically go higher than 41 to 42\u00a0\u00b0C (105. to 107.6\u00a0\u00b0F). A fever can be caused by many medical conditions ranging from non-serious to life-threatening. This includes viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections\u2014such as influenza, the common cold, meningitis, urinary tract infections, appendicitis, COVID-19, and malaria. Non-infectious causes include vasculitis, deep vein thrombosis, connective tissue disease, side effects of medication, and cancer. It differs from hyperthermia, in that hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature over the temperature set point, due to either too much heat production or not enough heat loss." }, "Titanium-7": { "title": "Titanium", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "Physical properties" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Titanium is 60% denser than aluminium, but more than twice as strong as the most commonly used 6061-T6 aluminium alloy. Certain titanium alloys (e.g., Beta C) achieve tensile strengths of over 1,400 MPa (200,000 psi). However, titanium loses strength when heated above 430\u00a0\u00b0C (806\u00a0\u00b0F). Titanium is not as hard as some grades of heat-treated steel; it is non-magnetic and a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Machining requires precautions, because the material can gall unless sharp tools and proper cooling methods are used. Like steel structures, those made from titanium have a fatigue limit that guarantees longevity in some applications." }, "Witchcraft-1": { "title": "Witchcraft", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Witchcraft (or witchery) is the practice of magical skills and abilities. Witchcraft is a broad term that varies culturally and societally, and thus can be difficult to define with precision; therefore, cross-cultural assumptions about the meaning or significance of the term should be applied with caution." }, "Kill the Plumber-2": { "title": "Kill the Plumber", "section": "Gameplay", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The game is a parody of Super Mario Bros. in which players, as Mario enemy parodys, attempt to stop a hostile plumber (a parody of Mario). He has invaded their kingdom to stalk a princess (a parody of Princess Peach)." }, "Bulk carrier-4": { "title": "Bulk carrier", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Bulk cargo can be very dense, corrosive, or abrasive. This can present safety problems: cargo shifting, spontaneous combustion, and cargo saturation can threaten a ship. The use of ships that are old and have corrosion problems has been linked to a spate of bulk carrier sinkings in the 1990s, as have the bulk carrier's large hatchways. While important for efficient cargo handling, these allow the entry of large volumes of water in storms or if a ship is endangered by sinking. New international regulations have since been introduced to improve ship design and inspection, and to streamline the process of a crew's abandoning ship." }, "Quran-20": { "title": "Quran", "section": "Significance in Islam", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Muslims believe the Quran to be God's final revelation to humanity, a work of divine guidance revealed to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel." }, "George W. Bush-157": { "title": "George W. Bush", "section": "Post-presidency (2009\u2013present)", "headers": [ "Art" ], "para_index": 157, "content": "After serving as president, Bush began painting as a hobby after reading Winston Churchill's essay \"Painting as a Pastime.\" Subjects have included people, dogs, and still life. He has also painted self-portraits and portraits of world leaders, including Vladimir Putin and Tony Blair. In February 2017, Bush released a book of portraits of veterans, Portraits of Courage. The net proceeds from his book are donated to the George W. Bush Presidential Center. In May 2019, on the 10th anniversary of former South Korean president Roh Moo-hyun's passing, George Bush drew a portrait of Roh to give to his family." }, "Royal Rumble (2014)-36": { "title": "Royal Rumble (2014)", "section": "Results", "headers": [ "Royal Rumble entrances and eliminations" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "^ By eliminating 12 men, Roman Reigns broke the record of 11, set by Kane in Royal Rumble 2001." }, "Reticulated python-22": { "title": "Reticulated python", "section": "Behaviour and ecology", "headers": [ "Diet" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "As with all pythons, the reticulated python is an ambush hunter, usually waiting until prey wanders within strike range before seizing it in its coils and killing by constriction. Its natural diet includes mammals and occasionally birds. Small specimens up to 3\u20134\u00a0m (9.8\u201313.1\u00a0ft) long eat mainly rodents such as rats, whereas larger individuals switch to prey such as small Indian civet and binturong, primates, and pigs weighing more than 60\u00a0kg (130\u00a0lb). As a rule, the reticulated python seems able to swallow prey up to one-quarter its own length and up to its own weight. Near human habitation, it is known to snatch stray chickens, cats, and dogs on occasion." }, "Pope Leo I-1": { "title": "Pope Leo I", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pope Leo I (c. 400 \u2013 10 November 461), also known as Saint Leo the Great, was Bishop of Rome from 29 September 440 and died in 461. Pope Benedict XVI said that Leo's papacy \"...was undoubtedly one of the most important in the Church's history.\"" }, "Head shop-2": { "title": "Head shop", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Products sold may include magazines (e.g., about cannabis culture, cannabis cultivation, tattooing, and music), clothing, and home d\u00e9cor (e.g., posters and wall hangings illustrating drug culture themes such as cannabis, jam bands like The Grateful Dead, psychedelic art, etc.). Some head shops also sell oddities, such as antique walking sticks and sex toys. Since the 1980s, some head shops have sold clothing related to the heavy metal or punk subculture, such as band T-shirts and cloth patches with band logos, studded wristbands, bullet belts, and leather boots. Other items offered typically include hashish pipes, \"one hitter\" pipes; pipe screens; bongs (also referred to as water pipes); roach clips (used for smoking the end of a marijuana \"joint\"); vaporizers used for inhaling THC vapor from cannabis; rolling papers; rolling machines; small weighing scales; small ziplock baggies; cannabis grinders; blacklight-responsive posters and blacklights; incense; cigarette lighters; \"stashes\", which include a range of standard consumer products such as clocks, books, tins of cleaning powder, and toilet brushes which have hidden compartments for cannabis and non-camouflaged \"stash boxes\" which are tins or wooden containers for storing marijuana; and legal highs such as whipped-cream chargers (which contain nitrous oxide) and Salvia divinorum (both of which are illegal in some countries and some US states for recreational purposes). Some head shops also sell items used for home cultivation of marijuana plants, such as hydroponic equipment and lights and guidebooks on cultivation. Since the 2000s, some head shops also sell e-cigarettes and the flavoured liquids used with these devices." }, "Honor\u00e9 II, Prince of Monaco-1": { "title": "Honor\u00e9 II, Prince of Monaco", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Honor\u00e9 II (24 December 1597 \u2013 10 January 1662) was Prince of Monaco from 1604 to 1662. He was the first to be called Prince (in 1612), but started his reign as Lord of Monaco." }, "Alan Rickman-25": { "title": "Alan Rickman", "section": "Illness and death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "In August 2015, Rickman suffered a minor stroke, which led to the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. He revealed the fact that he had terminal cancer to only his closest confidants. On 14 January 2016, Rickman died in London at age 69. His remains were cremated on 3 February 2016 in the West London Crematorium in Kensal Green. His ashes were given to his wife, Rima Horton. His final two films, Eye in the Sky and Alice Through the Looking Glass, were dedicated to his memory." }, "Yakutsk-1": { "title": "Yakutsk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Yakutsk (Russian: \u042f\u043a\u0443\u0442\u0441\u043a, IPA:\u00a0[j\u026a\u02c8kutsk]; Yakut: \u0414\u044c\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0439, D'okuuskay, pronounced\u00a0[\u025foku\u02d0skaj]) is the capital city of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located about 450 kilometers (280\u00a0mi) south of the Arctic Circle." }, "Who's on First?-3": { "title": "Who's on First?", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Bud Abbott stated that it was taken from an older routine called \"Who's The Boss?\", a performance of which can be heard in an episode of the radio comedy program It Pays to Be Ignorant from the 1940s. After they formally teamed up in burlesque in 1936, he and Costello continued to hone the sketch. It was a big hit in the fall of 1937, when they performed the routine in a touring vaudeville revue called Hollywood Bandwagon." }, "Law & Order (franchise)-1": { "title": "Law & Order (franchise)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Law & Order is a franchise composed of a number of related American television series created by Dick Wolf. They were originally broadcast on NBC, and all of them deal with some aspect of the criminal justice system. Together, the original series, its various spin-offs, the TV film, and crossover episodes from other shows constitute over 1,000 hours of programming." }, "Battle of Camlann-1": { "title": "Battle of Camlann", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Battle of Camlann (Welsh: Gwaith Camlan or Brwydr Camlan) is a legendary final battle of King Arthur during the early 6th century, in which he either died or was fatally wounded while fighting either with or against Mordred, who is also said to have died. Its medieval depictions are generally based on that of a catastrophic conflict described in the pseudo-chronicle Historia Regum Britanniae, and their variants from the later chivalric romance tradition include the telling in Le Morte d'Arthur that remains popular today." }, "Julio Gonz\u00e1lez (sculptor)-4": { "title": "Julio Gonz\u00e1lez (sculptor)", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Paris" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In Paris he associated with the Spanish circle of artists of Montmartre, including Pablo Gargallo, Juan Gris and Max Jacob. In 1918, he developed an interest in the artistic possibilities of welding, after learning the technique whilst working in the Renault factory at Boulogne-Billancourt. This technique would subsequently become his principal contribution to sculpture, though during this period he also painted and \u2014especially\u2014 created jewellery pieces. In 1920 he renewed his acquaintance with Picasso, for whom he later provided technical assistance in executing sculptures in iron, participating to Picasso's researches on analytic cubism. He also forged the infrastructures of Constantin Br\u00e2ncu\u0219i's plasters. In the winter of 1927\u201328, he showed Picasso how to use oxy-fuel welding and cutting. When their friendship re-established itself, Picasso and Gonz\u00e1lez collaborated on a piece called Woman in the Garden between 1928\u20131930. From October 1928 till 1932, both men worked together\u2014and in 1932, Gonz\u00e1lez was the only artist with whom Picasso shared his own personal art carnet. Influenced by Picasso, the fifty-year-old Gonz\u00e1lez deeply changed his style, exchanging bronze for iron, and volumes for lines. Gonz\u00e1lez began to formalize a new visual language in sculpture that would change the course of his career." }, "Blue Rose (song)-4": { "title": "Blue Rose (song)", "section": "Chart performance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The single debuted at number eight on the Oricon Singles Chart, selling 45,000 copies in its first week. It spent a total of 16 weeks in the top 100; it fell off the charts in June, but charted for a week in January 1994, following Kudo's performance on K\u014dhaku, when it came back at number 97 before dropping off completely the next week. With over 299,000 copies sold in 1993, it came in at number 89 on the year-end Oricon Singles Chart." }, "Old English-2": { "title": "Old English", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Old English developed from a set of Anglo-Frisian or Ingvaeonic dialects originally spoken by Germanic tribes traditionally known as the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. As the Anglo-Saxons became dominant in England, their language replaced the languages of Roman Britain: Common Brittonic, a Celtic language, and Latin, brought to Britain by Roman invasion. Old English had four main dialects, associated with particular Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish and West Saxon. It was West Saxon that formed the basis for the literary standard of the later Old English period, although the dominant forms of Middle and Modern English would develop mainly from Mercian. The speech of eastern and northern parts of England was subject to strong Old Norse influence due to Scandinavian rule and settlement beginning in the 9th century." }, "Diet in Hinduism-27": { "title": "Diet in Hinduism", "section": "Non-vegetarian diet", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Hindus who do eat meat, often distinguish all other meat from beef. The respect for cow is part of Hindu belief, and most Hindus avoid meat sourced from cow as cows are treated as a motherly giving animal, considered as another member of the family. A small minority of Nepalese Hindu sects sacrificed buffalo at the Gadhimai festival, but consider cows different from buffalo or other red meat sources. However, the sacrifice of buffalo was banned by the Gadhimai Temple Trust in 2015." }, "Tenochtitlan-1": { "title": "Tenochtitlan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tenochtitlan (Nahuatl languages: Ten\u014dchtitlan pronounced\u00a0[teno\u02d0t\u0361\u0283\u02c8tit\u0361\u026can]; Spanish: Tenochtitl\u00e1n), also known as Mexica-Tenochtitlan (Nahuatl languages: M\u0113xihco Ten\u014dchtitlan pronounced\u00a0[me\u02d0\u02c8\u0283i\u0294ko teno\u02d0t\u0361\u0283\u02c8tit\u0361\u026can]; Spanish: M\u00e9xico-Tenochtitl\u00e1n), was a large Mexica altepetl in what is now the center of Mexico City. The exact date of the founding of the city is unclear. The date 13 March 1325, was chosen in 1925 to celebrate the 600th anniversary of the city. The city was built on an island in what was then Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico. The city was the capital of the expanding Aztec Empire in the 15th century until it was captured by the Spanish in 1521." }, "Car-24": { "title": "Car", "section": "Mass production", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Large-scale, production-line manufacturing of affordable cars was started by Ransom Olds in 1901 at his Oldsmobile factory in Lansing, Michigan and based upon stationary assembly line techniques pioneered by Marc Isambard Brunel at the Portsmouth Block Mills, England, in 1802. The assembly line style of mass production and interchangeable parts had been pioneered in the U.S. by Thomas Blanchard in 1821, at the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts. This concept was greatly expanded by Henry Ford, beginning in 1913 with the world's first moving assembly line for cars at the Highland Park Ford Plant." }, "Diabetes-1": { "title": "Diabetes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased appetite. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or death. Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, damage to the nerves, damage to the eyes and cognitive impairment." }, "Seth MacFarlane-21": { "title": "Seth MacFarlane", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Television career", "American Dad!" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "MacFarlane has a second long-running, successful adult animated series in American Dad! which has been in production since early 2005. To date, American Dad! is MacFarlane's only animated series never to have suffered an official cancellation, though it did undergo a network relocation from Fox to TBS on October 20, 2014, following the show's 11th season. TBS announced on July 16, 2013, that they had picked up the series for a 15-episode 12th season. Reportedly, the purpose of the network relocation was originally to make room for new animated broadcasts on Fox's now-defunct \"Animation Domination\" lineup. It was reported that the relocation of American Dad! allowed room for other shows, such as Mulaney and another animated series from Seth MacFarlane called Bordertown. Bordertown ran during the 2015\u201316 television season." }, "Cookware and bakeware-52": { "title": "Cookware and bakeware", "section": "Types of cookware and bakeware", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 52, "content": "The size and shape of a cooking vessel is typically determined by how it will be used. Intention, application, technique and configuration also have a bearing on whether a cooking vessel is referred to as a pot or a pan. Generally within the classic batterie de cuisine a vessel designated \"pot\" is round, has \"ear\" handles in diagonal opposition, with a relatively high height to cooking surface ratio, and is intended for liquid cooking such as stewing, stocking, brewing or boiling. Vessels with a long handle or ear handles, a relatively low height to cooking surface ratio, used for frying, searing, reductions, braising and oven work take the designation \"pan\". Additionally, while pots are round, pans may be round, oval, squared, or irregularly shaped." }, "Boeing 737-5": { "title": "Boeing 737", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The -100/200 original variants were powered by Pratt & Whitney JT8D low-bypass engines and offered seating for 85 to 130 passengers. Launched in 1980 and introduced in 1984, the 737 Classic -300/400/500 variants were re-engined with CFM56-3 turbofans and offered 110 to 168 seats. Introduced in 1997, the 737 Next Generation (NG) -600/700/800/900 variants have updated CFM56-7s, a larger wing and an upgraded glass cockpit, and seat 108 to 215 passengers. The latest generation, the 737 MAX -7/8/9/10, powered by improved CFM LEAP high bypass turbofans and accommodating 138 to 204 people, entered service in 2017." }, "Arctic Circle-12": { "title": "Arctic Circle", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream, which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long. In the interior, summers can be quite warm, while winters are extremely cold. For example, summer temperatures in Norilsk, Russia will sometimes reach as high as 30\u00a0\u00b0C (86\u00a0\u00b0F), while the winter temperatures frequently fall below \u221250\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221258\u00a0\u00b0F)." }, "Meat analogue-1": { "title": "Meat analogue", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A meat analogue, also called a meat alternative, meat substitute, mock meat, faux meat, imitation meat, vegetarian meat, fake meat, or vegan meat, approximates certain aesthetic qualities (such as texture, flavor, appearance) or chemical characteristics of specific types of meat. Generally, meat analogue means a food made from vegetarian ingredients, and sometimes without animal products such as dairy. Many analogues are soy-based (e.g. tofu, tempeh) or gluten-based, but now may also be made from pea protein." }, "Plain dress-3": { "title": "Plain dress", "section": "Practicing groups", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Among the Amish and other plain groups, plain dress is not considered to be a costume but instead is an expression of their religious philosophy. Plain, simple and serviceable gender-identifying dress is governed by an unwritten code of conduct, called \"ordnung\" among Anabaptists, which is strictly adhered to by Amish, Old Order Mennonites, and conservative Brethren." }, "Artisan-2": { "title": "Artisan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The adjective \"artisanal\" is often used in describing hand-processing in contrast to an industrial process, such as in the phrase artisanal mining. Thus, \"artisanal\" is sometimes used in marketing and advertising as a buzz word to describe or imply some relation with the crafting of handmade food products, such as bread, beverages or cheese. Many of these have traditionally been handmade, rural or pastoral goods but are also now commonly made on a larger scale with automated mechanization in factories and other industrial areas." }, "Bromine-1": { "title": "Bromine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bromine is a chemical element with symbol Br and atomic number 35. It is the third-lightest halogen, and is a fuming red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured gas. Its properties are thus intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine. Isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob L\u00f6wig (in 1825) and Antoine J\u00e9r\u00f4me Balard (in 1826), its name was derived from the Ancient Greek \u03b2\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 (\"stench\"), referencing its sharp and disagreeable smell." }, "Porch-1": { "title": "Porch", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A porch (from Old French porche, from Latin porticus \"colonnade\", from porta \"passage\") is a room or gallery located in front of an entrance of a building. A porch is placed in front of the facade of a building it commands, and forms a low front. Alternatively, it may be a vestibule, or a projecting building that houses the entrance door of a building." }, "National Zoological Park (United States)-2": { "title": "National Zoological Park (United States)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The National Zoo has two campuses. The first is a 163-acre (66\u00a0ha) urban park located at Rock Creek Park in Northwest Washington, D.C., 20 minutes from the National Mall by MetroRail. The other campus is the 3,200-acre (1,300\u00a0ha) Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (SCBI; formerly known as the Conservation and Research Center) in Front Royal, Virginia. On this land, there are 180 species of trees, 850 species of woody shrubs and herbaceous plants, 40 species of grasses, and 36 different species of bamboo. The SCBI is a non-public facility devoted to training wildlife professionals in conservation biology and to propagating rare species through natural means and assisted reproduction. The National Zoo is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA)." }, "Break-up of the Beatles-1": { "title": "Break-up of the Beatles", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Beatles were an English rock band consisting of John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr from August 1962 to September 1969. Their break-up was a cumulative process attributed to numerous factors, such as the strain of the Beatlemania phenomenon, the death of manager Brian Epstein in 1967, McCartney's domineering role, Lennon's heroin use, his relationship with Yoko Ono, Harrison's prolific songwriting output, the floundering of Apple Corps and the Get Back project (later Let It Be, 1970), and managerial disputes." }, "Chicago White Sox-1": { "title": "Chicago White Sox", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Chicago White Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago, Illinois. They compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) Central division. The White Sox are owned by Jerry Reinsdorf, and play their home games at Guaranteed Rate Field, located on the city's South Side. They are one of two major league clubs in Chicago; the other is the Chicago Cubs of the National League (NL) Central division." }, "World of Warcraft-8": { "title": "World of Warcraft", "section": "Gameplay", "headers": [ "Starting a character or play session", "Races and factions" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "To create a new character, in keeping with the storyline of previous Warcraft games, players must choose between the opposing factions of the Alliance or the Horde; Pandaren, which were added in Mists of Pandaria, do not commit to a faction until after the starting zone is completed. Characters from the opposing factions can perform rudimentary communication (most often just \"emotes\"), but only members of the same faction can speak, mail, group and join guilds. The player selects the new character's race, such as orcs or trolls for the Horde, or humans or dwarves for the Alliance. Players must select the class for the character, with choices such as mages, warriors, and priests available. Most classes are limited to particular races." }, "Power outage-1": { "title": "Power outage", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A power outage (also called a power cut, a power out, a power blackout, power failure or a blackout) is the loss of the electrical power network supply to an end user." }, "Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand-46": { "title": "Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand", "section": "Trials and punishment", "headers": [ "Sarajevo trial (October 1914)" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "Austro-Hungarian authorities arrested and prosecuted the Sarajevo assassins (except for Mehmedba\u0161i\u0107 who had escaped to Montenegro and was released from police custody there to Serbia) together with the agents and peasants who had assisted them on their way. The majority of the defendants were charged with conspiracy to commit high treason involving official circles in the Kingdom of Serbia. Conspiracy to commit high treason carried a maximum sentence of death which conspiracy to commit simple murder did not. The trial was held from 12 October to 23 October with the verdict and sentences announced on 28 October 1914." }, "Sodium in biology-3": { "title": "Sodium in biology", "section": "Sodium distribution in species", "headers": [ "Humans" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The minimum physiological requirement for sodium is between 115 and 500 milligrams per day depending on sweating due to physical activity, and whether the person is adapted to the climate. Sodium chloride is the principal source of sodium in the diet, and is used as seasoning and preservative, such as for pickling and jerky; most of it comes from processed foods. The Adequate Intake for sodium is 1.2 to 1.5\u00a0grams per day, but on average people in the United States consume 3.4\u00a0grams per day, the minimum amount that promotes hypertension. (Note that salt contains about 39.3% sodium by mass\u2014the rest being chlorine and other trace chemicals; thus the UL of 2.3g sodium would be about 5.9g of salt\u2014about 1 teaspoon)" }, "United States Army-68": { "title": "United States Army", "section": "Equipment", "headers": [ "Weapons", "Individual weapons" ], "para_index": 68, "content": "The army employs various individual weapons to provide light firepower at short ranges. The most common weapon type used by the army is the M4 carbine, a compact variant of the M16 rifle, along with the 7.62\u00d751mm variant of the FN SCAR for Army Rangers. The primary sidearm in the U.S. Army is the 9\u00a0mm M9 pistol; the M11 pistol is also used. Both handguns are to be replaced by the M17 through the Modular Handgun System program. Soldiers are also equipped with various hand grenades, such as the M67 fragmentation grenade and M18 smoke grenade." }, "Tooth enamel-1": { "title": "Tooth enamel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tooth enamel is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in humans and many other animals, including some species of fish. It makes up the normally visible part of the tooth, covering the crown. The other major tissues are dentin, cementum, and dental pulp. It is a very hard, white to off-white, highly mineralised substance that acts as a barrier to protect the tooth but can become susceptible to degradation, especially by acids from food and drink. In rare circumstances enamel fails to form, leaving the underlying dentin exposed on the surface." }, "Snow-16": { "title": "Snow", "section": "Precipitation", "headers": [ "Cloud physics" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Snow crystals form when tiny supercooled cloud droplets (about 10\u00a0\u03bcm in diameter) freeze. These droplets are able to remain liquid at temperatures lower than \u221218\u00a0\u00b0C (0\u00a0\u00b0F), because to freeze, a few molecules in the droplet need to get together by chance to form an arrangement similar to that in an ice lattice. Then the droplet freezes around this \"nucleus\". In warmer clouds an aerosol particle or \"ice nucleus\" must be present in (or in contact with) the droplet to act as a nucleus. Ice nuclei are very rare compared to that cloud condensation nuclei on which liquid droplets form. Clays, desert dust and biological particles can be nuclei. Artificial nuclei include particles of silver iodide and dry ice, and these are used to stimulate precipitation in cloud seeding." }, "Electronic Arts-15": { "title": "Electronic Arts", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Hawkins stepping down, Larry Probst rising (1990\u20131999)" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "In 1990, Electronic Arts began producing console games for the Nintendo Entertainment System, after previously licensing its computer games to other console-game publishers. A year later, Trip Hawkins stepped down as EA's CEO and was succeeded by Larry Probst to found the now-defunct 3DO Company, while remaining the former company's chair until July 1994. There, once a critic of game consoles, Hawkins conceived a console that unlike its competitors would not require a first-party license to be marketed, and was intended to appeal to the PC market. In October 1993, 3DO developed the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, which at the time was the most powerful game console. Electronic Arts was The 3DO Company's primary partner in sponsoring their console, showcasing on it their latest games. With a retail price of US$700 (equivalent to $1,238.91 in 2019) compared to its competitors' $100, the console lagged in sales, and with the 1995 arrival to North America of Sony's PlayStation, a cheaper and more powerful alternative, combined with a lower quality of the 3DO's software library as a backfiring of its liberal license policy, it fell further behind and lost competition. Electronic Arts dropped its support for 3DO in favor of the PlayStation, 3DO's production ceased in 1996, and for the remainder of the company's lifetime, 3DO would develop video games for other consoles and the IBM PC until it folded in 2003." }, "Dew point-1": { "title": "Dew point", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated with water vapor. When further cooled, the airborne water vapour will condense to form liquid water (dew). When air cools to its dew point through contact with a surface that is colder than the air, water will condense on the surface. When the temperature is below the freezing point of water, the dew point is called the frost point, as frost is formed rather than dew. The measurement of the dew point is related to humidity. A higher dew point means there is more moisture in the air." }, "Zelda Williams-2": { "title": "Zelda Williams", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Zelda was born in New York City to Robin Williams and his second wife, Marsha. She was born 10 days after her father's 38th birthday. Her father stated that he named her after Princess Zelda from The Legend of Zelda video game series. Her mother is of Filipino and Finnish descent. Zelda, the older of Williams's children by his second wife, has a younger brother, Cody, and an older half-brother, Zachary Pym \"Zak\" Williams." }, "Snowboarding-1": { "title": "Snowboarding", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Snowboarding is a recreational activity and Winter Olympic and Paralympic sport that involves descending a snow-covered slope while standing on a snowboard attached to a rider's feet." }, "Heart-8": { "title": "Heart", "section": "Structure", "headers": [ "Chambers" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The heart has four chambers, two upper atria, the receiving chambers, and two lower ventricles, the discharging chambers. The atria open into the ventricles via the atrioventricular valves, present in the atrioventricular septum. This distinction is visible also on the surface of the heart as the coronary sulcus. There is an ear-shaped structure in the upper right atrium called the right atrial appendage, or auricle, and another in the upper left atrium, the left atrial appendage. The right atrium and the right ventricle together are sometimes referred to as the right heart. Similarly, the left atrium and the left ventricle together are sometimes referred to as the left heart. The ventricles are separated from each other by the interventricular septum, visible on the surface of the heart as the anterior longitudinal sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus." }, "National Day of Mourning (United States protest)-1": { "title": "National Day of Mourning (United States protest)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The National Day of Mourning is an annual protest organized since 1970 by Native Americans of New England on the fourth Thursday of November, the same day as Thanksgiving in the United States. It coincides with an unrelated similar protest and counter-celebration, Unthanksgiving Day, held on the West Coast." }, "Messiah (Handel)-3": { "title": "Messiah (Handel)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Handel wrote Messiah for modest vocal and instrumental forces, with optional settings for many of the individual numbers. In the years after his death, the work was adapted for performance on a much larger scale, with giant orchestras and choirs. In other efforts to update it, its orchestration was revised and amplified by (among others) Mozart (Der Messias). In the late 20th and early 21st centuries the trend has been towards reproducing a greater fidelity to Handel's original intentions, although \"big Messiah\" productions continue to be mounted. A near-complete version was issued on 78\u00a0rpm discs in 1928; since then the work has been recorded many times." }, "Islamic dietary laws-14": { "title": "Islamic dietary laws", "section": "Regulations of food", "headers": [ "Pork" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "also and its by-products are forbidden in Islam, in the Qur\u02bcan, surah 5, al-Ma\u02bcidah, verse 3: Consumption of pork and products made from pork is strictly forbidden in Islam. The origin of this prohibition is in Surat al-Baqarah:" }, "Bee sting-6": { "title": "Bee sting", "section": "Honey bee stings", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Although it is widely believed that a worker honey bee can sting only once, this is a partial misconception: although the stinger is in fact barbed so that it lodges in the victim's skin, tearing loose from the bee's abdomen and leading to its death in minutes, this only happens if the skin of the victim is sufficiently thick, such as a mammal's. Honey bees are the only hymenoptera with a strongly barbed sting, though yellow jackets and some other wasps have small barbs." }, "Atari video game burial-18": { "title": "Atari video game burial", "section": "Excavation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Remnants of E.T. and other Atari games were discovered in the early hours of the excavation, as reported by Microsoft's Larry Hyrb. A team of archaeologists was present to examine and document the Atari material unearthed by excavation machinery: Andrew Reinhard (American School of Classical Studies at Athens), Richard Rothaus (Trefoil Cultural and Environmental), Bill Caraher (University of North Dakota), with support from video game historian Raiford Guins (Stony Brook University) and historian Bret Weber (University of North Dakota)." }, "Thorax-1": { "title": "Thorax", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The thorax or chest is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals located between the neck and the abdomen. The thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. It contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. Many diseases may affect the chest, and one of the most common symptoms is chest pain. The word thorax comes from the Greek \u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1\u03be thorax \"breastplate, cuirass, corslet\" via Latin: thorax." }, "The Atlantic-24": { "title": "The Atlantic", "section": "Format, publication frequency, and name", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "The magazine, subscribed to by over 500,000 readers, publishes ten times a year. It was a monthly magazine for 144 years until 2001 when it published eleven issues; it has published ten issues yearly since 2003. It dropped \"Monthly\" from the cover beginning with the January/February 2004 issue, and officially changed the name in 2007. The Atlantic features articles in the fields of politics, foreign affairs, business and the economy, culture and the arts, technology, and science." }, "Tooth decay-77": { "title": "Tooth decay", "section": "Treatment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 77, "content": "In general, early treatment is quicker and less expensive than treatment of extensive decay. Local anesthetics, nitrous oxide (\"laughing gas\"), or other prescription medications may be required in some cases to relieve pain during or following treatment or to relieve anxiety during treatment. A dental handpiece (\"drill\") is used to remove large portions of decayed material from a tooth. A spoon, a dental instrument used to carefully remove decay, is sometimes employed when the decay in dentin reaches near the pulp. Some dentists remove dental caries using a laser rather than the traditional dental drill. A Cochrane review of this technique looked at Er:YAG (erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet), Er,Cr:YSGG (erbium, chromium: yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet) and Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet) lasers and found that although people treated with lasers (compared to a conventional dental \"drill\") experienced less pain and had a lesser need for dental anaesthesia, that overall there was little difference in caries removal. Once the caries is removed, the missing tooth structure requires a dental restoration of some sort to return the tooth to function and aesthetic condition." }, "Marilyn Manson-1": { "title": "Marilyn Manson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Brian Hugh Warner (born January 5, 1969), known professionally as Marilyn Manson, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, actor, visual artist, and former music journalist. He is known for his controversial stage personality and image as the lead singer of the band of the same name, which he co-founded with guitarist Daisy Berkowitz in 1989 and of which he remains the only constant member. Like the other founding members of the band, his stage name was formed by combining and juxtaposing the names of two opposing American cultural icons: a sex symbol and a serial killer; in Manson's case, actress Marilyn Monroe and criminal Charles Manson." }, "Sea turtle-11": { "title": "Sea turtle", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Sea turtles are generally found in the waters over continental shelves. During the first three to five years of life, sea turtles spend most of their time in the pelagic zone floating in seaweed mats. Green sea turtles in particular are often found in Sargassum mats, in which they find shelter food,and water. Once the sea turtle has reached adulthood it moves closer to the shore. Females will come ashore to lay their eggs on sandy beaches during the nesting season." }, "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster-76": { "title": "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster", "section": "Investigation", "headers": [ "Rogers Commission" ], "para_index": 76, "content": "The Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, also known as the Rogers Commission after its chairman, was formed to investigate the disaster. The commission members were Chairman William P. Rogers, Vice Chairman Neil Armstrong, David Acheson, Eugene Covert, Richard Feynman, Robert Hotz, Donald Kutyna, Sally Ride, Robert Rummel, Joseph Sutter, Arthur Walker, Albert Wheelon, and Chuck Yeager. The commission worked for several months and published a report of its findings. It found that the Challenger accident was caused by a failure in the O-rings sealing a joint on the right solid rocket booster, which allowed pressurized hot gases and eventually flame to \"blow by\" the O-ring and make contact with the adjacent external tank, causing structural failure. The failure of the O-rings was attributed to a faulty design, whose performance could be too easily compromised by factors including the low ambient temperature on the day of launch. The O-rings would not work properly at ambient temperatures below 50\u00a0\u00b0F (10\u00a0\u00b0C)- and it was 36\u00a0\u00b0F (2\u00a0\u00b0C) on the morning of the launch. According to the report in July 1985, a memorandum was sent to Michael Weeks, the agency's No. 2 shuttle official, and Jesse W. Moore, the associate administrator in charge of the shuttle program, raising attention to the failure history of the O rings and recommending a review of the matter." }, "Neon lighting-1": { "title": "Neon lighting", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Neon lighting consists of brightly glowing, electrified glass tubes or bulbs that contain rarefied neon or other gases. Neon lights are a type of cold cathode gas-discharge light. A neon tube is a sealed glass tube with a metal electrode at each end, filled with one of a number of gases at low pressure. A high potential of several thousand volts applied to the electrodes ionizes the gas in the tube, causing it to emit colored light. The color of the light depends on the gas in the tube. Neon lights were named for neon, a noble gas which gives off a popular orange light, but other gases and chemicals are used to produce other colors, such as hydrogen (red), helium (yellow), carbon dioxide (white), and mercury (blue). Neon tubes can be fabricated in curving artistic shapes, to form letters or pictures. They are mainly used to make dramatic, multicolored glowing signage for advertising, called neon signs, which were popular from the 1920s to the 1950s." }, "Vincentian Creole-1": { "title": "Vincentian Creole", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Vincentian Creole is an English-based creole language spoken in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. It contains elements of French and Antillean Creole, and various Iberian Romance languages. It has also been influenced by the indigenous Kalinago/Garifuna elements and by African language brought over the Atlantic Ocean by way of the slave trade. Over the years the creole has changed to be more English-based. It does not have the status of an official language" }, "Pottery-35": { "title": "Pottery", "section": "History", "headers": [ "History by region", "South Asia" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "Despite an extensive prehistoric record of pottery, including painted wares, little \"fine\" or luxury pottery was made in the subcontinent in historic times. Hinduism discourages eating off pottery, which probably largely accounts for this. Most traditional Indian pottery vessels are large pots or jars for storage, or small cups or lamps, often treated as disposable. In contrast there are long traditions of sculpted figures, often rather large, in terracotta." }, "19th century-1": { "title": "19th century", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The 19th (nineteenth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1801, and ended on December 31, 1900." }, "Michigan-1": { "title": "Michigan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Michigan (/\u02c8m\u026a\u0283\u026a\u0261\u0259n/ (listen)) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigami, meaning \"large water\" or \"large lake\". With a population of approximately 10 million, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, the 11th most extensive by total area, and the largest by total area east of the Mississippi River. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit. Metro Detroit is among the nation's most populous and largest metropolitan economies." }, "Old English-1": { "title": "Old English", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Old English (\u00c6nglisc, Anglisc, Englisc, pronounced\u00a0[\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261li\u0283]), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was probably brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the mid-5th century, and the first Old English literary works date from the mid-7th century. After the Norman conquest of 1066, English was replaced, for a time, as the language of the upper classes by Anglo-Norman, a relative of French. This is regarded as marking the end of the Old English era, as during this period the English language was heavily influenced by Anglo-Norman, developing into a phase known now as Middle English." }, "History of Go-9": { "title": "History of Go", "section": "Origin in China", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In 1954 a complete Go board made out of stone was found in a tomb dating to the Eastern Han dynasty (25\u2013220) in Wangdu County, Hebei Province. This board has a 17 \u00d7 17 grid, which confirms the statement by the 3rd century author Handan Chun in the Classic of Arts that Go was at this time played on a 17 \u00d7 17 grid:" }, "Musical ensemble-1": { "title": "Musical ensemble", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A musical ensemble, also known as a music group or musical group, is a group of people who perform instrumental or vocal music, with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name. Some music ensembles consist solely of instruments, such as the jazz quartet or the orchestra. Some music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups. In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers. In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet). Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion." }, "Israel-30": { "title": "Israel", "section": "History", "headers": [ "After World War II" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "In September 1947, the British cabinet decided that the Mandate was no longer tenable, and to evacuate Palestine. According to Colonial Secretary Arthur Creech Jones, four major factors led to the decision to evacuate Palestine: the inflexibility of Jewish and Arab negotiators who were unwilling to compromise on their core positions over the question of a Jewish state in Palestine, the economic pressure that stationing a large garrison in Palestine to deal with the Jewish insurgency and the possibility of a wider Jewish rebellion and the possibility of an Arab rebellion put on a British economy already strained by World War II, the \"deadly blow to British patience and pride\" caused by the hangings of the sergeants, and the mounting criticism the government faced in failing to find a new policy for Palestine in place of the White Paper of 1939." }, "Fibonacci-12": { "title": "Fibonacci", "section": "Fibonacci sequence", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In the Fibonacci sequence, each number is the sum of the previous two numbers. Fibonacci omitted the \"0\" included today and began the sequence with 1, 1, 2, ... . He carried the calculation up to the thirteenth place, the value 233, though another manuscript carries it to the next place, the value 377. Fibonacci did not speak about the golden ratio as the limit of the ratio of consecutive numbers in this sequence." }, "Adam Sandler-1": { "title": "Adam Sandler", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Adam Richard Sandler (born September 9, 1966) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, film producer, and singer-songwriter. After becoming a Saturday Night Live cast member, he went on to star in many Hollywood feature films, which have combined grossed over $2 billion at the box office." }, "Drum-7": { "title": "Drum", "section": "Construction", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Drums with cylindrical shells can be open at one end (as is the case with timbales), or can have two drum heads, one head on each end. Single-headed drums typically consist of a skin stretched over an enclosed space, or over one of the ends of a hollow vessel. Drums with two heads covering both ends of a cylindrical shell often have a small hole somewhat halfway between the two heads; the shell forms a resonating chamber for the resulting sound. Exceptions include the African slit drum, also known as a log drum as it is made from a hollowed-out tree trunk, and the Caribbean steel drum, made from a metal barrel. Drums with two heads can also have a set of wires, called snares, held across the bottom head, top head, or both heads, hence the name snare drum. On some drums with two heads, a hole or bass reflex port may be cut or installed onto one head, as with some 2010s era bass drums in rock music." }, "Black Sea-38": { "title": "Black Sea", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "Marine" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "The Black Sea supports an active and dynamic marine ecosystem, dominated by species suited to the brackish, nutrient-rich, conditions. As with all marine food webs, the Black Sea features a range of trophic groups, with autotrophic algae, including diatoms and dinoflagellates, acting as primary producers. The fluvial systems draining Eurasia and central Europe introduce large volumes of sediment and dissolved nutrients into the Black Sea, but the distribution of these nutrients is controlled by the degree of physiochemical stratification, which is, in turn, dictated by seasonal physiographic development." }, "Guam-1": { "title": "Guam", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Guam (/\u02c8\u0261w\u0251\u02d0m/ (listen); Chamorro: Gu\u00e5h\u00e5n [\u02c8\u0261\u02b7\u0251h\u0251n]) is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in Micronesia in the western Pacific Ocean. It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States, along with the Northern Mariana Islands. The capital city of Guam is Hag\u00e5t\u00f1a and the most populous city is Dededo. Guam has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983. The inhabitants of Guam are called Guamanians, and they are American citizens by birth. The indigenous Guamanians are the Chamorros, who are related to other Austronesian natives of Eastern Indonesia, the Philippines, and Taiwan." }, "Release Therapy-1": { "title": "Release Therapy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Release Therapy is the sixth studio album by American hip hop recording artist Ludacris. It was released on September 26, 2006, under Disturbing tha Peace and Def Jam South. Production for the album was done by The Neptunes, The Trak Starz, Dre & Vidal, DJ Toomp, The Runners and Polow da Don, and features guest contributions from rappers Young Jeezy, Field Mob, Beanie Sigel, Pimp C and C-Murder and R&B singers Pharrell, Mary J. Blige, R. Kelly and Bobby Valentino." }, "Rigging-1": { "title": "Rigging", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rigging comprises the system of ropes, cables and chains, which support a sailing ship or sail boat's masts\u2014standing rigging, including shrouds and stays\u2014and which adjust the position of the vessel's sails and spars to which they are attached\u2014the running rigging, including halyards, braces, sheets and vangs." }, "Shrimp-11": { "title": "Shrimp", "section": "Behaviour", "headers": [ "Mating" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Females of the freshwater shrimp Caridina ensifera are capable of storing sperm from multiple partners, and thus can produce progeny with different paternities. Reproductive success of sires was found to correlate inversely with their genetic relatedness to the mother. This finding suggests that sperm competition and/or pre- and post-copulatory female choice occurs. Female choice may increase the fitness of progeny by reducing inbreeding depression that ordinarily results from the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations." }, "Ja Rule-1": { "title": "Ja Rule", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jeffrey Bruce Atkins (born February 29, 1976), better known by his stage name Ja Rule (/d\u0292\u0251\u02d0/), is an American rapper, songwriter, singer, and actor." }, "Marco Polo (game)-1": { "title": "Marco Polo (game)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Marco Polo /\u02c8m\u0251\u02d0rko\u028a \u02c8po\u028alo\u028a/ (listen) is an American form of tag played in a swimming pool." }, "August-3": { "title": "August", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In the Southern Hemisphere, August is the seasonal equivalent of February in the Northern Hemisphere. In many European countries, August is the holiday month for most workers. Numerous religious holidays occurred during August in ancient Rome." }, "Tony Blair-1": { "title": "Tony Blair", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007. After his resignation, he was appointed Special Envoy of the Quartet on the Middle East, an office which he held until 2015. He currently runs the Tony Blair Institute for Global Change." }, "PlayStation-2": { "title": "PlayStation", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The original console in the series was the first console of any type to ship over 100 million units, doing so in under a decade. Its successor, the PlayStation 2, was released in 2000. The PlayStation 2 is the best-selling home console to date, having reached over 155 million units sold by the end of 2012. Sony's next console, the PlayStation 3, was released in 2006, selling over 87.4 million units by March 2017. Sony's latest console, the PlayStation 4, was released in 2013, selling a million units within a day, becoming the fastest selling console in history. The next console in the series, the PlayStation 5, is expected to be released by the end of 2020." }, "Captain America: The Winter Soldier-1": { "title": "Captain America: The Winter Soldier", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Captain America: The Winter Soldier is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and the ninth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was directed by Anthony and Joe Russo from a screenplay by the writing team of Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely. It stars Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America alongside Scarlett Johansson, Sebastian Stan, Anthony Mackie, Cobie Smulders, Frank Grillo, Emily VanCamp, Hayley Atwell, Robert Redford, and Samuel L. Jackson. In the film, Captain America joins forces with Black Widow and Falcon to uncover a conspiracy within the spy agency S.H.I.E.L.D. while facing a mysterious assassin known as the Winter Soldier." }, "Amy Winehouse-94": { "title": "Amy Winehouse", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 94, "content": "On 17 December 2012, British authorities reopened the probe of Winehouse's death. On 8 January 2013, a second inquest confirmed that Winehouse died of accidental alcohol poisoning. In a late June 2013 interview, Alex Winehouse revealed his belief that his sister's eating disorder, and the consequent physical weakness, was the primary cause of her death:" }, "EGOT (disambiguation)-1": { "title": "EGOT (disambiguation)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "EGOT is an acronym for \"Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, Tony\" in reference to persons who have won all four awards." }, "Diplomatic immunity-53": { "title": "Diplomatic immunity", "section": "Uses and abuses", "headers": [ "Vehicular offences", "Vehicular assault and drunk driving", "American driver in the United Kingdom" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "On 27 August 2019, Anne Sacoolas, the wife of an American National Security Agency employee working in the United Kingdom was a suspect in a traffic incident involving 19-year-old Harry Dunn in Croughton, Northamptonshire, England. Dunn was riding his motorcycle when it was reported that a woman emerged from RAF Croughton driving on the wrong side of the road, resulting in a head-on collision. After 999 handlers wrongly categorized the call, there was a 43-minute wait for an ambulance, resulting in a two-hour delay arriving at a trauma center, where Harry Dunn" }, "Nepal-1": { "title": "Nepal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Nepal (Nepali: \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 [ne\u02c8pal]), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a country in South Asia. It is located mainly in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It is the 49th largest country by population and 93rd largest country by area. It is landlocked, and borders China in the north and India in the south, east and west, while Bangladesh is located within only 27\u00a0km (17\u00a0mi) of its southeastern tip and Bhutan is separated from it by the Indian state of Sikkim. Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Kathmandu is the capital and the largest city. Nepal is a multiethnic country with Nepali as the official language." }, "Dutch art-15": { "title": "Dutch art", "section": "Nineteenth century", "headers": [ "Vincent van Gogh" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Together with those of Pablo Picasso, Van Gogh's works are among the world's most expensive paintings ever sold, as estimated from auctions and private sales. Those sold for over $100\u00a0million (today's equivalent) include Portrait of Dr. Gachet, Portrait of Joseph Roulin and Irises. A Wheatfield with Cypresses was sold in 1993 for $57\u00a0million, a spectacularly high price at the time, while his Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear was sold privately in the late 1990s for an estimated $80 to $90\u00a0million." }, "Tahchin-1": { "title": "Tahchin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Tahchin (Persian: \u062a\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u200e), also spelled as tah chin or tah-chin, is an Iranian rice cake primarily consisting of rice, yogurt, saffron, and eggs. Some versions of the dish are more elaborate, folding in chicken fillets, vegetables, fish, or red meat. Tahchin is composed of two different parts: the thin Tahdig part which includes the chicken fillets, saffron, and other ingredients at the bottom of the cooking pot and the second part which is the white rice. In restaurants, tahchin is mostly prepared and served without the white rice part." }, "Yuri Gagarin-9": { "title": "Yuri Gagarin", "section": "Soviet space programme", "headers": [ "Selection and training" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Gagarin's selection for the Vostok programme was overseen by the Central Flight Medical Commission led by Major General Konstantin Fyodorovich Borodin of the Soviet Army Medical Service. He underwent physical and psychological testing conducted at Central Aviation Scientific-Research Hospital, in Moscow, commanded by Colonel A.S. Usanov, a member of the commission. The commission also included Colonel Yevgeniy Anatoliyevich Karpov, who later commanded the training centre, Colonel Vladimir Ivanovich Yazdovskiy, the head physician for Gagarin's flight, and Major-General Aleksandr Nikolayevich Babiychuk, a physician flag officer on the Soviet Air Force General Staff to the Commander in Chief of the Air Force. The commission limited their selection to pilots between 25 and 30 years old. The chief engineer of the programme Sergei Korolev also specified that candidates, to fit in the limited space in the Vostok capsule, should weigh less than 72\u00a0kg (159\u00a0lb) and be no taller than 1.70 metres (5\u00a0ft 7\u00a0in) in height; Gagarin was 1.57 metres (5\u00a0ft 2\u00a0in) tall." }, "Medical cannabis-30": { "title": "Medical cannabis", "section": "Adverse effects", "headers": [ "Impact on psychosis" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "A 2007 meta analysis concluded that cannabis use reduced the average age of onset of psychosis by 2.7 years relative to non-cannabis use. A 2005 meta analysis concluded that adolescent use of cannabis increases the risk of psychosis, and that the risk is dose-related. A 2004 literature review on the subject concluded that cannabis use is associated with a two-fold increase in the risk of psychosis, but that cannabis use is \"neither necessary nor sufficient\" to cause psychosis. A French review from 2009 came to a conclusion that cannabis use, particularly that before age 15, was a factor in the development of schizophrenic disorders." }, "Kim Basinger-24": { "title": "Kim Basinger", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Relationships" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Basinger met her second husband, Alec Baldwin, in 1990 when they played lovers in The Marrying Man, and they married on August 19, 1993. They starred together again in the 1994 remake The Getaway, and played themselves in a 1998 episode of The Simpsons, in which Basinger corrected Homer Simpson on the pronunciation of her last name and polished her Oscar statuette. Basinger and Baldwin have a daughter, Ireland Eliesse Baldwin (born October 23, 1995). They separated on December 5, 2000, and divorced on February 3, 2002. In his 2008 book, A Promise to Ourselves: A Journey Through Fatherhood and Divorce, Baldwin wrote about the contentious custody battle with Basinger over their daughter." }, "San Antonio-41": { "title": "San Antonio", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "Subsequent population counts indicate continued rapid growth in the area. As stated above, the 2010 U.S. Census showed the city's population at 1,327,407, making it the second-most-populous city in Texas (after Houston), as well as the seventh-most-populous city in the United States." }, "Drum-1": { "title": "Drum", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The drum is a member of the percussion group of musical instruments. In the Hornbostel-Sachs classification system, it is a membranophone. Drums consist of at least one membrane, called a drumhead or drum skin, that is stretched over a shell and struck, either directly with the player's hands, or with a percussion mallet, to produce sound. There is usually a resonance head on the underside of the drum, typically tuned to a slightly lower pitch than the top drumhead. Other techniques have been used to cause drums to make sound, such as the thumb roll. Drums are the world's oldest and most ubiquitous musical instruments, and the basic design has remained virtually unchanged for thousands of years." }, "Koala-33": { "title": "Koala", "section": "Human relations", "headers": [ "History" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "The first written reference of the koala was recorded by John Price, servant of John Hunter, the Governor of New South Wales. Price encountered the \"cullawine\" on 26 January 1798, during an expedition to the Blue Mountains, although his account was not published until nearly a century later in Historical Records of Australia. In 1802, French-born explorer Francis Louis Barrallier encountered the animal when his two Aboriginal guides, returning from a hunt, brought back two koala feet they were intending to eat. Barrallier preserved the appendages and sent them and his notes to Hunter's successor, Philip Gidley King, who forwarded them to Joseph Banks. Similar to Price, Barrallier's notes were not published until 1897. Reports of the first capture of a live \"koolah\" appeared in The Sydney Gazette in August 1803. Within a few weeks Flinders' astronomer, James Inman, purchased a specimen pair for live shipment to Joseph Banks in England. They were described as 'somewhat larger than the Waumbut (Wombat)'. These encounters helped provide the impetus for King to commission the artist John Lewin to paint watercolours of the animal. Lewin painted three pictures, one of which was subsequently made into a print that was reproduced in Georges Cuvier's Le R\u00e8gne Animal (The Animal Kingdom) (first published in 1817) and several European works on natural history." }, "Blood cell-7": { "title": "Blood cell", "section": "White blood cells", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "White blood cells or leukocytes, are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. They are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cells. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system. There are a variety of types of white bloods cells that serve specific roles in the human immune system. WBCs constitute approximately 1% of the blood volume." }, "Boeing 737 Next Generation-42": { "title": "Boeing 737 Next Generation", "section": "Variants", "headers": [ "737-800" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "The Boeing 737-800 is a stretched version of the 737-700. It replaced the 737-400. The Boeing 737-800 competes primarily with the Airbus A320. The 737-800 seats 162 passengers in a two-class layout or 189 passengers in a one-class layout. The 737\u2212800 was launched on September 5, 1994. Launch customer Hapag-Lloyd Flug (now TUIfly) received the first one in April 1998." }, "Afterlife-44": { "title": "Afterlife", "section": "Abrahamic religions", "headers": [ "Christianity", "Orthodox Christianity" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "The Orthodox Church is intentionally reticent on the afterlife, as it acknowledges the mystery especially of things that have not yet occurred. Beyond the second coming of Jesus, bodily resurrection, and final judgment, all of which is affirmed in the Nicene Creed (325 CE), Orthodoxy does not teach much else in any definitive manner. Unlike Western forms of Christianity, however, Orthodoxy is traditionally non-dualist and does not teach that there are two separate literal locations of heaven and hell, but instead acknowledges that \"the 'location' of one's final destiny\u2014heaven or hell\u2014as being figurative.\" Instead, Orthodoxy teaches that the final judgment is simply one's uniform encounter with divine love and mercy, but this encounter is experienced multifariously depending on the extent to which one has been transformed, partaken of divinity, and is therefore compatible or incompatible with God. \"The monadic, immutable, and ceaseless object of eschatological encounter is therefore the love and mercy of God, his glory which infuses the heavenly temple, and it is the subjective human reaction which engenders multiplicity or any division of experience.\" For instance, St. Isaac the Syrian observes that \"those who are punished in Gehenna, are scourged by the scourge of love. ... The power of love works in two ways: it torments sinners ... [as] bitter regret. But love inebriates the souls of the sons of Heaven by its delectability.\" In this sense, the divine action is always, immutably, and uniformly love and if one experiences this love negatively, the experience is then one of self-condemnation because of free will rather than condemnation by God. Orthodoxy therefore uses the description of Jesus' judgment in John 3:19\u201321 as their model: \"19 And this is the judgment: the light has come into the world, and people loved the darkness rather than the light because their works were evil. 20 For everyone who does wicked things hates the light and does not come to the light, lest his works should be exposed. 21 But whoever does what is true comes to the light, so that it may be clearly seen that his works have been carried out in God.\" As a characteristically Orthodox understanding, then, Fr. Thomas Hopko writes, \"[I]t is precisely the presence of God's mercy and love which cause the torment of the wicked. God does not punish; he forgives... . In a word, God has mercy on all, whether all like it or not. If we like it, it is paradise; if we do not, it is hell. Every knee will bend before the Lord. Everything will be subject to Him. God in Christ will indeed be \"all and in all,\" with boundless mercy and unconditional pardon. But not all will rejoice in God's gift of forgiveness, and that choice will be judgment, the self-inflicted source of their sorrow and pain.\"" }, "Lemon-17": { "title": "Lemon", "section": "Culinary uses", "headers": [ "Peel" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "In Morocco, lemons are preserved in jars or barrels of salt. The salt penetrates the peel and rind, softening them, and curing them so that they last almost indefinitely. The preserved lemon is used in a wide variety of dishes. Preserved lemons can also be found in Sicilian, Italian, Greek, and French dishes." }, "Geography of Ontario-8": { "title": "Geography of Ontario", "section": "Physical geography", "headers": [ "Boundaries" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Ontario also shares borders with several U.S. states. From west to east, the Minnesota border consists of the Lake of the Woods, Rainy River, Rainy Lake and its tributaries. The border then includes the only 1\u00a0km of land of its entire 2,700\u00a0km U.S. border, the Height of Land Portage, which divides the Arctic Ocean and Nelson River watershed from that of the St Lawrence River and the Atlantic Ocean. The U.S./Minnesota border then follows tributaries of the Pigeon River to its mouth at Lake Superior. Ontario borders Michigan across Lake Superior, the Saint Mary's River, Lake Huron, the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, and Lake Erie. The province also borders Ohio and Pennsylvania across Lake Erie. The 309\u00a0km boundary with New York includes Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence and Niagara rivers." }, "Corporate identity-2": { "title": "Corporate identity", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In general, this amounts to a corporate title, logo (logotype and/or logogram) and supporting devices commonly assembled within a set of corporate guidelines. These guidelines govern how the identity is applied and usually include approved colour palettes, typefaces, page layouts, fonts, and others." }, "Celery-41": { "title": "Celery", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "Celery's late arrival in the English kitchen is an end-product of the long tradition of seed selection needed to reduce the sap's bitterness and increase its sugars. By 1699, John Evelyn could recommend it in his Acetaria. A Discourse of Sallets: \"Sellery, apium Italicum, (and of the Petroseline Family) was formerly a stranger with us (nor very long since in Italy) is an hot and more generous sort of Macedonian Persley or Smallage... and for its high and grateful Taste is ever plac'd in the middle of the Grand Sallet, at our Great Men's tables, and Praetors feasts, as the Grace of the whole Board\"." }, "Heavy metal music-19": { "title": "Heavy metal music", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "Musical language", "Relationship with classical music" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Although a number of metal musicians cite classical composers as inspiration, classical and metal are rooted in different cultural traditions and practices\u2014classical in the art music tradition, metal in the popular music tradition. As musicologists Nicolas Cook and Nicola Dibben note, \"Analyses of popular music also sometimes reveal the influence of 'art traditions'. An example is Walser's linkage of heavy metal music with the ideologies and even some of the performance practices of nineteenth-century Romanticism. However, it would be clearly wrong to claim that traditions such as blues, rock, heavy metal, rap or dance music derive primarily from \"art music'.\"" }, "African rock python-2": { "title": "African rock python", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Africa's largest snake and one of the six largest snake species in the world (along with the green anaconda, reticulated python, Burmese python, Indian python, and amethystine python), specimens may approach or exceed 6\u00a0m (20\u00a0ft). The southern subspecies is generally smaller than its northern relative. The snake is found in a variety of habitats, from forests to near deserts, although usually near sources of water. The snake becomes dormant during the dry season. The African rock python kills its prey by constriction and often eats animals up to the size of antelope, occasionally even crocodiles. The snake reproduces by egg-laying. Unlike most snakes, the female protects her nest and sometimes even her hatchlings." }, "Cheetah-15": { "title": "Cheetah", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The cheetah is a lightly built, spotted cat characterised by a small rounded head, a short snout, black tear-like facial streaks, a deep chest, long thin legs and a long tail. Its slender, canine form is highly adapted for speed, and contrasts sharply with the robust build of the big cats (genus Panthera). Cheetahs typically reach 67\u201394\u00a0cm (26\u201337\u00a0in) at the shoulder, and the head-and-body length is between 1.1 and 1.5\u00a0m (3.6 and 4.9\u00a0ft). The weight can vary with age, health, location, sex and subspecies; adults typically range between 20 and 65\u00a0kg (44 and 143\u00a0lb). Cubs born in the wild weigh 150\u2013300\u00a0g (5.3\u201310.6\u00a0oz) at birth, while those born in captivity tend to be larger and weigh around 500\u00a0g (18\u00a0oz). The largest cheetahs occur in southern Africa, and are only slightly bigger than eastern African cheetahs. Saharan cheetahs show particularly canine facial features. Cheetahs are sexually dimorphic, with males larger and heavier than females, but not to the extent seen in other large cats." }, "War Horse (film)-10": { "title": "War Horse (film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "By 1918, Albert has enlisted and is fighting alongside Andrew in the Second Battle of the Somme. After a British charge into no man's land, Albert and Andrew miraculously make it across to the German trench, where a gas bomb explodes. Andrew is killed by the gas attack but Albert survives, temporarily blinded." }, "J. Edgar Hoover-1": { "title": "J. Edgar Hoover", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895\u00a0\u2013 May 2, 1972) was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States and an American law enforcement administrator. He was appointed as the director of the Bureau of Investigation\u00a0\u2013 the FBI's predecessor\u00a0\u2013 in 1924 and was instrumental in founding the FBI in 1935, where he remained director for another 37 years until his death in 1972 at the age of 77. Hoover has been credited with building the FBI into a larger crime-fighting agency than it was at its inception and with instituting a number of modernizations to police technology, such as a centralized fingerprint file and forensic laboratories." }, "Indigestion-12": { "title": "Indigestion", "section": "Cause", "headers": [ "Functional" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "This is the most common cause of chronic dyspepsia. More than 70% of people have no obvious organic cause for their symptoms after evaluation. Symptoms may arise from a complex interaction of increased visceral afferent sensitivity, gastric delayed emptying (gastroparesis) or impaired accommodation to food. Anxiety is also associated with functional dyspepsia. In some people, it appears before the onset of gut symptoms; in other cases, anxiety develops after onset of the disorder, which suggests that a gut-driven brain disorder may be a possible cause. Although benign, these symptoms may be chronic and difficult to treat." }, "Sebastian Bach-1": { "title": "Sebastian Bach", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sebastian Philip Bierk (born April 3, 1968), known professionally as Sebastian Bach, is a Canadian singer-songwriter who achieved mainstream success as frontman of Skid Row from 1987 to 1996. He continues a solo career, acted on Broadway, and has made appearances in film and television." }, "Fallout (series)-2": { "title": "Fallout (series)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The series' first title, Fallout, was developed by Black Isle Studios and released in 1997. With the tactical role-playing game Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel, development was handed to Micro Fort\u00e9 and 14 Degrees East. In 2004, Interplay closed Black Isle Studios, and continued to produce Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel, an action game with role-playing elements for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox, without Black Isle Studios. Fallout 3, the third entry in the main series, was released by Bethesda Softworks, and was followed by Fallout: New Vegas, developed by Obsidian Entertainment. Fallout 4 was released in 2015, and Fallout 76 released on November 14, 2018." }, "Megadeth-4": { "title": "Megadeth", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Megadeth has sold 38 million records worldwide, earned platinum certification in the United States for six of its fifteen studio albums, and received twelve Grammy nominations. Megadeth won its first Grammy Award in 2017 for the song \"Dystopia\" in the Best Metal Performance category. The band's mascot, Vic Rattlehead, regularly appears on album artwork and live shows. The group has drawn controversy for its music and lyrics, including album bans and canceled concerts; MTV refused to play two of the band's music videos that the network considered to condone suicide." }, "Diabetes-36": { "title": "Diabetes", "section": "Prevention", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "There is no known preventive measure for type\u00a01 diabetes. Type\u00a02 diabetes\u2014which accounts for 85\u201390% of all cases worldwide\u2014can often be prevented or delayed by maintaining a normal body weight, engaging in physical activity, and eating a healthy diet. Higher levels of physical activity (more than 90 minutes per day) reduce the risk of diabetes by 28%. Dietary changes known to be effective in helping to prevent diabetes include maintaining a diet rich in whole grains and fiber, and choosing good fats, such as the polyunsaturated fats found in nuts, vegetable oils, and fish. Limiting sugary beverages and eating less red meat and other sources of saturated fat can also help prevent diabetes. Tobacco smoking is also associated with an increased risk of diabetes and its complications, so smoking cessation can be an important preventive measure as well." }, "Jordan River-2": { "title": "Jordan River", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The river holds major significance in Judaism and Christianity since the Bible says that the Israelites crossed it into the Promised Land and that Jesus of Nazareth was baptized by John the Baptist in it." }, "Don King (boxing promoter)-1": { "title": "Don King (boxing promoter)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Donald King (born August 20, 1931) is an American boxing promoter known for his involvement in historic boxing matchups. He has been a controversial figure, partly due to a manslaughter conviction (later pardoned), and civil cases against him." }, "Butter-1": { "title": "Butter", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Butter is a dairy product made from the fat and protein components of milk or cream. It is a semi-solid emulsion at room temperature, consisting of approximately 80% butterfat. It is used at room temperature as a spread, melted as a condiment, and used as an ingredient in baking, sauce making, pan frying, and other cooking procedures." }, "Horsemen of Apocalypse-7": { "title": "Horsemen of Apocalypse", "section": "Fictional biography", "headers": [ "11th century incarnation" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Having special fondness for the originals, Apocalypse assembled a new incarnation of the Horsemen during the 11th century and sent them to kill a pagan named Folkbern Logan in medieval London. To fill the role of Pestilence, Apocalypse recruited Phantom Bats of the Twelve Minds, a mutant that greatly resembles Orb with his arms replaced by wings which allowed him to fly. For the role of Famine, Apocalypse had chosen a Native American female. For the role of War, Apocalypse had recruited a mutant that resembled a mummy. For the role of Death, Apocalypse recruited a mutant who seemed to possess a gas-like body which allowed him to fly and wears a robe and cloak that covers his entire body like a grim reaper. Thor comes to Folkbern's aid and kills the Horsemen of Apocalypse single-handedly." }, "Mars-4": { "title": "Mars", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "There are investigations assessing the past habitability of Mars, as well as the possibility of extant life. Astrobiology missions are planned, including the Perseverance and Rosalind Franklin rovers. Liquid water cannot exist on the surface of Mars due to low atmospheric pressure, which is less than 1% of the atmospheric pressure on Earth, except at the lowest elevations for short periods. The two polar ice caps appear to be made largely of water. The volume of water ice in the south polar ice cap, if melted, would be sufficient to cover the planetary surface to a depth of 11 meters (36\u00a0ft). In November 2016, NASA reported finding a large amount of underground ice in the Utopia Planitia region. The volume of water detected has been estimated to be equivalent to the volume of water in Lake Superior." }, "Rhinoceros-32": { "title": "Rhinoceros", "section": "Horn trade and use", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "Rhinoceros horns, unlike those of other horned mammals, (which have a bony core), only consist of keratin, similar to human hair and nails. Rhinoceros horns are used in traditional medicines in parts of Asia, and for dagger handles in Yemen and Oman. Esmond Bradley Martin has reported on the trade for dagger handles in Yemen. In Europe, it was historically believed that rhino horns could purify water and could detect poisoned liquids, and likely as an aphrodisiac and an antidote to poison." }, "Hyena-21": { "title": "Hyena", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "Behavior" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "The striped hyena is primarily a scavenger, though it will also attack and kill any animals it can overcome, and will supplement its diet with fruits. The spotted hyena, though it also scavenges occasionally, is an active pack hunter of medium to large sized ungulates, which it catches by wearing them down in long chases and dismembering them in a canid-like manner. The aardwolf is primarily an insectivore, specialised for feeding on termites of the genus Trinervitermes and Hodotermes, which it consumes by licking them up with its long, broad tongue. An aardwolf can eat 300,000 Trinervitermes on a single outing." }, "Kelly Clarkson-1": { "title": "Kelly Clarkson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Kelly Brianne Clarkson (born April 24, 1982) is an American singer-songwriter, actress, author, and television personality. She rose to fame in 2002, after winning the first season of American Idol, which earned her a record deal with RCA Records. Clarkson's debut single, \"A Moment Like This\", topped the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and became the country's best-selling single of 2002. It was followed by the release of her debut studio album, Thankful (2003), which debuted atop the US Billboard 200. Trying to reinvent her image, Clarkson parted ways with Idol management and shifted to pop rock music for her second album, Breakaway (2004). After numerous top 40 radio number-one singles, such as \"Since U Been Gone\" and \"Because of You\", the album sold over 12 million copies worldwide and earned Clarkson two Grammy Awards." }, "Environmental impact of meat production-19": { "title": "Environmental impact of meat production", "section": "Greenhouse gas emissions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "In the US, methane emissions associated with ruminant livestock (6.6 Tg CH 4, or 164.5 Tg CO 2e in 2013) are estimated to have declined by about 17 percent from 1980 through 2012. Globally, enteric fermentation (mostly in ruminant livestock) accounts for about 27 percent of anthropogenic methane emissions, and methane accounts for about 32 to 40 percent of agriculture's greenhouse gas emissions (estimated as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) as tabulated by the IPCC. Methane has a global warming potential recently estimated as 35 times that of an equivalent mass of carbon dioxide. The magnitude of methane emissions were recently about 330 to 350 Tg per year from all anthropogenic sources, and methane's current effect on global warming is quite small. This is because degradation of methane nearly keeps pace with emissions, resulting in a relatively little increase in atmospheric methane content (average of 6 Tg per year from 2000 through 2009), whereas atmospheric carbon dioxide content has been increasing greatly (average of nearly 15,000 Tg per year from 2000 through 2009)." }, "Verdigris-1": { "title": "Verdigris", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Verdigris is the common name for a green pigment obtained through the application of acetic acid to copper plates or the natural patina formed when copper, brass or bronze is weathered and exposed to air or seawater over time. It is usually a basic copper carbonate (Cu 2CO 3(OH)2), but near the sea will be a basic copper chloride (Cu2(OH)3Cl). If acetic acid is present at the time of weathering, it may consist of copper(II) acetate." }, "Nordic Passport Union-1": { "title": "Nordic Passport Union", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Nordic Passport Union allows citizens of the Nordic countries\u00a0\u2013 Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland\u00a0\u2013 to travel and reside in another Nordic country (and Svalbard) without any travel documentation (e.g. a passport or national identity card) or a residence permit. Since 25 March 2001, all five states have also been within the Schengen Area. The Faroe Islands are part of the Nordic Passport Union but not the Schengen Area, while Greenland and Svalbard are outside both." }, "Health care-11": { "title": "Health care", "section": "Delivery", "headers": [ "Primary care" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "In the United States, primary care physicians have begun to deliver primary care outside of the managed care (insurance-billing) system through direct primary care which is a subset of the more familiar concierge medicine. Physicians in this model bill patients directly for services, either on a pre-paid monthly, quarterly, or annual basis, or bill for each service in the office. Examples of direct primary care practices include Foundation Health in Colorado and Qliance in Washington." }, "Illuminati (game)-13": { "title": "Illuminati (game)", "section": "Expansions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Available expansion sets are: Illuminati Mutual Assured Distraction (2010);" }, "Longest word in English-4": { "title": "Longest word in English", "section": "Major dictionaries", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles, specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim." }, "Governor-4": { "title": "Governor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The adjective pertaining to a governor is gubernatorial, from the Latin root gubernare. The obsolete term for a female governor is the female form governess, however the modern term for female officials is the gender-neutral form governor (without the gender-specific suffix -ess) to avoid confusion with other meanings of governess." }, "Colossus of Rhodes-1": { "title": "Colossus of Rhodes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Colossus of Rhodes (Ancient Greek: \u1f41 \u039a\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03c3\u1f78\u03c2 \u1fec\u03cc\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, romanized:\u00a0ho Koloss\u00f2s Rh\u00f3dios Greek: \u039a\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a1\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5, romanized:\u00a0Koloss\u00f3s tes Rh\u00f3dou) was a statue of the Greek sun-god Helios, erected in the city of Rhodes, on the Greek island of the same name, by Chares of Lindos in 280 BC. One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, it was constructed to celebrate Rhodes' victory over the ruler of Cyprus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus, whose son Demetrius I of Macedon unsuccessfully besieged Rhodes in 305 BC. According to most contemporary descriptions, the Colossus stood approximately 70 cubits, or 33 metres (108 feet) high\u2014the approximate height of the modern Statue of Liberty from feet to crown\u2014making it the tallest statue of the ancient world. It collapsed during the earthquake of 226 BC, although parts of it were preserved. In accordance with a certain oracle, the Rhodians did not build it again. John Malalas wrote that Hadrian in his reign reerected the Colossus, but he was wrong." }, "Chief risk officer-15": { "title": "Chief risk officer", "section": "Salary", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The average pay for a Chief Risk Officer (CRO) with Regulatory Compliance skills in the US is about $162,274 per year[when?]. Risk Officers who work for banks earn slightly more at $180,970. Those managing risks for private corporations are paid a higher average salary of $216,000 annually." }, "Lares Ice Cream Parlor-4": { "title": "Lares Ice Cream Parlor", "section": "Copycats", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Another ice cream shop, Heladeria El Grito, is next door. After Hurricane Maria, some Puerto Rican expatriates opened similar shops in Central Florida." }, "American football-36": { "title": "American football", "section": "Rules", "headers": [ "Field and equipment" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Football games are played on a rectangular field that measures 120 yards (110\u00a0m) long and 53\u00a01\u20443 yards (48.8\u00a0m) wide. Lines marked along the ends and sides of the field are known as the end lines and sidelines. Goal lines are marked 10 yards (9.1\u00a0m) inward from each end line." }, "Egg as food-28": { "title": "Egg as food", "section": "Culinary properties", "headers": [ "Cooking" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Eggs contain multiple proteins that gel at different temperatures within the yolk and the white, and the temperature determines the gelling time. Egg yolk becomes a gel, or solidifies, between 65 and 70\u00a0\u00b0C (149 and 158\u00a0\u00b0F). Egg white gels at different temperatures: 60 to 73\u00a0\u00b0C (140 to 163\u00a0\u00b0F). The white contains exterior albumen which sets at the highest temperature. In practice, in many cooking processes the white gels first because it is exposed to higher temperatures for longer." }, "Nylon-16": { "title": "Nylon", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Early marketing strategies" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "An important part of nylon's popularity stems from DuPont's marketing strategy. DuPont promoted the fiber to increase demand before the product was available to the general market. Nylon's commercial announcement occurred on October 27, 1938, at the final session of the Herald Tribune's yearly \"Forum on Current Problems\", on the site of the approaching New York City world's fair. The \"first man-made organic textile fiber\" which was derived from \"coal, water and air\" and promised to be \"as strong as steel, as fine as the spider's web\" was received enthusiastically by the audience, many of them middle-class women, and made the headlines of most newspapers. Nylon was introduced as part of \"The world of tomorrow\" at the 1939 New York World's Fair and was featured at DuPont's \"Wonder World of Chemistry\" at the Golden Gate International Exposition in San Francisco in 1939. Actual nylon stockings were not shipped to selected stores in the national market until May 15, 1940. However, a limited number were released for sale in Delaware before that. The first public sale of nylon stockings occurred on October 24, 1939, in Wilmington, Delaware. 4,000 pairs of stockings were available, all of which were sold within three hours." }, "Toe-2": { "title": "Toe", "section": "Structure", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "There are 5 toes present on each human foot. Each toe consists of three phalanx bones, the proximal, middle and distal, with the exception of the big toe (Latin: Hallux). For a minority of people, the little toe also is missing a middle bone. The hallux only contains two phalanx bones, the proximal and distal. The joints between each phalanx are the interphalangeal joints. The proximal phalanx bone of each toe articulates with the metatarsal bone of the foot at the metatarsophalangeal joint. Each toe is surrounded by skin, and present on all five toes is a toenail." }, "The Matrix (franchise)-1": { "title": "The Matrix (franchise)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Matrix is an American media franchise created by the Wachowskis. The series primarily consists of a trilogy of science fiction action films beginning with The Matrix (1999) and continuing with two sequels, The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions (both in 2003), all written and directed by the Wachowskis and produced by Joel Silver. The franchise is owned by Warner Bros., which distributed the films along with Village Roadshow Pictures. The latter, along with Silver Pictures, are the two production companies that worked on all three films." }, "Saint Peter-64": { "title": "Saint Peter", "section": "Connection to Rome", "headers": [ "Death and burial", "Burial" ], "para_index": 64, "content": "Catholic tradition holds that Peter's inverted crucifixion occurred in the gardens of Nero, with the burial in Saint Peter's tomb nearby." }, "Chordate-1": { "title": "Chordate", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A chordate (/\u02c8k\u0254\u02d0rde\u026at/) is an animal of the phylum Chordata. During some period of their life cycle, chordates possess a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail: these five anatomical features define this phylum. Chordates are also bilaterally symmetric, and have a coelom, metameric segmentation, and circulatory system." }, "Abyssal plain-1": { "title": "Abyssal plain", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3,000 metres (9,800\u00a0ft) and 6,000 metres (20,000\u00a0ft). Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth's surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest, and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills)." }, "1936 Summer Olympics-21": { "title": "1936 Summer Olympics", "section": "Venues", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "BSV 92 Field was first constructed in 1910 for use in football, handball, athletics, and tennis. The Reich Sports Field, which consisted of the Olympic Stadium, the Dietrich Ecekrt Open-Air Theatre, the Olympic Swimming Stadium, Mayfield, the Hockey Stadiums, the Tennis Courts, and the Haus des Deutschen Sports, was planned for the aborted 1916 Summer Olympics, but was not completed until 1934. Mayfield was the last venue completed prior to the 1936 Games in April 1936. Deutschland Hall was opened in 1935. Mommenstadion opened in 1930. Basketball was held outdoors at the request of the International Basketball Federation (FIBA). The tennis courts were used, which turned to mud during heavy rain at the final. The K-1 1000 m canoeing final was also affected by heavy rain at Gr\u00fcnau that included thunder and lightning. During World War II, Deutschlandhalle suffered heavy aerial bombing damage. After the second world war, the hall was reconstructed and expansion has continued as of 2010[update]. The Deutschlandhalle in Berlin, where the boxing, weightlifting, and wrestling events took place, was used as venue, but was increasingly closed for repairs, last in 2009 when it was close for repairs, It was demolished in December 2011. the Mommsenstadion was renovated in 1987 and was still in use in 2010." }, "Hominidae-20": { "title": "Hominidae", "section": "Taxonomy", "headers": [ "Phylogeny", "Fossil" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Family Hominidae: humans and other great apes; extinct genera and species excluded Subfamily Ponginae Tribe Pongini Genus Pongo Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Pongo pygmaeus morio Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis Subfamily Homininae Tribe Gorillini Genus Gorilla Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri Tribe Hominini Subtribe Panina Genus Pan Chimpanzee (common chimpanzee), Pan troglodytes Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Bonobo (pygmy chimpanzee), Pan paniscus Subtribe Hominina Genus Homo Human, Homo sapiens Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens In addition to the extant species and subspecies, archaeologists, paleontologists, and anthropologists have discovered and classified numerous extinct great ape species as below, based on the taxonomy shown." }, "West Coast of the United States-1": { "title": "West Coast of the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The West Coast or Pacific Coast is the coastline along which the continental Western United States meets the North Pacific Ocean. As a region, this term most often refers to the coastal states of California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska. More specifically, it refers to an area defined on the east by the Alaska Range, Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada, and Mojave Desert, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. The United States Census groups the five states of California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii together as the Pacific States division." }, "Lacus Temporis-1": { "title": "Lacus Temporis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lacus Temporis /\u02c8le\u026ak\u0259s \u02c8t\u025bmp\u0259r\u026as/ (Latin temporis, Lake of Time) is a small lunar mare that is located in the northeastern quadrant of the Moon's near side. The selenographic coordinates of this feature are 45\u00b054\u2032N 58\u00b024\u2032E\ufeff / \ufeff45.9\u00b0N 58.4\u00b0E\ufeff / 45.9; 58.4, and it lies within a diameter of 117\u00a0km." }, "The Mamas and the Papas-1": { "title": "The Mamas and the Papas", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Mamas and the Papas were an American folk rock vocal group which recorded and performed from 1965 to 1968. The group was a defining force in the music scene of the counterculture of the 1960s. The group was composed of John Phillips, Denny Doherty, Cass Elliot, and Michelle Phillips (born Holly Gilliam). Their sound was based on vocal harmonies arranged by John Phillips, the songwriter, musician, and leader of the group who adapted folk to the new beat style of the early 1960s." }, "Kami Rita-1": { "title": "Kami Rita", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Kami Rita (born 1970) is a Nepali Sherpa guide who, since May 2018, has held the record for most ascents to the summit of Mount Everest. Most recently, he scaled the mountain for a 24th time on 21 May 2019, eclipsing his record set 15 May 2019. His father was among the first professional Sherpa guides after Everest was opened to foreign mountaineers in 1950. His brother, also a guide, scaled Everest 17 times." }, "Steven Spielberg-1": { "title": "Steven Spielberg", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Steven Allan Spielberg (/\u02c8spi\u02d0lb\u025c\u02d0r\u0261/; born December 18, 1946) is an American filmmaker. He is considered one of the founding pioneers of the New Hollywood era and one of the most popular directors and producers in film history. Spielberg started in Hollywood directing television and several minor theatrical releases. He became a household name as the director of Jaws (1975), which was critically and commercially successful and is considered the first summer blockbuster. His subsequent releases focused typically on science fiction/adventure films such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977), Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), and Jurassic Park (1993), which became archetypes of modern Hollywood escapist filmmaking." }, "Social distancing-30": { "title": "Social distancing", "section": "History", "headers": [ "COVID-19 pandemic" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing and related measures are emphasised by several governments as alternatives to an enforced quarantine of heavily affected areas. According to UNESCO monitoring, more than a hundred countries have implemented nationwide school closures in response to COVID-19, impacting over half the world's student population. In the United Kingdom, the government advised the public to avoid public spaces, and cinemas and theatres voluntarily closed to encourage the government's message." }, "University of Pittsburgh-35": { "title": "University of Pittsburgh", "section": "Organization and administration", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "The university was chartered by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1787 and it operated as a fully private institution until an alteration to its charter in 1966 at which point it became part of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education. This conferred \"state-related\" status to the university making it a legal instrument of the Commonwealth which provides an annual financial appropriation, currently 7.7% of the university's total operating budget, in exchange for the university offering tuition discounts to students who are residents of Pennsylvania. Legally, however, the university remains a private entity, operating under its nonprofit corporate charter, governed by its independent Board of Trustees, and with its assets under its own ownership and control. Therefore, it retains the freedom and individuality of a private institution, both administratively and academically, setting its own standards for admissions, awarding of degrees, faculty qualifications, teaching, and staff hiring." }, "Mile-1": { "title": "Mile", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The mile is an English unit of length of linear measure equal to 5,280 feet, or 1,760 yards, and standardised as exactly 1,609.344\u00a0metres by international agreement in 1959." }, "Back pain-20": { "title": "Back pain", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "Risk factors" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Heavy lifting, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and lack of exercise can increase a person's risk of back pain. People who smoke are more likely to experience back pain than others. Poor posture and weight gain in pregnancy are also risk factors for back pain. In general, fatigue can worsen pain." }, "Islam-50": { "title": "Islam", "section": "Society", "headers": [ "Etiquette and diet" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "Many practices fall in the category of adab, or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with \"as-salamu 'alaykum\" (\"peace be unto you\"), saying bismillah (\"in the name of God\") before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. Islamic hygienic practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health. Circumcision of male offspring is also practiced in Islam. Islamic burial rituals include saying the Salat al-Janazah (\"funeral prayer\") over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave. Muslims are restricted in their diet. Prohibited foods include pork products, blood, carrion, and alcohol. All meat must come from a herbivorous animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as halal food." }, "Outline of Harvard University-2": { "title": "Outline of Harvard University", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Harvard University \u2013 private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country." }, "The Legend of Robin Hood-2": { "title": "The Legend of Robin Hood", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Robin has been raised as the son of John Hood, a groundskeeper, but learns that he is in fact the long lost son of the Earl of Huntingdon. He comes into conflict with a plot to replace King Richard I by his brother Prince John involving the Sheriff of Nottingham and Sir Guy of Gisbourne." }, "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom-4": { "title": "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In 1935, Indiana Jones narrowly escapes the clutches of Lao Che, a crime boss in Shanghai, China. With his eleven-year-old Chinese sidekick Short Round and the nightclub singer Willie Scott in tow, Indy flees Shanghai on an airplane that, unbeknownst to them, is owned by Lao Che. While the three of them are asleep on the plane, the pilots dump the fuel and parachute out, leaving the plane to crash over the Himalayas. Indy, Shorty, and Willie discover the sabotage and narrowly manage to escape by jumping out of the plane on an inflatable raft just before it crashes into the mountainside. They ride down the mountain slopes and fall into a raging river, eventually arriving at the village of Mayapore in northern India. The impoverished villagers believe the three to have been sent by Shiva to retrieve the sacred lingam stone stolen from their shrine, as well as the community's missing children, from evil forces in the nearby Pankot Palace. During the journey to Pankot, Indy hypothesizes that the stone may be one of the five fabled Sankara stones that promise fortune and glory." }, "Katy Perry-1": { "title": "Katy Perry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson (born October 25, 1984), known by her stage name Katy Perry, is an American singer, songwriter and television judge. After singing in church during her childhood, she pursued a career in gospel music as a teenager. Perry signed with Red Hill Records and released her debut studio album Katy Hudson under her birth name in 2001, which was commercially unsuccessful. She moved to Los Angeles the following year to venture into secular music after Red Hill ceased operations and she subsequently began working with producers Glen Ballard, Dr. Luke, and Max Martin. After adopting the stage name Katy Perry and being dropped by The Island Def Jam Music Group and Columbia Records, she signed a recording contract with Capitol Records in April 2007." }, "Franklin D. Roosevelt-52": { "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "section": "Presidency (1933\u20131945)", "headers": [ "First and second terms (1933\u20131941)", "Landslide re-election, 1936" ], "para_index": 52, "content": "In the election against Landon and a third-party candidate, Roosevelt won 60.8% of the vote and carried every state except Maine and Vermont. The Democratic ticket won the highest proportion of the popular vote. Democrats also expanded their majorities in Congress, winning control of over three-quarters of the seats in each house. The election also saw the consolidation of the New Deal coalition; while the Democrats lost some of their traditional allies in big business, they were replaced by groups such as organized labor and African Americans, the latter of whom voted Democratic for the first time since the Civil War. Roosevelt lost high income voters, especially businessmen and professionals, but made major gains among the poor and minorities. He won 86 percent of the Jewish vote, 81 percent of Catholics, 80 percent of union members, 76 percent of Southerners, 76 percent of blacks in northern cities, and 75 percent of people on relief. Roosevelt carried 102 of the country's 106 cities with a population of 100,000 or more." }, "Bob Marley-4": { "title": "Bob Marley", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In 1977, Marley was diagnosed with acral lentiginous melanoma; he died as a result of the illness in 1981. His fans around the world expressed their grief, and he received a state funeral in Jamaica. The greatest hits album Legend was released in 1984, and became the best-selling reggae album of all time. Marley also ranks as one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of more than 75 million records worldwide. He was posthumously honored by Jamaica soon after his death with a designated Order of Merit by his nation. In 1994, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Rolling Stone ranked him No. 11 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time." }, "Footspeed-4": { "title": "Footspeed", "section": "Limits of speed", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The record was 44.72 km/h (27.78 mph), measured between meter 60 and meter 80 of the 100 meters sprint of the World Championships in Berlin on 16 August 2009 by Usain Bolt. (Bolt's average speed over the course of this race was 37.58 km/h or 23.35 mph.)" }, "Carrot-35": { "title": "Carrot", "section": "Consumption", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "Carrots can be eaten in a variety of ways. Only 3 percent of the \u03b2-carotene in raw carrots is released during digestion: this can be improved to 39% by pulping, cooking and adding cooking oil. Alternatively they may be chopped and boiled, fried or steamed, and cooked in soups and stews, as well as baby and pet foods. A well-known dish is carrots julienne. Together with onion and celery, carrots are one of the primary vegetables used in a mirepoix to make various broths." }, "Book of Revelation-1": { "title": "Book of Revelation", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Book of Revelation (often called the Revelation to John, Apocalypse of John, the Revelation from Jesus Christ (from its opening words), the Apocalypse, The Revelation, or simply Revelation) is the final book of the New Testament, and consequently is also the final book of the Christian Bible. Its title is derived from the first word of the Koine Greek text: apokalypsis, meaning \"unveiling\" or \"revelation\" (before title pages and titles, books were commonly known by their incipit (first words), as is also the case with the Hebrew Torah). The Book of Revelation is the only apocalyptic document in the New Testament canon (although there are short apocalyptic passages in various places in the Gospels and the Epistles, and an extended apocalyptic passage in the Book of Daniel in the Old Testament). Thus, it occupies a central place in Christian eschatology." }, "Rupert Murdoch-31": { "title": "Rupert Murdoch", "section": "News International phone hacking scandal", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "In July 2011, Murdoch, along with his son James, provided testimony before a British parliamentary committee regarding phone hacking. In the UK, his media empire remains under fire, as investigators continue to probe reports of other phone hacking." }, "Virus-18": { "title": "Virus", "section": "Microbiology", "headers": [ "Life properties" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Scientific opinions differ on whether viruses are a form of life, or organic structures that interact with living organisms. They have been described as \"organisms at the edge of life\", since they resemble organisms in that they possess genes, evolve by natural selection, and reproduce by creating multiple copies of themselves through self-assembly. Although they have genes, they do not have a cellular structure, which is often seen as the basic unit of life. Viruses do not have their own metabolism, and require a host cell to make new products. They therefore cannot naturally reproduce outside a host cell\u2014although bacterial species such as rickettsia and chlamydia are considered living organisms despite the same limitation. Accepted forms of life use cell division to reproduce, whereas viruses spontaneously assemble within cells. They differ from autonomous growth of crystals as they inherit genetic mutations while being subject to natural selection. Virus self-assembly within host cells has implications for the study of the origin of life, as it lends further credence to the hypothesis that life could have started as self-assembling organic molecules." }, "Joseph Gordon-Levitt-5": { "title": "Joseph Gordon-Levitt", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Early acting work" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "At age six, he starred in several made-for-television films. In 1991, he played both David Collins and Daniel Collins in the Dark Shadows 1991 television series, and appeared in the movie A River Runs Through It . During 1992\u201393, he played in The Powers That Be, a sitcom starring John Forsythe, as a clever young boy named Pierce Van Horne. Also in 1992, he portrayed Gregory Kingsley in the made-for-TV film Switching Parents, based on Kingsley's real life case of \"divorcing\" his parents. In 1994, he starred in the Disney film Angels in the Outfield as an orphan who sees angels. In 1996, he began playing Tommy Solomon on the sitcom 3rd Rock from the Sun. The series ran for six seasons. The San Francisco Chronicle noted that Gordon-Levitt was a \"Jewish kid playing an extraterrestrial pretending to be a Jewish kid\". During the 1990s, he was frequently featured in teenage magazines. He also made an appearance on That '70s Show in 1998 as Buddy, a gay teenager who assumes his friend (main character Eric Forman) is gay as well, in the episode \"Eric's Buddy\"." }, "Rainbow-15": { "title": "Rainbow", "section": "Number of colours in spectrum or rainbow", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Newton, who admitted his eyes were not very critical in distinguishing colours, originally (1672) divided the spectrum into five main colours: red, yellow, green, blue and violet. Later he included orange and indigo, giving seven main colours by analogy to the number of notes in a musical scale. Newton chose to divide the visible spectrum into seven colours out of a belief derived from the beliefs of the ancient Greek sophists, who thought there was a connection between the colours, the musical notes, the known objects in the Solar System, and the days of the week. Scholars have noted that what Newton regarded at the time as \"blue\" would today be regarded as cyan, and what Newton called \"indigo\" would today be considered blue." }, "Cry Me a River (Justin Timberlake song)-1": { "title": "Cry Me a River (Justin Timberlake song)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Cry Me a River\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake for his debut solo album, Justified (2002). It was written by Timberlake and Scott Storch with producer Timbaland and was inspired by Timberlake's former relationship with singer Britney Spears. Jive Records released the song to contemporary hit and rhythmic radio in the United States on November 26, 2002, as the album's second single. Accompanied by an electric piano, beatbox, guitars, synthesizers, Arabian-inspired riffs and Gregorian chants, \"Cry Me a River\" is an R&B song about a brokenhearted man who moves on from his last girlfriend, who had cheated on him." }, "Polyamory-10": { "title": "Polyamory", "section": "As a practice", "headers": [ "Values", "Trust, honesty, dignity, and respect" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Most[original research?] polyamorists emphasize respect, trust, and honesty for all partners. Ideally, a partner's partners are accepted as part of that person's life rather than merely tolerated, and usually a relationship that requires deception or a \"don't ask don't tell\" policy is seen as a less than ideal model." }, "Thanksgiving (United States)-1": { "title": "Thanksgiving (United States)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Thanksgiving is a federal holiday in the United States, celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November. It originated as a harvest festival, and to this day the centerpiece of Thanksgiving celebrations remains Thanksgiving dinner. The dinner traditionally consists of foods and dishes indigenous to the Americas, namely turkey, potatoes (usually mashed), squash, corn (maize), green beans, cranberries (typically in sauce form), and pumpkin pie. Thanksgiving is regarded as being the beginning of the fall\u2013winter holiday season, along with Christmas and the New Year, in American culture." }, "Snow White (Fables)-1": { "title": "Snow White (Fables)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Snow White is a major character in the comic book series Fables. Her character is based on two myths recorded by the Brothers Grimm, Snow-White and Rose-Red and the more famous Snow White and the Seven Dwarves." }, "Baylor University-1": { "title": "Baylor University", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Baylor University, or simply Baylor, is a private Baptist Christian university in Waco, Texas. Chartered in 1845 by the last Congress of the Republic of Texas, it is the oldest continuously operating university in Texas and one of the first educational institutions west of the Mississippi River in the United States. Located on the banks of the Brazos River next to I-35, between the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex and Austin, the university's 1,000-acre campus is the largest Baptist university campus in the world. Baylor University's athletic teams, known as the Bears, participate in 19 intercollegiate sports. The university is a member of the Big 12 Conference in the NCAA Division I." }, "Atmosphere of Mars-11": { "title": "Atmosphere of Mars", "section": "Current chemical composition", "headers": [ "Carbon dioxide" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "CO 2 + h\u03bd ( < 225\u202fnm)\u2003\u27f6\u2003CO + O If there is no chemical production of CO2, all the CO2 in the current Martian atmosphere would be removed by photolysis in about 3,500 years. The hydroxyl radicals (OH) produced from the photolysis of water vapor, together with the other odd hydrogen species (e.g. H, HO2), can convert carbon monoxide (CO) back to CO2. The reaction cycle can be described as:" }, "Cook (profession)-16": { "title": "Cook (profession)", "section": "Education", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Based on the American Culinary Federation, the minimum requirements for entering such programs include being 17 years old and having a high school diploma or equivalent. Should they seek out a promotion to higher level culinary professions, they may get a culinary certification that proves them to have at least two years of job experience and basic knowledge of kitchen skills." }, "Ceres (dwarf planet)-1": { "title": "Ceres (dwarf planet)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ceres /\u02c8s\u026a\u0259ri\u02d0z/ (minor-planet designation: 1 Ceres) is the largest object in the main asteroid belt that lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. With a diameter of 940\u00a0km (580\u00a0mi), Ceres is both the largest of the asteroids and the only unambiguous dwarf planet currently inside Neptune's orbit. It is the 25th-largest body in the Solar System within the orbit of Neptune." }, "Normandy landings-3": { "title": "Normandy landings", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The amphibious landings were preceded by extensive aerial and naval bombardment and an airborne assault\u2014the landing of 24,000 American, British, and Canadian airborne troops shortly after midnight. Allied infantry and armoured divisions began landing on the coast of France at 06:30. The target 50-mile (80\u00a0km) stretch of the Normandy coast was divided into five sectors: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. Strong winds blew the landing craft east of their intended positions, particularly at Utah and Omaha. The men landed under heavy fire from gun emplacements overlooking the beaches, and the shore was mined and covered with obstacles such as wooden stakes, metal tripods, and barbed wire, making the work of the beach-clearing teams difficult and dangerous. Casualties were heaviest at Omaha, with its high cliffs. At Gold, Juno, and Sword, several fortified towns were cleared in house-to-house fighting, and two major gun emplacements at Gold were disabled using specialised tanks." }, "U.S. Route 66-1": { "title": "U.S. Route 66", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "U.S. Route\u00a066 or U.S. Highway 66 (US\u00a066 or Route\u00a066), also known as the Will Rogers Highway, the Main Street of America or the Mother Road, was one of the original highways in the U.S. Highway System. US\u00a066 was established on November 11, 1926, with road signs erected the following year. The highway, which became one of the most famous roads in the United States, originally ran from Chicago, Illinois, through Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona before ending in Santa Monica in Los Angeles County, California, covering a total of 2,448 miles (3,940\u00a0km). It was recognized in popular culture by both the hit song \"(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66\" and the Route 66 television series, which aired on CBS from 1960 to 1964. In John Steinbeck's classic American novel, The Grapes of Wrath (1939), the road \"Highway 66\" symbolized escape and loss." }, "Zeus-1": { "title": "Zeus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Zeus is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion, who rules as king of the gods of Mount Olympus. His name is cognate with the first element of his Roman equivalent Jupiter. His mythologies and powers are similar, though not identical, to those of Indo-European deities such as Jupiter, Perk\u016bnas, Perun, Indra, Dyaus and Thor." }, "Krabby Patty-4": { "title": "Krabby Patty", "section": "Ingredients", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The Krabby Patty is made out of a frozen hamburger with buns, the patty, pickles, lettuce, tomatoes, cheese, ketchup, mustard, and onions and with a Krabby Patty secret formula, though said secret formula has never been revealed in the series. In the episode \"Just One Bite,\" the Krusty Krab is revealed to have a \"patty vault\" that contains many Krabby Patties." }, "Silicon Valley-38": { "title": "Silicon Valley", "section": "History (post-1970)", "headers": [ "Internet age", "21st century" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "After the dot-com crash, Silicon Valley continues to maintain its status as one of the top research and development centers in the world. A 2006 The Wall Street Journal story found that 12 of the 20 most inventive towns in America were in California, and 10 of those were in Silicon Valley. San Jose led the list with 3,867 utility patents filed in 2005, and number two was Sunnyvale, at 1,881 utility patents. Silicon Valley is also home to a significant number of \"Unicorn\" ventures, referring to startup companies whose valuation has exceeded $1\u00a0billion dollars. However, taxes and the cost of living in Silicon Valley have prompted some corporations to gradually transfer their operations to the Midwest or Sun Belt states." }, "John Adams-1": { "title": "John Adams", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "John Adams (October 30, 1735 \u2013 July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States, from 1797 to 1801. Before his presidency, he was a leader of the American Revolution that achieved independence from Great Britain and served as the first vice president of the United States. Adams was a dedicated diarist and regularly corresponded with many important figures in early American history, including his wife and adviser Abigail Adams, and Thomas Jefferson." }, "Call of Duty-46": { "title": "Call of Duty", "section": "Other media", "headers": [ "Merchandise" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "In 2008, McFarlane Toys announced their partnership with Activision to produce action figures for the Call of Duty series. McFarlane Toys' first series of action figures were released in October 2008 and consists of four different figures: Marine with Flamethrower, Marine Infantry, British Special Ops, and Marine with Machine Gun." }, "Gridiron football-7": { "title": "Gridiron football", "section": "Play of the game", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "American football is the most common and widely known of these sports. It was originally more closely related to rugby, until various rule changes created by Walter Camp were implemented in 1880, and the two sports diverged irreversibly after the forward pass was introduced to the American game in 1906. It is played with eleven players to a side, four downs and a 100-yard (91\u00a0m) field. The major professional league, the National Football League (NFL), has its own rule book. College football programs generally play under the code defined in the NCAA Football Rules and Interpretations. High schools generally follow the rules and interpretations published by the National Federation of High School Associations (NFHS), although some states follow the NCAA code for high school play. Youth games (below high school age) generally follow NFHS code with modifications. Adult semi-pro, alternative and minor professional, amateur, touch, flag, etc. may follow any one of these codes or use their own rules. While the vast majority of the game is the same among these three codes, subtle variations in rules can lead to large differences in play. Many of the differences are in penalty enforcement and the definitions of fouls. Canadian football is played almost exclusively in Canada. Like its American cousin, it was originally more closely related to rugby, until the Burnside rules were adopted in 1903 (as such, despite their similarities, the modern American and Canadian forms of football were developed separately from each other); the forward pass was adopted in Canada in 1929. The game is played on a 110-yard (100\u00a0m) field and has three downs and twelve players to a side. The Canadian game also features a one-point \"single\" (formally called a \"rouge\") for a ball kicked into the end zone and not returned by the receiving team. Like the American game, the Canadian Football League and U Sports both have their own rulebooks, although there are generally fewer differences than between their American counterparts, despite some major changes in contrast to its American cousin.[clarification needed] Nine-man football, eight-man football and six-man football are varieties of gridiron football played with fewer players. They are played with the same number of downs (often with a 15-yard [14\u00a0m] requirement for a new set of downs, as opposed to 10 in other codes), fewer offensive linemen, and an 80-yard (73\u00a0m) field. These games are generally based on the high school rulebooks, which have an addendum devoted to the play of these codes, and are generally played by teams from high schools with very small student bodies, usually in rural areas of the United States. Similar small-roster versions of Canadian football are played in rural Canada. Indoor football is played with special rules to accommodate smaller indoor facilities, usually sharing arenas with basketball or ice hockey teams. It is played on a 50-yard (46\u00a0m) field with, usually, eight players to a side. Prototype games were played in 1902 and 1932, both of which used the shortened field but followed the outdoor standard 11 to a side. However, indoor football did not gain popularity until James F. Foster's proprietary version, arena football, debuted in 1986, and set most of the standards for indoor leagues today. As almost all indoor leagues are for-profit professional leagues, each league has its own proprietary code. Sprint football (or lightweight football) is a variant of American football with nearly identical rules but with added restrictions on the maximum weight and percent body fat of players on the field, emphasizing speed and agility over raw size at all positions. It is played at a small number of colleges and universities, mostly in the northeastern United States. Touch football, flag football, wheelchair football, and backyard football are informal varieties of the game, played primarily at an amateur and recreational level. No specific rulebooks are universally recognized for these variants, where house rules usually apply. Women's American football is the organized play of the sport by women. Most organized leagues play by rules identical to standard, male-dominated leagues. The former Lingerie Football League (later the Legends Football League and Extreme Football League) earned a notoriety for its indoor, seven-on-seven variety of women's football with minimal protective equipment and uniforms resembling women's underwear. Female versions of the informal varieties, such as Powderpuff, also exist. Given the popularity of gridiron football in North America yet the rarity of female-only teams at the high school level and above, female players have also played on men's teams on rare occasion. This is a minimal description of the game in general, with elements common to all or almost all variants of the game. For more specific rules, see each code's individual articles." }, "Bear-39": { "title": "Bear", "section": "Behavior and life history", "headers": [ "Hibernation" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "Bears of northern regions, including the American black bear and the grizzly bear, hibernate in the winter. During hibernation, the bear's metabolism slows down, its body temperature decreases slightly, and its heart rate slows from a normal value of 55 to just 9 beats per minute. Bears normally do not wake during their hibernation, and can go the entire period without eating, drinking, urinating, or defecating. A fecal plug is formed in the colon, and is expelled when the bear wakes in the spring. If they have stored enough body fat, their muscles remain in good condition, and their protein maintenance requirements are met from recycling waste urea. Female bears give birth during the hibernation period, and are roused when doing so." }, "Flatulence-17": { "title": "Flatulence", "section": "Mechanism", "headers": [ "Production, composition, and smell" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "The remaining trace (<1% volume) compounds give flatus its smell. Historically, compounds such as indole, skatole, ammonia and short chain fatty acids were thought to cause the smell of flatus. More recent evidence proves that the major contribution to the smell of flatus comes from a combination of volatile sulfur compounds. Hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan (also known as methanethiol), dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide are present in flatus. The benzopyrrole volatiles indole and skatole have a mothball smell, and therefore probably do not contribute greatly to the characteristic smell of flatus." }, "Prince Andrew, Duke of York-1": { "title": "Prince Andrew, Duke of York", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Prince Andrew, Duke of York, KG, GCVO, CD, ADC(P) (Andrew Albert Christian Edward, born 19 February 1960) is a member of the British royal family. He is the third child and second son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He was second in the line of succession to the British throne when he was born, but he is eighth in line as of April\u00a02020[update]. Prince Andrew holds the rank of vice admiral in the Royal Navy, in which he served as a helicopter pilot and instructor and as the captain of a warship. He served during the Falklands War, flying on multiple missions including anti-surface warfare, Exocet missile decoy, and casualty evacuation." }, "Janissaries-1": { "title": "Janissaries", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Janissaries (Ottoman Turkish: \u064a\u06ad\u064a\u0686\u0631\u0649\u200e ye\u00f1i\u00e7eri [jeni\u02c8t\u0283e\u027ei], meaning \"new soldier\") were elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops, bodyguards and the first modern standing army in Europe. The corps was most likely established during the reign of Murad I (1362\u20131389)." }, "Barack Obama-6": { "title": "Barack Obama", "section": "Early life and career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Obama was born on August 4, 1961, at Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children in Honolulu, Hawaii at 7:24 pm. He is the only president born outside the contiguous 48 states. He was born to an American mother of European descent and an African father. His mother, Ann Dunham (1942\u20131995), was born in Wichita, Kansas; she was mostly of English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss, and Welsh ancestry. (In July 2012, Ancestry.com found a strong likelihood that Stanley Ann Dunham was descended from John Punch, an enslaved African man who lived in the Colony of Virginia during the seventeenth century.) His father, Barack Obama Sr. (1936\u20131982), was a married Luo Kenyan from Nyang'oma Kogelo. Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship. The couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii, on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born." }, "Cuneiform-5": { "title": "Cuneiform", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Between half a million and two million cuneiform tablets are estimated to have been excavated in modern times, of which only approximately 30,000\u2013100,000 have been read or published. The British Museum holds the largest collection (c. 130,000), followed by the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin, the Louvre, the Istanbul Archaeology Museums, the National Museum of Iraq, the Yale Babylonian Collection (c. 40,000), and Penn Museum. Most of these have \"lain in these collections for a century without being translated, studied or published\", as there are only a few hundred qualified cuneiformists in the world." }, "American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers-18": { "title": "American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers", "section": "Awards", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "ASCAP honors its top members in a series of annual awards shows in seven different music categories: pop, rhythm and soul, film and television, Latin, country, Christian, and concert music. Awards are presented through a \"vote online\" that makes up 50% of the judging criteria. Other 50% came from different music critics where in addition, ASCAP inducts jazz greats to its Jazz Wall of Fame in an annual ceremony held at ASCAP's New York City offices and honors PRS members that license their works through ASCAP at an annual awards gala in London, England." }, "Fantastic Four-54": { "title": "Fantastic Four", "section": "Supporting characters", "headers": [ "Antagonists" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Writers and artists over many years have created a variety of characters to challenge the Fantastic Four. Knowles states that Kirby helped to create \"an army of villains whose rage and destructive power had never been seen before,\" and \"whose primary impulse is to smash the world.\" Some of the team's oldest and most frequent enmities have involved such foes as the Mole Man, the Skrulls, Namor the Sub-Mariner, Doctor Doom, the Puppet Master, Kang the Conqueror/Rama-Tut/Immortus, Blastaar, the Frightful Four, Annihilus, Galactus, and Klaw. Other prominent antagonists of the Fantastic Four have included the Wizard, the Impossible Man, the Red Ghost and the Super-Apes, the Mad Thinker, the Super-Skrull, the Molecule Man, Diablo, Dragon Man, Psycho-Man, Ronan the Accuser, Salem's Seven, Terrax the Tamer, Terminus, Hyperstorm and Lucia von Bardas." }, "Food-1": { "title": "Food", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for an organism. Food is usually of plant or animal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals. The substance is ingested by an organism and assimilated by the organism's cells to provide energy, maintain life, or stimulate growth." }, "17 Hippies-5": { "title": "17 Hippies", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "They established their own record label and in 1999 released their second CD Wer ist das? (Who is that?). The French label Buda Musique released a compilation of both CDs called Berlin Style, which was then also released in Italy. Volker \"Kruisko\" Rettmann (accordion) joined the band." }, "Knights Hospitaller-2": { "title": "Knights Hospitaller", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Hospitallers arose in the early 11th century, during the time of the Cluniac (or Benedictine) Reform, as a group of individuals associated with an Amalfitan hospital in the Muristan district of Jerusalem, dedicated to John the Baptist and founded around 1099 by Gerard Thom to provide care for sick, poor or injured pilgrims coming to the Holy Land. Some scholars, however, consider that the Amalfitan order and hospital were different from Gerard Thom's order and its hospital." }, "Embalming-4": { "title": "Embalming", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Perhaps the ancient culture that developed embalming to the greatest extent was Egypt. As early as the First Dynasty (3200 BC), specialized priests were in charge of embalming and mummification. They did so by removing organs, ridding the body of moisture, and covering the body with natron. The ancient Egyptians believed that mummification enabled the soul to return to the preserved corpse after death." }, "One Thousand and One Nights-13": { "title": "One Thousand and One Nights", "section": "History: versions and translations", "headers": [ "Persian prototype: Hez\u0101r Afs\u0101n" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "The earliest mentions of the Nights refer to it as an Arabic translation from a Persian book, Hez\u0101r Afs\u0101n (or Afsaneh or Afsana), meaning \"The Thousand Stories\". In the 10th century Ibn al-Nadim compiled a catalogue of books (the \"Fihrist\") in Baghdad. He noted that the Sassanid kings of Iran enjoyed \"evening tales and fables\". Al-Nadim then writes about the Persian Hez\u0101r Afs\u0101n, explaining the frame story it employs: a bloodthirsty king kills off a succession of wives after their wedding night; eventually one has the intelligence to save herself by telling him a story every evening, leaving each tale unfinished until the next night so that the king will delay her execution. However, according to al-Nadim, the book contains only 200 stories. He also writes disparagingly of the collection's literary quality, observing that \"it is truly a coarse book, without warmth in the telling\". In the same century Al-Masudi also refers to the Hez\u0101r Afs\u0101n, saying the Arabic translation is called Alf Khurafa (\"A Thousand Entertaining Tales\") but is generally known as Alf Layla (\"A Thousand Nights\"). He mentions the characters Shir\u0101zd (Scheherazade) and Din\u0101z\u0101d." }, "Christopher Columbus-30": { "title": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "Voyages", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Between 1492 and 1503, Columbus completed four round-trip voyages between Spain and the Americas, each voyage being sponsored by the Crown of Castile. On his first voyage, he independently discovered the Americas and magnetic declination. These voyages marked the beginning of the European exploration and colonization of the American continents, and are thus of enormous significance in Western history." }, "Lionel Richie-27": { "title": "Lionel Richie", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Family" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "On October 18, 1975, Richie married his college sweetheart, Brenda Harvey. In 1983 the couple informally adopted Nicole Camille Escovedo, the two-year-old daughter of one of the members of Lionel's band, and niece of drummer Sheila E. They raised her as their daughter, Nicole Richie, and adopted her legally when she was nine years old." }, "Nazism-59": { "title": "Nazism", "section": "Ideology", "headers": [ "Nationalism and racialism" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "Nazism emphasized German nationalism, including both irredentism and expansionism. Nazism held racial theories based upon a belief in the existence of an Aryan master race that was superior to all other races. The Nazis emphasised the existence of racial conflict between the Aryan race and others\u2014particularly Jews, whom the Nazis viewed as a mixed race that had infiltrated multiple societies and was responsible for exploitation and repression of the Aryan race. The Nazis also categorised Slavs as Untermensch (sub-human)." }, "Ultimate Fighting Championship-1": { "title": "Ultimate Fighting Championship", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) is an American mixed martial arts (MMA) promotion company based in Las Vegas, Nevada, which is owned and operated by Endeavor Group Holdings along with Silver Lake Partners, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and MSD Capital via Zuffa, LLC. It is the largest MMA promotion company in the world and features some of the highest-level fighters in the sport on its roster. The UFC produces events worldwide that showcase twelve weight divisions (eight men's divisions and four women's divisions) and abides by the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts. As of 2020, the UFC has held over 500 events. Dana White has been UFC president since 2001. Under White's stewardship, the UFC has grown into a globally popular multi-billion-dollar enterprise." }, "Snickers-10": { "title": "Snickers", "section": "Products containing Snickers", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Containing approximately 450 calories (1,900\u00a0J) per bar, deep fried chocolate bars (including Snickers and Mars bars) became a specialty in fish and chips shops in Scotland in 1995, and in the early 2000s, became popular at American state fairs." }, "Cactus-35": { "title": "Cactus", "section": "Adaptations for water conservation", "headers": [ "Metabolism" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a mechanism adopted by cacti and other succulents to avoid the problems of the C3 mechanism. In full CAM, the stomata open only at night, when temperatures and water loss are lowest. CO 2 enters the plant and is captured in the form of organic acids stored inside cells (in vacuoles). The stomata remain closed throughout the day, and photosynthesis uses only this stored CO 2. CAM uses water much more efficiently at the price of limiting the amount of carbon fixed from the atmosphere and thus available for growth. CAM-cycling is a less efficient system whereby stomata open in the day, just as in plants using the C3 mechanism. At night, or when the plant is short of water, the stomata close and the CAM mechanism is used to store CO 2 produced by respiration for use later in photosynthesis. CAM-cycling is present in Pereskia species." }, "When Radio Was-6": { "title": "When Radio Was", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Hosts" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "was \"Speaking of Radio...\", featuring excerpts from Chuck's historic interviews with many of the stars and \"behind the scenes\" people responsible for the classic shows (also a feature of Chuck's long-running \"Those Were The Days\"). It was at this time that the series expanded to seven shows per week (a format which continues with the Greg Bell version)." }, "Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution-11": { "title": "Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution", "section": "Proposal and ratification", "headers": [ "Ratification by the states" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "39. New Hampshire \u2013 March 30, 1961 (Date in the official notice; preceded by ratification on March 29, 1961, as the 37th state to ratify, which was annulled and then repeated later that same day.) 40. Alabama \u2013 April 11, 2002 On April 3, 1961, John L. Moore, Administrator of General Services, certified that the amendment had been adopted by the requisite number of States and had become a part of the Constitution." }, "Oxygen-1": { "title": "Oxygen", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol\u00a0O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group in the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds. After hydrogen and helium, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe by mass. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula O 2. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.95% of the Earth's atmosphere. As compounds including oxides, the element makes up almost half of the Earth's crust." }, "Thirty Years' War-1": { "title": "Thirty Years' War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Thirty Years' War was a war fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. One of the most destructive conflicts in human history, it resulted in eight million fatalities not only from military engagements but also from violence, famine, and plague. Casualties were overwhelmingly and disproportionately inhabitants of the Holy Roman Empire, most of the rest being battle deaths from various foreign armies. The deadly clashes ravaged Europe; 20 percent of the total population of Germany died during the conflict and there were losses up to 50 percent in a corridor between Pomerania and the Black Forest. In terms of proportional German casualties and destruction, it was surpassed only by the period of January to May 1945 during World War II. One of its enduring results was 19th-century Pan-Germanism, when it served as an example of the dangers of a divided Germany and became a key justification for the 1871 creation of the German Empire (although the German Empire excluded the German-speaking parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire)." }, "Weighing scale-1": { "title": "Weighing scale", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A Beam balance (or Beam scale) is a device to measure weight or mass. These are also known as mass scales, weight scales, mass balances, weight balances, or simply scales, balances, or balance scales." }, "Population decline-50": { "title": "Population decline", "section": "Alternative concept relative to skills", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "workforce.\u00a0 Encouraging those women in the working age population who are not working to find jobs would increase the size of the workforce. Stop the decline of men in the workforce. In the United States the labor force participation of men has been falling since the late 1960\u2019s. Increase the retirement age. Increasing the retirement age has the effect of increasing the working age population. Increase immigration.\u00a0 A country can increase the size of its workforce by importing more migrants into their working age population. Natalism.\u00a0 Natalism is a set of government policies and cultural changes that promote parenthood and encourage women to bear more children. Increasing the productivity of the workforce comes from creating new technology and new ways of doing things followed by capital investments in that technology and training in those new ways that works to spread them throughout the applicable workforce. \u00a0In the context of a stable or declining population, increasing workforce productivity is better than mostly short-term efforts to increase the size of the workforce.\u00a0 \u00a0 Sometimes the concept of population decline is applied where there has been considerable emigration of skilled professionals. In such a case, the government may have ceased to reward or value certain skills (e.g. science, medicine and engineering), and sectors of the economy such as health care and technology may go into decline. Such characterizations have been made of Italy, Bulgaria and Russia in the period starting about 1990." }, "Obstructive sleep apnea-1": { "title": "Obstructive sleep apnea", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common type of sleep apnea and is characterized by repeated episodes of complete or partial obstructions of the upper airway during sleep, despite the effort to breathe, and is usually associated with a reduction in blood oxygen saturation. In the Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome, the episodes of decreased breathing are called \"hypopnea\" and its definition requires a \u226530% drop in flow for 10 seconds or longer, associated with \u22653% oxygen desaturation. The episodes of breathing cessations are called \"apneas\" (literally, \"without breath\") and to be defined, a \u226590% drop in flow for 10 seconds or longer must be assessed and associated with \u22653% oxygen desaturation, or an arousal." }, "Jehovah's Witnesses-41": { "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "section": "Practices", "headers": [ "Separateness" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "Jehovah's Witnesses believe their highest allegiance belongs to God's kingdom, which is viewed as an actual government in heaven, with Christ as king. They remain politically neutral, do not seek public office, and are discouraged from voting, though individual members may participate in uncontroversial community improvement issues. Although they do not take part in politics, they respect the authority of the governments under which they live. They do not celebrate religious holidays such as Christmas and Easter, nor do they observe birthdays, national holidays, or other celebrations they consider to honor people other than Jesus. They feel that these and many other customs have pagan origins or reflect a nationalistic or political spirit. Their position is that these traditional holidays reflect Satan's control over the world. Witnesses are told that spontaneous giving at other times can help their children to not feel deprived of birthdays or other celebrations." }, "Santa Claus-55": { "title": "Santa Claus", "section": "Traditions and rituals", "headers": [ "Letter writing to Santa" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "Writing letters to Santa Claus has been a Christmas tradition for children for many years. These letters normally contain a wishlist of toys and assertions of good behavior. Some social scientists have found that boys and girls write different types of letters. Girls generally write longer but more polite lists and express the nature of Christmas more in their letters than in letters written by boys. Girls also more often request gifts for other people." }, "Harlem Renaissance-41": { "title": "Harlem Renaissance", "section": "Influence", "headers": [ "A new Black identity" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "However, there was some pressure within certain groups of the Harlem Renaissance to adopt sentiments of conservative white America in order to be taken seriously by the mainstream. The result being that queer culture, while far-more accepted in Harlem than most places in the country at the time, was most fully lived out in the smoky dark lights of bars, nightclubs, and cabarets in the city. It was within these venues that the blues music scene boomed, and since it had not yet gained recognition within popular culture, queer artists used it as a way to express themselves honestly. Even though there were factions within the Renaissance that were accepting of queer culture/lifestyles, one could still be arrested for engaging in homosexual acts. Many people, including author Alice Dunbar-Nelson and \"The Mother of Blues\" Gertrude \"Ma\" Rainey, had husbands but were romantically linked to other women as well. Ma Rainey was known to dress in traditionally male clothing and her blues lyrics often reflected her sexual proclivities for women, which was extremely radical at the time. Ma Rainey was also the first person to introduce blues music into vaudeville. Rainey's prot\u00e9g\u00e9, Bessie Smith was another artist who used the blues as a way to express herself with such lines as \"When you see two women walking hand in hand, just look em' over and try to understand: They'll go to those parties \u2013 have the lights down low \u2013 only those parties where women can go.\"" }, "Republican Party (United States)-1": { "title": "Republican Party (United States)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP (Grand Old Party), is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with its main rival, the Democratic Party." }, "Melodrama-1": { "title": "Melodrama", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A melodrama is a dramatic work wherein the plot, which is typically sensational and designed to appeal strongly to the emotions, takes precedence over detailed characterization. Melodramas typically concentrate on dialogue, which is often bombastic or excessively sentimental, rather than action. Characters are often simply drawn and may appear stereotyped. Melodramas are typically set in the private sphere of the home, and focus on morality and family issues, love, and marriage, often with challenges from an outside source, such as a \"temptress\", a scoundrel, or an aristocratic villain. A melodrama on stage, filmed or on television is usually accompanied by dramatic and suggestive music that offers cues to the audience of the drama being presented." }, "Brahmin-1": { "title": "Brahmin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Brahmin (/\u02c8br\u0251\u02d0m\u026an/; Sanskrit: \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0923) is a varna (class) in Hinduism specialising as priests (purohit, pandit, or pujari), teachers (acharya) and protectors of sacred learning across generations." }, "Emmy Award-2": { "title": "Emmy Award", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Emmy is named after \"immy\", an informal term for the image orthicon tube that was common in early television cameras. The statuette depicts a winged woman holding an atom. The Emmy is considered one of the four major American entertainment awards, the others being the Grammy (for music), the Oscar (for film), and the Tony (for theater). An individual holding all four awards is known as an EGOT; as of 2020, fifteen individuals have shared this honor." }, "Walkman-1": { "title": "Walkman", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Walkman is a brand of portable media players manufactured by Sony. The original Walkman, released in 1979, was a portable cassette player that changed listening habits by allowing people to listen to music of their choice on the move. It was devised by Sony founders Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita, who felt Sony's existing portable player was too unwieldy and expensive. A prototype was built from a modified Sony Pressman, a compact tape recorder designed for journalists and released in 1977." }, "Awareness ribbon-15": { "title": "Awareness ribbon", "section": "Significance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Awareness ribbons have the potential to bring a community of people together. October is breast cancer awareness month and is symbolized by the pink ribbon. Sports teams, business places, and even schools take advantage of the well known pink ribbon and use this month as a time for raising funds to go towards research in the area of the disease. This is also common for AIDS awareness, symbolized by a red ribbon. Apple produced an iPhone in March 2017 that was red to promote awareness for AIDS. Portions of the proceeds from this iPhone went towards research for AIDS." }, "Scrabble-76": { "title": "Scrabble", "section": "Records", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 76, "content": "citation needed] High game score of 1,049 by Phil Appleby of Lymington, Hampshire, UK, on June 25, 1989 in Wormley, Hertfordshire, UK. his opponent scored just 253 points, giving Appleby a record victory margin of 796 points. High single-turn score of 392, by Dr. Saladin Karl Khoshnaw in Manchester, UK, in April 1982. The word he used was CAZIQUES, meaning \"native chiefs of West Indian aborigines\". Hypothetical scores in possible and legal but highly unlikely plays and games are far higher, primarily through the use of words that cover three triple-word-score squares. The highest reported score for a single play is 1780 (OSPD) and 1785 (SOWPODS) using oxyphenbutazone. When only adding the word sesquioxidizing to these official lists, one could theoretically score 2015 (OSPD) and 2044 (SOWPODS) points in a single move." }, "Moon landing-12": { "title": "Moon landing", "section": "Crewed landings", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "A total of twelve men have landed on the Moon. This was accomplished with two US pilot-astronauts flying a Lunar Module on each of six NASA missions across a 41-month period starting 20 July 1969, with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on Apollo 11, and ending on 14 December 1972 with Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt on Apollo 17. Cernan was the last man to step off the lunar surface." }, "Dodo-2": { "title": "Dodo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Subfossil remains show the dodo was about 1 metre (3\u00a0ft 3\u00a0in) tall and may have weighed 10.6\u201317.5\u00a0kg (23\u201339\u00a0lb) in the wild. The dodo's appearance in life is evidenced only by drawings, paintings, and written accounts from the 17th century. As these vary considerably, and only some of the illustrations are known to have been drawn from live specimens, its exact appearance in life remains unresolved, and little is known about its behaviour. Though the dodo has historically been considered fat and clumsy, it is now thought to have been well-adapted for its ecosystem. It has been depicted with brownish-grey plumage, yellow feet, a tuft of tail feathers, a grey, naked head, and a black, yellow, and green beak. It used gizzard stones to help digest its food, which is thought to have included fruits, and its main habitat is believed to have been the woods in the drier coastal areas of Mauritius. One account states its clutch consisted of a single egg. It is presumed that the dodo became flightless because of the ready availability of abundant food sources and a relative absence of predators on Mauritius." }, "Amtrak-43": { "title": "Amtrak", "section": "Operations", "headers": [ "Lines" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "citation needed] Along the NEC and in several other areas, Amtrak owns 730 miles (1,170\u00a0km) including 17 tunnels consisting of 29.7 miles (47.8\u00a0km) of track, and 1,186 bridges (including the famous Hell Gate Bridge) consisting of 42.5 miles (68.4\u00a0km) of track. In several places, primarily in New England, Amtrak leases tracks, providing track maintenance and controlling train movements. Most often, these tracks are leased from state, regional, or local governments. Amtrak owns and operates the following lines:" }, "Dumbledore's Army-17": { "title": "Dumbledore's Army", "section": "Notable Dumbledore's Army members", "headers": [ "Neville Longbottom" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Neville Longbottom is a pure-blood Gryffindor student in Harry's year, described as round-faced and \"short and plump and blond\". His parents, Frank and Alice Longbottom, were prominent Aurors and Order of the Phoenix members until they were tortured into insanity, through the use of the Cruciatus Curse, by a group of Death Eaters led by Bellatrix Lestrange. Neville was subsequently raised by his paternal grandmother, Augusta. Throughout the series, he is often portrayed as a bumbling, disorganised character and a rather mediocre student, though he is highly gifted at Herbology. Neville plays a minor role in the first four books, but Rowling wanted him to perform an act of bravery in Philosopher's Stone, in which Neville \"finds true moral courage in standing up to his closest friends\u00a0\u2014 the people who are on his side\" towards the climax." }, "Seraph-12": { "title": "Seraph", "section": "In Christianity", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Medieval Christian theology places seraphim in the highest choir of the angelic hierarchy. They are the caretakers of God's throne, continuously singing \"holy, holy, holy\". Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite in his Celestial Hierarchy (vii), drew upon the Book of Isaiah in fixing the fiery nature of seraphim in the medieval imagination. Seraphim in his view helped the Deity maintain perfect order and are not limited to chanting the trisagion. Taking his cue as well from writings in the Rabbinic tradition, the author gave an etymology for the Seraphim as \"those who kindle or make hot\"" }, "Parc des Princes-2": { "title": "Parc des Princes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The stadium, with a seating capacity of 47,929 spectators, has been the home of Paris Saint-Germain since 1974. Before the opening of the Stade de France in 1998, it was also the home arena of the French national football and rugby union teams. The Parc des Princes pitch is surrounded by four covered all-seater stands, officially known as Tribune Borelli, Tribune Auteuil, Tribune Paris and Tribune Boulogne." }, "Mason bee-1": { "title": "Mason bee", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mason bee is a name now commonly used for species of bees in the genus Osmia, of the family Megachilidae. Mason bees are named for their habit of using mud or other \"masonry\" products in constructing their nests, which are made in naturally occurring gaps such as between cracks in stones or other small dark cavities. When available, some species preferentially use hollow stems or holes in wood made by wood-boring insects." }, "Happy hardcore-2": { "title": "Happy hardcore", "section": "Origins", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In the UK, the breakbeat hardcore rave scene was beginning to fragment by late 1992 into a number of subsequent genres: darkcore (tracks embracing dark-themed samples and stabs), hardcore jungle (reggae basslines and influences became prominent), and 4-beat also known as happy hardcore where piano rolls and uplifting vocals were still central to the sound. DJs such as Slipmatt, DJ Sy, DJ Seduction, Wishdokta, DJ Dougal, and DJ Vibes continued to play and put out music of this nature throughout 1993/4 - notably Slipmatt through the SMD releases, Wishdokta as Naughty Naughty, and Seduction on the Impact label. In Scotland, a fusion of happy hardcore and gabba would emerge as bouncy techno, played by the likes of Scott Brown." }, "The Colbert Report-1": { "title": "The Colbert Report", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Colbert Report (/ko\u028al\u02c8b\u025b\u0259r r\u026a\u02ccp\u0254\u02d0r/ kohl-BAIR rih-por) is an American late-night talk and news satire television program hosted by Stephen Colbert that aired four days a week on Comedy Central from October 17, 2005, to December 18, 2014, for 1,447 episodes. The show focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake. The character, described by Colbert as a \"well-intentioned, poorly informed, high-status idiot\", is a caricature of televised political pundits. Furthermore, the show satirized conservative personality-driven political talk programs, particularly Fox News's The O'Reilly Factor. The Colbert Report is a spin-off of Comedy Central's The Daily Show, where Colbert acted as a correspondent for the program for several years while developing the character." }, "Atari video game burial-2": { "title": "Atari video game burial", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Since the burial was first reported in the press, there had been doubts as to its veracity and scope, leading to it being frequently dismissed as an urban legend. In either case the event had become a cultural icon and a reminder of the North American video game crash of 1983; it was the end result of a disastrous fiscal year which saw Atari, Inc. sold off by its parent company Warner Communications. Though it was believed that millions of copies of E.T. were disposed of in the landfill, Atari officials later verified the numbers to be around 700,000 cartridges of various titles, including E.T." }, "Nicole Kidman-42": { "title": "Nicole Kidman", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Wealth, philanthropy, and honours" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Kidman supports the Nashville Predators, being seen and photographed almost nightly throughout the season. Additionally, she supports the Sydney Swans in the Australian Football League and once served as a club ambassador." }, "Vlog-2": { "title": "Vlog", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In recent years Vlogging has evolved into a giant community on social media where people can release any information that they want. Vlogs are a unique way for people to help people in so many aspects of their lives. Written Blogs can't provide a visual design in the ways Vlogs can deliver deeper context through imagery." }, "New York Stock Exchange-1": { "title": "New York Stock Exchange", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE, nicknamed \"The Big Board\") is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is by far the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies at US$30.1\u00a0trillion as of February 2018. The average daily trading value was approximately US$169\u00a0billion in 2013. The NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth[clarification needed] trading room, located at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007. The main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978." }, "Properties of water-14": { "title": "Properties of water", "section": "Physical properties", "headers": [ "Water, ice, and vapor", "Density of water and ice" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "The density of water is about 1 gram per cubic centimetre (62\u00a0lb/cu\u00a0ft): this relationship was originally used to define the gram. The density varies with temperature, but not linearly: as the temperature increases, the density rises to a peak at 3.98\u00a0\u00b0C (39.16\u00a0\u00b0F) and then decreases; this is unusual. Regular, hexagonal ice is also less dense than liquid water\u2014upon freezing, the density of water decreases by about 9%." }, "DNA-1": { "title": "DNA", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Deoxyribonucleic acid (/di\u02d0\u02c8\u0252ks\u026a\u02ccra\u026abo\u028anju\u02d0\u02cckli\u02d0\u026ak, -\u02cckle\u026a-/ (listen); DNA) is a molecule composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids. Alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), nucleic acids are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life." }, "Gaia-1": { "title": "Gaia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Greek mythology, Gaia (/\u02c8\u0261e\u026a\u0259, \u02c8\u0261a\u026a\u0259/; from Ancient Greek \u0393\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b1, a poetical form of \u0393\u1fc6 G\u0113, \"land\" or \"earth\"), also spelled Gaea /\u02c8d\u0292i\u02d0\u0259/, is the personification of the Earth and one of the Greek primordial deities. Gaia is the ancestral mother of all life. She is the mother of Uranus (the sky), from whose sexual union she bore the Titans (themselves parents of many of the Olympian gods), the Cyclopes, and the Giants; of Pontus (the sea), from whose union she bore the primordial sea gods. Her equivalent in the Roman pantheon was Terra." }, "Aaron Burr-4": { "title": "Aaron Burr", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Burr shot his political rival Alexander Hamilton in an 1804 duel, during the last full year of his single term as vice president. He was never tried for the illegal duel and all charges against him were eventually dropped, but Hamilton's death ended Burr's political career." }, "Sand cat-1": { "title": "Sand cat", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The sand cat (Felis margarita), also known as the sand dune cat, is a small wild cat living in sandy and stony deserts far from water sources. With its sandy to light grey fur, it is well camouflaged in a desert environment. Its head-and-body length ranges from 39\u201352\u00a0cm (15\u201320\u00a0in) with a 23\u201331\u00a0cm (9.1\u201312.2\u00a0in) long tail. Its 5\u20137\u00a0cm (2.0\u20132.8\u00a0in) long ears are set low on the sides of the head, aiding detection of prey moving underground. The long hair covering the soles of its feet insulate its foot pads against the extremely hot and cold temperatures in deserts." }, "Fifth generation of video game consoles-1": { "title": "Fifth generation of video game consoles", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The fifth-generation era (also known as the 32-bit era , the 64-bit era, or the 3D era) refers to computer and video games, video game consoles, and handheld gaming consoles dating from approximately October 4, 1993 to March 23, 2006. For home consoles, the best-selling console was the Sony PlayStation, followed by the Nintendo 64, and then the Sega Saturn. The PlayStation also had a redesigned version, the PSone, which was launched on July 7, 2000." }, "Heart-6": { "title": "Heart", "section": "Structure", "headers": [ "Location and shape" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The largest part of the heart is usually slightly offset to the left side of the chest (though occasionally it may be offset to the right) and is felt to be on the left because the left heart is stronger and larger, since it pumps to all body parts. Because the heart is between the lungs, the left lung is smaller than the right lung and has a cardiac notch in its border to accommodate the heart." }, "Keikogi-1": { "title": "Keikogi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Keikogi (\u7a3d\u53e4\u7740), or d\u014dgi (\u9053\u7740), is a uniform for training in Japanese martial arts and their derivatives. (Keiko means practice, gi means dress or clothes.) The prototype for the modern keikogi emerged in the late 19th century. The keikogi was developed by judo founder Kan\u014d Jigor\u014d. Japanese martial arts historian Dave Lowry speculates Kan\u014d derived the uniform's design from the uniforms of Japanese firefighters' heavy hemp jackets, hanten (\u534a\u7e8f). By 1920, the keikogi as it exists today was worn by Kan\u014d's students for judo practice. The Kodokan (judo headquarters) has a photo taken in 1920 that shows Kan\u014d wearing a modern keikogi." }, "Albany, New York-1": { "title": "Albany, New York", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Albany (/\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lb\u0259ni/ (listen) AWL-b\u0259-nee) is the capital of the U.S. state of New York and the seat and largest city of Albany County. Albany is located on the west bank of the Hudson River approximately 10 miles (16\u00a0km) south of its confluence with the Mohawk River and approximately 135 miles (220\u00a0km) north of New York City." }, "Warren G. Harding-26": { "title": "Warren G. Harding", "section": "Rising politician (1897\u20131919)", "headers": [ "Ohio state leader" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "The party split grew, and in 1912, Taft and Roosevelt were rivals for the Republican nomination. The 1912 Republican National Convention was bitterly divided. At Taft's request, Harding gave a speech nominating the president, but the angry delegates were not receptive to Harding's oratory. Taft was renominated, but Roosevelt supporters bolted the party. Harding, as a loyal Republican, supported Taft. The Republican vote was split between Taft, the party's official candidate, and Roosevelt, running under the label of the Progressive Party. This allowed the Democratic candidate, New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson, to be elected." }, "India-1": { "title": "India", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "India (Hindi: Bh\u0101rat), officially the Republic of India (Hindi: Bh\u0101rat Ga\u1e47ar\u0101jya), is a country in South Asia. It is the second-most populous country, the seventh-largest country by area, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia." }, "Judo-1": { "title": "Judo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Judo (\u67d4\u9053, j\u016bd\u014d, Japanese pronunciation:\u00a0[d\u0291\u026f\ua71c\u02d0do\u02d0], lit. \"gentle way\") is generally categorized as a modern martial art, which has since evolved into a combat and Olympic sport. The sport was created in 1882 by Jigoro Kano (\u5609\u7d0d\u6cbb\u4e94\u90ce) as a physical, mental, and moral pedagogy in Japan. With its origins coming from jujutsu, judo's most prominent feature is its competitive element, where the objective is to either throw or take down an opponent to the ground, immobilize or otherwise subdue an opponent with a pin, or force an opponent to submit with a joint lock or a choke. Strikes and thrusts by hands and feet as well as weapons defences are a part of judo, but only in pre-arranged forms (kata, \u5f62) and are not allowed in judo competition or free practice (randori, \u4e71\u53d6\u308a). Also refereed to as Kan\u014d Jiu-Jitsu until the introduction to the Olympic Games, A judo practitioner is called a judoka. The judo uniform is called \"judogi\"" }, "Popular science-1": { "title": "Popular science", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Popular science (also called pop-science or popsci) is an interpretation of science intended for a general audience. While science journalism focuses on recent scientific developments, popular science is more broad-ranging. It may be written by professional science journalists or by scientists themselves. It is presented in many forms, including books, film and television documentaries, magazine articles, and web pages." }, "Microsoft Excel-25": { "title": "Microsoft Excel", "section": "Data storage and communication", "headers": [ "Using external data" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "DDE: \"Dynamic Data Exchange\" uses the message passing mechanism in Windows to allow data to flow between Excel and other applications. Although it is easy for users to create such links, programming such links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft, the creators of the system, officially refer to it as \"the protocol from hell\". In spite of its many issues DDE remains the most common way for data to reach traders in financial markets. Network DDE Extended the protocol to allow spreadsheets on different computers to exchange data. Starting with Windows Vista, Microsoft no longer supports the facility. Real Time Data: RTD although in many ways technically superior to DDE, has been slow to gain acceptance, since it requires non-trivial programming skills, and when first released was neither adequately documented nor supported by the major data vendors. Alternatively, Microsoft Query provides ODBC-based browsing within Microsoft Excel." }, "Mel Blanc-1": { "title": "Mel Blanc", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Melvin Jerome Blank (/bl\u00e6\u014bk/; May 30, 1908 \u2013 July 10, 1989) was an American voice actor and radio personality. After beginning his over-60-year career performing in radio, he became known for his work in animation as the voices of Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, and most of the other characters from the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies theatrical cartoons during the golden age of American animation." }, "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner-1": { "title": "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (originally The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere) is the longest major poem by the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, written in 1797\u201398 and published in 1798 in the first edition of Lyrical Ballads. Some modern editions use a revised version printed in 1817 that featured a gloss. Along with other poems in Lyrical Ballads, it is often considered a signal shift to modern poetry and the beginning of British Romantic literature." }, "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers-5": { "title": "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers", "section": "Logo", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The team's current primary logo was introduced in 1962 and is based on the flag originally designed by Pittsburgh's U.S. Steel and now owned by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI). Ironically, it was Robert Sexton, an employee out of the Pittsburgh office of Cleveland-based Republic Steel, that suggested the Steelers adopt the industry logo. It consists of the word \"Steel\" surrounded by three astroids (hypocycloids of four cusps). The original meanings behind the astroids were, \"Steel lightens your work, brightens your leisure, and widens your world.\" Later, the colors came to represent the ingredients used in the steel-making process: yellow for coal, orange for iron ore, and blue for scrap steel. While the formal Steelmark logo contains only the word \"Steel,\" the team was given permission to add \"ers\" in 1963 after a petition against AISI." }, "Richard Nixon-95": { "title": "Richard Nixon", "section": "Presidency (1969\u20131974)", "headers": [ "Reelection, Watergate scandal, and resignation", "Resignation" ], "para_index": 95, "content": "In light of his loss of political support and the near-certainty that he would be impeached and removed from office, Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9, 1974, after addressing the nation on television the previous evening. The resignation speech was delivered from the Oval Office and was carried live on radio and television. Nixon said he was resigning for the good of the country and asked the nation to support the new president, Gerald Ford. Nixon went on to review the accomplishments of his presidency, especially in foreign policy. He defended his record as president, quoting from Theodore Roosevelt's 1910 speech Citizenship in a Republic:" }, "Chlorophyll-1": { "title": "Chlorophyll", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Chlorophyll at different scales Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in the mesosomes of cyanobacteria, as well as in the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Its name is derived from the Greek words \u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2, khloros (\"pale green\") and \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd, phyllon (\"leaf\"). Chlorophyll is essential in photosynthesis, allowing plants to absorb energy from light." }, "Robin Williams-3": { "title": "Robin Williams", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In August 2014, at the age of 63, Williams committed suicide by hanging at his home in Paradise Cay, California. His wife, Susan Schneider, attributed his suicide to his struggle with Lewy body disease." }, "Happy hardcore-7": { "title": "Happy hardcore", "section": "Today", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In the UK, after a brief decline including the closure of labels such as Freeform and the Nu Energy Collective, and DJs such as Kevin Energy and Sharkey announcing their retirements, the rise of digital labels has helped to both re-energise both classic releases as well as new and upcoming artists including Fracus & Darwin. Hardcore has also started to take many different directions, with influences from dubstep, electro, techno and oldschool rave once again becoming popular in many modern productions." }, "Personal computer-15": { "title": "Personal computer", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "1974 saw the introduction of what is considered by many to be the first true \"personal computer\", the Altair 8800 created by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS). Based on the 8-bit Intel 8080 Microprocessor, the Altair is widely recognized as the spark that ignited the microcomputer revolution as the first commercially successful personal computer. The computer bus designed for the Altair was to become a de facto standard in the form of the S-100 bus, and the first programming language for the machine was Microsoft's founding product, Altair BASIC." }, "Inferno (Dante)-9": { "title": "Inferno (Dante)", "section": "Nine circles of Hell", "headers": [ "First Circle (Limbo)" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Dante encounters the poets Homer, Horace, Ovid, and Lucan, who include him in their number and make him \"sixth in that high company\". They reach the base of a great Castle \u2013 the dwelling place of the wisest men of antiquity \u2013 surrounded by seven gates, and a flowing brook. After passing through the seven gates, the group comes to an exquisite green meadow and Dante encounters the inhabitants of the Citadel. These include figures associated with the Trojans and their descendants (the Romans): Electra (mother of Troy's founder Dardanus), Hector, Aeneas, Julius Caesar in his role as Roman general (\"in his armor, falcon-eyed\"), Camilla, Penthesilea (Queen of the Amazons), King Latinus and his daughter, Lavinia, Lucius Junius Brutus (who overthrew Tarquin to found the Roman Republic), Lucretia, Julia, Marcia, and Cornelia Africana. Dante also views Saladin, a Muslim military leader known for his struggle against the Crusaders as well as his generous, chivalrous, and merciful conduct." }, "Outline of diabetes-2": { "title": "Outline of diabetes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Diabetes mellitus \u2013 group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond properly to the insulin that is produced, a condition called insulin resistance. The resultant high blood sugar produces the classical symptoms of polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger)." }, "Evander Holyfield-2": { "title": "Evander Holyfield", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "As an amateur, Holyfield represented the United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics, winning a bronze medal in the light heavyweight division. He turned professional at the age of 21, moving up to cruiserweight in 1985 and winning his first world championship the following year, defeating Dwight Muhammad Qawi for the WBA title. Holyfield then went on to defeat Ricky Parkey and Carlos de Le\u00f3n to win the WBC and IBF titles, thus becoming the undisputed cruiserweight champion. He moved up to heavyweight in 1988, later defeating Buster Douglas in 1990 to claim the unified WBA, WBC and IBF heavyweight titles and the undisputed heavyweight championship." }, "Elsa (Frozen)-2": { "title": "Elsa (Frozen)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Created by directors Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee, Elsa is loosely based on the title character of \"The Snow Queen\", a Danish fairytale by Hans Christian Andersen. In the Disney film adaptation, she is introduced as a princess in the fictional Scandinavian Kingdom of Arendelle, heiress to the throne and the elder sister of Princess Anna (Kristen Bell). Elsa has the magical ability to create and manipulate ice and snow. She inadvertently sends Arendelle into an eternal winter on the evening of her coronation. Throughout the film, she struggles first with controlling and concealing her abilities and then with liberating herself from her fears of unintentionally harming others, especially her younger sister." }, "Ferdinand Magellan-1": { "title": "Ferdinand Magellan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ferdinand Magellan (/m\u0259\u02c8\u0261\u025bl\u0259n/ or /m\u0259\u02c8d\u0292\u025bl\u0259n/; Portuguese: Fern\u00e3o de Magalh\u00e3es, IPA:\u00a0[f\u0268\u027e\u02c8n\u0250\u0303w d\u0268 m\u0250\u0263\u0250\u02c8\u028e\u0250\u0303j\u0283]; Spanish: Fernando de Magallanes, IPA:\u00a0[fe\u027e\u02c8nando \u00f0e ma\u0263a\u02c8\u028eanes]; c. 1480 \u2013 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer who organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth, which was completed by Juan Sebasti\u00e1n Elcano." }, "F\u00e9lix Potvin-4": { "title": "F\u00e9lix Potvin", "section": "NHL career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "citation needed] Potvin was drafted in the second round, 31st overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1990 National Hockey League entry draft. In the 1991\u201392 season, Potvin played 35 games for the St. John's Maple Leafs, compiling a 2.93 GAA. For his efforts, Potvin was awarded the Dudley \"Red\" Garrett Memorial Award (rookie of the year), the Baz Bastien Memorial Trophy as the top goaltender in the AHL and selected to the AHL First All-Star Team. During that season, Potvin was called up to the NHL and saw brief action in 4 games, compiling a 2.28 GAA and a .933 save percentage." }, "Seven deadly sins-1": { "title": "Seven deadly sins", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The seven deadly sins, also known as the capital vices, or cardinal sins, is a grouping and classification of vices within Christian teachings, although it does not appear explicitly in the Bible. Behaviours or habits are classified under this category if they directly give birth to other immoralities. According to the standard list, they are pride, greed, wrath, envy, lust, gluttony, and sloth, which are also contrary to the seven heavenly virtues. These sins are often thought to be abuses or excessive versions of one's natural faculties or passions (for example, gluttony abuses one's desire to eat, to consume)." }, "Dessert-1": { "title": "Dessert", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dessert (/d\u026a\u02c8z\u025c\u02d0rt/) is a course that concludes a meal. The course usually consists of sweet foods, such as confections, and possibly a beverage such as dessert wine or liqueur; however, in the United States it may include coffee, cheeses, nuts, or other savory items regarded as a separate course elsewhere. In some parts of the world, such as much of central and western Africa, and most parts of China, there is no tradition of a dessert course to conclude a meal." }, "Hercules (franchise)-1": { "title": "Hercules (franchise)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hercules is a Disney media franchise comprising a film series and additional merchandise, starting with the 1997 animated Disney feature of the same name, directed by Ron Clements and John Musker." }, "P. G. Wodehouse-51": { "title": "P. G. Wodehouse", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "American exile: 1946\u20131975" ], "para_index": 51, "content": "The following month Wodehouse entered Southampton Hospital, Long Island, for treatment of a skin complaint. While there, he suffered a heart attack and died on 14 February 1975 at the age of 93. He was buried at Remsenburg Presbyterian Church four days later. Ethel outlived him by more than nine years; Leonora had predeceased him, dying suddenly in 1944." }, "Wool-3": { "title": "Wool", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Wool is produced by follicles which are small cells located in the skin. These follicles are located in the upper layer of the skin called the epidermis and push down into the second skin layer called the dermis as the wool fibers grow. Follicles can be classed as either primary or secondary follicles. Primary follicles produce three types of fiber: kemp, medullated fibers, and true wool fibers. Secondary follicles only produce true wool fibers. Medullated fibers share nearly identical characteristics to hair and are long but lack crimp and elasticity. Kemp fibers are very coarse and shed out." }, "Marilyn Manson-2": { "title": "Marilyn Manson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Manson is best known for music released in the 1990s, most notably the albums Portrait of an American Family (1994), Antichrist Superstar (1996) and Mechanical Animals (1998) which earned him a reputation in mainstream media as a controversial figure and negative influence on young people when combined with his public image. In the U.S. alone, three of the band's albums have been awarded platinum status and three more went gold, and the band has had eight releases debut in the top 10, including two No. 1 albums. Manson has been ranked at No. 44 on the list of the \"Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists\" by Hit Parader and, along with his band, has been nominated for four Grammy Awards." }, "Year-1": { "title": "Year", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A year is the orbital period of Earth moving in its orbit around the Sun. Due to the Earth's axial tilt, the course of a year sees the passing of the seasons, marked by change in weather, the hours of daylight, and, consequently, vegetation and soil fertility." }, "The Book of Mormon (musical)-32": { "title": "The Book of Mormon (musical)", "section": "Synopsis", "headers": [ "Act I" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "At an LDS Church Missionary Training Center, devout, supercilious missionary-to-be Elder Kevin Price leads his classmates in a demonstration of the door-to-door method to convert people to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (\"Hello!\"). Price believes if he prays enough, he will be sent to Orlando, Florida for his two-year mission, but he and Elder Arnold Cunningham, an insecure, compulsive liar, find out that they will instead be sent to Uganda as a pair (\"Two by Two\"). Price is sure he is destined to do something incredible, while Cunningham is just happy to follow (\"You and Me (But Mostly Me)\")." }, "General Hospital-10": { "title": "General Hospital", "section": "Show history", "headers": [ "History" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "In July 2015, it was revealed that Carlivati was fired as Head Writer, with Shelly Altman and Jean Passanante rehired as replacements. On September 16, 2016, Daytime Confidential reported that Valentini, Passanante and Altman re-signed with the show. On June 6, 2017, Passanante announced her decision to retire from the serial. On July 29, 2017, it was revealed through Passanante that breakdown writer Chris Van Etten will be promoted to co-head writer along with Altman as her replacement. On February 23, 2018, the serial aired its 14,000th episode. On July 30, 2019, it was announced that Altman would retire; breakdown writer Dan O'Connor was announced as her successor, joining Van Etten as co-head writer." }, "Pet-22": { "title": "Pet", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Wild animals" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Alpacas Camels Cats Cattle Dogs Donkeys Ferrets Goats Hedgehogs Horses Llamas Pigs Rabbits Red foxes Rodents as pets, including rats, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, gerbils, and chinchillas Sheep Sugar gliders Companion parrots, like the budgie and cockatiel. Fowl, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese and quails Columbines Passerines, namely finches and canaries Goldfish Koi Siamese fighting fish (Betta) Barb Guppy Molly Mosquitofish Oscar Bees, such as Honey bees and Stingless bees Silk moth Wild animals are kept as pets. The term \u201cwild\u201d in this context specifically applies to any species of animal which has not undergone a fundamental change in behavior to facilitate a close co-existence with humans. Some species may have been bred in captivity for a considerable length of time, but are still not recognized as domesticated." }, "Maple syrup-1": { "title": "Maple syrup", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Maple syrup is a syrup usually made from the xylem sap of sugar maple, red maple, or black maple trees, although it can also be made from other maple species. In cold climates, these trees store starch in their trunks and roots before winter; the starch is then converted to sugar that rises in the sap in late winter and early spring. Maple trees are tapped by drilling holes into their trunks and collecting the exuded sap, which is processed by heating to evaporate much of the water, leaving the concentrated syrup. Most trees produce 20 to 60 litres (5 to 15 US gallons) of sap per season." }, "Infant cognitive development-12": { "title": "Infant cognitive development", "section": "The development of mental processes", "headers": [ "Adaptive nature of cognitive immaturity" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Development is typically considered to be something progressive, as we age we move from more simple to more complex structures or behaviours. This causes us to interpret early or immature forms of cognition as incomplete forms of the adult model. This does not always hold true. Immature forms of development can serve some function of their own, as it adapts for the current environment of the infant. For example, infant's relatively poor perceptual skills protect their nervous system from undergoing sensory overload. The fact that infants have slow information processing prevents them from establishing intellectual habits early in their lives that would cause problems later in life, as their environments are significantly different. From this it could be argued that infants and young children's cognitive and perceptual abilities, might be designed to be suited to their needs at that particular time in their lives rather than incomplete versions of the more sophisticated models possessed in adults." }, "Super Mario-2": { "title": "Super Mario", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Super Mario games follow Mario's adventures, typically in the fictional Mushroom Kingdom with Mario as the player character. He is often joined by his brother, Luigi, and occasionally by other members of the Mario cast. As in platform video games, the player runs and jumps across platforms and atop enemies in themed levels. The games have simple plots, typically with Mario rescuing the kidnapped Princess Peach from the primary antagonist, Bowser. The first title in the series, Super Mario Bros., released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in 1985, established gameplay concepts and elements prevalent in nearly every Super Mario game released since. These include a multitude of power-ups and items that give Mario special powers such as fireball-throwing and size-changing into both giant and miniature sizes." }, "Alan Turing-2": { "title": "Alan Turing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre that produced Ultra intelligence. For a time he led Hut 8, the section that was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here, he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German ciphers, including improvements to the pre-war Polish bombe method, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine." }, "Kelly Clarkson-3": { "title": "Kelly Clarkson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Clarkson has sold over 25 million albums and 40 million singles worldwide. She has had 27 songs on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, with three number one songs and eleven in the Top 10. Her accolades include three Grammy Awards, three MTV Video Music Awards, four American Music Awards, and two Academy of Country Music Awards. Billboard has hailed Clarkson as \"one of pop music's greatest singers\" and honored her with the Powerhouse Award for her vocals. Clarkson became the first artist in history to top each of Billboard's pop, adult contemporary, adult pop, country, and dance charts. She was ranked nineteenth on VH1's list of 100 Greatest Women in Music. Clarkson also ventured into film, television, and writing children's books. She currently serves as a coach on the competition series The Voice and hosts the daytime talk show The Kelly Clarkson Show." }, "Maize-10": { "title": "Maize", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Pre-Columbian development" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Mapuches of south-central Chile cultivated maize along with quinoa and potatoes in Pre-Hispanic times, however potato was the staple food of most Mapuches, \"specially in the southern and coastal [Mapuche] territories where maize did not reach maturity\". Before the expansion of the Inca Empire maize was traded and transported as far south as 40\u00b019' S in Melinquina, L\u00e1car Department. In that location maize remains were found inside pottery dated to 730 \u00b180 BP and 920 \u00b160 BP. Probably this maize was brought across the Andes from Chile. The presence of maize in Guaitecas Archipelago (43\u00b055' S), the southernmost outpost of Pre-Hispanic agriculture, is reported by early Spanish explorers. However the Spanish may have misidentified the plant." }, "Achilles-2": { "title": "Achilles", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Achilles' most notable feat during the Trojan War was the slaying of the Trojan prince Hector outside the gates of Troy. Although the death of Achilles is not presented in the Iliad, other sources concur that he was killed near the end of the Trojan War by Paris, who shot him in the heel with an arrow. Later legends (beginning with Statius' unfinished epic Achilleid, written in the 1st century AD) state that Achilles was invulnerable in all of his body except for his heel because, when his mother Thetis dipped him in the river Styx as an infant, she held him by one of his heels. Alluding to these legends, the term \"Achilles' heel\" has come to mean a point of weakness, especially in someone or something with an otherwise strong constitution. The Achilles tendon is also named after him due to these legends." }, "Carl Friedrich Gauss-13": { "title": "Carl Friedrich Gauss", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Later years and death" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "On 23 February 1855, Gauss died of a heart attack in G\u00f6ttingen (then Kingdom of Hanover and now Lower Saxony); he is interred in the Albani Cemetery there. Two people gave eulogies at his funeral: Gauss's son-in-law Heinrich Ewald, and Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen, who was Gauss's close friend and biographer. Gauss's brain was preserved and was studied by Rudolf Wagner, who found its mass to be slightly above average, at 1,492\u00a0grams, and the cerebral area equal to 219,588 square millimeters (340.362 square inches). Highly developed convolutions were also found, which in the early 20th century were suggested as the explanation of his genius." }, "Bronze Horseman-8": { "title": "Bronze Horseman", "section": "Statue", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The statue portrays Peter the Great sitting heroically on his horse, his outstretched arm pointing towards the River Neva. The sculptor wished to capture the exact moment of his horse rearing at the edge of a dramatic cliff. His horse can be seen trampling a serpent, variously interpreted to represent treachery, evil, or the enemies of Peter and his reforms. The statue itself is about 6 m (20\u00a0feet) tall, while the pedestal is another 7 m (25\u00a0feet) tall, for a total of approximately 13 m (45\u00a0feet)." }, "Bandy-2": { "title": "Bandy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The sport is considered a form of hockey and has a common background with ice hockey and field hockey. Bandy has also been influenced by the rules of association football: both games are normally played in halves of 45 minutes, there are 11 players on each team, and the fields in both games are about the same size. Bandy is played, like ice hockey, on ice but players use bowed sticks and a small ball, as in field hockey." }, "Olive oil-1": { "title": "Olive oil", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Olive oil is a liquid fat obtained from olives (the fruit of Olea europaea; family Oleaceae), a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin. The oil is produced by pressing whole olives. It is commonly used in cooking, for frying foods or as a salad dressing. It is also used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and soaps, and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps, and has additional uses in some religions. There is limited evidence of its possible health benefits. The olive is one of three core food plants in Mediterranean cuisine; the other two are wheat and grapes. Olive trees have been grown around the Mediterranean since the 8th millennium BC." }, "White House-1": { "title": "White House", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., and has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800. The term \"White House\" is often used as a metonym for the president and his advisers." }, "Floor (gymnastics)-17": { "title": "Floor (gymnastics)", "section": "Floor exercises in rhythmic gymnastics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Floor exercises is a category also in the rhythmic gymnastics, but it considers only the youngest gymnasts, up to 10 years old, who perform their routines freehand, which means without any apparatus (in contrary to the remaining five - rope, hoop, ball, clubs and ribbon). Their length and content is still clearly specified and differs in each age category." }, "Gumbo-1": { "title": "Gumbo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Gumbo (French: Gombo) is a soup popular in the U.S. state of Louisiana, and is the official state cuisine. Gumbo consists primarily of a strongly-flavored stock, meat or shellfish, a thickener, and what Louisianians call the \"Holy Trinity\" of vegetables, namely celery, bell peppers, and onions. Gumbo is often categorized by the type of thickener used, whether okra or fil\u00e9 powder (dried and ground sassafras leaves)." }, "Grunge-2": { "title": "Grunge", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Grunge was commercially successful in the early to mid-1990s, due to releases such as Nirvana's Nevermind, Pearl Jam's Ten, Soundgarden's Badmotorfinger, Alice in Chains' Dirt and Stone Temple Pilots' Core. The success of these bands boosted the popularity of alternative rock and made grunge the most popular form of rock music at the time. Although most grunge bands had disbanded or faded from view by the late 1990s, they influenced modern rock music, as their lyrics brought socially conscious issues into pop culture and added introspection and an exploration of what it means to be true to oneself. Grunge was also an influence on later genres such as post-grunge (such as Creed and Nickelback) and nu metal (such as Korn and Limp Bizkit)." }, "Goblin shark-8": { "title": "Goblin shark", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The body is fairly slender and flabby. The two dorsal fins are similar in size and shape, both being small and rounded. The pectoral fins are also rather small and rounded. The pelvic and anal fins have long bases and are larger than the dorsal fins. The caudal peduncle is flattened from side-to-side and lacks keels or notches. The asymmetric caudal fin has a long upper lobe with a shallow ventral notch near the tip, and an indistinct lower lobe. The soft, semitranslucent skin has a rough texture from a covering of dermal denticles, each shaped like a short upright spine with lengthwise ridges. Living sharks of this species are pink or tan due to visible blood vessels beneath the skin; the color deepens with age, and young sharks may be almost white. The fins' margins are translucent gray or blue, and the eyes are black with bluish streaks in the irises. After death, the coloration fades quickly to dull gray or brown. Adult sharks usually measure between 3 and 4\u00a0m (9.8 and 13.1\u00a0ft) long. However, the capture of an enormous female estimated at 5.4\u20136.2\u00a0m (18\u201320\u00a0ft) long during 2000 showed this species can grow far larger than suspected previously. The maximum weight recorded is 210\u00a0kg (460\u00a0lb) for a 3.8-m-long shark." }, "Eritrean Navy-4": { "title": "Eritrean Navy", "section": "Currently", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "citation needed] Since independence the Eritrean Navy has expanded its fleet of high-speed patrol boats. This branch of the Eritrean Defence Forces served with distinction under the command of then Commander Tewolde Kelati. The current Commander of the Eritrean Naval Forces is Major General Hummed Ahmed Karikare. The Eritrean Naval Forces Headquarters is in Massawa." }, "Abstract art-5": { "title": "Abstract art", "section": "Abstraction in early art and many cultures", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Much of the art of earlier cultures \u2013 signs and marks on pottery, textiles, and inscriptions and paintings on rock \u2013 used simple, geometric and linear forms which might have had a symbolic or decorative purpose. It is at this level of visual meaning that abstract art communicates. One can enjoy the beauty of Chinese calligraphy or Islamic calligraphy without being able to read it." }, "Hyperglycemia-2": { "title": "Hyperglycemia", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The degree of hyperglycemia can change over time depending on the metabolic cause, for example, impaired glucose tolerance or fasting glucose, and it can depend on treatment. Temporary hyperglycemia is often benign and asymptomatic. Blood glucose levels can rise well above normal and cause pathological and functional changes for significant periods without producing any permanent effects or symptoms. During this asymptomatic period, an abnormality in carbohydrate metabolism can occur which can be tested by measuring plasma glucose. Chronic hyperglycemia at above normal levels can produce a very wide variety of serious complications over a period of years, including kidney damage, neurological damage, cardiovascular damage, damage to the retina or damage to feet and legs. Diabetic neuropathy may be a result of long-term hyperglycemia. Impairment of growth and susceptibility to certain infection can occur as a result of chronic hyperglycemia." }, "Pope John XXII-1": { "title": "Pope John XXII", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pope John XXII (Latin: Ioannes XXII; 1244 \u2013 4 December 1334), born Jacques Du\u00e8ze (or d'Euse), was head of the Catholic Church from 7 August 1316 to his death." }, "Black swan-13": { "title": "Black swan", "section": "Distribution", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "The species has a large range, with figures between one and ten million km2 given as the extent of occurrence. The current global population is estimated to be up to 500,000 individuals. No threat of extinction or significant decline in population has been identified with this numerous and widespread bird." }, "Dessert-2": { "title": "Dessert", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The term dessert can apply to many confections, such as biscuits, cakes, cookies, custards, gelatins, ice creams, pastries, pies, puddings, sweet soups, and tarts. Fruit is also commonly found in dessert courses because of its naturally occurring sweetness. Some cultures sweeten foods that are more commonly savory to create desserts." }, "Apostles-1": { "title": "Apostles", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Christian theology and ecclesiology, apostles, particularly the Twelve Apostles (also known as the Twelve Disciples or simply the Twelve), were the primary disciples of Jesus according to the New Testament. In addition to Christian theology, Islamic theology also acknowledges the apostles in the Quran. During the life and ministry of Jesus in the 1st century AD, the apostles were his closest followers and became the primary teachers of the gospel message of Jesus." }, "Jefferson nickel-14": { "title": "Jefferson nickel", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "1938\u20131945: Early minting; World War II changes" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "With the entry of the United States into World War II, nickel became a critical war material, and the Mint sought to reduce its use of the metal. On March 27, 1942, Congress authorized a nickel made of 50%\u00a0copper and 50%\u00a0silver, but gave the Mint the authority to vary the proportions, or add other metals, in the public interest. The Mint's greatest concern was in finding an alloy which would use no nickel, but still satisfy counterfeit detectors in vending machines. An alloy of 56%\u00a0copper, 35%\u00a0silver and 9%\u00a0manganese proved suitable, and this alloy began to be coined into nickels from October 1942. In the hopes of making them easy to sort out and withdraw after the war, the Mint struck all \"war nickels\" with a large mint mark appearing above Monticello. The mint mark P for Philadelphia was the first time that mint's mark had appeared on a US coin. The prewar composition and smaller mint mark (or no mint mark for Philadelphia) were resumed in 1946. In a 2000 article in The Numismatist, Mark A. Benvenuto suggested that the amount of nickel saved by the switch was not significant to the war effort, but that the war nickel served as a ubiquitous reminder of the sacrifices that needed to be made for victory." }, "Pedophilia-12": { "title": "Pedophilia", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "Child pornography" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Consumption of child pornography is a more reliable indicator of pedophilia than molesting a child, although some non-pedophiles also view child pornography. Child pornography may be used for a variety of purposes, ranging from private sexual gratification or trading with other collectors, to preparing children for sexual abuse as part of the child grooming process." }, "Robin Williams-4": { "title": "Robin Williams", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Robin McLaurin Williams was born at St. Luke's Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, on July 21, 1951. His father, Robert Fitzgerald Williams, was a senior executive in Ford's Lincoln-Mercury Division. His mother, Laurie McLaurin, was a former model from Jackson, Mississippi, whose great-grandfather was Mississippi senator and governor Anselm J. McLaurin. Williams had two elder half-brothers: paternal half-brother Robert (also known as Todd) and maternal half-brother McLaurin. He had English, French, German, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh ancestry. While his mother was a practitioner of Christian Science, Williams was raised in his father's Episcopal faith. During a television interview on Inside the Actors Studio in 2001, Williams credited his mother as an important early influence on his humor, and he tried to make her laugh to gain attention." }, "Solo performance-1": { "title": "Solo performance", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A solo performance, sometimes referred to as a one-man show or one-woman show, features a single person telling a story for an audience, typically for the purpose of entertainment. This type of performance comes in many varieties, including autobiographical creations, comedy acts, novel adaptations, vaudeville, poetry, music, and dance. In 1996, Rob Becker's Defending The Caveman became the longest running solo (one man) play in the history of Broadway." }, "Raleigh, North Carolina-1": { "title": "Raleigh, North Carolina", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Raleigh (/\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0li/; RAH-lee) is the capital of the state of North Carolina and the seat of Wake County in the United States. Raleigh is the second-largest city in the state, after Charlotte. Raleigh is known as the \"City of Oaks\" for its many oak trees, which line the streets in the heart of the city. The city covers a land area of 142.8 square miles (370\u00a0km2). The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city's population as 469,298 as of July 1, 2018. It is one of the fastest-growing cities in the country. The city of Raleigh is named after Sir Walter Raleigh, who established the lost Roanoke Colony in present-day Dare County." }, "Diamond-48": { "title": "Diamond", "section": "Geology", "headers": [ "Carbon sources" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "Populations of diamonds from different sources have distributions of \u03b413C that vary markedly. Peridotitic diamonds are mostly within the typical mantle range; eclogitic diamonds have values from \u221240 to +3, although the peak of the distribution is in the mantle range. This variability implies that they are not formed from carbon that is primordial (having resided in the mantle since the Earth formed). Instead, they are the result of tectonic processes, although (given the ages of diamonds) not necessarily the same tectonic processes that act in the present." }, "Amish-27": { "title": "Amish", "section": "Way of life", "headers": [ "Clothing" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "The Amish are known for their plain attire. Men wear solid colored shirts, broad-brimmed hats, and suits that signify similarity amongst one another. Amish men grow beards to symbolize manhood and marital status, as well as to promote humility. They are forbidden to grow mustaches because mustaches are seen by the Amish as being affiliated with the military, which they are strongly opposed to, due to their pacifist beliefs. Women have similar guidelines on how to dress, which are also expressed in the Ordnung, the Amish version of legislation. They are to wear calf-length dresses, muted colors along with bonnets and aprons. Prayer caps or bonnets are worn by the women because they are a visual representation of their religious beliefs and promote unity through the tradition of every women wearing one. The color of the bonnet signifies whether a woman is single or married. Single women wear black bonnets and married women wear white. The color coding of bonnets is important because women are not allowed to wear jewelry, such as wedding rings, as it is seen as drawing attention to the body which can induce pride in the individual.[page\u00a0needed] All clothing is sewn by hand, but the way to fasten the garment widely depends on whether the Amish person is a part of the New Order or Old Order Amish.[page\u00a0needed] The Old Order Amish seldom, if ever, use buttons because they are seen as too flashy; instead, they use the hook and eye approach to fashion clothing or metal snaps. The New Order Amish are slightly more progressive and allow the usage of buttons to help attire clothing." }, "Lisbon-1": { "title": "Lisbon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lisbon (/\u02c8l\u026azb\u0259n/; Portuguese: Lisboa; [li\u0292\u02c8bo\u0250] (listen)) is the capital and the largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 505,526 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05\u00a0km2. Lisbon's urban area extends beyond the city's administrative limits with a population of around 2.8 million people, being the 10th-most populous urban area in the European Union. About 3 million people live in the Lisbon metropolitan area, which represents approximately 27% of the country's population. It is mainland Europe's westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast. Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean and the River Tagus. The westernmost portions of its metro area, the Portuguese Riviera, form the westernmost point of Continental Europe, culminating at Cabo da Roca." }, "Liver-1": { "title": "Liver", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The liver is an organ only found in vertebrates which detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth. In humans, it is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, below the diaphragm. Its other roles in metabolism include the regulation of glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells and the production of hormones." }, "Burn-4": { "title": "Burn", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In 2015, fire and heat resulted in 67 million injuries. This resulted in about 2.9 million hospitalizations and 176,000 deaths. Most deaths due to burns occur in the developing world, particularly in Southeast Asia. While large burns can be fatal, treatments developed since 1960 have improved outcomes, especially in children and young adults. In the United States, approximately 96% of those admitted to a burn center survive their injuries. The long-term outcome is related to the size of burn and the age of the person affected." }, "Plato-43": { "title": "Plato", "section": "Philosophy", "headers": [ "Metaphysics", "The soul" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "Plato advocates a belief in the immortality of the soul, and several dialogues end with long speeches imagining the afterlife. In the Timaeus, Socrates locates the parts of the soul within the human body: Reason is located in the head, spirit in the top third of the torso, and the appetite in the middle third of the torso, down to the navel." }, "Rum and Coke-1": { "title": "Rum and Coke", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rum and Coke, or the Cuba Libre (/\u02c8kju\u02d0b\u0259 \u02c8li\u02d0bre\u026a/; Spanish pronunciation:\u00a0[\u02c8ku\u03b2a \u02c8li\u03b2\u027ee], \"Free Cuba\"), is a highball cocktail consisting of cola, rum, and in many recipes lime juice on ice. Traditionally, the cola ingredient is Coca-Cola (\"Coke\"), and the alcohol is a light rum such as Bacardi. However, the drink may be made with various types of rums and cola brands, and lime juice may or may not be included." }, "Warfarin-11": { "title": "Warfarin", "section": "Medical uses", "headers": [ "Dosing", "Maintenance dose" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The maintenance dose of warfarin can fluctuate significantly depending on the amount of vitamin K1 in the diet. Keeping vitamin K1 intake at a stable level can prevent these fluctuations. Leafy green vegetables tend to contain higher amounts of vitamin K1. Green parts of members of the family Apiaceae, such as parsley, cilantro, and dill, are extremely rich sources of vitamin K; cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage and broccoli, as well as the darker varieties of lettuces and other leafy greens, are also relatively high in vitamin K1. Green vegetables such a peas and green beans do not have such high amounts of vitamin K1 as leafy greens. Certain vegetable oils have high amounts of vitamin K1. Foods low in vitamin K1 include roots, bulbs, tubers, and most fruits and fruit juices. Cereals, grains and other milled products are also low in vitamin K1." }, "Anime-1": { "title": "Anime", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Anime (US: /\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259\u02ccme\u026a/, UK: /\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u02ccme\u026a/) (Japanese: \u30a2\u30cb\u30e1, Hepburn: anime, [a\u0272ime] (listen), plural: anime) is hand-drawn and computer animation originating from Japan. The word anime is the Japanese term for animation, which refers to all forms of animated media. Outside Japan, anime refers specifically to animation from Japan or as a Japanese-disseminated animation style often characterized by colorful graphics, vibrant characters and fantastical themes. The culturally abstract approach to the word's meaning may open up the possibility of anime produced in countries other than Japan. Many Westerners strictly view anime as a Japanese animation product. Some scholars suggest defining anime as specifically or quintessentially Japanese may be related to a new form of Orientalism." }, "2015 Chama Cha Mapinduzi presidential primaries-6": { "title": "2015 Chama Cha Mapinduzi presidential primaries", "section": "Nomination process", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Key \u00a0\u00a0quadragenarian (40-49) \u00a0\u00a0quinquagenarian (50-59) \u00a0\u00a0sexagenarian (60-69) \u00a0\u00a0septuagenarian (70-79) Anna Tibaijuka, former Lands Minister. Her prospects were diminished when she was sacked by the President after receiving $1 million from a businessman. Tibaijuka denied any wrongdoing and said that she accepted the money as a donation for a school. Anne Makinda, Speaker Hussein Mwinyi, Defence Minister Salim Ahmed Salim, former Prime Minister Joseph Warioba, former Prime Minister The nomination forms cost a non-refundable TSh 1 million ($500). A total of 42 party members collected the forms from 3 June but only 38 managed to return them by the 2 July deadline. The four disqualified aspirants were Anthony Chalamila, Helena Elinewinga, Muzammil Kalokola and Peter Nyalile. Each candidate was required to solicit sponsorship from at least 450 party members from a minimum of 15 regions (including three regions from Zanzibar). Lowassa's campaign team claims to have gained sponsorship from more than 800,000 party members from all the regions." }, "Eye color-2": { "title": "Eye color", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In humans, the pigmentation of the iris varies from light brown to black, depending on the concentration of melanin in the iris pigment epithelium (located on the back of the iris), the melanin content within the iris stroma (located at the front of the iris), and the cellular density of the stroma. The appearance of blue and green, as well as hazel eyes, results from the Tyndall scattering of light in the stroma, a phenomenon similar to that which accounts for the blueness of the sky called Rayleigh scattering. Neither blue nor green pigments are ever present in the human iris or ocular fluid. Eye color is thus an instance of structural color and varies depending on the lighting conditions, especially for lighter-colored eyes." }, "Cultural hegemony-1": { "title": "Cultural hegemony", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Marxist philosophy, cultural hegemony is the domination of a culturally diverse society by the ruling class who manipulate the culture of that society \u2014 the beliefs and explanations, perceptions, values, and mores \u2014 so that the imposed, ruling-class worldview becomes the accepted cultural norm; the universally valid dominant ideology, which justifies the social, political, and economic status quo as natural and inevitable, perpetual and beneficial for every social class, rather than as artificial social constructs that benefit only the ruling class. This Marxist analysis of how the ruling capitalist class (the bourgeoisie) establishes and maintains its control was originally developed by the Italian philosopher and politician Antonio Gramsci." }, "Cosmic microwave background-1": { "title": "Cosmic microwave background", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The cosmic microwave background (CMB, CMBR), in Big Bang cosmology, is electromagnetic radiation as a remnant from an early stage of the universe, also known as \"relic radiation\". The CMB is faint cosmic background radiation filling all space. It is an important source of data on the early universe because it is the oldest electromagnetic radiation in the universe, dating to the epoch of recombination. With a traditional optical telescope, the space between stars and galaxies (the background) is completely dark. However, a sufficiently sensitive radio telescope shows a faint background noise, or glow, almost isotropic, that is not associated with any star, galaxy, or other object. This glow is strongest in the microwave region of the radio spectrum. The accidental discovery of the CMB in 1964 by American radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson was the culmination of work initiated in the 1940s, and earned the discoverers the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics." }, "Global warming-19": { "title": "Global warming", "section": "Physical drivers of recent climate change", "headers": [ "Land surface change" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "In addition to impacting greenhouse gas concentrations, land use changes affect global warming through a variety of other chemical and physical dynamics. Changing the type of vegetation in a region impacts the local temperature by changing how much sunlight gets reflected back into space, called albedo, and how much heat is lost by evaporation. For instance, the change from a dark forest to grassland makes the surface lighter, causing it to reflect more sunlight. Deforestation can also contribute to changing temperatures by affecting the release of aerosols and other chemical compounds that affect clouds; and by changing wind patterns when the land surface has different obstacles. Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo. But there is significant geographic variation in how this works. In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect." }, "Kyzylkum Desert-1": { "title": "Kyzylkum Desert", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Kyzylkum Desert (Uzbek: Qizilqum, \u049a\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043b\u049b\u0443\u043c, \u0642\u0649\u0632\u0649\u0644\u0642\u06c7\u0645; Kazakh: \u049a\u044b\u0437\u044b\u043b\u049b\u04b1\u043c, romanized:\u00a0Qyzylqum, \u0642\u0649\u0632\u0649\u0644\u0642\u06c7\u0645; Russian: \u041a\u044b\u0437\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0443\u043c) is the 15th largest desert in the world. Its name means Red Sand in Turkic languages. It is located in Central Asia in the doab between the rivers Amu Darya and Syr Darya, a region historically known as Transoxania or Sogdiana. Today it is divided between Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. It covers about 298,000\u00a0km2 (115,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi)." }, "Easter-2": { "title": "Easter", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Most Christians refer to the week before Easter as \"Holy Week\", which contains the days of the Easter Triduum, including Maundy Thursday, commemorating the Maundy and Last Supper, as well as Good Friday, commemorating the crucifixion and death of Jesus. In Western Christianity, Eastertide, or the Easter Season, begins on Easter Sunday and lasts seven weeks, ending with the coming of the 50th day, Pentecost Sunday. In Eastern Christianity, the season of Pascha begins on Pascha and ends with the coming of the 40th day, the Feast of the Ascension." }, "Billie Eilish-23": { "title": "Billie Eilish", "section": "Public image", "headers": [ "Products and endorsements" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "In August 2019, Billie Eilish partnered with Apple to allow Apple Store customers to experiment with her song \"You Should See Me in a Crown\" in Music Lab sessions in its stores. Eilish's collaboration with the clothing company Siberia Hills was met with controversy after it was revealed that the company had used plagiarized designs of fan art of the character Nozomi Tojo from Love Live!, drawn by artist Makoto Kurokawa, for Eilish's clothing line. The brand later clarified that Eilish herself had no knowledge of the plagiarism." }, "Michael Scott (The Office)-12": { "title": "Michael Scott (The Office)", "section": "Character information, arc, and backstory", "headers": [ "Biography" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Due to his overall lack of common sense, Michael can withstand significant abuse from his peers and is often the butt of jokes. He is quick to take offense when wronged and his response is often disproportionate to the harm suffered. Similarly, when he unintentionally offends people, he will apologize. The most notable example of \"Gay Witch Hunt\" when he cries after realizing his use of the term \"faggy\" hurt Oscar's feelings. Even though he is generally oblivious to criticism, derision and sarcasm, Michael has some limits to his patience, and leaves to question the extent of offense that he can actually acknowledge (demanding professional respect from Stanley Hudson in \"Did I Stutter?\" or standing up to the employees in favor of Holly in \"Business Ethics\")." }, "Kiln-16": { "title": "Kiln", "section": "Wood-drying kiln", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Conventional wood dry kilns are either package-type (side-loader) or track-type (tram) construction. Most hardwood lumber kilns are side-loader kilns in which fork trucks are used to load lumber packages into the kiln. Most softwood kilns are track types in which the timber (US: \"lumber\") is loaded on kiln/track cars for loading the kiln. Modern high-temperature, high-air-velocity conventional kilns can typically dry 1-inch-thick (25\u00a0mm) green wood in 10 hours down to a moisture content of 18%. However, 1-inch-thick green Red Oak requires about 28 days to dry down to a moisture content of 8%. Heat is typically introduced via steam running through fin/tube heat exchangers controlled by on/off pneumatic valves. Humidity is removed by a system of vents, the specific layout of which are usually particular to a given manufacturer. In general, cool dry air is introduced at one end of the kiln while warm moist air is expelled at the other. Hardwood conventional kilns also require the introduction of humidity via either steam spray or cold water misting systems to keep the relative humidity inside the kiln from dropping too low during the drying cycle. Fan directions are typically reversed periodically to ensure even drying of larger kiln charges. Most softwood kilns operate below 115\u00a0\u00b0C (239\u00a0\u00b0F) temperature. Hardwood kiln drying schedules typically keep the dry bulb temperature below 80\u00a0\u00b0C (176\u00a0\u00b0F). Difficult-to-dry species might not exceed. 60\u00a0\u00b0C (140\u00a0\u00b0F) Dehumidification kilns are similar to other kilns in basic construction and drying times are usually comparable. Heat comes primarily from an integral dehumidification unit that also removes humidity. Auxiliary heat is often provided early in the schedule to supplement the dehumidifier. Solar kilns are conventional kilns, typically built by hobbyists to keep initial investment costs low. Heat is provided via solar radiation, while internal air circulation is typically passive. Vacuum and radio frequency kilns reduce the air pressure to attempt to speed up the drying process. A variety of these vacuum technologies exist, varying primarily in the method heat is introduced into the wood charge. Hot water platten vacuum kilns use aluminum heating plates with the water circulating within as the heat source, and typically operate at significantly reduced absolute pressure. Discontinuous and SSV (super-heated steam) use atmosphere pressure to introduce heat into the kiln charge. The entire kiln charge comes up to full atmospheric pressure, the air in the chamber is then heated and finally a vacuum is pulled as the charge cools. SSV run at partial-atmospheres, typically around 1/3 of full atmospheric pressure, in a hybrid of vacuum and conventional kiln technology (SSV kilns are significantly more popular in Europe where the locally harvested wood is easier to dry than the North American woods. RF/V (radio frequency + vacuum) kilns use microwave radiation to heat the kiln charge, and typically have the highest operating cost due to the heat of vaporization being provided by electricity rather than local fossil fuel or waste wood sources. The economics of different wood drying technologies are based on the total energy, capital, insurance/risk, environmental impacts, labor, maintenance, and product degradation costs. These costs which can be a significant part of plant costs, involve the differential impact of the presence of drying equipment in a specific plant. Every piece of equipment from the green trimmer to the infeed system at the planer mill is part the \"drying system\". The true costs of the drying system can only be determined when comparing the total plant costs and risks with and without drying." }, "Ctenophora-5": { "title": "Ctenophora", "section": "Distinguishing features", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Play media Among animal phyla, the Ctenophores are more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes; muscles; nervous systems; and some have sensory organs. Ctenophores are distinguished from all other animals by having colloblasts, which are sticky and adhere to prey, although a few ctenophore species lack them." }, "Michael Jackson memorial service-17": { "title": "Michael Jackson memorial service", "section": "Service", "headers": [ "Casket" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Jackson was presented in a gold-plated solid bronze Promethean casket furnished by the Batesville Casket Company, which cost roughly $25,000. It is similar to the one in which James Brown was buried. The closed casket at the Staples Center was decorated with red roses and Bells of Ireland flower arrangement. The casket was escorted by Jackson's brothers, each wearing a single sequined white glove on the hand in which they held the casket. Jackson was originally to be buried on what would have been his 51st birthday, however, the services were postponed and he was interred at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Glendale on September 3, 2009." }, "Alliteration-3": { "title": "Alliteration", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Consonance is a broader literary device identified by the repetition of consonant sounds at any point in a word (for example, coming home, hot foot). Alliteration is a special case of consonance where the repeated consonant sound is in the stressed syllable. Alliteration may also refer to the use of different but similar consonants, such as alliterating z with s, as does the author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, or as Anglo-Saxon (Old English) poets would alliterate hard/fricative g with soft g (the latter exemplified in some courses as the letter yogh \u2013 \u021d \u2013 pronounced like the y in yarrow or the j in Jotunheim)." }, "Nine Inch Nails-17": { "title": "Nine Inch Nails", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Record label dispute and Broken (1992\u20131993)" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Peter Christopherson of the bands Coil and Throbbing Gristle directed a performance video for \"Wish\", but the EP's most controversial video accompanied \"Happiness in Slavery\". The video was almost universally banned for its graphic depiction of performance artist Bob Flanagan disrobed and lying on a machine that pleasures, tortures, then kills him. A third video for \"Pinion\", partially incorporated into MTV's Alternative Nation opening sequence, showed a toilet that apparently flushes into the mouth of a person in bondage. Reznor and Christopherson compiled the three clips along with footage for \"Help Me I Am in Hell\" and \"Gave Up\" into a longform music video titled Broken. It depicts the murder of a young man who is kidnapped and tortured while forced to watch the videos. This footage was never officially released, but instead appeared covertly among tape trading circles. A separate performance video for \"Gave Up\" featuring Richard Patrick and Marilyn Manson was filmed at Le Pig. A live recording of \"Wish\" was also filmed, and both videos appeared in Closure." }, "Mark Cuban-1": { "title": "Mark Cuban", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mark Cuban (born July 31, 1958) is an American entrepreneur, television personality, media proprietor, and investor. He is the owner of the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s Dallas Mavericks, co-owner of 2929 Entertainment, and chairman of AXS TV. He is also one of the main \"shark\" investors on the ABC reality television series, Shark Tank. In 2011, Cuban wrote an e-book, How to Win at the Sport of Business, in which he chronicles his experiences in business and sports." }, "4 Vesta-1": { "title": "4 Vesta", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Vesta (minor-planet designation: 4 Vesta) is one of the largest objects in the asteroid belt, with a mean diameter of 525 kilometres (326\u00a0mi). It was discovered by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers on 29 March 1807 and is named after Vesta, the virgin goddess of home and hearth from Roman mythology." }, "Teddy bear-1": { "title": "Teddy bear", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A teddy bear is a stuffed toy in the form of a bear. Developed apparently simultaneously by toymakers Morris Michtom in the U.S. and Richard Steiff in Germany in the early years of the 20th century, and named after President Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt, the teddy bear became an iconic children's toy, celebrated in story, song, and film. Since the creation of the first teddy bears which sought to imitate the form of real bear cubs, \"teddies\" have greatly varied in form, style, color, and material. They have become collector's items, with older and rarer \"teddies\" appearing at public auctions. Teddy bears are among the most popular gifts for children and are often given to adults to signify love, congratulations, or sympathy." }, "Nicole Kidman-32": { "title": "Nicole Kidman", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Relationships and children" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "Kidman has been married twice: first to actor Tom Cruise, and later to country singer Keith Urban. Kidman met Cruise in November 1989, while filming Days of Thunder; they were married on Christmas Eve in Telluride, Colorado. The couple adopted a daughter, Isabella Jane Cruise (born 1992), and a son, Connor Antony (born 1995). On 5 February 2001, the couple's spokesperson announced their separation. Cruise filed for divorce two days later, and the marriage was dissolved in August of that year, with Cruise citing irreconcilable differences. In a 2007 interview with Marie Claire, Kidman noted the incorrect reporting of the ectopic pregnancy early in her marriage. \"It was wrongly reported as miscarriage, by everyone who picked up the story.\" \"So it's huge news, and it didn't happen.\"" }, "Gremlins-48": { "title": "Gremlins", "section": "Legacy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "The film not only spawned the sequel, Gremlins 2: The New Batch, and an advertisement for British Telecom, but is believed to have been the inspiration for several unrelated films about small monsters. These include Critters, Ghoulies, Troll, Hobgoblins and Munchies." }, "Clayton Moore-9": { "title": "Clayton Moore", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "The Lone Ranger" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "citation needed] Jay Thomas was an annual guest on The Late Show with David Letterman during the Christmas season, where he told a true story about how he met Moore which he called his \"Lone Ranger story\"." }, "Sunburn-36": { "title": "Sunburn", "section": "Prevention", "headers": [ "Artificial UV exposure" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Infants 0\u20136 months: Children under 6mo generally have skin too sensitive for sunscreen and protective measures should focus on avoiding excessive UV exposure by using window mesh covers, wide brim hats, loose clothing that covers skin, and reducing UV exposure between the hours of 10am and 4pm. Infants 6\u201312 months: Sunscreen can safely be used on infants this age. It is recommended to apply a broad-spectrum, water-resistant SPF 30+ sunscreen to exposed areas as well as avoid excessive UV exposure by using wide-brim hats and protective clothing. Toddlers and Preschool-aged children: Apply a broad-spectrum, water-resistant SPF 30+ sunscreen to exposed areas, use wide-brim hats and sunglasses, avoid peak UV intensity hours of 10am-4pm and seek shade. Sun protective clothing with a SPF rating can also provide additional protection. The WHO recommends that artificial UV exposure including tanning beds should be avoided as no safe dose has been established. When one is exposed to any artificial source of occupational UV, special protective clothing (for example, welding helmets/shields) should be worn. Such sources can produce UVC, an extremely carcinogenic wavelength of UV which ordinarily is not present in normal sunlight, having been filtered out by the atmosphere." }, "Exploration of the Moon-11": { "title": "Exploration of the Moon", "section": "Space race", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The Cold War-inspired \"space race\" and \"Moon race\" between the Soviet Union and the United States of America accelerated with a focus on the Moon. This included many scientifically important firsts, such as the first photographs of the then-unseen far side of the Moon in 1959 by the Soviet Union, and culminated with the landing of the first humans on the Moon in 1969, widely seen around the world as one of the pivotal events of the 20th century, and indeed of human history in general." }, "Carmine Romano-2": { "title": "Carmine Romano", "section": "Mob control of Fulton Fish Market", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Beginning in the 1920s, the Fulton Fish Market had been controlled by mobsters. Unloading crews would extort \"parking fees\" and kickbacks from out of town fish companies. If a company refused to pay, the unloaders would let the fish spoil. Mob employees and mob-controlled companies received special benefits. The Market\u2019s security force operated a protection racket for retail shops and vehicles located on the margins of the Market waterfront. Two of Romano's top soldiers would become powerful captains in their own right sharing the Fish Market, Rosario Gangi and Alphonse \"Allie Shades\" Malangone Across the street from the Fish Market was Carmine's Restaurant, which was owned by Carmine's uncle. Upstairs from the dining room was Romano's headquarters for operations at the Fish Market. He was the brother of Vincent and Peter Romano and the cousin of Genovese mobster, Augie Cataldo, also involved with the Fulton Fish Market and owner of Grampas Comedy Club of Staten Island. Augie spent 10 years in prison for racketeering, gambling, extortion and is currently Captain of the Genovese crime family. Augie Cataldo father of Pete \"Scarface\" Cataldo, Genovese soldier who runs part of Local 731 Laborers Union located in New York." }, "Manga-1": { "title": "Manga", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Manga (\u6f2b\u753b, manga) are comics or graphic novels created in Japan or using the Japanese language and conforming to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century. They have a long and complex prehistory in earlier Japanese art. The term manga (kanji: \u6f2b\u753b; hiragana: \u307e\u3093\u304c; katakana: \u30de\u30f3\u30ac; listen\u00a0(help\u00b7info); English: /\u02c8m\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259/ or /\u02c8m\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0259/) is used in Japan to refer to both comics and cartooning. Outside Japan, the word is used to refer to comics originally published in Japan." }, "Latin honors-2": { "title": "Latin honors", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Generally, a college or university's regulations set out definite criteria a student must meet to obtain a given honor. For example, the student might be required to achieve a specific grade point average, submit an honors thesis for evaluation, be part of an honors program, or graduate early. Each university sets its own standards. Since these standards vary, the same level of Latin honors conferred by different institutions can represent different levels of achievement. Similarly, some institutions grant equivalent (or additional) non-Latin honors to undergraduates. The University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, for example, has a series of plain English grading honors based on class standing." }, "Racket (sports equipment)-17": { "title": "Racket (sports equipment)", "section": "Tennis", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "For length, 21 to 26 inches (53 to 66\u00a0cm) is normally the junior racket range, while 27 inches (69\u00a0cm) is for stronger more physically-mature players. Some are also available at lengths of 27.5 to 29 inches (70 to 74\u00a0cm). The Gamma Big Bubba was produced with a 32 inches (81\u00a0cm) length but it is no longer legal in that length. Gamma responded by changing the length of the grip portion of the racket, to continue sales. The length restriction was based on the concern that such long rackets would make the serve too dominant, but that concern has never been objectively supported with testing. Moreover, some players, such as John Isner, are much taller and have longer arms than average professionals (and especially low stature ones), giving them a much larger advantage in terms of height for the service than is possible with several inches of racket length. This makes the length restriction more questionable. Finally, the professionals who nearly always choose to use the longest rackets typically choose them because they use two-handed groundstrokes for both forehand and backhand, using the extra length to improve their reach. An example is Marion Bartoli. As this type of player is not dominant in the sport, or even close to being average in terms of per capita representation, the length restriction seems even more unnecessary. Despite Prince's attempt to market longer length \"longbody\" rackets in the 1990s, standard length remains the overwhelming choice of players, further negating the argument in favor of the length restriction. When most players who choose to use a longer racket than 27 inches (69\u00a0cm) choose one, they typically only use a 27.5 inches (70\u00a0cm) model, rather than one approaching 30 inches (76\u00a0cm). Longer rackets were introduced by Dunlop" }, "Gray whale-21": { "title": "Gray whale", "section": "Life history", "headers": [ "Reproduction" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "The gestation period for gray whales is approximately 13\u00a0\u200b1\u20442 months, with females giving birth every one to three years. In the latter half of the pregnancy, the fetus experiences a rapid growth in length and mass. Similar to the narrow breeding season, most calves are born within a six-week time period in mid January. The calf is born tail first, and measures about 4\u00a0m (13\u00a0ft) in length. Females lactate for approximately seven months following birth, at which point calves are weaned and maternal care begins to decrease. The shallow lagoon waters in which gray whales reproduce are believed to protect the newborn from sharks and orcas." }, "Wood frog-14": { "title": "Wood frog", "section": "Reproduction", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "A male approaches a female and clasps her behind her forearms before hooking his thumbs together around her in a hold called \"amplexus\" which is continued until the female deposits the eggs. Females deposit eggs attached to submerged substrate, typically vegetation or downed branches. Most commonly, females deposit eggs adjacent to other egg masses, creating large aggregations of masses." }, "Cuneiform-3": { "title": "Cuneiform", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The original Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Semitic Akkadian (Assyrian/Babylonian), Eblaite and Amorite languages, the language isolates Elamite, Hattic, Hurrian and Urartian, as well as Indo-European languages Hittite and Luwian; it inspired the later Semitic Ugaritic alphabet as well as Old Persian cuneiform. Cuneiform writing was gradually replaced by the Phoenician alphabet during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911\u2013612 BC). By the second century AD, the script had become extinct, its last traces being found in Assyria and Babylonia, and all knowledge of how to read it was lost until it began to be deciphered in the 19th century." }, "Nazi Party-1": { "title": "Nazi Party", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The National Socialist German Workers' Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei\u00a0(help\u00b7info), abbreviated NSDAP), commonly referred to in English as the Nazi Party (English: /\u02c8n\u0251\u02d0tsi, \u02c8n\u00e6tsi/), was a far-right political party in Germany that was active between 1920 and 1945, that created and supported the ideology of National Socialism. Its precursor, the German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; DAP), existed from 1919 to 1920." }, "Uppsala-1": { "title": "Uppsala", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Uppsala (/\u02c8\u028aps\u0251\u02d0l\u0259, \u02c8\u028cp-/, also US: /-s\u0259l\u0259, \u02c8u\u02d0ps\u0251\u02d0l\u0259, \u028ap\u02c8s\u0251\u02d0l\u0259/ or all ending in /-s\u0251\u02d0l\u0251\u02d0/, Swedish:\u00a0[\u02c8\u0275\u0302p\u02d0\u02ccs\u0251\u02d0la] (listen); archaically spelled Upsala) is the capital of Uppsala County and the fourth-largest city in Sweden, after Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malm\u00f6. It had 168,096 inhabitants in 2017." }, "Leopard-3": { "title": "Leopard", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Leopards are hunted illegally, and their body parts are smuggled in the wildlife trade for medicinal practices and decoration." }, "Christopher Walken-1": { "title": "Christopher Walken", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Christopher Walken (born Ronald Walken, March 31, 1943) is an American actor, singer, comedian, director, producer, screenwriter, and dancer, who has appeared in more than 100 films and television programs, including Annie Hall (1977), The Deer Hunter (1978), The Dogs of War (1980), The Dead Zone (1983), A View to a Kill (1985), Batman Returns (1992), True Romance (1993), Pulp Fiction (1994), Antz (1998), Vendetta (1999), Sleepy Hollow (1999), Joe Dirt (2001), Catch Me If You Can (2002), Hairspray (2007), Seven Psychopaths (2012), the first three Prophecy films, The Jungle Book (2016), and Irreplaceable You (2018). He has received a number of awards and nominations, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for The Deer Hunter. He was nominated for the same award and won BAFTA and Screen Actors Guild Awards for Catch Me If You Can. His films have grossed more than $1\u00a0billion in the United States." }, "Hephaestus-5": { "title": "Hephaestus", "section": "Mythology", "headers": [ "Craft of Hephaestus" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Amphig\u00fdeis \"the lame one\" (\u1f08\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03b3\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2) Kyllopod\u00ed\u014dn \"the halting\" (\u039a\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd) Khalke\u00fas \"coppersmith\" (\u03a7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2) Klytot\u00e9khn\u0113s \"renowned artificer\" (\u039a\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2) Pol\u00fdm\u0113tis \"shrewd, crafty\" or \"of many devices\" (\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2) Aitna\u00eeos \"Aetnaean\" (\u0391\u1f30\u03c4\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03c2), owing to his workshop being supposedly located below Mount Aetna. Hephaestus had his own palace on Olympus, containing his workshop with anvil and twenty bellows that worked at his bidding. Hephaestus crafted much of the magnificent equipment of the gods, and almost any finely wrought metalwork imbued with powers that appears in Greek myth is said to have been forged by Hephaestus. He designed Hermes' winged helmet and sandals, the Aegis breastplate, Aphrodite's famed girdle, Agamemnon's staff of office, Achilles' armor, Diomedes' cuirass, Heracles' bronze clappers, Helios' chariot, the shoulder of Pelops, and Eros's bow and arrows. In later accounts, Hephaestus worked with the help of the Cyclopes\u2014among them his assistants in the forge, Brontes, Steropes and Pyracmon." }, "William Greenhill-5": { "title": "William Greenhill", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In 1654 he was appointed by Oliver Cromwell one of the 'commissioners for approbation of public preachers,' known as 'triers.' In 1658 he was on the committee drawing up the Savoy Declaration. It was also probably by Cromwell that he was appointed vicar of St. Dunstan and All Saints, the old parish church of Stepney, while he continued pastor of the independent church. This post he held for about seven years, till he was ejected immediately after the Restoration in 1660, but he retained the pastorate of the independent church till his death on 27 September 1671. He was succeeded by Matthew Mead." }, "Giant panda-11": { "title": "Giant panda", "section": "Taxonomy", "headers": [ "Subspecies" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The nominate subspecies, A. m. melanoleuca, consists of most extant populations of the giant panda. These animals are principally found in Sichuan and display the typical stark black and white contrasting colours. The Qinling panda, A. m. qinlingensis, is restricted to the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi at elevations of 1,300\u20133,000\u00a0m. The typical black and white pattern of Sichuan giant pandas is replaced with a light brown and white pattern. The skull of A. m. qinlingensis is smaller than its relatives, and it has larger molars. A detailed study of the giant panda's genetic history from 2012 confirms that the separation of the Qinlin population occurred about 300,000 years ago, and reveals that the non-Qinlin population further diverged into two groups, named the Minshan and the Qionglai-Daxiangling-Xiaoxiangling-Liangshan group respectively, about 2,800 years ago." }, "Johnny Cash-50": { "title": "Johnny Cash", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "\"The Man in Black\"" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "His band and he had initially worn black shirts because that was the only matching color they had among their various outfits. He wore other colors on stage early in his career, but he claimed to like wearing black both on and off stage. He stated that political reasons aside, he simply liked black as his on-stage color. The outdated US Navy's winter blue uniform used to be referred to by sailors as \"Johnny Cashes\", as the uniform's shirt, tie, and trousers are solid black." }, "Overpopulation in domestic pets-4": { "title": "Overpopulation in domestic pets", "section": "Statistics", "headers": [ "Canada" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The Canadian Federation of Humane Societies (CFHS) has been collecting statistics from Canadian animal shelters since 1993. A survey in 2013 included data from 100 of 186 humane societies and SPCAs. However, municipal animal services agencies were not included, hence \"the data in this report represents only a fraction of homeless companion animals in Canada.\" In 2012, the surveyed shelters took in just over 188,000 animals, and euthanized 65,423 animals, representing 35% of all intakes. Six times as many cats were euthanized as dogs, or 41% of cats and 15% of dogs. The report said a gradually improving trend, but that cats have a far worse outcome than dogs: \"More than twice as many cats enter shelters than dogs, and though adoption rates for cats are similar to those for dogs, fewer cats are reclaimed and many more are euthanized.\"" }, "Nacre-17": { "title": "Nacre", "section": "Decorative uses", "headers": [ "Musical instruments" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Nacre inlay is often used for music keys and other decorative motifs on musical instruments. Many accordion and concertina bodies are completely covered in nacre, and some guitars have fingerboard or headstock inlays made of nacre (as well as some guitars having plastic inlays designed to imitate the appearance of nacre). The bouzouki and baglamas (Greek plucked string instruments of the lute family) typically feature nacre decorations, as does the related Middle Eastern oud (typically around the sound holes and on the back of the instrument). Bows of stringed instruments such as the violin and cello often have mother of pearl inlay at the frog. It is traditionally used on saxophone keytouches, as well as the valve buttons of trumpets and other brass instruments. The Middle Eastern goblet drum (darbuka) is commonly decorated by mother of pearl." }, "Rhode Island-1": { "title": "Rhode Island", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rhode Island (/\u02ccro\u028ad -/ (listen), like road), officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States. It is the smallest U.S. state by area and the seventh least populous, but it is also the second most densely populated. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Massachusetts to the north and east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south via Rhode Island Sound and Block Island Sound. It also shares a small maritime border with New York. Providence is the state capital and most populous city in Rhode Island." }, "Hindenburg disaster-46": { "title": "Hindenburg disaster", "section": "Cause of ignition", "headers": [ "Static spark hypothesis" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "In his book LZ-129 Hindenburg (1964), Zeppelin historian Dr. Douglas Robinson commented that although ignition of free hydrogen by static discharge had become a favored hypothesis, no such discharge was seen by any of the witnesses who testified at the official investigation into the accident in 1937. He continues:" }, "Pantheon (mythical creature)-1": { "title": "Pantheon (mythical creature)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Pantheon is a mythical or imaginary creature used in heraldry, particularly in Britain. They are often depicted as white deer with the tail of a fox and spangeled with purple stars along their back." }, "Salsa (sauce)-2": { "title": "Salsa (sauce)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In English, especially in the United States, when the word \"salsa\" is used, it refers to the spicy tomato-and-chili-based preparation known as salsa roja, salsa picante or salsa cruda, as adopted from Mexican cuisine. It is commonly used as a dip alongside tortilla chips, or as a condiment served along with dishes such as huevos rancheros or burritos." }, "Tokyo Tower-10": { "title": "Tokyo Tower", "section": "Maintenance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Every five years, the tower is repainted in a process that takes about a year to complete. Tokyo Tower is next planned to be repainted in 2024." }, "Paul Schrader-1": { "title": "Paul Schrader", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Paul Joseph Schrader (/\u02c8\u0283re\u026ad\u0259r/) (born July 22, 1946) is an American screenwriter, film director, and film critic. He wrote or co-wrote screenplays for four Martin Scorsese films: Taxi Driver (1976), Raging Bull (1980), The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), and Bringing Out the Dead (1999)." }, "Walkman-5": { "title": "Walkman", "section": "Development", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The metal-cased blue-and-silver Walkman TPS-L2, the world's first low-cost portable stereo, went on sale in Japan on July 1, 1979, and was sold for around \u00a533,000 (or $150.00), or \u00a557,109.02 (or $498.66) adjusted for inflation. Though Sony predicted it would sell about 5,000 units a month, it sold more than 50,000 in the first two months. Sony introduced the Walkman in the US as the Soundabout and the UK as the Stowaway; as developing new, trademark-free names in every country was expensive, Sony settled on Walkman, a play on Pressman. The TPS-L2 was introduced in the U.S. in June 1980." }, "France in the American Revolutionary War-16": { "title": "France in the American Revolutionary War", "section": "French involvement", "headers": [ "North American operations" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Support became more notable when, in 1780, 6,000 soldiers led by Rochambeau landed at Newport, itself abandoned in 1779 by the British, and then established a naval base there. These forces were largely inactive since the fleet was closely watched by the British fleet from its bases in New York and eastern Long Island. By early 1781, with the war dragging on, French military planners were finally convinced that more significant operations would be required in North America to bring a decisive end to the war. That year's West Indies fleet was commanded by the comte de Grasse, and specific arrangements were made to coordinate operations with him. De Grasse asked to be supplied with North American pilots and to be informed of possible operations in North America to which he might contribute. Rochambeau and Washington met in Wethersfield, Connecticut in May 1781 to discuss their options. Washington wanted to drive the British from both New York City and Virginia (the latter led first by Benedict Arnold, then by Brigadier William Phillips and eventually by Charles Cornwallis). Virginia was also seen as a potent threat that could be fought with naval assistance. These two options were dispatched to the Caribbean along with the requested pilots. Rochambeau, in a separate letter, urged de Grasse to come to the Chesapeake Bay for operations in Virginia. Following the Wethersfield conference, Rochambeau moved his army to White Plains, New York and placed his command under Washington." }, "Banana bunchy top virus-1": { "title": "Banana bunchy top virus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Nanoviridae known for infecting banana plants and other crops." }, "Libra-1": { "title": "Libra", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Libra generally refers to: Libra (constellation), a constellation Libra (astrology), an astrological sign based on the star constellation Libra (Chinese astronomy) Libra may also refer to:" }, "United States-27": { "title": "United States", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Independence and expansion (1776\u20131865)" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "The Second Continental Congress unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence, which asserted that Great Britain was not protecting Americans' unalienable rights. July 4th is celebrated annually as Independence Day: \"...\u00a0where, heretofore, the words 'United Colonies' have been used, the stile be altered for the future to the 'United States'\". In 1777, the Articles of Confederation established a decentralized government that operated until 1789." }, "Party-1": { "title": "Party", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A party is a gathering of people who have been invited by a host for the purposes of socializing, conversation, recreation, or as part of a festival or other commemoration of a special occasion. A party will typically feature food and beverages, and often music and dancing or other forms of entertainment. In many Western countries, parties for teens and adults are associated with drinking alcohol such as beer, wine, or distilled spirits." }, "Uranium-3": { "title": "Uranium", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 is the only naturally occurring fissile isotope, which makes it widely used in nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons. However, because of the tiny amounts found in nature, uranium needs to undergo enrichment so that enough uranium-235 is present. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. Uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons; uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating. Uranium is used as a colorant in uranium glass, producing lemon yellow to green colors. Uranium glass fluoresces green in ultraviolet light. It was also used for tinting and shading in early photography." }, "Legolas-1": { "title": "Legolas", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Legolas (pronounced [\u02c8l\u025b\u0261\u0254las]) is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. He is a Sindarin Elf of the Woodland Realm and one of the nine members of the Fellowship who set off to destroy the One Ring." }, "Sun bear-1": { "title": "Sun bear", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) is a species in the family Ursidae occurring in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. It is the smallest bear, standing nearly 70\u00a0cm (28\u00a0in) at the shoulder and weighing 25\u201365\u00a0kg (55\u2013143\u00a0lb). It is stockily built, with large paws, strongly curved claws, small rounded ears and a short snout. The fur is generally jet-black, but can vary from grey to red. Sun bears get their name from the characteristic orange to cream coloured chest patch. Its unique morphology\u2014inward-turned front feet, flattened chest, powerful forelimbs with large claws\u2014suggests adaptations for climbing." }, "United States dollar-1": { "title": "United States dollar", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The United States dollar (sign: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ and referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, or American dollar) is the official currency of the United States and its territories per the Coinage Act of 1792. One dollar is divided into 100 cents (symbol: \u00a2) or 1000 mills (for accounting purposes and for taxing; symbol: \u20a5). The Coinage Act of 1792 created a decimal currency by creating the dime, nickel and penny coins. In addition the act created the dollar, half dollar, and quarter dollar coins. All of these coins are still minted in 2020." }, "Mars-59": { "title": "Mars", "section": "Habitability and search for life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "The lack of a magnetosphere and the extremely thin atmosphere of Mars are a challenge: the planet has little heat transfer across its surface, poor insulation against bombardment of the solar wind and insufficient atmospheric pressure to retain water in a liquid form (water instead sublimes to a gaseous state). Mars is nearly, or perhaps totally, geologically dead; the end of volcanic activity has apparently stopped the recycling of chemicals and minerals between the surface and interior of the planet." }, "Inferno (Dante)-8": { "title": "Inferno (Dante)", "section": "Nine circles of Hell", "headers": [ "First Circle (Limbo)" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Canto IV Dante wakes up to find that he has crossed the Acheron, and Virgil leads him to the first circle of the abyss, Limbo, where Virgil himself resides. The first circle contains the unbaptized and the virtuous pagans, who, although not sinful enough to warrant damnation, did not accept Christ. Dorothy L. Sayers writes, \"After those who refused choice come those without opportunity of choice. They could not, that is, choose Christ; they could, and did, choose human virtue, and for that they have their reward.\" Limbo shares many characteristics with the Asphodel Meadows, and thus, the guiltless damned are punished by living in a deficient form of Heaven. Without baptism (\"the portal of the faith that you embrace\") they lacked the hope for something greater than rational minds can conceive. When Dante asked if anyone has ever left Limbo, Virgil states that he saw Jesus (\"a Mighty One\") descend into Limbo and take Adam, Abel, Noah, Moses, Abraham, David, and Rachel (see Limbo of the Patriarchs) into his all-forgiving arms and transport them to Heaven as the first human souls to be saved. The event, known as the Harrowing of Hell, would have occurred in AD 33 or 34." }, "Snowman-4": { "title": "Snowman", "section": "Construction", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "There are variations to these standard forms; for instance, the popular song \"Frosty the Snowman\" describes a snowman being decorated with a corncob pipe, button nose, coal eyes and an old silk hat (usually depicted as a top hat). These other types range from snow columns to elaborate snow sculptures similar to ice sculptures." }, "Brooklyn-68": { "title": "Brooklyn", "section": "Economy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 68, "content": "Jobs in the borough have traditionally been concentrated in manufacturing, but since 1975, Brooklyn has shifted from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy. In 2004, 215,000 Brooklyn residents worked in the services sector, while 27,500 worked in manufacturing. Although manufacturing has declined, a substantial base has remained in apparel and niche manufacturing concerns such as furniture, fabricated metals, and food products. The pharmaceutical company Pfizer was founded in Brooklyn in 1869 and had a manufacturing plant in the borough for many years that employed thousands of workers, but the plant shut down in 2008. However, new light-manufacturing concerns packaging organic and high-end food have sprung up in the old plant." }, "Mount Emei-2": { "title": "Mount Emei", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A large surrounding area of countryside is geologically known as the Permian Emeishan Large Igneous Province, a large igneous province generated by the Emeishan Traps volcanic eruptions during the Permian Period. At 3,099 metres (10,167\u00a0ft), Mt. Emei is the highest of the Four Sacred Buddhist Mountains of China." }, "Magic in Harry Potter-85": { "title": "Magic in Harry Potter", "section": "Dark Arts", "headers": [ "Dark Mark" ], "para_index": 85, "content": "The Dark Mark is the symbol of Voldemort and the Death Eaters and takes the form of a skull with a snake coming out of the mouth in place of a tongue. The mark is cast into the sky by Death Eaters whenever they have murdered someone. Morsmordre is the spell to conjure the Mark. It first appears in Goblet of Fire and is described as a \"colossal skull, composed of what looked like emerald stars, with a serpent protruding from its mouth like a tongue\". Once in the sky it was \"blazing in a haze of greenish smoke\". Dark Marks are also branded on the left forearm of the closest followers of Voldemort. The mark serves as a connection between Voldemort and each who bears it; he can summon them by touching his mark, causing it and those of his followers to burn and change colour. Death Eaters can summon Voldemort in the same fashion. Following Voldemort's ultimate defeat, the Dark Marks on his Death Eaters fade into a scar \"similar\" to Harry's. In the books, the Dark Mark is described as green; however, in the films, it was only green at the Quidditch World Cup. In all other film appearances it has been grey." }, "Life expectancy-2": { "title": "Life expectancy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "National LEB figures reported by statistical national agencies and international organizations are indeed estimates of period LEB. In the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, LEB was 26 years; the 2010 world LEB was 67.2 years. For recent years, LEB in Eswatini (Swaziland) is about 49, while LEB in Japan is about 83. The combination of high infant mortality and deaths in young adulthood from accidents, epidemics, plagues, wars, and childbirth, particularly before modern medicine was widely available, significantly lowers LEB. For example, a society with a LEB of 40 may have few people dying at precisely 40: most will die before 30 or after 55. In populations with high infant mortality rates, LEB is highly sensitive to the rate of death in the first few years of life. Because of this sensitivity to infant mortality, LEB can be subjected to gross misinterpretation, leading one to believe that a population with a low LEB will necessarily have a small proportion of older people. Another measure, such as life expectancy at age 5 (e5), can be used to exclude the effect of infant mortality to provide a simple measure of overall mortality rates other than in early childhood; in the hypothetical population above, life expectancy at 5 would be another 65. Aggregate population measures, such as the proportion of the population in various age groups, should also be used along individual-based measures like formal life expectancy when analyzing population structure and dynamics. However, pre-modern societies still had universally higher mortality rates and universally lower life expectancies at every age for both genders, and this example was relatively rare. In societies with life expectancies of 30, for instance, a 40 year remaining timespan at age 5 may not be uncommon, but a 60 year one was." }, "Natalie Portman-27": { "title": "Natalie Portman", "section": "Social and political causes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Portman, who is an advocate for animal rights, became a vegetarian when she was eight years old, a decision which came after she witnessed a demonstration of laser surgery on a chicken while attending a medical conference with her father. She became a vegan in 2009 after reading Jonathan Safran Foer's Eating Animals and later produced a documentary on factory farming systems in the U.S. by the same title. In September 2017, she was recognized for her work on the film by the Environmental Media Association Awards with the Ongoing Commitment Award. She does not eat animal products or wear fur, feathers, or leather. \"All of my shoes are from Target and Stella McCartney\", she has said. In 2007, she launched her own brand of vegan footwear. In 2007, Portman traveled to Rwanda with Jack Hanna, to film the documentary, Gorillas on the Brink. Later, at a naming ceremony, Portman named a baby gorilla Gukina, which means \"to play.\" Portman has been an advocate of environmental causes since childhood, when she joined an environmental song and dance troupe known as World Patrol Kids. She is also a member of the One Voice movement." }, "DC vs. Marvel-7": { "title": "DC vs. Marvel", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Aquaman (DC) vs. Namor the Sub-Mariner (Marvel). Aquaman won by summoning a whale to leap out of the water and land on top of Namor. Since Namor is pinned and unable to move, he is declared the loser. Elektra (Marvel) vs. Catwoman (DC). Elektra won by cutting off Catwoman's whip as she hung from a girder on a building under construction, but Catwoman survived by falling into a dumpster filled with sand. The Flash (DC) vs. Quicksilver (Marvel). The Flash won using superior speed. Robin (DC) vs. Jubilee (Marvel). Robin won by using his cape as a decoy and then tying up Jubilee. The Silver Surfer (Marvel) vs. Green Lantern (DC). The Silver Surfer won when both collided with each other and released a huge explosion which knocked out Green Lantern, but left the Silver Surfer unfazed. Thor (Marvel) vs. Captain Marvel (DC). Thor won when Captain Marvel was forced to change back to his alter ego of Billy Batson. Billy tried to change back, but Thor used Mjolnir to intercept the lightning bolt that would have transformed him back into Captain Marvel; the resulting impact knocked Billy out and sent Thor's hammer flying off. The result of the following battles were determined by the readers' votes:" }, "Common warthog-3": { "title": "Common warthog", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Common warthog ivory is taken from the constantly growing canine teeth. The tusks, particularly the upper set, work in much the same way as elephant tusks with all designs scaled down. Tusks are carved predominantly for the tourist trade in east and southern Africa." }, "Age of candidacy-8": { "title": "Age of candidacy", "section": "Controversies", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "On several occasions, the Socialist Workers Party (USA) has nominated candidates too young to qualify for the offices they were running for. In 1972, Linda Jenness ran as the SWP presidential candidate, although she was 31 at the time. Since the U.S. Constitution requires that the President and Vice President be at least 35 years old, Jenness was not able to receive ballot access in several states in which she otherwise qualified. Despite this handicap, Jenness still received 83,380 votes. In 2004, the SWP nominated Arrin Hawkins as the party's vice-presidential candidate, although she was 28 at the time. Hawkins was also unable to receive ballot access in several states due to her age." }, "Knights Hospitaller-1": { "title": "Knights Hospitaller", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (Latin: Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller /\u02c8h\u0252sp\u026at\u0259l\u0259r/, the Knights of Malta, or the Order of Saint John, was a medieval and early modern Catholic military order. It was headquartered in the Kingdom of Jerusalem until 1291, on the island of Rhodes from 1310 until 1522, in Malta from 1530 until 1798 and at Saint Petersburg from 1799 until 1801. Today several organizations continue the Hospitaller tradition, most importantly the Sovereign Military Order of Malta." }, "Ivan I of Moscow-1": { "title": "Ivan I of Moscow", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ivan I Daniilovich Kalita (Russian: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u0301\u043d I \u0414\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430; 1 November 1288 \u2013 31 March 1340 or 1341) was Grand Duke of Moscow from 1325 and Vladimir from 1332." }, "Iowa Tests of Educational Development-1": { "title": "Iowa Tests of Educational Development", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Iowa Tests of Educational Development (ITED) are a set of standardized tests given annually to high school students in many schools in the United States, covering Grades 9 to 12. The tests were created by the University of Iowa's College of Education in 1942, as part of a program to develop a series of nationally accepted standardized achievement tests." }, "Assyrian people-2": { "title": "Assyrian people", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The tribal areas that form the Assyrian homeland are parts of present-day northern Iraq (Nineveh Plains and Dohuk Governorate), southeastern Turkey (Hakkari and Tur Abdin), northwestern Iran (Urmia) and, more recently, northeastern Syria (Al-Hasakah Governorate). The majority have migrated to other regions of the world, including North America, the Levant, Australia, Europe, Russia and the Caucasus during the past century. Emigration was triggered by events such as the Massacres of Diyarbak\u0131r, the Assyrian Genocide (concurrent with the Armenian and Greek Genocides) during World War I by the Ottoman Empire and allied Kurdish tribes, the Simele Massacre in Iraq in 1933, the Iranian Revolution of 1979, Arab Nationalist Ba'athist policies in Iraq and Syria, the rise of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and its takeover of most of the Nineveh Plains." }, "Limbo-1": { "title": "Limbo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Catholic theology, Limbo (Latin limbus, edge or boundary, referring to the edge of Hell) is a postulated viewpoint concerning the afterlife condition of those who die in original sin without being assigned to the Hell of the Damned. Medieval theologians of western Europe described the underworld (\"hell\", \"hades\", \"infernum\") as divided into four distinct parts: Hell of the Damned, Purgatory, Limbo of the Fathers or Patriarchs, and Limbo of the Infants. However, Limbo of the Infants is not an official doctrine of the Catholic Church." }, "Colossus (comics)-2": { "title": "Colossus (comics)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A Russian mutant, he is a member of the X-Men. Colossus is able to transform himself into metallic form, making him the physically strongest of the team. Even when his powers are not engaged, he is still a physically imposing figure of 6\u00a0ft 7\u00a0in (200\u00a0cm) in height. He is portrayed as quiet, honest, and virtuous. He has had a fairly consistent presence in X-Men-related comic books since his debut. A talented artist, he only reluctantly agrees to use his powers in combat, feeling it is his responsibility to use his abilities for the betterment of human- and mutant-kind." }, "Gateway (comics)-1": { "title": "Gateway (comics)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Gateway is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character has been depicted as an Australian mutant with the ability to teleport objects and people from one location to another. He is considered an unofficial member of the X-Men." }, "Peppa Pig-6": { "title": "Peppa Pig", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The first series of 52 five-minute episodes started on Channel 5 on May 31, 2004, and had its American premiere as part of Cartoon Network's Tickle-U preschool television programming block on August 22, 2005, redubbed with American actors, and Noggin in December 2007 and January 2008. As of 2011, the series airs on Nick Jr. in the US with the original British dub. It can also be seen on Nick Jr. in the UK, Portugal, Italy, Benelux, Scandinavia and Australia. In Taiwan the show can be seen on Playhouse Disney. The second series of 52 episodes began on Channel 5 on September 4, 2006, with Cecily Bloom replacing Lily Snowden-Fine as Peppa, among other cast changes. The third series started broadcasting on the Channel 5 kids block Milkshake! on May 4, 2009 with Harley Bird replacing Cecily Bloom and Lily Snowden-Fine as Peppa." }, "Peasant-8": { "title": "Peasant", "section": "Medieval European peasants", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The open field system of agriculture dominated most of northern Europe during medieval times and endured until the nineteenth century in many areas. Under this system, peasants lived on a manor presided over by a lord or a bishop of the church. Peasants paid rent or labor services to the lord in exchange for their right to cultivate the land. Fallowed land, pastures, forests, and wasteland were held in common. The open field system required cooperation among the peasants of the manor. It was gradually replaced by individual ownership and management of land." }, "Garfield (character)-2": { "title": "Garfield (character)", "section": "Character", "headers": [ "Fictional biography" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Garfield is born on (1978-06-19)June 19, 1978, in the kitchen of Mamma Leoni's Italian Restaurant. As a kitten, he develops a taste for lasagna, which would become his favorite food. Because of his appetite, the owner of Mamma Leoni's has to choose between keeping Garfield or closing down his restaurant; so Garfield is sold to a pet shop. Garfield is adopted from the store by Jon Arbuckle on August 19, 1978. In his cartoon appearances, Garfield usually causes mischief in every episode. In June 1983, comic strips introduced Amoeba Man, one of Garfield's alter-egos, yet he was only shown in six strips (June 20\u201325). In February 2010, another alter ego was introduced called Super Garfield, and his sidekick Odieboy (Odie). Amoeba Man and Super Garfield are only two of his few imaginary alter egos though, his most common one being the Caped Avenger. And for a very short period of time in 2001\u201302, Garfield would fall prey to an overweight dog assuming various identities (e.g. Bungee Dog, Trapdoor Dog, Warm-Up Dog, etc.), which would appear from out of nowhere and squish him in any direction." }, "Snickers-11": { "title": "Snickers", "section": "Products containing Snickers", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "citation needed] In 2012, the British Food Commission highlighted celebrity chef Antony Worrall Thompson's \"Snickers pie\", which contained five Snickers bars among other ingredients, suggesting it was one of the unhealthiest desserts ever; one slice providing \"over 1,250 calories (5,200\u00a0kJ) from sugar and fat alone\", more than half a day's requirement for an average adult. The pie had featured on his BBC Saturday programme some two years earlier and the chef described it as an occasional treat only." }, "Julio Gonz\u00e1lez (sculptor)-1": { "title": "Julio Gonz\u00e1lez (sculptor)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Julio Gonz\u00e1lez i Pellicer (21 September 1876 - 27 March 1942) was a Spanish sculptor and painter who developed the expressive use of iron as a medium for modern sculpture." }, "New Year's Eve-136": { "title": "New Year's Eve", "section": "Europe", "headers": [ "Turkey" ], "para_index": 136, "content": "Numerous decorations and customs traditionally associated with Christmas and Bayrams are part of secular New Year's Eve celebrations in Turkey. Homes and streets are lit in glittering lights. Small gifts are exchanged, and large family dinners are organized with family and friends, featuring a special turkey dish stuffed with a zante currant, pine nuts, pimiento and dill i\u00e7 pilav, dolma, hot b\u00f6rek, baklava, and various other Turkish dishes, accompanied with rak\u0131, Turkish wine, or boza, \u015ferbet, salep, and Turkish tea or coffee. Even though Turkish people generally do not celebrate Christmas, decorating Christmas trees is a very popular tradition on New Year's Eve in Turkey, and the Turks associate Santa Claus with New Year's Eve." }, "Veganism-34": { "title": "Veganism", "section": "Vegan diet", "headers": [ "Plant milk, cheese, mayonnaise" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "Butter and margarine can be replaced with alternate vegan products. Vegan cheeses are made from seeds, such as sesame and sunflower; nuts, such as cashew, pine nut, and almond; and soybeans, coconut oil, nutritional yeast, tapioca, and rice, among other ingredients; and can replicate the meltability of dairy cheese. Nutritional yeast is a common substitute for the taste of cheese in vegan recipes. Cheese substitutes can be made at home, including from nuts, such as cashews." }, "Times Square Ball-8": { "title": "Times Square Ball", "section": "Events", "headers": [ "Festivities" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The drop itself occurs at 11:59:00\u00a0p.m., and is ceremonially \"activated\" by a special guest (joined on-stage by the current mayor of New York City), selected yearly to recognize their community involvement or significance, by pressing a button on a smaller model of the ball. The button itself does not actually start the drop; that is done from a control room, synchronized using a government time signal. These guests have included various dignitaries and celebrities:" }, "Abstract art-3": { "title": "Abstract art", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Abstraction indicates a departure from reality in depiction of imagery in art. This departure from accurate representation can be slight, partial, or complete. Abstraction exists along a continuum. Even art that aims for verisimilitude of the highest degree can be said to be abstract, at least theoretically, since perfect representation is likely to be exceedingly elusive. Artwork which takes liberties, altering for instance color and form in ways that are conspicuous, can be said to be partially abstract. Total abstraction bears no trace of any reference to anything recognizable. In geometric abstraction, for instance, one is unlikely to find references to naturalistic entities. Figurative art and total abstraction are almost mutually exclusive. But figurative and representational (or realistic) art often contain partial abstraction." }, "Fast Green FCF-1": { "title": "Fast Green FCF", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fast Green FCF, also called Food green 3, FD&C Green No. 3, Green 1724, Solid Green FCF, and C.I. 42053, is a turquoise triarylmethane food dye. Its E number is E143." }, "Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)-1": { "title": "Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Anthony Edward Stark is a fictional character portrayed by Robert Downey Jr. in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film franchise\u2014based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name\u2014commonly known by his alter ego, Iron Man. In the films, Stark is an industrialist, genius inventor, hero and former playboy who is CEO of Stark Industries. At the beginning of the series, he is a chief weapons manufacturer for the U.S. military, until he has a change of heart and redirects his technical knowledge into the creation of mechanized suits of armor which he uses to defend against those that would threaten peace around the world." }, "The Boy Who Cried Wolf-2": { "title": "The Boy Who Cried Wolf", "section": "The fable", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The tale concerns a shepherd boy who repeatedly tricks nearby villagers into thinking a wolf is attacking his town's flock. When a wolf actually does appear and the boy again calls for help, the villagers believe that it is another false alarm and the sheep are eaten by the wolf. In later English-language poetic versions of the fable, the wolf also eats the boy. This happens in Fables for Five Year Olds (1830) by John Hookham Frere, in William Ellery Leonard's Aesop & Hyssop (1912), and in Louis Untermeyer's 1965 poem." }, "Nazism and race-3": { "title": "Nazism and race", "section": "Racial hierarchy", "headers": [ "Aryan: Nordic and Germanic" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Hitler made references to an \"Aryan Race\" founding a superior type of humanity. The purest stock of Aryans according to Nazi ideology was the Nordic people of Germany, England, The Netherlands and Scandinavia. The Nazis defined Nordics as being identified by tall stature (average 175\u00a0cm), long faces, prominent chins, narrow and straight noses with a low bridge, lean builds, doliocephalic skulls, straight light hair, light eyes, and fair skin. The Nazis claimed that Germanic people specifically represented a southern branch of the Aryan-Nordic population. The Nazis did not consider all Germans to be of the Nordic type (which predominated the north), and stated that Germany also had a large \"Alpine\" population (identified by, among other features, lower stature, stocky builds, flatter noses, and higher incidences of darker hair and eyes). Hitler and Nazi racial theorist Hans F. K. G\u00fcnther framed this as an issue to be corrected through selective breeding for \"Nordic\" traits. Hitler Youth propaganda emphasized the \"Nordic\" nature of Germans, with the text issued to all Hitler Youth members stating: \"the principal ingredient of our people is the Nordic race (55%). That is not to say that half our people are pure Nordics. All of the aforementioned races appear in mixtures in all parts of our fatherland. The circumstance, however, that the great part of our people is of Nordic descent justifies us taking a Nordic standpoint when evaluating our character and spirit, bodily structure, and physical beauty.\"" }, "Anthony Quinn-31": { "title": "Anthony Quinn", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "In 1965, Quinn and DeMille were divorced, because of his affair with Italian costume designer Jolanda Addolori, whom he married in 1966. They had three children: Francesco Quinn (March 22, 1963 \u2013 August 5, 2011), Danny Quinn (born April 16, 1964), and Lorenzo Quinn (born May 7, 1966)." }, "Sweet potato-19": { "title": "Sweet potato", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "They grow well in many farming conditions and have few natural enemies; pesticides are rarely needed. Sweet potatoes are grown on a variety of soils, but well-drained, light- and medium-textured soils with a pH range of 4.5\u20137.0 are more favorable for the plant. They can be grown in poor soils with little fertilizer. However, sweet potatoes are very sensitive to aluminum toxicity and will die about six weeks after planting if lime is not applied at planting in this type of soil. Because they are sown by vine cuttings rather than seeds, sweet potatoes are relatively easy to plant. Because the rapidly growing vines shade out weeds, little weeding is needed. A commonly used herbicide to rid the soil of any unwelcome plants that may interfere with growth is DCPA, also known as Dacthal. In the tropics, the crop can be maintained in the ground and harvested as needed for market or home consumption. In temperate regions, sweet potatoes are most often grown on larger farms and are harvested before first frosts." }, "Art Deco-9": { "title": "Art Deco", "section": "Origins", "headers": [ "Society of Decorative Artists (1901\u20131913)" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The emergence of Art Deco was closely connected with the rise in status of decorative artists, who until late in the 19th century had been considered simply as artisans. The term arts d\u00e9coratifs had been invented in 1875, giving the designers of furniture, textiles, and other decoration official status. The Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des artistes d\u00e9corateurs (Society of Decorative Artists), or SAD, was founded in 1901, and decorative artists were given the same rights of authorship as painters and sculptors. A similar movement developed in Italy. The first international exhibition devoted entirely to the decorative arts, the Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Decorativa Moderna, was held in Turin in 1902. Several new magazines devoted to decorative arts were founded in Paris, including Arts et d\u00e9coration and L'Art d\u00e9coratif moderne. Decorative arts sections were introduced into the annual salons of the Soci\u00e9te des artistes fran\u00e7ais, and later in the Salon d'Automne. French nationalism also played a part in the resurgence of decorative arts; French designers felt challenged by the increasing exports of less expensive German furnishings. In 1911, the SAD proposed the holding of a major new international exposition of decorative arts in 1912. No copies of old styles were to be permitted; only modern works. The exhibit was postponed until 1914, then, because of the war, postponed until 1925, when it gave its name to the whole family of styles known as \"D\u00e9co\"." }, "Compass-7": { "title": "Compass", "section": "Non-magnetic compasses", "headers": [ "Gyrocompass" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "they find true north, i.e., the direction of Earth's rotational axis, as opposed to magnetic north, they are not affected by ferromagnetic metal (including iron, steel, cobalt, nickel, and various alloys) in a ship's hull. (No compass is affected by nonferromagnetic metal, although a magnetic compass will be affected by any kind of wires with electric current passing through them.) Large ships typically rely on a gyrocompass, using the magnetic compass only as a backup. Increasingly, electronic fluxgate compasses are used on smaller vessels. However, magnetic compasses are still widely in use as they can be small, use simple reliable technology, are comparatively cheap, are often easier to use than GPS, require no energy supply, and unlike GPS, are not affected by objects, e.g. trees, that can block the reception of electronic signals." }, "Highway Star (song)-3": { "title": "Highway Star (song)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The very first live version released, recorded live for German TV program Beat-Club in September 1971, is featured on the History, Hits & Highlights '68\u2013'76 DVD. It is the opening track on the live albums Nobody's Perfect (1988), Come Hell or High Water (1994), and From the Setting Sun\u2026 (In Wacken) (2015). The most famous live version is featured on the 1972 live album Made in Japan. The Guardian said, \"Blackmore\u2019s playing is like a force of nature on the Made in Japan version; those slashing chords in the intro, and that amazing solo featuring the distinctive neo-classical descending runs, combining the spirits of Bach and Jimi Hendrix.\"" }, "Honey badger-2": { "title": "Honey badger", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "It is the only species in the genus Mellivora and in the mustelid subfamily Mellivorinae. Despite its name, the honey badger does not closely resemble other badger species; instead, it bears more anatomical similarities to weasels. It is primarily a carnivorous species and has few natural predators because of its thick skin, strength and ferocious defensive abilities. It is listed as the \"world's most fearless animal\" in the 2002 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records." }, "Christmas and holiday season-2": { "title": "Christmas and holiday season", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In the denominations of Western Christianity, the term \"Christmas season\" is considered synonymous with Christmastide, which runs from December 25 (Christmas Day) to January 5 (Twelfth Night or Epiphany Eve), popularly known as the 12 Days of Christmas. However, as the economic impact involving the anticipatory lead-up to Christmas Day grew in America and Europe into the 19th and 20th centuries, the term \"Christmas season\" began to become synonymous instead with the traditional Christian Advent season, the period observed in Western Christianity from the fourth Sunday before Christmas Day until Christmas Day itself. The term \"Advent calendar\" continues to be widely known in Western parlance as a term referring to a countdown to Christmas Day from the beginning of December." }, "Alan Greenspan-5": { "title": "Alan Greenspan", "section": "Early life and education", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Greenspan attended George Washington High School from 1940 until he graduated in June 1943, where one of his classmates was John Kemeny. He played clarinet and saxophone along with Stan Getz. He further studied clarinet at the Juilliard School from 1943 to 1944. Among his bandmates in the Woody Herman band was Leonard Garment, Richard Nixon's Special Counsel. In 1945, Greenspan attended New York University's Stern School of Business, where he earned a B.A. degree in economics summa cum laude in 1948 and an M.A. degree in economics in 1950. At Columbia University, he pursued advanced economic studies under Arthur Burns but dropped out." }, "Scary Movie-1": { "title": "Scary Movie", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Scary Movie is a 2000 American parody slasher film directed by Keenen Ivory Wayans. The film spoofs multiple genres including the horror, slasher, and mystery film genres. Several 1990s films and TV shows are also spoofed, and the script primarily follows the plot of slasher films Scream (1996), and I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997)." }, "John Glenn-3": { "title": "John Glenn", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "He was one of the Mercury Seven, military test pilots selected in 1959 by NASA as the nation's first astronauts. On February 20, 1962, Glenn flew the Friendship 7 mission, becoming the first American to orbit the Earth, and the fifth person and third American in space. He received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal in 1962, the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978, was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1990, and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2012." }, "Cigar-1": { "title": "Cigar", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A cigar is a rolled bundle of dried and fermented tobacco leaves made to be smoked. They are produced in a wide variety of sizes and shapes. Since the 20th century, almost all cigars are made of three distinct components: the filler, the binder leaf which holds the filler together, and a wrapper leaf, which is often the best leaf used. Often there will be a cigar band printed with the cigar manufacturer's logo. Modern cigars often come with 2 bands, especially Cuban Cigar bands, showing Limited Edition (Edici\u00f3n Limitada) bands displaying the year of production." }, "Sun bear-11": { "title": "Sun bear", "section": "Ecology and behaviour", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Sun bears are shy and reclusive animals, and usually do not attack humans unless provoked to do so, or if they are injured or with their cubs; their timid nature led these bears to be tamed often and kept as pets in the past. They are typically solitary but are sometimes seen in pairs (such as mothers and cubs). Sun bears stand on their hindfeet for a broader view of their surroundings or smell far-off objects; they try to intimidate their enemies by displaying the chest patch if threatened. Sun bears are noted for their intelligence; a captive bear observed sugar being stored in a cupboard then locked by a key, and later used its own claw to open the lock. Vocalisations include grunts and snuffles while foraging for insects, and roars similar to those of a male orangutan during the breeding season; less commonly they may give out short barks (like a rhinoceros) when they are surprised. Sun bears do not seem to hibernate, possibly because food resources are available the whole year throughout the range. They occupy home ranges of varying sizes in different areas, ranging from 7 to 27\u00a0km2 (2.7 to 10.4\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) in Borneo and peninsular Malaysia; a study in Ulu Segama Forest Reserve in Sabah (Malaysia) gave the sizes of ranges as 8.7\u201320.9\u00a0km2 (3.4\u20138.1\u00a0sq\u00a0mi). Tigers are major predators; dholes and leopards have also been recorded preying on sun bears but cases are relatively fewer. A wild female sun bear was swallowed by a large reticulated python in East Kalimantan." }, "Birdwatching-1": { "title": "Birdwatching", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Birdwatching, or birding, is a form of wildlife observation in which the observation of birds is a recreational activity or citizen science. It can be done with the naked eye, through a visual enhancement device like binoculars and telescopes, by listening for bird sounds, or by watching public webcams." }, "CERN-18": { "title": "CERN", "section": "Particle accelerators", "headers": [ "Current complex", "Large Hadron Collider" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The LHC tunnel is located 100 metres underground, in the region between the Geneva International Airport and the nearby Jura mountains. The majority of its length is on the French side of the border. It uses the 27\u00a0km circumference circular tunnel previously occupied by the Large Electron\u2013Positron Collider (LEP), which was shut down in November 2000. CERN's existing PS/SPS accelerator complexes are used to pre-accelerate protons and lead ions which are then injected into the LHC." }, "Paella-19": { "title": "Paella", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Paella Valenciana" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "The most widely used, complete ingredient list of this era was: short-grain white rice, chicken, rabbit, snails (optional), duck (optional), butter beans, great northern beans, runner beans, artichoke (a substitute for runner beans in the winter), tomatoes, fresh rosemary, sweet paprika, saffron, garlic (optional), salt, olive oil, and water. Poorer Valencians, however, sometimes used nothing more than snails for meat. Valencians insist that only these ingredients should go into making modern paella valenciana." }, "Shallot-7": { "title": "Shallot", "section": "Description and cultivation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Like garlic, shallots are formed in clusters of offsets with a head composed of multiple cloves. The skin colour of shallots can vary from golden brown to gray to rose red, and their off-white flesh is usually tinged with green or magenta." }, "Scorpio (astrology)-1": { "title": "Scorpio (astrology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Scorpio (\u264f\ufe0e) is the eighth astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the constellation of Scorpius. It spans 210\u00b0\u2013240\u00b0 ecliptic longitude. Under the tropical zodiac (most commonly used in Western astrology), the Sun transits this sign on average from October 23 to November 22. Under the sidereal zodiac (most commonly used in Hindu astrology), the Sun is in Scorpio from approximately November 16 to December 15. Depending on which zodiac system one uses, an individual born under the influence of Scorpio may be called a Scorpio or a Scorpion." }, "Nougat-1": { "title": "Nougat", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Nougat (US: /\u02c8nu\u02d0\u0261\u0259t/ NOO-g\u0259t, UK: /\u02c8nu\u02d0\u0261\u0251\u02d0/ NOO-gah, or UK: /\u02c8n\u028c\u0261\u0259t/ NUG-\u0259t; French:\u00a0[nu\u0261a]; Azerbaijani: nuga; Persian: \u0646\u0648\u0642\u0627\u200e) is a family of confections made with sugar or honey, roasted nuts (almonds, walnuts, pistachios, hazelnuts, and macadamia nuts are common), whipped egg whites, and sometimes chopped candied fruit. The consistency of nougat is chewy, and it is used in a variety of candy bars and chocolates. The word nougat comes from Occitan pan nogat (pronounced\u00a0[\u02c8pa nu\u02c8\u0263at]), seemingly from Latin panis nucatus 'nut bread' (the late colloquial Latin adjective nucatum means 'nutted' or 'nutty')." }, "Drumhead-3": { "title": "Drumhead", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Originally, drumheads were made from animal hide and were first used in early human history, long before records began." }, "Graphing calculator-10": { "title": "Graphing calculator", "section": "Programming", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "North America \u2013 high school mathematics teachers allow and even encourage their students to use graphing calculators in class. In some cases (especially in calculus courses) they are required. Some of them are disallowed in certain classes such as chemistry or physics due to their capacity to contain full periodic tables.[failed verification] College Board of the United States \u2013 permits the use of most graphing or CAS calculators that do not have a QWERTY-style keyboard for parts of its AP and SAT exams, but the ACT exam and IB schools do not permit the use of calculators with computer algebra systems. United Kingdom \u2013 a graphing calculator is allowed for A-level maths courses, however they are not required and the exams are designed to be broadly 'calculator neutral'. Similarly, at GCSE, all current courses include one paper where no calculator of any kind can be used, but students are permitted to use graphical calculators for other papers. The use of graphical calculators at GCSE is not widespread with cost being a likely factor. The use of CAS is not allowed for either A-level or GCSE. The Scottish SQA allows the use of graphic calculators in maths exams (excluding paper 1, which is exclusively non-calculator), however these should either be checked before exams by invigilators or handed out by the exam centre, as certain functions / information is not allowed to be stored on a calculator in the exam. SQA exams do not favour a graphic calculator, and since working must be shown for full marks, do not give a significant advantage over candidates who do not use them. Finland and Slovenia \u2013 and certain other countries, it is forbidden to use calculators with symbolic calculation (CAS) or 3D graphics features in the matriculation exam. This changed in the case of Finland, however, as symbolic calculators were allowed from spring 2012 onwards. Norway \u2013 calculators with wireless communication capabilities, such as IR links, have been banned at some technical universities. Australia \u2013 policies vary from state to state. Victoria \u2013 the VCE specifies approved calculators as applicable for its mathematics exams. For Further Mathematics an approved graphics calculator (for example TI-83/84, Casio 9860, HP-39G) or CAS (for example TI-89, the ClassPad series, HP-40G) can be used. Mathematical Methods (CAS) has a technology free examination consisting of short answer and some extended answer questions. It then also has a technology-active examination consisting of extended response and multiple choice questions: a CAS is the assumed technology for Mathematical Methods (CAS). Specialist Mathematics has a technology free examination and a technology-active examination where either an approved graphics calculator or CAS may be used. Calculator memories are not required to be cleared. In subjects like Physics and Chemistry, students are only allowed a standard scientific calculator. Western Australia \u2013 all tertiary entrance examinations in Mathematics involve a calculator section which assume the student has a graphics calculator; CAS enabled calculators are also permitted. In subjects such as Physics, Chemistry and Accounting only non programmable calculators are permitted. New South Wales \u2013 graphics calculators are allowed for the General Mathematics Higher School Certificate exam, but disallowed in the higher level Mathematics courses. China - Only the Shanghai College Entrance Examination allows the use of calculators without graphing and memory. Except for Shanghai, the other provinces and cities do not allow the use of calculators, so calculators in general are banned in primary and secondary education in most parts of China.[citation needed] India - Calculators are banned in primary and secondary education. University degree and diploma courses have their own rules on use and permitted models of calculators in exams. New Zealand \u2013 calculators identified as having high-level algebraic manipulation capability are prohibited in NCEA examinations unless specifically allowed by a standard or subject prescription. This includes calculators such as the TI-89 series [1]. Turkey \u2013 any type of calculator whatsoever is prohibited in all primary and high schools except the IB and American schools.[citation needed] Singapore \u2013 graphing calculators are used in junior colleges; it is required in the Mathematics paper of the GCE 'A' Levels, and most schools use the TI-84 Plus or TI-84 Plus Silver Edition. Netherlands \u2013 high school students are obliged to use graphing calculators during tests and exams in their final three years. Most students use the TI-83 Plus or TI-84 Plus, but other graphing calculators are allowed, including the Casio fx-9860G and HP-39G. Graphing calculators are almost always allowed to be used during tests instead of normal calculators, which sometimes results in cheat sheets being made on forehand and exchanged before the test starts using link cables. Israel \u2013 Graphing calculators are forbidden to use in the Bagrut (equivalent to the American SAT) math exam, in addition to programmable calculators. University degree and diploma courses have their own rules on use and permitted models of calculators in exams. Most graphing calculators, as well as some non-graphing scientific calculators and programmer's calculators can be programmed to automate complex and frequently used series of calculations and those inaccessible from the keyboard." }, "C-SPAN-1": { "title": "C-SPAN", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network (C-SPAN; /\u02c8si\u02d0\u02ccsp\u00e6n/) is an American cable and satellite television network that was created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a nonprofit public service. It televises many proceedings of the United States federal government, as well as other public affairs programming. The C-SPAN network includes the television channels C-SPAN (focusing on the U.S. House of Representatives), C-SPAN2 (focusing on the U.S. Senate), and C-SPAN3 (airing other government hearings and related programming), the radio station WCSP-FM, and a group of websites which provide streaming media and archives of C-SPAN programs. C-SPAN's television channels are available to approximately 100 million cable and satellite households within the United States, while WCSP-FM is broadcast on FM radio in Washington, D.C. and is available throughout the U.S. on SiriusXM via Internet streaming, and globally through apps for iOS and Android devices." }, "Christianity in the 1st century-2": { "title": "Christianity in the 1st century", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Early Christianity developed out of the eschatological ministry of Jesus. Subsequent to Jesus' death, his earliest followers formed an apocalyptic messianic Jewish sect during the late Second Temple period of the 1st century. Initially believing that Jesus' resurrection was the start of the endtime, their beliefs soon changed in the expected second coming of Jesus and the start of God's Kingdom at a later point in time." }, "Lucha libre-1": { "title": "Lucha libre", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lucha libre (Spanish pronunciation:\u00a0[\u02c8lut\u0361\u0283a \u02c8li\u03b2\u027ee], meaning \"freestyle wrestling\" or literally translated as \"free fight\") is the term used in Mexico for professional wrestling. Since its introduction to Mexico in the early 20th century, it has developed into a unique form of the genre, characterized by colorful masks, rapid sequences of holds and maneuvers, as well as \"high-flying\" maneuvers, some of which have been adopted in the United States and elsewhere. The wearing of masks has developed special significance, and matches are sometimes contested in which the loser must permanently remove his mask, which is a wager with a high degree of weight attached. Tag team wrestling is especially prevalent in lucha libre, particularly matches with three-member teams, called trios." }, "Compass-35": { "title": "Compass", "section": "Using a magnetic compass", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "A magnetic compass points to magnetic north pole, which is approximately 1,000 miles from the true geographic North Pole. A magnetic compass's user can determine true North by finding the magnetic north and then correcting for variation and deviation. Variation is defined as the angle between the direction of true (geographic) north and the direction of the meridian between the magnetic poles. Variation values for most of the oceans had been calculated and published by 1914. Deviation refers to the response of the compass to local magnetic fields caused by the presence of iron and electric currents; one can partly compensate for these by careful location of the compass and the placement of compensating magnets under the compass itself. Mariners have long known that these measures do not completely cancel deviation; hence, they performed an additional step by measuring the compass bearing of a landmark with a known magnetic bearing. They then pointed their ship to the next compass point and measured again, graphing their results. In this way, correction tables could be created, which would be consulted when compasses were used when traveling in those locations." }, "Woodrow Wilson-78": { "title": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "Race relations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 78, "content": "Wilson's War Department drafted hundreds of thousands of blacks into the army, giving them equal pay with whites. But in accord with military policy from the Civil War through the Second World War, they segregated them into all-black units with white officers, and kept the great majority out of combat. In response to the demand for industrial labor, the Great Migration of African Americans out of the South surged in 1917 and 1918. This migration sparked race riots, including the East St. Louis riots of 1917. In response to these riots, but only after much public outcry, Wilson asked Attorney General Thomas Watt Gregory if the federal government could intervene to \"check these disgraceful outrages.\" However, on the advice of Gregory, Wilson did not take direct action against the riots. In 1918, Wilson spoke out against lynchings, stating, \"I say plainly that every American who takes part in the action of mob or gives it any sort of continence is no true son of this great democracy but its betrayer, and ...[discredits] her by that single disloyalty to her standards of law and of rights.\" In 1919, another series of race riots occurred in Chicago, Omaha, and two dozen other major cities in the North. The federal government did not become involved, just as it had not become involved previously." }, "Aztec Empire-8": { "title": "Aztec Empire", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Before the Aztec Empire" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "After the Mexica served Culhuacan in battle, the ruler appointed one of his daughters to rule over the Mexica. According to mythological native accounts, the Mexica instead sacrificed her by flaying her skin, on the command of their god Xipe Totec. When the ruler of Culhuacan learned of this, he attacked and used his army to drive the Mexica from Tizaapan by force. The Mexica moved to an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco, where an eagle nested on a nopal cactus. The Mexica interpreted this as a sign from their gods and founded their new city, Tenochtitlan, on this island in the year \u014dme calli, or \"Two House\" (1325 AD)." }, "The Little Prince-16": { "title": "The Little Prince", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "The visit to Earth begins with a deeply pessimistic appraisal of humanity. The six absurd people the prince encountered earlier comprise, according to the narrator, just about the entire adult world. On earth there were 111 kings\u00a0... 7000 geographers, 900,000 businessmen, 7,500,000 tipplers, 311,000,000 conceited men; that is to say, about 2,000,000,000 grown-ups. Since the prince landed in a desert, he believed that Earth was uninhabited. He then met a yellow snake that claimed to have the power to return him to his home, if he ever wished to return. The prince next met a desert flower, who told him that she had only seen a handful of men in this part of the world and that they had no roots, letting the wind blow them around and living hard lives. After climbing the highest mountain he had ever seen, the prince hoped to see the whole of Earth, thus finding the people; however, he saw only the enormous, desolate landscape. When the prince called out, his echo answered him, which he interpreted as the voice of a boring person who only repeats what another says." }, "Tobacconist-1": { "title": "Tobacconist", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A tobacconist, also called a tobacco shop, a \"tobacconist's shop\" or a smoke shop, is a retailer of tobacco products in various forms and the related accoutrements, such as pipes, lighters, matches, pipe cleaners, pipe tampers. More specialized retailers might sell: ashtrays, humidification devices, hygrometers, humidors, cigar cutters, and more. Books and magazines, especially ones related to tobacco are commonly offered. Items irrelevant to tobacco such as puzzles, games, figurines, hip flasks, walking sticks, and confectionery are sometimes sold. In the United States, a tobacconist shop is traditionally represented by a wooden Indian positioned nearby. Most retailers of tobacco sell other types of product; today supermarkets, in many countries with a special counter, are usually the main sellers of the common brands of cigarette. In the United Kingdom, a common combination in small corner shops has been a newsagent selling newspapers and magazines, as well as confectionery and tobacco. In UK retailing this sector is referred to as \"CONTOB\" (\"confectionery and tobacco\")." }, "Nick Newell-1": { "title": "Nick Newell", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Nick Newell (born March 17, 1986 in Milford, Connecticut) is an American mixed martial artist, currently signed to Bellator MMA, competing in the lightweight division." }, "Boston-1": { "title": "Boston", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Boston (UK: /\u02c8b\u0252st\u0259n/, US: /\u02c8b\u0254\u02d0st\u0259n/) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States, and the 21st most populous city in the United States. The city proper covers 49 square miles (127\u00a0km2) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018, also making it the most populous city in New England, and is the seat of Suffolk County (although the county government was disbanded on July 1, 1999). The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston, a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) home to a census-estimated 4.8\u00a0million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country. As a combined statistical area (CSA), this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2\u00a0million people, making it the sixth most populous in the United States." }, "Rumi-1": { "title": "Rumi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jal\u0101l ad-D\u012bn Muhammad R\u016bm\u012b (Persian: \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u200e), also known as Jal\u0101l ad-D\u012bn Muhammad Balkh\u012b (\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0644\u062e\u0649), Mevl\u00e2n\u00e2/Mawl\u0101n\u0101 (\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627, \"our master\"), Mevlev\u00ee/Mawlaw\u012b (\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06cc, \"my master\"), and more popularly simply as Rumi (30 September 1207\u00a0\u2013 17 December 1273), was a 13th-century Persian poet, faqih, Islamic scholar, theologian, and Sufi mystic originally from Greater Khorasan. Rumi's influence transcends national borders and ethnic divisions: Iranians, Tajiks, Turks, Greeks, Pashtuns, other Central Asian Muslims, and the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent have greatly appreciated his spiritual legacy for the past seven centuries. His poems have been widely translated into many of the world's languages and transposed into various formats. Rumi has been described as the \"most popular poet\" and the \"best selling poet\" in the United States." }, "Knights Templar-2": { "title": "Knights Templar", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Templars became a favoured charity throughout Christendom and grew rapidly in membership and power. They were prominent in Christian finance. Templar knights, in their distinctive white mantles with a red cross, were among the most skilled fighting units of the Crusades. Non-combatant members of the order, who made up as much as 90% of their members, managed a large economic infrastructure throughout Christendom, developing innovative financial techniques that were an early form of banking, building its own network of nearly 1,000 commanderies and fortifications across Europe and the Holy Land, and arguably forming the world's first multinational corporation." }, "Jainism-61": { "title": "Jainism", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Ancient" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "According to historians, the first 22 tirthankaras were mythical. The 23rd, Parshvanatha, is based on a historic person, possibly of the eighth to sixth century BCE. Mah\u0101v\u012bra is considerd a contemporary of the Buddha, in around the 5th century BCE. The interaction between the two religions began with the Buddha; later, they competed for followers and the merchant trade networks that sustained them. Buddhist and Jain texts sometimes have the same or similar titles but present different doctrines." }, "Groupe PSA-23": { "title": "Groupe PSA", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Merger with FCA" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "In May 2019 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) announced its intention to seek a merger with Groupe Renault. However, in early June merger talks were suspended, and never resumed. On October 31, 2019 Groupe PSA announced intent to merge with FCA. The merger would be on a 50-50 all stock basis. On 18 December 2019, FCA and PSA announced that they had agreed to the terms of a binding $50 billion merger, expected to be implemented in the next 12 months. The new group will be incorporated in the Netherlands and have John Elkann as Chairman of the Board and Carlos Tavares as CEO." }, "Starch-1": { "title": "Starch", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants as energy storage. It is the most common carbohydrate in human diets and is contained in large amounts in staple foods like potatoes, maize (corn), rice, and cassava, as well as in the grain Emmer wheat (Triticum amyleum), from which is produced a cultivated white starch." }, "Riot control-1": { "title": "Riot control", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Riot control refers to the measures used by police, military, or other security forces to control, disperse, and arrest people who are involved in a riot, demonstration, or protest. If a riot is spontaneous and irrational, actions which cause people to stop and think for a moment (e.g. loud noises or issuing instructions in a calm tone) can be enough to stop it. However, these methods usually fail when there is severe anger with a legitimate cause, or the riot was planned or organized. Law enforcement officers or military personnel have long used less lethal weapons such as batons and whips to disperse crowds and detain rioters. Since the 1980s, riot control officers have also used tear gas, pepper spray, rubber bullets, and electric tasers. In some cases, riot squads may also use Long Range Acoustic Devices, water cannons, armoured fighting vehicles, aerial surveillance, police dogs or mounted police on horses. Officers performing riot control typically wear protective equipment such as riot helmets, face visors, body armor (vests, neck protectors, knee pads, etc.), gas masks and riot shields. However, there are also cases where lethal weapons are used to violently suppress a protest or riot, as in the Boston Massacre, Haymarket Massacre, Banana Massacre, Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Kent State Shootings, Soweto Uprising, Mendiola Massacre, Bloody Sunday (1905) , Ponce massacre, Bloody Sunday (1972), Tiananmen Square Protests (1989), Venezuelan Protest (2017), Tuticorin Massacre (2018), 2019-20 Hong Kong protests." }, "Serj Tankian-38": { "title": "Serj Tankian", "section": "Views and activism", "headers": [ "Political views" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "In the 2008 Democratic Party primaries Tankian originally supported Rep. Dennis Kucinich from Ohio, and subsequently stated that Barack Obama \"presents the best possible scenario for a hopeful future, but I don't personally put my trust in any political office.\"" }, "Johns Hopkins University-11": { "title": "Johns Hopkins University", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Early years and Daniel Coit Gilman" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "In his will and in his instructions to the trustees of the university and the hospital, Hopkins requested that both institutions be built upon the vast grounds of his Baltimore estate, Clifton. When Gilman assumed the presidency, he decided that it would be best to use the university's endowment for recruiting faculty and students, deciding to, as it has been paraphrased, \"build men, not buildings.\" In his will Hopkins stipulated that none of his endowment should be used for construction; only interest on the principal could be used for this purpose. Unfortunately, stocks in The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which would have generated most of the interest, became virtually worthless soon after Hopkins's death. The university's first home was thus in Downtown Baltimore delaying plans to site the university in Clifton." }, "Chinese calendar-1": { "title": "Chinese calendar", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The traditional Chinese calendar (officially known as the Agricultural Calendar [\u8fb2\u66c6; \u519c\u5386; N\u00f3ngl\u00ec; 'farming calendar'], Former Calendar [\u820a\u66c6; \u65e7\u5386; Ji\u00f9l\u00ec], Traditional Calendar [\u8001\u66c6; \u8001\u5386; L\u01ceol\u00ec] or Lunar Calendar [\u9670\u66c6; \u9634\u5386; Y\u012bnl\u00ec; 'yin calendar']), is a lunisolar calendar which reckons years, months and days according to astronomical phenomena. In modern days, it is defined in China by GB/T 33661\u20132017, \"Calculation and promulgation of the Chinese calendar\", issued by the Standardisation Administration of China on 12 May 2017." }, "IPhone SE (2nd generation)-1": { "title": "IPhone SE (2nd generation)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The second-generation iPhone SE (also known as the iPhone SE 2 or the 2020 iPhone SE) is a smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. It is part of the 13th generation of the iPhone, alongside the iPhone 11 and 11 Pro/Pro Max models. Announced on April 15, 2020, the iPhone SE directly replaced the iPhone 8 series, while also being the successor to the smaller and lighter first-generation iPhone SE. Pre-orders began on April 17, 2020, and the phone was subsequently released on April 24, 2020. It was released with a starting price of US$399, and positioned as a budget phone." }, "Canton of Bern-64": { "title": "Canton of Bern", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 64, "content": "As of 2008[update], the population was 47.5% male and 52.5% female. The population was made up of 44,032 Swiss men (35.4% of the population) and 15,092 (12.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 51,531 Swiss women (41.4%) and 13,726 (11.0%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the canton, 292,559 or about 30.6% were born in Bern and lived there in 2000. There were 339,659 or 35.5% who were born in the same canton, while 154,709 or 16.2% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 129,864 or 13.6% were born outside of Switzerland." }, "Saoirse Ronan-1": { "title": "Saoirse Ronan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Saoirse Una Ronan (/\u02c8s\u025c\u02d0r\u0283\u0259 \u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259 \u02c8ro\u028an\u0259n/ SUR-sh\u0259; born 12 April 1994) is an Irish and American actress. Primarily noted for her roles in period dramas since adolescence, Ronan has received several awards including a Golden Globe Award and nominations for four Academy Awards and five British Academy Film Awards." }, "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-21": { "title": "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor", "section": "Side effects", "headers": [ "Bruxism" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "increased risk of bone fractures akathisia suicidal ideation (thoughts of suicide) (see below) photosensitivity SSRI and SNRI antidepressants may cause jaw pain/jaw spasm reversible syndrome (although it is not common). Buspirone appears to be successful in treating bruxism on SSRI/SNRI induced jaw clenching." }, "Arctic Ocean-3": { "title": "Arctic Ocean", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Human habitation in the North American polar region goes back at least 50,000\u201317,000 years ago, during the Wisconsin glaciation. At this time, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the Bering land bridge that joined Siberia to north west North America (Alaska), leading to the Settlement of the Americas." }, "Islamic dietary laws-2": { "title": "Islamic dietary laws", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "According to the Quran, the only foods explicitly forbidden are meat from animals that die of themselves, blood, the meat of pigs and any food dedicated to other than God." }, "Denmark-1": { "title": "Denmark", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Denmark (Danish: Danmark, pronounced\u00a0[\u02c8t\u00e6nm\u0251k] (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. Denmark proper, which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries, consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand, Funen and the North Jutlandic Island. The islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate. The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations, Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and is bordered to the south by Germany. The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean: the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has a total area of 42,924\u00a0km2 (16,573\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), land area of 42,394\u00a0km2 (16,368\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579\u00a0km2 (853,509\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark" }, "Euro-5": { "title": "Euro", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The name euro was officially adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, replacing the former European Currency Unit (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1 (US$1.1743). Physical euro coins and banknotes entered into circulation on 1 January 2002, making it the day-to-day operating currency of its original members, and by March 2002 it had completely replaced the former currencies. While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.83 within two years (26 October 2000), it has traded above the U.S. dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.60 on 18 July 2008. However, the currency is lower than the original issue rate of US$1.1743, showing a relative decline since its issuance. In late 2009, the euro became immersed in the European sovereign-debt crisis, which led to the creation of the European Financial Stability Facility as well as other reforms aimed at stabilising and strengthening the currency." }, "Tenerife airport disaster-1": { "title": "Tenerife airport disaster", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "On March 27, 1977, two Boeing 747 passenger jets, operating KLM Flight 4805 and Pan Am Flight 1736, collided on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport (now Tenerife North Airport) on the Spanish island of Tenerife. Resulting in 583 fatalities, this accident is the deadliest in aviation history." }, "Philippine\u2013American War-1": { "title": "Philippine\u2013American War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Philippine\u2013American War, also referred to as the Filipino\u2013American War, the Philippine War, the Philippine Insurrection or the Tagalog Insurgency (Filipino: Digmaang Pilipino\u2013Amerikano; Spanish: Guerra Filipino\u2013Estadounidense), was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States that lasted from February 4, 1899, to July 2, 1902. While Filipino nationalists viewed the conflict as a continuation of the struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution, the U.S. government regarded it as an insurrection. The conflict arose when the First Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris under which the United States took possession of the Philippines from Spain, ending the Spanish\u2013American War." }, "Dental insurance-1": { "title": "Dental insurance", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dental insurance is a form of health insurance designed to pay a portion of the costs associated with dental care. There are several different types of individual, family, or group dental insurance plans grouped into three primary categories: Indemnity, Preferred Provider Network (PPO), and Dental Health Managed Organizations (DHMO)." }, "Languages of the United States-1": { "title": "Languages of the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The most commonly used language in the United States is English (specifically, American English), which is the de facto national language. Nonetheless, many other languages are also spoken, or historically have been spoken, in the United States. These include indigenous languages, languages brought to the country by colonists, enslaved people and immigrants from Europe, Africa and Asia. There are also several languages, including creoles and sign languages, that developed in the United States. Approximately 430 languages are spoken or signed by the population, of which 176 are indigenous to the area. Fifty-two languages formerly spoken in the country's territory are now extinct." }, "Linux-66": { "title": "Linux", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Smart devices" ], "para_index": 66, "content": "Cellphones and PDAs running Linux on open-source platforms became more common from 2007; examples include the Nokia N810, Openmoko's Neo1973, and the Motorola ROKR E8. Continuing the trend, Palm (later acquired by HP) produced a new Linux-derived operating system, webOS, which is built into its line of Palm Pre smartphones." }, "Binary number-1": { "title": "Binary number", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In mathematics and digital electronics, a binary number is a number expressed in the base-2 numeral system or binary numeral system, which uses only two symbols: typically \"0\" (zero) and \"1\" (one)." }, "Papal ban of Freemasonry-1": { "title": "Papal ban of Freemasonry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Catholic Church first prohibited Catholics from membership in Masonic organizations and other secret societies in 1738. Since then, at least eleven popes have made pronouncements about the incompatibility of Catholic doctrines and Freemasonry. From 1738 until 1983, Catholics who publicly associated with, or publicly supported, Masonic organizations were censured with automatic excommunication. Since 1983, the prohibition on membership exists in a different form. Although there was some confusion about membership following the 1965 Second Vatican Council (Vatican II), the Church continues to prohibit membership in Freemasonry because it concluded that Masonic principles and rituals are irreconcilable with Catholic doctrines. The current norm, the 1983 Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith's (CDF) Declaration on Masonic associations, states that \"faithful who enroll in Masonic associations are in a state of grave sin and may not receive Holy Communion\" and membership in Masonic associations is prohibited. The most recent CDF document about the \"incompatibility of Freemasonry with the Catholic faith\" was issued in 1985." }, "Reddit-5": { "title": "Reddit", "section": "Site overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "As a network of communities, Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users. Users can comment on others' posts to continue the conversation. A key feature to Reddit is that users can cast positive or negative votes, called upvotes and downvotes respectively, for each post and comment on the site. The number of upvotes or downvotes determines the posts' visibility on the site, so the most popular content is displayed to the most people. Users can also earn \"karma\" for their posts and comments, which reflects the user's standing within the community and their contributions to Reddit." }, "Scholar's mate-9": { "title": "Scholar's mate", "section": "In other openings", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Although a quick mate on f7 is almost never seen in play above beginner level, the basic idea underlying it\u2014that f7 and f2, squares defended only by the kings, are weak and therefore good targets for early attack\u2014is the motivating principle behind a number of chess openings." }, "Ocean sunfish-1": { "title": "Ocean sunfish", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The ocean sunfish or common mola (Mola mola) is one of the heaviest known bony fishes in the world. Adults typically weigh between 247 and 1,000\u00a0kg (545\u20132,205\u00a0lb). The species is native to tropical and temperate waters around the world. It resembles a fish head with a tail, and its main body is flattened laterally. Sunfish can be as tall as they are long when their dorsal and ventral fins are extended." }, "Alice in Wonderland (franchise)-14": { "title": "Alice in Wonderland (franchise)", "section": "Theme park attractions and rides", "headers": [ "Mad Tea Party" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Mad Tea Party is a spinning tea cup ride at all five Disneyland-style theme parks. The ride theme is inspired by the Unbirthday Party scene in Alice In Wonderland. The ride has gained attention over the years for the number of people who get motion sickness as a result of the spinning component of the ride." }, "Book of Exodus-12": { "title": "Book of Exodus", "section": "Summary", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "While Moses is with God, Aaron casts a golden calf, which the people worship. God informs Moses of their apostasy and threatens to kill them all, but relents when Moses pleads for them. Moses comes down from the mountain, smashes the stone tablets in anger, and commands the Levites to massacre the unfaithful Israelites. God commands Moses to construct two new tablets. Moses ascends the mountain again, where God dictates the Ten Commandments for Moses to write on the tablets." }, "Rice-84": { "title": "Rice", "section": "Production and commerce", "headers": [ "Production" ], "para_index": 84, "content": "Many rice grain producing countries have significant losses post-harvest at the farm and because of poor roads, inadequate storage technologies, inefficient supply chains and farmer's inability to bring the produce into retail markets dominated by small shopkeepers. A World Bank \u2013 FAO study claims 8% to 26% of rice is lost in developing nations, on average, every year, because of post-harvest problems and poor infrastructure. Some sources claim the post-harvest losses exceed 40%. Not only do these losses reduce food security in the world, the study claims that farmers in developing countries such as China, India and others lose approximately US$89 billion of income in preventable post-harvest farm losses, poor transport, the lack of proper storage and retail. One study claims that if these post-harvest grain losses could be eliminated with better infrastructure and retail network, in India alone enough food would be saved every year to feed 70 to 100 million people." }, "Ox-10": { "title": "Ox", "section": "Shoeing", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Working oxen usually require shoes, although in England not all working oxen were shod. Since their hooves are cloven, two shoes are required for each hoof, as opposed to a single horseshoe. Ox shoes are usually of approximately half-moon or banana shape, either with or without caulkins, and are fitted in symmetrical pairs to the hooves. Unlike horses, oxen are not easily able to balance on three legs while a farrier shoes the fourth. In England, shoeing was accomplished by throwing the ox to the ground and lashing all four feet to a heavy wooden tripod until the shoeing was complete. A similar technique was used in Serbia and, in a simpler form, in India, where it is still practiced. In Italy, where oxen may be very large, shoeing is accomplished using a massive framework of beams in which the animal can be partly or completely lifted from the ground by slings passed under the body; the feet are then lashed to lateral beams or held with a rope while the shoes are fitted." }, "By the Grace of God-10": { "title": "By the Grace of God", "section": "Contemporary usage", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "In other Commonwealth realms, who share the same monarch with the United Kingdom, the style is used in Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Solomon Islands, St. Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Tuvalu. Papua New Guinea does not use the style." }, "Slime mold-18": { "title": "Slime mold", "section": "Behavior", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "When a slime mold mass or mound is physically separated, the cells find their way back to re-unite. Studies on Physarum polycephalum have even shown an ability to learn and predict periodic unfavorable conditions in laboratory experiments. John Tyler Bonner, a professor of ecology known for his studies of slime molds, argues that they are \"no more than a bag of amoebae encased in a thin slime sheath, yet they manage to have various behaviors that are equal to those of animals who possess muscles and nerves with ganglia \u2013 that is, simple brains.\"" }, "Judo-55": { "title": "Judo", "section": "Rank and grading", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "The ninth degree black belt kudan, and higher ranks, have no formal requirements and are decided by the president of the Kodokan, currently Kano Jigoro's grandson Yukimitsu Kano. As of 2011, fifteen Japanese men have been promoted to the tenth degree black belt judan by the Kodokan, three of whom are still alive; the IJF and Western and Asian national federations have promoted another eleven who are not recognized (at that level of rank) by the Kodokan. On July 28, 2011, the promotion board of USA Judo awarded Keiko Fukuda the rank of 10th dan, who was the first woman to be promoted to judo's highest level, albeit not a Kodokan-recognized rank." }, "Deepwater Horizon oil spill-2": { "title": "Deepwater Horizon oil spill", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A massive response ensued to protect beaches, wetlands and estuaries from the spreading oil utilizing skimmer ships, floating booms, controlled burns and 1.84\u00a0million US gallons (7,000\u00a0m3) of oil dispersant. Due to the months-long spill, along with adverse effects from the response and cleanup activities, extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats and fishing and tourism industries was reported. In Louisiana, 4,900,000 pounds (2,200\u00a0t) of oily material was removed from the beaches in 2013, over double the amount collected in 2012. Oil cleanup crews worked four days a week on 55 miles (89\u00a0km) of Louisiana shoreline throughout 2013. Oil continued to be found as far from the Macondo site as the waters off the Florida Panhandle and Tampa Bay, where scientists said the oil and dispersant mixture is embedded in the sand. In April 2013, it was reported that dolphins and other marine life continued to die in record numbers with infant dolphins dying at six times the normal rate. One study released in 2014 reported that tuna and amberjack that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs that would be expected to be fatal or at least life-shortening and another study found that cardiotoxicity might have been widespread in animal life exposed to the spill." }, "Christmas elf-7": { "title": "Christmas elf", "section": "Contemporary pop culture", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In the United States, Canada, and Britain, the modern children's folklore of Santa Claus typically includes diminutive elves at Christmas; green-clad elves with pointy ears and pointy hats as Santa's assistants or hired workers. They make the toys in a workshop located in the North Pole. In recent years, other toys\u2014usually high-tech toys like computers, video games, DVDs and DVD players, and even mobile phones\u2014have also been depicted as being ready for delivery, but not necessarily made, in the workshop as well. In this portrayal, elves slightly resemble nimble and delicate versions of the dwarves of Norse myth." }, "Sea turtle-45": { "title": "Sea turtle", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "Importance to ecosystems" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "citation needed] Sea turtles use beaches and the lower dunes to nest and lay their eggs. Beaches and dunes are a fragile habitat that depend on vegetation to protect against erosion. Eggs, hatched or unhatched, and hatchlings that fail to make it into the ocean are nutrient sources for dune vegetation.[citation needed] Along a 30-kilometre (20\u00a0mi) stretch of beach on the east coast of Florida sea turtles lay over 68,000\u00a0kg (150,000\u00a0lb) of eggs in the sand.[citation needed] Dune vegetation is able to grow and become stronger with the nutrients from sea turtle nests. Stronger vegetation and root systems help to hold the sand in the dunes and help protect the beach from erosion." }, "Adoption-1": { "title": "Adoption", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Adoption is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents. Legal adoptions permanently transfer all rights and responsibilities, along with filiation, from the biological parent or parents." }, "Darth Vader-8": { "title": "Darth Vader", "section": "Creation and development", "headers": [ "Concept and writing" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "In the first draft of The Star Wars, tall, grim general \"Darth Vader\" was already close in line with his final depiction, and the protagonist Annikin Starkiller had a role similar to that of his son Luke's as the 16-year-old son of a respected warrior. Originally, Lucas conceived of the Sith as a group that served the Emperor in the same way that the Schutzstaffel served Adolf Hitler. In developing the backstory for The Empire Strikes Back, Lucas condensed this into one character in the form of Darth Vader." }, "Raclette-1": { "title": "Raclette", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Raclette (/r\u0259\u02c8kl\u025bt/) is a semi-hard cheese that is usually fashioned into a wheel of about 6\u00a0kg (13\u00a0lb). The Alpine cow milk based dairy product is most commonly used for melting, but is also consumed as a slice." }, "Harry Potter-3": { "title": "Harry Potter", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The series was originally published in English by two major publishers, Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States. A play, Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, based on a story co-written by Rowling, premiered in London on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre, and its script was published by Little, Brown. The original seven books were adapted into an eight-part namesake film series by Warner Bros. Pictures, which is the third highest-grossing film series of all time as of February\u00a02020[update]. In 2016, the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25\u00a0billion, making Harry Potter one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time." }, "Greek alphabet-41": { "title": "Greek alphabet", "section": "Other uses", "headers": [ "Use by student fraternities and sororities" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "In North America, many college fraternities and sororities are named with combinations of Greek letters, and are hence also known as \"Greek letter organizations\". This naming tradition was initiated by the foundation of the Phi Beta Kappa Society at the College of William and Mary in 1776. The name of this fraternal organization is an acronym for the ancient Greek phrase \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u0392\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 (Philosophia Biou Kybern\u0113t\u0113s), which means \"Love of wisdom, the guide of life\" and serves as the organization's motto. Sometimes early fraternal organizations were known by their Greek letter names because the mottos that these names stood for were secret and revealed only to members of the fraternity. The Greek letter names of most fraternal organizations today are meaningless and do not stand for anything, which Caroline Winterer states is \"understandable, considering that general knowledge of the ancient Greek alphabet and language has almost entirely vanished.\"" }, "Burning Man-1": { "title": "Burning Man", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Burning Man is an event held annually since 1986 in the western United States at Black Rock City, a temporary city erected in the Black Rock Desert of northwest Nevada, approximately 100 miles (160\u00a0km) north-northeast of Reno and a thriving year-round culture generated by a global community of participants. The late summer event in Black Rock City is an experiment in community and art, influenced by ten main principles: radical inclusion, radical self-reliance, radical self-expression, communal effort, civic responsibility, gifting, decommodification, participation, immediacy and leave no trace. The event takes its name from its culmination, the symbolic ritual burning of a large wooden effigy (\"The Man\") that traditionally occurs on the Saturday evening of the event." }, "Cannabis sativa-1": { "title": "Cannabis sativa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cannabis sativa is an annual herbaceous flowering plant indigenous to eastern Asia but now of cosmopolitan distribution due to widespread cultivation. It has been cultivated throughout recorded history, used as a source of industrial fiber, seed oil, food, recreation, religious and spiritual moods and medicine. Each part of the plant is harvested differently, depending on the purpose of its use. The species was first classified by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The word \"sativa\" means things that are cultivated." }, "Abstract art-1": { "title": "Abstract art", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Abstract art uses visual language of shape, form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world. Western art had been, from the Renaissance up to the middle of the 19th century, underpinned by the logic of perspective and an attempt to reproduce an illusion of visible reality. By the end of the 19th century many artists felt a need to create a new kind of art which would encompass the fundamental changes taking place in technology, science and philosophy. The sources from which individual artists drew their theoretical arguments were diverse, and reflected the social and intellectual preoccupations in all areas of Western culture at that time." }, "East Coast of the United States-1": { "title": "East Coast of the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The East Coast of the United States, also known as the Eastern Seaboard, the Atlantic Coast, and the Atlantic Seaboard, is the coastline along which the Eastern United States meets the North Atlantic Ocean. Regionally, the term refers to the coastal states and area east of the Appalachian Mountains that have shoreline on the Atlantic Ocean, from north to south, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida." }, "Porsche Carrera GT-5": { "title": "Porsche Carrera GT", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "citation needed] Porsche Carrera GT concept at Petersen Automotive Museum Porsche Carrera GT concept at the 2000 Paris Motor Show Porsche did keep part of the project alive by using the 5.5\u00a0L V10 from the prototype in a concept car called the Carrera GT shown at the 2000 Paris Motor Show, mainly in an attempt to draw attention to their display. Surprising interest in the vehicle and an influx of revenue provided from the Cayenne helped Porsche decide to produce the car, and development started on a road-legal version that would be produced in small numbers at Porsche's new manufacturing facility in Leipzig. Porsche started a production run of the Carrera GT in 2004, shipping the units with an MSRP of US$448,000. The first Carrera GT went on sale in the United States on 31 January 2004." }, "Mitsubishi Outlander-10": { "title": "Mitsubishi Outlander", "section": "Second generation (CW/ZG/ZH; 2006)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "180\u00a0kg (400\u00a0lb) In its home market of Japan it was the best-selling SUV from October 2006 to March 2007, while in the U.S. market it achieved 1,694 and 2,108 sales in November and December 2006, the first two full months it was available; Mitsubishi ultimately hopes for at least 4,000 sales per month in the United States, and after the cancellation of the Mitsubishi Grandis in model year 2011, the Outlander is now Mitsubishi's only MPV capable of carrying seven passengers with all wheel drive. In Chile, where both generations were on sale simultaneously, the new model was badged Outlander K2." }, "Chick-fil-A-39": { "title": "Chick-fil-A", "section": "Menu", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "Dwarf House and Truett's Grill in Griffin, Georgia Chick-fil-a Dwarf House entrance, Griffin, Spalding County, Georgia Truett's Grill, 1455 N Express Way, Griffin, Spalding County, Georgia Chick-fil-a Dwarf House, Griffin, Spalding County, Georgia Based on data from 2018, the most popular (most ordered) item was the waffle fries followed by soft drinks, chicken nuggets, and the original chicken sandwich. These items should be available at every franchise location with some locations offering the full menu or close to the full menu. The full list of menu items and nutrition information can be found on Chick-fil-A's website." }, "Watergate scandal-2": { "title": "Watergate scandal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Several major revelations and egregious presidential action against the investigation later in 1973 prompted the House to commence an impeachment process against Nixon. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Nixon must release the Oval Office tapes to government investigators. The tapes revealed that Nixon had conspired to cover up activities that took place after the break-in and had attempted to use federal officials to deflect the investigation. The House judiciary committee then approved articles of impeachment against Nixon for obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of Congress. With his complicity in the cover-up made public and his political support completely eroded, Nixon resigned from office on August 9, 1974. It is believed that, had he not done so, he would have been impeached by the House and removed from office by a trial in the Senate. He is the only U.S. president to have resigned from office. On September 8, 1974, Nixon's successor, Gerald Ford, pardoned him." }, "Times Square-39": { "title": "Times Square", "section": "Number of visitors", "headers": [ "New Year's Eve celebrations" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "Times Square is the site of the annual New Year's Eve ball drop. About one million revelers crowd Times Square for the New Year's Eve celebrations, more than twice the usual number of visitors the area usually receives daily. However, for the millennium celebration on December 31, 1999, published reports stated approximately two million people overflowed Times Square, flowing from 6th Avenue to 8th Avenue and all the way back on Broadway and Seventh Avenues to 59th Street, making it the largest gathering in Times Square since August 1945 during celebrations marking the end of World War II." }, "AirTrain JFK-15": { "title": "AirTrain JFK", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Construction" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Construction of the system began in May 1998. Most of the system was built one span at a time, using cranes mounted on temporary structures that erected new spans as they progressed linearly along the structures. Several sections were built using a balanced cantilever design, where two separate spans were connected to each other using the span-by-span method. The Jamaica branch's location above the median of the busy Van Wyck Expressway, combined with the varying length and curves of the track spans, caused complications during construction. One lane of the Van Wyck had to be closed in each direction during off-peak hours, causing congestion." }, "France in the Seven Years' War-1": { "title": "France in the Seven Years' War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "France was one of the leading participants in the Seven Years' War which lasted between 1756 and 1763. France entered the war with the hope of achieving a lasting victory against Prussia, Britain and their German allies and with the hope of expanding its colonial possessions.(1)" }, "Human height-46": { "title": "Human height", "section": "History of human height", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "The estimated mean height of English, German, and Scottish soldiers was 163.6\u00a0cm \u2013 165.9\u00a0cm (5\u00a0ft 4.4 in \u2013 5\u00a0ft 5.3 in) for the period as a whole, while that of Irish was 167.9\u00a0cm (5\u00a0ft 6.1 in). The average height of male slaves and convicts in North America was 171\u00a0cm (5\u00a0ft 7 in). American-born colonial soldiers of the late-1770s were on average more than 7.6\u00a0cm (3 inches) taller than their English counterparts who served in the Royal Marines at the same time." }, "Cassowary-41": { "title": "Cassowary", "section": "Relationship with humans", "headers": [ "Attacks" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "Another human death due to a cassowary was recorded in Florida on April 12, 2019. The bird's owner, a 75-year-old man who had raised the animal, was apparently clawed to death after he fell to the ground." }, "Kate Gosselin-12": { "title": "Kate Gosselin", "section": "Divorce", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "On October 24, 2018, Jon and his attorney filed papers for physical and legal custody of Collin. They claimed that it would be in Collin's best interest to live with his father upon his release from the inpatient center Kate enrolled him in. On December 4, 2018, Jon won sole physical and legal custody of Collin, as Kate and her attorney failed to appear. It was reported on December 26, 2018, that Collin was released from the inpatient center and returned home with Jon for good. While Hannah and Collin now live with Jon, the other four sextuplets still live with Kate. Cara and Mady, on the other hand, have headed off to two different colleges in New York in August 2019. As of 2018, Kate and her ex-husband are no longer in communication, except through their attorneys. In August 2019, In Touch Weekly reported that Kate was not attempting to win custody of both Hannah and Collin from her ex-husband." }, "Milky Way-2": { "title": "Milky Way", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with a visible diameter between 150,000 and 200,000 light-years (ly). It is estimated to contain 100\u2013400 billion stars and more than 100 billion planets. The dark matter halo around the Milky Way may span as much as 2 million light years. The Solar System is located at a radius of about 27,000 light-years from the Galactic Center, on the inner edge of the Orion Arm, one of the spiral-shaped concentrations of gas and dust. The stars in the innermost 10,000 light-years form a bulge and one or more bars that radiate from the bulge. The galactic center is an intense radio source known as Sagittarius A*, a supermassive black hole of 4.100 (\u00b1 0.034) million solar masses." }, "Sound-5": { "title": "Sound", "section": "Definition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Sound is defined as \"(a) Oscillation in pressure, stress, particle displacement, particle velocity, etc., propagated in a medium with internal forces (e.g., elastic or viscous), or the superposition of such propagated oscillation. (b) Auditory sensation evoked by the oscillation described in (a).\" Sound can be viewed as a wave motion in air or other elastic media. In this case, sound is a stimulus. Sound can also be viewed as an excitation of the hearing mechanism that results in the perception of sound. In this case, sound is a sensation." }, "Brain-15": { "title": "Brain", "section": "Anatomy", "headers": [ "Evolution", "Invertebrates" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Two groups of invertebrates have notably complex brains: arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods (octopuses, squids, and similar molluscs). The brains of arthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. Arthropods have a central brain, the supraesophageal ganglion, with three divisions and large optical lobes behind each eye for visual processing. Cephalopods such as the octopus and squid have the largest brains of any invertebrates." }, "The Iron Throne (Game of Thrones)-1": { "title": "The Iron Throne (Game of Thrones)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"The Iron Throne\" is the series finale of the American fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones. It is the sixth episode of the eighth season and the 73rd overall episode of the series. Written and directed by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, it aired on HBO in the United States and Canada on May 19, 2019. This is the only episode of the season that does not feature the \"Game Revealed\" and \"Inside the Episode\" behind-the-scenes specials, which were recorded, yet unreleased for unknown reasons; however, a featurette on the making of the episode was included with the home media release of Season 8." }, "Walt Disney-36": { "title": "Walt Disney", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Illness, death and aftermath" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Disney had been a heavy smoker since World War\u00a0I. He did not use cigarettes with filters and had smoked a pipe as a young man. In November 1966, he was diagnosed with lung cancer and was treated with cobalt therapy. On November 30 he felt unwell and was taken to St. Joseph Hospital where, on December 15, ten days after his 65th birthday, he died of circulatory collapse caused by lung cancer. Disney's remains were cremated two days later and his ashes interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California." }, "Common ostrich-5": { "title": "Common ostrich", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Common ostriches usually weigh from 63\u00a0to 145 kilograms (139\u2013320\u00a0lb), or as much as two adult humans. The Masai ostriches of East Africa (S. c. massaicus) averaged 115\u00a0kg (254\u00a0lb) in males and 100\u00a0kg (220\u00a0lb) in females, while the nominate subspecies, the North African ostrich (S. c. camelus), was found to average 111\u00a0kg (245\u00a0lb) in unsexed adults. Exceptional male ostriches (in the nominate subspecies) can weigh up to 156.8\u00a0kg (346\u00a0lb). At sexual maturity (two to four years), male common ostriches can be from 2.1 to 2.8\u00a0m (6\u00a0ft 11\u00a0in to 9\u00a0ft 2\u00a0in) in height, while female common ostriches range from 1.7 to 2.0\u00a0m (5\u00a0ft 7\u00a0in to 6\u00a0ft 7\u00a0in) tall. New chicks are fawn in color, with dark brown spots. During the first year of life, chicks grow at about 25\u00a0cm (9.8\u00a0in) per month. At one year of age, common ostriches weigh approximately 45 kilograms (99\u00a0lb). Their lifespan is up to 40\u201345 years." }, "Leonardo da Vinci-2": { "title": "Leonardo da Vinci", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Born out of wedlock to a notary, Piero da Vinci, and a peasant woman, Caterina, in Vinci, in the region of Florence, Italy, Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Italian painter Andrea del Verrocchio. Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan, and he later worked in Rome, Bologna and Venice. He spent his last three years in France, where he died in 1519." }, "Cannon-1": { "title": "Cannon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A cannon is a type of gun classified as artillery that launches a projectile using propellant. In the past, gunpowder was the primary propellant before the invention of smokeless powder during the late 19th century. Cannon vary in caliber, range, mobility, rate of fire, angle of fire, and firepower; different forms of cannon combine and balance these attributes in varying degrees, depending on their intended use on the battlefield. The word cannon is derived from several languages, in which the original definition can usually be translated as tube, cane, or reed. In the modern era, the term cannon has fallen into decline, replaced by guns or artillery if not a more specific term such as howitzer or mortar, except for high calibre automatic weapons firing bigger rounds than machine guns, called autocannons." }, "Multiple sclerosis-5": { "title": "Multiple sclerosis", "section": "Signs and symptoms", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Play media A person with MS can have almost any neurological symptom or sign, with autonomic, visual, motor, and sensory problems being the most common. The specific symptoms are determined by the locations of the lesions within the nervous system, and may include loss of sensitivity or changes in sensation such as tingling, pins and needles or numbness, muscle weakness, blurred vision, very pronounced reflexes, muscle spasms, or difficulty in moving; difficulties with coordination and balance (ataxia); problems with speech or swallowing, visual problems (nystagmus, optic neuritis or double vision), feeling tired, acute or chronic pain, and bladder and bowel difficulties (such as neurogenic bladder), among others. Difficulties thinking and emotional problems such as depression or unstable mood are also common. Uhthoff's phenomenon, a worsening of symptoms due to exposure to higher than usual temperatures, and Lhermitte's sign, an electrical sensation that runs down the back when bending the neck, are particularly characteristic of MS. The main measure of disability and severity is the expanded disability status scale (EDSS), with other measures such as the multiple sclerosis functional composite being increasingly used in research." }, "Marsupial-1": { "title": "Marsupial", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Marsupials are any members of the mammalian infraclass Marsupialia. All extant marsupials are endemic to Australasia and the Americas. A distinctive characteristic common to these species is that most of the young are carried in a pouch. Well-known marsupials include kangaroos, wallabies, koalas, phalangeriformes, opossums, wombats, and Tasmanian devils. Some lesser-known marsupials are the dunnarts, potoroos, cuscuses and the extinct thylacine." }, "The Matrix-49": { "title": "The Matrix", "section": "Home media", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 49, "content": "The Matrix was released on Laserdisc in its original aspect ratio of 2.35:1 on September 21, 1999 in the US from Warner Home Video as well as in a cropped 1.33:1 aspect ratio in Hong Kong from ERA Home Entertainment. It was also released on VHS in both fullscreen and widescreen formats followed on December 7, 1999. After its DVD release, it was the first DVD to sell more than one million copies in the US, and went on to be the first to sell more than three million copies in the US. By November 10, 2003, one month after The Matrix Reloaded DVD was released, the sales of The Matrix DVD had exceeded 30 million copies. The Ultimate Matrix Collection was released on HD DVD on May 22, 2007 and on Blu-ray on October 14, 2008. The film was also released standalone in a 10th anniversary edition Blu-ray in the Digibook format on March 31, 2009, 10 years to the day after the film was released theatrically. In 2010, the film had another DVD release along with the two sequels as The Complete Matrix Trilogy. It was also released on 4K HDR Blu-ray on May 22, 2018. The film as part of The Matrix Trilogy was released on 4K Ultra HD Blu-Ray on October 30, 2018." }, "Ali Askari-2": { "title": "Ali Askari", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "He was a prominent leader in Iraqi Kurdistan and his political party was the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan." }, "Fear-20": { "title": "Fear", "section": "Mechanism", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Robert C. Bolles (1970), a researcher at University of Washington, wanted to understand species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning among animals, but found that the theories of avoidance learning and the tools that were used to measure this tendency were out of touch with the natural world. He theorized the species-specific defense reaction (SSDR). There are three forms of SSDRs: flight, fight (pseudo-aggression), or freeze. Even domesticated animals have SSDRs, and in those moments it is seen that animals revert to atavistic standards and become \"wild\" again. Dr. Bolles states that responses are often dependent on the reinforcement of a safety signal, and not the aversive conditioned stimuli. This safety signal can be a source of feedback or even stimulus change. Intrinsic feedback or information coming from within, muscle twitches, increased heart rate, are seen to be more important in SSDRs than extrinsic feedback, stimuli that comes from the external environment. Dr. Bolles found that most creatures have some intrinsic set of fears, to help assure survival of the species. Rats will run away from any shocking event, and pigeons will flap their wings harder when threatened. The wing flapping in pigeons and the scattered running of rats are considered species-specific defense reactions or behaviors. Bolles believed that SSDRs are conditioned through Pavlovian conditioning, and not operant conditioning; SSDRs arise from the association between the environmental stimuli and adverse events. Michael S. Fanselow conducted an experiment, to test some specific defense reactions, he observed that rats in two different shock situations responded differently, based on instinct or defensive topography, rather than contextual information." }, "Legal drinking age-6": { "title": "Legal drinking age", "section": "Americas", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "In Mexico, it is 18 for each. In the United States, the minimum legal age to purchase any alcohol beverage from a shop, supermarket, liquor store, bar, club or any other licensed premises is 21 years of age; the two exceptions are Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands where the age is 18. The legal drinking age varies by state. In Canada, most provinces have a minimum age of 19 years to buy or consume alcohol, while Alberta, Manitoba and Quebec set it at 18 years. In the late twentieth century, much of North America changed its minimum legal drinking ages (MLDAs) as follows:" }, "Eugenics-1": { "title": "Eugenics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Eugenics (/ju\u02d0\u02c8d\u0292\u025bn\u026aks/; from Greek \u03b5\u1f50- \"good\" and \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \"come into being, growing\") is a set of beliefs and practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of a human population, typically by excluding people and groups judged to be inferior and promoting those judged to be superior." }, "Bruce Lee-30": { "title": "Bruce Lee", "section": "Artistry", "headers": [ "Philosophy" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Lee is best known as a martial artist, but he also studied drama and Asian and Western philosophy while a student at the University of Washington and throughout his life. He was well-read and had an extensive library dominated by martial arts subjects and philosophical texts. His own books on martial arts and fighting philosophy are known for their philosophical assertions, both inside and outside of martial arts circles. His eclectic philosophy often mirrored his fighting beliefs, though he was quick to claim that his martial arts were solely a metaphor for such teachings. He believed that any knowledge ultimately led to self-knowledge, and said that his chosen method of self-expression was martial arts. His influences include Taoism, Jiddu Krishnamurti, and Buddhism. Lee's philosophy was very much in opposition to the conservative worldview advocated by Confucianism. John Little states that Lee was an atheist. When asked in 1972 about his religious affiliation, he replied, \"none whatsoever\", and when asked if he believed in God, he said, \"To be perfectly frank, I really do not.\"" }, "Crucifix-2": { "title": "Crucifix", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The crucifix is a principal symbol for many groups of Christians, and one of the most common forms of the Crucifixion in the arts. It is especially important in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, but is also used in the Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian, and Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as by the Lutheran and Anglican Churches. The symbol is less common in churches of other Protestant denominations, which prefer to use a cross without the figure of Jesus (the corpus). The crucifix emphasizes Jesus' sacrifice\u2014his death by crucifixion, which Christians believe brought about the redemption of mankind. Most crucifixes portray Jesus on a Latin cross, rather than any other shape, such as a Tau cross or a Coptic cross." }, "Pickled cucumber-12": { "title": "Pickled cucumber", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Kosher dill" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In New York terminology, a \"full-sour\" kosher dill is one that has fully fermented, while a \"half-sour\", given a shorter stay in the brine, is still crisp and bright green. Elsewhere, these pickles may sometimes be termed \"old\" and \"new\" dills." }, "Cookie Monster-2": { "title": "Cookie Monster", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "He is known to have a mother, a younger sister, and an identically-designed cousin (who ironically does not like cookies). All three share his characteristic navy blue fur and \"googly eyes.\" He also has a father, who appeared in a Monsterpiece Theater sketch promoting energy conservation, water conservation and environmentalism. Both Cookie Monster's mother and father share his enormous appetite and craving for cookies. He and his Sesame Street friends are popular motifs on T-shirts." }, "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart-3": { "title": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "He composed more than 600 works, many of which are acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic, concertante, chamber, operatic, and choral music. He is considered among the greatest classical composers of all time, and his influence is profound on subsequent Western art music. Ludwig van Beethoven composed his early works in the shadow of Mozart, and Joseph Haydn wrote: \"posterity will not see such a talent again in 100 years\"." }, "African elephant-28": { "title": "African elephant", "section": "Behavior and ecology", "headers": [ "Reproduction" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Female African elephants are able to start reproducing at around 10 to 12 years of age, and are in estrus for about 2 to 7 days. They do not mate at a specific time; however, they are less likely to reproduce in times of drought than when water is plentiful. The gestation period of an elephant is 22 months and fertile females usually give birth every 3\u20136 years, so if they live to around 50 years of age, they may produce 7 offspring. Females are a scarce and mobile resource for the males so there is intense competition to gain access to estrous females." }, "Old English-3": { "title": "Old English", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Old English is one of the West Germanic languages, and its closest relatives are Old Frisian and Old Saxon. Like other old Germanic languages, it is very different from Modern English and difficult for Modern English speakers to understand without study. Within Old English grammar nouns, adjectives, pronouns and verbs have many inflectional endings and forms, and word order is much freer. The oldest Old English inscriptions were written using a runic system, but from about the 8th century this was replaced by a version of the Latin alphabet." }, "Heaven's Gate (religious group)-1": { "title": "Heaven's Gate (religious group)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Heaven's Gate was an American UFO religious millenarian cult based near San Diego, California. It was founded in 1974 and led by Marshall Applewhite (1931\u20131997) and Bonnie Nettles (1927\u20131985). On March 26, 1997, members of the San Diego County Sheriff's Department discovered the bodies of 39 members of the group in a house in the San Diego suburb of Rancho Santa Fe. They had participated in a mass suicide, a coordinated series of ritual suicides, in order to reach what they believed was an extraterrestrial spacecraft following Comet Hale\u2013Bopp." }, "Ape-26": { "title": "Ape", "section": "Behaviour", "headers": [ "Cognition" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "All the non-human hominoids are generally thought of as highly intelligent, and scientific study has broadly confirmed that they perform very well on a wide range of cognitive tests\u2014though there is relatively little data on gibbon cognition. The early studies by Wolfgang K\u00f6hler demonstrated exceptional problem-solving abilities in chimpanzees, which K\u00f6hler attributed to insight. The use of tools has been repeatedly demonstrated; more recently, the manufacture of tools has been documented, both in the wild and in laboratory tests. Imitation is much more easily demonstrated in \"great apes\" than in other primate species. Almost all the studies in animal language acquisition have been done with \"great apes\", and though there is continuing dispute as to whether they demonstrate real language abilities, there is no doubt that they involve significant feats of learning. Chimpanzees in different parts of Africa have developed tools that are used in food acquisition, demonstrating a form of animal culture." }, "Preventive healthcare-18": { "title": "Preventive healthcare", "section": "Preventive methods", "headers": [ "Sexually transmitted infections" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as syphilis and HIV, are common but preventable with safe-sex practices. STIs can be asymptomatic, or cause a range of symptoms. Preventive measures for STIs are called prophylactics. The term especially applies to the use of condoms, which are highly effective at preventing disease, but also to other devices meant to prevent STIs, such as dental dams and latex gloves. Other means for preventing STIs include education on how to use condoms or other such barrier devices, testing partners before having unprotected sex, receiving regular STI screenings, to both receive treatment and prevent spreading STIs to partners, and, specifically for HIV, regularly taking prophylactic antiretroviral drugs, such as Truvada. Post-exposure prophylaxis, started within 72 hours (optimally less than 1 hour) after exposure to high-risk fluids, can also protect against HIV transmission." }, "K\u0101lua-3": { "title": "K\u0101lua", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "To maintain even heating and to retain the meat's natural moisture, the meat is covered with more layers of vegetation such as ti and banana leaves, then covered with a layer of soil at least several inches deep ensuring that no steam escapes. The layers of vegetation covering the food must extend past the edges of the pit to ensure the food is not contaminated by the soil it is buried under. The meat is then left to cook in the pit for several hours. When the meat is fully cooked, it is removed from the imu and shredded. Modern adaptations to the traditional cooking method include the use of wet burlap material as a substitute for the vegetation or to reduce the amount of vegetation needed, and also the use of non-galvanized steel chicken wire or mesh wrapped around the food to aid in its removal when cooked. The characteristic flavor of k\u0101lua pig is imparted by the smoke from the hardwood but more importantly the use of ti leaves to wrap the meat. The flavor of the ti leaf is what differentiates k\u0101lua pig from other methods of cooking a whole hog slowly using a hardwood fire." }, "Middle class-24": { "title": "Middle class", "section": "Recent global growth", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "discuss] In 2010, a working paper by the OECD asserted that 1.8 billion people were now members of the global \"middle class.\" Credit Suisse's Global Wealth Report 2014, released in October 2014, estimated that one billion adults belonged to the \"middle class,\" with wealth anywhere between the range of $10,000\u2013$100,000." }, "Alaska Purchase-1": { "title": "Alaska Purchase", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Alaska Purchase (Russian: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0436\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u044f\u0441\u043a\u0438, tr. Prodazha Alyaski, Sale of Alaska) was the United States' acquisition of Alaska from the Russian Empire. Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867, through a treaty ratified by the United States Senate and signed by President Andrew Johnson." }, "George Fox-23": { "title": "George Fox", "section": "Suffering and growth", "headers": [ "The Restoration" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "At least on one point, Charles listened to Fox. The seven hundred Quakers who had been imprisoned under Richard Cromwell were released, though the government remained uncertain about the group's links with other, more violent, movements. A revolt by the Fifth Monarchists in January 1661 led to the suppression of that sect and the repression of other Nonconformists, including Quakers. In the aftermath of this attempted coup, Fox and eleven other Quakers issued a broadside proclaiming what became known among Friends in the 20th century as the \"peace testimony\": they committed themselves to oppose all outward wars and strife as contrary to the will of God. Not all his followers accepted this statement; Isaac Penington, for example, dissented for a time arguing that the state had a duty to protect the innocent from evil, if necessary by using military force. Despite the testimony, persecution against Quakers and other dissenters continued." }, "Danny DeVito-4": { "title": "Danny DeVito", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "DeVito's short stature is the result of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (Fairbank's disease), a rare genetic disorder that affects bone growth." }, "Pearl Jam-2": { "title": "Pearl Jam", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Formed after the demise of Gossard and Ament's previous band, Mother Love Bone, Pearl Jam broke into the mainstream with its debut album, Ten, in 1991. One of the key bands in the grunge movement of the early 1990s, its members often shunned popular music industry practices such as making music videos or giving interviews. The band also sued Ticketmaster, claiming it had monopolized the concert-ticket market. In 2006, Rolling Stone described the band as having \"spent much of the past decade deliberately tearing apart their own fame.\"" }, "Maror-7": { "title": "Maror", "section": "Types of maror", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The Mishnah specifies five types of bitter herbs eaten on the night of Passover: \u1e25azzeret (lettuce), \u02bfulesh\u012bn (endive/chicory), temakha, \u1e25ar\u1e25avina (sweet clover or Eryngium creticum), and maror (likely Sonchus oleraceus, a type of dandelion). The most common vegetables used as bitter herbs are horseradish and romaine lettuce." }, "Inlay (guitar)-1": { "title": "Inlay (guitar)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Inlay on guitars or similar fretted instruments are decorative materials set into the wooden surface of the instrument using standard inlay techniques. Although inlay can be done on any part of a guitar, it is most commonly found on the fretboard, headstock\u2014typically the manufacturer's logo\u2014and around the sound hole of acoustic guitars. Only the positional markers on the fretboard or side of neck and the rosette around the sound hole serve any function other than decoration (the rosette serves as reinforcement). Nacre (\"mother of pearl\"), plastic and wood are the materials most often used as inlay." }, "Chuck Norris-4": { "title": "Chuck Norris", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Norris was born in Ryan, Oklahoma on March 10, 1940 to Wilma (n\u00e9e Scarberry) and Ray Dee Norris, who was a World War II Army soldier, a mechanic, bus driver, and truck driver. Norris has stated that he has Irish and Cherokee roots. Norris was named after Carlos Berry, his father's minister. He was the oldest of three brothers, the younger two being Wieland, and Aaron (a Hollywood producer). When Norris was sixteen, his parents divorced, and he later relocated to Prairie Village, Kansas and then to Torrance, California with his mother and brothers." }, "Kindergarten-89": { "title": "Kindergarten", "section": "By country", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 89, "content": "confident individuals effective contributors responsible citizens successful learners In the US, kindergarten is usually part of the K-12 educational system. In most state and private schools, children begin kindergarten at age 5 and attend for one year. They do activities such as addition (+), subtraction (-), and playing outside at recess. Forty-three of the fifty states require their school districts to offer a kindergarten year." }, "Rheumatoid lung disease-6": { "title": "Rheumatoid lung disease", "section": "Mechanism", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Prevention's: Stop smoking: Chemicals found in cigarettes can irritate already delicate lung tissue, leading to further complications. Having regular checkups: The doctor could listen to lungs and monitor breathing, because lung problems that are detected early can be easier to treat. RA is a complex and poorly understood disease." }, "Very Large Telescope-1": { "title": "Very Large Telescope", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Very Large Telescope (VLT) is a telescope facility operated by the European Southern Observatory on Cerro Paranal in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. The VLT consists of four individual telescopes, each with a primary mirror 8.2 m across, which are generally used separately but can be used together to achieve very high angular resolution. The four separate optical telescopes are known as Antu, Kueyen, Melipal, and Yepun, which are all words for astronomical objects in the Mapuche language. The telescopes form an array which is complemented by four movable Auxiliary Telescopes (ATs) of 1.8 m aperture." }, "Camel-4": { "title": "Camel", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The average life expectancy of a camel is 40 to 50 years. A full-grown adult dromedary camel stands 1.85\u00a0m (6\u00a0ft 1\u00a0in) at the shoulder and 2.15\u00a0m (7\u00a0ft 1\u00a0in) at the hump. Bactrian camels can be a foot taller. Camels can run at up to 65\u00a0km/h (40\u00a0mph) in short bursts and sustain speeds of up to 40\u00a0km/h (25\u00a0mph). Bactrian camels weigh 300 to 1,000\u00a0kg (660 to 2,200\u00a0lb) and dromedaries 300 to 600\u00a0kg (660 to 1,320\u00a0lb). The widening toes on a camel's hoof provide supplemental grip for varying soil sediments." }, "Inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre-2": { "title": "Inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Little literary evidence survives of the activities of the gladiatorial training and fighting (ludi). They appear to have followed the standard format of the Roman games: animal entertainments in the morning session, followed by the executions of criminals around midday, with the afternoon session reserved for gladiatorial combats and recreations of famous battles. The animal entertainments, which featured creatures from throughout the Roman Empire, included extravagant hunts and fights between different species. Animals also played a role in some executions which were staged as recreations of myths and historical events. Naval battles formed part of the spectacles but whether these took place in the amphitheatre or on a lake that had been specially constructed by Augustus is a topic of debate among historians." }, "Month-38": { "title": "Month", "section": "Months in various calendars", "headers": [ "Germanic calendar" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "Duruthu (\u0daf\u0dd4\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dad\u0dd4) Navam (\u0db1\u0dc0\u0db8\u0dca) M\u00e6din (\u0db8\u0dd0\u0daf\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca) Bak (\u0db6\u0d9a\u0dca) Vesak (\u0dc0\u0dd9\u0dc3\u0d9a\u0dca) Poson (\u0db4\u0ddc\u0dc3\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dca) \u00c6sala (\u0d87\u0dc3\u0dbd) Nikini (\u0db1\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dab\u0dd2) Binara (\u0db6\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dbb) Vap (\u0dc0\u0db4\u0dca) Il (iL) (\u0d89\u0dbd\u0dca) Unduvap (\u0d8b\u0db3\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0db4\u0dca) The old Icelandic calendar is not in official use anymore, but some Icelandic holidays and annual feasts are still calculated from it. It has 12 months, broken down into two groups of six often termed \"winter months\" and \"summer months\". The calendar is peculiar in that the months always start on the same weekday rather than on the same date. Hence \u00deorri always starts on a Friday sometime between January 22 and January 28 (Old style: January 9 to January 15), G\u00f3a always starts on a Sunday between February 21 and February 27 (Old style: February 8 to February 14)." }, "Edward Snowden-5": { "title": "Edward Snowden", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "Childhood, family, and education" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Edward Joseph Snowden was born on June 21, 1983, in Elizabeth City, North Carolina. His maternal grandfather, Edward J. Barrett, a rear admiral in the U.S. Coast Guard, became a senior official with the FBI and was at the Pentagon in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. Snowden's father, Lonnie, was also an officer in the Coast Guard, and his mother, Elizabeth, is a clerk at the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland. His older sister, Jessica, was a lawyer at the Federal Judicial Center in Washington, D.C. Edward Snowden said that he had expected to work for the federal government, as had the rest of his family. His parents divorced in 2001, and his father remarried. Snowden scored above 145 on two separate IQ tests." }, "Swimming pool-67": { "title": "Swimming pool", "section": "Winterization", "headers": [ "Closing vinyl and fibreglass pools" ], "para_index": 67, "content": "In climates where there is no risk of freezing, closing down the pool for winter is not so important. Typically, the thermal cover is removed and stored. Winter sunlight can create an algae mess when a cover that has been left on all winter is removed. The pool is correctly pH-balanced and super-chlorinated. One part algaecide for every 50,000 parts of pool water should be added, and topped up each month. The pool should be filtered for one to two hours daily to keep the automated chlorination system active." }, "Golden toad-2": { "title": "Golden toad", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The golden toad was one of about 500 species in the family Bufonidae\u2014the \"true toads\". Males were orange and sometimes slightly mottled on the belly, while females showed a greater variety of colors, including black, yellow, red, green, and white; both sexes had smooth skin. While males had brilliant orange that attracted females to mate, females are covered with a dark, charcoal colored outlined with yellow lines. Sexual dimorphism played a key role in identifying females, who were typically larger than males. Body length ranged from 39 to 48\u00a0mm in males and from 42 to 56\u00a0mm in females. Males had proportionally longer limbs and longer, more acute noses than females. Females also had enlarged cranial crests above the level of the orbit (eye socket), while in males the crests were much lower." }, "Rhode Island-89": { "title": "Rhode Island", "section": "Culture", "headers": [ "Popular culture" ], "para_index": 89, "content": "The Farrelly brothers and Seth MacFarlane depict Rhode Island in popular culture, often making comedic parodies of the state. MacFarlane's television series Family Guy is based in a fictional Rhode Island city named Quahog, and notable local events and celebrities are regularly lampooned. Peter Griffin is seen working at the Pawtucket brewery, and other state locations are mentioned." }, "Ginger-8": { "title": "Ginger", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "In 2016, global production of ginger was 3.3 million tonnes, led by India with 34% of the world total. Nigeria, China, and Indonesia also had substantial production." }, "Japanese spider crab-2": { "title": "Japanese spider crab", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Japanese spider crab has the greatest leg span of any arthropod, reaching up to 3.7 metres (12.1\u00a0ft) from claw to claw. The body may grow to a size of 40\u00a0cm (16\u00a0in) in carapace width and the whole crab can weigh up to 19 kilograms (42\u00a0lb)\u2014second in mass only to the American lobster among all living arthropod species. The males have the longer chelipeds; females have much shorter chelipeds, which are shorter than the following pair of legs. Apart from its outstanding size, the Japanese spider crab differs from other crabs in a number of ways. The first pleopods of males are unusually twisted, and its larvae appear primitive. The crab is orange with white spots along the legs. It is reported to have a gentle disposition despite its ferocious appearance. The Japanese name for this species is taka-ashi-gani, (japanese: \u305f\u304b\u3042\u3057\u304c\u306b), literally translating to \u201ctall legs crab.\u201d It also has a unique molting behavior that occurs for 103 minutes, in which the crab loses its mobility and starts molting its carapace rear and ends with molting its walking legs. Their armored exoskeletons help protect them from larger predators such as octopuses, but giant spider crabs also use camouflage. The crab's bumpy carapace blends into the rocky ocean floor. To further the illusion, a spider crab will adorn its shell with sponges and other animals. The way in which spider crabs are able to pick up and cover themselves with such organisms is by following a specific routine behavior. Upon picking up the object with the crab\u2019s slender chelipeds, the chelae is used to twist and tear off the organism, such as a worm tube or sponge, from the substrate that it currently resides on. Unlike other species of crab, like the Chilean crab Acanthonyx petiveri, the Japanese spider crab does not specifically look for matching colors to blend into their environment; they simply camouflage in way that disguises their entire structure. This is most likely because Japanese spider crabs are nocturnally active, so instead of trying to disguise themselves when catching prey, they are actually just trying to avoid predators during the night. Once the material is picked up, it is brought to the crabs\u2019 mouthparts to specifically orient and shape it before it is attached to the exoskeleton. Then, through mechanical adhesion and secretions, the materials attach to the crab, and are able to regenerate, and colonize on the crab." }, "Cricket (insect)-3": { "title": "Cricket (insect)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Crickets often appear as characters in literature. The Talking Cricket features in Carlo Collodi's 1883 children's book, The Adventures of Pinocchio, and in films based on the book. The eponymous insect is central to Charles Dickens's 1845 The Cricket on the Hearth, as is the chirping insect in George Selden's 1960 The Cricket in Times Square. Crickets are celebrated in poems by William Wordsworth, John Keats, and Du Fu. They are kept as pets in countries from China to Europe, sometimes for cricket fighting. Crickets are efficient at converting their food into body mass, making them a candidate for food production. They are used as human food in Southeast Asia, where they are sold deep-fried in markets as snacks. They are also used to feed carnivorous pets and zoo animals. In Brazilian folklore, crickets feature as omens of various events." }, "Uniform Controlled Substances Act-1": { "title": "Uniform Controlled Substances Act", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Uniform Controlled Substances Act was drafted by the United States Department of Justice in 1969 and promulgated by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws while the federal Controlled Substances Act was being drafted. Modeled after the federal Act, the uniform act established a drug scheduling system. Every state has adopted the uniform act. Rufus B. King, counsel to United States Congress committees, notes that \"it is provided that the state authorities must designate, reschedule, or delete substances whenever notified of such federal action unless they invoke an elaborate notice-and-hearing procedure to resist the federal ruling\". Thus, the Uniform Act completes a top-down system of control in which drug policy originates through the international legislative process of treatymaking and United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs scheduling decisions and is automatically implemented through Controlled Substances Act provisions requiring federal scheduling of internationally controlled drugs, and Uniform Controlled Substances Act provisions requiring state scheduling of federally controlled drugs." }, "Rat-30": { "title": "Rat", "section": "As pests", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Rats have long been considered deadly pests. Once considered a modern myth, the rat flood in India occurs every fifty years, as armies of bamboo rats descend upon rural areas and devour everything in their path. Rats have long been held up as the chief villain in the spread of the Bubonic Plague; however, recent studies show that rats alone could not account for the rapid spread of the disease through Europe in the Middle Ages. Still, the Center for Disease Control does list nearly a dozen diseases directly linked to rats." }, "Desert Camouflage Uniform-1": { "title": "Desert Camouflage Uniform", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Desert Combat Uniform (DCU) is an arid-environment camouflage uniform that was used by the United States Armed Forces from the mid-1990s to the early 2010s. In terms of pattern and textile cut, it is nearly identical to the U.S. military's Battle Dress Uniform (BDU) uniform, but features a three-color desert camouflage pattern of dark brown, pale green, and beige, as opposed to the beige, pale green, two tones of brown, and black and white rock spots of the previous Desert Battle Dress Uniform (DBDU)." }, "Olaf (Frozen)-1": { "title": "Olaf (Frozen)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Olaf is a fictional character from Disney's Frozen franchise, produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. Olaf is first presented in Frozen (2013) as an animate snowman created by Elsa and Anna in their childhood. He then reappears as an anthropomorphic character in the film as Anna searches for her runaway sister in hopes of restoring summer. Olaf has reappeared when Elsa accidentally turns Arendelle into a wintery abyss. Olaf helps Anna and Kristoff find Elsa and journeys with them all the way back to the kingdom, where he remains part of the sisters' lives and appears again in the 2019 film, Frozen II." }, "Logic puzzle-1": { "title": "Logic puzzle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A logic puzzle is a puzzle deriving from the mathematical field of deduction." }, "Popeye the Sailor (film)-1": { "title": "Popeye the Sailor (film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Popeye the Sailor (original title as Popeye the Sailor with Betty Boop) is a 1933 animated short produced by Fleischer Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures. While billed as a Betty Boop cartoon, it was produced as a vehicle for Popeye the Sailor in his debut animated appearance." }, "Breakdancing-1": { "title": "Breakdancing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Breaking, also called breakdancing or b-boying/b-girling, is an athletic style of street dance from the United States. While diverse in the amount of variation available in the dance, breakdancing mainly consists of four kinds of movement: toprock, downrock, power moves and freezes. Breakdancing is typically set to songs containing drum breaks, especially in hip-hop, funk, soul music and breakbeat music, although modern trends allow for much wider varieties of music along certain ranges of tempo and beat patterns." }, "Griffin family-1": { "title": "Griffin family", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Griffin family is a fictional family from the animated television series Family Guy. The Griffins are a nuclear family consisting of the married couple Peter and Lois, their three children Meg, Chris, and Stewie, their anthropomorphic dog Brian, and they have several unknown children showcased once or twice throughout the series, although that\u2019s all we hear of them. They live at 31 Spooner Street in the fictional town of Quahog, Rhode Island. Their family car is a red sixth-generation Ford Country Squire. They were created by Seth MacFarlane, in model of his two animated films, The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve. The family debuted on January 31, 1999, after Super Bowl XXXIII, in the episode \"Death Has a Shadow\"." }, "Computer keyboard-27": { "title": "Computer keyboard", "section": "Non-standard layout and special-use types", "headers": [ "Chorded" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "While other keyboards generally associate one action with each key, chorded keyboards associate actions with combinations of key presses. Since there are many combinations available, chorded keyboards can effectively produce more actions on a board with fewer keys. Court reporters' stenotype machines use chorded keyboards to enable them to enter text much faster by typing a syllable with each stroke instead of one letter at a time. The fastest typists (as of 2007) use a stenograph, a kind of chorded keyboard used by most court reporters and closed-caption reporters. Some chorded keyboards are also made for use in situations where fewer keys are preferable, such as on devices that can be used with only one hand, and on small mobile devices that don't have room for larger keyboards. Chorded keyboards are less desirable in many cases because it usually takes practice and memorization of the combinations to become proficient." }, "Wahhabism-1": { "title": "Wahhabism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Wahhabism (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u200e, al-Wahh\u0101biyah) is an Islamic doctrine and religious movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. It has been variously described as \"ultraconservative\", \"far-right\" \"austere\"," }, "Tubercle-1": { "title": "Tubercle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In anatomy, a tubercle is any round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on external or internal organs of a plant or an animal." }, "Bob Marley-48": { "title": "Bob Marley", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Personal views", "Cannabis" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "Marley considered cannabis a healing herb, a \"sacrament\", and an \"aid to medication\"; he supported the legalisation of the drug. He thought that marijuana use was prevalent in the Bible, reading passages such as Psalms 104:14 as showing approval of its usage. Marley began to use cannabis when he converted to the Rastafari faith from Catholicism in 1966. He was arrested in 1968 after being caught with cannabis but continued to use marijuana in accordance with his religious beliefs. Of his marijuana usage, he said, \"When you smoke herb, herb reveal yourself to you. All the wickedness you do, the herb reveal itself to yourself, your conscience, show up yourself clear, because herb make you meditate. Is only a natural t'ing and it grow like a tree.\" Marley saw marijuana usage as a vital factor in religious growth and connection with Jah, and as a way to philosophise and become wiser." }, "Alexander Graham Bell-2": { "title": "Alexander Graham Bell", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices which eventually culminated in Bell being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study." }, "Highway Star (song)-4": { "title": "Highway Star (song)", "section": "Structure", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The structure of the song consists of a 35-second bass/guitar introduction, before the band launches into the thumping opening riff, which soon leads into the first vocals section (0:55). The first two verses are sung, then Jon Lord begins his organ solo (2:14). This part consists mostly of fast, arpeggiated notes with a late Baroque/Early Classical influenced feel and makes use of the minor harmonic scale. The organ solo lasts for about a minute, then Ian Gillan sings the third verse of the song (3:24). At the conclusion of the third verse, the guitar solo starts (4:04), and lasts for just under a minute and twenty seconds. Then, the fourth and final verse, which in the original recording is simply a repetition of the first verse, is sung, finishing around 6:10." }, "Cerberus-1": { "title": "Cerberus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Greek mythology, Cerberus (/\u02c8s\u025c\u02d0rb\u0259r\u0259s/; Greek: \u039a\u03ad\u03c1\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 K\u00e9rberos [\u02c8kerberos]), often referred to as the hound of Hades, is a multi-headed dog that guards the gates of the Underworld to prevent the dead from leaving. Cerberus was the offspring of the monsters Echidna and Typhon, and is usually described as having three heads, a serpent for a tail, and snakes protruding from multiple parts of his body. Cerberus is primarily known for his capture by Heracles, one of Heracles' twelve labours." }, "Fortnight (disambiguation)-1": { "title": "Fortnight (disambiguation)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A fortnight is a period of 14 days or alternatively half of a month." }, "Spaghetti-15": { "title": "Spaghetti", "section": "Preparation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Utensils used in spaghetti preparation include the spaghetti scoop and spaghetti tongs." }, "Season-1": { "title": "Season", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A season is a division of the year marked by changes in weather, ecology, and the amount of daylight. On Earth, seasons are the result of Earth's orbit around the Sun and Earth's axial tilt relative to the ecliptic plane. In temperate and polar regions, the seasons are marked by changes in the intensity of sunlight that reaches the Earth's surface, variations of which may cause animals to undergo hibernation or to migrate, and plants to be dormant. Various cultures define the number and nature of seasons based on regional variations." }, "Wall Street Crash of 1929-1": { "title": "Wall Street Crash of 1929", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the Great Crash, was a major stock market crash that occurred in 1929. It started in September and ended late in October, when share prices on the New York Stock Exchange collapsed." }, "Durian-14": { "title": "Durian", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "Cultivars" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Over the centuries, numerous durian cultivars, propagated by vegetative clones, have arisen in Southeast Asia. They used to be grown with mixed results from seeds of trees bearing superior quality fruit, but now are propagated by layering, marcotting, or more commonly, by grafting, including bud, veneer, wedge, whip or U-grafting onto seedlings of randomly selected rootstocks. Different cultivars may be distinguished to some extent by variations in the fruit shape, such as the shape of the spines. Durian consumers express preferences for specific cultivars, which fetch higher prices in the market." }, "Frog-54": { "title": "Frog", "section": "Locomotion", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Jumping Frogs are generally recognized as exceptional jumpers and, relative to their size, the best jumpers of all vertebrates. The striped rocket frog, Litoria nasuta, can leap over 2 metres (6\u00a0ft 7\u00a0in), a distance that is more than fifty times its body length of 5.5 centimetres (2.2\u00a0in). There are tremendous differences between species in jumping capability. Within a species, jump distance increases with increasing size, but relative jumping distance (body-lengths jumped) decreases. The Indian skipper frog (Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis) has the ability to leap out of the water from a position floating on the surface. The tiny northern cricket frog (Acris crepitans) can \"skitter\" across the surface of a pond with a series of short rapid jumps." }, "Zebra-2": { "title": "Zebra", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "There are three species of zebras: the plains zebra, the mountain zebra and the Gr\u00e9vy's zebra. The plains zebra and the mountain zebra belong to the subgenus Hippotigris, while Gr\u00e9vy's zebra is the sole species of subgenus Dolichohippus. The latter resembles an ass, to which zebras are closely related, while the former two look more horse-like. All three belong to the genus Equus, along with other living equids." }, "Battalion-1": { "title": "Battalion", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A battalion is a military unit. The use of the term \"battalion\" varies by nationality and branch of service. Typically a battalion consists of 300 to 800 soldiers and is divided into a number of companies. A battalion is typically commanded by a lieutenant colonel. In some countries, the word \"battalion\" is associated with the infantry." }, "Inferno (Dante)-32": { "title": "Inferno (Dante)", "section": "Nine circles of Hell", "headers": [ "Third Circle (Gluttony)" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "Canto VI In the third circle, the gluttonous wallow in a vile, putrid slush produced by a ceaseless, foul, icy rain \u2013 \"a great storm of putrefaction\" \u2013 as punishment for subjecting their reason to a voracious appetite. Cerberus (described as \"il gran vermo\", literally \"the great worm\", line 22), the monstrous three-headed beast of Hell, ravenously guards the gluttons lying in the freezing mire, mauling and flaying them with his claws as they howl like dogs. Virgil obtains safe passage past the monster by filling its three mouths with mud." }, "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution-41": { "title": "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "section": "Cruel and unusual punishments", "headers": [ "Special procedures for death penalty cases" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "Some states have passed laws imposing mandatory death penalties in certain cases. The Supreme Court found these laws unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment, in the murder case of Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280 (1976), because these laws remove discretion from the trial judge to make an individualized determination in each case. Other statutes specifying factors for courts to use in making their decisions have been upheld. Some have not: in Godfrey v. Georgia, 446 U.S. 420 (1980), the Supreme Court overturned a sentence based upon a finding that a murder was \"outrageously or wantonly vile, horrible, and inhuman,\" as it deemed that any murder may be reasonably characterized in this manner. Similarly, in Maynard v. Cartwright, 486 U.S. 356 (1988), the Court found that an \"especially heinous, atrocious or cruel\" standard in a homicide case was too vague. However, the meaning of this language depends on how lower courts interpret it. In Walton v. Arizona, 497 U.S. 639 (1990), the Court found that the phrase \"especially heinous, cruel, or depraved\" was not vague in a murder case, because the state supreme court had expounded on its meaning." }, "Condom-85": { "title": "Condom", "section": "Society and culture", "headers": [ "Religious" ], "para_index": 85, "content": "The use of condoms to prevent STI transmission is not specifically addressed by Catholic doctrine, and is currently a topic of debate among theologians and high-ranking Catholic authorities. A few, such as Belgian Cardinal Godfried Danneels, believe the Catholic Church should actively support condoms used to prevent disease, especially serious diseases such as AIDS. However, the majority view\u2014including all statements from the Vatican\u2014is that condom-promotion programs encourage promiscuity, thereby actually increasing STI transmission. This view was most recently reiterated in 2009 by Pope Benedict XVI." }, "Lynchburg Hillcats-1": { "title": "Lynchburg Hillcats", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Lynchburg Hillcats are a Minor League Baseball team in Lynchburg, Virginia. They are a Class A-Advanced team in the Carolina League, and currently are a farm team of the Cleveland Indians. They had been a farm team of the Atlanta Braves from 2011 to 2014, the Cincinnati Reds in 2010, and the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1995 to 2009. The Hillcats play home games at Calvin Falwell Field; refurbished and renamed in 2004, the stadium seats 4,291 fans." }, "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)-7": { "title": "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In reality, the cottage belongs to seven adult dwarfs\u2014named Doc, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Bashful, Sneezy, and Dopey\u2014who work in a nearby mine. Returning home, they are alarmed to find their cottage clean and suspect that an intruder has invaded their home. The dwarfs find Snow White upstairs, asleep across three of their beds. Snow White awakes to find the dwarfs at her bedside and introduces herself, and all of the dwarfs eventually welcome her into their home after she offers to clean and cook for them. Snow White keeps house for the dwarfs while they mine for jewels during the day, and at night they all sing, play music and dance." }, "U.S. Route 1-1": { "title": "U.S. Route 1", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "U.S. Route\u00a01 or U.S. Highway 1 (US\u00a01) is a major north\u2013south United States Numbered Highway that serves the East Coast of the United States. It runs 2,369 miles (3,813\u00a0km), from Key West, Florida north to Fort Kent, Maine, at the Canadian border, making it the longest north\u2013south road in the United States. US\u00a01 is generally paralleled by Interstate 95 (I-95), though the former is significantly farther west (inland) between Jacksonville, Florida, and Petersburg, Virginia. The highway connects most of the major cities of the East Coast\u2014including Miami, Jacksonville, Richmond, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City, and Boston passing from the Southeastern United States to New England." }, "Crustacean-4": { "title": "Crustacean", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Most crustaceans are free-living aquatic animals, but some are terrestrial (e.g. woodlice), some are parasitic (e.g. Rhizocephala, fish lice, tongue worms) and some are sessile (e.g. barnacles). The group has an extensive fossil record, reaching back to the Cambrian, and includes living fossils such as Triops cancriformis, which has existed apparently unchanged since the Triassic period. More than 7.9 million tons of crustaceans per year are produced by fishery or farming for human consumption, the majority of it being shrimp and prawns. Krill and copepods are not as widely fished, but may be the animals with the greatest biomass on the planet, and form a vital part of the food chain. The scientific study of crustaceans is known as carcinology (alternatively, malacostracology, crustaceology or crustalogy), and a scientist who works in carcinology is a carcinologist." }, "Portrayal of James Bond in film-8": { "title": "Portrayal of James Bond in film", "section": "Films", "headers": [ "Sean Connery: 1962\u20131967, 1971 and 1983" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Timeline of James Bond films Sean Connery was the first actor to portray Bond in film in Dr. No (1962). An amateur bodybuilder, he had come to the attention of the Bond film producers after several appearances in British films from the late 1950s. At a muscular 6'2\", Connery was initially met with disapproval from Fleming, who believed he was an overgrown stuntman lacking the finesse and elegance to play James Bond; he envisaged a suave actor, such as David Niven, playing the role. Producer Albert R. Broccoli\u2014known to all as Cubby\u2014disagreed with Fleming's view, later commenting that \"I wanted a ballsy guy\u00a0... put a bit of veneer over that tough Scottish hide and you've got Fleming's Bond instead of all the mincing poofs we had applying for the job\". Eon's choice of Connery was also based on his looks and sex appeal, an appeal that would later be echoed by Honor Blackman who said, after appearing with Connery in Goldfinger, \"He was exceedingly handsome, virile and sexy and that really was the tenor of what the script was always trying to display\". After Connery was chosen, director Terence Young took the actor to his tailor and hairdresser, and introduced him to the high life, restaurants, casinos and women of London. In the words of Bond writer Raymond Benson, Young educated the actor \"in the ways of being dapper, witty, and above all, cool\"." }, "John Lennon-36": { "title": "John Lennon", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "8 December 1980: Murder" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "At approximately 5:00\u00a0p.m. on 8 December 1980, Lennon autographed a copy of Double Fantasy for fan Mark David Chapman before leaving The Dakota with Yoko for a recording session at the Record Plant. After the session, Lennon and Ono returned to their Manhattan apartment in a limousine at around 10:50\u00a0p.m. EST. They exited the vehicle and walked through the archway of the building when Chapman shot Lennon four times in the back at close range. Lennon was rushed in a police cruiser to the emergency room of Roosevelt Hospital, where he was pronounced dead on arrival at 11:00\u00a0p.m. (EST)." }, "Self-balancing scooter-9": { "title": "Self-balancing scooter", "section": "Design and operation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The device has three 6.5 inches (170\u00a0mm), 8 inches (200\u00a0mm), 10 inches (250\u00a0mm) diameter wheel variants connected to a self-balancing control mechanism using built-in gyroscopic and a sensor pad. By tilting the pad the rider can control the speed and direction of travel achieving speeds from 6 to 15 miles per hour (9.7 to 24 km/h) with a range of up to 15 miles (24\u00a0km) dependent on model, terrain, rider weight and other factors." }, "Amazon (company)-64": { "title": "Amazon (company)", "section": "Finances", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 64, "content": "For the fiscal year 2018, Amazon reported earnings of US$10.07 billion, with an annual revenue of US$232.887 billion, an increase of 30.9% over the previous fiscal cycle. Since 2007 sales increased from 14.835 billion to 232.887 billion, thanks to continued business expansion." }, "QWERTY-5": { "title": "QWERTY", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Firstly, characters were mounted on metal arms or type bars, which would clash and jam if neighbouring arms were pressed at the same time or in rapid succession. Secondly, its printing point was located beneath the paper carriage, invisible to the operator, a so-called \"up-stroke\" design. Consequently, jams were especially serious, because the typist could only discover the mishap by raising the carriage to inspect what had been typed. The solution was to place commonly used letter-pairs (like \"th\" or \"st\") so that their type bars were not neighbouring, avoiding jams." }, "Patriotism-1": { "title": "Patriotism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Patriotism or national pride is the feeling of love, devotion and sense of attachment to a homeland and alliance with other citizens who share the same sentiment. This attachment can be a combination of many different feelings relating to one's own homeland, including ethnic, cultural, political or historical aspects. It encompasses a set of concepts closely related to nationalism." }, "Pickled cucumber-19": { "title": "Pickled cucumber", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Kool-Aid pickles" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Kool-Aid pickles or \"koolickles\", enjoyed by children in parts of the Southern United States, are created by soaking dill pickles in a mixture of Kool-Aid and pickle brine." }, "Counterculture of the 1960s-29": { "title": "Counterculture of the 1960s", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "In Eastern Europe" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "In 1966, during a big campaign coordinated by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, around 4,000 young males were forced to cut their hair, often in the cells with the assistance of the state police. On 19 August 1966, during a \"safety intervention\" organized by the state police, 140 long-haired people were arrested. As a response, the \"community of long-haired\" organized a protest in Prague. More than 100 people cheered slogans such as \"Give us back our hair!\" or \"Away with hairdressers!\". The state police arrested the organizers and several participants of the meeting. Some of them were given prison sentences. According to the newspaper Mlad\u00e1 fronta Dnes, the Czechoslovak Ministry of Interior in 1966 even compiled a detailed map of the frequency of occurrence of long-haired males in Czechoslovakia. In August 1969, during the first anniversary of the Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia, the long-haired youth were one of the most active voices in the state protesting against the occupation. Youth protesters have been labeled as \"vagabonds\" and \"slackers\" by the official normalized press." }, "Moai-1": { "title": "Moai", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Moai /\u02c8mo\u028a.a\u026a/ (listen), or mo\ua78cai (Spanish: mo\u00e1i, meaning \"statue\" in the local language), are monolithic human figures carved by the Rapa Nui people on Easter Island in eastern Polynesia between the years 1250 and 1500. Nearly half are still at Rano Raraku, the main moai quarry, but hundreds were transported from there and set on stone platforms called ahu around the island's perimeter. Almost all moai have overly large heads three-eighths the size of the whole statue. The moai are chiefly the living faces (aringa ora) of deified ancestors (aringa ora ata tepuna). The statues still gazed inland across their clan lands when Europeans first visited the island in 1722, but all of them had fallen by the latter part of the 19th century." }, "Short-term memory-21": { "title": "Short-term memory", "section": "Capacity", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "In an early and highly influential article, The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two, psychologist George Miller suggested that human short-term memory has a forward memory span of approximately seven items plus or minus two and that that was well known at the time (it seems to go back to the 19th-century researcher Wundt). More recent research has shown that this \"magical number seven\" is roughly accurate for college students recalling lists of digits, but memory span varies widely with populations tested and with material used. For example, the ability to recall words in order depends on a number of characteristics of these words: fewer words can be recalled when the words have longer spoken duration; this is known as the word-length effect, or when their speech sounds are similar to each other; this is called the phonological similarity effect. More words can be recalled when the words are highly familiar or occur frequently in the language. Recall performance is also better when all of the words in a list are taken from a single semantic category (such as games) than when the words are taken from different categories. A more up-to-date estimate of short-term memory capacity is about four pieces or \"chunks\" of information. However other prominent theories of short-term memory capacity argue against measuring capacity in terms of a fixed number of elements." }, "Dolphin-1": { "title": "Dolphin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dolphin is a common name of aquatic mammals within the infraorder Cetacea. The term dolphin usually refers to the extant families Delphinidae (the oceanic dolphins), Platanistidae (the Indian river dolphins), Iniidae (the New World river dolphins), and Pontoporiidae (the brackish dolphins), and the extinct Lipotidae (baiji or Chinese river dolphin). There are 40 extant species named as dolphins." }, "January 1-1": { "title": "January 1", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "January 1 is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year." }, "Lulu (Lou Reed and Metallica album)-16": { "title": "Lulu (Lou Reed and Metallica album)", "section": "Commercial performance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "I played the record for my kids yesterday in the car, and it sounded as relevant and more intense than ever; it sounded incredibly potent, very alive and impulsive ... Twenty-five years from now, you're going to have millions of people claiming they owned the record or loved it when it came out, of course neither will be true. I think it's going to age well\u2014when I played it yesterday it sounded fucking awesome. In some ways it's almost cooler that people didn't embrace it, because it makes it more ours, it's our project, our record, and this was never made for the masses and the masses didn't take to it. It makes it more precious for those who were involved. In the United States, the album debuted at number 36 on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 13,000 copies. This made it Reed's highest-charting release since Sally Can't Dance, which reached number 10 in 1974. Lulu debuted in the top 10 of the charts in eight countries." }, "RNA virus-2": { "title": "RNA virus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) classifies RNA viruses as those that belong to Group III, Group IV or Group V of the Baltimore classification system of classifying viruses and does not consider viruses with DNA intermediates in their life cycle as RNA viruses. Viruses with RNA as their genetic material which also include DNA intermediates in their replication cycle are called retroviruses, and comprise Group VI of the Baltimore classification. Notable human retroviruses include HIV-1 and HIV-2, the cause of the disease AIDS." }, "Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)-36": { "title": "Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)", "section": "Characterization", "headers": [ "Appearance and personality" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Downey reprised the role in Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and Avengers: Endgame (2019). Iron Man 3 director Shane Black stated in March 2013 that \"There has been a lot of discussion about it: 'Is this the last Iron Man for Robert [Downey Jr.]?' Something tells me that it will not be the case, and [he] will be seen in a fourth, or fifth.\" Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige said that the character of Stark would continue to be featured in the Marvel Cinematic Universe regardless of Downey's involvement. Also in March, Downey said he was open to extending his contract, stating he feels \"there's a couple other things we've gotta do\" with the character. In June 2013, when Downey signed on to return as Iron Man in Avengers: Age of Ultron, he also signed on for a third Avengers film. In a July 2014 interview during the filming of Avengers: Age of Ultron, Downey expressed his interest in continuing to play Iron Man. \"It's down to Kevin [Feige] and Ike [Perlmutter, CEO of Marvel Entertainment] and Disney to come to us with what the proposal is, and that\u2019s on us to agree or disagree,\" Downey said. \"When things are going great, there's a lot of agreement.\" He added, \"It's that thing of: Why give up the belt when it feels like you can barely get jabbed?\" In April 2016, Downey expressed openness to appearing in a potential fourth Iron Man film, saying \"I could do one more.\" Downey's Marvel contract expired following Avengers: Endgame, where Stark dies." }, "Pound sterling-16": { "title": "Pound sterling", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "At various times, the pound sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold, but it is currently fiat money, with its value determined only by its continued acceptance in the national and international economy. The pound sterling is the world's oldest currency still in use and which has been in continuous use since its inception." }, "Central Park-1": { "title": "Central Park", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Central Park is an urban park in Manhattan, New York City, located between the Upper West Side and the Upper East Side. It is the fifth-largest park in New York City by area, covering 843 acres (3.41\u00a0km2). Central Park is the most visited urban park in the United States, with an estimated 37.5\u201338 million visitors annually, as well as one of the most filmed locations in the world." }, "Cyril Ramaphosa-1": { "title": "Cyril Ramaphosa", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa (born 17 November 1952) is a South African politician and the fifth and current President of South Africa. Previously an anti-apartheid activist, trade union leader and businessman, Ramaphosa served as the Deputy President of South Africa from 2014 to 2018. He was later elected President of the African National Congress (ANC) at the ANC National Conference in December 2017. Ramaphosa is the former Chairman of the National Planning Commission, which is responsible for strategic planning for the future of the country, with the goal of rallying South Africa \"around a common set of objectives and priorities to drive development over the longer term\". Ramaphosa was elected president by the National Assembly to his first full term on May 22 following the ANC's victory in the 2019 South African general election. In 2020, Ramaphosa began serving as Chairperson of the African Union." }, "Donald Trump-11": { "title": "Donald Trump", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Religion" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Trump is a Presbyterian and as a child was confirmed at the First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens. In the 1970s, his parents joined the Marble Collegiate Church in Manhattan. The pastor at Marble, Norman Vincent Peale, ministered to Trump's family and mentored him until Peale's death in 1993." }, "Bernard Sumner-1": { "title": "Bernard Sumner", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bernard Sumner (born 4 January 1956) is an English singer, songwriter, musician and record producer. He is a founding member of both Joy Division and New Order." }, "Ramjit Raghav-4": { "title": "Ramjit Raghav", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "I have been a vegetarian all my life, and I credit my stamina and virility to my diet of vegetables and grains. Being a vegetarian is the secret to my strength and good health. In 2010, at the supposed age of 94, Raghav claimed to have become the world's oldest father when his wife, then aged 59, gave birth to a son, whom the couple named Bikramjeet." }, "Royal Rumble-2": { "title": "Royal Rumble", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "After the initial event was broadcast as a television special on USA Network, the Royal Rumble has been shown on pay-per-view and is one of WWE's \"Big Four\", along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series." }, "Eucharist-95": { "title": "Eucharist", "section": "Practice and customs", "headers": [ "Health issues", "Transmission of diseases" ], "para_index": 95, "content": "Some fear contagion through the handling involved in distributing the hosts to the communicants, even if they are placed on the hand rather than on the tongue. Accordingly, some churches use mechanical wafer dispensers or \"pillow packs\" (communion wafers with wine inside them). While these methods of distributing communion are not generally accepted in Roman Catholic parishes, one parish provides a mechanical dispenser to allow those intending to commune to place in a bowl, without touching them by hand, the hosts for use in the celebration." }, "Winter-4": { "title": "Winter", "section": "Cause", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "During winter in either hemisphere, the lower altitude of the Sun causes the sunlight to hit the Earth at an oblique angle. Thus a lower amount of solar radiation strikes the Earth per unit of surface area. Furthermore, the light must travel a longer distance through the atmosphere, allowing the atmosphere to dissipate more heat. Compared with these effects, the effect of the changes in the distance of the Earth from the Sun (due to the Earth's elliptical orbit) is negligible." }, "Callus-12": { "title": "Callus", "section": "Prevention", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Corns and calluses are easier to prevent than to treat. When it is usually not desirable to form a callus, minimizing rubbing and pressure will prevent callus formation. Footwear should be properly fitted, gloves may be worn, and protective pads, rings or skin dressings may be used. People with poor circulation or sensation should check their skin often for signs of rubbing and irritation so they can minimize any damage." }, "Cell (biology)-1": { "title": "Cell (biology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The cell (from Latin cella, meaning \"small room\") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells are often called the \"building blocks of life\". The study of cells is called cell biology, cellular biology, or cytology." }, "Economy of the United States-21": { "title": "Economy of the United States", "section": "GDP", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "U.S. nominal GDP was $19.5 trillion in 2017. Annualized, nominal GDP reached $20.1 trillion in Q1 2018, the first time it exceeded the $20 trillion level. About 70% of U.S. GDP is personal consumption, with business investment 18%, government 17% (federal, state and local but excluding transfer payments such as Social Security, which is in consumption) and net exports a negative 3% due to the U.S. trade deficit. Real gross domestic product, a measure of both production and income, grew by 2.3% in 2017, vs. 1.5% in 2016 and 2.9% in 2015. Real GDP grew at a quarterly annualized rate of 2.2% in Q1 2018, 4.2% in Q2 2018, 3.4% in Q3 2018 and 2.2% in Q4 2018 under President Trump; the Q2 rate was the best growth rate since Q3 2014, and the overall yearly GDP growth of 2.9% in 2018 was the best performance of the economy in a decade." }, "Sound-6": { "title": "Sound", "section": "Physics of sound", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Play media Sound can propagate through a medium such as air, water and solids as longitudinal waves and also as a transverse wave in solids (see Longitudinal and transverse waves, below). The sound waves are generated by a sound source, such as the vibrating diaphragm of a stereo speaker. The sound source creates vibrations in the surrounding medium. As the source continues to vibrate the medium, the vibrations propagate away from the source at the speed of sound, thus forming the sound wave. At a fixed distance from the source, the pressure, velocity, and displacement of the medium vary in time. At an instant in time, the pressure, velocity, and displacement vary in space. Note that the particles of the medium do not travel with the sound wave. This is intuitively obvious for a solid, and the same is true for liquids and gases (that is, the vibrations of particles in the gas or liquid transport the vibrations, while the average position of the particles over time does not change). During propagation, waves can be reflected, refracted, or attenuated by the medium." }, "Yokohama-1": { "title": "Yokohama", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Yokohama (Japanese: \u6a2a\u6d5c, Hepburn: Yokohama, pronounced [jokohama] (listen)) is the second largest city in Japan by population, and the most populous municipality of Japan. It is the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of Tokyo, in the Kant\u014d region of the main island of Honshu. It is a major commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area." }, "Lee Sedol-1": { "title": "Lee Sedol", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lee Sedol (Korean: \uc774\uc138\ub3cc; born 2 March 1983), or Lee Se-dol, is a former South Korean professional Go player of 9 dan rank. As of February 2016, he ranked second in international titles (18), behind only Lee Chang-ho (21). He is the fifth youngest (12 years 4 months) to become a professional Go player in South Korean history behind Cho Hun-hyun (9 years 7 months), Lee Chang-ho (11 years 1 months), Cho Hye-yeon (11 years 10 months) and Choi Cheol-han (12 years 2 months). His nickname is \"The Strong Stone\" (\"Ssen-dol\"). He was defeated by the computer program AlphaGo 1-4 in a series in March 2016." }, "Chris Christie-3": { "title": "Chris Christie", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Christie won the 2009 Republican primary for Governor of New Jersey and defeated Democratic incumbent Jon Corzine in the general election. In his first term, he was credited with cutting spending, capping property tax growth, and engaging in recovery efforts after Hurricane Sandy. He was re-elected by a wide margin in 2013. During his second term as governor, Christie's standing was damaged by the Fort Lee lane closure scandal. After that time, he ranked among the least popular governors in the United States." }, "Farthing (British coin)-1": { "title": "Farthing (British coin)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The British farthing (1/4d) coin, from Old English f\u0113or\u00f0ing, from f\u0113or\u00f0a, a fourth, was a unit of currency of one quarter of a penny, or 1/960 of a pound sterling. It was minted in bronze, and replaced the earlier copper farthings. It was used during the reign of six monarchs: Victoria, Edward VII, George V, Edward VIII, George VI and Elizabeth II, ceasing to be legal tender from 1 January 1961. It featured two different designs on its reverse during its 100 years in circulation: from 1860 until 1936, the image of Britannia; and from 1937 onwards, the image of a wren. Like all British coinage, it bore the portrait of the monarch on the obverse." }, "Personal life of Clint Eastwood-1": { "title": "Personal life of Clint Eastwood", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Clint Eastwood has had numerous casual and serious relationships of varying length and intensity over his life, many of which overlapped. Shortly after he met future wife Maggie Johnson on a blind date in 1953, Eastwood had an affair that resulted in a daughter, Laurie (born 1954), who was adopted by Clyde and Helen Warren of Seattle. Although the identity of Laurie's biological mother is not publicly known, biographer Patrick McGilligan said she belonged to a Seattle theatre group Eastwood participated in. Eastwood continued having affairs while married to Johnson, including a 1959 to 1973 liaison with stuntwoman Roxanne Tunis that produced a daughter, Kimber (born 1964)." }, "Library of Alexandria-45": { "title": "Library of Alexandria", "section": "Collection", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "A single piece of writing might occupy several scrolls, and this division into self-contained \"books\" was a major aspect of editorial work. King Ptolemy II Philadelphus (309\u2013246 BC) is said to have set 500,000 scrolls as an objective for the library. The library's index, Callimachus's Pinakes, has only survived in the form of a few fragments, and it is not possible to know with certainty how large and how diverse the collection may have been. At its height, the library was said to possess nearly half a million scrolls, and, although historians debate the precise number, the highest estimates claim 400,000 scrolls while the most conservative estimates are as low as 40,000, which is still an enormous collection that required vast storage space." }, "Summer-2": { "title": "Summer", "section": "Summer timing", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "From an astronomical view, the equinoxes and solstices would be the middle of the respective seasons, but sometimes astronomical summer is defined as starting at the solstice, the time of maximal insolation, often identified with the 21st day of June or December. A variable seasonal lag means that the meteorological center of the season, which is based on average temperature patterns, occurs several weeks after the time of maximal insolation. The meteorological convention is to define summer as comprising the months of June, July, and August in the northern hemisphere and the months of December, January, and February in the southern hemisphere. Under meteorological definitions, all seasons are arbitrarily set to start at the beginning of a calendar month and end at the end of a month. This meteorological definition of summer also aligns with the commonly viewed notion of summer as the season with the longest (and warmest) days of the year, in which daylight predominates. The meteorological reckoning of seasons is used in Australia, Austria, Denmark, Russia and Japan. It is also used by many in the United Kingdom and in Canada. In Ireland, the summer months according to the national meteorological service, Met \u00c9ireann, are June, July and August. However, according to the Irish Calendar, summer begins on 1 May and ends on 1 August. School textbooks in Ireland follow the cultural norm of summer commencing on 1 May rather than the meteorological definition of 1 June." }, "Cooktop-5": { "title": "Cooktop", "section": "Electric", "headers": [ "Ceramic" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "A ceramic hob consists of a low-expansion thermal glass-ceramic that is transparent to infrared, which houses radiant or halogen heaters below it. The advantage of this arrangement is that the heat can be quickly controlled." }, "Rogue One-2": { "title": "Rogue One", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Based on an idea first pitched by Knoll ten years before it entered development, the film was made to be different in tone and style from the traditional Star Wars films, omitting the customary opening crawl and transitional screen wipes. Principal photography on the film began at Pinewood Studios, Buckinghamshire, UK, in early August 2015 and wrapped in February 2016. The film then went through extensive reshoots directed by Gilroy in mid-2016. Rogue One follows a group of rebels on a mission to steal the plans for the Death Star, the Galactic Empire's super weapon, just before the events of the original Star Wars film." }, "Ancient history-2": { "title": "Ancient history", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000 years, beginning with the Sumerian cuneiform script, with the oldest coherent texts from about 2600 BC. Ancient history covers all continents inhabited by humans in the period 3000 BC \u2013 AD 500." }, "Mercedes-Benz 770-1": { "title": "Mercedes-Benz 770", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Mercedes-Benz 770, also known as the Gro\u00dfer Mercedes (German for \"Grand Mercedes\"), was a large luxury car built by Mercedes-Benz from 1930 to 1943. It is probably best known from its use by high-ranking Nazi officials before and during World War II, including Adolf Hitler, Hermann G\u00f6ring, Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich, as captured in archival footage." }, "EastEnders-86": { "title": "EastEnders", "section": "Scheduling", "headers": [ "Repeats" ], "para_index": 86, "content": "On 1 December 2012, the BBC uploaded the first 54 episodes of EastEnders to YouTube, and on 23 July 2013 they uploaded a further 14 episodes bringing the total to 68. These have since been taken down." }, "Celery-44": { "title": "Celery", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Cultural depictions" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "A chthonian symbol among the ancient Greeks, celery was said to have sprouted from the blood of Kadmilos, father of the Cabeiri, chthonian divinities celebrated in Samothrace, Lemnos, and Thebes[citation needed]. The spicy odor and dark leaf color encouraged this association with the cult of death. In classical Greece, celery leaves were used as garlands for the dead, and the wreaths of the winners at the Isthmian Games were first made of celery before being replaced by crowns made of pine. According to Pliny the Elder in Achaea, the garland worn by the winners of the sacred Nemean Games was also made of celery. The Ancient Greek colony of Selinous (Ancient Greek: \u03a3\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2, Selinous), on Sicily, was named after wild parsley that grew abundantly there; Selinountian coins depicted a parsley leaf as the symbol of the city." }, "European cucumber-1": { "title": "European cucumber", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The European cucumber (also known as English cucumber) is a variety of \"seedless\" cucumber that is longer and slimmer than other varieties of cucumber." }, "Jason-18": { "title": "Jason", "section": "The return journey", "headers": [ "Treachery of Jason" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "In Corinth, Jason became engaged to marry Creusa (sometimes referred to as Glauce), a daughter of the King of Corinth, to strengthen his political ties. When Medea confronted Jason about the engagement and cited all the help she had given him, he retorted that it was not she that he should thank, but Aphrodite who made Medea fall in love with him. Infuriated with Jason for breaking his vow that he would be hers forever, Medea took her revenge by presenting to Creusa a cursed dress, as a wedding gift, that stuck to her body and burned her to death as soon as she put it on. Creusa's father, Creon, burned to death with his daughter as he tried to save her. Then Medea killed the two boys that she bore to Jason, fearing that they would be murdered or enslaved as a result of their mother's actions. When Jason came to know of this, Medea was already gone; she fled to Athens in a chariot of dragons sent by her grandfather, the sun-god Helios." }, "Metallica (album)-22": { "title": "Metallica (album)", "section": "Commercial performance", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "You think one day some fucker's gonna tell you, 'You have a number one record in America,' and the whole world will ejaculate. I stood there in my hotel room, and there was this fax that said, 'You're number one.' And it was, like, 'Well, okay.' It was just another fucking fax from the office. \u2014Lars Ulrich, on Metallica's first number one album Metallica was released on August 12, 1991, and was the band's first album to debut at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 598,000 copies in its first week. It was certified platinum in two weeks and spent four consecutive weeks atop the Billboard 200. Logging over 488 weeks on the Billboard 200, it is the third longest charting album in the Nielsen SoundScan era, behind Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon and Carole King's Tapestry. In 2009, it surpassed Shania Twain's Come On Over as the best-selling album of the SoundScan era. It became the first album in the SoundScan era to pass 16\u00a0million in sales, and with 16.4 million copies sold by 2016, Metallica is the best-selling album in the United States since Nielsen SoundScan tracking began in 1991. Of that sum, 5.8 million were purchased on cassette. The album never sold less than 1,000 copies in a week, and moved a weekly average of 5,000 copies in 2016. Metallica was certified 16\u00d7 platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 2012 for shipping sixteen million copies in the US. Metallica sold 31\u00a0million copies worldwide on physical media. All five of Metallica's singles, \"Enter Sandman\", \"The Unforgiven\", \"Nothing Else Matters\", \"Wherever I May Roam\" and \"Sad but True\" reached the Billboard Hot 100." }, "Anchovy-2": { "title": "Anchovy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "More than 140 species are placed in 17 genera; they are found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, and in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Anchovies are usually classified as oily fish." }, "Toyota Hilux-2": { "title": "Toyota Hilux", "section": "First generation (N10; 1968\u20131972)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Hilux started production in March 1968 as the RN10 in short-wheelbase form with a 1.5\u00a0L inline-four engine, generating a maximum power output of 77\u00a0PS (57\u00a0kW; 76\u00a0hp) in Japanese market specification. In Japan, it was available at the Toyota Japan dealership retail chains called Toyota Store and Toyopet Store. The modification to the engine was enough for a claimed top speed of 130\u00a0km/h (81\u00a0mph). The 1.5-litre engine was upgraded to a 1.6\u00a0L inline-four in February 1971." }, "The Boyfriend (Seinfeld)-2": { "title": "The Boyfriend (Seinfeld)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "Part 1" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Jerry meets an idol of his\u2014former New York Mets baseball player Keith Hernandez (appearing as himself)\u2014and wants to make a good impression. Meanwhile, George is out of time on his unemployment and he works harder than ever on his scheme to get a 13-week extension. He tells the unemployment office that he was close to a job with Vandelay Industries, a company made up by George that makes latex products and whose main office's phone number is Jerry's apartment. Kramer and Newman accuse Keith of spitting on them after a past Mets game by the players parking lot at Shea Stadium; however, Jerry supports a \"second-spitter theory\" in which Keith is not involved: This is a clear reference to the Single-bullet Theory analysis to which JFK assassination conspiracy buffs have historically drawn attention. Keith asks Jerry about Elaine's relationship status, then makes a date with her, breaking a date he previously made with Jerry." }, "Millie Bobby Brown-1": { "title": "Millie Bobby Brown", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Millie Bobby Brown (born 19 February 2004) is a British actress. She rose to prominence for her role as Eleven in the Netflix science fiction horror series Stranger Things (2016\u2013present), for which she received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. At age 13, she became one of the youngest nominees in Emmy history. Her film debut came in 2019 with the monster film Godzilla: King of the Monsters." }, "Earthquake-25": { "title": "Earthquake", "section": "Frequency of occurrence", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "It is estimated that around 500,000 earthquakes occur each year, detectable with current instrumentation. About 100,000 of these can be felt. Minor earthquakes occur nearly constantly around the world in places like California and Alaska in the U.S., as well as in El Salvador, Mexico, Guatemala, Chile, Peru, Indonesia, Philippines, Iran, Pakistan, the Azores in Portugal, Turkey, New Zealand, Greece, Italy, India, Nepal and Japan. Larger earthquakes occur less frequently, the relationship being exponential; for example, roughly ten times as many earthquakes larger than magnitude 4 occur in a particular time period than earthquakes larger than magnitude 5. In the (low seismicity) United Kingdom, for example, it has been calculated that the average recurrences are:" }, "Hanging-19": { "title": "Hanging", "section": "Medical effects", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "A hanging may induce one or more of the following medical conditions, some leading to death:" }, "Pea-10": { "title": "Pea", "section": "Modern culinary use", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "In modern times peas are usually boiled or steamed, which breaks down the cell walls and makes the taste sweeter and the nutrients more bioavailable. Along with broad beans and lentils, these formed an important part of the diet of most people in the Middle East, North Africa and Europe during the Middle Ages. By the 17th and 18th centuries, it had become popular to eat peas \"green\", that is, while they are immature and right after they are picked. New cultivars of peas were developed by the English during this time, which became known as \"garden\" or \"English\" peas. The popularity of green peas spread to North America. Thomas Jefferson grew more than 30 cultivars of peas on his estate. With the invention of canning and freezing of foods, green peas became available year-round, and not just in the spring as before." }, "Swimming pool-23": { "title": "Swimming pool", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Private pools" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Private pools are usually smaller than public pools, on average 3.7\u00a0m \u00d7\u00a07.3\u00a0m (12\u00a0ft \u00d7\u00a024\u00a0ft) to 6.1\u00a0m \u00d7\u00a012.2\u00a0m (20\u00a0ft \u00d7\u00a040\u00a0ft) whereas public pools usually start at 24\u00a0m (80\u00a0ft).[citation needed] Home pools can be permanently built-in, or be assembled above ground and disassembled after summer. Privately owned outdoor pools in backyards or gardens started to proliferate in the 1950s in regions with warm summer climates, particularly in the United States with desegregation." }, "Month-17": { "title": "Month", "section": "Months in various calendars", "headers": [ "Julian and Gregorian calendars" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "The knuckles of the four fingers of one's hand and the spaces between them can be used to remember the lengths of the months. By making a fist, each month will be listed as one proceeds across the hand. All months landing on a knuckle are 31 days long and those landing between them are not. When the knuckle of the index finger is reached (July), go back to the first knuckle (or over to the first knuckle on the other fist, held next to the first) and continue with August. This physical mnemonic has been taught to primary school students for many decades." }, "Religion in Cyprus-1": { "title": "Religion in Cyprus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Religion in Cyprus is characterised by two main religious beliefs and practices; Christianity makes up 73% of the population of the island. Most Greek Cypriots, and thus the majority of the population of Cyprus, are members of the autocephalous Greek Orthodox (Church of Cyprus), whereas most Turkish Cypriots are officially Sunni Muslims. There are also Bah\u00e1'\u00ed, Catholic, Jewish, Protestant (including Anglican), Maronite, Armenian Apostolic, and non-religious communities in Cyprus." }, "Al Unser Jr.-1": { "title": "Al Unser Jr.", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Alfred Unser Jr. (born April 19, 1962), nicknamed \"Little Al\", \"Al Junior\", or simply \"Junior\", is a retired American race car driver and two-time Indianapolis 500 winner." }, "Produce-2": { "title": "Produce", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In supermarkets, the term is also used to refer to the section of the store where fruit and vegetables are kept. Produce is the main product sold by greengrocers (UK, Australia) and farmers' markets. The term is widely and commonly used in the U.S., but is not typically used outside the agricultural sector in other English-speaking countries." }, "Zombie-3": { "title": "Zombie", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "One of the first books to expose Western culture to the concept of the voodoo zombie was The Magic Island (1929) by W. B. Seabrook. This is the sensationalized account of a narrator who encounters voodoo cults in Haiti and their resurrected thralls. Time commented that the book \"introduced 'zombi' into U.S. speech\". Zombies have a complex literary heritage, with antecedents ranging from Richard Matheson and H. P. Lovecraft to Mary Shelley's Frankenstein drawing on European folklore of the undead. Victor Halperin directed White Zombie (1932), a horror film starring Bela Lugosi. Here zombies are depicted as mindless, unthinking henchmen under the spell of an evil magician. Zombies, often still using this voodoo-inspired rationale, were initially uncommon in cinema, but their appearances continued sporadically through the 1930s to the 1960s, with films including I Walked with a Zombie (1943) and Plan 9 from Outer Space (1959)." }, "Hilo, Hawaii-13": { "title": "Hilo, Hawaii", "section": "Geography and climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Rainfall in Hilo varies with altitude, with more at higher elevations. At some weather stations in upper Hilo the annual rainfall is above 200 inches (5,100\u00a0mm). Monthly mean temperatures range from 71.2\u00a0\u00b0F (21.8\u00a0\u00b0C) in February to 76.4\u00a0\u00b0F (24.7\u00a0\u00b0C) in August. The highest recorded temperature was 94\u00a0\u00b0F (34\u00a0\u00b0C) on May 20, 1996, and the lowest 53\u00a0\u00b0F (12\u00a0\u00b0C) on February 21, 1962. The wettest year was 1994 with 182.81 inches (4,643.4\u00a0mm), and the driest was 1983, with 68.09 inches (1,729.5\u00a0mm). The most rainfall in one month was 50.82 inches (1,290.8\u00a0mm) in December 1954. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 27.24 inches (691.9\u00a0mm) on November 2, 2000." }, "Cinco de Mayo-17": { "title": "Cinco de Mayo", "section": "History of the holiday", "headers": [ "Elsewhere" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Events tied to Cinco de Mayo also occur outside Mexico and the United States. As in the United States, celebrations elsewhere also emphasize Mexican cuisine, culture and music. For example, some Canadian pubs play Mexican music and serve Mexican food and drink, and a sky-diving club near Vancouver holds a Cinco de Mayo skydiving event. In the Cayman Islands, in the Caribbean, there is an annual Cinco de Mayo air guitar competition, and at Montego Bay, Jamaica, there is a Cinco de Mayo celebration. The city of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, holds an annual Mexican Festival to honor the day, and celebrations are held in London and New Zealand. Other celebrations of the day can also be found in Cape Town, South Africa, Lagos, Nigeria, and in Paris. Cinco de Mayo is celebrated in Japan in Osaka and in Tokyo's Yoyogi Park Event Space as a celebration of Latin American culture." }, "Age of candidacy-60": { "title": "Age of candidacy", "section": "In various countries", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 60, "content": "In the United States, a person must be aged 35 or over to serve as President. To be a Senator, a person must be aged 30 or over. To be a Representative, a person must be aged 25 or older. This is specified in the U.S. Constitution. Most states in the U.S. also have age requirements for the offices of Governor, State Senator, and State Representative. Some states have a minimum age requirement to hold any elected office (usually 21 or 18)." }, "Chinese language-1": { "title": "Chinese language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Chinese (simplified Chinese: \u6c49\u8bed; traditional Chinese: \u6f22\u8a9e; pinyin: H\u00e0ny\u01d4; literally: 'Han language' or especially though not exclusively for written Chinese: \u4e2d\u6587; Zh\u014dngw\u00e9n; 'Chinese writing') is a family of East Asian analytic languages that form the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages. Chinese languages are spoken by the ethnic Han Chinese majority and many minority ethnic groups in China. About 1.2 billion people (around 16% of the world's population) speak some form of Chinese as their first language." }, "Nine Inch Nails-1": { "title": "Nine Inch Nails", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Nine Inch Nails, commonly abbreviated as NIN (stylized as NI\u0418), is an American industrial rock band formed in 1988 in Cleveland, Ohio. Singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and producer Trent Reznor was the only permanent member of the band until the official addition of English musician Atticus Ross in 2016." }, "The Powerpuff Girls-5": { "title": "The Powerpuff Girls", "section": "Premise", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The show revolves around the adventures of three kindergarten aged girls with an array of various superpowers: Blossom (pink), Bubbles (blue), and Buttercup (green). The plot of an episode is usually some humorous variation of standard superhero and tokusatsu shows, with the girls using their powers to defend their town from villains and giant monsters. In addition, the girls have to deal with the normal issues that young children face, such as sibling rivalries, loose teeth, personal hygiene, going to school, bed wetting, or dependence on a security blanket. Episodes often contain hidden references to older pop culture (especially noticeable in the episode \"Meet the Beat Alls\", which is a homage to the Beatles). The cartoon always tries to keep different ideas within each episode with some small tributes and parodies thrown in." }, "Double-barreled shotgun-1": { "title": "Double-barreled shotgun", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A double-barreled shotgun is a shotgun with two parallel barrels, allowing two shots to be fired in quick succession." }, "Pizza-6": { "title": "Pizza", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Suggested etymologies include: Byzantine Greek and Late Latin pitta > pizza, cf. Modern Greek pitta bread and the Apulia and Calabrian (then Byzantine Italy) pitta, a round flat bread baked in the oven at high temperature sometimes with toppings. The word pitta can in turn be traced to either Ancient Greek \u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae (pikte), \"fermented pastry\", which in Latin became \"picta\", or Ancient Greek \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 (pissa, Attic \u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1, pitta), \"pitch\", or p\u1e17tea, \"bran\" (p\u0113t\u00edt\u0113s, \"bran bread\"). The Etymological Dictionary of the Italian Language explains it as coming from dialectal pinza \"clamp\", as in modern Italian pinze \"pliers, pincers, tongs, forceps\". Their origin is from Latin pinsere \"to pound, stamp\". The Lombardic word bizzo or pizzo meaning \"mouthful\" (related to the English words \"bit\" and \"bite\"), which was brought to Italy in the middle of the 6th century AD by the invading Lombards. Foods similar to pizza have been made since the Neolithic Age. Records of people adding other ingredients to bread to make it more flavorful can be found throughout ancient history. In the 6th century BC, the Persian soldiers of Achaemenid Empire during the rule King Darius I baked flatbreads with cheese and dates on top of their battle shields and the ancient Greeks supplemented their bread with oils, herbs, and cheese. An early reference to a pizza-like food occurs in the Aeneid, when Celaeno, queen of the Harpies, foretells that the Trojans would not find peace until they are forced by hunger to eat their tables (Book III). In Book VII, Aeneas and his men are served a meal that includes round cakes (like pita bread) topped with cooked vegetables. When they eat the bread, they realize that these are the \"tables\" prophesied by Celaeno." }, "Dr. Seuss-2": { "title": "Dr. Seuss", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Geisel adopted the name \"Dr. Seuss\" as an undergraduate at Dartmouth College and as a graduate student at Lincoln College, Oxford. He left Oxford in 1927 to begin his career as an illustrator and cartoonist for Vanity Fair, Life, and various other publications. He also worked as an illustrator for advertising campaigns, most notably for FLIT and Standard Oil, and as a political cartoonist for the New York newspaper PM. He published his first children's book And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street in 1937. During World War II, he took a brief hiatus from children's literature to illustrate political cartoons, and he also worked in the animation and film department of the United States Army where he wrote, produced or animated many productions \u2013 both live-action and animated \u2013 including Design for Death, which later won the 1947 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature." }, "Aldi-25": { "title": "Aldi", "section": "Business practices", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "On 9 August 2018, Aldi announced plans to expand its product selection by offering more organic, fresh and easy-to-prepare meals. Aldi also aims to expand to about 2,500 stores in the United States by 2022. On 18 September 2018, Aldi announced its intent to offer grocery delivery in the United States. Aldi began testing grocery delivery in 2017 in select cities such as Atlanta, Georgia and Chicago, Illinois. Grocery delivery is expected to be available nationwide by Thanksgiving 2018." }, "Disability Determination Services-18": { "title": "Disability Determination Services", "section": "Decision made", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The legal definition of a disability that qualifies an applicant for benefits is \"inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.\" For adult applicants, Social Security Administration regulations specify a five-step process for making the decision. A modified process is used in the case of children for whom Supplemental Security Income benefits are being claimed (as children are not expected to work)." }, "Nobunaga's Ambition-1": { "title": "Nobunaga's Ambition", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Nobunaga's Ambition (\u4fe1\u9577\u306e\u91ce\u671b, Nobunaga no Yab\u014d) is a series of turn-based grand strategy role-playing simulation video games. The original game was one of the first in its genre, being released in March 1983 by the Japanese video game developer Koei. Nobunaga's Ambition takes place during the Sengoku period of feudal Japan. The player is tasked with achieving the ultimate goal of warlord Oda Nobunaga: the conquest and unification of Japan. Selecting Oda Nobunaga is optional, however, as the player is also able to choose from a variety of other regional daimy\u014ds of the time." }, "Puget Sound region-2": { "title": "Puget Sound region", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Poet Robert Sund called the Puget Sound region \"Ish River country\", owing to its numerous rivers with names ending in \"ish\", such as the Duwamish, Samish, Sammamish, Skokomish, Skykomish, Snohomish, and the Stillaguamish. The ish ending is from Salishan languages and means \"people of\"." }, "New Year's Day-8": { "title": "New Year's Day", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Because of the leap year error in the Julian calendar, the date of Easter had drifted backward since the First Council of Nicaea decided the computation of the date of Easter in 325. By the sixteenth century, the drift from the observed equinox had become unacceptable. In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII declared the Gregorian calendar widely used today, correcting the error by a deletion of 10 days. The Gregorian calendar reform also (in effect) restored 1 January as New Year's Day. Although most Catholic countries adopted the Gregorian calendar almost immediately, it was only gradually adopted among Protestant countries. The British, for example, did not adopt the reformed calendar until 1752. Until then, the British Empire \u00a0\u2013 and its American colonies \u00a0\u2013 still celebrated the new year on 25 March." }, "Salt-15": { "title": "Salt", "section": "Chemistry", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Salt is mostly sodium chloride, the ionic compound with the formula NaCl, representing equal proportions of sodium and chlorine. Sea salt and freshly mined salt (much of which is sea salt from prehistoric seas) also contain small amounts of trace elements (which in these small amounts are generally good for plant and animal health[citation needed]). Mined salt is often refined in the production of table salt; it is dissolved in water, purified via precipitation of other minerals out of solution, and re-evaporated. During this same refining process it is often also iodized. Salt crystals are translucent and cubic in shape; they normally appear white but impurities may give them a blue or purple tinge. The molar mass of salt is 58.443 g/mol, its melting point is 801\u00a0\u00b0C (1,474\u00a0\u00b0F) and its boiling point 1,465\u00a0\u00b0C (2,669\u00a0\u00b0F). Its density is 2.17 grams per cubic centimetre and it is readily soluble in water. When dissolved in water it separates into Na+ and Cl\u2212 ions, and the solubility is 359 grams per litre. From cold solutions, salt crystallises as the dihydrate NaCl\u00b72H2O. Solutions of sodium chloride have very different properties from those of pure water; the freezing point is \u221221.12\u00a0\u00b0C (\u22126.02\u00a0\u00b0F) for 23.31\u00a0wt% of salt, and the boiling point of saturated salt solution is around 108.7\u00a0\u00b0C (227.7\u00a0\u00b0F)." }, "Crystal healing-1": { "title": "Crystal healing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Crystal healing is a pseudoscientific alternative medicine technique that uses semiprecious stones and crystals such as quartz, amethyst or opals. Adherents of the technique claim that these have healing powers, although there is no scientific basis for this claim." }, "I Love Lucy-1": { "title": "I Love Lucy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "I Love Lucy is an American television sitcom that originally ran on CBS from October 15, 1951 to May 6, 1957, with a total of 180 half-hour episodes spanning six seasons (including the 'lost' original pilot and Christmas episode). The show starred Lucille Ball, her real-life husband Desi Arnaz, Vivian Vance, and William Frawley. It followed the life of Lucy Ricardo (Ball), a young middle-class housewife in New York City, who either concocted plans with her best friends (Vance & Frawley) to appear alongside her bandleader husband Ricky Ricardo (Arnaz) in his nightclub, or tried numerous schemes to mingle with, or be a part of show business. After the series ended in 1957, a modified version continued for three more seasons with 13 one-hour specials; it ran from 1957 to 1960. It was first known as The Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Show and later in reruns as The Lucy\u2013Desi Comedy Hour." }, "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines-59": { "title": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "Languages" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "citation needed] English is the official language. Most Vincentians speak Vincentian Creole. English is used in education, government, religion, and other formal domains, while Creole (or 'dialect' as it is referred to locally) is used in informal situations such as in the home and among friends." }, "Bodybuilding-39": { "title": "Bodybuilding", "section": "Muscle growth", "headers": [ "Nutrition" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "clarification needed][citation needed] The high levels of muscle growth and repair achieved by bodybuilders require a specialized diet. Generally speaking, bodybuilders require more calories than the average person of the same weight to provide the protein and energy requirements needed to support their training and increase muscle mass. In preparation of a contest, a sub-maintenance level of food energy is combined with cardiovascular exercise to lose body fat. Proteins, carbohydrates and fats are the three major macronutrients that the human body needs in order to build muscle. The ratios of calories from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats vary depending on the goals of the bodybuilder." }, "Soup-1": { "title": "Soup", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Soup is a primarily liquid food, generally served warm or hot (but may be cool or cold), that is made by combining ingredients of meat or vegetables with stock, or water. Hot soups are additionally characterized by boiling solid ingredients in liquids in a pot until the flavors are extracted, forming a broth. Soups are similar to stews, and in some cases there may not be a clear distinction between the two; however, soups generally have more liquid (broth) than stews." }, "History of the Caribbean-6": { "title": "History of the Caribbean", "section": "Before European contact", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "At the time of the European arrival, three major Amerindian indigenous peoples lived on the islands: the Ta\u00edno in the Greater Antilles, The Bahamas and the Leeward Islands; the Island Caribs and Galibi in the Windward Islands; and the Ciboney in western Cuba. The Ta\u00ednos are subdivided into Classic Ta\u00ednos, who occupied Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, Western Ta\u00ednos, who occupied Cuba, Jamaica, and the Bahamian archipelago, and the Eastern Ta\u00ednos, who occupied the Leeward Islands. Trinidad was inhabited by both Carib speaking and Arawak-speaking groups." }, "Hair-6": { "title": "Hair", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "the cuticle, which consists of several layers of flat, thin cells laid out overlapping one another as roof shingles the cortex, which contains the keratin bundles in cell structures that remain roughly rod-like the medulla, a disorganized and open area at the fiber's center Each strand of hair is made up of the medulla, cortex, and cuticle. The innermost region, the medulla, is not always present and is an open, unstructured region. The highly structural and organized cortex, or second of three layers of the hair, is the primary source of mechanical strength and water uptake. The cortex contains melanin, which colors the fiber based on the number, distribution and types of melanin granules. The shape of the follicle determines the shape of the cortex, and the shape of the fiber is related to how straight or curly the hair is. People with straight hair have round hair fibers. Oval and other shaped fibers are generally more wavy or curly. The cuticle is the outer covering. Its complex structure slides as the hair swells and is covered with a single molecular layer of lipid that makes the hair repel water. The diameter of human hair varies from 0.017 to 0.18 millimeters (0.00067 to 0.00709\u00a0in). There are two million small, tubular glands and sweat glands that produce watery fluids that cool the body by evaporation. The glands at the opening of the hair produce a fatty secretion that lubricates the hair." }, "Electronic (band)-1": { "title": "Electronic (band)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Electronic were an English alternative dance supergroup formed by New Order singer and guitarist Bernard Sumner and ex-Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr. They co-wrote the majority of their output between 1989 and 1998, collaborating with Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe, of Pet Shop Boys, on three tracks in their early years, and former Kraftwerk member Karl Bartos on nine songs in 1995." }, "Franklin D. Roosevelt-1": { "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (/\u02c8ro\u028az\u0259v\u0259lt/, /-v\u025blt/; January 30, 1882\u00a0\u2013 April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A member of the Democratic Party, he won a record four presidential elections and became a central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century. Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. As a dominant leader of his party, he built the New Deal Coalition, which realigned American politics into the Fifth Party System and defined American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century. His third and fourth terms were dominated by World War II, which ended shortly after he died in office. He is usually rated by scholars among the nation's greatest presidents, after George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, but has also been subject to substantial criticism." }, "Shoe-1": { "title": "Shoe", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A shoe is an item of footwear intended to protect and comfort the human foot. Shoes are also used as an item of decoration and fashion. The design of shoes has varied enormously through time and from culture to culture, with appearance originally being tied to function. Additionally, fashion has often dictated many design elements, such as whether shoes have very high heels or flat ones. Contemporary footwear in the 2010s varies widely in style, complexity and cost. Basic sandals may consist of only a thin sole and simple strap and be sold for a low cost. High fashion shoes made by famous designers may be made of expensive materials, use complex construction and sell for hundreds or even thousands of dollars a pair. Some shoes are designed for specific purposes, such as boots designed specifically for mountaineering or skiing." }, "Reformation-1": { "title": "Reformation", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Roman Catholic Church and papal authority in particular. Although the Reformation is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517, there was no schism between the Catholic Church and the nascent Luther until the 1521 Edict of Worms. The edict condemned Luther and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire from defending or propagating his ideas. The end of the Reformation era is disputed: it could be considered to end with the enactment of the confessions of faith which began the Age of Orthodoxy.[definition needed] Other suggested ending years relate to the Counter-Reformation or the Peace of Westphalia. From a Catholic perspective, the Second Vatican Council called for an end to the Counter-Reformation." }, "Flag of the United States-40": { "title": "Flag of the United States", "section": "Design", "headers": [ "Colors" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "The exact red, white, and blue colors to be used in the flag are specified with reference to the CAUS Standard Color Reference of America, 10th edition. Specifically, the colors are \"White\", \"Old Glory Red\", and \"Old Glory Blue\". The CIE coordinates for the colors of the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card were formally specified in JOSA in 1946. These colors form the standard for cloth, and there is no perfect way to convert them to RGB for display on screen or CMYK for printing. The \"relative\" coordinates in the following table were found by scaling the luminous reflectance relative to the flag's \"white\"." }, "Hephaestus-1": { "title": "Hephaestus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hephaestus (/h\u026a\u02c8fi\u02d0st\u0259s, h\u026a\u02c8f\u025bst\u0259s/; eight spellings; Greek: \u1f2d\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 H\u0113phaistos) is the Greek god of blacksmiths, metalworking, carpenters, craftsmen, artisans, sculptors, metallurgy, fire (compare, however, with Hestia), and volcanoes. Hephaestus' Roman equivalent is Vulcan. In Greek mythology, Hephaestus was either the son of Zeus and Hera or he was Hera's parthenogenous child. He was cast off Mount Olympus by his mother because of his deformity or, in another account, by Zeus for protecting Hera from his advances." }, "Bhut jolokia-2": { "title": "Bhut jolokia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In 2007, Guinness World Records certified that the ghost pepper was the world's hottest chili pepper, 400 times hotter than Tabasco sauce. The ghost chili is rated at more than 1 million Scoville Heat Units (SHUs). However, in the race to grow the hottest pepper, the ghost chili was shortly superseded by the Infinity chili in 2011, followed by the Naga Viper, the Trinidad Moruga scorpion in 2012 and the Carolina Reaper on 7 August 2013." }, "Vitruvian Man-2": { "title": "Vitruvian Man", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The drawing represents ideal human body proportions. Its inscription in a square and a circle comes from a description by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in Book III of his treatise De architectura. Yet, as it has been demonstrated, Leonardo did not represent Vitruvius's proportions of the limbs but rather included those he found himself after measuring male models in Milan. While the drawing is named after Vitruvius, some scholars today question the appropriateness of such a title." }, "Aretha Franklin-27": { "title": "Aretha Franklin", "section": "Music style and image", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "According to Richie Unterberger, Franklin was \"one of the giants of soul music, and indeed of American pop as a whole. More than any other performer, she epitomized soul at its most gospel-charged\". She had often been described as a great singer and musician due to \"vocal flexibility, interpretive intelligence, skillful piano-playing, her ear, her experience\". Franklin's voice was described as being a \"powerful mezzo-soprano voice\". She was praised for her arrangements and interpretations of other artists' hit songs. According to David Remnick, what \"distinguishes her is not merely the breadth of her catalog or the cataract force of her vocal instrument; it's her musical intelligence, her way of singing behind the beat, of spraying a wash of notes over a single word or syllable, of constructing, moment by moment, the emotional power of a three-minute song. 'Respect' is as precise an artifact as a Ming vase\". Describing Franklin's voice as that of a youngster on her first album, Songs of Faith, released in 1956 when she was just 14, Jerry Wexler explained that it \"was not that of a child but rather of an ecstatic hierophant\". Critic Randy Lewis assessed her skills as a pianist as \"magic\" and \"inspirational\". Musicians and professionals alike such as Elton John, Keith Richards, Carole King, and Clive Davis were fans of her piano performances." }, "Sneakers-16": { "title": "Sneakers", "section": "Use in sports", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "The shoes themselves are made of flexible compounds, typically featuring a sole made of dense rubber. While the original design was basic, manufacturers have since tailored athletic shoes for their specific purposes. An example of this is the spiked shoe developed for track running. Some of these shoes are made up to unusually large sizes for athletes with large feet." }, "John Williams-13": { "title": "John Williams", "section": "Film and television scoring", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Williams's first film composition was for the 1958 B movie Daddy-O, and his first screen credit came two years later in Because They're Young. He soon gained notice in Hollywood for his versatility in composing jazz, piano, and symphonic music. Williams received his first Academy Award nomination for his score for 1967's Valley of the Dolls, and was nominated again for his score for 1969's Goodbye, Mr. Chips. He won his first Academy Award for his score for the 1971 film Fiddler on the Roof. In 1972 he composed the score for the Robert Altman-directed psychological thriller Images (recorded in collaboration with noted percussionist Stomu Yamashta), which earned him another nomination in the category Best Music, Original Dramatic Score at the 1973 Academy Awards." }, "Binoculars-1": { "title": "Binoculars", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Binoculars or field glasses are two telescopes mounted side-by-side and aligned to point in the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes (binocular vision) when viewing distant objects. Most are sized to be held using both hands, although sizes vary widely from opera glasses to large pedestal mounted military models." }, "Josh Blue-1": { "title": "Josh Blue", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Josh Blue (born November 27, 1978) is an American comedian. He was voted the Last Comic Standing on NBC's reality show Last Comic Standing during its fourth season, which aired May\u2013August 2006. Blue has cerebral palsy, and much of his self-deprecating humor is centered on this." }, "Embalming chemicals-14": { "title": "Embalming chemicals", "section": "Environmental effects", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Formaldehyde works to stiffen the tissue of the cadaver, allowing the mortician to pose the body. This is the characteristic that also makes formaldehyde hazardous when encountered in the environment. The carbon atom in formaldehyde, CH2O, carries a slight positive charge due to the high electronegativity of the oxygen double bonded with the carbon. The electropositive carbon will react with a negatively charged molecule and other electron-rich species. As a result, the carbon in the formaldehyde molecule bonds with electron-rich nitrogen groups called amines found in plant and animal tissue. This leads to formaldehyde cross-linking, bonding proteins with other proteins and DNA, rendering them dysfunctional or no longer useful." }, "Scampi-1": { "title": "Scampi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Scampi, also called Dublin Bay Prawn or Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus), is an edible lobster of the order Decapoda (class Crustacea). It is widespread in the Mediterranean and northeastern Atlantic, from North Africa to Norway and Iceland, and is a gastronomic delicacy. Scampi is now the only extant species in the genus Nephrops, after several other species were moved to the closely related genus Metanephrops." }, "Moshing-1": { "title": "Moshing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Moshing (also known as slam dancing or simply slamming) is a style of dance in which participants push or slam into each other, typically performed to \"aggressive\" live music. Moshing usually happens in the center of the crowd, generally closer to the stage, in an area called the \"pit\". It is intended to be energetic and full of body contact." }, "Shield-1": { "title": "Shield", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A shield is a piece of personal armour held in the hand, which may or may not be strapped to the wrist or forearm. Shields are used to intercept specific attacks, whether from close-ranged weaponry or projectiles such as arrows, by means of active blocks, as well as to provide passive protection by closing one or more lines of engagement during combat." }, "Smooth jazz-3": { "title": "Smooth jazz", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The genre arose in the mid-1970s in the United States as \"smooth radio\", and was not termed \"smooth jazz\" until the 1980s. The earliest smooth jazz music appearing in the 1970s includes the 1975 album Touch by saxophonist John Klemmer, the song \"Breezin'\" as performed by guitarist George Benson in 1976, the 1977 instrumental composition \"Feels So Good\" by flugelhorn player Chuck Mangione, and jazz fusion group Spyro Gyra's instrumental \"Morning Dance\", released in 1979." }, "Barack Obama-15": { "title": "Barack Obama", "section": "Early life and career", "headers": [ "Family and personal life" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "In June 1989, Obama met Michelle Robinson when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley Austin. Robinson was assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date. They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992. After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwent in vitro fertilisation to conceive their children. The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998, followed by a second daughter, Natasha (\"Sasha\"), in 2001. The Obama daughters attended the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the Sidwell Friends School. The Obamas have two Portuguese Water Dogs; the first, a male named Bo, was a gift from Senator Ted Kennedy. In 2013, Bo was joined by Sunny, a female." }, "Shrimp and prawn as food-10": { "title": "Shrimp and prawn as food", "section": "Preparation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Recipes using shrimp form part of the cuisine of many cultures. Strictly speaking, dishes containing scampi should be made from the Norway lobster, a shrimp-like crustacean more closely related to the lobster than shrimp. Scampi is often called the \"Dublin Bay prawn\", and in some places it is quite common for other prawns to be used instead." }, "Common carp-1": { "title": "Common carp", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The common carp or European carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a widespread freshwater fish of eutrophic waters in lakes and large rivers in Europe and Asia. The native wild populations are considered vulnerable to extinction by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), but the species has also been domesticated and introduced (see aquaculture) into environments worldwide, and is often considered a destructive invasive species, being included in the list of the world's 100 worst invasive species. It gives its name to the carp family, Cyprinidae." }, "Medical privacy-52": { "title": "Medical privacy", "section": "Medical privacy standards and laws by country", "headers": [ "United States", "Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)" ], "para_index": 52, "content": "The most comprehensive law passed is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which was later revised after the Final Omnibus Rule in 2013. HIPAA provides a federal minimum standard for medical privacy, sets standards for uses and disclosures of protected health information (PHI), and provides civil and criminal penalties for violations." }, "East India Company-41": { "title": "East India Company", "section": "Forming a complete monopoly", "headers": [ "Trade monopoly" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "It quickly became evident that, in practice, the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition. The companies merged in 1708, by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state, with the charter and agreement for the new United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies being awarded by the Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin. Under this arrangement, the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of \u00a33,200,000, in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years, after which the situation was to be reviewed. The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies." }, "Un-carrier-22": { "title": "Un-carrier", "section": "T-Mobile Tuesdays (Un-carrier 11.0)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "On June 6, 2016, T-Mobile announced T-Mobile Tuesdays. This program has exclusive promotions offered to T-Mobile customers with a variety of rewards, ranging from free pizzas from Domino's Pizza, Vudu movies, Lyft credit, free Frostys from Wendy's, StubHub ticket discounts, free subs from Subway, and Fandango movie tickets. The signature for this promotion is \"Get Thanked\", in which the carrier offered a subtle way to say thank you to their customers every Tuesday. Additionally, this promotion carried another incentive called \"Stock Up\". T-Mobile offered one share of T-Mobile stock for every new customer an existing customer refers to T-Mobile, up to 100 shares. Customers who had been with the company for five years or more were offered two stocks for every new customer they referred to T-Mobile." }, "Haf\u00fe\u00f3r J\u00fal\u00edus Bj\u00f6rnsson-4": { "title": "Haf\u00fe\u00f3r J\u00fal\u00edus Bj\u00f6rnsson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "On 2 May 2020, Haf\u00fe\u00f3r deadlifted 501 kilograms (1,105\u00a0lb) under strongman rules at his gym in Iceland and refereed by Magn\u00fas Ver Magn\u00fasson. This achievement was televised live by ESPN, and surpassed Eddie Hall's strongman deadlift record of 500 kilograms (1,102\u00a0lb) set in 2016." }, "Heath Ledger-3": { "title": "Heath Ledger", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Ledger died on the afternoon of 22 January 2008 due to an accidental overdose of prescription medications. A few months before his death, Ledger had finished filming his performance as the Joker in The Dark Knight. At the time of his death, The Dark Knight was in its editing phase, and The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus was in the midst of filming, in which he was playing his last role as Tony. His untimely death also affected the subsequent promotion of The Dark Knight. His role as the Joker in The Dark Knight earned him universal acclaim and popularity from fans and critics alike. Ledger also received numerous posthumous accolades for his performance in The Dark Knight, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, a Best Actor International Award at the 2008 Australian Film Institute Awards, the 2008 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor, the 2009 Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor \u2013 Motion Picture, and the 2009 BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor." }, "Spaceballs-2": { "title": "Spaceballs", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The film's setting and characters parody the original Star Wars trilogy, as well as other sci-fi franchises and popular films including Star Trek, Alien, The Wizard of Oz, 2001, and the Planet of the Apes. It was released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer on June 24, 1987, and was met with a mixed reception. It has since become a cult classic and one of Brooks's most popular films." }, "St. Anger-3": { "title": "St. Anger", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "St. Anger was intended for release on June 10, 2003, but was released five days earlier due to concerns over unlicensed distribution via peer-to-peer file sharing networks. Despite mixed reviews, it debuted at the top of sales charts in 14 countries, including the US Billboard 200. After release, Metallica spent two years touring to promote the album. In 2004, the lead single, \"St. Anger\", won a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance. St. Anger was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipping two million copies in the US; it has sold nearly six million copies worldwide." }, "Glutamic acid-1": { "title": "Glutamic acid", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E) is an \u03b1-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins. It is non-essential in humans, meaning the body can synthesize it. It is also an excitatory neurotransmitter, in fact the most abundant one, in the vertebrate nervous system. It serves as the precursor for the synthesis of the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in GABA-ergic neurons." }, "Diamond-5": { "title": "Diamond", "section": "Material properties", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Diamond is a solid form of pure carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal. Solid carbon comes in different forms known as allotropes depending on the type of chemical bond. The two most common allotropes of pure carbon are diamond and graphite. In graphite the bonds are sp2 orbital hybrids and the atoms form in planes with each bound to three nearest neighbors 120 degrees apart. In diamond they are sp3 and the atoms form tetrahedra with each bound to four nearest neighbors. Tetrahedra are rigid, the bonds are strong, and of all known substances diamond has the greatest number of atoms per unit volume, which is why it is both the hardest and the least compressible. It also has a high density, ranging from 3150 to 3530 kilograms per cubic metre (over three times the density of water) in natural diamonds and 3520\u00a0kg/m3 in pure diamond. In graphite, the bonds between nearest neighbors are even stronger but the bonds between planes are weak, so the planes can easily slip past each other. Thus, graphite is much softer than diamond. However, the stronger bonds make graphite less flammable." }, "Methuselah (tree)-1": { "title": "Methuselah (tree)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Methuselah is a 4,851-year-old Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) tree growing high in the White Mountains of Inyo County in eastern California. It is recognized as the non-clonal tree with the greatest confirmed age in the world." }, "JPMorgan Chase-83": { "title": "JPMorgan Chase", "section": "Offices", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 83, "content": "Approximately 11,050 employees are located in Columbus at the McCoy Center, the former Bank One offices. The building is the largest JPMorgan Chase & Co. facility in the world and the second largest single-tenant office building in the United States behind The Pentagon." }, "Greenhouse-27": { "title": "Greenhouse", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Commercial glass greenhouses are often high-tech production facilities for vegetables or flowers. The glass greenhouses are filled with equipment such as screening installations, heating, cooling and lighting, and may be automatically controlled by a computer." }, "The Onion-1": { "title": "The Onion", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Onion is an American satirical digital media company and newspaper organization that publishes articles on international, national, and local news. The company is based in Chicago but originated as a weekly print publication on August 29, 1988 in Madison, Wisconsin. The Onion began publishing online in the spring of 1996. In 2007, they began publishing satirical news audio and video online as the Onion News Network. In 2013, The Onion ceased publishing its print edition and launched Onion Labs, an advertising agency." }, "Hanging-4": { "title": "Hanging", "section": "Methods of judicial hanging", "headers": [ "Short drop" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The short drop is a method of hanging performed by placing the condemned prisoner on a stool, the top of a ladder, the back of a cart, horse, or other vehicle, with the noose around the neck. The support is then moved away, leaving the person dangling from the rope." }, "Rabies-2": { "title": "Rabies", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses, including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. It is spread when an infected animal bites or scratches a human or other animal. Saliva from an infected animal can also transmit rabies if the saliva comes into contact with the eyes, mouth, or nose. Globally, dogs are the most common animal involved. In countries where dogs commonly have the disease, more than 99% of rabies cases are the direct result of dog bites. In the Americas, bat bites are the most common source of rabies infections in humans, and less than 5% of cases are from dogs. Rodents are very rarely infected with rabies. The disease can be diagnosed only after the start of symptoms." }, "Lieutenant-1": { "title": "Lieutenant", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A lieutenant (UK: /l\u025bf\u02c8t\u025bn\u0259nt/ lef-TEN-\u0259nt or US: /lu\u02d0\u02c8t\u025bn\u0259nt/ loo-TEN-\u0259nt abbreviated Lt, LT, Lieut and similar) is the second junior-most or in some cases the junior-most commissioned officer in the armed forces, fire services, police, and other organizations of many nations." }, "Voter impersonation (United States)-9": { "title": "Voter impersonation (United States)", "section": "Estimates of frequency", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "ABC News reported in 2012 that only four cases of voter impersonation had led to convictions in Texas over the previous decade. A study released the same year by News21, an Arizona State University reporting project, identified a total of 10 cases of alleged voter impersonation in the United States since 2000. The same study found that for every case of voter impersonation, there were 207 cases of other types of election fraud. This analysis has, in turn, been criticized by the executive director of the Republican National Lawyers Association, who has said that the study was \"highly flawed in its very approach to the issue.\" Also a 2012 study found no evidence that voter impersonation (in the form of people voting under the auspices of a dead voter) occurred in the 2006 Georgia general elections." }, "Bart Simpson-1": { "title": "Bart Simpson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bartholomew JoJo Simpson is a fictional character in the American animated television series The Simpsons and part of the Simpson family. He is voiced by Nancy Cartwright and first appeared on television in The Tracey Ullman Show short \"Good Night\" on April 19, 1987. Cartoonist Matt Groening created and designed Bart while waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic strip, Life in Hell, but instead decided to create a new set of characters. While the rest of the characters were named after Groening's family members, Bart's name is an anagram of the word brat. After appearing on The Tracey Ullman Show for three years, the Simpson family received its own series on Fox, which debuted December 17, 1989. Bart has appeared in every Simpsons episode except \"Four Great Women and a Manicure\"." }, "Apple Watch-29": { "title": "Apple Watch", "section": "Specifications", "headers": [ "Hardware", "First generation" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "The first-generation Apple Watch, colloquially referred to as Series 0, uses the single-core S1 system-on-chip. It does not have a built-in GPS chip, instead relying on a paired iPhone for location services. It uses a linear actuator called the \"Taptic Engine\" to provide haptic feedback when an alert or a notification is received, and is used for other purposes by certain apps. The watch is equipped with a built-in heart rate sensor, which uses both infrared and visible-light LEDs and photodiodes. All versions of the first-generation Apple Watch have 8\u00a0GB of storage; the operating system allows the user to store up to 2\u00a0GB of music and 75\u00a0MB of photos. When the Apple Watch is paired with an iPhone, all music on that iPhone is also available to be controlled and accessed from the Apple Watch. Software support for the first Apple Watch ended with watchOS 4.3.2." }, "Carolingian Empire-3": { "title": "Carolingian Empire", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The size of the empire at its inception was around 1,112,000 square kilometres (429,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), with a population of between 10 and 20\u00a0million people. Its heartland was Francia, the land between the Loire and the Rhine, where its symbolic capital, Aachen, was located. In the south it crossed the Pyrenees and bordered the Emirate of C\u00f3rdoba and, after 824, the Kingdom of Pamplona; to the north it bordered the kingdom of the Danes; to the west it had a short land border with Brittany, which was later reduced to a tributary; and to the east it had a long border with the Slavs and the Avars, who were eventually defeated and their land incorporated into the empire. In southern Italy, the Carolingians' claims to authority were disputed by the Byzantines (eastern Romans) and the vestiges of the Lombard kingdom in the Principality of Benevento." }, "Lexus-16": { "title": "Lexus", "section": "History", "headers": [ "1990s: Growth and expansion" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "In 1990, during its first full year of sales, Lexus sold 63,594 LS 400 and ES 250 sedans in the U.S., the majority being the LS model. That year, Lexus also began limited exports to the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Canada and Australia. In 1991, Lexus launched its first sports coupe, the SC 400, which shared the LS 400s V8 engine and rear-wheel drive design. This was followed by the second generation ES 300 sedan, which succeeded the ES 250 and became Lexus' top seller. At the conclusion of 1991, Lexus had become the top-selling premium car import in the U.S., with sales reaching 71,206 vehicles. That year, Lexus ranked highest in J.D. Power and Associates' studies on initial vehicle quality, customer satisfaction and sales satisfaction for the first time. The marque also began increasing U.S. model prices past those of comparable American premium makes, but still below high-end European models. By 1992, the LS 400's base price had risen 18 percent." }, "Super Bowl-1": { "title": "Super Bowl", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Super Bowl is the annual championship game of the National Football League (NFL) played in early February. It is the culmination of a regular season that begins in the late summer of the previous year." }, "Psychogenic amnesia-1": { "title": "Psychogenic amnesia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Psychogenic amnesia or dissociative amnesia is a memory disorder characterized by sudden retrograde episodic memory loss, said to occur for a period of time ranging from hours to years. More recently, \"dissociative amnesia\" has been defined as a dissociative disorder \"characterized by retrospectively reported memory gaps. These gaps involve an inability to recall personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.\" In a change from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5, dissociative fugue is now subsumed under dissociative amnesia." }, "NASA Astronaut Corps-10": { "title": "NASA Astronaut Corps", "section": "Qualifications", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Candidates must have a master's degree from an accredited institution in engineering, biological science, physical science or mathematics. The degree must be followed by at two three years of related, progressively responsible, professional experience (graduate work or studies) or at least 1,000 hours of pilot-in-command time in jet aircraft. An advanced degree is desirable and may be substituted for experience, such as a doctoral degree (which counts as the two years experience). Teaching experience, including experience at the K \u2013 12 levels, is considered to be qualifying experience." }, "Asteroid-48": { "title": "Asteroid", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "Composition" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "The physical composition of asteroids is varied and in most cases poorly understood. Ceres appears to be composed of a rocky core covered by an icy mantle, where Vesta is thought to have a nickel-iron core, olivine mantle, and basaltic crust. 10 Hygiea, however, which appears to have a uniformly primitive composition of carbonaceous chondrite, is thought to be the largest undifferentiated asteroid. Most of the smaller asteroids are thought to be piles of rubble held together loosely by gravity, though the largest are probably solid. Some asteroids have moons or are co-orbiting binaries: Rubble piles, moons, binaries, and scattered asteroid families are thought to be the results of collisions that disrupted a parent asteroid, or, possibly, a planet." }, "Adrenal tumor-1": { "title": "Adrenal tumor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An adrenal tumor or adrenal mass is any benign or malignant neoplasms of the adrenal gland, several of which are notable for their tendency to overproduce endocrine hormones. Adrenal cancer is the presence of malignant adrenal tumors, and includes neuroblastoma, adrenocortical carcinoma and some adrenal pheochromocytomas. Most adrenal pheochromocytomas and all adrenocortical adenomas are benign tumors, which do not metastasize or invade nearby tissues, but may cause significant health problems by unbalancing hormones." }, "Magna Carta-1": { "title": "Magna Carta", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Magna Carta Libertatum (Medieval Latin for \"Great Charter of Freedoms\"), commonly called Magna Carta (also Magna Charta; \"Great Charter\"), is a charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215. First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury to make peace between the unpopular King and a group of rebel barons, it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown, to be implemented through a council of 25 barons. Neither side stood behind their commitments, and the charter was annulled by Pope Innocent III, leading to the First Barons' War." }, "Stork-10": { "title": "Stork", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The storks have a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, being absent from the poles, most of North America and large parts of Australia. The centres of stork diversity are in tropical Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, with eight and six breeding species respectively. Just three species are present in the New World: wood stork, maguari stork and jabiru, which is the tallest flying bird of the Americas. Two species, white and black stork, reach Europe and western temperate Asia, while one species, Oriental stork, reaches temperate areas of eastern Asia, and one species, black-necked stork, is found in Australasia." }, "Ankle-4": { "title": "Ankle", "section": "Structure", "headers": [ "Ankle joint" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The talocrural joint is the only mortise and tenon joint in the human body, the term likening the skeletal structure to the woodworking joint of the same name. The bony architecture of the ankle consists of three bones: the tibia, the fibula, and the talus. The articular surface of the tibia may be referred to as the plafond (French for \"ceiling\"). The medial malleolus is a bony process extending distally off the medial tibia. The distal-most aspect of the fibula is called the lateral malleolus. Together, the malleoli, along with their supporting ligaments, stabilize the talus underneath the tibia." }, "Starbucks-27": { "title": "Starbucks", "section": "Locations", "headers": [ "Retail expansion" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "In February 2011, Starbucks started selling its coffee in Norway by supplying Norwegian food shops with their roasts. The first Starbucks-branded Norwegian shop opened on February 8, 2012, at Oslo Airport, Gardermoen. In October 2011, Starbucks opened another location in Beijing, China, at the Beijing Capital International Airport's Terminal 3, international departures hall; making the company's 500th store in China. The store is the 7th location at the airport. The company planned to expand to 1,500 stores in China by 2015. In May 2012, Starbucks opened its first coffeehouse in Finland, with the location being Helsinki-Vantaa Airport in Vantaa. In June 2012, Starbucks opened a store in San Jose, Costa Rica. In October 2012, Starbucks announced plans to open 1,000 stores in the United States in the next five years. The same month, the largest Starbucks in the US opened at the University of Alabama's Ferguson Center." }, "Scalpel-1": { "title": "Scalpel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A scalpel, or lancet, or bistoury, is a small and extremely sharp bladed instrument used for surgery, anatomical dissection, podiatry and various arts and crafts (called a hobby knife). Scalpels may be single-use disposable or re-usable. Re-usable scalpels can have permanently attached blades that can be sharpened or, more commonly, removable single-use blades. Disposable scalpels usually have a plastic handle with an extensible blade (like a utility knife) and are used once, then the entire instrument is discarded. Scalpel blades are usually individually packed in sterile pouches but are also offered non-sterile. Double-edged scalpels are referred to as \"lancets\"." }, "Isopropyl alcohol-4": { "title": "Isopropyl alcohol", "section": "Properties", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Isopropyl alcohol is miscible in water, ethanol, ether, and chloroform. It dissolves ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, many oils, alkaloids, gums and natural resins. Unlike ethanol or methanol, isopropyl alcohol is not miscible with salt solutions and can be separated from aqueous solutions by adding a salt such as sodium chloride. The process is colloquially called salting out, and causes concentrated isopropyl alcohol to separate into a distinct layer." }, "Cheshire-54": { "title": "Cheshire", "section": "Settlements", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "Parts of Cheshire away from the affluent areas, such as those around Blacon, Crewe, Ellesmere Port and Winsford, are among the top 5% most deprived areas in Northern England; the price of an average four-bedroom detached house in Knutsford is around \u00a3470,000 compared to \u00a3220,000 in Winsford and Ellesmere Port." }, "Quakers-63": { "title": "Quakers", "section": "Practical theology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 63, "content": "In the United States, the acronym SPICES is often used by many Yearly Meetings (Simplicity, Peace, Integrity, Community, Equality and Stewardship). Stewardship is not recognised as a Testimony by all Yearly Meetings. Rocky Mountain Yearly Meeting Friends put their faith in action through living their lives by the following principles: prayer, personal integrity, stewardship (which includes giving away minimum of 10% income and refraining from lotteries), marriage and family (lifelong commitment), regard for mind and body (refraining from certain amusements, propriety and modesty of dress, abstinence from alcohol, tobacco and drugs), peace and non-violence (including refusing to participate in war), abortion (opposition to abortion, practical ministry to women with unwanted pregnancy and promotion of adoption), human sexuality, the Christian and state (look to God for authority, not the government), capital punishment (find alternatives), human equality, women in ministry (recognising women and men have an equal part to play in ministry)." }, "Dionysus-1": { "title": "Dionysus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dionysus or Dionysos is the god of the grape-harvest, winemaking and wine, of fertility, ritual madness, religious ecstasy, festivity and theatre in ancient Greek religion and myth." }, "Stingray-1": { "title": "Stingray", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Stingrays are a group of sea rays, which are cartilaginous fish related to sharks. Many species are endangered. They are classified in the suborder Myliobatoidei of the order Myliobatiformes and consist of eight families: Hexatrygonidae (sixgill stingray), Plesiobatidae (deepwater stingray), Urolophidae (stingarees), Urotrygonidae (round rays), Dasyatidae (whiptail stingrays), Potamotrygonidae (river stingrays), Gymnuridae (butterfly rays), and Myliobatidae (eagle rays)." }, "Languages of Canada-58": { "title": "Languages of Canada", "section": "Official bilingualism", "headers": [ "Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories", "Officially bilingual or multilingual: New Brunswick and the three territories" ], "para_index": 58, "content": "New Brunswick and Canada's three territories have all given official status to more than one language. In the case of New Brunswick, this means perfect equality. In the other cases, the recognition sometimes amounts to a formal recognition of official languages, but limited services in official languages other than English." }, "Hepatitis-4": { "title": "Hepatitis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Worldwide in 2015, hepatitis A occurred in about 114 million people, chronic hepatitis B affected about 343 million people and chronic hepatitis C about 142 million people. In the United States, NASH affects about 11 million people and alcoholic hepatitis affects about 5 million people. Hepatitis results in more than a million deaths a year, most of which occur indirectly from liver scarring or liver cancer. In the United States, hepatitis A is estimated to occur in about 2,500 people a year and results in about 75 deaths. The word is derived from the Greek h\u00eapar (\u1f27\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1), meaning \"liver\", and -itis (-\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2), meaning \"inflammation\"." }, "Ray Tomlinson-5": { "title": "Ray Tomlinson", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The first email Tomlinson sent was a test. It was not preserved and Tomlinson describes it as insignificant, something like \"QWERTYUIOP\". This is commonly misquoted as \"The first e-mail was QWERTYUIOP\". Tomlinson later commented that these \"test messages were entirely forgettable and I have, therefore, forgotten them.\"" }, "Election Day (United States)-1": { "title": "Election Day (United States)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In the United States, Election Day is the annual day set by law for the general elections of federal public officials. It is statutorily set as \"the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November\" or \"the first Tuesday after November 1\". The earliest possible date is November 2, and the latest possible date is November 8." }, "Pickling-1": { "title": "Pickling", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pickling is the process of preserving or extending the shelf life of food by either anaerobic fermentation in brine or immersion in vinegar. In East Asia, vinaigrette (vegetable oil and vinegar) is also used as a pickling medium. The pickling procedure typically affects the food's texture, taste and flavor. The resulting food is called a pickle, or, to prevent ambiguity, prefaced with pickled. Foods that are pickled include vegetables, fruits, meats, fish, dairy and eggs." }, "Philip II of Spain-1": { "title": "Philip II of Spain", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Philip II (Spanish: Felipe II; 21 May 1527 \u2013 13 September 1598) was King of Spain (1556\u201398), King of Portugal (1581\u201398, as Philip I, Portuguese: Filipe I), King of Naples and Sicily (both from 1554), and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland (during his marriage to Queen Mary I from 1554 to 1558). He was also Duke of Milan, and from 1555, lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands." }, "Diamonds Are Forever (soundtrack)-2": { "title": "Diamonds Are Forever (soundtrack)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "\"Diamonds Are Forever\", the title song with lyrics by Don Black, was the second Bond theme to be performed by Shirley Bassey, after \"Goldfinger\". The song was also recorded in Italian by Bassey as \"Una Cascata di Diamanti (Vivo Di Diamanti)\"; this version was only issued on 7-inch single in Italy, and was intended to be included in a (cancelled) 3-CD box set titled Shirley released in 2012." }, "Metallica-3": { "title": "Metallica", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In 2000, Metallica led the case against the peer-to-peer file sharing service Napster, in which the band and several other artists filed lawsuits against the service for sharing their copyright-protected material without consent; after reaching a settlement, Napster became a pay-to-use service in 2003. Metallica was the subject of the acclaimed 2004 documentary film Metallica: Some Kind of Monster, which documented the troubled production of the band's eighth album, St. Anger (2003), and the internal struggles within the band at the time. In 2009, Metallica was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The band wrote the screenplay for and starred in the 2013 IMAX concert film Metallica: Through the Never, in which the band performed live against a fictional thriller storyline." }, "Video game console-1": { "title": "Video game console", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A video game console is a computer device that outputs a video signal or visual image to display a video game that one or more people can play." }, "Cotton pad-1": { "title": "Cotton pad", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cotton pads are pads made of cotton which are used for medical or cosmetic purposes. For medical purposes, cotton pads are used to stop or prevent bleeding from minor punctures such as injections or venipuncture. They may be secured in place with tape. Cotton pads are also used in the application and the removal of makeup. Cotton pads are soft enough that they can be used to clean babies." }, "Gunpowder-1": { "title": "Gunpowder", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Gunpowder, also known as black powder to distinguish it from modern smokeless powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive. It consists of a mixture of sulfur (S), charcoal (C), and potassium nitrate (saltpeter, KNO3). The sulfur and charcoal act as fuels while the saltpeter is an oxidizer. Because of its incendiary properties and the amount of heat and gas volume that it generates, gunpowder has been widely used as a propellant in firearms, artillery, rockets, and fireworks, and as a blasting powder in quarrying, mining, and road building." }, "Mobility aid-1": { "title": "Mobility aid", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A mobility aid is a device designed to assist walking or otherwise improve the mobility of people with a mobility impairment." }, "Axis powers-2": { "title": "Axis powers", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany, Italy, and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s. The first step was the treaty signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936. Benito Mussolini declared on 1 November 1936 that all other European countries would from then on rotate on the Rome\u2013Berlin axis, thus creating the term \"Axis\". The almost simultaneous second step was the signing in November 1936 of the Anti-Comintern Pact, an anti-communist treaty between Germany and Japan. Italy and Spain joined the Pact in 1937. The \"Rome\u2013Berlin Axis\" became a military alliance in 1939 under the so-called \"Pact of Steel\", with the Tripartite Pact of 1940 leading to the integration of the military aims of Germany, Italy and Japan." }, "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)-7": { "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Belle befriends the castle's royal servants: Lumi\u00e8re the candelabra, Cogsworth the clock, Mrs. Potts the teapot, and her son Chip, the teacup; they invite her to a spectacular dinner. When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose, the enraged Beast scares her into fleeing the castle. In the woods, she is ambushed by a pack of wolves, but the Beast rescues her and is injured in the process. As Belle nurses his wounds, a friendship develops between them, they become close and even get close to falling in love. Meanwhile, Maurice returns to the village and fails to convince the townsfolk of Belle's predicament. Hearing Maurice's claims about the Beast, Gaston hatches a plan: He bribes Monsieur D'Arque, the warden of the town's insane asylum, to have Maurice locked up as a lunatic. Belle, with none to support her, would then have no choice but to marry Gaston. Before they can act, however, Maurice leaves for the castle to attempt a rescue alone." }, "Lactobacillus-11": { "title": "Lactobacillus", "section": "Food production", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Some Lactobacillus species are used as starter cultures in industry for controlled fermentation in the production of wine, yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, pickles, beer, cider, kimchi, cocoa, kefir, and other fermented foods, as well as animal feeds and the bokashi soil amendment. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of Lactobacillus species rely on production of bacteriocins and low molecular weight compounds that inhibits these microorganisms." }, "Pot roast-1": { "title": "Pot roast", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pot roast is a braised beef dish made by browning a roast-sized piece of beef before slow cooking the meat in a covered dish, sometimes with vegetables, in or over liquid. Tougher cuts such as chuck steak, boneless chuck steak, short ribs and 7-bone roast are popular cuts for this technique. While the toughness of the fibers makes them unsuitable for oven roasting, slow cooking tenderizes the meat as the liquid exchanges some of its flavor with the beef. The result is tender, succulent meat and a rich liquid that lends itself to gravy." }, "Prison uniform-2": { "title": "Prison uniform", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Usually a prison uniform consists of a visually distinct garment, which must be worn by an incarcerated person instead of his or her individual civilian clothes. In most cases it is purposefully designed to establish a visual contrast to the outward appearance of prison officers and set up a clear distinction from civil clothing." }, "Cattle-43": { "title": "Cattle", "section": "Senses", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "Cattle use all of the five widely recognized sensory modalities. These can assist in some complex behavioural patterns, for example, in grazing behaviour. Cattle eat mixed diets, but when given the opportunity, show a partial preference of approximately 70% clover and 30% grass. This preference has a diurnal pattern, with a stronger preference for clover in the morning, and the proportion of grass increasing towards the evening." }, "Karaoke-8": { "title": "Karaoke", "section": "History", "headers": [ "1970s: Development of the karaoke machine" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The patent holder of the karaoke machine is Roberto del Rosario. He developed the karaoke's sing-along system in 1975." }, "Sandro Botticelli-2": { "title": "Sandro Botticelli", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "As well as the small number of mythological subjects which are his best known works today, he painted a wide range of religious subjects and also some portraits. He and his workshop were especially known for their Madonna and Childs, many in the round tondo shape. Botticelli's best-known works are The Birth of Venus and Primavera, both in the Uffizi in Florence. He lived all his life in the same neighbourhood of Florence, with probably his only significant time elsewhere the months he spent painting in Pisa in 1474 and the Sistine Chapel in Rome in 1481\u201382." }, "Oh No, Ross and Carrie!-8": { "title": "Oh No, Ross and Carrie!", "section": "Format", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "At the end of each investigation, the hosts subjectively rate the level of pseudoscience, creepiness, danger, and cost (or \"pocket drainer\" value) of the claim or group they studied using ten-point scales. The pseudoscience rating is based on a scale in which the theory of evolution has a score of 1 (completely scientific) and the idea that humans are made completely of goat sperm has a score of 10 (completely pseudoscientific). Poppy also frequently gives a \"hot drink\" rating, at the end of the investigation." }, "Pi-4": { "title": "Pi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Because its most elementary definition relates to the circle, \u03c0 is found in many formulae in trigonometry and geometry, especially those concerning circles, ellipses, and spheres. In more modern mathematical analysis, the number is instead defined using the spectral properties of the real number system, as an eigenvalue or a period, without any reference to geometry. It appears therefore in areas of mathematics and the sciences having little to do with the geometry of circles, such as number theory and statistics, as well as in almost all areas of physics. The ubiquity of \u03c0 makes it one of the most widely known mathematical constants both inside and outside the scientific community. Several books devoted to \u03c0 have been published, and record-setting calculations of the digits of \u03c0 often result in news headlines. Attempts to memorize the value of \u03c0 with increasing precision have led to records of over 70,000 digits." }, "Valkyrie-1": { "title": "Valkyrie", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Norse mythology, a valkyrie (/v\u00e6l\u02c8k\u026a\u0259ri, -\u02c8ka\u026ari, v\u0251\u02d0l-, \u02c8v\u00e6lk\u0259ri/; from Old Norse valkyrja \"chooser of the slain\") is one of a host of female figures who choose those who may die in battle and those who may live. Selecting among half of those who die in battle (the other half go to the goddess Freyja's afterlife field F\u00f3lkvangr), the valkyries take their chosen to the afterlife hall of the slain, Valhalla, ruled over by the god Odin. There, the deceased warriors become einherjar (Old Norse \"single (or once) fighters\"). When the einherjar are not preparing for the events of Ragnar\u00f6k, the valkyries bear them mead. Valkyries also appear as lovers of heroes and other mortals, where they are sometimes described as the daughters of royalty, sometimes accompanied by ravens and sometimes connected to swans or horses." }, "Martin Luther-111": { "title": "Martin Luther", "section": "Antisemitism", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 111, "content": "However, Christopher J. Probst, in his book Demonizing the Jews: Luther and the Protestant Church in Nazi Germany (2012), shows that a large number of German Protestant clergy and theologians during the Nazi Third Reich used Luther's hostile publications towards the Jews and their Jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-Semitic policies of the National Socialists." }, "Canonization of Joan of Arc-2": { "title": "Canonization of Joan of Arc", "section": "Path to sainthood", "headers": [ "Death and 15th century" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "As with other saints who were excommunicated or investigated by ecclesiastic courts, such as Athanasius, Teresa of \u00c1vila, and John of the Cross, Joan was put on trial by an Inquisitorial court. In her case, the court was influenced by the English, which occupied northern France, leading to her execution in the marketplace of Rouen. When the French retook Rouen in 1449, a series of investigations were launched. Her now-widowed mother Isabelle Rom\u00e9e and Joan's brothers J\u00e9an and Pierre, who were with Joan at the Siege of Orl\u00e9ans, petitioned Pope Nicholas V to reopen her case. The formal appeal was conducted in 1455 by Jean Br\u00e9hal, Inquisitor-General of France, under the aegis of Pope Callixtus III. Isabelle addressed the opening session of the appellate trial at Notre Dame with an impassioned plea to clear her daughter's name. Joan was exonerated on 7 July 1456, with Br\u00e9hal's summary of case evidence describing her as a martyr who had been executed by a court which itself had violated Church law. In 1457, Callixtus excommunicated the now-deceased Bishop Pierre Cauchon for his persecution and condemnation of Joan." }, "Cocaine-43": { "title": "Cocaine", "section": "Pharmacology", "headers": [ "Pharmacodynamics" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "Cocaine can often cause reduced food intake, many chronic users lose their appetite and can experience severe malnutrition and significant weight loss. Cocaine effects, further, are shown to be potentiated for the user when used in conjunction with new surroundings and stimuli, and otherwise novel environs." }, "Spider wasp-5": { "title": "Spider wasp", "section": "Morphology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Spider wasps are best distinguished from other vespoid wasps in having (in most species) a transverse groove bisecting the mesopleuron (the mesepisternal sclerite, a region on the side of middle segment of the thorax above the point where the legs join). Like other Vespoidea, they have antennae with 10 flagellomeres in the female and 11 in the male. Most Pompilidae have straight inner eye margins. The hind wings do not have a distinct claval lobe, but they have a distinctive jugal lobe. The hind leg has a tibial spur with a tuft or row of fine hairs. The legs are long and slender with the tips of the tibia (metatibia) long enough to extend beyond the tip of the abdomen (metasoma). Sexual dimorphism is not pronounced, although females are often larger than the males. Coloration and wing appearance vary greatly among the many species. General coloration is aposematic (warning off predators), generally based on black, often with markings of orange, red, yellow, or white. Larvae can also be identified by physical examination." }, "Knights of the Round Table-1": { "title": "Knights of the Round Table", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Knights of the Round Table (Welsh: Marchogion y Ford Gron, Breton: Marc'hegien an Daol Grenn) are the knightly members of the legendary fellowship of King Arthur in the literary cycle of the Matter of Britain, in which the first written record of them appears in the Roman de Brut written by the Norman poet Wace in 1155. In the French-derived branch of Arthurian legend, the Knights are an order in the service of Arthur, tasked with ensuring the peace of the kingdom and charged with leading the quest for the Holy Grail. The Round Table at which they met was supposed to represent the equality of all the members." }, "Snakebite-32": { "title": "Snakebite", "section": "Treatment", "headers": [ "First aid" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "Many organizations, including the American Medical Association and American Red Cross, recommend washing the bite with soap and water. Australian recommendations for snake bite treatment recommend against cleaning the wound. Traces of venom left on the skin/bandages from the strike can be used in combination with a snake bite identification kit to identify the species of snake. This speeds determination of which antivenom to administer in the emergency room." }, "Liberty Bell-36": { "title": "Liberty Bell", "section": "Park Service administration (1948\u2013present)", "headers": [ "Liberty Bell Center" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "Today, the Liberty Bell weighs 2,080 pounds (940\u00a0kg). Its metal is 70%\u00a0copper and 25%\u00a0tin, with the remainder consisting of lead, zinc, arsenic, gold and silver. It hangs from what is believed to be its original yoke, made from American elm. While the crack in the bell appears to end at the abbreviation \"Philada\" in the last line of the inscription, that is merely the 19th century widened crack that was filed out in the hopes of allowing the bell to continue to ring; a hairline crack, extending through the bell to the inside continues generally right and gradually moving to the top of the bell, through the word \"and\" in \"Pass and Stow,\" then through the word \"the\" before the word \"Assembly\" in the second line of text, and through the letters \"rty\" in the word \"Liberty\" in the first line. The crack ends near the attachment with the yoke." }, "Tony Pope-2": { "title": "Tony Pope", "section": "Early life and career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "He was born in Cleveland, Ohio and was known for providing the voice of Furby in English and five other languages. He was also the voice of Goofy for 11 years garnering 17 Gold and Platinum records. His voice is prominent at Disneyland on several rides, as well as in the JumpStart products by Knowledge Adventure." }, "Animal-14": { "title": "Animal", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Animals originally evolved in the sea. Lineages of arthropods colonised land around the same time as land plants, probably between 510\u2013471 million years ago during the Late Cambrian or Early Ordovician. Vertebrates such as the lobe-finned fish Tiktaalik started to move on to land in the late Devonian, about 375 million years ago. Animals occupy virtually all of earth's habitats and microhabitats, including salt water, hydrothermal vents, fresh water, hot springs, swamps, forests, pastures, deserts, air, and the interiors of animals, plants, fungi and rocks. Animals are however not particularly heat tolerant; very few of them can survive at constant temperatures above 50\u00a0\u00b0C (122\u00a0\u00b0F). Only very few species of animals (mostly nematodes) inhabit the most extreme cold deserts of continental Antarctica." }, "Switzerland-2": { "title": "Switzerland", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day. Since the Reformation of the 16th century, Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002. Nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross, one of the world's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations, and is home to numerous international organisations, including the second largest UN office. It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association, but notably not part of the European Union, the European Economic Area or the Eurozone. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties." }, "Wolverine-2": { "title": "Wolverine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The wolverine is found primarily in remote reaches of the Northern boreal forests and subarctic and alpine tundra of the Northern Hemisphere, with the greatest numbers in Northern Canada, the American state of Alaska, the mainland Nordic countries of Europe, and throughout western Russia and Siberia. Its population has steadily declined since the 19th century owing to trapping, range reduction and habitat fragmentation. The wolverine is now essentially absent from the southern end of its European range." }, "Supreme Court of Canada-5": { "title": "Supreme Court of Canada", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The increase in the importance of the Court was mirrored by the numbers of its members. The Court was established first with six judges, and these were augmented by an additional member in 1927. In 1949, the bench reached its current composition of nine justices." }, "Great Expectations-2": { "title": "Great Expectations", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The novel is set in Kent and London in the early to mid-19th century and contains some of Dickens's most celebrated scenes, starting in a graveyard, where the young Pip is accosted by the escaped convict Abel Magwitch. Great Expectations is full of extreme imagery \u2013 poverty, prison ships and chains, and fights to the death \u2013 and has a colourful cast of characters who have entered popular culture. These include the eccentric Miss Havisham, the beautiful but cold Estella, and Joe, the unsophisticated and kind blacksmith. Dickens's themes include wealth and poverty, love and rejection, and the eventual triumph of good over evil. Great Expectations, which is popular both with readers and literary critics, has been translated into many languages and adapted numerous times into various media." }, "Bull shark-23": { "title": "Bull shark", "section": "Behavior", "headers": [ "Diet" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Sharks are opportunistic feeders, and the bull shark is no exception to this, as it is part of the Carcharhinus family of sharks. Normally, sharks eat in short bursts, and when food is scarce, sharks digest for a much longer period of time in order to avoid starvation. As part of their survival mechanism, bull sharks will regurgitate the food in their stomachs in order to escape from a predator. This is a distraction tactic; if the predator moves to eat the regurgitated food the bull shark can use the opportunity to escape." }, "Robert De Niro-1": { "title": "Robert De Niro", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Robert Anthony De Niro Jr. (/d\u0259 \u02c8n\u026a\u0259ro\u028a/, Italian:\u00a0[de \u02c8ni\u02d0ro]; born August 17, 1943) is an American actor, producer, and director. De Niro grew up with his parents in Greenwich Village during the 1940's wanting to become an actor. He studied acting at HB Studio, the Stella Adler Conservatory, as well as Lee Strasberg's Actors Studio. In the 1960s, De Niro's first film roles came in his 20s appearing in the early films of Brian De Palma and Roger Corman. He gained notices with his role as a dying Major League Baseball player in Bang the Drum Slowly (1973). It wasn't until his first collaboration with Martin Scorsese when he played the small-time criminal Johnny Boy in Mean Streets (1973) that he gained widespread critical attention earning a New York Film Critics Circle Award nomination for his performance. De Niro was then cast as the young Vito Corleone in the Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather Part II (1974) where he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. De Niro earned nominations for his next films, playing the iconic role as trouble Vietnam War vet and taxi cab driver in Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver (1976), and in Michael Cimino's Vietnam War drama The Deer Hunter alongisde Meryl Streep, and Christopher Walken." }, "Andrew Johnson-1": { "title": "Andrew Johnson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808\u00a0\u2013 July 31, 1875) was the 17th president of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. He assumed the presidency as he was vice president at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Johnson was a Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, coming to office as the Civil War concluded. He favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union without protection for the former slaves. This led to conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1868. He was acquitted in the Senate by one vote. His main accomplishment as president was the Alaska purchase." }, "FIFA-1": { "title": "FIFA", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA /\u02c8fi\u02d0f\u0259/ FEE-f\u0259; French for 'International Federation of Association Football'; Spanish: Federaci\u00f3n Internacional de F\u00fatbol Asociaci\u00f3n; German: Internationaler Verband des Association Football) is a non-profit organization which describes itself as an international governing body of association football, f\u00fatsal, beach soccer, and efootball. It is the highest governing body of football." }, "Vehicle insurance in the United States-1": { "title": "Vehicle insurance in the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Vehicle insurance, in the United States and elsewhere, is designed to cover the risk of financial liability or the loss of a motor vehicle that the owner may face if their vehicle is involved in a collision that results in property or physical damage. Most states require a motor vehicle owner to carry some minimum level of liability insurance. States that do not require the vehicle owner to carry car insurance include Virginia, where an uninsured motor vehicle fee may be paid to the state, New Hampshire, and Mississippi, which offers vehicle owners the option to post cash bonds (see below). The privileges and immunities clause of Article IV of the U.S. Constitution protects the rights of citizens in each respective state when traveling to another. A motor vehicle owner typically pays insurers a monthly fee, often called an insurance premium. The insurance premium a motor vehicle owner pays is usually determined by a variety of factors including the type of covered vehicle, marital status, credit score, whether you rent or own a home, the age and gender of any covered drivers, their driving history, and the location where the vehicle is primarily driven and stored. Most insurance companies will increase insurance premium rates based on these factors, and less frequently, offer discounts." }, "For Love Alone-8": { "title": "For Love Alone", "section": "Reception", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "For Love Alone grossed $193,000 at the box office in Australia which was considered a disappointment. Stephen Wallace regrets his treatment of the subject matter was not bolder." }, "Space Race-1": { "title": "Space Race", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), to achieve firsts in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the ballistic missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations following World War\u00a0II. The technological advantage required to rapidly achieve spaceflight milestones was seen as necessary for national security, and mixed with the symbolism and ideology of the time. The Space Race led to pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, uncrewed space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon." }, "Metric system-27": { "title": "Metric system", "section": "Common metric systems", "headers": [ "Centimetre\u2013gram\u2013second systems" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "The centimetre\u2013gram\u2013second system of units (CGS) was the first coherent metric system, having been developed in the 1860s and promoted by Maxwell and Thomson. In 1874, this system was formally promoted by the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS). The system's characteristics are that density is expressed in g/cm3, force expressed in dynes and mechanical energy in ergs. Thermal energy was defined in calories, one calorie being the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 15.5\u00a0\u00b0C to 16.5\u00a0\u00b0C. The meeting also recognised two sets of units for electrical and magnetic properties \u2013 the electrostatic set of units and the electromagnetic set of units." }, "Salt in the Wound-1": { "title": "Salt in the Wound", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Salt in the Wound (Italian: Il dito nella piaga) is a 1969 Italian \"macaroni combat\" war film directed by Tonino Ricci and starring Klaus Kinski and George Hilton." }, "Royal Rumble (2002)-15": { "title": "Royal Rumble (2002)", "section": "Event", "headers": [ "Main event" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The main event was the Royal Rumble match. The Undertaker, the eighth entrant, dominated upon entering the match, and eliminated all four of the remaining participants. Matt Hardy entered next and Lita, who accompanied Matt, entered the ring to help. The next entrant was Jeff Hardy, and all three attacked The Undertaker. The Undertaker eventually eliminated them both. The Hardys returned, and continued their attack, but were thrown out again. This distraction allowed Maven, the following entrant, to eliminate The Undertaker. The Undertaker returned, beat down Maven, and eliminated him. The Undertaker assaulted Scotty 2 Hotty during his entrance, and continued his attack on Maven into the crowd, and to the backstage area, including smashing his head into a popcorn machine. The match continued with Christian and Scotty 2 Hotty battling it out, and the ring began to fill with more wrestlers. Austin, the nineteenth entrant, dominated upon his entrance, and eliminated all three of the remaining participants. While he waited for the next entrant, he brought Christian and Chuck, whom he had eliminated, back in, and beat them down. Austin then eliminated the next two entrants, leaving him the only man in the ring. Triple H made his in-ring return from injury at No. 22, brawling with Austin. Mr Perfect returned as the twenty-fifth entrant to a loud ovation. The Big Show, the twenty-seventh entrant, dominated upon entering until Kane entered next. Kane eliminated The Big Show, and Kane was eliminated by Austin and Kurt Angle, the twenty-sixth entrant. Rob Van Dam made his Royal Rumble debut by entering the ring at No. 29, taking down nearly everyone with a variety of high-flying moves, until Triple H delivered the Pedigree to him. Booker T, also making his Royal Rumble debut, entered at No. 30 and eliminated Van Dam. He then did the Spin-a-Roonie, and was quickly eliminated from the Rumble after receiving a Stone Cold Stunner from Austin." }, "Dolce & Gabbana-4": { "title": "Dolce & Gabbana", "section": "The design house", "headers": [ "Early collections" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The first collection from the design duo was shown in October 1985 alongside five other up-and-coming Italian labels as part of Milan Fashion Week. The two did not have enough money to hire models or provide accessories for them, so they sought help from their friends. The models (their friends) simply wore their personal items to complement the clothing. They used a bed sheet that Dolce had brought from home as their stage curtain." }, "Italian language-1": { "title": "Italian language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Italian (italiano [ita\u02c8lja\u02d0no] (listen) or lingua italiana [\u02c8li\u014b\u0261wa ita\u02c8lja\u02d0na]) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family. Italian descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire and, together with Sardinian, is by most measures the Romance language closest to it. Italian is an official language in Italy, Switzerland (where it is the main language of Ticino and the Graub\u00fcnden valleys of Calanca, Mesolcina, Bregaglia and val Poschiavo), San Marino and Vatican City. It has an official minority status in western Istria (Croatia and Slovenia). It formerly had official status in Albania, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro (Kotor) and Greece (Ionian Islands and Dodecanese), and is generally understood in Corsica (due to its close relation with the Tuscan-influenced local language) and Savoie. It also used to be an official language in the former Italian East Africa and Italian North Africa, where it still plays a significant role in various sectors. Italian is also spoken by large expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia. Italian is included under the languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Romania, although Italian is neither a co-official nor a protected language in these countries. Many speakers of Italian are native bilinguals of both Italian (either in its standard form or regional varieties) and other regional languages." }, "Stanley Cup-1": { "title": "Stanley Cup", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Stanley Cup (French: La Coupe Stanley) is the championship trophy awarded annually to the National Hockey League (NHL) playoff winner. It is the oldest existing trophy to be awarded to a professional sports franchise in North America, and the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) considers it to be one of the \"most important championships available to the sport\". The trophy was commissioned in 1892 as the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup and is named after Lord Stanley of Preston, the Governor General of Canada, who donated it as an award to Canada's top-ranking amateur ice hockey club. The entire Stanley family supported the sport, the sons and daughters all playing and promoting the game. The first Cup was awarded in 1893 to Montreal Hockey Club, and winners from 1893 to 1914 were determined by challenge games and league play. Professional teams first became eligible to challenge for the Stanley Cup in 1906. In 1915, the National Hockey Association (NHA) and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA), the two main professional ice hockey organizations, reached a gentlemen's agreement in which their respective champions would face each other annually for the Stanley Cup. It was established as the de facto championship trophy of the NHL in 1926 and then the de jure NHL championship prize in 1947." }, "Bee-28": { "title": "Bee", "section": "Sociality", "headers": [ "Solitary and communal bees" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Bees collect pollen to feed their young, and have the necessary adaptations to do this. However, certain wasp species such as pollen wasps have similar behaviours, and a few species of bee scavenge from carcases to feed their offspring. Solitary bees are important pollinators; they gather pollen to provision their nests with food for their brood. Often it is mixed with nectar to form a paste-like consistency. Some solitary bees have advanced types of pollen-carrying structures on their bodies. Very few species of solitary bee are being cultured for commercial pollination. Most of these species belong to a distinct set of genera which are commonly known by their nesting behavior or preferences, namely: carpenter bees, sweat bees, mason bees, plasterer bees, squash bees, dwarf carpenter bees, leafcutter bees, alkali bees and digger bees." }, "Do it yourself-6": { "title": "Do it yourself", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "By the 1950s, DIY became common usage with the emergence of people undertaking home improvement projects, construction projects and smaller crafts. Artists began to fight against mass production and mass culture by claiming to be self-made. In the 1960s and 1970s, books and TV shows about the DIY movement and techniques on building and home decoration began appearing. By the 1990s, the DIY movement felt the impact of the digital age with the rise of the internet. With computers and the internet becoming mainstream, increased accessibility to the internet has led more households undertaking DIY methods. Platforms, such as Youtube or Instagram, provide people the opportunity to share their creations and instruct others on how to replicate DIY techniques in their own home." }, "Year 2000 problem-3": { "title": "Year 2000 problem", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "No valid date will cause any interruption in operations. Date-based functionality must behave consistently for dates prior to, during and after year 2000. In all interfaces and in all storage, the century must be unambiguous, either specified, or calculable by algorithm. Year 2000 must be recognised as a leap year. It identifies two problems that may exist in many computer programs. First, the practice of representing the year with two digits became problematic with logical error(s) arising upon \"rollover\" from xx99 to xx00. This had caused some date-related processing to operate incorrectly for dates and times on and after 1 January 2000, and on other critical dates which were billed \"event horizons\". Without corrective action, long-working systems would break down when the \"... 97, 98, 99, 00 ...\" ascending numbering assumption suddenly became invalid." }, "Bernie Sanders-5": { "title": "Bernie Sanders", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Bernard Sanders was born on September 8, 1941, in the Brooklyn borough of New York City. His father, Elias Ben Yehuda Sanders, was born in S\u0142opnice, Galicia, in Austria-Hungary (now part of Poland), to a Jewish working-class family. In 1921, Elias immigrated to the United States, where he became a paint salesman. Bernard's mother, Dorothy Sanders (n\u00e9e\u00a0Glassberg), was born in New York City to Jewish immigrant parents from Radzy\u0144 Podlaski, in modern-day eastern Poland." }, "Artisanal food-1": { "title": "Artisanal food", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Artisanal food encompasses breads, cheeses, fruit preserves, cured meats, beverages, oils, and vinegars that are made by hand using traditional methods by skilled craftworkers, known as food artisans. The foodstuff material from farmers and backyard growers can include fruit, grains and flours, milks for cheese, cured meats, fish, beverages, oils, and vinegars. The movement is focused on providing farm to fork type foods with locally sourced products that benefit the consumer, small scale growers and producers, and the local economy." }, "James VI and I-2": { "title": "James VI and I", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and a great-great-grandson of Henry VII, King of England and Lord of Ireland, and thus a potential successor to all three thrones. James succeeded to the Scottish throne at the age of thirteen months, after his mother was compelled to abdicate in his favour. Four different regents governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, though he did not gain full control of his government until 1583. In 1603, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, who died childless. He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known after him as the Jacobean era, until his death. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England (the largest of the three realms) from 1603, returning to Scotland only once, in 1617, and styled himself \"King of Great Britain and Ireland\". He was a major advocate of a single parliament for England and Scotland. In his reign, the Plantation of Ulster and British colonisation of the Americas began." }, "Apple Watch-15": { "title": "Apple Watch", "section": "Specifications", "headers": [ "Design" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "For input, the watch includes a \"digital crown\", which can be turned to scroll or zoom and pressed to return to the home screen, and a touchscreen that features Force Touch technology, which makes it pressure-sensitive and capable of distinguishing between a tap and a press. The watch also has a side button which can be used to display recently used apps and access Apple Pay. Apple rates the device's battery for 18 hours of mixed usage. Apple Watch is charged by means of inductive charging, using a cable similar to the MagSafe cable from Apple's MacBook family of laptops. If the watch's battery depletes to less than 10 percent, the user is alerted and offered to enable a \"power reserve\" mode, which allows the user to continue to read the time for an additional 72 hours. The watch then reverts to its original mode when recharged." }, "Pork-2": { "title": "Pork", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Pork is eaten both freshly cooked and preserved. Curing extends the shelf life of the pork products. Ham, smoked pork, gammon, bacon and sausage are examples of preserved pork. Charcuterie is the branch of cooking devoted to prepared meat products, many from pork." }, "Lead poisoning-1": { "title": "Lead poisoning", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lead poisoning is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body. The brain is the most sensitive. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, irritability, memory problems, inability to have children, and tingling in the hands and feet. It causes almost 10% of intellectual disability of otherwise unknown cause and can result in behavioral problems. Some of the effects are permanent. In severe cases anemia, seizures, coma, or death may occur." }, "Baphomet-3": { "title": "Baphomet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Since 1856, the name Baphomet has been associated with the \"Sabbatic Goat\" image drawn by \u00c9liphas L\u00e9vi, which contains binary elements representing the \"symbolization of the equilibrium of opposites\" (e.g. half-human and half-animal, male and female, good and evil, on and off, etc.). On one hand, L\u00e9vi's intention was to symbolize his concept of balance that was essential to his magnetistic notion of the Astral Light; on the other hand, the Baphomet represents a tradition that should result in a perfect social order." }, "African elephant-16": { "title": "African elephant", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "Size" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "The African bush elephant is the largest terrestrial animal. Cows are 2.2\u20132.6\u00a0m (7.2\u20138.5\u00a0ft) tall at the shoulder and weigh 2,160\u20133,232\u00a0kg (4,762\u20137,125\u00a0lb), while bulls are 3.2\u20134\u00a0m (10\u201313\u00a0ft) tall and weigh 4,700\u20136,048\u00a0kg (10,362\u201313,334\u00a0lb). Its back is concave-shaped, while the back of the African forest elephant is nearly straight." }, "Pasteurization-11": { "title": "Pasteurization", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Milk" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Developed countries adopted milk pasteurization to prevent such disease and loss of life, and as a result milk is now considered a safer food. A traditional form of pasteurization by scalding and straining of cream to increase the keeping qualities of butter was practiced in Great Britain in the 18th century and was introduced to Boston in the British Colonies by 1773, although it was not widely practiced in the United States for the next 20 years. Pasteurization of milk was suggested by Franz von Soxhlet in 1886. In the early 20th century, Milton Joseph Rosenau established the standards \u2013 i.e. low-temperature, slow heating at 60\u00a0\u00b0C (140\u00a0\u00b0F) for 20 minutes \u2013 for the pasteurization of milk while at the United States Marine Hospital Service, notably in his publication of The Milk Question (1912). States in the U.S. soon began enacting mandatory dairy pasteurization laws, with the first in 1947, and in 1973 the U.S. federal government required pasteurization of milk used in any interstate commerce." }, "Cephalophore-4": { "title": "Cephalophore", "section": "Possible origins", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The topos can be traced to two sources. In a homily on Saints Juventinus and Maximinus, John Chrysostom asserted that the severed head of a martyr was more terrifying to the devil than when it was able to speak. \"He then compared soldiers showing their wounds received in battle to martyrs holding their severed head in their hands and presenting it to Christ\". The other source was the Western vita of Saint Denis, founder of the see of Paris, who was identified in the text with Dionysius the Areopagite." }, "Gaite Jansen-1": { "title": "Gaite Jansen", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Gaite Sara Kim Jansen (born 25 December 1991) is a Dutch actress born in Rotterdam, the Netherlands." }, "Oyster-50": { "title": "Oyster", "section": "As food", "headers": [ "Nutrition" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "Oysters are an excellent source of zinc, iron, calcium, and selenium, as well as vitamin A and vitamin B12. Oysters are low in food energy; one dozen raw oysters contains 110 kilocalories (460\u00a0kJ). They are rich in protein (approximately 9 g in 100 g of Pacific oysters). Two oysters (28 g) provide the Reference Daily Intake of zinc and vitamin B12." }, "Voyages of Christopher Columbus-27": { "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus", "section": "Voyages and events", "headers": [ "First voyage", "European discovery and exploration" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Land was first sighted at 2 a.m. on October 12, 1492, by a sailor named Rodrigo de Triana (also known as Juan Rodriguez Bermejo) aboard La Pinta. Columbus would later assert that he had first seen the land and, thus, earned the reward of 10,000 maraved\u00eds. Columbus called the island San Salvador, in the present-day Bahamas or Turks and Caicos; the indigenous residents had named it Guanahani. Exactly which island in the Bahamas or Turks and Caicos this corresponds to is an unresolved topic; prime candidates are Samana Cay, Plana Cays, Grand Turk, Cat Island or San Salvador Island (Watlings Island named San Salvador in 1925 in the belief that it was Columbus's San Salvador)." }, "Curling-32": { "title": "Curling", "section": "Equipment", "headers": [ "Shoes" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "Curling shoes are similar to ordinary athletic shoes except for special soles; the slider shoe (usually known as a \"slider\") is designed for the sliding foot and the \"gripper shoe\" (usually known as a gripper) for the foot that kicks off from the hack." }, "Hair-2": { "title": "Hair", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The human body, apart from areas of glabrous skin, is covered in follicles which produce thick terminal and fine vellus hair. Most common interest in hair is focused on hair growth, hair types, and hair care, but hair is also an important biomaterial primarily composed of protein, notably alpha-keratin." }, "Marvel Comics-17": { "title": "Marvel Comics", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Marvel Comics" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "In the world of [rival DC Comics'] Superman comic books, communism did not exist. Superman rarely crossed national borders or involved himself in political disputes. From 1962 to 1965, there were more communists [in Marvel Comics] than on the subscription list of Pravda. Communist agents attack Ant-Man in his laboratory, red henchmen jump the Fantastic Four on the moon, and Viet Cong guerrillas take potshots at Iron Man. All these elements struck a chord with the older readers, including college-aged adults. In 1965, Spider-Man and the Hulk were both featured in Esquire magazine's list of 28 college campus heroes, alongside John F. Kennedy and Bob Dylan. In 2009, writer Geoff Boucher reflected that," }, "Mushroom-28": { "title": "Mushroom", "section": "Human use", "headers": [ "Edible mushrooms" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Mushrooms are used extensively in cooking, in many cuisines (notably Chinese, Korean, European, and Japanese)." }, "Richard Dawkins-3": { "title": "Richard Dawkins", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Dawkins is known as an outspoken atheist. He is well known for his criticism of creationism and intelligent design. In The Blind Watchmaker (1986), he argues against the watchmaker analogy, an argument for the existence of a supernatural creator based upon the complexity of living organisms. Instead, he describes evolutionary processes as analogous to a blind watchmaker, in that reproduction, mutation, and selection are unguided by any designer. In The God Delusion (2006), Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a delusion." }, "Notochord-1": { "title": "Notochord", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In anatomy, the notochord is a flexible rod formed of a material similar to cartilage. If a species has a notochord at any stage of its life cycle, it is, by definition, a chordate. In vertebrates, the notochord develops into the vertebral column[citation needed]. The notochord lies along the anteroposterior (\"head to tail\") axis, is usually closer to the dorsal than the ventral surface of the animal, and is composed of cells derived from the mesoderm." }, "1444-1": { "title": "1444", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Year 1444 (MCDXLIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+(-100(C)+500(D))+(-10(X)+50(L))+(-1(I)+5(V)) = 1444." }, "Mood disorder-21": { "title": "Mood disorder", "section": "Treatment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "There are different types of treatments available for mood disorders, such as therapy and medications. Behaviour therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy and interpersonal therapy have all shown to be potentially beneficial in depression. Major depressive disorder medications usually include antidepressants, while bipolar disorder medications can consist of antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, anticonvulsants and/or lithium. Lithium specifically has been proven to reduce suicide and all causes of mortality in people with mood disorders. If mitochondrial dysfunction or mitochondrial diseases are the cause of mood disorders like bipolar disorder, then it has been hypothesized that N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR), S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), creatine monohydrate (CM), and melatonin could be potential treatment options. In determining treatment, there are many types of depression scales that are used. One of the depression scales is a self-report scale called Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Another scale is the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD). HAMD is a clinical rating scale in which the patient is rated based on clinician observation. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a scale for depression symptoms that applies to the general population. This scale is typically used in research and not for self-reports. The PHQ-9 which stands for Patient-Health Questionnaire-9 questions, is a self-report as well. Finally, the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) evaluates bipolar disorder." }, "Central Los Angeles-1": { "title": "Central Los Angeles", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Central Los Angeles is the central, urban region of Los Angeles County, California, lying between the Westside and Eastside." }, "Crocodilia-1": { "title": "Crocodilia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Crocodilia (or Crocodylia) is an order of mostly large, predatory, semiaquatic reptiles, known as crocodilians. They first appeared 95 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period (Cenomanian stage) and are the closest living relatives of birds, as the two groups are the only known survivors of the Archosauria. Members of the order's total group, the clade Pseudosuchia, appeared about 250 million years ago in the Early Triassic period, and diversified during the Mesozoic era. The order Crocodilia includes the true crocodiles (family Crocodylidae), the alligators and caimans (family Alligatoridae), and the gharial and false gharial (family Gavialidae). Although the term 'crocodiles' is sometimes used to refer to all of these, crocodilians is a less ambiguous vernacular term for members of this group." }, "Burundi-6": { "title": "Burundi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Burundi remains primarily a rural society, with just 13.4% of the population living in urban areas in 2019. The population density of around 315 people per square kilometre (753 per sq\u00a0mi) is the second highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Roughly 85% of the population are of Hutu ethnic origin, 15% are Tutsi, and fewer than 1% are indigenous Twa. The official languages of Burundi are Kirundi, French and English, Kirundi being recognised officially as the sole national language." }, "Photography-68": { "title": "Photography", "section": "Types of photography", "headers": [ "Science and forensics" ], "para_index": 68, "content": "The camera has a long and distinguished history as a means of recording scientific phenomena from the first use by Daguerre and Fox-Talbot, such as astronomical events (eclipses for example), small creatures and plants when the camera was attached to the eyepiece of microscopes (in photomicroscopy) and for macro photography of larger specimens. The camera also proved useful in recording crime scenes and the scenes of accidents, such as the Wootton bridge collapse in 1861. The methods used in analysing photographs for use in legal cases are collectively known as forensic photography. Crime scene photos are taken from three vantage point. The vantage points are overview, mid-range, and close-up." }, "Fake news-7": { "title": "Fake news", "section": "Definition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Fake news is a neologism often used to refer to fabricated news. This type of news, found in traditional news, social media or fake news websites, has no basis in fact, but is presented as being factually accurate." }, "History of email-12": { "title": "History of email", "section": "Attempts at interoperability", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In 1971 the first ARPANET email was sent, and through RFC 561, RFC 680, RFC 724, and finally 1977's RFC 733, became a standardized working system. PLATO IV was networked to individual terminals over leased data lines prior to the implementation of personal notes in 1974. Unix mail was networked by 1978's uucp, which was also used for USENET newsgroup postings, with similar headers. BerkNet, the Berkeley Network, was written by Eric Schmidt in 1978 and included first in the Second Berkeley Software Distribution. It provided support for sending and receiving messages over serial communication links. The Unix mail tool was extended to send messages using BerkNet. The delivermail tool, written by Eric Allman in 1979 and 1980 (and shipped in 4BSD), provided support for routing mail over dissimilar networks, including Arpanet, UUCP, and BerkNet. (It also provided support for mail user aliases.) The mail client included in 4BSD (1980) was extended to provide interoperability between a variety of mail systems. BITNET (1981) provided electronic mail services for educational institutions. It was based on the IBM VNET email system. 1983 \u2013 MCI Mail Operated by MCI Communications Corporation. This was the first commercial public email service to use the internet. MCI Mail also allowed subscribers to send regular postal mail (overnight) to non-subscribers. In 1984, IBM PCs running DOS could link with FidoNet for email and shared bulletin board posting. Four companies provided electronic mail services in the United Kingdom in 1985, enabling subscribers to send email over telephone connections or data networks such as Packet Switch Stream. Early interoperability among independent systems included:" }, "First Amendment to the United States Constitution-3": { "title": "First Amendment to the United States Constitution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In Everson v. Board of Education (1947), the Court drew on Thomas Jefferson's correspondence to call for \"a wall of separation between church and State\", though the precise boundary of this separation remains in dispute. Speech rights were expanded significantly in a series of 20th and 21st century court decisions which protected various forms of political speech, anonymous speech, campaign financing, pornography, and school speech; these rulings also defined a series of exceptions to First Amendment protections. The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for defamation and libel suits, most notably in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964). Commercial speech, however, is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech, and is therefore subject to greater regulation." }, "North America-11": { "title": "North America", "section": "Extent", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "\"Northern America\", as a term distinct from \"North America\", excludes Central America, which itself may or may not include Mexico (see Central America \u00a7\u00a0Different definitions). In the limited context of the North American Free Trade Agreement, the term covers Canada, the United States, and Mexico, which are the three signatories of that treaty." }, "RMS Titanic-11": { "title": "RMS Titanic", "section": "Dimensions and layout", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Titanic was 882\u00a0feet 9\u00a0inches (269.06\u00a0m) long with a maximum breadth of 92\u00a0feet 6\u00a0inches (28.19\u00a0m). Her total height, measured from the base of the keel to the top of the bridge, was 104 feet (32\u00a0m). She measured 46,328 gross register tons and with a draught of 34\u00a0feet 7\u00a0inches (10.54\u00a0m), she displaced 52,310 tons." }, "Dean Cain-1": { "title": "Dean Cain", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dean George Cain (n\u00e9 Tanaka; born July 31, 1966) is an American actor, producer, television show host, and former football player, best known for playing the role of Clark Kent/Superman in the TV series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman. He was also host of Ripley's Believe It or Not! and appeared in the soap opera series Hit the Floor." }, "Aldi-27": { "title": "Aldi", "section": "Business practices", "headers": [ "In-store layout" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Aldi stores are noted as examples of so-called no-frills stores that often display a variety of items at discount prices, specializing in staple items, such as food, beverages, toilet paper, sanitary articles, and other inexpensive household items. Many of its products are own brands, with the number of other brands usually limited to a maximum of two for a given item." }, "Stupid Girls-13": { "title": "Stupid Girls", "section": "Music video", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Some of the negatively portrayed characters in the video are parodies of young female celebrities such as Mary-Kate Olsen, who provides the basis for the Boho-chic dressing style of the girl who visits a Fred Segal clothing store. The redheaded girl who accidentally hits pedestrians with her car is a parody of Lindsay Lohan. The scene in which Pink washes a car in a bikini is a parody of similar scenes in the video for Jessica Simpson's \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\" (2005) and a 2005 Carl's Jr. television commercial featuring Paris Hilton. The girl dancing in a 50 Cent video portrayed the Fergie's image in The Black Eyed Peas. The digital video shots showing Pink in bed with a man parallel those in the Paris Hilton sex tape 1 Night in Paris. The scene where Pink portrays a blonde coming into a bathroom throwing up food in order to be skinny (portraying anorexia and bulimia) is reported to be portraying Nicole Ritchie and Hilary Duff's eating disorders. Towards the end in the video, an older woman with leathery skin appears next to a hot pink Honda S2000, which is exactly the same car driven by Devon Aoki in the film 2 Fast 2 Furious." }, "Digital electronics-6": { "title": "Digital electronics", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "At the same time that digital calculation replaced analog, purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents. John Bardeen and Walter Brattain invented the point-contact transistor at Bell Labs in 1947, followed by William Shockley inventing the bipolar junction transistor at Bell Labs in 1948." }, "Al-Farabi-9": { "title": "Al-Farabi", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Turkic origin theory" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The oldest known reference to a Turkic origin is given by the medieval historian Ibn Khallik\u0101n (died in 1282), who in his work Wafay\u0101t (completed in 669/1271) states that Farabi was born in the small village of Wasij near F\u0101r\u0101b (in what is today Otrar, Kazakhstan) of Turkic parents. Based on this account, some modern scholars say he is of Turkic origin. Dimitri Gutas, an American Arabist of Greek origin, criticizes this, saying that Ibn Khallik\u0101n's account is aimed at the earlier historical accounts by Ibn Ab\u012b U\u1e63aibi\u02bfa, and serves the purpose to \"prove\" a Turkic origin for al-Farabi, for instance by mentioning the additional nisba (surname) \"al-Turk\" (arab. \"the Turk\")\u2014a nisba Farabi never had. However, Abu al-Fed\u0101', who copied Ibn \u1e34hallek\u0101n, corrected this and changed al-Tork\u012b to the phrase \"wa-k\u0101na rajolan tork\u012byan\", meaning \"he was a Turkish man.\" In this regard, Oxford professor C.E. Bosworth notes that \"great figures [such] as al-Farabi, al-Biruni, and ibn Sina have been attached by over enthusiastic Turkish scholars to their race\"." }, "Honey badger-13": { "title": "Honey badger", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "There are two pairs of mammae. The honey badger possesses an anal pouch which, unusual among mustelids, is eversible, a trait shared with hyenas and mongooses. The smell of the pouch is reportedly \"suffocating\", and may assist in calming bees when raiding beehives." }, "Elephant-15": { "title": "Elephant", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "Size" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Elephants are the largest living terrestrial animals. African bush elephants are the largest species, with males being 304\u2013336\u00a0cm (10\u00a0ft 0\u00a0in\u201311\u00a0ft 0\u00a0in) tall at the shoulder with a body mass of 5.2\u20136.9\u00a0t (5.7\u20137.6 short tons) and females standing 247\u2013273\u00a0cm (8\u00a0ft 1\u00a0in\u20138\u00a0ft 11\u00a0in) tall at the shoulder with a body mass of 2.6\u20133.5\u00a0t (2.9\u20133.9 short tons). Male Asian elephants are usually about 261\u2013289\u00a0cm (8\u00a0ft 7\u00a0in\u20139\u00a0ft 6\u00a0in) tall at the shoulder and 3.5\u20134.6\u00a0t (3.9\u20135.1 short tons) whereas females are 228\u2013252\u00a0cm (7\u00a0ft 6\u00a0in\u20138\u00a0ft 3\u00a0in) tall at the shoulder and 2.3\u20133.1\u00a0t (2.5\u20133.4 short tons). African forest elephants are the smallest species, with males usually being around 209\u2013231\u00a0cm (6\u00a0ft 10\u00a0in\u20137\u00a0ft 7\u00a0in) tall at the shoulder and 1.7\u20132.3\u00a0t (1.9\u20132.5 short tons). Male African bush elephants are typically 23% taller than females, whereas male Asian elephants are only around 15% taller than females." }, "Chinese astrology-10": { "title": "Chinese astrology", "section": "Luni-solar calendar", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The second is the cycle of the twelve zodiac animal signs (\u751f\u8096 sh\u0113ngxi\u00e0o) or Earthly Branches. They are in order as follows: the Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, and Pig. In Vietnam the Rabbit is replaced by the cat." }, "Marxism-21": { "title": "Marxism", "section": "Revolution, socialism and communism", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "According to orthodox Marxist theory, the overthrow of capitalism by a socialist revolution in contemporary society is inevitable. While the inevitability of an eventual socialist revolution is a controversial debate among many different Marxist schools of thought, all Marxists believe socialism is a necessity, if not inevitable. Marxists believe that a socialist society is far better for the majority of the populace than its capitalist counterpart. Prior to the Russian revolution of 1917, Lenin wrote: \"The socialization of production is bound to lead to the conversion of the means of production into the property of society\u00a0... This conversion will directly result in an immense increase in productivity of labour, a reduction of working hours, and the replacement of the remnants, the ruins of small-scale, primitive, disunited production by collective and improved labour\". The failure of the 1905 revolution and the failure of socialist movements to resist the outbreak of World War One led to renewed theoretical effort and valuable contributions from Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg towards an appreciation of Marx's crisis theory and efforts to formulate a theory of imperialism." }, "Twelfth grade-54": { "title": "Twelfth grade", "section": "United States", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 54, "content": "The twelfth grade is the twelfth school year after kindergarten. It is also the last year of compulsory secondary education, or \"high school\". Students often enter the grade as 16 and 17-year-olds and graduate as mostly 17 or 18-year-olds depending on their birthday. Twelfth graders are referred to as Seniors." }, "Dog toy-7": { "title": "Dog toy", "section": "Bones", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The term \"bones\" can include animal bones as well as manufactured bones such as Nylabones and dental bones. Animal bones offer a lot of chewing potential but the true nutritional benefits are derived from the soft tissues attached to the bone such as meat, cartilage, fat and connective tissue ... not from the bones themselves. There are dangers associated with animal bones, including broken teeth and possible ingestion of large fragments of bone which can cause serious injury or death. It is important to supervise dogs when they are chewing bones and make sure to remove the bone when it is reduced to a size that could possibly be swallowed. Make sure dogs have plenty of fresh water." }, "Alan Rickman-15": { "title": "Alan Rickman", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Rickman again appeared as Severus Snape in the final instalment in the Harry Potter series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows \u2013 Part 2 (2011). Throughout the series, his portrayal of Snape garnered widespread critical acclaim. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said Rickman \"as always, makes the most lasting impression\", while Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine called Rickman \"sublime at giving us a glimpse at last into the secret nurturing heart that\u00a0... Snape masks with a sneer.\"" }, "Bowling pin-2": { "title": "Bowling pin", "section": "Tenpins", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Pin specifications are set by the United States Bowling Congress (USBC). World Bowling, formerly World Tenpin Bowling Association, has adopted the USBC specifications. Pins are 4.75 inches (121\u00a0mm) wide at their widest point and 15 inches (380\u00a0mm) tall. They weigh 3\u00a0pounds 6\u00a0ounces (1.5 kilograms), pins weighing up to 3\u00a0lb 10\u00a0oz (1.6\u00a0kg) are approved. The weight of the pin was originally based on the idea that a single pin should be around 24 percent the weight of the heaviest bowling ball within regulation, 16\u00a0lb 0\u00a0oz (7." }, "Malcolm X-96": { "title": "Malcolm X", "section": "Assassination", "headers": [ "Allegations of conspiracy" ], "para_index": 96, "content": "No consensus has been reached on who was responsible for the assassination. In August 2014, an online petition was started using the White House online petition mechanism to call on the government to release without alteration any files they still held relating to the murder of Malcolm\u00a0X. In January 2019, members of the families of Malcolm\u00a0X, John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr., and Robert F. Kennedy were among dozens of Americans who signed a public statement calling for a truth and reconciliation commission to persuade Congress or the Justice Department to review the assassinations of all four leaders during the 1960s." }, "Seawater-1": { "title": "Seawater", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Seawater, or salt water, is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% (35\u00a0g/L, 599 mM). This means that every kilogram (roughly one litre by volume) of seawater has approximately 35 grams (1.2\u00a0oz) of dissolved salts (predominantly sodium (Na+ ) and chloride (Cl\u2212 ) ions). Average density at the surface is 1.025\u00a0kg/L. Seawater is denser than both fresh water and pure water (density 1.0\u00a0kg/L at 4\u00a0\u00b0C (39\u00a0\u00b0F)) because the dissolved salts increase the mass by a larger proportion than the volume. The freezing point of seawater decreases as salt concentration increases. At typical salinity, it freezes at about \u22122\u00a0\u00b0C (28\u00a0\u00b0F). The coldest seawater ever recorded (in a liquid state) was in 2010, in a stream under an Antarctic glacier, and measured \u22122.6\u00a0\u00b0C (27.3\u00a0\u00b0F). Seawater pH is typically limited to a range between 7.5 and 8.4. However, there is no universally accepted reference pH-scale for seawater and the difference between measurements based on different reference scales may be up to 0.14 units." }, "Agnes Sampson-5": { "title": "Agnes Sampson", "section": "Arrest", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "By the autumn of 1590, Scotland was aflame with witch hunts, and many of those sent to trial were questioned by the King himself. Agnes Sampson was accused by Gillis Duncan and arrested along with others, and questioned regarding her role in the storm raising. She was put to the torture, which she resisted at first but, according to the Newes from Scotland:" }, "Elmo-3": { "title": "Elmo", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The puppet, originally known as \"Short Red\", was performed by Jerry Nelson in the background of episodes from the early 1980s, Brian Muehl from 1980 to 1984, and Richard Hunt from 1984 to 1985. However in 1985, Hunt was so frustrated with the puppet, he squeezed it and threw it at Kevin Clash, who then performed Elmo. He said that Elmo should be a character who is kind and a loving character. Sans continues that \"...one day [in 1985], Kevin Clash, a talented puppeteer, raised him up and brought energy and life into Elmo and from that day forward we would all write for Elmo. Kevin's performance inspired the writers to develop Elmo's character\". John Tartaglia, Matt Vogel, and Jim Martin have all been secondary performers for the character, providing movement for Elmo's arms and legs, particularly in green-screen shots." }, "Terence Tao-1": { "title": "Terence Tao", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Terence Chi-Shen Tao FAA FRS (born 17 July 1975) is an Australian-American mathematician who has worked in various areas of mathematics. He is a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). His work focuses on harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, algebraic combinatorics, arithmetic combinatorics, geometric combinatorics, probability theory, compressed sensing and analytic number theory. As of 2015[update], he holds the James and Carol Collins chair in mathematics at the University of California, Los Angeles." }, "13 (number)-14": { "title": "13 (number)", "section": "Lucky and unlucky", "headers": [ "Unlucky 13" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "The Thirteen Classics is considered to be a part of the Chinese classics. The number 13 is considered an unlucky number in some countries. The end of the Mayan calendar's 13th Baktun was superstitiously feared as a harbinger of the apocalyptic 2012 phenomenon. Fear of the number 13 has a specifically recognized phobia, triskaidekaphobia, a word coined in 1911. The superstitious sufferers of triskaidekaphobia try to avoid bad luck by keeping away from anything numbered or labelled thirteen. As a result, companies and manufacturers use another way of numbering or labelling to avoid the number, with hotels and tall buildings being conspicuous examples (thirteenth floor). It is also considered unlucky to have thirteen guests at a table. Friday the 13th has been considered an unlucky day." }, "Children in the military-68": { "title": "Children in the military", "section": "Children in the military today\u2014by region and country", "headers": [ "Americas", "United States" ], "para_index": 68, "content": "In the United States 17-year-olds may join the armed forces with the written agreement of parents. As of 2015 approximately 16,000 17-year-olds were being enlisted annually." }, "Legolas-2": { "title": "Legolas", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Commentators have noted that Legolas serves as a typical elf in the story, demonstrating more-than-human abilities such as seeing further than anyone else in Rohan and sensing the memory of a long-lost elvish civilisation in the stones of Hollin." }, "Astronomer-1": { "title": "Astronomer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies \u2013 in either observational (by analyzing the data) or theoretical astronomy. Examples of topics or fields astronomers study include planetary science, solar astronomy, the origin or evolution of stars, or the formation of galaxies. Related but distinct subjects like physical cosmology, which studies the Universe as a whole." }, "Meat analogue-16": { "title": "Meat analogue", "section": "Processing", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Meat analog products are currently made by two basic processes, through either thermoplastic extrusion or fiber spinning. Thermoplastic extrusion involves the adaptation of production processes that are more commonly associated with the making of ready-to-eat cereal products. Extruders are considered to be a cost-effective method of accommodating large-scale productions, and for forming desirable fibers. The wet mix is mixed in a heated vessel at a temperature lower than the coagulation temperature of the proteins. The elevated temperature assists in lowering the viscosity of the dough and allows for a more homogenized mixing process. Special caution must be taken as to not overmix the dough as it has been known to substantially decrease the amount of fibers formed." }, "Slingshot-1": { "title": "Slingshot", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A slingshot (US) or catapult (UK), ging (primarily Australian and New Zealand), shanghai (Australian and New Zealand) or kettie (South Africa) is normally a small hand-powered projectile weapon. The classic form consists of a Y-shaped frame held in the off hand (nondominant hand), with two natural-rubber strips attached to the uprights. The other ends of the strips lead back to a pocket that holds the projectile. The dominant hand grasps the pocket and draws it back to the desired extent to provide power for the projectile\u2014up to a full span of the arm with sufficiently long bands." }, "Gerald Ford-3": { "title": "Gerald Ford", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "As president, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, which marked a move toward d\u00e9tente in the Cold War. With the collapse of South Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U.S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure. In one of his most controversial acts, he granted a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Ford's presidency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the President. In the Republican presidential primary campaign of 1976, Ford defeated former California Governor Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination. He narrowly lost the presidential election to the Democratic challenger, former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter." }, "Roman legion-24": { "title": "Roman legion", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Late Republic (107\u201330 BC)" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "A typical legion of this period had 5,120 legionaries as well as a large number of camp followers, servants and slaves. Legions could contain as many as 11,000 fighting men when including the auxiliaries. During the Later Roman Empire, the legion was reduced in size to 1,000 to allow for easier provisioning and to expand the regions under surveillance. Numbers would also vary depending on casualties suffered during a campaign; Julius Caesar's legions during his campaign in Gaul often only had around 3,500 men." }, "1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War-14": { "title": "1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "The British had, at that time, essentially withdrawn their troops. The situation pushed the leaders of the neighbouring Arab states to intervene, but their preparation was not finalized, and they could not assemble sufficient forces to turn the tide of the war. The majority of Palestinian Arab hopes lay with the Arab Legion of Transjordan's monarch, King Abdullah I, but he had no intention of creating a Palestinian Arab-run state, since he hoped to annex as much of the territory of the British Mandate for Palestine as he could. He was playing a double-game, being just as much in contact with the Jewish authorities as with the Arab League." }, "Knight-3": { "title": "Knight", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In the Early Middle Ages in Europe, knighthood was conferred upon mounted warriors. During the High Middle Ages, knighthood was considered a class of lower nobility. By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior. Often, a knight was a vassal who served as an elite fighter, a bodyguard or a mercenary for a lord, with payment in the form of land holdings. The lords trusted the knights, who were skilled in battle on horseback. Knighthood in the Middle Ages was closely linked with horsemanship (and especially the joust) from its origins in the 12th century until its final flowering as a fashion among the high nobility in the Duchy of Burgundy in the 15th century. This linkage is reflected in the etymology of chivalry, cavalier and related terms. In that sense, the special prestige accorded to mounted warriors in Christendom finds a parallel in the furusiyya in the Islamic world." }, "Project Semicolon-1": { "title": "Project Semicolon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Project Semicolon\u00a0\u2013 stylized as Project\u00a0;\u00a0\u2013 is an American nonprofit organization known for its advocacy of mental health wellness and its focus as an anti-suicide initiative. Founded in 2013, the movement's aim is \"presenting hope and love to those who are struggling with depression, suicide, addiction, and self-injury\". They are known for encouraging people to tattoo the punctuation mark semicolon (;) as a form of solidarity between people dealing with mental illness or the death of someone from suicide." }, "The Office (American TV series)-8": { "title": "The Office (American TV series)", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Development and writing" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "A common problem with the scripts, according to Novak, is that they tended to run too long for the regular 22-minute time slot, leading to several cuts. For example, the script for the episode \"Search Committee\" was initially 75 pages, which was 10 pages too long. A complete script was written for each episode; however, actors were given opportunities to improvise during filming. Fischer said, \"Our shows are 100 percent scripted. They put everything down on paper. But we get to play around a little bit, too. Steve and Rainn are brilliant improvisers.\" These improvisations lead to a large number of deleted scenes with almost every episode of The Office, all of which are considered part of the show's canon and storyline by Daniels. Deleted scenes have sometimes been restored in repeats to make episodes longer or draw back people who have seen the episode before to see the bonus footage. In an experiment, a deleted scene from \"The Return\" was made available over NBC.com and iTunes, explaining the absence of a character over the next several episodes. Daniels hoped that word of mouth among fans would spread the information, but he eventually considered the experiment a failure." }, "P. G. Wodehouse-14": { "title": "P. G. Wodehouse", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "Reluctant banker; budding writer: 1900\u20131908" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Between the publication of The Pothunters 1902 and that of Mike in 1909, Wodehouse wrote eight novels and co-wrote another two. The critic R. D. B. French writes that, of Wodehouse's work from this period, almost all that deserves to survive is the school fiction. Looking back in the 1950s Wodehouse viewed these as his apprentice years: \"I was practically in swaddling clothes and it is extremely creditable to me that I was able to write at all.\"" }, "Rhode Island-34": { "title": "Rhode Island", "section": "Geography and climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "Block Island has an oceanic climate. The highest temperature recorded in Rhode Island was 104\u00a0\u00b0F (40\u00a0\u00b0C), recorded on August 2, 1975 in Providence. The lowest recorded temperature in Rhode Island was \u221223\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221231\u00a0\u00b0C) on February 5, 1996 in Greene. Monthly average temperatures range from a high of 83\u00a0\u00b0F (28\u00a0\u00b0C) to a low of 20\u00a0\u00b0F (\u22127\u00a0\u00b0C). Rhode Island is vulnerable to tropical storms and hurricanes due to its location in New England, catching the brunt of many storms blowing up the eastern seaboard. Some hurricanes that have done significant damage in the state are the 1938 New England hurricane, Hurricane Carol (1954), Hurricane Donna (1960), and Hurricane Bob (1991)." }, "Immersion (virtual reality)-9": { "title": "Immersion (virtual reality)", "section": "Immersive virtual reality", "headers": [ "Direct interaction of the nervous system" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The most considered method would be to induce the sensations that made up the virtual reality in the nervous system directly. In functionalism/conventional biology we interact with everyday life through the nervous system. Thus we receive all input from all the senses as nerve impulses. It gives your neurons a feeling of heightened sensation. It would involve the user receiving inputs as artificially stimulated nerve impulses, the system would receive the CNS outputs (natural nerve impulses) and process them allowing the user to interact with the virtual reality. Natural impulses between the body and central nervous system would need to be prevented. This could be done by blocking out natural impulses using nanorobots which attach themselves to the brain wiring, whilst receiving the digital impulses of which describe the virtual world, which could then be sent into the wiring of the brain. A feedback system between the user and the computer which stores the information would also be needed. Considering how much information would be required for such a system, it is likely that it would be based on hypothetical forms of computer technology." }, "Maria Barbara Bach-4": { "title": "Maria Barbara Bach", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "According to the Nekrolog ('obituary') co-authored by Carl Philipp Emanuel and Bach student Johann Friedrich Agricola, Maria Barbara's death in 1720 was sudden and unexpected. Bach was at the Carlsbad spa accompanying his employer, Prince Leopold of Anhalt-K\u00f6then, when she died. When Bach left K\u00f6then, Maria Barbara was in perfectly good health; but when he returned two months later, he was shocked to learn that she had died and been buried on 7 July. The cause of her death is undocumented. Professor Helga Thoene proposed that Bach's famous Violin Partita No. 2 (especially the final \"Chaconne\" movement) was written as a tombeau for Maria Barbara, however these claims are controversial." }, "Europa (moon)-22": { "title": "Europa (moon)", "section": "Physical characteristics", "headers": [ "Subsurface ocean" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Scientists' consensus is that a layer of liquid water exists beneath Europa's surface, and that heat from tidal flexing allows the subsurface ocean to remain liquid. Europa's surface temperature averages about 110\u00a0K (\u2212160\u00a0\u00b0C; \u2212260\u00a0\u00b0F) at the equator and only 50\u00a0K (\u2212220\u00a0\u00b0C; \u2212370\u00a0\u00b0F) at the poles, keeping Europa's icy crust as hard as granite. The first hints of a subsurface ocean came from theoretical considerations of tidal heating (a consequence of Europa's slightly eccentric orbit and orbital resonance with the other Galilean moons). Galileo imaging team members argue for the existence of a subsurface ocean from analysis of Voyager and Galileo images. The most dramatic example is \"chaos terrain\", a common feature on Europa's surface that some interpret as a region where the subsurface ocean has melted through the icy crust. This interpretation is controversial. Most geologists who have studied Europa favor what is commonly called the \"thick ice\" model, in which the ocean has rarely, if ever, directly interacted with the present surface. The best evidence for the thick-ice model is a study of Europa's large craters. The largest impact structures are surrounded by concentric rings and appear to be filled with relatively flat, fresh ice; based on this and on the calculated amount of heat generated by Europan tides, it is estimated that the outer crust of solid ice is approximately 10\u201330\u00a0km (6\u201319\u00a0mi) thick, including a ductile \"warm ice\" layer, which could mean that the liquid ocean underneath may be about 100\u00a0km (60\u00a0mi) deep. This leads to a volume of Europa's oceans of 3\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01018\u00a0m3, between two or three times the volume of Earth's oceans." }, "Wig-16": { "title": "Wig", "section": "History", "headers": [ "18th century" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "During the 18th century, men's wigs became smaller and more formal with several professions adopting them as part of their official costumes. This tradition survives in a few legal systems. They are routinely worn in various countries of the Commonwealth. Until 1823, bishops of the Church of England and Church of Ireland wore ceremonial wigs. The wigs worn by barristers are in the style favoured in the late eighteenth century. Judges' wigs, in everyday use as court dress, are short like barristers' wigs (although in a slightly different style), but for ceremonial occasions judges and also senior barristers (QCs) wear full-bottomed wigs." }, "Central processing unit-53": { "title": "Central processing unit", "section": "Structure and implementation", "headers": [ "Integer range" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "CPUs with larger word sizes require more circuitry and consequently are physically larger, cost more and consume more power (and therefore generate more heat). As a result, smaller 4- or 8-bit microcontrollers are commonly used in modern applications even though CPUs with much larger word sizes (such as 16, 32, 64, even 128-bit) are available. When higher performance is required, however, the benefits of a larger word size (larger data ranges and address spaces) may outweigh the disadvantages. A CPU can have internal data paths shorter than the word size to reduce size and cost. For example, even though the IBM System/360 instruction set was a 32-bit instruction set, the System/360 Model 30 and Model 40 had 8-bit data paths in the arithmetic logical unit, so that a 32-bit add required four cycles, one for each 8 bits of the operands, and, even though the Motorola 68000 series instruction set was a 32-bit instruction set, the Motorola 68000 and Motorola 68010 had 16-bit data paths in the arithmetic logical unit, so that a 32-bit add required two cycles." }, "Spam musubi-1": { "title": "Spam musubi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Spam musubi is a popular snack and lunch food composed of a slice of grilled Spam on top of or sandwiched in between a block of rice, wrapped together with nori in the tradition of Japanese omusubi." }, "Starbucks-37": { "title": "Starbucks", "section": "Locations", "headers": [ "Licensed and franchise operations" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "Independently operated Starbucks locations exist. Stores that independently operate locations include Ahold Delhaize, Barnes & Noble, Target, Albertsons and, more recently, Publix stores. As of 2015, 4,962 licensed locations exist. In the EMEA (Europe, Middle East, and Africa) markets, Starbucks operates a franchising program. Different from the licensing program in which existing corporations may apply to operate a Starbucks kiosk within an existing store, franchises can enable new, freestanding stores." }, "Oculudentavis-4": { "title": "Oculudentavis", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "It had a slender snout and a bulbous skull roof, as well as a long tooth row of twenty-three teeth. The orbits were very large and had a thick sclerotic ring formed from unusual spoon-shaped sclerotic ossicles. This indicates that it was likely a diurnal animal, active mostly during the day. The eyes bulge sideways according to an outwardly slanted jugal (cheekbone), indicating that it did not possess binocular vision. It may have had a relatively strong bite and a specialized diet of small invertebrates, based on its sharp teeth, extensively textured mouth skin, tall coronoid process, and robust, inflexible skull." }, "Terabyte-2": { "title": "Terabyte", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "1 TB = 1000000000000bytes = 1012bytes = 1000gigabytes. 1000 TB = 1 petabyte (PB) A related unit, the tebibyte (TiB), using a binary prefix, is equal to 10244 bytes. One terabyte is about 0.9095 TiB. Despite the introduction of these standardized binary prefixes, the terabyte is still also commonly used in some computer operating systems, primarily Microsoft Windows, to denote 1099511627776 (10244 or 240) bytes for disk drive capacity." }, "Vitamin C-2": { "title": "Vitamin C", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Evidence does not support its use for the prevention of the common cold. There is, however, some evidence that regular use may shorten the length of colds. It is unclear whether supplementation affects the risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, or dementia. It may be taken by mouth or by injection." }, "Adam Sandler-5": { "title": "Adam Sandler", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Sandler was born in Brooklyn, New York, on September 9, 1966, to Judith \"Judy\" (n\u00e9e Levine), a nursery school teacher, and Stanley Sandler, an electrical engineer. His family is Jewish and descends from Russian Jewish immigrants on both sides. His patrilineal great-grandfather, Joseph Jacob Sandler, was born in Pag\u0117giai Municipality, Taurag\u0117 County, Lithuania. Sandler grew up in Manchester, New Hampshire, after moving there at the age of six. He attended Manchester Central High School. As a teen, Sandler was in BBYO, a Jewish youth group. Sandler graduated from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts in 1988." }, "Emergency telephone number-27": { "title": "Emergency telephone number", "section": "History of emergency telephone numbers", "headers": [ "Direct-dial numbers", "ITU standard: 112 or 911" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "the primary emergency service number is '000'; and the secondary emergency service numbers are '106' and '112'. The International Telecommunication Union has officially set two standard emergency phone numbers for countries to use in the future. AP reports that member states have agreed that either 911 or 112 should be designated as emergency phone numbers \u2014 911 is currently used in North America, while 112 is standard across the EU and in many other countries worldwide." }, "Human-58": { "title": "Human", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "Life cycle" ], "para_index": 58, "content": "Evidence-based studies indicate that the life span of an individual depends on two major factors, genetics and lifestyle choices. For various reasons, including biological/genetic causes, women live on average about four years longer than men\u2014as of 2013[update] the global average life expectancy at birth of a girl is estimated at 70.2 years compared to 66.1 for a boy. There are significant geographical variations in human life expectancy, mostly correlated with economic development\u2014for example life expectancy at birth in Hong Kong is 84.8\u00a0years for girls and 78.9 for boys, while in Swaziland, primarily because of AIDS, it is 31.3\u00a0years for both sexes. The developed world is generally aging, with the median age around 40\u00a0years. In the developing world the median age is between 15 and 20\u00a0years. While one in five Europeans is 60\u00a0years of age or older, only one in twenty Africans is 60\u00a0years of age or older. The number of centenarians (humans of age 100\u00a0years or older) in the world was estimated by the United Nations at 210,000 in 2002. Jeanne Calment is widely believed to have reached the age of 122; higher ages have been claimed but are unsubstantiated." }, "Bonanza-33": { "title": "Bonanza", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Costumes" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "1964: Logie Award for Most Popular Overseas Show (Australia) 1965: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievements in Entertainment \u2013 Color Consultant, Edward P. Ancona Jr. (color consultant) 1966: Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Achievements in Film Editing \u2013 Marvin Coil (editor), Everett Douglas (editor), Ellsworth Hoagland (editor) 1969: Bambi, TV Series International \u2013 Lorne Greene, Dan Blocker, Michael Landon and Pernell Roberts 1970: Bronze Wrangler Award, True Television Drama \u2013 For episode \"The Wish\". 1971: Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition \u2013 For a Series or a Single Program of a Series (First Music's Use Only) David lean (composer) For episode \"The Love Child\". 2003: TV Land Award for Best in the West 2011: OFTA TV Hall of Fame Television Programs 1961: Writers Guild of America, USA \u2013 Episodic, Longer Than 30 Minutes in Length \u2013 Donald S. Sanford For Bonanza: The Last Hunt (1959). 1962: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography for Television \u2013 Walter Castle (cinematographer) and Haskell B. Boggs (cinematographer) 1963: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction and Scenic Design \u2013 Hal Pereira (art director) and A. Earl Hedrick (scenic designer) 1964: Golden Globes Award for Best TV Show 1964: Golden Award for Best TV Star Male: Lorne Greene 1964: Eddie Awards for Best Edited Television Program \u2013 Marvin Coil For episode \"Hoss and the Leprechaun\". 1965: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievements in Entertainment \u2013 Cinematographer \u2013 Haskell B. Boggs (cinematographer) and William P. Whitley (cinematographer) 1966: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Dramatic Series \u2013 David Dortort (producer) 1966: Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Achievements in Music \u2013 Composition David Rose 1966: Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Achievements in Cinematography \u2013 Cinematography \u2013 Haskell B. Boggs (cinematographer) and William P. Whitley (cinematographer) 1966: Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Achievements in Cinematography \u2013 Special \u2013 Edward P. Ancona Jr. (color coordinator) 1966: Trof\u00e9u Imprensa, Brazil \u2013 Best Series (Melhor S\u00e9rie) 1967: Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Achievements in Cinematography \u2013 Cinematography Haskell B. Boggs (cinematographer) and William P. Whitley (cinematographer) 1970: Eddie Awards for Best Edited Television Program \u2013 Danny B. Landres For episode \"Dead Wrong\". 1971: Primetime Award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography for Entertainment Programming \u2013 For a Series or a Single Program of a Series \u2013 Ted Voigtlander For episode \"The Love Child\". 2003: TV Land Award for Favorite Made-for-TV Maid \u2013 Victor Sen Yung From the third season on, the Cartwrights and nearly every other recurring character on the show wore the same clothing in almost every episode. The reason for this is twofold: it made duplication of wardrobe easier for stunt doubles (Hal Burton, Bob Miles, Bill Clark, Lyle Heisler, Ray Mazy) and it cut the cost of refilming action shots (such as riding clips in-between scenes), as previously shot stock footage could be reused. Below is a survey of costumes employed:" }, "Household hardware-1": { "title": "Household hardware", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Household hardware (or simply, hardware) is equipment that can be touched or held by hand such as keys, locks, nuts, screws, washers, hinges, latches, handles, wire, chains, belts, plumbing supplies, electrical supplies, tools, utensils, cutlery and machine parts. Household hardware is typically sold in hardware stores." }, "Methane-4": { "title": "Methane", "section": "Properties and bonding", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "At room temperature and standard pressure, methane is a colorless, odorless gas. The familiar smell of natural gas as used in homes is achieved by the addition of an odorant, usually blends containing tert-butylthiol, as a safety measure. Methane has a boiling point of \u2212164 \u00b0C (\u2212257.8 \u00b0F) at a pressure of one atmosphere. As a gas it is flammable over a range of concentrations (5.4\u201317%) in air at standard pressure." }, "BBC World Service-2": { "title": "BBC World Service", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The World Service is funded by the United Kingdom's television licence fee, limited advertising and the profits of BBC Studios. The service is also guaranteed \u00a3289 million (allocated over a five-year period ending in 2020) from the UK government. The World Service was funded for decades by grant-in-aid through the Foreign & Commonwealth Office of the British Government until 1 April 2014." }, "Thomas Greenhill (surgeon)-1": { "title": "Thomas Greenhill (surgeon)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Thomas Greenhill (1669?\u20131740) was a surgeon who worked in London and was also author of a book \u039d\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 (Greek, literally Dead-funeral) or The Art of Embalming on embalming. He was also surgeon to Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk. He was born after the death of his father, William Greenhill, the last of 39 children born to Elizabeth Greenhill." }, "Newbie-1": { "title": "Newbie", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Newbie, newb, noob, nub, or n00b is a slang term for a novice or newcomer, or somebody inexperienced in a profession or activity. Contemporary use can particularly refer to a beginner or new user of computers, often concerning internet activity, such as online gaming or Linux use. Depending on the context and spelling variant used, the term can have derogatory connotations (and be used as a term of abuse in internet-based games)\u2014but is also often used for descriptive purposes only, without any value judgment." }, "Topa Inca Yupanqui-1": { "title": "Topa Inca Yupanqui", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Topa Inca Yupanqui or T\u00fapac Inca Yupanqui (Quechua: 'Tupaq Inka Yupanki'), translated as \"noble Inca accountant,\" (c. 1441\u2013c. 1493) was the tenth Sapa Inca (1471\u201393) of the Inca Empire, fifth of the Hanan dynasty. His father was Pachacuti, and his son was Huayna Capac. Topa Inca belonged to the Qhapaq panaca (one of the clans of Inca nobles). His wife was his older sister, Mama Ocllo." }, "Cesar Millan-11": { "title": "Cesar Millan", "section": "Cesar Millan Live!", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "\"Cesar Millan Live!\" is an international touring dog training lecture and stage performance where Millan presents his techniques and philosophy from his television shows and books in front of a live audience. The show consists of one-half lecture and one-half demonstration with local shelter dogs, in which he uses his pack-leader training techniques to modify negative behaviors." }, "Manhattan-34": { "title": "Manhattan", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Components" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "According to the United States Census Bureau, New York County has a total area of 33.6 square miles (87\u00a0km2), of which 22.8 square miles (59\u00a0km2) is land and 10.8 square miles (28\u00a0km2) (32%) is water. The northern segment of Upper Manhattan represents a geographic panhandle. Manhattan Island is 22.7 square miles (59\u00a0km2) in area, 13.4 miles (21.6\u00a0km) long and 2.3 miles (3.7\u00a0km) wide, at its widest (near 14th Street). Icebergs are often compared in size to the area of Manhattan." }, "Durian-23": { "title": "Durian", "section": "Cultivation and availability", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Although the durian is not native to Thailand, Thailand is ranked the world's number one exporter of durian, producing around 700,000 tonnes of durian per year, 400,000 tonnes of which are exported to mainland China and Hong Kong. Malaysia and Indonesia follow, both producing about 265,000\u00a0tonnes each. Of this, Malaysia exported 35,000\u00a0tonnes in 1999. Chantaburi in Thailand holds the World Durian Festival in early May each year. This single province is responsible for half of the durian production of Thailand. In the Philippines, the centre of durian production is the Davao Region. The Kadayawan Festival is an annual celebration featuring the durian in Davao City." }, "Outline of Abraham Lincoln-2": { "title": "Outline of Abraham Lincoln", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Abraham Lincoln\u00a0\u2013 16th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War\u2014its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. In doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy." }, "Netherlands-1": { "title": "Netherlands", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Netherlands (Dutch: Nederland [\u02c8ne\u02d0d\u0259rl\u0251nt] (listen)), informally Holland, is a country in Western Europe along the North Sea coast. In Europe, it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom. Together with the Caribbean Netherlands, consisting of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba, it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The country's official language is Dutch, with English and Papiamentu as secondary official languages in the Caribbean Netherlands, and West Frisian as a secondary official language in the province of Friesland. Dutch Low Saxon and Limburgish are recognised regional languages (spoken in the east and southeast respectively), while Sinte Romani and Yiddish are recognised non-territorial languages." }, "Beach-1": { "title": "Beach", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A beach is a landform alongside a body of water which consists of loose particles. The particles composing a beach are typically made from rock, such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles. The particles can also be biological in origin, such as mollusc shells or coralline algae." }, "Lactic acid-14": { "title": "Lactic acid", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "Exercise and lactate" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "During power exercises such as sprinting, when the rate of demand for energy is high, glucose is broken down and oxidized to pyruvate, and lactate is then produced from the pyruvate faster than the body can process it, causing lactate concentrations to rise. The production of lactate is beneficial for NAD+ regeneration (pyruvate is reduced to lactate while NADH is oxidized to NAD+), which is used up in oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate during production of pyruvate from glucose, and this ensures that energy production is maintained and exercise can continue. During intense exercise, the respiratory chain cannot keep up with the amount of hydrogen ions that join to form NADH, and cannot regenerate NAD+ quickly enough." }, "Professional wrestling-1": { "title": "Professional wrestling", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Professional wrestling, often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling, is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance. It takes the form of events, held by touring companies, that mimic a title-match combat sport. The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and \"catch\" wrestling, with modern additions of striking attacks, strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers. Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts. An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included." }, "2019\u201320 Puerto Rico earthquakes-23": { "title": "2019\u201320 Puerto Rico earthquakes", "section": "Aftermath", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "In the aftermath of the main quake and its major aftershocks, thousands of residents, including many whose homes had not been damaged, developed seismophobia and continued sleeping outdoors weeks after the earthquake of January 7." }, "Floor (gymnastics)-2": { "title": "Floor (gymnastics)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A spring floor is used in all of gymnastics to provide more bounce, and also help prevent potential injuries to lower extremity joints of gymnasts due to the nature of the apparatus, which includes the repeated pounding required to train it. Cheerleading also uses spring floors for practice. The sprung floor used for indoor athletics, however, is designed to reduce bounce." }, "The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers-6": { "title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Meanwhile, Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli pursue the Uruk-hai to save their companions Merry and Pippin. The Uruk-hai are ambushed by a group of Rohirrim, while the two Hobbits escape into Fangorn Forest. Aragorn's group later meets the Rohirrim and their leader \u00c9omer, who reveals that they have been exiled by their king Th\u00e9oden who is being manipulated by Saruman and his servant Gr\u00edma Wormtongue into turning a blind eye to Saruman's forces running rampant in Rohan. While searching for the Hobbits in Fangorn, Aragorn's group encounters Gandalf, who, after succumbing to his injuries while killing the Balrog in Moria, has been resurrected as Gandalf the White to help save Middle-earth." }, "Superbad (film)-7": { "title": "Superbad (film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The next morning, Seth and Evan go to the mall and run into Jules and Becca, and the men pair off with the women. Seth takes Jules to buy concealer for her bruise, while Evan and Becca leave to buy a new comforter to replace the one that Becca ruined from being sick." }, "Boxing-63": { "title": "Boxing", "section": "Equipment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 63, "content": "A mouthguard is important to protect the teeth and gums from injury, and to cushion the jaw, resulting in a decreased chance of knockout. Both fighters must wear soft soled shoes to reduce the damage from accidental (or intentional) stepping on feet. While older boxing boots more commonly resembled those of a professional wrestler, modern boxing shoes and boots tend to be quite similar to their amateur wrestling counterparts." }, "Saturn-35": { "title": "Saturn", "section": "History of observation and exploration", "headers": [ "Ancient observations" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "Saturn has been known since prehistoric times and in early recorded history it was a major character in various mythologies. Babylonian astronomers systematically observed and recorded the movements of Saturn. In ancient Greek, the planet was known as \u03a6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd Phainon, and in Roman times it was known as the \"star of Saturn\". In ancient Roman mythology, the planet Phainon was sacred to this agricultural god, from which the planet takes its modern name. The Romans considered the god Saturnus the equivalent of the Greek god Cronus; in modern Greek, the planet retains the name Cronus\u2014\u039a\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2: Kronos.)" }, "Methuselah (tree)-3": { "title": "Methuselah (tree)", "section": "Status as oldest known tree", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Methuselah was 4,789 years old when sampled (likely in 1957) by Edmund Schulman and Tom Harlan, with an estimated germination date of 2833\u00a0BC. Since this tree ages back to this date, using tree rings, research shows precipitation patterns that dates back to 1983 BC." }, "Abraham Lincoln-4": { "title": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Lincoln managed his own successful re-election campaign. He sought to reconcile the war-torn nation by exonerating the secessionists. On April 14, 1865, just days after the war's end at Appomattox, he was enjoying a night at the theatre with his wife Mary when he was assassinated by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. His marriage had produced four sons, two of whom preceded him in death, with severe emotional impact upon him and Mary. Lincoln is remembered as the United States' martyr hero, and he is consistently ranked as the greatest U.S. president." }, "Eric Clapton-4": { "title": "Eric Clapton", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Clapton was born on 30 March 1945 in Ripley, Surrey, England, to 16-year-old Patricia Molly Clapton (7 January 1929 \u2013 March 1999) and Edward Walter Fryer (21 March 1920 \u2013 15 May 1985), a 25-year-old soldier from Montreal, Quebec. Fryer shipped off to war prior to Clapton's birth and then returned to Canada. Clapton grew up believing that his grandmother, Rose, and her second husband, Jack Clapp, Patricia's stepfather, were his parents, and that his mother was actually his older sister. The similarity in surnames gave rise to the erroneous belief that Clapton's real surname is Clapp (Reginald Cecil Clapton was the name of Rose's first husband, Eric Clapton's maternal grandfather). Years later, his mother married another Canadian soldier and moved to Germany, leaving young Eric with his grandparents in Surrey." }, "Apollo Creed-1": { "title": "Apollo Creed", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Apollo Creed is a fictional character from the Rocky films. He was played by Carl Weathers. He is a tough but agile boxer, who is, as the series begins, the undisputed heavyweight world champion. The character was inspired by the real-life champion Muhammad Ali, having what one author remarked as the same \"brash, vocal, [and] theatrical\" personality. Sylvester Stallone stated, \"[Jack] Johnson served as the inspiration for the character of Apollo Creed in the Rocky movies\"; the character is loosely based on a combination of Muhammad Ali, Sugar Ray Leonard, Joe Louis, and Jack Johnson. Protagonist Rocky Balboa, Creed's rival in Rocky and Rocky II, faces underdog odds (five-to-one in Rocky II) and views Creed with respect, pointedly refusing the prodding of a reporter to trash-talk against Creed (although it is implied that, being poorly educated at that point, he didn't understand the meaning of the word \"derogatory\"), even after the flamboyant Creed publicly taunted him, by laconically remarking, \"He's great.\"" }, "Super Mario-35": { "title": "Super Mario", "section": "Common elements", "headers": [ "Items", "Mushrooms" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "citation needed] The Mini Mushroom is a small blue mushroom, a recurring item in the New Super Mario Bros. series, which shrinks Mario into miniature size, allowing him access areas and pipes that Mario normally cannot reach. Mini Mario also jumps higher, floats midair, bounces off enemies without hurting them except by ground pounding, and can run across the surface of the water and then jump from it as if he was on land. Mario is more vulnerable in this form and loses a life upon receiving one hit in miniature form. The Mini Mushroom in New Super Mario Bros. U allows Mario to run up walls." }, "Christmas and holiday season-1": { "title": "Christmas and holiday season", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Christmas season, also called the holiday season (often simply called the holidays), or the festive season, is an annually recurring period recognized in many Western and other countries that is generally considered to run from late November to early January. It is defined as incorporating at least Christmas, usually New Year, and sometimes various other holidays and festivals. It also is associated with a period of shopping which comprises a peak season for the retail sector (the \"Christmas (or holiday) shopping season\") and a period of sales at the end of the season (the \"January sales\"). Christmas window displays and Christmas tree lighting ceremonies when trees decorated with ornaments and light bulbs are illuminated are traditions in many areas." }, "President of the United States-38": { "title": "President of the United States", "section": "Selection process", "headers": [ "Eligibility" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "be a natural-born citizen of the United States; be at least 35 years old; be a resident in the United States for at least 14 years. A person who meets the above qualifications would, however, still be disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions:" }, "Jared Fogle-19": { "title": "Jared Fogle", "section": "Legal history", "headers": [ "Child pornography investigation and arrest" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "During the investigation into Russell Taylor's child pornography operation, authorities discovered that Taylor had traded sexually explicit photos and videos of children, some as young as six, with Fogle. Taylor, who was sentenced to 27 years in prison, was later named an unindicted co-conspirator in the FBI's case against Fogle. \"What we found in Russell Taylor's home and on his computers led us to Jared Fogle,\" said Tim Horty, a spokesman for the United States Department of Justice." }, "Republic of Korea Navy-1": { "title": "Republic of Korea Navy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN; Korean: \ub300\ud55c\ubbfc\uad6d \ud574\uad70), also known as the ROK Navy or South Korean navy, is the naval warfare service branch of the South Korean armed forces, responsible for naval and amphibious operations. The ROK Navy includes the Republic of Korea Marine Corps, which functions as a branch of the Navy. The ROK Navy has about 70,000 regular personnel including 29,000 Republic of Korea Marines. There are about 150 commissioned ships with the ROK Navy. The naval aviation force consists of about 70 fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft. The ROK Marine Corps has about 300 tracked vehicles including assault amphibious vehicles." }, "Bear McCreary-2": { "title": "Bear McCreary", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "McCreary won an Emmy for his main title of Da Vinci's Demons. His most recent Emmy nomination was in 2015 for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series for season one of Outlander." }, "Pancake-69": { "title": "Pancake", "section": "Regional varieties", "headers": [ "North America", "United States and Canada", "Varieties of American and Canadian pancakes" ], "para_index": 69, "content": "A silver dollar pancake refers to a pancake about two to three inches (5 to 7\u00a0cm) in diameter, or just a bit bigger than the pre-1979 silver dollar coins in the United States. This is usually made by frying a small spoonful of the same batter as any other pancake. One serving usually consists of five to ten silver dollar pancakes." }, "Elections in Canada-13": { "title": "Elections in Canada", "section": "National elections", "headers": [ "Fixed dates" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Although, under Section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, each parliament has a maximum term of five years after the return of the writs of the last election, on November 6, 2006, the Parliament of Canada passed Bill C-16, An Act to Amend the Canada Elections Act. It requires that each general election is to take place on the third Monday in October in the fourth calendar year after the previous poll, starting with October 19, 2009." }, "Zorro-18": { "title": "Zorro", "section": "Character motifs", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "citation needed] His favored weapon is a rapier, which he also uses to often leave his distinctive mark, a Z cut with three quick strokes, on his defeated foes and other objects. He also uses other weapons, including a bullwhip and a pistol." }, "Panzer VIII Maus-1": { "title": "Panzer VIII Maus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Panzerkampfwagen VIII Maus (\"Mouse\") was a German World War II super-heavy tank completed in late 1944. It is the heaviest fully enclosed armoured fighting vehicle ever built. Five were ordered, but only two hulls and one turret were completed, the turret being attached, before the testing grounds were captured by advancing Soviet military forces." }, "Paul Bunyan-1": { "title": "Paul Bunyan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Paul Bunyan is a giant lumberjack in American and Canadian folklore. His exploits revolve around the tall tales of his superhuman labors, and he is customarily accompanied by Babe the Blue Ox. The character originated in the oral tradition of North American loggers, and was later popularized by freelance writer William B. Laughead (1882\u20131958) in a 1916 promotional pamphlet for the Red River Lumber Company. He has been the subject of various literary compositions, musical pieces, commercial works, and theatrical productions. His likeness is displayed in several over-sized statues across North America." }, "Bezoar-1": { "title": "Bezoar", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A bezoar is a mass found trapped in the gastrointestinal system, though it can occur in other locations. A pseudobezoar is an indigestible object introduced intentionally into the digestive system." }, "Child-7": { "title": "Child", "section": "Development", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "According to Professor Peter Jones of Cambridge University development of the brain continues long past legal definitions of adulthood so \"to have a definition of when you move from childhood to adulthood looks increasingly absurd. It's a much more nuanced transition that takes place over three decades.\" Children go through stages of social development. Children learn initially through play and later in most societies through formal schooling. As a child is growing they are learning how to do some tasks in chronological order. They learn how to prioritize their goals and actions. Their behavior is transcending as they learn new perspectives from other people. They learn how to represent certain things symbolically and learn new behavior." }, "Chiropractic-1": { "title": "Chiropractic", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Chiropractic is a pseudoscientific complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially the spine. Chiropractors, especially those in the field's early history, have proposed that such disorders affect general health via the nervous system. The main chiropractic treatment technique involves manual therapy, especially manipulation of the spine, other joints, and soft tissues, but may also include exercises and health and lifestyle counseling. Chiropractors are not physicians or medical doctors." }, "Year 2000 problem-1": { "title": "Year 2000 problem", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Year 2000 problem, also known as the Y2K problem, the Millennium bug, Y2K bug, the Y2K glitch, or Y2K, refers to events related to the formatting and storage of calendar data for dates beginning in the year 2000. Problems were anticipated, and arose, because many programs represented four-digit years with only the final two digits \u2013 making the year 2000 indistinguishable from 1900. The assumption of a twentieth-century date in such programs could cause various errors, such as the incorrect display of dates and the inaccurate ordering of automated dated records or real-time events." }, "Dog-30": { "title": "Dog", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "Reproduction", "Neutering" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "According to the Humane Society of the United States, 3\u20134\u00a0million dogs and cats are euthanized each year in the United States and many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are many more animals than there are homes. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down. Local humane societies, SPCAs, and other animal protection organizations urge people to neuter their pets and to adopt animals from shelters instead of purchasing them." }, "Health care systems by country-55": { "title": "Health care systems by country", "section": "Americas", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "The United States currently operates under a mixed market health care system. Government sources (federal, state, and local) account for 45% of U.S. health care expenditures. Private sources account for the remainder of costs, with 38% of people receiving health coverage through their employers and 17% arising from other private payment such as private insurance and out-of-pocket co-pays. Health care reform in the United States usually focuses around three suggested systems, with proposals currently underway to integrate these systems in various ways to provide a number of health care options. First is single-payer, a term meant to describe a single agency managing a single system, as found in many other developed countries as well as some states and municipalities within the United States. Second are employer or individual insurance mandates. Finally, there is consumer-driven health, in which systems, consumers, and patients have more control of how they access care. Over the past thirty years, most of the nation's health care has moved from the second model operating with not-for-profit institutions to the third model operating with for-profit institutions." }, "Space Mountain (Disneyland)-1": { "title": "Space Mountain (Disneyland)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Space Mountain (sometimes themed as Hyperspace Mountain) is an indoor, space-themed roller coaster in Tomorrowland at Disneyland in Anaheim, California. Opened on May 27, 1977, it was the second roller coaster built at Disneyland, and was the second of the five versions of Space Mountain built by The Walt Disney Company. Its exterior fa\u00e7ade is one of Disneyland's four \"mountain\" structures that serve as park landmarks." }, "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again-1": { "title": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker, from a story by Parker, Catherine Johnson, and Richard Curtis. It is a follow-up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the West End/Broadway musical of the same name using the music of ABBA. The film features an ensemble cast, including Dominic Cooper, Amanda Seyfried, Pierce Brosnan, Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd, Jeremy Irvine, Josh Dylan, Hugh Skinner, Lily James, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Alexa Davies, Christine Baranski, Julie Walters, Andy Garc\u00eda, Meryl Streep, and Cher. Both a prequel and a sequel, the plot is set after the events of the previous film, and also features flashbacks to 1979, telling the story of Donna Sheridan's arrival on the island of Kalokairi and her first meetings with her daughter Sophie's three possible fathers." }, "Telephone-19": { "title": "Telephone", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be awarded a patent for the electric telephone by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in March 1876. Before Bell's patent, the telephone transmitted sound in a way that was similar to the telegraph. This method used vibrations and circuits to send electrical pulses, but was missing key features. Bell found that this method produced a sound through intermittent currents, but in order for the telephone to work a fluctuating current reproduced sounds the best. The fluctuating currents became the basis for the working telephone, creating Bell's patent. That first patent by Bell was the master patent of the telephone, from which other patents for electric telephone devices and features flowed. The Bell patents were forensically victorious and commercially decisive." }, "Tool use by animals-21": { "title": "Tool use by animals", "section": "In mammals", "headers": [ "Primates", "Chimpanzees and bonobos" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are sophisticated tool users with behaviors including cracking nuts with stone tools and fishing for ants or termites with sticks. These chimpanzees not only use these sticks to fish out their meal, but they in fact build their own 'tool kits' to do so, as observed in the Republic of Congo. They first use a smaller stick to break open the termite or ant mound, then use a large stick to make holes in the preys colony, and then insert a 'fishing probe' into the hole and pull out all the termites or ants that have gathered on the stick. There are more limited reports of the closely related bonobo (Pan paniscus) using tools in the wild; it has been claimed they rarely use tools in the wild although they use tools as readily as chimpanzees when in captivity, It has been reported that females of both chimpanzees and bonobos use tools more avidly than males. Wild chimpanzees predominantly use tools in the context of food acquisition, while wild bonobos appear to use tools mainly for personal care (cleaning, protection from rain) and social purposes. Wild bonobos have been observed using leaves as cover for rain, or the use of branches in social displays." }, "Haiku-2": { "title": "Haiku", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The essence of haiku is \"cutting\" (kiru). This is often represented by the juxtaposition of two images or ideas and a kireji (\"cutting word\") between them, a kind of verbal punctuation mark which signals the moment of separation and colours the manner in which the juxtaposed elements are related. Traditional haiku often consist of 17 on (also known as morae though often loosely translated as \"syllables\"), in three phrases of 5, 7, and 5 on, respectively. A kigo (seasonal reference), usually drawn from a saijiki, an extensive but defined list of such terms. Modern Japanese haiku (\u73fe\u4ee3\u4ff3\u53e5, gendai-haiku) are said by some to increasingly vary from the tradition of 17 on or taking nature as their subject. Despite the western influence, the use of juxtaposition continues to be honored in both traditional and modern haiku. There is a common, although relatively recent, perception that the images juxtaposed must be directly observed everyday objects or occurrences." }, "Jesus-114": { "title": "Jesus", "section": "Historical views", "headers": [ "Historicity of events", "Passover and crucifixion in Jerusalem" ], "para_index": 114, "content": "Around AD 30, Jesus and his followers traveled from Galilee to Jerusalem to observe Passover. Jesus caused a disturbance in the Second Temple, which was the center of Jewish religious and civil authority. Sanders associates it with Jesus' prophecy that the Temple would be totally demolished. Jesus held a last meal with his disciples, which is the origin of the Christian sacrament of bread and wine. His words as recorded in the Synoptic gospels and Paul's First Letter to the Corinthians do not entirely agree, but this symbolic meal appears to have pointed to Jesus' place in the coming Kingdom of God when very probably Jesus knew he was about to be killed, although he may have still hoped that God might yet intervene." }, "Inferno (Dante)-57": { "title": "Inferno (Dante)", "section": "Nine circles of Hell", "headers": [ "Eighth Circle (Fraud)" ], "para_index": 57, "content": "Canto XVIII Dante now finds himself in the Eighth Circle, called Malebolge (\"Evil ditches\"): the upper half of the Hell of the Fraudulent and Malicious. The Eighth Circle is a large funnel of stone shaped like an amphitheatre around which run a series of ten deep, narrow, concentric ditches or trenches called bolge (singular: bolgia). Within these ditches are punished those guilty of Simple Fraud. From the foot of the Great Cliff to the Well (which forms the neck of the funnel) are large spurs of rock, like umbrella ribs or spokes, which serve as bridges over the ten ditches. Dorothy L. Sayers writes that the Malebolge is, \"the image of the City in corruption: the progressive disintegration of every social relationship, personal and public. Sexuality, ecclesiastical and civil office, language, ownership, counsel, authority, psychic influence, and material interdependence \u2013 all the media of the community's interchange are perverted and falsified\"." }, "Mosquito-61": { "title": "Mosquito", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "Distribution" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "Mosquitoes are cosmopolitan (world-wide): they are in every land region except Antarctica and a few islands with polar or subpolar climates. Iceland is such an island, being essentially free of mosquitoes." }, "Decapitation-1": { "title": "Decapitation", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Decapitation is the complete separation of the head (Latin: caput) from the body. Such an injury is fatal to humans and animals, since it deprives the brain of oxygenated blood and blood pressure, while all other organs are deprived of the involuntary functions that are needed for the body to function." }, "Adrenaline-13": { "title": "Adrenaline", "section": "Physiological effects", "headers": [ "Emotional response" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Every emotional response has a behavioral component, an autonomic component, and a hormonal component. The hormonal component includes the release of adrenaline, an adrenomedullary response that occurs in response to stress and that is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. The major emotion studied in relation to adrenaline is fear. In an experiment, subjects who were injected with adrenaline expressed more negative and fewer positive facial expressions to fear films compared to a control group. These subjects also reported a more intense fear from the films and greater mean intensity of negative memories than control subjects. The findings from this study demonstrate that there are learned associations between negative feelings and levels of adrenaline. Overall, the greater amount of adrenaline is positively correlated with an arousal state of negative feelings. These findings can be an effect in part that adrenaline elicits physiological sympathetic responses including an increased heart rate and knee shaking, which can be attributed to the feeling of fear regardless of the actual level of fear elicited from the video. Although studies have found a definite relation between adrenaline and fear, other emotions have not had such results. In the same study, subjects did not express a greater amusement to an amusement film nor greater anger to an anger film. Similar findings were also supported in a study that involved rodent subjects that either were able or unable to produce adrenaline. Findings support the idea that adrenaline does have a role in facilitating the encoding of emotionally arousing events, contributing to higher levels of arousal due to fear." }, "Harry Potter (character)-1": { "title": "Harry Potter (character)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Harry James Potter is the titular protagonist of J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series. The majority of the books' plot covers seven years in the life of the orphan Harry, who, on his eleventh birthday, learns he is a wizard. Thus, he attends Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry to practice magic under the guidance of the kindly headmaster Albus Dumbledore and other school professors along with his best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. Harry also discovers that he is already famous throughout the novel's magical community, and that his fate is tied with that of Lord Voldemort \u2013 the internationally feared Dark Wizard and murderer of his parents, Lily and James. The film and book series revolve around Harry's struggle to adapt to the wizarding world and defeat Voldemort. Harry is considered a fictional icon and has been described by many critics, readers, and audiences as one of the greatest literary and film characters of all time." }, "Tiger-27": { "title": "Tiger", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "The tiger has a muscular body with powerful forelimbs, a large head and a tail that is about half the length of its body. Its pelage is dense and heavy, and colouration varies between shades of orange and brown with white ventral areas and distinctive vertical black stripes that are unique in each individual. Stripes are likely advantageous for camouflage in vegetation such as long grass with strong vertical patterns of light and shade. The tiger is one of only a few striped cat species; it is not known why spotted patterns and rosettes are the more common camouflage pattern among felids. A tiger's coat pattern is still visible when it is shaved. This is not due to skin pigmentation, but to the stubble and hair follicles embedded in the skin, similar to human beards (colloquially five o'clock shadow), and is in common with other big cats. They have a mane-like heavy growth of fur around the neck and jaws and long whiskers, especially in males. The pupils are circular with yellow irises. The small, rounded ears have a prominent white spot on the back, surrounded by black. These spots are thought to play an important role in intraspecific communication." }, "World War II by country-161": { "title": "World War II by country", "section": "Korea", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 161, "content": "Korea was under Japanese rule as part of Japan's 50-year imperialist expansion (22 August 1910 to 15 August 1945). During World War II more than 100,000 Koreans were mandatorily drafted into the Imperial Japanese Army." }, "Pictish language-2": { "title": "Pictish language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The prevailing view in the second half of the 20th century was that Pictish was a non-Indo-European language isolate, predating a Celtic colonisation of Scotland or that a non-Indo-European Pictish and Brittonic Pictish language coexisted. This is now a minority view, if not completely abandoned." }, "England-43": { "title": "England", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "England has a temperate maritime climate: it is mild with temperatures not much lower than 0\u00a0\u00b0C (32\u00a0\u00b0F) in winter and not much higher than 32\u00a0\u00b0C (90\u00a0\u00b0F) in summer. The weather is damp relatively frequently and is changeable. The coldest months are January and February, the latter particularly on the English coast, while July is normally the warmest month. Months with mild to warm weather are May, June, September and October. Rainfall is spread fairly evenly throughout the year." }, "Mary I of England-1": { "title": "Mary I of England", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mary I (18 February 1516\u00a0\u2013 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, was the queen of England from July 1553 until her death. She is best known for her vigorous attempt to reverse the English Reformation, which had begun during the reign of her father, Henry VIII. Her attempt to restore to the Church the property confiscated in the previous two reigns was largely thwarted by parliament, but during her five-year reign, Mary had over 280 religious dissenters burned at the stake in the Marian persecutions, which led to her denunciation as \"Bloody Mary\" by her Protestant opponents." }, "Wednesday-5": { "title": "Wednesday", "section": "Etymology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "introduced unetymologically[clarification needed]. The name is a calque of the Latin dies Mercurii \"day of Mercury\", reflecting the fact that the Germanic god Woden (Wodanaz or Odin) during the Roman era was interpreted as \"Germanic Mercury\"." }, "Administration of Paris-4": { "title": "Administration of Paris", "section": "City government", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Paris has been a commune (municipality) since 1834 (and also briefly between 1790 and 1795). At the 1790 division (during the French Revolution) of France into communes, and again in 1834, Paris was a city only half its modern size, composed of 12 arrondissements, but, in 1860, it annexed bordering communes, some entirely, to create the new administrative map of twenty municipal arrondissements the city still has today. These municipal subdivisions describe a clockwise spiral outward from its most central, the 1st arrondissement. The arrondissements are all follows (see map for location):" }, "Common Era-1": { "title": "Common Era", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Common Era (CE) is one of the notation systems for the world's most widely used calendar era. BCE (Before the Common Era or Before the Current Era) is the era before CE. BCE and CE are alternatives to the Dionysian BC and AD system respectively. The Dionysian era distinguishes eras using AD (anno Domini, \"in [the] year of [the] Lord\") and BC (\"before Christ\"). Since the two notation systems are numerically equivalent, \"2020 CE\" corresponds to \"AD 2020\" and \"400 BCE\" corresponds to \"400 BC\". Both notations refer to the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar). The year-numbering system used by the Gregorian calendar is used throughout the world today, and is an international standard for civil calendars." }, "Evander Holyfield-1": { "title": "Evander Holyfield", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Evander Holyfield (born October 19, 1962) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1984 to 2011. He reigned as the undisputed champion at cruiserweight in the late 1980s and at heavyweight in the early 1990s, and remains the only boxer in history to win the undisputed championship in two weight classes. Nicknamed \"The Real Deal\", Holyfield is the only four-time world heavyweight champion, having held the unified WBA, WBC, and IBF titles from 1990 to 1992, the WBA and IBF titles again from 1993 to 1994, the WBA title a third time from 1996 to 1999; the IBF title a third time from 1997 to 1999 and the WBA title for a fourth time from 2000 to 2001." }, "Beagle-1": { "title": "Beagle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The beagle is a breed of small hound that is similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound. The beagle is a scent hound, developed primarily for hunting hare (beagling). Possessing a great sense of smell and superior tracking instincts, the beagle is the primary breed used as detection dogs for prohibited agricultural imports and foodstuffs in quarantine around the world. The beagle is intelligent. It is a popular pet due to its size, good temper, and a lack of inherited health problems." }, "Freedoms of the air-3": { "title": "Freedoms of the air", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Freedoms of the air apply to commercial aviation. The terms 'freedom' and 'right' are a shorthand way of referring to the type of international services permitted between two or more countries. Even when such services are allowed by countries, airlines may still face restrictions to accessing them by the terms of treaties or for other reasons." }, "Marvel Entertainment-1": { "title": "Marvel Entertainment", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Marvel Entertainment, LLC (formerly Marvel Enterprises and Toy Biz, Inc., and marketed and stylized as MARVEL) is an American entertainment company founded in June 1998 and based in New York City, formed by the merger of Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc. and ToyBiz. The company is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company, and is mainly known for its comic books by Marvel Comics, as well as its forays into movies with the Marvel Cinematic Universe." }, "Samsung Galaxy S-22": { "title": "Samsung Galaxy S", "section": "Software", "headers": [ "Updates", "Android 2.2 upgrade" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "At the time of launch, the Galaxy S had Android 2.1 (\"Eclair\") installed. An official upgrade to Android 2.2 (\"Froyo\") began rolling out worldwide in November 2010." }, "Bitcoin-2": { "title": "Bitcoin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Transactions are verified by network nodes through cryptography and recorded in a public distributed ledger called a blockchain. Bitcoin was invented in 2008 by an unknown person or group of people using the name Satoshi Nakamoto and started in 2009 when its source code was released as open-source software. Bitcoins are created as a reward for a process known as mining. They can be exchanged for other currencies, products, and services. Research produced by University of Cambridge estimates that in 2017, there were 2.9 to 5.8 million unique users using a cryptocurrency wallet, most of them using bitcoin." }, "Monday Night Football-68": { "title": "Monday Night Football", "section": "Scheduling on local stations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 68, "content": "Since ESPN took over the coverage in 2006, games normally have a kickoff time of 8:30\u00a0p.m. Eastern. However, when ESPN airs a doubleheader during the first week of the season, the games respectively start at 7 p.m. and 10:15\u00a0p.m. Eastern. There have been issues with local stations in the ESPN era, where stations in each team's home market that air the ESPN simulcast are in most cases ABC affiliates, which must pre-empt Dancing with the Stars to air the NFL. This both forces the affiliate to air that program immediately after late-evening local newscasts, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, and Nightline and has resulted in the program's telephone and Internet voting coordinators keeping a late-night voting window open for the market or markets where Dancing with the Stars was pre-empted." }, "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.-2": { "title": "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. was a hit, never placing lower than tenth in the Nielsen ratings, and ended its run as the second-highest-rated series in the United States. It has enjoyed continued popularity through reruns and DVD releases. The series was created by Aaron Ruben, who also produced the show with Sheldon Leonard and Ronald Jacobs. Filmed and set in California, it stars Jim Nabors as Gomer Pyle, a naive but good-natured gas station attendant from the town of Mayberry, North Carolina, who enlists in the United States Marine Corps. Frank Sutton plays Gomer's high-octane, short-fused Gunnery Sergeant Vince Carter, and Ronnie Schell plays Gomer's friend Duke Slater. Roy Stuart portrayed Corporal Chuck Boyle, GySgt. Carter's good-natured sidekick. Allan Melvin played in the recurring role of Gunnery Sergeant Carter's rival, Staff Sergeant Charley Hacker." }, "Gulf War-1": { "title": "Gulf War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Gulf War (2 August 1990\u00a0\u2013 28 February 1991), codenamed Operation Desert Shield (2 August 1990\u00a0\u2013 17 January 1991) for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm (17 January 1991\u00a0\u2013 28 February 1991) in its combat phase, was a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait arising from oil pricing and production disputes." }, "England-2": { "title": "England", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but takes its name from the Angles, a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula, who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law \u2013 the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world \u2013 developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation." }, "Body piercing-42": { "title": "Body piercing", "section": "Risks associated with body piercing", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Allergic reaction to the metal in the piercing jewellery, particularly nickel. This risk can be minimized by using high quality jewellery manufactured from titanium or niobium or similar inert metals. Infection, bacterial or viral, particularly from Staphylococcus aureus, group A streptococcus and Pseudomonas spp. Reports at the 16th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases in 2006 indicated that bacterial infections are seldom serious, but that ten to twenty percent of piercings result in local benign bacterial infection. The Mayo Clinic estimates 30%. Risk of infection is greatest among those with congenital heart disease, who have a much higher chance of developing life-threatening infective endocarditis, hemophiliacs and diabetics, as well as those taking corticosteroids. In 2006, a diabetic woman in Indiana lost a breast due to an infection from a nipple piercing. Viral infections may include hepatitis B, hepatitis C and, potentially, HIV, although as of 2009 there had been no documented cases of HIV caused by piercing. While rare, infection due to piercing of the tongue can be fatal. Higher prevalence of colonization of Candida albicans was reported in young individuals with tongue piercing, in comparison to non-tongue-pierced matched individuals. Excess scar tissue, including hypertrophic scar and keloid formation. While piercings can be removed, they may leave a hole, mark or scar. Physical trauma including tearing, friction or bumping of the piercing site, which may cause edema and delay healing. The risks can be minimized by wearing properly sized jewellery and not changing it unnecessarily, by not touching the piercing more than required for aftercare, and by being conscious of environmental factors (such as clothing) that may impact the piercing. Oral trauma, including recession of gingival tissue and dental fracture and wear. Recession of gingival tissue affects 19% to 68% of subjects with lip and/or intra-oral ornaments. In some cases, the alveolar tooth-bearing bone is also involved, jeopardizing the stability and durability of the teeth in place and requiring a periodontal regeneration surgery. Dental fracture and wear affects 14% to 41% of subjects with lip and/or intra-oral ornaments. Contemporary body piercing studios generally take numerous precautions to protect the health of the person being pierced and the piercer. Piercers are expected to sanitize the location to be pierced as well as their hands, even though they will often wear gloves during the procedure (and in some areas must, as it is prescribed by law). Quite frequently, these gloves will be changed multiple times, often one pair for each step of setup to avoid cross contamination. For example, after a piercer wearing gloves has cleaned the area to be pierced on a client, the piercer may change gloves to avoid recontaminating the area. Wearing sterile gloves is required by law for professional piercing procedures in some areas, such as the states of Florida and South Carolina. Tools and jewellery should be sterilized in autoclaves, and non-autoclavable surfaces should be cleaned with disinfectant agents on a regular basis and between clients." }, "National Minimum Drinking Age Act-1": { "title": "National Minimum Drinking Age Act", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 (23 U.S.C.\u00a0\u00a7\u00a0158) was passed by the United States Congress on July 17, 1984. The act would punish any state that allowed persons under 21 years to purchase and publicly possess alcoholic beverages by reducing its annual federal highway apportionment by 10 percent. The law was later amended, lowering the penalty to 8 percent from fiscal year 2012 and beyond." }, "The Rose (song)-2": { "title": "The Rose (song)", "section": "Background and Bette Midler version", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "\"The Rose\" was first recorded by Bette Midler for the soundtrack of the 1979 film The Rose in which it plays under the closing credits. However the song was not written for the movie: Amanda McBroom recalls, \"I wrote it in 1977 [or] 1978, and I sang it occasionally in clubs. ...\u00a0Jim Nabors had a local talk show, and I sang [\"The Rose\"] on his show once.\" According to McBroom she wrote \"The Rose\" in response to her manager's suggestion that she write \"some Bob Seger-type tunes\" to expedite a record deal: McBroom obliged by writing \"The Rose\" in forty-five minutes. Said McBroom: \"'The Rose' is\u00a0... just one verse [musically] repeated three times. When I finished it, I realized it doesn't have a bridge or a hook, but I couldn't think of anything to [add].\"" }, "Koala-35": { "title": "Koala", "section": "Human relations", "headers": [ "History" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "The first published image of the koala appeared in George Perry's (1810) natural history work Arcana. Perry called it the \"New Holland Sloth\" on account of its perceived similarities to the Central and South American tree-living mammals of genus Bradypus. His disdain for the koala, evident in his description of the animal, was typical of the prevailing early 19th-century British attitude about the primitiveness and oddity of Australian fauna: \"...\u00a0the eye is placed like that of the Sloth, very close to the mouth and nose, which gives it a clumsy awkward appearance, and void of elegance in the combination\u00a0... they have little either in their character or appearance to interest the Naturalist or Philosopher. As Nature however provides nothing in vain, we may suppose that even these torpid, senseless creatures are wisely intended to fill up one of the great links of the chain of animated nature\u00a0...\"." }, "Satanism-79": { "title": "Satanism", "section": "Religious Satanism", "headers": [ "Reactive Satanism" ], "para_index": 79, "content": "Some reactive Satanists are teenagers or mentally disturbed individuals who have engaged in criminal activities. During the 1980s and 1990s, several groups of teenagers were apprehended after sacrificing animals and vandalizing both churches and graveyards with Satanic imagery. Introvigne expressed the view that these incidents were \"more a product of juvenile deviance and marginalization than Satanism\". In a few cases the crimes of these reactive Satanists have included murder. In 1970, two separate groups of teenagers\u2014one led by Stanley Baker in Big Sur and the other by Steven Hurd in Los Angeles\u2014killed a total of three people and consumed parts of their corpses in what they later claimed were sacrifices devoted to Satan. In 1984, a U.S. group called the Knights of the Black Circle killed one of its own members, Gary Lauwers, over a disagreement regarding the group's illegal drug dealing; group members later related that Lauwers' death was a sacrifice to Satan." }, "Sword-58": { "title": "Sword", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Late modern history", "Military sidearm" ], "para_index": 58, "content": "Towards the end of its useful life, the sword served more as a weapon of self-defence than for use on the battlefield, and the military importance of swords steadily decreased during the Modern Age. Even as a personal sidearm, the sword began to lose its preeminence in the early 19th century, reflecting the development of reliable handguns." }, "Reza Shah-26": { "title": "Reza Shah", "section": "Rule as the Shah", "headers": [ "Clash with the clergy" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "As his reign became more secure, Reza Shah clashed with Iran's clergy and devout Muslims on many issues. In March 1928, he violated the sanctuary of Qom's Fatima al-Masumeh Shrine to beat a cleric who had angrily admonished Reza Shah's wife for temporarily exposing her face a day earlier while on pilgrimage to Qom. In December of that year he instituted a law requiring everyone (except Shia jurisconsults who had passed a special qualifying examination) to wear Western clothes. This angered devout Muslims because it included a hat with a brim which prevented the devout from touching their foreheads on the ground during salat as required by Islamic law. The Shah also encouraged women to discard hijab. He announced that female teachers could no longer come to school with head coverings. One of his daughters reviewed a girls' athletic event with an uncovered head." }, "Jared Fogle-40": { "title": "Jared Fogle", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "On August 19, 2015, following Fogle's appearance in federal court on charges of sex with minors and child pornography, his wife released a statement through her attorney announcing that she was seeking a divorce. She added that she was focused \"exclusively on the well-being of my children\" and would have no further comment. Their divorce was finalized on November 16, 2015; Fogle agreed to pay his now ex-wife $7 million. According to court filings, she had traveled out of state before Fogle's guilty plea, and opted to stay in an undisclosed location to protect herself and the children from the \"media circus\" surrounding Fogle's crimes." }, "American Airlines-1": { "title": "American Airlines", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "American Airlines, Inc. (AA) is a major American airline headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, within the Dallas\u2013Fort Worth metroplex. It is the world's largest airline when measured by fleet size, scheduled passengers carried, and revenue passenger mile. American, together with its regional partners, operates an extensive international and domestic network with almost 6,800 flights per day to nearly 350 destinations in more than 50 countries. American Airlines is a founding member of the Oneworld alliance, the third-largest airline alliance in the world. Regional service is operated by independent and subsidiary carriers under the brand name American Eagle." }, "Jack Frost (TV special)-6": { "title": "Jack Frost (TV special)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Jack gives up his humanity in order to whip up the biggest blizzard ever, freezing Kraus and his 1,000 Keh-Nights in the castle. Snip and Holly change back to sprites as well. This tactic works until Groundhog Day arrives. As the sky is overcast with no sun to cast shadows, Jack Frost uses his magic shadow to scare Pete back into hibernation, and continues whipping up the storm." }, "Reference Daily Intake-14": { "title": "Reference Daily Intake", "section": "Sodium", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "In 2010, the U.S. Institute of Medicine determined that the government should establish new consumption standards for salt to reduce the amount of sodium in the typical American diet below levels associated with higher risk of several cardiovascular diseases, yet maintain consumer preferences for salt-flavored food. The daily maximum for sodium in the United States had been above estimated minimums for decades. For instance, the National Research Council found that 500 milligrams of sodium per day (approximately 1,250 milligrams of table salt) is a safe minimum level. In the United Kingdom, the daily allowance for salt is 6\u00a0g (approximately 2.5 teaspoons, about the upper limit in the U.S.), an amount considered \"too high\"." }, "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (Mirage Studios)-9": { "title": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (Mirage Studios)", "section": "Publication history", "headers": [ "Volume 1: 1984\u20131993" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The success also led to a black and white comics boom in the mid-1980s,[citation needed] wherein other small publishers put out animal-based parody books hoping to make a quick profit. Among them, the Adolescent Radioactive Black Belt Hamsters, the Pre-Teen Dirty-Gene Kung Fu Kangaroos, the Adult Thermonuclear Samurai Elephants, and the Karate Kreatures were obvious parodies of TMNT. Most of them were sold to comic shops in large numbers, but failed to catch on with readers. This speculation led to financial problems with both comic shops and distributors, contributing to a sales collapse in 1986\u201387." }, "Artist's portfolio-1": { "title": "Artist's portfolio", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An artist's portfolio is an edited collection of their best artwork intended to showcase an artist's style or method of work. A portfolio is used by artists to show employers their versatility by showing different samples of current work. Typically, the work reflects an artist's best work or a depth in one specific area of work." }, "Saudi Aramco-7": { "title": "Saudi Aramco", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Saudi Aramco's origins trace to the oil shortages of World War\u00a0I and the exclusion of American companies from Mesopotamia by the United Kingdom and France under the San Remo Petroleum Agreement of 1920. The US administration at the time had popular support for an \"Open Door policy\", which Herbert Hoover, secretary of commerce, initiated in 1921. Standard Oil of California (SoCal) was among those US companies seeking new sources of oil from abroad." }, "Hubble Space Telescope-84": { "title": "Hubble Space Telescope", "section": "Scientific results", "headers": [ "Impact on astronomy" ], "para_index": 84, "content": "Many objective measures show the positive impact of Hubble data on astronomy. Over 15,000 papers based on Hubble data have been published in peer-reviewed journals, and countless more have appeared in conference proceedings. Looking at papers several years after their publication, about one-third of all astronomy papers have no citations, while only two percent of papers based on Hubble data have no citations. On average, a paper based on Hubble data receives about twice as many citations as papers based on non-Hubble data. Of the 200 papers published each year that receive the most citations, about 10% are based on Hubble data." }, "Melissa McCarthy-1": { "title": "Melissa McCarthy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Melissa Ann McCarthy (born August 26, 1970) is an American actress, comedian, writer, producer, and fashion designer. She is the recipient of numerous accolades, including two Primetime Emmy Awards and nominations for two Academy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards. McCarthy was named by Time as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2016, and she has been featured multiple times in annual rankings of the highest-paid actresses in the world." }, "Erethism-1": { "title": "Erethism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Erethism, also known as erethism mercurialis, mad hatter disease, or mad hatter syndrome, is a neurological disorder which affects the whole central nervous system, as well as a symptom complex, derived from mercury poisoning. Erethism is characterized by behavioral changes such as irritability, low self-confidence, depression, apathy, shyness and timidity, and in some extreme cases with prolonged exposure to mercury vapors, by delirium, personality changes and memory loss. People with erethism often have difficulty with social interactions. Associated physical problems may include a decrease in physical strength, \"headaches, general pain, and tremors after exposure to metallic mercury\" as well as an irregular heartbeat." }, "Chordate-6": { "title": "Chordate", "section": "Classification", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "All chordates are deuterostomes. This means that, during the embryo development stage, the anus forms before the mouth. All chordates are based on a bilateral body plan. All chordates are coelomates, and have a fluid-filled body cavity called a coelom with a complete lining called peritoneum derived from mesoderm (see Brusca and Brusca). 1 = bulge in spinal cord (\"brain\") 2 = notochord 3 = dorsal nerve cord 4 = post-anal tail 5 = anus 6 = digestive canal 7 = circulatory system 8 = atriopore 9 = space above pharynx 10 = pharyngeal slit (gill) 11 = pharynx 12 = vestibule 13 = oral cirri 14 = mouth opening 15 = gonads (ovary / testicle) 16 = light sensor 17 = nerves 18 = metapleural fold 19 = hepatic caecum (liver-like sack) The following schema is from the fourth edition of Vertebrate Palaeontology. The invertebrate chordate classes are from Fishes of the World. While it is structured so as to reflect evolutionary relationships (similar to a cladogram), it also retains the traditional ranks used in Linnaean taxonomy." }, "Venomous snake-1": { "title": "Venomous snake", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Venomous snakes are species of the suborder Serpentes that are capable of producing venom, which they use for killing prey, for defense, and to assist with digestion of their prey. The venom is typically delivered by injection using hollow or grooved fangs, although some venomous snakes lack well-developed fangs. Common venomous snakes include the families Elapidae, Viperidae, Atractaspididae, and some of the Colubridae. The toxicity of venom is mainly indicated by murine LD50, while multiple factors are considered to judge the potential danger to humans. Other important factors for risk assessment include the likelihood that a snake will bite, the quantity of venom delivered with the bite, the efficiency of the delivery mechanism, and the location of a bite on the body of the victim. Snake venom may have both neurotoxic and hemotoxic properties." }, "Zaidiyyah-22": { "title": "Zaidiyyah", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Empires", "Idrisid dynasty" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "The Idrisid dynasty was a Zaydi dynasty centered around modern-day Morocco. It was named after its first leader Idriss I." }, "Zoot Suit Riots-12": { "title": "Zoot Suit Riots", "section": "Origins", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "With the entry of the United States into World War II in December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the nation had to deal with the restrictions of rationing and the prospects of conscription. In March 1942, the War Production Board (WPB) regulated the manufacture of men's suits and all clothing that contained wool. To achieve a 26% cut-back in the use of fabrics, the WPB issued regulations for the manufacture of what Esquire magazine called, \"streamlined suits by Uncle Sam.\" The regulations effectively forbade the manufacture of the wide-cut zoot suits and full women's skirts or dresses. Most legitimate tailoring companies ceased to manufacture or advertise any suits that fell outside the War Production Board's guidelines. But the demand for zoot suits did not decline; a network of bootleg tailors based in Los Angeles and New York City continued to produce the garments. Youths also continued to wear clothes which they already owned." }, "Chaff-1": { "title": "Chaff", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Chaff (/t\u0283\u00e6f/; also UK: /t\u0283\u0251\u02d0f/) is the dry, scaly protective casing of the seeds of cereal grains, or similar fine, dry, scaly plant material such as scaly parts of flowers, or finely chopped straw. Chaff is indigestible by humans, but livestock can eat it and in agriculture it is used as livestock fodder, or is a waste material ploughed into the soil or burned." }, "Dozen-3": { "title": "Dozen", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The use of twelve as a base number, known as the duodecimal system (also as dozenal), originated in Mesopotamia (see also sexagesimal). This could come from counting on one's fingers by counting each finger bone with one's thumb.[citation needed] Using this method, one hand can count to twelve, and two hands can count to 144. Twelve dozen (122 = 144) are known as a gross; and twelve gross (123 = 1,728, the duodecimal 1,000) are called a great gross, a term most often used when shipping or buying items in bulk. A great hundred, also known as a small gross, is 120 or ten dozen." }, "1912 United States presidential election-4": { "title": "1912 United States presidential election", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Wilson carried 40 states and won a large majority (435 out of 531) of the electoral vote, taking advantage of the split in the Republican Party. He was the first Democrat to win a presidential election since 1892, and would be one of just two Democratic presidents to serve between the American Civil War and the onset of the First World War. Roosevelt won 88 electoral votes, while Taft carried only Vermont and Utah, taking 8 electoral votes. Wilson won 41.8% of the national popular vote, while Roosevelt won 27%, Taft 23%, and Debs 6%." }, "Pre-exposure prophylaxis-8": { "title": "Pre-exposure prophylaxis", "section": "Clinical use", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "PrEP has been shown to be effective at reducing the risk of contracting HIV in individuals at increased risk. However, PrEP is not 100% effective at preventing HIV, even in people who take the medication as prescribed. There have been several reported cases of people who despite taking PrEP became infected with HIV. People taking PrEP are recommended to use other risk reducing strategies along with PrEP, like condoms. If someone on PrEP contracts HIV, they may experience the Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS." }, "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster-1": { "title": "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster was a fatal incident in the United States space program that occurred on Tuesday, January 28, 1986, when the Space Shuttle Challenger (OV-099) broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, killing all seven crew members aboard. The crew consisted of five NASA astronauts, one payload specialist, and a civilian schoolteacher. The mission carried the designation STS-51-L and was the tenth flight for the Challenger orbiter." }, "Train driver-1": { "title": "Train driver", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A train driver, engine driver or locomotive driver, commonly known as an engineer in the United States and Canada, and also as a locomotive pilot, locomotive handler, locomotive operator or motorman, is a person who drives a train. The driver is in charge of, and responsible for operating the engine, as well as the mechanical operation of the train, train speed, and all train handling. In American English, a hostler moves engines around train yards, but does not take them out on the normal tracks; the British English equivalent is a shunter." }, "Gerald Ford-119": { "title": "Gerald Ford", "section": "Post-presidency (1977\u20132006)", "headers": [ "Activity" ], "para_index": 119, "content": "In October 2001, Ford broke with conservative members of the Republican Party by stating that gay and lesbian couples \"ought to be treated equally. Period.\" He became the highest ranking Republican to embrace full equality for gays and lesbians, stating his belief that there should be a federal amendment outlawing anti-gay job discrimination and expressing his hope that the Republican Party would reach out to gay and lesbian voters. He also was a member of the Republican Unity Coalition, which The New York Times described as \"a group of prominent Republicans, including former President Gerald R. Ford, dedicated to making sexual orientation a non-issue in the Republican Party\"." }, "Vellum-1": { "title": "Vellum", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Vellum is prepared animal skin or \"membrane\", typically used as a material for writing on. Parchment is another term for this material, and if vellum is distinguished from this, it is by vellum being made from calfskin, as opposed to that from other animals, or otherwise being of higher quality. Vellum is prepared for writing or printing on, to produce single pages, scrolls, codices or books. The word is derived from the Latin word vitulinum meaning \"made from calf\", leading to Old French v\u00e9lin, \"calfskin\".)" }, "Sarah-11": { "title": "Sarah", "section": "In the Hebrew Bible", "headers": [ "Death" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Sarah dies at the age of 127, and Abraham buys a piece of land with a cave near Hebron from Ephron the Hittite in which to bury her, which is the first land owned by the Israelites in Canaan according to the biblical narrative. The place became known as the Cave of the Patriarchs." }, "Eddie Hall-1": { "title": "Eddie Hall", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Edward Stephen Hall (born 15 January 1988) is an English former professional strongman, notable for winning the World's Strongest Man 2017 competition and for being the world record deadlift holder, lifting 500\u00a0kg (1,102\u00a0lb; 79\u00a0st) under strongman rules, which he achieved in 2016. His record was broken by Haf\u00fe\u00f3r J\u00fal\u00edus Bj\u00f6rnsson\u2019s 501kg on May 2, 2020. He has also won on multiple occasions both the UK's Strongest Man and England's Strongest Man titles." }, "Rand Paul-13": { "title": "Rand Paul", "section": "Medical career", "headers": [ "National Board of Ophthalmology" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Named board members were Paul, his wife, and his father-in-law. The NBO was, itself, never accepted as an accrediting entity by organizations such as the American Board of Medical Specialties, and its certification was considered invalid by many hospitals and insurance companies. Paul let his own ABO certification lapse in 2005, which did not affect his practice in Kentucky; the state does not require board certification. By Paul's estimate, about 50 or 60 doctors were certified by the NBO. The NBO was incorporated in 1999, but Paul allowed it to be dissolved in 2000 when he did not file the required paperwork with the Kentucky Secretary of State's office. He later recreated the board in 2005, but it was again dissolved in 2011." }, "Jonas Salk-43": { "title": "Jonas Salk", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "Jonas Salk died from heart failure at the age of 80 on June 23, 1995, in La Jolla, and was buried at El Camino Memorial Park in San Diego." }, "Snowshoe-1": { "title": "Snowshoe", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A snowshoe is footwear for walking over snow. Snowshoes work by distributing the weight of the person over a larger area so that the person's foot does not sink completely into the snow, a quality called \"flotation\". Snowshoeing is a form of hiking." }, "Reading-1": { "title": "Reading", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Reading is the complex cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning. It is a form of language processing." }, "Big Daddy (1999 film)-1": { "title": "Big Daddy (1999 film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Big Daddy is a 1999 American comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan and starring Adam Sandler, Joey Lauren Adams, Jon Stewart, Rob Schneider, Cole Sprouse, Dylan Sprouse, and Leslie Mann. The film was produced by Robert Simonds and released on June 25, 1999, by Sony Pictures Releasing it label to Columbia Pictures, where it opened #1 at the box office with a $41,536,370 first weekend. It was Sandler's last film before starting his production company, Happy Madison Productions, his first film distributed by Columbia Pictures, and his highest-grossing film domestically until Hotel Transylvania 2 (2015)." }, "The Exorcist-6": { "title": "The Exorcist", "section": "Films", "headers": [ "The Exorcist (1973)" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The Exorcist is a 1973 American supernatural horror film directed by William Friedkin, adapted by William Peter Blatty from his 1971 novel of the same name, and starring Ellen Burstyn, Linda Blair, Max von Sydow, and Jason Miller. The film is part of The Exorcist franchise. The book, inspired by the 1949 exorcism of Roland Doe, deals with the demonic possession of a 12-year-old girl and her mother's attempts to win back her child through an exorcism conducted by two priests. The adaptation is faithful to the book, which itself has been commercially successful (hitting the New York Times bestseller list)." }, "Clay Morrow-1": { "title": "Clay Morrow", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Clarence \"Clay\" Morrow is a fictional character in the FX television series Sons of Anarchy. He is played by Ron Perlman. He is the former International President of the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club, but is also something of a vigilante as he does everything in his power to ensure that drug dealers and rapists stay out of his town. However, during the fourth season, Clay involves the club in drug smuggling with the cartel for his own protection and greed, wavering in his allegiance, and gradually reveals himself to be one of the story's antagonists. He has a number of tattoos, most notably a Grim Reaper on his upper right arm and a Paratrooper tattoo on his upper left, along with the words \"Death From Above\" indicating that he served as a paratrooper in a military unit. On his kutte, he wears patches reading \"President\", \"First 9\", \"Men of Mayhem\" and \"Unholy Ones\". He also wears a golden pin of the same symbol on his kutte. This symbol is often confused with the US Army Parachutist badge. The Paratrooper symbol that Clay wears is an unofficial symbol, and would serve to indicate service, particularly combat service, as a paratrooper, and consists of a skull, with wings coming from the bottom of the skull, and curving up to meet the top of the skull." }, "Member of parliament-34": { "title": "Member of parliament", "section": "Westminster system", "headers": [ "United Kingdom" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "A candidate to become an MP must be a British or Irish or Commonwealth citizen, be at least 18 years of age (reduced from 21 in 2006), and not be a public official or officeholder, as set out in the schedule to the Electoral Administration Act 2006." }, "Atomic Age (design)-1": { "title": "Atomic Age (design)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Atomic Age in design refers to the period roughly corresponding to 1940\u20131963, when concerns about nuclear war dominated Western society during the Cold War. Architecture, industrial design, commercial design (including advertising), interior design, and fine arts were all influenced by the themes of atomic science, as well as the Space Age, which coincided with that period. Atomic Age design became popular and instantly recognizable, with a use of atomic motifs and space age symbols. Retrofuturism is a current resurgence of interest in Atomic Age design." }, "Sicilian Defence-6": { "title": "Sicilian Defence", "section": "General concepts", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "By advancing the c-pawn two squares, Black asserts control over the d4-square and begins the fight for the centre of the board. The move resembles 1\u2026e5, the next most common response to 1.e4, in that respect. Unlike 1...e5, however, 1...c5 breaks the symmetry of the position, which strongly influences both players' future actions. White, having pushed a kingside pawn, tends to hold the initiative on that side of the board. However, 1...c5 does little for Black's development, unlike moves such as 1...e5, 1...g6, or 1...Nc6, which either develop a minor piece or prepare to do so. In many variations of the Sicilian, Black makes a number of further pawn moves in the opening (for example, ...d6, ...e6, ...a6, and ...b5). Consequently, White often obtains a substantial lead in development and dangerous attacking chances." }, "Swiss Guards-18": { "title": "Swiss Guards", "section": "Pontifical Swiss Guard", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The Pontifical Swiss Guard (German: P\u00e4pstliche Schweizergarde; French: Garde suisse pontificale; Italian: Guardia Svizzera Pontificia; Latin: Pontificia Cohors Helvetica or Cohors Pedestris Helvetiorum a Sacra Custodia Pontificis) is an exception to the Swiss rulings of 1874 and 1927. A small force maintained by the Holy See, it is responsible for the safety of the Pope, including the security of the Apostolic Palace. The Swiss Guard serves as the de facto military of Vatican City." }, "Raclette-2": { "title": "Raclette", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Raclette also is a Swiss dish, also very popular in Savoie (France), based on heating the cheese and scraping off (from French: racler) the melted part." }, "Adrenal tumor-5": { "title": "Adrenal tumor", "section": "Tumors of the adrenal cortex", "headers": [ "Adrenocortical adenoma" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The clinical significance of these neoplasms is twofold. First, they have been detected as incidental findings with increasing frequency in recent years, due to the increasing use of CT scans and magnetic resonance imaging in a variety of medical settings. This can result in expensive additional testing and invasive procedures to rule out the slight possibility of an early adrenocortical carcinoma. Second, a minority (about 15%) of adrenocortical adenomas are \"functional\", meaning that they produce glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and/or sex steroids, resulting in endocrine disorders such as Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome (hyperaldosteronism), virilization of females, or feminization of males. Functional adrenocortical adenomas are surgically curable." }, "Judy Sheindlin-1": { "title": "Judy Sheindlin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Judith Susan Sheindlin (n\u00e9e Blum; born October 21, 1942), known professionally as Judge Judy, is an American prosecution lawyer, former Manhattan family court judge, television personality, and author. Since September 1996, Sheindlin has presided over her own successful four-time Daytime Emmy Award\u2013winning arbitration-based court show series, Judge Judy, produced by CBS Television Distribution. She stated on The Ellen DeGeneres Show she would finish up with the series after the conclusion of the 2020/2021 season, which would mark a 25 year run, as she would be launching a new series titled Judy Justice, which would be of a similar format." }, "Determination of the day of the week-11": { "title": "Determination of the day of the week", "section": "Concepts", "headers": [ "Corresponding months" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Common years January and October. February, March and November. April and July. No month corresponds to August. Leap years January, April and July. February and August. March and November. No month corresponds to October. All years September and December. No month corresponds to May or June. In the months table below, corresponding months have the same number, a fact which follows directly from the definition." }, "First Triumvirate-1": { "title": "First Triumvirate", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The First Triumvirate (60\u201353\u00a0BC) was an informal alliance among three prominent politicians in the late Roman Republic: Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Marcus Licinius Crassus." }, "Northern fur seal-1": { "title": "Northern fur seal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) is an eared seal found along the north Pacific Ocean, the Bering Sea, and the Sea of Okhotsk. It is the largest member of the fur seal subfamily (Arctocephalinae) and the only living species in the genus Callorhinus. A single fossil species, Callorhinus gilmorei, is known from the Pliocene of Japan and western North America." }, "Alexander Hamilton-1": { "title": "Alexander Hamilton", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757\u00a0\u2013 July 12, 1804) was an American statesman, politician, legal scholar, military commander, lawyer, banker, and economist. He was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was an influential interpreter and promoter of the U.S. Constitution, as well as the founder of the nation's financial system, the Federalist Party, the United States Coast Guard, and the New York Post newspaper. As the first Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton was the main author of the economic policies of George Washington's administration. He took the lead in the Federal government's funding of the states' debts, as well as establishing the nation's first two de facto central banks, the Bank of North America and the First Bank of the United States, a system of tariffs, and friendly trade relations with Britain. His vision included a strong central government led by a vigorous executive branch, a strong commercial economy, national banks, support for manufacturing, and a strong military." }, "Tata Aria-2": { "title": "Tata Aria", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Tata Aria was succeeded by Tata Hexa featuring new exterior and revised interiors. The Hexa comes with a Varicor 400 2.2-litre diesel engine with the option of a manual as well as automatic transmission. Hexa delivers a real-world fuel efficiency of 12 km/l." }, "Food energy-14": { "title": "Food energy", "section": "Recommended daily intake", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Recommendations in the United States are 10,900 and 8,400\u00a0kJ (2,600 and 2,000\u00a0kcal) for men and women (respectively) between 31 and 35, at a physical activity level equivalent to walking about 2 to 5\u00a0km (1\u00a01\u20442 to 3\u00a0mi) per day at 5 to 6\u00a0km/h (3 to 4\u00a0mph) in addition to the light physical activity associated with typical day-to-day life. French guidance suggests roughly the same levels." }, "Urban legend-2": { "title": "Urban legend", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Urban legends are most often circulated orally, but can be spread by any media, including newspapers, e-mail and social media. Some urban legends have passed through the years with only minor changes to suit regional variations. Recent legends tend to reflect modern circumstances: for instance, the common legend of a person being ambushed and anesthetized, only to wake up and realize that they are now missing a kidney that was supposedly surgically removed for transplantation." }, "China-55": { "title": "China", "section": "Politics", "headers": [ "Foreign relations", "Trade relations" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "Since the turn of the century, China has followed a policy of engaging with African nations for trade and bilateral co-operation; in 2012, Sino-African trade totalled over US$160 billion. China maintains healthy and highly diversified trade links with the European Union. China has furthermore strengthened its ties with major South American economies, becoming the largest trading partner of Brazil and building strategic links with Argentina." }, "Jack Dempsey-11": { "title": "Jack Dempsey", "section": "Early life and career", "headers": [ "World heavyweight champion" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "One year later, in 1918, Dempsey fought in 17 matches, going 15\u20131 with one no-decision. One of those fights was with Flynn, who was knocked out by Dempsey, coincidentally, in the first round. Among other matches won that year were against Light Heavyweight Champion Battling Levinsky, Bill Brennan, Fred Fulton, Carl E. Morris, Billy Miske, heavyweight Lefty Jim McGettigan, and Homer Smith. In 1919, he won five consecutive regular bouts by knockout in the first round as well as a one-round special bout." }, "United States Department of Education-3": { "title": "United States Department of Education", "section": "Functions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The primary functions of the Department of Education are to \"establish policy for, administer and coordinate most federal assistance to education, collect data on US schools, and to enforce federal educational laws regarding privacy and civil rights.\" The Department of Education does not establish schools or colleges." }, "Angels in Judaism-1": { "title": "Angels in Judaism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Judaism, angels (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b7\u05dc\u05b0\u05d0\u05b8\u05da\u05b0\u200e mal\u2019akh, plural: \u05de\u05dc\u05d0\u05db\u05d9\u05dd mal\u2019akhim) are supernatural beings that appear throughout the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), rabbinic literature, apocrypha and pseudepigrapha, and traditional Jewish liturgy. They are categorized in different hierarchies and act as messengers of God, angelic envoys, or general agents of God." }, "Royal Rumble (2001)-13": { "title": "Royal Rumble (2001)", "section": "Event", "headers": [ "Main event matches" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Earlier in the night, Carey was backstage looking to speak with Vince McMahon about how to put together a successful pay per view. After thinking Carey was trying to hit on his (storyline) mistress Trish Stratus, McMahon offered Carey a spot in the Rumble (in hopes of Carey getting pummeled) as a way to promote his upcoming Improv All-Stars pay per view. Once Carey entered the ring, he stood aside, and watched as the Hardys eliminated each other. Kane then entered at No. 6. Carey tried to shake his hand as well as bribe him with cash, but Kane grabbed Carey by the throat and was about to chokeslam him when Hardcore Champion Raven entered the ring at No. 7, and attacked Kane with a Singapore cane. This gave Carey the opportunity to eliminate himself safely by climbing over the top rope (this appearance would 10 years later lead to Carey being inducted in the \"celebrity wing\" of the WWE Hall of Fame)." }, "Lolcat-1": { "title": "Lolcat", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A lolcat (pronounced /\u02c8l\u0252lk\u00e6t/ LOL-kat), or LOLcat, is an image macro of one or more cats. The image's text is often idiosyncratic and intentionally grammatically incorrect, and is known as lolspeak." }, "Dominican Order-1": { "title": "Dominican Order", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Dominican Order, known formally as the Order of Preachers (Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum, postnominal abbreviation OP), is a mendicant order of the Catholic Church founded in France by the Spanish priest Saint Dominic. It was approved by Pope Innocent III via the Papal bull Religiosam vitam on 22 December 1216. Members of the order, who are referred to as Dominicans, generally carry the letters OP after their names, standing for Ordinis Praedicatorum, meaning of the Order of Preachers. Membership in the order includes friars, nuns, active sisters, and affiliated lay or secular Dominicans (formerly known as tertiaries, though recently there has been a growing number of associates who are unrelated to the tertiaries)." }, "Greenhouse-1": { "title": "Greenhouse", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse, or, if with sufficient heating, a hothouse) is a structure with walls and roof made chiefly of transparent material, such as glass, in which plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are grown. These structures range in size from small sheds to industrial-sized buildings. A miniature greenhouse is known as a cold frame. The interior of a greenhouse exposed to sunlight becomes significantly warmer than the external temperature, protecting its contents in cold weather." }, "Human body temperature-7": { "title": "Human body temperature", "section": "Variations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The normal human body temperature is often stated as 36.5\u201337.5\u00a0\u00b0C (97.7\u201399.5\u00a0\u00b0F). In adults a review of the literature has found a wider range of 33.2\u201338.2\u00a0\u00b0C (91.8\u2013100.8\u00a0\u00b0F) for normal temperatures, depending on the gender and location measured." }, "Saffron-1": { "title": "Saffron", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Saffron (pronounced /\u02c8s\u00e6fr\u0259n/ or /\u02c8s\u00e6fr\u0252n/) is a spice derived from the flower of Crocus sativus, commonly known as the \"saffron crocus\". The vivid crimson stigma and styles, called threads, are collected and dried for use mainly as a seasoning and colouring agent in food. Saffron has long been the world's most costly spice by weight. Although some doubts remain on its origin, it is believed that saffron originated in Iran. However, Greece and Mesopotamia have also been suggested as the possible region of origin of this plant: Harold McGee states that it was domesticated in or near Greece during the Bronze Age. C.\u00a0sativus is possibly a triploid form of Crocus cartwrightianus, which is also known as \"wild saffron\", which is itself native to Greece and Crete. Saffron crocus slowly propagated throughout much of Eurasia and was later brought to parts of North Africa, North America, and Oceania." }, "Pharmacology-4": { "title": "Pharmacology", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The origins of clinical pharmacology date back to the Middle Ages, with pharmacognosy and Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine, Peter of Spain's Commentary on Isaac, and John of St Amand's Commentary on the Antedotary of Nicholas. Early pharmacology focused on herbalism and natural substances, mainly plant extracts. Medicines were compiled in books called pharmacopoeias. Crude drugs have been used since prehistory as a preparation of substances from natural sources. However, the active ingredient of crude drugs are not purified and the substance is adulterated with other substances." }, "Lupita Nyong'o-7": { "title": "Lupita Nyong'o", "section": "Early life and background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Nyong'o identifies as Kenyan-Mexican and has dual Kenyan and Mexican citizenship. She is of Luo descent on both sides of her family, and is the second of six children. It is a tradition of the Luo people to name a child after the events of the day, so her parents gave her a Spanish name, Lupita (a diminutive of Guadalupe). Her father is a former Minister for Medical Services in the Kenyan government. At the time of her birth, he was a visiting lecturer in political science at El Colegio de M\u00e9xico in Mexico City. He later became a senior politician in Kenya." }, "Mike Patton-18": { "title": "Mike Patton", "section": "Music career", "headers": [ "Solo work and band projects: 1984\u2013present" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "In 2008, he performed vocals on the track \"Lost Weekend\" by The Qemists. In December 2008, along with Melvins, Patton co-curated an edition of the All Tomorrow's Parties Nightmare Before Christmas festival. Patton chose half of the lineup and performed the album The Director's Cut in its entirety with Fant\u00f4mas. Patton also appeared as Rikki Kixx in the Adult Swim show Metalocalypse in a special 2 part episode on August 24." }, "Egyptian pyramid construction techniques-2": { "title": "Egyptian pyramid construction techniques", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In addition to the many unresolved arguments about the construction techniques, there have been disagreements as to the kind of workforce used. The Greeks, many years after the event, believed that the pyramids must have been built by slave labor. Archaeologists now believe that the Great Pyramid of Giza (at least) was built by tens of thousands of skilled workers who camped near the pyramids and worked for a salary or as a form of tax payment (levy) until the construction was completed, pointing to workers' cemeteries discovered in 1990 by archaeologists Zahi Hawass and Mark Lehner. For the Middle Kingdom Pyramid of Amenemhat II, there is evidence from the annal stone of the king that foreigners from Canaan were used." }, "Gordon Ramsay-1": { "title": "Gordon Ramsay", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Gordon James Ramsay OBE (born 8 November 1966) is a British chef, restaurateur, writer and television personality. He was born in Johnstone, Scotland, and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. His restaurants have been awarded 16 Michelin stars in total and currently hold a total of seven. His signature restaurant, Restaurant Gordon Ramsay in Chelsea, London, has held three Michelin stars since 2001. After rising to fame on the British television miniseries Boiling Point in 1998, Ramsay had become one of the best-known and most influential chefs in the UK by 2004." }, "Life on Mars-1": { "title": "Life on Mars", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The possibility of life on Mars is a subject of huge interest in astrobiology due to its proximity and similarities to Earth. To date, no proof has been found of past or present life on Mars. Cumulative evidence shows that during the ancient Noachian time period, the surface environment of Mars had liquid water and may have been habitable for microorganisms. The existence of habitable conditions does not necessarily indicate the presence of life." }, "Mars-58": { "title": "Mars", "section": "Habitability and search for life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 58, "content": "The current understanding of planetary habitability\u2014the ability of a world to develop environmental conditions favorable to the emergence of life\u2014favors planets that have liquid water on their surface. Most often this requires the orbit of a planet to lie within the habitable zone, which for the Sun extends from just beyond Venus to about the semi-major axis of Mars. During perihelion, Mars dips inside this region, but Mars's thin (low-pressure) atmosphere prevents liquid water from existing over large regions for extended periods. The past flow of liquid water demonstrates the planet's potential for habitability. Recent evidence has suggested that any water on the Martian surface may have been too salty and acidic to support regular terrestrial life." }, "Joan Crawford-61": { "title": "Joan Crawford", "section": "Final years", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "In 1970, Crawford was presented with the Cecil B. DeMille Award by John Wayne at the Golden Globes, which was telecast from the Coconut Grove at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. She also spoke at Stephens College, where she had been a student for two months in 1922." }, "Psychotherapy-1": { "title": "Psychotherapy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Psychotherapy (psychological therapy or talking therapy) is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction with adults, to help a person change behavior and overcome problems in desired ways. Psychotherapy aims to improve an individual's well-being and mental health, to resolve or mitigate troublesome behaviors, beliefs, compulsions, thoughts, or emotions, and to improve relationships and social skills. There is also a range of psychotherapies designed for children and adolescents, which typically involve play, such as sandplay. Certain psychotherapies are considered evidence-based for treating some diagnosed mental disorders. Others have been criticized as pseudoscience." }, "Pottery-4": { "title": "Pottery", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Clay-based pottery can be divided into three main groups: earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. These require increasingly more specific clay material, and increasingly higher firing temperatures. All three are made in glazed and unglazed varieties, for different purposes. All may also be decorated by various techniques. In many examples the group a piece belongs to is immediately visually apparent, but this is not always the case. The fritware of the Islamic world does not use clay, so technically falls outside these groups. Historic pottery of all these types is often grouped as either \"fine\" wares, relatively expensive and well-made, and following the aesthetic taste of the culture concerned, or alternatively \"coarse\", \"popular\" \"folk\" or \"village\" wares, mostly undecorated, or simply so, and often less well-made." }, "Evangelicalism-1": { "title": "Evangelicalism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Evangelicalism (/\u02cci\u02d0v\u00e6n\u02c8d\u0292\u025bl\u026ak\u0259l\u026az\u0259m, \u02cc\u025bv\u00e6n-, -\u0259n/), evangelical Christianity, or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide, trans-denominational movement within Protestant Christianity that maintains the belief that the essence of the Gospel consists of the doctrine of salvation by grace alone, solely through faith in Jesus's atonement. Evangelicals believe in the centrality of the conversion or \"born again\" experience in receiving salvation, in the authority of the Bible as God's revelation to humanity, and in spreading the Christian message. The movement has long had a presence in the Anglosphere before spreading further afield in the 19th, 20th and early 21st centuries." }, "United Nations-1": { "title": "United Nations", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization that aims to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations. It is the largest, most familiar, most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world. The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City; other main offices are in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna and The Hague." }, "Confidentiality-16": { "title": "Confidentiality", "section": "Medical confidentiality", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Confidentiality is standard in the United States by HIPAA laws, specifically the Privacy Rule, and various state laws, some more rigorous than HIPAA. However, numerous exceptions to the rules have been carved out over the years. For example, many American states require physicians to report gunshot wounds to the police and impaired drivers to the Department of Motor Vehicles. Confidentiality is also challenged in cases involving the diagnosis of a sexually transmitted disease in a patient who refuses to reveal the diagnosis to a spouse, and in the termination of a pregnancy in an underage patient, without the knowledge of the patient's parents. Many states in the U.S. have laws governing parental notification in underage abortion." }, "Meal-16": { "title": "Meal", "section": "Dinner", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Dinner usually refers to a significant and important meal of the day, which can be the noon or the evening meal. However, the term dinner can have many different meanings depending on the culture; it may mean a meal of any size eaten at any time of the day. Historically, it referred to the first large meal of the day, eaten around noon, and is still sometimes used for a noon-time meal, particularly if it is a large or main meal. For example, Sunday dinner is the name used for a large meal served after the family returned home from the morning's church services, and often based on meat that roasted while the family was out." }, "Cholera-1": { "title": "Cholera", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea that lasts a few days. Vomiting and muscle cramps may also occur. Diarrhea can be so severe that it leads within hours to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. This may result in sunken eyes, cold skin, decreased skin elasticity, and wrinkling of the hands and feet. Dehydration can cause the skin to turn bluish. Symptoms start two hours to five days after exposure." }, "The Beatles-4": { "title": "The Beatles", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The Beatles are the best-selling music act of all time, with certified sales of over 183\u00a0million units in the US and estimated sales of 600\u00a0million units worldwide. They hold the record for most number-one albums on the UK Albums Chart, most number-one hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and most singles sold in the UK. The group were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988, and all four main members were inducted individually between 1994 and 2015. In 2008, the group topped Billboard's list of the all-time most successful artists on the Billboard Hot 100. The band received seven Grammy Awards, four Brit Awards, an Academy Award (for Best Original Song Score for the 1970 film Let It Be) and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. Time magazine named them among the 20th century's 100 most important people." }, "Troposphere-5": { "title": "Troposphere", "section": "Pressure and temperature structure", "headers": [ "Composition" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "By volume, dry air contains 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor. Except for the water vapor content, the composition of the troposphere is essentially uniform.[citation needed] The source of water vapor is at the Earth's surface through the process of evaporation. The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude. And, saturation vapor pressure decreases strongly as temperature drops. Hence, the amount of water vapor that can exist in the atmosphere decreases strongly with altitude and the proportion of water vapor is normally greatest near the surface of the Earth." }, "Netflix-49": { "title": "Netflix", "section": "Services", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 49, "content": "Netflix service plans are currently divided into three price tiers; the lowest offers standard definition streaming on a single device, the second allows high definition streaming on two devices simultaneously, and the \"Platinum\" tier allows simultaneous streaming on up to four devices, and 4K streaming on supported devices and Internet connections. The HD subscription plan historically cost US$7.99; in April 2014, Netflix announced that it would raise the price of this plan to $9.99 for new subscribers, but that existing customers would be grandfathered under this older price until May 2016, after which they could downgrade to the SD-only tier at the same price, or pay the higher fee for continued high definition access." }, "New York (state)-93": { "title": "New York (state)", "section": "Education", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 93, "content": "At the level of post-secondary education, the statewide public university system is the State University of New York (SUNY). The SUNY system consists of 64 community colleges, technical colleges, undergraduate colleges, and doctoral-granting institutions, including several universities. New York's largest public university is the State University of New York at Buffalo, which was founded by U.S. President Millard Fillmore. The four SUNY University Centers, offering a wide array of academic programs, are the University at Albany, Binghamton University, Stony Brook University, and the University at Buffalo. New York City has its own City University of New York (CUNY) system, which is funded by the city." }, "Mavic (UAV)-17": { "title": "Mavic (UAV)", "section": "Mavic Air", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "The Mavic Air was announced on 23 January 2018, for release on 28 January at a starting price of $799. It is marketed as a smartphone-sized drone that can fit in a jacket's pocket." }, "Thanksgiving dinner-10": { "title": "Thanksgiving dinner", "section": "Main dishes", "headers": [ "Turkey" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The consumption of turkey on Thanksgiving is so ingrained in American culture that each year since 1947, the National Turkey Federation has presented a live turkey to the President of the United States prior to each Thanksgiving. These turkeys were initially slaughtered and eaten for the President's Thanksgiving dinner; since 1989, the presented turkeys have typically been given a mock pardon to great fanfare and sent to a park to live out the rest of their usually short natural lives." }, "Rush Limbaugh-1": { "title": "Rush Limbaugh", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Rush Hudson Limbaugh III (/\u02c8l\u026amb\u0254\u02d0/ LIM-baw; born January 12, 1951) is an American radio personality, conservative political commentator, author and former television show host. He is best known as the host of his radio show The Rush Limbaugh Show, which has been in national syndication on AM and FM radio stations since 1988." }, "Economy of the Federated States of Micronesia-7": { "title": "Economy of the Federated States of Micronesia", "section": "Taxation and trade", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The large inflow of official assistance to FSM allows it to run a substantial trade deficit and to have a much lighter tax burden than other states in the region (11% of GDP in FSM compared to 18\u201325% elsewhere). The government also borrowed against future Compact disbursements in the early 1990s, yielding an external debt of $111 million in 1997 (over 50% of GDP)." }, "Islam in the Soviet Union-1": { "title": "Islam in the Soviet Union", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a federation made up of 15 soviet socialist republics, and existed from 1922 until its dissolution in 1991. Six of the 15 republics had a Muslim majority: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. There was also a large Muslim population in the Volga-Ural region and in the northern Caucasus region of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Many Tatar Muslims also lived in Siberia and other regions." }, "Super Mario-36": { "title": "Super Mario", "section": "Common elements", "headers": [ "Items", "Mushrooms" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "The Mega Mushroom, introduced in New Super Mario Bros. and further appearing in New Super Mario Bros. 2 and Super Mario 3D World, is a more recent addition to the series that grows Mario into a towering, invulnerable giant who destroys enemies and the environment by running through them. It has an orange-yellow cap with red spots, like the Super Mario Bros. Super Mushroom, but with an inflated cap. Super Mario 64 DS features an item simply called \"Mushroom\" that grants the same abilities as the Mega Mushroom." }, "Moon Jae-in-28": { "title": "Moon Jae-in", "section": "2017 presidential election", "headers": [ "Campaign positions on domestic policy", "Economic policy", "Transparency" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Moon also promised transparency in his presidency, moving the presidential residence from the palatial and isolated Blue House to an existing government complex in downtown Seoul." }, "Straight edge-1": { "title": "Straight edge", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Straight edge (sometimes abbreviated sXe or signified by XXX or X) is a subculture of hardcore punk whose adherents refrain from using alcohol, tobacco and other recreational drugs, in reaction to the excesses of punk subculture. For some, this extends to refraining from engaging in promiscuous sex, to following a vegetarian or vegan diet, and to not using caffeine or prescription drugs. The term straight edge was adopted from the 1981 song \"Straight Edge\" by the hardcore punk band Minor Threat." }, "Kim Il-sung-40": { "title": "Kim Il-sung", "section": "Leader of North Korea", "headers": [ "Death" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "On the late morning of 8 July 1994, Kim Il-sung collapsed from a sudden heart attack at his residence in Hyangsan, North Pyongyan. After the heart attack, Kim Jong-il ordered the team of doctors who were constantly at his father's side to leave, and arranged for the country's best doctors to be flown in from Pyongyang. After several hours, the doctors from Pyongyang arrived, but despite their efforts to save him, Kim Il-sung died later that day at the age of 82. After the traditional Confucian Mourning period, his death was declared thirty hours later." }, "Sniper-16": { "title": "Sniper", "section": "Modern warfare", "headers": [ "Longest recorded sniper kill" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "The longest confirmed sniper kill in combat was achieved by an undisclosed member of the Canadian JTF2 special forces in June 2017 at a distance of 3,540\u00a0m (3,871\u00a0yd)." }, "Japan-1": { "title": "Japan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Japan (/d\u0292\u0259\u02c8p\u00e6n/; Japanese: \u65e5\u672c, Nippon [\u0272ippo\ua71c\u0274] (listen) or Nihon [\u0272iho\ua71c\u0274] (listen)) is an island country in East Asia. It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east, and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the northeast to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the southwest. Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, Japan encompasses an archipelago of 6,852 islands; the five main islands, from north to south, are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and Okinawa." }, "Nereus-1": { "title": "Nereus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Greek mythology, Nereus (/\u02c8n\u026a\u0259ri\u02d0\u0259s, \u02c8n\u026a\u0259rju\u02d0s/; Ancient Greek: \u039d\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2) was the eldest son of Gaia (the Earth) and of her son, Pontus (the Sea). Nereus and Doris became the parents of 50 daughters (the Nereids) and a son (Nerites), with whom Nereus lived in the Aegean Sea." }, "Atherosclerosis-1": { "title": "Atherosclerosis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Atherosclerosis is a disease in which the inside of an artery narrows due to the buildup of plaque. Initially, there are generally no symptoms. When severe, it can result in coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, or kidney problems, depending on which arteries are affected. Symptoms, if they occur, generally do not begin until middle age." }, "Cucumber-17": { "title": "Cucumber", "section": "Cultivation history", "headers": [ "Earliest cultivation" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "The cucumber is listed among the foods of ancient Ur, and the legend of Gilgamesh describes people eating cucumbers.[citation needed] Cucumbers are mentioned in the Bible as one of the foods eaten by the Israelites in Egypt. From India,[citation needed] it spread to Greece (where it was called \"\u03c3\u03af\u03ba\u03c5\u03bf\u03bd\", s\u00edkyon) and Italy (where the Romans were especially fond of the crop), and later into China." }, "Uranium-13": { "title": "Uranium", "section": "Applications", "headers": [ "Civilian" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "The main use of uranium in the civilian sector is to fuel nuclear power plants. One kilogram of uranium-235 can theoretically produce about 20\u00a0terajoules of energy (2\u00d71013\u00a0joules), assuming complete fission; as much energy as 1.5 million kilograms (1,500 tonnes) of coal." }, "Jabberwocky-1": { "title": "Jabberwocky", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Jabberwocky\" is a nonsense poem written by Lewis Carroll about the killing of a creature named \"the Jabberwock\". It was included in his 1871 novel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There, the sequel to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865). The book tells of Alice's adventures within the back-to-front world of Looking-Glass Land." }, "Secretary General of NATO-14": { "title": "Secretary General of NATO", "section": "Selection", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Because NATO's chief military officer, the supreme Allied commander Europe, is traditionally an American, the secretary general has traditionally been a European by custom. However, there is nothing in NATO's charter that would preclude a Canadian or American from becoming the secretary general." }, "Cuisine of Hawaii-11": { "title": "Cuisine of Hawaii", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Post-contact period", "Ethnic foods" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The Portuguese immigrants came to Hawaii from the Azores in the late 19th century, introducing their foods with an emphasis on pork, tomatoes and chili peppers, and built forno, their traditional beehive oven, to make P\u00e3o Doce, the Portuguese sweet bread and malasada. Whalers brought in salted fish, which ultimately became lomi-lomi salmon." }, "Elon Musk-10": { "title": "Elon Musk", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "Education" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "While awaiting Canadian documentation, Musk attended the University of Pretoria for five months. Once in Canada, Musk entered Queen's University in 1989, avoiding mandatory service in the South African military. He left in 1992 to study business and physics at the University of Pennsylvania; he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and a Bachelor of Science degree in physics." }, "Ice hockey-55": { "title": "Ice hockey", "section": "Game", "headers": [ "Equipment" ], "para_index": 55, "content": "Since men's ice hockey is a full contact sport, body checks are allowed so injuries are a common occurrence. Protective equipment is mandatory and is enforced in all competitive situations. This includes a helmet with either a visor or a full face mask, shoulder pads, elbow pads, mouth guard, protective gloves, heavily padded shorts (also known as hockey pants) or a girdle, athletic cup (also known as a jock, for males; and jill, for females), shin pads, skates, and (optionally) a neck protector." }, "Boxing-82": { "title": "Boxing", "section": "Medical concerns", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 82, "content": "Knocking a person unconscious or even causing a concussion may cause permanent brain damage. There is no clear division between the force required to knock a person out and the force likely to kill a person. From 1980 to 2007, more than 200 amateur boxers, professional boxers and Toughman fighters died due to ring or training injuries. In 1983, editorials in the Journal of the American Medical Association called for a ban on boxing. The editor, Dr. George Lundberg, called boxing an \"obscenity\" that \"should not be sanctioned by any civilized society.\" Since then, the British, Canadian and Australian Medical Associations have called for bans on boxing." }, "Burger King breakfast sandwiches-6": { "title": "Burger King breakfast sandwiches", "section": "United States", "headers": [ "Croissan'wich" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The Double Croissan'wich with sausage, bacon, egg and American cheese (The Double tag refers to two meat portions on the sandwich) The Western Croissan'wich ham, sauteed onions, eggs and American cheese The Hawaiian Croissan'wich spam, eggs, sausage, sold in Hawaii. Internationally it is sold as either the Croissan'wich or the Croissant Sandwich, but the base composition of the sandwich varies; in New Zealand bacon is the primary meat and in Argentina where ham is the primary meat. It also sold in Korea and Taiwan, but sausage is not offered." }, "Embryo cryopreservation-1": { "title": "Embryo cryopreservation", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cryopreservation of embryos is the process of preserving an embryo at sub-zero temperatures, generally at an embryogenesis stage corresponding to pre-implantation, that is, from fertilisation to the blastocyst stage." }, "Guitar-45": { "title": "Guitar", "section": "Construction", "headers": [ "Components", "Neck", "Inlays" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "Dots are usually inlaid into the upper edge of the fretboard in the same positions, small enough to be visible only to the player. These usually appear on the odd numbered frets, but also on the 12th fret (the one octave mark) instead of the 11th and 13th frets. Some older or high-end instruments have inlays made of mother of pearl, abalone, ivory, colored wood or other exotic materials and designs. Simpler inlays are often made of plastic or painted. High-end classical guitars seldom have fretboard inlays as a well-trained player is expected to know his or her way around the instrument. In addition to fretboard inlay, the headstock and soundhole surround are also frequently inlaid. The manufacturer's logo or a small design is often inlaid into the headstock. Rosette designs vary from simple concentric circles to delicate fretwork mimicking the historic rosette of lutes. Bindings that edge the finger and sound boards are sometimes inlaid. Some instruments have a filler strip running down the length and behind the neck, used for strength or to fill the cavity through which the truss rod was installed in the neck." }, "PG-13 (disambiguation)-1": { "title": "PG-13 (disambiguation)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "PG-13 is a common type of content rating that applies to media entertainment, such as films and television shows, generally denoting, \"Parental Guidance: some material may be inappropriate for children 13 and under\". Countries and organizations that use the rating include:" }, "Niue-17": { "title": "Niue", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "On March 7, 2020, the International Dark Sky Association announced that Niue had become the first Dark Sky Preserve Nation." }, "William the Conqueror-1": { "title": "William the Conqueror", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "William I (c. 1028\u00a0\u2013 9 September 1087), usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard, was the first Norman King of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087. He was a descendant of Rollo and was Duke of Normandy from 1035 onward. His hold was secure on Normandy by 1060, following a long struggle to establish his throne, and he launched the Norman conquest of England six years later. The rest of his life was marked by struggles to consolidate his hold over England and his continental lands and by difficulties with his eldest son, Robert Curthose." }, "The Game (rapper)-5": { "title": "The Game (rapper)", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The Game was born Jayceon Terrell Taylor on November 29, 1979, in Compton, California, to parents George Taylor and Lynette Baker, who both were members of the Crips street gang. Through his father, Taylor is also of partial Mexican American and Native American heritage in addition to the African American ancestry he inherited from both parents. He grew up in a primarily Crip-controlled neighborhood known as Santana Blocc, although Taylor himself grew up to become a member of the Bloods through his brother. In an October 2006 interview with MTV News correspondent Sway Calloway, The Game described his family as \"dysfunctional\". His older half-brother, George Taylor III, a.k.a. the rapper Big Fase 100, was a Cedar Block Piru Bloods leader in West Compton, California." }, "Paralympic Games-4": { "title": "Paralympic Games", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Given the wide variety of disabilities that Paralympic athletes have, there are several categories in which the athletes compete. The allowable disabilities are broken down into ten eligible impairment types. The categories are impaired muscle power, impaired passive range of movement, limb deficiency, leg length difference, short stature, hypertonia, ataxia, athetosis, vision impairment and intellectual impairment. These categories are further broken down into classifications, which vary from sport to sport." }, "John F. Kennedy-47": { "title": "John F. Kennedy", "section": "Presidency (1961\u20131963)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "John F. Kennedy was sworn in as the 35th president at noon on January 20, 1961. In his inaugural address, he spoke of the need for all Americans to be active citizens, famously saying, \"Ask not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country.\" He asked the nations of the world to join together to fight what he called the \"common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself\". He added:" }, "Lasagne-3": { "title": "Lasagne", "section": "Origins and history", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Lasagne originated in Italy during the Middle Ages and have traditionally been ascribed to the city of Naples. The first recorded recipe was set down in the early 14th-century Liber de Coquina (The Book of Cookery). It bore only a slight resemblance to the later traditional form of lasagne, featuring a fermented dough flattened into thin sheets (lasagne), boiled, sprinkled with cheese and spices, and then eaten with a small pointed stick. Recipes written in the century following the Liber de Coquina recommended boiling the pasta in chicken broth and dressing it with cheese and chicken fat. In a recipe adapted for the Lenten fast, walnuts were recommended." }, "Hanging-26": { "title": "Hanging", "section": "Medical effects", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "citation needed] After death, the body typically shows marks of suspension: bruising and rope marks on the neck. Sphincters will relax spontaneously and urine and faeces will be evacuated. Forensic experts may often be able to tell if hanging is suicide or homicide, as each leaves a distinctive ligature mark. One of the hints they use is the hyoid bone. If broken, it often means the person has been murdered by manual choking." }, "Star Trek: The Next Generation-70": { "title": "Star Trek: The Next Generation", "section": "Spin-offs and the franchise", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 70, "content": "Star Trek: The Next Generation spawned different media set in its universe, which was primarily the 2370s but set in the same universe as first Star Trek TV shows of the 1960s. This included the aforementioned films, computer games, board games, theme parks, etc. In the 2010s there were rumors of a Captain Worf spin-off, the bridge officer that debuted on TNG and was also featured in the TNG spin-off show Deep Space Nine." }, "Sign language-3": { "title": "Sign language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Wherever communities of deaf people exist, sign languages have developed as handy means of communication and they form the core of local deaf cultures. Although signing is used primarily by the deaf and hard of hearing, it is also used by hearing individuals, such as those unable to physically speak, those who have trouble with spoken language due to a disability or condition (augmentative and alternative communication), or those with deaf family members, such as children of deaf adults." }, "Jared Fogle-15": { "title": "Jared Fogle", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "Jared Foundation" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "On April 29, 2015, Russell Taylor, director of the Jared Foundation, was arrested at his Indianapolis home on charges of child exploitation, possession of child pornography, and voyeurism. Fogle severed all ties with him immediately following the arrest. Taylor attempted suicide on May 6, 2015, at the Marion County Jail and was placed on life support. Taylor pleaded guilty to the charges on September 1, 2015, and on December 10, 2015, was sentenced to 27 years in federal prison." }, "Falling (accident)-1": { "title": "Falling (accident)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Falling is the second-leading cause of accidental death worldwide and a major cause of personal injury, especially for the elderly. Falls in older adults are a major class of preventable injuries. Builders, electricians, miners and painters are occupations with high rates of fall injuries." }, "Central Park-2": { "title": "Central Park", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Following proposals for a large park in Manhattan during the 1840s, Central Park was first approved in 1853 as a 778-acre (3.15\u00a0km2) park. In 1857, landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted and architect/landscape designer Calvert Vaux won a design competition to construct the park with a plan they titled the \"Greensward Plan\". Construction began the same year, and the park's first areas were opened to the public in late 1858. Additional land at the northern end of Central Park was purchased in 1859, and the park was completed in 1876. After a period of decline in the early 20th\u00a0century, New York City parks commissioner Robert Moses started a program to clean up Central Park. Another decline in the late 20th\u00a0century spurred the creation of the Central Park Conservancy in 1980, which refurbished many parts of the park during the 1980s and 1990s." }, "Federal government of the United States-1": { "title": "Federal government of the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic in North America, composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories and several island possessions. The federal government is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the president and the federal courts, respectively. The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Congress, including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court." }, "Penicillin-1": { "title": "Penicillin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Penicillin (PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics, derived originally from common moulds known as Penicillium moulds; which includes penicillin G (intravenous use), penicillin V (use by mouth), procaine penicillin, and benzathine penicillin (intramuscular use). Penicillin antibiotics were among the first medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. They are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive use." }, "Twitter-1": { "title": "Twitter", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Twitter (/\u02c8tw\u026at\u0259r/) is an American microblogging and social networking service on which users post and interact with messages known as \"tweets\". Registered users can post, like, and retweet tweets, but unregistered users can only read them. Users access Twitter through its website interface, through Short Message Service (SMS) or its mobile-device application software (\"app\"). Twitter, Inc. is based in San Francisco, California, and has more than 25 offices around the world. Tweets were originally restricted to 140 characters, but was doubled to 280 for non-Asian languages in November 2017." }, "Maize-13": { "title": "Maize", "section": "Names", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "The word maize derives from the Spanish form of the indigenous Ta\u00edno word for the plant, mahiz. It is known by other names around the world." }, "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant-1": { "title": "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL; /\u02c8a\u026as\u0259l, \u02c8a\u026as\u026al/), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS; /\u02c8a\u026as\u026as/), officially known as the Islamic State (IS) and also known by its Arabic-language acronym Daesh (Arabic: \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0634\u200e, romanized:\u00a0D\u0101\u02bfish, IPA:\u00a0[\u02c8da\u02d0\u0295\u026a\u0283]), is a militant group and a former unrecognised proto-state that follows a fundamentalist, Salafi jihadist doctrine of Sunni Islam, however it is widely considered an anti-Islamic organisation. ISIL gained global prominence in early 2014 when it drove Iraqi government forces out of key cities in its Western Iraq offensive, followed by its capture of Mosul and the Sinjar massacre." }, "Jackfruit-2": { "title": "Jackfruit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The jack tree is well-suited to tropical lowlands, and is widely cultivated throughout tropical regions of the world. It bears the largest fruit of all trees, reaching as much as 55\u00a0kg (120\u00a0lb) in weight, 90\u00a0cm (35\u00a0in) in length, and 50\u00a0cm (20\u00a0in) in diameter. A mature jack tree produces some 200 fruits per year, with older trees bearing up to 500 fruits in a year. The jackfruit is a multiple fruit composed of hundreds to thousands of individual flowers, and the fleshy petals of the unripe fruit are eaten. The immature fruit (unripe, commercially labeled as young jackfruit) has a mild taste and meat-like texture that lends itself to being a meat substitute for vegetarians and vegans. The ripe fruit can be much sweeter (depending on variety) and is more often used for desserts." }, "Fly-2": { "title": "Fly", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Flies have a mobile head, with a pair of large compound eyes, and mouthparts designed for piercing and sucking (mosquitoes, black flies and robber flies), or for lapping and sucking in the other groups. Their wing arrangement gives them great maneuverability in flight, and claws and pads on their feet enable them to cling to smooth surfaces. Flies undergo complete metamorphosis; the eggs are laid on the larval food-source and the larvae, which lack true limbs, develop in a protected environment, often inside their food source. The pupa is a tough capsule from which the adult emerges when ready to do so; flies mostly have short lives as adults." }, "Muscle atrophy-7": { "title": "Muscle atrophy", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "Immobility" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Disuse is a common cause of muscle atrophy and can be local (due to injury or casting) or general (bed-rest). The rate of muscle atrophy from disuse (10-42 days) is approximately 0.5\u20130.6% of total muscle mass per day although there is considerable variation between people. The elderly are the most vulnerable to dramatic muscle loss with immobility. Much of the established research has investigated prolonged disuse (>10 days), in which the muscle is compromised primarily by declines in muscle protein synthesis rates rather than changes in muscle protein breakdown. There is evidence to suggest that there may be more active protein breakdown during short term immobility (<10 days)." }, "Augustine of Hippo-1": { "title": "Augustine of Hippo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Augustine of Hippo (/\u0254\u02d0\u02c8\u0261\u028cst\u026an/; Latin: Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 \u2013 28 August 430 AD), also known as Saint Augustine, was a Roman African, Manichaean, early Christian theologian, doctor of the Church, and Neoplatonic philosopher from Numidia whose writings influenced the development of the Western Church and Western philosophy, and indirectly all of Western Christianity. He was the bishop of Hippo Regius in North Africa and is viewed as one of the most important Church Fathers of the Latin Church for his writings in the Patristic Period. Among his most important works are The City of God, De doctrina Christiana, and Confessions." }, "Bongo drum-6": { "title": "Bongo drum", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Evolution and popularization" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "past to be accepted in Cuban \u201csociety\u201d circles\". This is attested, for example, in poems by Nicol\u00e1s Guill\u00e9n. As son evolved and distanced itself from its precursor, the chang\u00fc\u00ed, so did the bongos. The bongos used in chang\u00fc\u00ed, known as bong\u00f3 de monte, are larger and tuned lower than their modern counterparts, have tack-heads instead of tunable hardware, and play in a manner similar to the lead conga drum (quinto) and other folkloric lead drum parts. Unlike modern son, chang\u00fc\u00ed never extended its popularity beyond eastern Cuba, and hence its bongos remain a rare sight. It is commonly accepted that the son reached Havana partly as a result of the arrival of musicians members of Cuba's ej\u00e9rcito permanente (permanent army), which brought music from eastern Cuba with them. Among the first known bongoseros to enlist in the ej\u00e9rcito permanente in Santiago de Cuba was Mariano Mena." }, "Macbeth-5": { "title": "Macbeth", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "Act I" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Duncan\u00a0\u2013 king of Scotland Malcolm\u00a0\u2013 Duncan's elder son Donalbain\u00a0\u2013 Duncan's younger son Macbeth\u00a0\u2013 a general in the army of King Duncan; originally Thane of Glamis, then Thane of Cawdor, and later king of Scotland Lady Macbeth\u00a0\u2013 Macbeth's wife, and later queen of Scotland Banquo\u00a0\u2013 Macbeth's friend and a general in the army of King Duncan Fleance\u00a0\u2013 Banquo's son Macduff\u00a0\u2013 Thane of Fife Lady Macduff\u00a0\u2013 Macduff's wife Macduff's son Ross, Lennox, Angus, Menteith, Caithness\u00a0\u2013 Scottish Thanes Siward\u00a0\u2013 general of the English forces Young Siward\u00a0\u2013 Siward's son Seyton\u00a0\u2013 Macbeth's armourer Hecate\u00a0\u2013 queen of the witches Three Witches Captain\u00a0\u2013 in the Scottish army Three Murderers\u00a0\u2013 employed by Macbeth Third Murderer Two Murderers\u00a0\u2013 attack Lady Macduff Porter\u00a0\u2013 gatekeeper at Macbeth's home Doctor\u00a0\u2013 Lady Macbeth's doctor Doctor\u00a0\u2013 at the English court Gentlewoman\u00a0\u2013 Lady Macbeth's caretaker Lord\u00a0\u2013 opposed to Macbeth First Apparition\u00a0\u2013 armed head Second Apparition\u00a0\u2013 bloody child Third Apparition\u00a0\u2013 crowned child Attendants, Messengers, Servants, Soldiers The play opens amid thunder and lightning, and the Three Witches decide that their next meeting will be with Macbeth. In the following scene, a wounded sergeant reports to King Duncan of Scotland that his generals Macbeth, who is the Thane of Glamis, and Banquo have just defeated the allied forces of Norway and Ireland, who were led by the traitorous Macdonwald, and the Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth, the King's kinsman, is praised for his bravery and fighting prowess." }, "14th Dalai Lama-1": { "title": "14th Dalai Lama", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The 14th Dalai Lama (religious name: Tenzin Gyatso, shortened from Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso; born Lhamo Dhondup, 6 July 1935) is the current Dalai Lama. Dalai Lamas are important monks of the Gelug school, the newest school of Tibetan Buddhism, which was formally headed by the Ganden Tripas. From the time of the 5th Dalai Lama to 1959, the central government of Tibet, the Ganden Phodrang, invested the position of Dalai Lama with temporal duties." }, "Easter-58": { "title": "Easter", "section": "Easter celebrations around the world", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 58, "content": "In Christian countries where Christianity is a state religion, or where the country has large Christian population, Easter is often a public holiday. As Easter is always a Sunday, many countries in the world also have Easter Monday as a public holiday. Some retail stores, shopping malls, and restaurants are closed on Easter Sunday. Good Friday, which occurs two days before Easter Sunday, is also a public holiday in many countries, as well as in 12 U.S. states. Even in states where Good Friday is not a holiday, many financial institutions, stock markets, and public schools are closed. The few banks that are normally open on regular Sundays are closed on Easter." }, "75th parallel north-2": { "title": "75th parallel north", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "At this latitude the sun is visible for 24 hours, 0 minutes during the summer solstice and nautical twilight during the winter solstice." }, "Yeah! (Usher song)-1": { "title": "Yeah! (Usher song)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Yeah!\" is a song by American singer Usher. The song is co-written by Sean Garrett, Patrick J. Que Smith, Robert McDowell, LRoc, Ludacris, and Lil Jon, who also produced the song. It also features guest vocals from Lil Jon and Ludacris, with the former also producing the song as well as incorporating crunk and R&B\u2014which he coined as crunk&B\u2014in the song's production. The song was released as the lead single from Usher's fourth studio album Confessions (2004) on January 27, 2004, after Usher was told by Arista Records, his label at the time, to record more tracks for the album." }, "Giant panda-49": { "title": "Giant panda", "section": "Uses and human interaction", "headers": [ "Conservation" ], "para_index": 49, "content": "However, few advances in the conservation of pandas were made at the time, owing to inexperience and insufficient knowledge of ecology. Many believed the best way to save the pandas was to cage them. As a result, pandas were caged at any sign of decline and suffered from terrible conditions. Because of pollution and destruction of their natural habitat, along with segregation caused by caging, reproduction of wild pandas was severely limited. In the 1990s, however, several laws (including gun control and the removal of resident humans from the reserves) helped their chances of survival. With these renewed efforts and improved conservation methods, wild pandas have started to increase in numbers in some areas, though they still are classified as a rare species.[citation needed] In 2006, scientists reported that the number of pandas living in the wild may have been underestimated at about 1,000. Previous population surveys had used conventional methods to estimate the size of the wild panda population, but using a new method that analyzes DNA from panda droppings, scientists believe the wild population may be as large as 3,000. In 2006, there were 40 panda reserves in China, compared to just 13 reserves in 1998. As the species has been reclassified to \"vulnerable\" since 2016, the conservation efforts are thought to be working. Furthermore, in response to this reclassification, the State Forestry Administration of China announced that they would not accordingly lower the conservation level for panda, and would instead reinforce the conservation efforts." }, "Planned Parenthood-2": { "title": "Planned Parenthood", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Planned Parenthood consists of 159 medical and non-medical affiliates, which operate over 600 health clinics in the U.S. It partners with organizations in 12 countries globally. The organization directly provides a variety of reproductive health services and sexual education, contributes to research in reproductive technology and advocates for the protection and expansion of reproductive rights. Research shows that closures of Planned Parenthood clinics lead to increases in maternal mortality rates." }, "Tower of London-34": { "title": "Tower of London", "section": "Later Medieval Period", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "Shortly after the death of Edward IV in 1483, the notorious murder of the Princes in the Tower is traditionally believed to have taken place. The incident is one of the most infamous events associated with the Tower of London. Edward V's uncle Richard, Duke of Gloucester was declared Lord Protector while the prince was too young to rule. Traditional accounts have held that the 12-year-old Edward was confined to the Tower of London along with his younger brother Richard. The Duke of Gloucester was proclaimed King Richard III in June. The princes were last seen in public in June 1483; it has traditionally been thought that the most likely reason for their disappearance is that they were murdered late in the summer of 1483. Bones thought to belong to them were discovered in 1674 when the 12th-century forebuilding at the entrance to the White Tower was demolished; however, the reputed level at which the bones were found (10\u00a0ft or 3\u00a0m) would put the bones at a depth similar to that of the recently discovered Roman graveyard found 12\u00a0ft (4\u00a0m) underneath the Minories a few hundred yards to the north. Opposition to Richard escalated until he was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 by the Lancastrian Henry Tudor, who ascended to the throne as Henry VII." }, "Car phone-2": { "title": "Car phone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "This service originated with the Bell System, and was first used in St. Louis on June 17, 1946." }, "Starbucks-31": { "title": "Starbucks", "section": "Locations", "headers": [ "Retail expansion" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "On April 21, 2015, Kesko, the second largest retailer in Finland, announced its partnership with Starbucks, with stores opened next to K-Citymarket hypermarkets. As of June 2017, 3 stores had been opened next to K-Citymarkets: In Sello in Espoo and in Myyrmanni and Jumbo in Vantaa. On December 18, 2015, Starbucks opened in Almaty, Kazakhstan. On the next day, 1 more coffee shop was opened. The first Starbucks store in Slovakia opened in Aupark Shopping Center in Bratislava on May 31, 2016, with two more stores confirmed to open in Bratislava by the end of 2016. In February 2016, Howard Schultz announced the opening of stores in Italy. The first Italian Starbucks store was inaugurated in Milan on September 6, 2018. After Taste Holdings acquired outlet licensing for South African stores, Starbucks opened its first store in South Africa in Rosebank, Johannesburg on Thursday, April 21, 2016, and it is second in the country at the end of April in Mall of Africa." }, "Internal medicine-1": { "title": "Internal medicine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Internal medicine or general internal medicine (in Commonwealth nations) is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of internal diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists, or physicians (without a modifier) in Commonwealth nations. Internists are skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes. Internists care for hospitalized and ambulatory patients and may play a major role in teaching and research. Of note is that internal medicine and family medicine are often confused as equal in the Commonwealth nations (see below)." }, "Pony Express-40": { "title": "Pony Express", "section": "Famous riders", "headers": [ "Robert Haslam" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "His greatest ride, 120 miles (190\u00a0km) in 8 hours and 20 minutes while wounded, was an important contribution to the fastest trip ever made by the Pony Express. The mail carried Lincoln's inaugural address. Indian problems in 1860 led to Pony Bob Haslam's record-breaking ride. He had received the eastbound mail (probably the May 10 mail from San Francisco) at Friday's Station. When he reached Buckland's Station his relief rider was so badly frightened over the Indian threat that he refused to take the mail. Haslam agreed to take the mail all the way to Smith's Creek for a total distance of 190 miles (310\u00a0km) without a rest. After a rest of nine hours, he retraced his route with the westbound mail where, at Cold Springs, he found that Indians had raided the place, killing the station keeper and running off all of the stock. On the ride he was shot through the jaw with an Indian arrow, losing three teeth." }, "Eccles Building-4": { "title": "Eccles Building", "section": "Architectural competition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In response to the Banking Act of 1935, which centralized control of the Federal Reserve System and placed it in the hands of the Board, the Board decided to consolidate its growing staff in a new building, to be sited on Constitution Avenue and designed by an architect selected through an invited competition." }, "R. Kelly-9": { "title": "R. Kelly", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Kelly played basketball with the late Illinois state champion basketball player Ben Wilson and sang \"It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday\" at Wilson's funeral. An undiagnosed and untreated learning disability, believed to be dyslexia, left Kelly unable to read or write. He dropped out of high school and as a teenager, Kelly began street performing under the Chicago Transportation Authority \"El\" tracks and eventually formed a group with friends Marc McWilliams, Vincent Walker and Shawn Brooks. In 1989, they formed the group MGM (Musically Gifted Men). In 1990, MGM recorded and released one single \"Why You Wanna Play Me\"; after its release the group disbanded. In 1991, Kelly signed with Jive Records. Kelly was extremely close to his mother Joanne, who took him with her to church and a local club where she performed. She died from cancer in 1993. He would later name his eldest daughter after her." }, "Grape treading-3": { "title": "Grape treading", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Many contemporary wineries hold grape-stomping contests to attract visitors. The practice is also the subject of many depictions in contemporary media, including the 1974 Mel Tillis song \"Stomp Them Grapes,\" the I Love Lucy episode \"Lucy's Italian Movie,\" and The Littlest Grape Stomper, a children's book by Alan Madison." }, "Eggplant-47": { "title": "Eggplant", "section": "Cultivation and pests", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "Common North American pests include the potato beetles, flea beetles, aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites. Good sanitation and crop rotation practices are extremely important for controlling fungal disease, the most serious of which is Verticillium." }, "Sea Songs-3": { "title": "Sea Songs", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The term \"Sea Songs\" may also be used to refer to any songs about or concerned with ships and seafarers. Such songs (including Sea Shanties and other work songs) are most commonly classed as Folk Music and are a major feature of maritime festivals held at seaports (and some river-ports) around the UK." }, "White stork-46": { "title": "White stork", "section": "Cultural associations", "headers": [ "Storks and delivery of babies" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "According to European folklore, the stork is responsible for bringing babies to new parents. The legend is very ancient, but was popularised by a 19th-century Hans Christian Andersen story called The Storks. German folklore held that storks found babies in caves or marshes and brought them to households in a basket on their backs or held in their beaks. These caves contained adebarsteine or \"stork stones\". The babies would then be given to the mother or dropped down the chimney. Households would notify when they wanted children by placing sweets for the stork on the window sill. From there the folklore has spread around the world to the Philippines and countries in South America. Birthmarks on the back of the head of newborn baby, nevus flammeus nuchae, are sometimes referred to as stork-bite." }, "Crucifixion of Jesus-1": { "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The crucifixion of Jesus occurred in 1st-century Judea, most likely between AD 30 and 33. Jesus' crucifixion is described in the four canonical gospels, referred to in the New Testament epistles, attested to by other ancient sources, and is established as a historical event confirmed by non-Christian sources, although there is no consensus among historians on the exact details." }, "Los Angeles-36": { "title": "Los Angeles", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "The Los Angeles area is also subject to phenomena typical of a microclimate, causing extreme variations in temperature in close physical proximity to each other. For example, the average July maximum temperature at the Santa Monica Pier is 75\u00a0\u00b0F (24\u00a0\u00b0C) whereas it is 95\u00a0\u00b0F (35\u00a0\u00b0C) in Canoga Park, 15 miles (24\u00a0km) away. The city, like much of the southern California coast, is subject to a late spring/early summer weather phenomenon called \"June Gloom\". This involves overcast or foggy skies in the morning that yield to sun by early afternoon." }, "Rand Paul-67": { "title": "Rand Paul", "section": "U.S. Senate", "headers": [ "116th Congress (2019\u2013present)" ], "para_index": 67, "content": "On July 17, 2019, Paul blocked Senator Kirsten Gillibrand's motion for unanimous consent on a bill renewing the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund along with Utah Senator Mike Lee. The fund was estimated to run out by the end of the year; the bill would renew it until the year 2090. Paul argued that he was not blocking the bill, but rather seeking a vote on an amendment that would offset the new spending by other spending cuts due to the deficit. In a segment on Fox News, which went viral, comedian Jon Stewart and 9/11 first responder John Feal rebuked Paul, accusing him of hypocritical \"fiscal responsibility virtue signalling\", for delaying passage of the bill, while at the same time he voted in favor of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which increased the deficit. In response, Paul said he has always insisted on \"pay-go provisions\" for any increase in spending, including for disaster relief funding, and called Stewart uninformed and a part of a \"left-wing mob\"." }, "Greenhouse-31": { "title": "Greenhouse", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Greenhouses are often used for growing flowers, vegetables, fruits, and transplants. Special greenhouse varieties of certain crops, such as tomatoes, are generally used for commercial production. Many vegetables and flowers can be grown in greenhouses in late winter and early spring, and then transplanted outside as the weather warms. Bumblebees are the pollinators of choice for most pollination,[citation needed] although other types of bees have been used, as well as artificial pollination. Hydroponics (especially hydroponic A-frames) can be used to make the most use of the interior space." }, "Garlic-34": { "title": "Garlic", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Culinary" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "Inedible or rarely eaten parts of the garlic plant include the \"skin\" covering each clove and root cluster. The papery, protective layers of \"skin\" over various parts of the plant are generally discarded during preparation for most culinary uses, though in Korea immature whole heads are sometimes prepared with the tender skins intact. The root cluster attached to the basal plate of the bulb is the only part not typically considered palatable in any form. An alternative is to cut the top off the bulb, coat the cloves by dribbling olive oil (or other oil-based seasoning) over them, and roast them in an oven. Garlic softens and can be extracted from the cloves by squeezing the (root) end of the bulb, or individually by squeezing one end of the clove. In Korea, heads of garlic are heated over the course of several weeks; the resulting product, called black garlic, is sweet and syrupy, and is exported to the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia." }, "Mercury (mythology)-2": { "title": "Mercury (mythology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "He was considered the son of Maia, who was a daughter of the Titan Atlas, and Jupiter in Roman mythology.[citation needed] His name is possibly related to the Latin word merx (\"merchandise\"; cf. merchant, commerce, etc.), mercari (to trade), and merces (wages); another possible connection is the Proto-Indo-European root mer\u011d- for \"boundary, border\" (cf. Old English \"mearc\", Old Norse \"mark\" and Latin \"marg\u014d\") and Greek \u03bf\u1f56\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (by analogy of Arct\u016brus/\u1f08\u03c1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2), as the \"keeper of boundaries,\" referring to his role as bridge between the upper and lower worlds.[citation needed] In his earliest forms, he appears to have been related to the Etruscan deity Turms; both gods share characteristics with the Greek god Hermes. He is often depicted holding the caduceus in his left hand. Similar to his Greek equivalent Hermes, he was awarded the caduceus by Apollo who handed him a magic wand, which later turned into the caduceus." }, "Newspeak-11": { "title": "Newspeak", "section": "Vocabulary", "headers": [ "A, B, and C vocabularies" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "ante \u2014 The prefix that replaces before artsem \u2014 Artificial insemination bb \u2014 Big Brother bellyfeel \u2014 The blind, enthusiastic acceptance of an idea blackwhite \u2014 When used on an opponent, it means to believe that black is white, despite the facts; on a Party member, it means the ability to believe that black is white, to know that black is white, and to forget that one ever believed the contrary crimestop \u2014 To rid oneself of unorthodox thoughts that interfere with believing the tenets of Ingsoc's ideology crimethink \u2014 The criminal act of holding politically unorthodox thoughts that contradict the tenets of Ingsoc, frequently referred to by the standard English \u201cthoughtcrime\u201d dayorder \u2014 Order of the day doubleplusgood \u2014 The word that replaced Oldspeak words meaning \"superlatively good\", such as excellent, fabulous, and fantastic doubleplusungood \u2014 The word that replaced Oldspeak words meaning \"superlatively bad\", such as terrible and horrible doublethink \u2014 The act of simultaneously believing two, mutually contradictory ideas duckspeak \u2014 Automatic, vocal support of political orthodoxies facecrime \u2014 A facial expression which communicates that they have committed thoughtcrime Ficdep \u2014 The Ministry of Truth's Fiction Department free \u2014 The absence and the lack of something \u2013ful \u2014 The suffix for forming an adjective good \u2014 A synonym for \"orthodox\" and orthodoxy goodthink \u2014 Political orthodoxy as defined by the Party goodsex \u2014 Sexual intercourse only for procreation, with zero physical pleasure on the woman's part, and strictly in a marriage context ingsoc \u2014 English Socialism joycamp \u2014 Labour camp malquoted \u2014 Inaccurate representations of the words of Big Brother and of the Party Miniluv \u2014 The Ministry of Love, where the secret police interrogate and torture the enemies of Oceania Minipax \u2014 The Ministry of Peace, who wage defensive war for Oceania Minitrue \u2014 The Ministry of Truth, who manufacture consent by way of propaganda and distorted historical records, while supplying the proles (proletariat) with culture and entertainment Miniplenty \u2014 The Ministry of Plenty, who keep the population in continual economic hardship (starvation and rationing) Oldspeak \u2013 Standard English oldthink \u2014 Ideas from the time before the Party's revolution ownlife \u2014 A person's anti-social tendency to enjoy solitude and individualism plusgood \u2014 The word that replaced Oldspeak words meaning \"very good\", such as great plusungood \u2014 The word that replaced Oldspeak words meaning \"very bad\" Pornosec \u2014 The pornography production section (Pornography sector) of the Ministry of Truth's Fiction Department prolefeed \u2014 Popular culture for entertaining Oceania's working class Recdep \u2014 The Ministry of Truth's Records Department, where Winston Smith edits historical records so they conform to the Party's agenda rectify \u2014 The Ministry of Truth's euphemism for manipulating a historical record ref \u2014 To refer (to someone or something) sec \u2014 Sector sexcrime \u2014 A sexual immorality, such as fornication, adultery, oral sex, and homosexuality speakwrite \u2014 A machine that transcribes speech into text Teledep \u2014 The Ministry of Truth's Telecommunications Department telescreen \u2014 A two-way television set with which the Party spy upon Oceania's population thinkpol \u2014 The Thought Police unperson \u2014 An executed person whose existence is erased from public and private memory upsub \u2014 An upwards submission to higher authority \u2013wise \u2014 The only suffix for forming an adverb The words of the A vocabulary describe the functional concepts of daily life (e.g. eating and drinking, working and cooking), mostly of Oldspeak words. The words of the B vocabulary are constructed to convey complex ideas; compound words (noun-verb) of political implication mean to impose upon and instill to the user the politically correct mental attitude required by the Party, e.g. the Newspeak word goodthink denotes \"political orthodoxy\", and is inflected according to the grammar of Standard English. The words of the C vocabulary are technical terms that supplement the linguistic functions of the A and B vocabularies. Distribution of the C vocabulary is limited, because the Party do not want the citizens of Oceania to know more than one way of life and techniques of production. Hence, the Oldspeak word science has no equivalent term in Newspeak, instead, there are specific technical words for speaking of technical fields." }, "Turtle-26": { "title": "Turtle", "section": "Anatomy and morphology", "headers": [ "Limbs" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Terrestrial tortoises have short, sturdy feet. Tortoises are famous for moving slowly, in part because of their heavy, cumbersome shells, which restrict stride length." }, "Saturn (mythology)-1": { "title": "Saturn (mythology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Saturn (Latin: S\u0101turnus [sa\u02d0\u02c8t\u028arn\u028as]) was a god in ancient Roman religion, and a character in Roman mythology. He was described as a god of generation, dissolution, plenty, wealth, agriculture, periodic renewal and liberation. Saturn's mythological reign was depicted as a Golden Age of plenty and peace. After the Roman conquest of Greece, he was conflated with the Greek Titan Cronus, becoming known as a god of time. Saturn's consort was his sister Ops, with whom he fathered Jupiter, Neptune, Pluto, Juno, Ceres and Vesta." }, "Computer repair technician-1": { "title": "Computer repair technician", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A computer repair technician is a person who repairs and maintains computers and servers. The technician's responsibilities may extend to include building or configuring new hardware, installing and updating software packages, and creating and maintaining computer networks." }, "Korea under Japanese rule-1": { "title": "Korea under Japanese rule", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Japanese Korea (Japanese: \u5927\u65e5\u672c\u5e1d\u56fd (\u671d\u9bae), Dai-Nippon Teikoku [Ch\u014dsen]) was the period when Korea was under Japanese rule, between 1910 and 1945." }, "Parsley-15": { "title": "Parsley", "section": "Culinary use", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Parsley is widely used in Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, Brazilian, and American cuisine. Curly leaf parsley is used often as a garnish. Green parsley is used frequently as a garnish on potato dishes (boiled or mashed potatoes), on rice dishes (risotto or pilaf), on fish, fried chicken, lamb, goose, and steaks, as well in meat or vegetable stews (including shrimp creole, beef bourguignon, goulash, or chicken paprikash)." }, "Turkey\u2013United Kingdom relations-13": { "title": "Turkey\u2013United Kingdom relations", "section": "EU membership", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "The United Kingdom has been the strongest supporter for the Accession of Turkey to the European Union. The EU and Turkey are linked by a Customs Union agreement, which came in force on 31 December 1995. Turkey has been a candidate country to join the European Union since 1999. In 2010, the BBC reported Prime Minister Cameron's 'anger' at slow pace of Turkish EU negotiations. Boris Johnson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom has historically been a passionate supporter of Turkey's EU aspirations. However, as a support of the UK's Brexit, he is arguing for Turkey - as the UK - to be outside the EU. As the fifth and eighteen largest global economies (by GDP) respectively, the UK and Turkey are also the second and seventh largest European economies." }, "Edward Snowden-13": { "title": "Edward Snowden", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "Career", "Employment at CIA" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "In March 2007, the CIA stationed Snowden with diplomatic cover in Geneva, Switzerland, where he was responsible for maintaining computer-network security. Assigned to the U.S. Permanent Mission to the United Nations, a diplomatic mission representing U.S. interests before the UN and other international organizations, Snowden received a diplomatic passport and a four-bedroom apartment near Lake Geneva. According to Greenwald, while there Snowden was \"considered the top technical and cybersecurity expert\" in that country and \"was hand-picked by the CIA to support the president at the 2008 NATO summit in Romania\". Snowden described his CIA experience in Geneva as formative, stating that the CIA deliberately got a Swiss banker drunk and encouraged him to drive home. Snowden said that when the latter was arrested, a CIA operative offered to help in exchange for the banker becoming an informant. Ueli Maurer, President of the Swiss Confederation for the year 2013, in June of that year publicly disputed Snowden's claims. \"This would mean that the CIA successfully bribed the Geneva police and judiciary. With all due respect, I just can't imagine it,\" said Maurer. In February 2009, Snowden resigned from the CIA." }, "Nutrient-1": { "title": "Nutrient", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for metabolic purposes or excreted by cells to create non-cellular structures, such as hair, scales, feathers, or exoskeletons. Some nutrients can be metabolically converted to smaller molecules in the process of releasing energy, such as for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and fermentation products (ethanol or vinegar), leading to end-products of water and carbon dioxide. All organisms require water. Essential nutrients for animals are the energy sources, some of the amino acids that are combined to create proteins, a subset of fatty acids, vitamins and certain minerals. Plants require more diverse minerals absorbed through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed through leaves. Fungi live on dead or living organic matter and meet nutrient needs from their host." }, "Christina Oiticica-4": { "title": "Christina Oiticica", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The artist began this technique painting in the forests, valleys and mountains of the Pyrenees, in France. The result of this work is her book The Four Seasons. Soon after, between 2004 and 2005, she buried many canvases in the Amazon Rainforest forest in Brazil and waited a year to retrieve them. The humid and equatorial forest left their indelible marks on her paintings. In 2005, she took her work up to the Sacred Valley of Ganespura, in India." }, "Iowa-5": { "title": "Iowa", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Boundaries" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west. The northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude. The southern border is the Des Moines River and a not-quite-straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north, as decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Missouri v. Iowa (1849) after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War." }, "Phineas and Ferb-16": { "title": "Phineas and Ferb", "section": "Origins", "headers": [ "Early inspirations" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Dan Povenmire attributes the show's genesis to growing up in Mobile, Alabama, where his mother told him never to waste a day of summer. To occupy himself, Povenmire undertook projects such as hole-digging and home movie-making. Povenmire recalled, \"My mom let me drape black material all the way across one end of our living room to use as a space field. I would hang little models of spaceships for these little movies I made with a Super 8 camera.\" He was an artistic prodigy and displayed his very detailed drawings at art shows. Meanwhile, Marsh grew up in a large, blended family. As with Povenmire, Marsh spent his summers exploring and taking part in several activities in order to have fun." }, "Right-wing politics-7": { "title": "Right-wing politics", "section": "Positions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "page\u00a0needed] The meaning of right-wing \"varies across societies, historical epochs, and political systems and ideologies\". According to The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, in liberal democracies, the political right opposes socialism and social democracy. Right-wing parties include conservatives, Christian democrats, classical liberals, nationalists; and on the far-right, fascists." }, "Colitis-10": { "title": "Colitis", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "There are many types of colitis. They are usually classified by the cause." }, "Jamie Brewer-7": { "title": "Jamie Brewer", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In February 2015, Brewer became the first woman with Down syndrome to walk the red carpet at New York Fashion Week, which she did for designer Carrie Hammer." }, "Sainsbury's-56": { "title": "Sainsbury's", "section": "History", "headers": [ "'Making Sainsbury's Great Again' (2004\u20132006)" ], "para_index": 56, "content": "Sainsbury's sold its subsidiary in America, Shaw's, to Albertsons in March 2004. Also in 2004 Sainsbury's expanded its share of the convenience shop market through acquisitions. Bell's Stores, a chain of fifty-four shops based in North East England, was acquired in February 2004. Jacksons Stores, a chain of one hundred and fourteen shop based in Yorkshire and the North Midlands, was purchased in August 2004. JB Beaumont, a chain of six shops in the East Midlands, was acquired in November 2004. SL Shaw Ltd, which owned six shops, was acquired on 28 April 2005 for \u00a36\u00a0million." }, "Pulp (paper)-1": { "title": "Pulp (paper)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pulp is a lignocellulosic fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating cellulose fibers from wood, fiber crops, waste paper, or rags. Mixed with water and other chemical or plant-based additives, pulp is the major raw material used in papermaking and the industrial production of other paper products." }, "Sweet potato-27": { "title": "Sweet potato", "section": "Nutrient content", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Sweet potato cultivars with dark orange flesh have more beta-carotene than those with light-colored flesh, and their increased cultivation is being encouraged in Africa where vitamin\u00a0A deficiency is a serious health problem. A 2012 study of 10,000\u00a0households in Uganda found that children eating beta-carotene enriched sweet potatoes suffered less vitamin A deficiency than those not consuming as much beta-carotene." }, "Hound-1": { "title": "Hound", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A hound is a type of hunting dog used by hunters to track or chase prey." }, "Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States-28": { "title": "Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States", "section": "21st century", "headers": [ "Donald Trump presidency" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "Since 2018, Trump began to increase visa restrictions on Chinese nationality students and scholars, while many Chinese students and scholars said that they experienced delays in renewing their visas or even outright cancellations of their visas. In 2018, Presidential Advisor Stephen Miller proposed banning all Chinese nationality students." }, "B-1": { "title": "B", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "B or b is the second letter of the Latin-script alphabet. Its name in English is bee (pronounced /\u02c8bi\u02d0/), plural bees. It represents the voiced bilabial stop in many languages, including English. In some other languages, it is used to represent other bilabial consonants." }, "Song-1": { "title": "Song", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A song is a musical composition intended to be vocally performed by the human voice. This is often done at distinct and fixed pitches (melodies) using patterns of sound and silence. Songs contain various forms, such as those including the repetition and variation of sections." }, "Purple-5": { "title": "Purple", "section": "Etymology and definitions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The modern English word purple comes from the Old English purpul, which derives from Latin purpura, which, in turn, derives from the Greek \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1 (porphura), the name of the Tyrian purple dye manufactured in classical antiquity from a mucus secreted by the spiny dye-murex snail. The first recorded use of the word purple dates to the late 900s AD." }, "Saddam Hussein-1": { "title": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (/h\u028a\u02c8se\u026an/; Arabic: \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a \u1e62add\u0101m \u1e24usayn \u02bfAbd al-Ma\u01e7\u012bd al-Tikr\u012bt\u012b; 28 April 1937\u00a0\u2013 30 December 2006) was the fifth President of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its regional organization the Iraqi Ba'ath Party\u2014which espoused Ba'athism, a mix of Arab nationalism and socialism\u2014Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup (later referred to as the 17 July Revolution) that brought the party to power in Iraq." }, "Passing (gender)-31": { "title": "Passing (gender)", "section": "Methods", "headers": [ "Passing as female" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Cosmetic surgery procedures that are often used by transgender persons living permanently as females include breast augmentation, liposuction and Buttock augmentation. The use of female hormones also alters the body, including changing the distribution of body fat, though these changes are less permanent and will reverse if transgender hormone replacement therapy is discontinued." }, "Jonah-1": { "title": "Jonah", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jonah or Jonas, in the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh/Old Testament), is a prophet of the northern kingdom of Israel in about the 8th century BCE. He is the central figure of the Book of Jonah, in which he is called upon by God to travel to Nineveh and warn its residents of impending divine wrath. Instead, Jonah boards a ship to Tarshish. Caught in a storm, he orders the ship's crew to cast him overboard, whereupon he is swallowed by a giant fish. Three days later, after Jonah agrees to go to Nineveh, the fish vomits him out onto the shore. Jonah successfully convinces the entire city of Nineveh to repent, but waits outside the city in expectation of its destruction. God shields Jonah from the sun with a plant, but later sends a worm to cause it to wither. When Jonah complains of the bitter heat, God rebukes him." }, "The Beatles-111": { "title": "The Beatles", "section": "Awards and achievements", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 111, "content": "The best-selling band in history, the Beatles have sold more than 800\u00a0million physical and digital albums as of 2013[update]. They have had more number-one albums on the UK charts, fifteen, and sold more singles in the UK, 21.9\u00a0million, than any other act. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the Beatles as the most significant and influential rock music artists of the last 50 years. They ranked number one on Billboard magazine's list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, released in 2008 to celebrate the US singles chart's 50th anniversary. As of 2017[update], they hold the record for most number-one hits on the Billboard Hot 100, with twenty. The Recording Industry Association of America certifies that the Beatles have sold 178\u00a0million units in the US, more than any other artist. They were collectively included in Time magazine's compilation of the 20th century's 100 most influential people. In 2014, they received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award." }, "Cactus-2": { "title": "Cactus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Cactus spines are produced from specialized structures called areoles, a kind of highly reduced branch. Areoles are an identifying feature of cacti. As well as spines, areoles give rise to flowers, which are usually tubular and multipetaled. Many cacti have short growing seasons and long dormancies, and are able to react quickly to any rainfall, helped by an extensive but relatively shallow root system that quickly absorbs any water reaching the ground surface. Cactus stems are often ribbed or fluted, which allows them to expand and contract easily for quick water absorption after rain, followed by long drought periods. Like other succulent plants, most cacti employ a special mechanism called \"crassulacean acid metabolism\" (CAM) as part of photosynthesis. Transpiration, during which carbon dioxide enters the plant and water escapes, does not take place during the day at the same time as photosynthesis, but instead occurs at night. The plant stores the carbon dioxide it takes in as malic acid, retaining it until daylight returns, and only then using it in photosynthesis. Because transpiration takes place during the cooler, more humid night hours, water loss is significantly reduced." }, "Breathing-2": { "title": "Breathing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "All aerobic creatures need oxygen for cellular respiration, which uses the oxygen to break down foods for energy and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product. Breathing, or \"external respiration\", brings air into the lungs where gas exchange takes place in the alveoli through diffusion. The body's circulatory system transports these gases to and from the cells, where \"cellular respiration\" takes place." }, "Uranium-40": { "title": "Uranium", "section": "Occurrence", "headers": [ "Biotic and abiotic" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "Plants absorb some uranium from soil. Dry weight concentrations of uranium in plants range from 5 to 60 parts per billion, and ash from burnt wood can have concentrations up to 4 parts per million. Dry weight concentrations of uranium in food plants are typically lower with one to two micrograms per day ingested through the food people eat." }, "75th Ranger Regiment-2": { "title": "75th Ranger Regiment", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The 75th Ranger Regiment is the U.S. Army's premier light infantry unit, with specialized skills that enable them to perform a variety of operations. Their primary mission is to conduct direct action raids in hostile or sensitive environments worldwide, often killing or capturing high value targets. Besides direct action raids, their other missions include: Airfield seizure, special reconnaissance, personnel recovery, clandestine insertion, and site exploitation. The Regiment can deploy one Ranger battalion within 18 hours of alert notification." }, "Plessy v. Ferguson-9": { "title": "Plessy v. Ferguson", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "State appeal" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In a Pennsylvania law mandating separate railcars for different races the Pennsylvania Supreme Court stated: \"To assert separateness is not to declare inferiority ... It is simply to say that following the order of Divine Providence, human authority ought not to compel these widely separated races to intermix.\"" }, "Martin Luther King Jr.-108": { "title": "Martin Luther King Jr.", "section": "Ideas, influences, and political stances", "headers": [ "Christianity" ], "para_index": 108, "content": "As a Christian minister, King's main influence was Jesus Christ and the Christian gospels, which he would almost always quote in his religious meetings, speeches at church, and in public discourses. King's faith was strongly based in Jesus' commandment of loving your neighbor as yourself, loving God above all, and loving your enemies, praying for them and blessing them. His nonviolent thought was also based in the injunction to turn the other cheek in the Sermon on the Mount, and Jesus' teaching of putting the sword back into its place (Matthew 26:52). In his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, King urged action consistent with what he describes as Jesus' \"extremist\" love, and also quoted numerous other Christian pacifist authors, which was very usual for him. In another sermon, he stated:" }, "Severus Snape-35": { "title": "Severus Snape", "section": "Characterisation", "headers": [ "Outward appearance" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "Snape is described as a thin man with sallow skin, a large, hooked nose, and yellow, uneven teeth. He has shoulder-length, greasy black hair which frames his face, and cold, black eyes. He wears black, flowing robes which give him the appearance of \"an overgrown bat\". The youthful Snape had a \"stringy, pallid look\", being \"round-shouldered yet angular\", having a \"twitchy\" walk \"that recalled a spider\" and \"long oily hair that jumped about his face\"." }, "Lenovo-1": { "title": "Lenovo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lenovo Group Limited, often shortened to Lenovo (/l\u025b\u02c8no\u028avo\u028a/ leh-NOH-voh), is a Chinese multinational technology company with headquarters in Beijing. The company designs, develops, manufactures, and sells personal computers, tablet computers, smartphones, workstations, servers, electronic storage devices, IT management software, and smart televisions. Lenovo is the world's largest personal computer vendor by unit sales, as of March 2019. It markets the ThinkPad and ThinkBook business lines of notebook computers; IdeaPad, Yoga, and Legion consumer lines of notebook laptops; and the IdeaCentre and ThinkCentre lines of desktops." }, "New York Harbor-1": { "title": "New York Harbor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "New York Harbor is at the mouth of the Hudson River where it empties into New York Bay and then into the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast of the United States. It is one of the largest natural harbors in the world. Although the United States Board on Geographic Names does not use the term, New York Harbor has important historical, governmental, commercial, and ecological usages. It is the largest part of the Port of New York and New Jersey." }, "Sesame-17": { "title": "Sesame", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "Processing" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Since sesame is a small, flat seed, it is difficult to dry it after harvest because the small seed makes movement of air around the seed difficult. Therefore, the seeds need to be harvested as dry as possible and stored at 6% moisture or less. If the seed is too moist, it can quickly heat up and become rancid." }, "Hurricane Harvey-6": { "title": "Hurricane Harvey", "section": "Meteorological history", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Play media Late on August 23, the remnants of Harvey regenerated into a tropical cyclone and reattained tropical storm intensity by 18:00\u00a0UTC. Initial reorganization was slow; however, within a highly favorable environment, the system soon underwent rapid intensification as an eye developed and its central pressure quickly fell. After becoming a hurricane on August 24, Harvey continued to quickly strengthen over the next day, ultimately reaching peak intensity as a Category\u00a04 hurricane. Around 03:00\u00a0UTC on August\u00a026, the hurricane made landfall at peak intensity on San Jose Island, just east of Rockport, with winds of 130\u00a0mph (215\u00a0km/h) and an atmospheric pressure of 937\u00a0mbar (27.7\u00a0inHg). It made a second landfall on the Texas mainland, at Rockport, three hours later in a slightly weakened state. Harvey became the first major hurricane to make landfall in the United States since Wilma in 2005." }, "Mongol Empire-1": { "title": "Mongol Empire", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Mongol Empire existed during the 13th and 14th centuries, and was the largest contiguous land empire in history, and the second largest empire in history, only behind the British Empire. Originating in Mongolia, the Mongol Empire eventually stretched from Eastern Europe and parts of Central Europe to the Sea of Japan, extending northward into parts of the Arctic; eastward and southward into the Indian subcontinent, Mainland Southeast Asia and the Iranian Plateau; and westward as far as the Levant and the Carpathian Mountains." }, "Last rites-1": { "title": "Last rites", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The last rites, in Catholicism, are the last prayers and ministrations given to an individual of the faith, when possible, shortly before death. They may be administered to those awaiting execution, mortally injured, or terminally ill. Lasts rites can not be performed on people who have already died." }, "Stroke-1": { "title": "Stroke", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. Both result in parts of the brain not functioning properly. Signs and symptoms of a stroke may include an inability to move or feel on one side of the body, problems understanding or speaking, dizziness, or loss of vision to one side. Signs and symptoms often appear soon after the stroke has occurred. If symptoms last less than one or two hours it is known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or mini-stroke. A hemorrhagic stroke may also be associated with a severe headache. The symptoms of a stroke can be permanent. Long-term complications may include pneumonia or loss of bladder control." }, "British Airways-2": { "title": "British Airways", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "BA was created in 1974 after a British Airways Board was established by the British government to manage the two nationalised airline corporations, British Overseas Airways Corporation and British European Airways, and two regional airlines, Cambrian Airways and Northeast Airlines. On 31 March 1974, all four companies were merged to form British Airways. However, it marked 2019 as its centenary based on predecessor companies. After almost 13 years as a state company, BA was privatised in February 1987 as part of a wider privatisation plan by the Conservative government. The carrier expanded with the acquisition of British Caledonian in 1987, Dan-Air in 1992, and British Midland International in 2012. Its pre-eminence highlights the reach of the country's influence as many of its destinations in several regions were historically part of the British Empire." }, "Michael Vick-2": { "title": "Michael Vick", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Vick's NFL career came to a halt in 2007 after he pleaded guilty for his involvement in a dog fighting ring and spent 21 months in federal prison. His arrest and subsequent conviction garnered Vick notoriety with the general public, which lasted throughout the rest of his career. He was released by the Falcons shortly before leaving prison." }, "Jalape\u00f1o-1": { "title": "Jalape\u00f1o", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The jalape\u00f1o (UK: /\u02cch\u00e6l\u0259\u02c8pe\u026anjo\u028a/ HAL-\u0259-PAY-nyoh, US: /\u02cch\u0251\u02d0l-/ HAHL-, Spanish:\u00a0[xala\u02c8pe\u0272o] (listen)) is a medium-sized chili pepper pod type cultivar of the species Capsicum annuum. A mature jalape\u00f1o chili is 5\u201310\u00a0cm (2\u20134\u00a0in) long and hangs down with a round, firm, smooth flesh of 25\u201338\u00a0mm (1\u20131\u00a01\u20442\u00a0in) wide. It can have a range of pungency, with Scoville heat units of 3,500 to 3,600. Commonly picked and consumed while still green, it is occasionally allowed to fully ripen and turn red, orange, or yellow. It is wider and generally milder than the similar Serrano pepper. The Chile Pepper Institute is known for developing colored variations." }, "God in Catholicism-38": { "title": "God in Catholicism", "section": "Jesus", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "The divinity of Christ is an essential teaching of the Catholic faith. Jesus has two distinct natures in one person; a Divine nature as God, and a human nature as man. \"The Gospels report that at two solemn moments, the Baptism and the Transfiguration of Christ, the voice of the Father designates Jesus his \"beloved Son\". Jesus calls himself the \"only Son of God\", and by this title affirms his eternal pre-existence.\"" }, "Holy place-8": { "title": "Holy place", "section": "Christianity", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Jerusalem is believed to be the site of some of Jesus's teaching, the Last Supper, the subsequent institution of the Holy Eucharist as well as his entombment; Christians believe he was crucified on a nearby hill, Golgotha (sometimes called Calvary). It contains the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Via Dolorosa, Mount Zion and the Dormition Abbey, and Gethsemane (with Mary's Tomb and the Church of All Nations). Bethlehem is the birthplace of Jesus; see the Church of the Nativity Nazareth is Jesus's hometown and the site of many holy places, including the Church of the Annunciation and Mary's Well. Cana is where Jesus made his first miracle (Turned the water into wine) Al-Maghtas, this site has been recognized as the original site where Jesus was baptized by all the major traditional Christian Churches. The site is in Jordan Machaerus, the Herodias fortress where John the Baptist was imprisoned and beheaded. The site is in Jordan Mount Nebo, traditional site of the death of Moses and where he looked over to the \"promised land\". The site is in Jordan During the Crusades, Christian pilgrims often sought out the holy places in the Outremer, especially early in the 12th century immediately after Jerusalem was captured. The holy places included sites in Jerusalem and Bethlehem, as well as:" }, "Food storage-4": { "title": "Food storage", "section": "Domestic food storage", "headers": [ "Food storage safety", "Freezers and thawing food" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Freezer temperature should be maintained below 0\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221218\u00a0\u00b0C). Food should never be thawed at room temperature, this increases the risk of bacterial and fungal growth and accordingly the risk of food poisoning.[citation needed] Once thawed, food should be used and never refrozen. Frozen food should be thawed using the following methods:" }, "Jay-Z-11": { "title": "Jay-Z", "section": "Music career", "headers": [ "1998\u20132000: Vol. 2..., Vol. 3... and The Dynasty" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "In 2000, Jay-Z released The Dynasty: Roc La Familia, which was originally intended to become a compilation album for Roc-A-Fella artists but Def Jam turned into a Jay-Z album. The album helped to introduce newcomer producers The Neptunes, Just Blaze, Kanye West, and Bink, which have all gone on to achieve notable success. This is also the first album where Jay-Z utilizes a more soulful sound than his previous albums. The Dynasty sold over two million units in the U.S. alone." }, "Coronary artery bypass surgery-2": { "title": "Coronary artery bypass surgery", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "There are two main approaches. In one, the left internal thoracic artery, LITA (also called left internal mammary artery, LIMA) is diverted to the left anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. In this method, the artery is \"pedicled\" which means it is not detached from the origin. In the other, a great saphenous vein is removed from a leg; one end is attached to the aorta or one of its major branches, and the other end is attached to the obstructed artery immediately after the obstruction to restore blood flow." }, "Bengal fox-1": { "title": "Bengal fox", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Bengal fox (Vulpes bengalensis), also known as the Indian fox, is a fox endemic to the Indian subcontinent and is found from the Himalayan foothills and Terai of Nepal through southern India and from southern and eastern Pakistan to eastern India and southeastern Bangladesh." }, "Douglas fir-23": { "title": "Douglas fir", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "The only wooden ships still currently in use by the United States Navy are minesweepers, made of Douglas-fir." }, "Slam dunk-1": { "title": "Slam dunk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A slam dunk, also simply dunk, is a type of basketball shot that is performed when a player jumps in the air, controls the ball above the horizontal plane of the rim, and scores by putting the ball directly through the basket with one or both hands above the rim. It is considered a type of field goal; if successful, it is worth two points. Such a shot was known as a \"dunk shot\" until the term \"slam dunk\" was coined by former Los Angeles Lakers announcer Chick Hearn." }, "Caffeine-42": { "title": "Caffeine", "section": "Pharmacology", "headers": [ "Pharmacodynamics" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "In the absence of caffeine and when a person is awake and alert, little adenosine is present in (CNS) neurons. With a continued wakeful state, over time adenosine accumulates in the neuronal synapse, in turn binding to and activating adenosine receptors found on certain CNS neurons; when activated, these receptors produce a cellular response that ultimately increases drowsiness. When caffeine is consumed, it antagonizes adenosine receptors; in other words, caffeine prevents adenosine from activating the receptor by blocking the location on the receptor where adenosine binds to it. As a result, caffeine temporarily prevents or relieves drowsiness, and thus maintains or restores alertness." }, "Descent from Genghis Khan-22": { "title": "Descent from Genghis Khan", "section": "DNA evidence", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Zerjal et al. (2003) identified a Y-chromosomal lineage present in about 8% of the men in a region of Asia \"stretching from northeast China to Uzbekistan\" (about 0.5% of the world total), which would be around 16 million men at the time of publication, \"if [Zerjal et al's] sample is representative.\" The authors propose that the lineage was likely carried by male-line descendants of Genghis Khan, because of its presence in certain ethnic groups rumored to be their descendants. One study published in the Russian Journal of Genetics found that 24% of Mongolians carry this haplogroup, and that it occurs in low frequencies in neighboring Turkic states (with the exception of Kazakhstan)." }, "Deciduous-1": { "title": "Deciduous", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Deciduous forest In the fields of horticulture and botany, the term deciduous (/d\u026a\u02c8s\u026adju\u02d0\u0259s/; US: /d\u026a\u02c8s\u026ad\u0292u\u0259s/) means \"falling off at maturity\" and \"tending to fall off\", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, after flowering; and to the shedding of ripe fruit. The antonym of deciduous in the botanical sense is evergreen." }, "Casablanca-43": { "title": "Casablanca", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "2 Mars Ain Chock Ain Diab Ain Sebaa Belv\u00e9d\u00e8re Beausejour Bouchentouf Bourgogne Californie Centre Ville (downtown) C.I.L. Derb Ghalaf Derb Sultan Al Fida Derb TaZI Al Hank Hay Al Mohammadi Ghandi Gauthier Habous Hay Dakhla (\"Derb Lihoudi\") Hay Farah Hay El Baraka Hay El Hana Hay Moulay Rachid La Colline Bouskoura Laimoun (Hay Hassani) Lissasfa Ma\u00e2rif Palmiers Old Madina (Mdina Qdima) Mers Sultan Nassim Oasis Oulfa Polo Racine Riviera Roches Noires Salmia II Sbata Sidi Bernoussi Sidi Maarouf Sidi Moumen Sidi Othmane The commune of Casablanca recorded a population of 3,359,818 in the 2014 Moroccan census. About 98% live in urban areas. Around 25% of them are under 15 and 9% are over 60 years old. The population of the city is about 11% of the total population of Morocco. Grand Casablanca is also the largest urban area in the Maghreb. 99.9% of the population of Morocco are Arab and Berber Muslims." }, "Japan Airlines-63": { "title": "Japan Airlines", "section": "Destinations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 63, "content": "1959\u20131989 1989\u20132002 (as different design) 2002\u20132011 Japan Airlines serves 60 domestic destinations and 39 international destinations in Asia, the Americas, Europe and Oceania, excluding codeshare agreements. The airline's international hubs are Tokyo's Narita International Airport and Haneda Airport, Osaka's Kansai International Airport and Itami Airport. Japan Airlines and its subsidiaries currently operate over 4,500 international flights and 26,000 domestic flights monthly." }, "The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King-10": { "title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Faramir is gravely wounded after a futile effort to recapture Osgiliath; believing his son to be dead, Denethor falls into madness. Gandalf is left to defend the city against the Orc army, led by Gothmog. As Gothmog's army forces its way into the city, Denethor attempts to kill himself and Faramir on a pyre. Pippin alerts Gandalf and they save Faramir, but a burning Denethor leaps to his death from the top of Minas Tirith just before Th\u00e9oden and his nephew, \u00c9omer, arrive with the Rohirrim. During the ensuing battle, they are overwhelmed by the Oliphaunt-riding Haradrim, while the Witch-King mortally wounds Th\u00e9oden. Though Th\u00e9oden's niece \u00c9owyn kills the Witch-king with Merry's help, Th\u00e9oden dies. Aragorn arrives with the Army of the Dead, who overcome Sauron's forces and win the battle; Aragorn then frees the Dead Men from their curse." }, "United States constitutional sentencing law-4": { "title": "United States constitutional sentencing law", "section": "Eighth Amendment", "headers": [ "Excessive fines" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "[N]or [shall] excessive fines [be] imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. United States v. Bajakajian (1998) is the first and only case in which the Supreme Court has declared a criminal fine constitutionally excessive. There, the government sought the forfeiture of $357,144 from Hosep Krikor Bajakajian solely as a penalty for not declaring that amount to Customs when leaving the country." }, "Carrot juice-3": { "title": "Carrot juice", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Like many products high in beta-carotene, it may cause temporary carotenoderma, a benign skin condition resulting in an orange-yellow hue to the skin. Drinking more than 3 cups of carrot juice in a 24-hour period, over a prolonged period of time may be enough to cause the condition." }, "In God We Trust-3": { "title": "In God We Trust", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Some groups and people have objected to its use, contending that its religious reference violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. These groups believe the phrase should be removed from currency and public property. In lawsuits, this argument has not overcome the interpretational doctrine of accommodationism, which allows government to endorse religious establishments as long as they are all treated equally. According to a 2003 joint poll by USA Today, CNN, and Gallup, 90% of Americans support the inscription \"In God We Trust\" on U.S. coins." }, "Princeton University-3": { "title": "Princeton University", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "As of March 2020, 68 Nobel laureates, 15 Fields Medalists and 14 Turing Award laureates have been affiliated with Princeton University as alumni, faculty members or researchers. In addition, Princeton has been associated with 21 National Medal of Science winners, 5 Abel Prize winners, 5 National Humanities Medal recipients, 209 Rhodes Scholars, 139 Gates Cambridge Scholars and 126 Marshall Scholars. Two U.S. Presidents, twelve U.S. Supreme Court Justices (three of whom currently serve on the court) and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princeton's alumni body. Princeton has also graduated many prominent members of the U.S. Congress and the U.S. Cabinet, including eight Secretaries of State, three Secretaries of Defense and the current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff." }, "Zorro-4": { "title": "Zorro", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Zorro made his debut in the 1919 novel The Curse of Capistrano, originally meant as a stand-alone story. However, the success of the 1920 film adaptation The Mark of Zorro starring Douglas Fairbanks convinced McCulley to write more Zorro stories for about four decades: the character was featured in a total of five serialized stories and 57 short stories, the last one appearing in print posthumously in 1959, the year after his death. The Curse of Capistrano eventually sold more than 50 million copies, becoming one of the best-selling books of all time. While the rest of McCulley's Zorro stories did not enjoy the same popularity, as most of them were never reprinted until the 21st century, the character also appears in over 40 films and in ten TV series, the most famous being the Disney-produced Zorro series of 1957\u201359, starring Guy Williams. Other media featuring Zorro include stories by other authors, audio/radio dramas, comic books and strips, stage productions and video games." }, "Demi Lovato-5": { "title": "Demi Lovato", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "1992\u20132006: Early life and career beginnings" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Lovato's parents divorced in mid-1994, shortly after her second birthday. Lovato's father was of Mexican descent, with mostly Spanish and Native American ancestors, and came from a family that has been living in New Mexico for generations; he also had distant Portuguese and Jewish ancestry. Her mother is of English and Irish ancestry. Through her father, Lovato is a descendant of Civil War Union veteran Francisco Perea and Santa Fe de Nuevo M\u00e9xico governor Francisco Xavier Ch\u00e1vez. Lovato claims that through DNA testing she discovered that she is also of 16 percent Scandinavian descent and one percent of African descent." }, "Assyrian people-1": { "title": "Assyrian people", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Assyrians (\u0723\u0718\u072a\u0308\u071d\u0710, S\u016br\u0101y\u0113/S\u016br\u014dy\u0113) are an ethnic group indigenous to Mesopotamia, a region in the Middle East. Some self-identify as Syriacs, Arameans, and Chaldeans. Speakers of the Neo-Aramaic branch of Semitic languages as well as the primary languages in their countries of residence, modern Assyrians are Syriac Christians who claim descent from Assyria, one of the oldest civilizations in the world, dating back to 2500 BC in ancient Mesopotamia." }, "American football-1": { "title": "American football", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "American football, referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron, is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end. The offense, the team with possession of the oval-shaped football, attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it, while the defense, the team without possession of the ball, aims to stop the offense's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves. The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays; if they fail, they turn over the football to the defense, but if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive. Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent's goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins." }, "Royal Air Force Ensign-1": { "title": "Royal Air Force Ensign", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Royal Air Force Ensign is the official flag which is used to represent the Royal Air Force. The ensign has a field of air force blue with the United Kingdom's flag in the canton and the Royal Air Force's roundel in the middle of the fly." }, "Boy Scouts of America-2": { "title": "Boy Scouts of America", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The stated mission of the Boy Scouts of America is to \"prepare young people to make ethical and moral choices over their lifetimes by instilling in them the values of the Scout Oath and Law.\" Youth are trained in responsible citizenship, character development, and self-reliance through participation in a wide range of outdoor activities, educational programs, and, at older age levels, career-oriented programs in partnership with community organizations. For younger members, the Scout method is part of the program to instill typical Scouting values such as trustworthiness, good citizenship, and outdoors skills, through a variety of activities such as camping, aquatics, and hiking. To further these outdoor activities, the BSA has four high-adventure bases: Northern Tier (Minnesota, Manitoba, and Ontario), Philmont Scout Ranch (New Mexico), Sea Base (Florida, US Virgin Islands, and Bahamas), and Summit Bechtel Reserve (West Virginia), as well as nearly one hundred separate camps and reservations specifically dedicated to scouts." }, "Ryan Crouser-1": { "title": "Ryan Crouser", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Ryan Crouser (born December 18, 1992) is an American shot putter and discus thrower. Crouser won the gold medal in the shot put at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics. He had previously won the gold medal in the boys' shot put at the 2009 World Youth Championships and was a four-time NCAA champion in the shot put indoors and outdoors for the University of Texas. He is a three time USA National Outdoor Shot Put Champion (2016, 2017, 2019), and the current 2019 USA Indoor National Shot Put Champion. At the 2019 World Athletics Championships in Doha, Qatar, Crouser won the silver medal in \"the greatest \u2013 and closest \u2013 shot put competition ever\" that \"Redefines Men's Shot Put\" according to the IAAF." }, "Johann Sebastian Bach-12": { "title": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "Weimar, Arnstadt, and M\u00fchlhausen (1703\u20131708)" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "In 1706, Bach applied for a post as organist at the Blasius Church in M\u00fchlhausen. As part of his application, he had a cantata performed on Easter, 24 April 1707, likely an early version of his Christ lag in Todes Banden. A month later Bach's application was accepted and he took up the post in July. The position included significantly higher remuneration, improved conditions, and a better choir. Four months after arriving at M\u00fchlhausen, Bach married Maria Barbara Bach, his second cousin. Bach was able to convince the church and town government at M\u00fchlhausen to fund an expensive renovation of the organ at the Blasius Church. In 1708 Bach wrote Gott ist mein K\u00f6nig, a festive cantata for the inauguration of the new council, which was published at the council's expense." }, "Doghouse-1": { "title": "Doghouse", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A doghouse, dog house, dogshed or kennel is a small shed commonly built in the shape of a house, intended to provide dogs with a sense of security and protection from various weather conditions. Numerous materials can be used, such as wood, plastic, resin, and hardboard." }, "Order of the British Empire-3": { "title": "Order of the British Empire", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were originally made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire (later Commonwealth) and the Viceroy of India. Nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British (Imperial) honours. Most Commonwealth countries ceased recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire when they created their own honours." }, "Gallifrey-3": { "title": "Gallifrey", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In the revived series (2005 onwards) Gallifrey was originally referred to as having been destroyed in the Time War, which was fought between the Time Lords and the Daleks. It was depicted in a flashback in \"The Sound of Drums\" (2007) and appeared prominently in \"The End of Time\" (2009\u201310). At the conclusion of \"The Day of the Doctor\" (2013) Gallifrey is revealed to have actually survived the Time War, though it was frozen in time and transported into a bubble dimension, which was revealed to have been situated at the end of the universe at a chronological point before \"Hell Bent\" (2015). By \"Spyfall\" (2020), it had been reduced to ruin by The Master. At the end of Ascension of the Cybermen it is revealed that Gallifrey is not in the bubble dimension; rather, it has been transported behind a wormhole, referred to as 'The Boundary'." }, "Bachelor's degree-131": { "title": "Bachelor's degree", "section": "Subjects", "headers": [ "Architecture and design" ], "para_index": 131, "content": "The Bachelor of Architecture (BArch) degree is a professional degree awarded to students who complete the five-year course of study in the field at some universities. Many universities offer a BSc or BA (majoring in architecture) after the first three or four years, and then a post-graduate diploma, BArch or MArch for the following two to four years." }, "Arthropods in culture-1": { "title": "Arthropods in culture", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Culture consists of the social behaviour and norms in human societies transmitted through social learning. Arthropods play many roles in human culture, including as food, in art, in stories, and in mythology and religion. Many of these concern insects, which are important both economically and symbolically, from the work of honeybees to the scarabs of Ancient Egypt. Other arthropods with cultural significance include crustaceans such as crabs, lobsters, and crayfish, which are popular subjects in art, especially still lifes, and arachnids such as spiders and scorpions, whose venom has medical applications. The crab and the scorpion are astrological signs of the zodiac." }, "Vitamin C-22": { "title": "Vitamin C", "section": "Side effects", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "There is a longstanding belief among the mainstream medical community that vitamin C increases risk of kidney stones. \"Reports of kidney stone formation associated with excess ascorbic acid intake are limited to individuals with renal disease\". Reviews state that \"data from epidemiological studies do not support an association between excess ascorbic acid intake and kidney stone formation in apparently healthy individuals\", although one large, multi-year trial did report a nearly two-fold increase in kidney stones in men who regularly consumed a vitamin C supplement." }, "American Sign Language-1": { "title": "American Sign Language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "American Sign Language (ASL) is a natural language that serves as the predominant sign language of Deaf communities in the United States and most of Anglophone Canada. Besides North America, dialects of ASL and ASL-based creoles are used in many countries around the world, including much of West Africa and parts of Southeast Asia. ASL is also widely learned as a second language, serving as a lingua franca. ASL is most closely related to French Sign Language (LSF). It has been proposed that ASL is a creole language of LSF, although ASL shows features atypical of creole languages, such as agglutinative morphology." }, "Gulf of Mexico-36": { "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "section": "Pollution", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "There are frequent \"red tide\" algae blooms that kill fish and marine mammals and cause respiratory problems in humans and some domestic animals when the blooms reach close to shore. This has especially been plaguing the southwest and southern Florida coast, from the Florida Keys to north of Pasco County, Florida." }, "Indecent exposure-1": { "title": "Indecent exposure", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Indecent exposure is the deliberate exposure in public or in view of the general public by a person of a portion or portions of their body in circumstances where the exposure is contrary to local moral or other standards of appropriate behavior. The term indecent exposure is a legal expression. Social and community attitudes to the exposing of various body parts and laws covering what is referred to as indecent exposure vary significantly in different countries. It ranges from outright prohibition to prohibition of exposure of certain body parts, such as the genital area, buttocks or breasts." }, "Futurama-3": { "title": "Futurama", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In June 2009, Comedy Central picked up the show for 26 new half-hour episodes, which began airing in 2010 and 2011. The show was renewed for a final, seventh season, with the first half airing in 2012 and the second in 2013. An audio-only episode featuring the original cast members was released in 2017 as an episode of The Nerdist Podcast." }, "Enigma machine-1": { "title": "Enigma machine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Enigma machine is an encryption device developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic and military communication. It was employed extensively by Nazi Germany during World War II, in all branches of the German military." }, "Dog-9": { "title": "Dog", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "Anatomy", "Size and weight" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only 6.3\u00a0cm (2.5\u00a0in) at the shoulder, 9.5\u00a0cm (3.7\u00a0in) in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only 113 grams (4.0\u00a0oz). The largest known dog was a Saint Bernard which weighed 167.6\u00a0kg (369\u00a0lb) and was 250\u00a0cm (98\u00a0in) from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands 106.7\u00a0cm (42.0\u00a0in) at the shoulder." }, "Saturn-3": { "title": "Saturn", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The planet's most famous feature is its prominent ring system, which is composed mostly of ice particles, with a smaller amount of rocky debris and dust. At least 82 moons are known to orbit Saturn, of which 53 are officially named; this does not include the hundreds of moonlets in its rings. Titan, Saturn's largest moon, and the second-largest in the Solar System, is larger than the planet Mercury, although less massive, and is the only moon in the Solar System to have a substantial atmosphere." }, "The Palisades (Hudson River)-5": { "title": "The Palisades (Hudson River)", "section": "Geology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The end-Triassic extinction event that coincided with the formation of the Hudson Palisades, Central Atlantic magmatic province, 200 million years ago ranks second in severity of the five major extinction episodes that span geologic time. The most severe extinction in the past 500 million years was the Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event, informally known as the Great Dying, coincided with flood basalt eruptions that produced the Siberian Traps, which constituted one of the largest known volcanic events on Earth and covered over 770,000 sq mi (2,000,000\u00a0km2) with lava." }, "Augustinians-1": { "title": "Augustinians", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Augustinians are members of Christian religious orders that follow the Rule of Saint Augustine, written about 400 by Augustine of Hippo. There are two distinct types of Augustinians in Catholic religious orders dating back to the 12th\u201313th centuries:" }, "Frigatebird-17": { "title": "Frigatebird", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Frigatebirds are found over tropical oceans, and ride warm updrafts under cumulus clouds. Their range coincides with availability of food such as flying fish, and with the trade winds, which provide the windy conditions that facilitate their flying. They are rare vagrants to temperate regions and not found in polar latitudes. Adults are generally sedentary, remaining near the islands where they breed. However, male frigatebirds have been recorded dispersing great distances after departing a breeding colony\u2014one male great frigatebird relocated from Europa Island in the Mozambique Channel to the Maldives 4,400\u00a0km (2,700\u00a0mi) away, and a male magnificent frigatebird flew 1,400\u00a0km (870\u00a0mi) from French Guiana to Trinidad. Great frigatebirds marked with wing tags on Tern Island in the French Frigate Shoals were found to regularly travel the 873\u00a0km (542\u00a0mi) to Johnston Atoll, although one was reported in Quezon City in the Philippines. Genetic testing seems to indicate that the species has fidelity to their site of hatching despite their high mobility. Young birds may disperse far and wide, with distances of up to 6,000\u00a0km (3,700\u00a0mi) recorded." }, "Lil Wayne-7": { "title": "Lil Wayne", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Carter wrote his first rap song at age eight. In the summer of 1991, he met Bryan Williams, rapper and owner of Cash Money Records. Carter recorded freestyle raps on Williams's answering machine, leading him to mentor the young Carter and include him in Cash Money-distributed songs. He also recorded his first ever collaboration album True Story with rapper B.G.. At the time, Carter was 11, and B.G. was 14, and the two were billed as \"The B.G.z\". When he was 12, Carter played the part of the Tin Man in his middle school drama club's production of The Wiz. At age 12, he deliberately shot himself with a 9\u00a0mm handgun, and off-duty police officer Robert Hoobler drove him to the hospital. At McMain Magnet School, Carter was an honors student, but he dropped out at the age of 14 to focus on a musical career." }, "Janet Jackson-5": { "title": "Janet Jackson", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "1966\u20131985: Early life and career beginnings" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Janet Jackson was born on May 16, 1966 in Gary, Indiana, the youngest of ten children, to Katherine Esther (n\u00e9e Scruse) and Joseph Walter Jackson. The Jacksons were lower-middle class and devout Jehovah's Witnesses, although Jackson would later refrain from organized religion. At a young age, her brothers began performing as the Jackson 5 in the Chicago-Gary area." }, "Oxygen saturation (medicine)-1": { "title": "Oxygen saturation (medicine)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Oxygen saturation is the fraction of oxygen-saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin (unsaturated + saturated) in the blood. The human body requires and regulates a very precise and specific balance of oxygen in the blood. Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in humans are 95\u2013100 percent. If the level is below 90 percent, it is considered low and called hypoxemia. Arterial blood oxygen levels below 80 percent may compromise organ function, such as the brain and heart, and should be promptly addressed. Continued low oxygen levels may lead to respiratory or cardiac arrest. Oxygen therapy may be used to assist in raising blood oxygen levels. Oxygenation occurs when oxygen molecules (O 2) enter the tissues of the body. For example, blood is oxygenated in the lungs, where oxygen molecules travel from the air and into the blood. Oxygenation is commonly used to refer to medical oxygen saturation." }, "Supreme Court of the United States-20": { "title": "Supreme Court of the United States", "section": "Composition", "headers": [ "Size of the court" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "In 1866, at the behest of Chief Justice Chase and in an attempt to limit the power of Andrew Johnson, Congress passed an act providing that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced, which would thin the bench to seven justices by attrition. Consequently, one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867. In 1869, however, the Circuit Judges Act returned the number of justices to nine, where it has since remained." }, "Coffee bean-9": { "title": "Coffee bean", "section": "Coffee plant", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Coffee plants are grown in rows several feet apart. Some farmers plant fruit trees around them or plant the coffee on the sides of hills, because they need specific conditions to flourish. Ideally, Arabica coffee beans are grown at temperatures between 15 and 24\u00a0\u00b0C (59 and 75\u00a0\u00b0F) and Robusta at 24\u201330\u00a0\u00b0C (75\u201386\u00a0\u00b0F) and receive between 150 and 300\u00a0cm (59 and 118\u00a0in) of rainfall per year. Heavy rain is needed in the beginning of the season when the fruit is developing and less later in the season as it ripens." }, "Rand Paul-10": { "title": "Rand Paul", "section": "Medical career", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "After completing his residency in ophthalmology, Paul moved to Bowling Green, Kentucky. He has held a state-issued medical license since moving there in 1993. He received his first job from John Downing of Downing McPeak Vision Centers, which brought him to Bowling Green after completing his residency. Paul worked for Downing for about five years before parting ways. Afterwards, he went to work at the Graves Gilbert Clinic, a private medical group in Bowling Green, for 10\u00a0years before creating his own practice in a converted one-story house across the street from Downing's office. After his election to the U.S. Senate, he merged his practice with Downing's medical practice. Paul has faced two malpractice lawsuits between 1993 and 2010; he was cleared in one case while the other was settled for $50,000. His medical work has been praised by Downing and he has medical privileges at two Bowling Green hospitals. In April 2020, after recovering from COVID-19, Paul began volunteering at a hospital in Bowling Green, assisting them in their response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Kentucky." }, "Scurvy-1": { "title": "Scurvy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Scurvy is a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Early symptoms of deficiency include weakness, feeling tired and sore arms and legs. Without treatment, decreased red blood cells, gum disease, changes to hair, and bleeding from the skin may occur. As scurvy worsens there can be poor wound healing, personality changes, and finally death from infection or bleeding." }, "Israel-33": { "title": "Israel", "section": "History", "headers": [ "After World War II" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "After a year of fighting, a ceasefire was declared and temporary borders, known as the Green Line, were established. Jordan annexed what became known as the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Egypt took control of the Gaza Strip. The UN estimated that more than 700,000 Palestinians were expelled by or fled from advancing Israeli forces during the conflict\u2014what would become known in Arabic as the Nakba (\"catastrophe\"). Some 156,000 remained and became Arab citizens of Israel." }, "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66-2": { "title": "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Nat King Cole, with the King Cole Trio, first recorded the song the same year, and it became a hit, appearing on Billboard magazine's R&B and pop charts." }, "American Civil War-1": { "title": "American Civil War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865, fought between the northern United States (loyal to the Union) and the southern United States (that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy). The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people. War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States. The loyalists of the Union in the North, which also included some geographically western and southern states, proclaimed support for the Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South, who advocated for states' rights to uphold slavery." }, "Byzantine calendar-1": { "title": "Byzantine calendar", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Byzantine calendar, also called \"Creation Era of Constantinople\" or \"Era of the World\" (Ancient Greek: \u1f1c\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u039a\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u1fec\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, also \u1f1c\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u039a\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 or \u1f1c\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, abbreviated as \u03b5.\u039a.; literal translation of ancient Greek \"Roman year since the creation of the universe\"), was the calendar used by the Eastern Orthodox Church from c. 691 to 1728 in the Ecumenical Patriarchate. It was also the official calendar of the Byzantine Empire from 988 to 1453 and of Kievan Rus' and Russia from c. 988 to 1700, as well as being used in other areas of the Byzantine commonwealth such as in Serbia. Since Byzantine is a historiographical term, the original name uses the adjective \"Roman\" as it was what the Eastern Roman Empire continued calling itself." }, "TARDIS-13": { "title": "TARDIS", "section": "General characteristics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "A TARDIS usually travels by dematerialising in one spot, traversing the time vortex, and then rematerialising at its destination, without physically travelling through the intervening space. However, the Doctor's TARDIS has been seen to be able to fly through physical space, first in Fury from the Deep (1968) and at repeated times throughout the revived series, most notably in \"The Runaway Bride\" (2006), in which the TARDIS is shown launching into space (most previous incidents show the TARDIS flying only after it has dematerialised from a location). In \"The Runaway Bride\", extended flight of this nature puts a strain on the TARDIS's systems. While a TARDIS can materialise inside another, if both TARDISes occupy exactly the same space and time, a Time Ram will occur, resulting in their mutual annihilation (The Time Monster, 1972). In Logopolis (1981), the Master tricked the Doctor into materialising his TARDIS around the Master's, creating a dimensionally recursive loop, each TARDIS appearing inside the other's console room. In the mini-episodes \"Space\" and \"Time\" (2011), an accident results in the TARDIS automatically materialising in \"the safest spot available\", which turns out to be inside its own control room." }, "Climate of Greece-7": { "title": "Climate of Greece", "section": "Temperature", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Abs. minimum temperature: \u221227.8\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221218.0\u00a0\u00b0F), Ptolemaida. Abs. maximum temperature: 48.0\u00a0\u00b0C (118.4\u00a0\u00b0F), Elefsina and Tatoi. The 48.0\u00a0\u00b0C (118.4\u00a0\u00b0F) recorded by minimum/maximum thermometers in Tatoi and Elefsina as reported by a communication of Dr. Athanasios D. Sarantopoulos is also the WMO record high temperature for Greece and Europe." }, "Easter-17": { "title": "Easter", "section": "Date", "headers": [ "Computations" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "In 725, Bede succinctly wrote, \"The Sunday following the full Moon which falls on or after the equinox will give the lawful Easter.\" However, this does not precisely reflect the ecclesiastical rules. The full moon referred to (called the Paschal full moon) is not an astronomical full moon, but the 14th day of a lunar month. Another difference is that the astronomical equinox is a natural astronomical phenomenon, which can fall on 19, 20 or 21 March, while the ecclesiastical date is fixed by convention on 21 March." }, "Laxative-2": { "title": "Laxative", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Laxatives vary as to how they work and the side effects they may have. Certain stimulant, lubricant and saline laxatives are used to evacuate the colon for rectal and bowel examinations, and may be supplemented by enemas under certain circumstances. Sufficiently high doses of laxatives may cause diarrhea." }, "Britney Spears-25": { "title": "Britney Spears", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "2006\u20132007: Personal struggles and Blackout" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Spears's aunt Sandra Bridges Covington, with whom she had been very close, died of ovarian cancer in January 2007. In February, Spears stayed in a drug rehabilitation facility in Antigua for less than a day. The following night, she shaved her head with electric clippers at a hair salon in Tarzana, Los Angeles. She admitted herself to other treatment facilities during the following weeks. In May 2007, she produced a series of promotional concerts at House of Blues venues, titled The M+M's Tour. In October 2007, Spears lost physical custody of her children to Federline. The reasons of the court ruling were not revealed to the public. Spears was also sued by Louis Vuitton over her 2005 music video \"Do Somethin'\" for upholstering her Hummer interior in counterfeit Louis Vuitton cherry blossom fabric, which resulted in the video being banned on European TV stations." }, "Federal jurisdiction (United States)-4": { "title": "Federal jurisdiction (United States)", "section": "Legislative Branch", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "One aspect of federal jurisdiction is the extent of legislative power. Under the Constitution, Congress has power to legislate only in the areas that are delegated to it. Under clause 17 Article I Section 8 of the Constitution however, Congress has power to \"exercise exclusive Legislation in all cases whatsoever\" over the federal district (Washington, D.C.) and other territory ceded to the federal government by the states, such as for military installations." }, "Great Wall of China-3": { "title": "Great Wall of China", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The frontier walls built by different dynasties have multiple courses. Collectively, they stretch from Liaodong in the east to Lop Lake in the west, from the present-day Sino\u2013Russian border in the north to Taohe River in the south; along an arc that roughly delineates the edge of Mongolian steppe. A comprehensive archaeological survey, using advanced technologies, has concluded that the walls built by the Ming dynasty measure 8,850\u00a0km (5,500\u00a0mi). This is made up of 6,259\u00a0km (3,889\u00a0mi) sections of actual wall, 359\u00a0km (223\u00a0mi) of trenches and 2,232\u00a0km (1,387\u00a0mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers. Another archaeological survey found that the entire wall with all of its branches measures out to be 21,196\u00a0km (13,171\u00a0mi). Today, the defensive system of the Great Wall is generally recognized as one of the most impressive architectural feats in history." }, "Family of Mahatma Gandhi-1": { "title": "Family of Mahatma Gandhi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Gandhi family is the family of Mohandas Gandhi (2 October 1869 \u2013 30 January 1948). Gandhi was the distinguished leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. Mahatma\u00a0: is also called the Father of the Nation or \"Bapu\" as the prime minister called him at his funeral; a title given to him by Subhas Chandra Bose on 6 July 1944 during his address on the Singapore Radio. On 28 April 1947, Sarojini Naidu too referred Gandhi with the title Father of the Nation. Gandhi is also referred to as Bapu (Gujarati: endearment for \"father\", in India. In common parlance in India he is often called Gandhi ji. An anonymous journalist from Jetpur town in Saurashtra he has also been referd to (mostly by British officials) as Gae-ndy or Ga-ndhi as in the a makes an \"ah\" sound, in an anonymous letter referred Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi as Mahatma (Sanskrit: \"high-souled\", \"venerable\"), for the first time while he was still in South Africa. Gandhi's family consists of him, his wife and his five sons(He had another son who died within the few days after birth)." }, "Marshall Applewhite-2": { "title": "Marshall Applewhite", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A native of Texas, Applewhite attended several universities, and as a young man, served in the United States Army. After finishing school at Austin College, he taught music at the University of Alabama. He later returned to Texas, where he led choruses and served as the chair of the music department at the University of St. Thomas in Houston. He left the school in 1970, citing emotional turmoil. His father's death a year later brought on severe depression. In 1972, he developed a close friendship with Bonnie Nettles, a nurse; together, they discussed mysticism at length and concluded that they were called as divine messengers. They operated a bookstore and teaching center for a short while and then began to travel around the U.S. in 1973 to spread their views. They only gained one convert. In 1975, Applewhite was arrested for failing to return a rental car and was jailed for 6 months. In jail, he further developed his theology." }, "Alec Douglas-Home-1": { "title": "Alec Douglas-Home", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home, Baron Home of the Hirsel, KT, PC (/\u02c8hju\u02d0m/ (listen); 2 July 1903\u00a0\u2013 9 October 1995) was a British Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from October 1963 to October 1964. He was the last Prime Minister to hold office while a member of the House of Lords, before disclaiming his peerage and taking up a seat in the House of Commons for the remainder of his premiership. His reputation, however, rests more on his two spells as Britain's foreign minister than on his brief premiership." }, "Bombus ternarius-23": { "title": "Bombus ternarius", "section": "Behavior", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Queen and worker bumblebees can sting. Unlike honey bee stingers, a bumblebee's stinger lacks harpoon-like barbs on the end of the stinger, so B. ternarius can sting repeatedly without risk of disemboweling itself and dying. B. ternarius is not normally aggressive, but will sting in defense of its nest or when threatened or provoked." }, "Classical Arabic-1": { "title": "Classical Arabic", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Classical Arabic (Arabic: \u0627\u064e\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f \u0671\u0644\u0652\u0641\u064f\u0635\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0649\u0670\u200e, al-\u02bfarabiyyah al-fu\u1e63\u1e25\u0101) is the form of the Arabic language used in Umayyad and Abbasid literary texts from the 7th to the 9th century AD." }, "Climate of Brazil-5": { "title": "Climate of Brazil", "section": "Temperatures", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The hottest part of Brazil is the northeast, where temperatures of more than 38\u00a0\u00b0C (100\u00a0\u00b0F) are frequently recorded during the dry season between May and November. Along the Atlantic coast from Recife to Rio de Janeiro, average temperatures range from 23 to 27\u00a0\u00b0C (73 to 81\u00a0\u00b0F). Inland, on higher ground, temperatures are lower, ranging from 19 to 21\u00a0\u00b0C (66 to 70\u00a0\u00b0F). South of Rio the seasons are more defined and the range of temperatures significantly wider, with the annual average falling between 17 and 19\u00a0\u00b0C (63 and 66\u00a0\u00b0F). The cities of Belo Horizonte and Bras\u00edlia have moderate temperatures, usually between 15 and 30\u00a0\u00b0C (59 and 86\u00a0\u00b0F), because of their elevation of approximately 1,000 metres (3,281\u00a0ft). Rio de Janeiro, Recife, and Salvador on the coast have warm climates, with average temperatures of each month ranging from 23 to 27\u00a0\u00b0C (73 to 81\u00a0\u00b0F), but enjoy constant trade winds. The cities of S\u00e3o Paulo, Curitiba, Florian\u00f3polis and Porto Alegre have a subtropical climate similar to that of southern United States, and temperatures can fall below freezing in winter." }, "Jeff Bezos-1": { "title": "Jeff Bezos", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jeffrey Preston Bezos (/\u02c8be\u026azo\u028as/; n\u00e9 Jorgensen; born January 12, 1964) is an American industrialist, media proprietor, and investor. He is best known as the founder, CEO, and president of the online retail company Amazon. The first centi-billionaire on the Forbes wealth index, Bezos has been the world's richest person since 2017 and was named the \"richest man in modern history\" after his net worth increased to $150\u00a0billion in July 2018. In September 2018, Forbes described him as \"far richer than anyone else on the planet\" as he added $1.8\u00a0billion to his net worth when Amazon became the second company in history to reach a market cap of $1\u00a0trillion." }, "Saline (medicine)-1": { "title": "Saline (medicine)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Saline, also known as saline solution, is a mixture of sodium chloride in water and has a number of uses in medicine. Applied to the affected area it is used to clean wounds, help remove contact lenses, and help with dry eyes. By injection into a vein it is used to treat dehydration such as from gastroenteritis and diabetic ketoacidosis. It is also used to dilute other medications to be given by injection." }, "Anxiety disorder-29": { "title": "Anxiety disorder", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "Genetics", "Persistence of anxiety" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "At a low level, anxiety is not a bad thing. In fact, the hormonal response to anxiety has evolved as a benefit, as it helps humans react to dangers. Researchers in evolutionary medicine believe this adaptation allows humans to realize there is a potential threat and to act accordingly in order to ensure greatest possibility of protection. It has actually been shown that those with low levels of anxiety have a greater risk of death than those with average levels. This is because the absence of fear can lead to injury or death. Additionally, patients with both anxiety and depression were found to have lower morbidity than those with depression alone. The functional significance of the symptoms associated with anxiety includes: greater alertness, quicker preparation for action, and reduced probability of missing threats. In the wild, vulnerable individuals, for example those who are hurt or pregnant, have a lower threshold for anxiety response, making them more alert. This demonstrates a lengthy evolutionary history of the anxiety response." }, "Israel-22": { "title": "Israel", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Middle Ages and modern history" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "In 1516, the region was conquered by the Ottoman Empire; it remained under Turkish rule until the end of the First World War, when Britain defeated the Ottoman forces and set up a military administration across the former Ottoman Syria. In 1660, a Druze revolt led to the destruction of Safed and Tiberias. In the late 18th century, local Arab Sheikh Zahir al-Umar created a de facto independent Emirate in the Galilee. Ottoman attempts to subdue the Sheikh failed, but after Zahir's death the Ottomans regained control of the area. In 1799 governor Jazzar Pasha successfully repelled an assault on Acre by troops of Napoleon, prompting the French to abandon the Syrian campaign. In 1834 a revolt by Palestinian Arab peasants broke out against Egyptian conscription and taxation policies under Muhammad Ali. Although the revolt was suppressed, Muhammad Ali's army retreated and Ottoman rule was restored with British support in 1840. Shortly after, the Tanzimat reforms were implemented across the Ottoman Empire. In 1920, after the Allies conquered the Levant during World War I, the territory was divided between Britain and France under the mandate system, and the British-administered area which included modern day Israel was named Mandatory Palestine." }, "Leaf-1": { "title": "Leaf", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A leaf (plural leaves) is a dorsiventrally flattened organ of a vascular plant and is the principal lateral appendage of the stem, usually borne above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. The leaves and stem together form the shoot. Leaves are collectively referred to as foliage, as in \"autumn foliage\". In most leaves, the primary photosynthetic tissue, the palisade mesophyll, is located on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf but in some species, including the mature foliage of Eucalyptus, palisade mesophyll is present on both sides and the leaves are said to be isobilateral. Most leaves have distinct upper surface (adaxial) and lower surface (abaxial) that differ in color, hairiness, the number of stomata (pores that intake and output gases), the amount and structure of epicuticular wax and other features. Leaves are mostly green in color. This is due to the presence of a compound called chlorophyll. This compound is essential for photosynthesis as it absorbs light energy from the sun." }, "Gulf of Mexico-26": { "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "The gulf's warm water temperature can feed powerful Atlantic hurricanes causing extensive human death and other destruction as happened with Hurricane Katrina in 2005. In the Atlantic, a hurricane will draw up cool water from the depths and making it less likely that further hurricanes will follow in its wake (warm water being one of the preconditions necessary for their formation). However, the Gulf is shallower; when a hurricane passes over the water temperature may drop but it soon rebounds and becomes capable of supporting another tropical storm." }, "Clint Eastwood-66": { "title": "Clint Eastwood", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Relationships, marriages, affairs and children" ], "para_index": 66, "content": "Johnson evidently tolerated the open marriage with Eastwood, and eventually they had two children, Kyle (born 1968) and Alison (born 1972). In 1975, married actress Sondra Locke began living with Eastwood. Locke claimed that Eastwood sang \"She Made Me Monogamous\" to her and confided he'd \"never been in love before.\" Nine years into their cohabitation, Eastwood officially divorced Maggie Johnson, but Locke remained married to husband Gordon Anderson for the rest of her life." }, "Table of food nutrients-1": { "title": "Table of food nutrients", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The tables below include tabular lists for selected basic foods, compiled from United States Dept. of Agriculture (USDA) sources. Included for each food is its weight in grams, its calories, and (also in grams,) the amount of protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, fat, and saturated fat. As foods vary by brands and stores, the figures should only be considered estimates, with more exact figures often included on product labels. For precise details about vitamins and mineral contents, the USDA source can be used." }, "Badminton-1": { "title": "Badminton", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Badminton is a racquet sport played using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net. Although it may be played with larger teams, the most common forms of the game are \"singles\" (with one player per side) and \"doubles\" (with two players per side). Badminton is often played as a casual outdoor activity in a yard or on a beach; formal games are played on a rectangular indoor court. Points are scored by striking the shuttlecock with the racquet and landing it within the opposing side's half of the court." }, "United States Senate-2": { "title": "United States Senate", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. The Senate is composed of senators, each of whom represents a single state in its entirety. Each state, regardless of its population size, is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years. There being at present 50 states in the Union, there are currently 100 senators. From 1789 to 1913, senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented; they are now elected by popular vote, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913." }, "Government of Canada-6": { "title": "Government of Canada", "section": "Government structure", "headers": [ "Monarchy" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "As per the Constitution Acts of 1867 and 1982, Canada is a constitutional monarchy, wherein the role of the reigning sovereign is both legal and practical, but not political. The Crown is regarded as a corporation sole, with the monarch, vested as she is with all powers of state, at the centre of a construct in which the power of the whole is shared by multiple institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority. The executive is thus formally called the Queen-in-Council, the legislature the Queen-in-Parliament, and the courts as the Queen on the Bench." }, "Scale insect-15": { "title": "Scale insect", "section": "Ecology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Scale insects are an ancient group, having originated in the Cretaceous, the period in which angiosperms came to dominance among plants, with only a few groups species found on gymnosperms. They feed on a wide variety of plants but are unable to survive long away from their hosts. While some specialise on a single plant species (monophagous), and some on a single genus or plant family (oligophagous), others are less specialised and feed on several plant groups (polyphagous). For example, cochineal species are restricted to cactus hosts, and the gall-inducing Apiomorpha are restricted to Eucalyptus. Some species have certain habitat requirements; some Ortheziidae occur in damp meadows, among mosses and in woodland soil, and the boreal ensign scale (Newsteadia floccosa) inhabits plant litter. A Hawaiian mealybug Clavicoccus erinaceus that fed solely on the now critically endangered Abutilon sandwicense has gone extinct as has another species Phyllococcus oahuensis. Several other monophagous scale insects, especially those on islands, are threatened by coextinction due to threats faced by their host plants." }, "Kimchi-1": { "title": "Kimchi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Kimchi (/\u02c8k\u026amt\u0283i\u02d0/; Korean: \uae40\uce58, romanized:\u00a0gimchi, IPA:\u00a0[kim.t\u0255\u02b0i]), a staple in Korean cuisine, is a famous traditional side dish of salted and fermented vegetables, such as napa cabbage and Korean radish, made with a widely varying selection of seasonings including gochugaru (chili powder), spring onions, garlic, ginger, and jeotgal (salted seafood), etc. It is also used in a variety of soups." }, "United States Air Force-60": { "title": "United States Air Force", "section": "Personnel", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 60, "content": "Nearly all enlisted career fields are \"entry level\", meaning that the USAF provides all training. Some enlistees are able to choose a particular field, or at least a field before actually joining, while others are assigned an AFSC at Basic Military Training (BMT). After BMT, new enlisted airmen attend a technical training school where they learn their particular AFSC. Second Air Force, a part of Air Education and Training Command, is responsible for nearly all enlisted technical training." }, "Pound sterling-62": { "title": "Pound sterling", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Recent exchange rates" ], "para_index": 62, "content": "The result of the 2016 UK referendum on EU membership caused a major decline in the pound against other world currencies as the future of international trade relationships and domestic political leadership became unclear. The referendum result weakened sterling against the euro by 5% overnight. The night before the vote, the pound was trading at \u20ac1.30; the next day, this had fallen to \u20ac1.23. By October 2016, the exchange rate was \u20ac1.12 to the pound, a fall of 14% since the referendum. By the end of August 2017 the pound was even lower, at \u20ac1.08. Against the US dollar, meanwhile, the pound fell from $1.466 to $1.3694 when the referendum result was first revealed, and down to $1.2232 by October 2016, a fall of 16%." }, "Animal-2": { "title": "Animal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Most living animal species are in the Bilateria, a clade whose members have a bilaterally symmetric body plan. The Bilateria include the protostomes\u2014in which many groups of invertebrates are found, such as nematodes, arthropods, and molluscs\u2014and the deuterostomes, containing both the echinoderms as well as the chordates, the latter containing the vertebrates. Life forms interpreted as early animals were present in the Ediacaran biota of the late Precambrian. Many modern animal phyla became clearly established in the fossil record as marine species during the Cambrian explosion, which began around 542 million years ago. 6,331 groups of genes common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago." }, "Islamic culture-45": { "title": "Islamic culture", "section": "Etiquette and diet", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "Many practices fall in the category of adab, or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with \"as-salamu 'alaykum\" (\"peace be unto you\"), saying bismillah (\"in the name of God\") before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. Islamic hygienic practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health. Circumcision of male offspring is also practiced in Islam. Islamic burial rituals include saying the Salat al-Janazah (\"funeral prayer\") over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave. Muslims are restricted in their diet. Prohibited foods include pork products, blood, carrion, and alcohol. All meat must come from a herbivorous animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as halal food." }, "Chuchuna-3": { "title": "Chuchuna", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "citation needed] According to the native accounts from the nomadic Yakut and Tungus tribes, it is a well built, Neanderthal-like man wearing pelts as clothes and bearing a white patch of fur on its forearms. It is said to occasionally consume human flesh, unlike their close cousins, the Almastis. Some witnesses reported seeing a tail on the creature's corpse. It is described as being roughly six to seven feet tall." }, "Stoning-1": { "title": "Stoning", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Stoning, or lapidation, is a method of capital punishment where a group throws stones at a person until the subject dies from blunt trauma. It has been attested as a form of punishment for grave misdeeds since ancient times. Its adoption in some legal systems has caused controversy in recent decades." }, "Harvey Milk-1": { "title": "Harvey Milk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Harvey Bernard Milk (May 22, 1930 \u2013 November 27, 1978) was an American politician and the first openly gay elected official in the history of California, where he was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. Although he was the most pro-LGBT politician in the United States at the time, politics and activism were not his early interests; he was neither open about his sexuality nor civically active until he was 40, after his experiences in the counterculture movement of the 1960s." }, "2011 T\u014dhoku earthquake and tsunami-90": { "title": "2011 T\u014dhoku earthquake and tsunami", "section": "Damage and effects", "headers": [ "Nuclear power plants", "Fukushima meltdowns" ], "para_index": 90, "content": "Japan declared a state of emergency following the failure of the cooling system at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, resulting in the evacuation of nearby residents. Officials from the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency reported that radiation levels inside the plant were up to 1,000 times normal levels, and that radiation levels outside the plant were up to eight times normal levels. Later, a state of emergency was also declared at the Fukushima Daini nuclear power plant about 11\u00a0km (6.8\u00a0mi) south. This brought the total number of problematic reactors to six." }, "Shipbuilding-45": { "title": "Shipbuilding", "section": "Worldwide shipbuilding industry", "headers": [ "Modern shipbuilding manufacturing techniques" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "Modern ships, since roughly 1940, have been produced almost exclusively of welded steel. Early welded steel ships used steels with inadequate fracture toughness, which resulted in some ships suffering catastrophic brittle fracture structural cracks (see problems of the Liberty ship). Since roughly 1950, specialized steels such as ABS Steels with good properties for ship construction have been used. Although it is commonly accepted that modern steel has eliminated brittle fracture in ships, some controversy still exists. Brittle fracture of modern vessels continues to occur from time to time because grade A and grade B steel of unknown toughness or fracture appearance transition temperature (FATT) in ships' side shells can be less than adequate for all ambient conditions." }, "Isabella I of Castile-1": { "title": "Isabella I of Castile", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Isabella I (Spanish: Isabel I, 22 April 1451 \u2013 26 November 1504) was Queen of Castile from 1474 and Queen consort of Aragon from 1479, reigning over a dynastically unified Spain jointly with her husband Ferdinand II. Isabella is considered the first Queen of Spain de facto, being described as such during her own lifetime, although Castile and Aragon de jure remained two different kingdoms until the Nueva Planta Decrees of 1714." }, "Hermes-1": { "title": "Hermes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hermes (/\u02c8h\u025c\u02d0rmi\u02d0z/; Greek: \u1f19\u03c1\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2) is a deity in Ancient Greek religion and mythology. Hermes is considered the herald of the gods, as well as the protector of human heralds, travellers, thieves, merchants, and orators. He is able to move quickly and freely between the worlds of the mortal and the divine, aided by his winged sandals. Hermes plays the role of the psychopomp or \"soul guide\" \u2014 a conductor of souls into the afterlife." }, "Islamic dietary laws-9": { "title": "Islamic dietary laws", "section": "Regulations of food", "headers": [ "Intoxicants" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "A fatwa issued in November 2015 permitted the consumption of low-alcohol and non-alcoholic beverages provided that the given beverage contains an amount of 0.5% or the like of alcohol does not entail deeming its consumption unlawful as long as there is no effect of the alcohol upon consumption of the beverage and it does not intoxicate in large quantities." }, "Traffic collision-50": { "title": "Traffic collision", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "Vehicle design and maintenance" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "Maintenance A well-designed and well-maintained vehicle, with good brakes, tires and well-adjusted suspension will be more controllable in an emergency and thus be better equipped to avoid collisions. Some mandatory vehicle inspection schemes include tests for some aspects of roadworthiness, such as the UK's MOT test or German T\u00dcV conformance inspection." }, "Gasoline-1": { "title": "Gasoline", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Gasoline, gas, or petrol (see the etymology for naming differences) is a clear petroleum-derived flammable liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in most spark-ignited internal combustion engines. It consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives. On average, a 42-U.S.-gallon (160-liter) barrel of crude oil can yield up to about 19 U.S. gallons (72 liters) of gasoline after processing in an oil refinery, depending on the crude oil assay and on what other refined products are also extracted." }, "James Irwin-1": { "title": "James Irwin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "James Benson \"Jim\" Irwin (March 17, 1930 \u2013 August 8, 1991) (Col, USAF) was an American astronaut, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and a United States Air Force pilot. He served as Apollo Lunar Module pilot for Apollo 15, the fourth human lunar landing. He was the eighth person to walk on the Moon and the first, and youngest, of those astronauts to die." }, "Eric Roberts-3": { "title": "Eric Roberts", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Roberts was born in Biloxi, Mississippi, to Betty Lou Bredemus (1934\u20132015) and Walter Grady Roberts (1933\u20131977), one-time actors and playwrights, who met while touring a production of George Washington Slept Here for the armed forces. In 1963, they co-founded the Atlanta Actors and Writers Workshop in Atlanta, Georgia, off Juniper Street in Midtown. They ran a children's acting school in Decatur, Georgia while they were expecting Julia. Roberts' mother became a church secretary and real estate agent, and his father, a vacuum cleaner salesman. Roberts' younger siblings, Julia Roberts (from whom he was estranged until 2004) and Lisa Roberts Gillan, are also actors." }, "Car phone-4": { "title": "Car phone", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In Finland, car phone service was first available in 1971 on the zero-generation ARP (Autoradiopuhelin, or Car Radiophone) service. This was succeeded in 1982 by the 1G system NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used across Scandinavia and in other often remote areas." }, "Winter-18": { "title": "Winter", "section": "Ecological reckoning and activity", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Migration is a common effect of winter upon animals, notably birds. However, the majority of birds do not migrate\u00a0\u2013 the cardinal and European robin, for example. Some butterflies also migrate seasonally. Hibernation is a state of reduced metabolic activity during the winter. Some animals \"sleep\" during winter and only come out when the warm weather returns; e.g., gophers, frogs, snakes, and bats. Some animals store food for the winter and live on it instead of hibernating completely. This is the case for squirrels, beavers, skunks, badgers, and raccoons. Resistance is observed when an animal endures winter but changes in ways such as color and musculature. The color of the fur or plumage changes to white (in order to be confused with snow) and thus retains its cryptic coloration year-round. Examples are the rock ptarmigan, Arctic fox, weasel, white-tailed jackrabbit, and mountain hare. Some fur-coated mammals grow a heavier coat during the winter; this improves the heat-retention qualities of the fur. The coat is then shed following the winter season to allow better cooling. The heavier coat in winter made it a favorite season for trappers, who sought more profitable skins. Snow also affects the ways animals behave; many take advantage of the insulating properties of snow by burrowing in it. Mice and voles typically live under the snow layer. Some annual plants never survive the winter. Other annual plants require winter cold to complete their life cycle; this is known as vernalization. As for perennials, many small ones profit from the insulating effects of snow by being buried in it. Larger plants, particularly deciduous trees, usually let their upper part go dormant, but their roots are still protected by the snow layer. Few plants bloom in the winter, one exception being the flowering plum, which flowers in time for Chinese New Year. The process by which plants become acclimated to cold weather is called hardening." }, "United States Army Rangers-48": { "title": "United States Army Rangers", "section": "\"Ranger\" terminology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "Recognizing that I volunteered as a Ranger, fully knowing the hazards of my chosen profession, I will always endeavor to uphold the prestige, honor, and high esprit de corps of my Ranger Regiment. Acknowledging the fact that a Ranger is a more elite soldier who arrives at the cutting edge of battle by land, sea, or air, I accept the fact that as a Ranger my country expects me to move further, faster, and fight harder than any other soldier. Never shall I fail my comrades. I will always keep myself mentally alert, physically strong, and morally straight and I will shoulder more than my share of the task whatever it may be, one hundred percent and then some. Gallantly will I show the world that I am a specially selected and well trained soldier. My courtesy to superior officers, neatness of dress, and care of equipment shall set the example for others to follow. Energetically will I meet the enemies of my country. I shall defeat them on the field of battle for I am better trained and will fight with all my might. Surrender is not a Ranger word. I will never leave a fallen comrade to fall into the hands of the enemy and under no circumstances will I ever embarrass my country. Readily will I display the intestinal fortitude required to fight on to the Ranger objective and complete the mission, though I be the lone survivor. Rangers, lead the way. Organizations both use and define the term \"Ranger\" in different ways. For example, the annual Best Ranger Competition, hosted by the Ranger Training Brigade, the title \"Best Ranger\" can be won by any Ranger qualified entrants from any unit in the U.S. military. For an individual to be inducted into the U.S. Army Ranger Association's \"Ranger Hall of Fame\" they \"must have served in a Ranger unit in combat or be a successful graduate of the U.S. Army Ranger School.\" The Ranger Association further clarifies the type of unit: \"A Ranger unit is defined as those Army units recognized in Ranger lineage or history.\" Acceptance into the U.S. Army Ranger Association is limited to \"Rangers that have earned the U.S. Army Ranger tab, WWII Rangers, Korean War Rangers, Vietnam War Rangers, all Rangers that participated in Operations Urgent Fury, Just Cause, Desert Storm, Restore Hope, Enduring Freedom, and all Rangers who have served honorably for at least one year in a recognized Ranger unit.\"" }, "George Soros-113": { "title": "George Soros", "section": "Wealth and philanthropy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 113, "content": "As of February\u00a02017[update], Forbes magazine listed Soros as the 29th richest person in the world, the world's richest hedge-fund manager, and 19th on its list of the 400 wealthiest Americans, with a net worth estimated at $25.2\u00a0billion. This was after Soros had lost almost $1 billion in the weeks after the election of Republican Donald Trump as U.S. president in 2016." }, "Alcohol law-14": { "title": "Alcohol law", "section": "Prohibition", "headers": [ "Outright prohibition of alcohol", "Majority-Muslim countries" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Some majority-Muslim countries, such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Sudan, Pakistan, Iran and Libya prohibit the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages because they are forbidden by Islam." }, "Death-11": { "title": "Death", "section": "Diagnosis", "headers": [ "Problems of definition" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "One of the challenges in defining death is in distinguishing it from life. As a point in time, death would seem to refer to the moment at which life ends. Determining when death has occurred is difficult, as cessation of life functions is often not simultaneous across organ systems. Such determination therefore requires drawing precise conceptual boundaries between life and death. This is difficult, due to there being little consensus on how to define life." }, "Odin-4": { "title": "Odin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Old Norse texts portray Odin as one-eyed and long-bearded, frequently wielding a spear named Gungnir and wearing a cloak and a broad hat. He is often accompanied by his animal companions and familiars\u2014the wolves Geri and Freki and the ravens Huginn and Muninn, who bring him information from all over Midgard\u2014and rides the flying, eight-legged steed Sleipnir across the sky and into the underworld. Odin is the son of Bestla and Borr and has two brothers, Vili and V\u00e9. Odin is attested as having many sons, most famously the gods Thor (with J\u00f6r\u00f0) and Baldr (with Frigg), and is known by hundreds of names. In these texts he frequently seeks greater knowledge, at times in disguise (most famously by obtaining the Mead of Poetry), makes wagers with his wife Frigg over the outcome of exploits, and takes part both in the creation of the world by way of slaying the primordial being Ymir and in giving the gift of life to the first two humans Ask and Embla. Odin has a particular association with Yule, and mankind's knowledge of both the runes and poetry is also attributed to him, giving Odin aspects of the culture hero." }, "Elon Musk-1": { "title": "Elon Musk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Elon Reeve Musk FRS (/\u02c8i\u02d0l\u0252n/; born June 28, 1971) is an engineer, industrial designer, technology entrepreneur and philanthropist. He is a citizen of South Africa, the United States (where he has lived most of his life and currently resides), and Canada. He is the founder, CEO and chief engineer/designer of SpaceX; co-founder, CEO and product architect of Tesla, Inc.; founder of The Boring Company; co-founder of Neuralink; and co-founder and initial co-chairman of OpenAI. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2018. In December 2016, he was ranked 21st on the Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People, and was ranked joint-first on the Forbes list of the Most Innovative Leaders of 2019. As of May 2020, he has a net worth of $36.5 billion and is listed by Forbes as the 31st-richest person in the world. He is the longest tenured CEO of any automotive manufacturer globally." }, "Cubit-13": { "title": "Cubit", "section": "Ancient Rome", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "p\u0113khys) measured approximately 0.46\u00a0m (18\u00a0in). The short forearm cubit (\u03c0\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ae pygm\u0113, lit. \"fist\"), from the wrist to the elbow, measured approximately 0.34\u00a0m (13\u00a0in). In ancient Rome, according to Vitruvius, a cubit was equal to \u200b1\u00a01\u20442 Roman feet or 6 palm widths (approximately 444\u00a0mm or 17.5\u00a0in). A 120-centimeter cubit (approximately four feet long), called the Roman ulna, was common in the Roman empire, which cubit was measured from the fingers of the outstretched arm opposite the man's hip.; also, with" }, "Dominick Reyes-1": { "title": "Dominick Reyes", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dominick Reyes (born December 26, 1989) is an American professional mixed martial artist and former college football player. Reyes competes in the light heavyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). As of February 12, 2020, he is #1 in the UFC light heavyweight rankings and he is #15 in the UFC men's pound-for-pound rankings." }, "Masonic lodge-11": { "title": "Masonic lodge", "section": "Membership", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Be a man Come of his own free will by his own initiative or by invitation in some jurisdictions. Believe in some kind of Supreme Being. Be of good morals, reputation and financially supporting himself and family. Be at least 21 years old (may be as young as 18 or as old as 25, depending on the jurisdiction). Live in the jurisdiction (under some Grand Lodges in the United States.) Be able to pass interviews and pass the Investigation Committee's inquiries about his past with people who have known him, which can take up to 2 years. Be of sound mind and body. (this is not a universal requirement). Be a \"Free Man\". This may have arisen from the refusal of operative masons to pass their secrets to slaves, who could be ordered to divulge them to others. It may also have arisen from a requirement of early speculative lodges that a new Freemason should at least have a licence to trade and employ others, making him a Free Man of the city or borough of the lodge. Pass the vote of the Lodge to allow his membership. After a Lodge elects or approves a candidate in accordance with the requirements of its Grand Lodge, it will decide whether to give the candidate each degree in order. Generally speaking those who have only received the Entered Apprentice degree are considered Freemasons, but hold limited privileges until they attain the Master Mason degree; under UGLE only a Master Mason will receive a Grand Lodge certificate, which may be demanded by any other Lodge he wishes to visit." }, "Albuca-1": { "title": "Albuca", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Albuca is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. The genus is distributed mainly in southern and eastern Africa, with some species occurring in northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Plants of the genus are known commonly as slime lilies." }, "AC/DC-2": { "title": "AC/DC", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "AC/DC underwent several line-up changes before releasing their first album, High Voltage, in 1975. Membership subsequently stabilised around the Young brothers, singer Bon Scott, drummer Phil Rudd, and bass player Mark Evans. Evans was replaced by Cliff Williams in 1977 for the album Powerage. In February 1980, a few months after recording the album Highway to Hell, lead singer and co-songwriter Bon Scott died of acute alcohol poisoning. The group considered disbanding but stayed together, bringing in Brian Johnson as replacement for Scott. Later that year, the band released their first album with Johnson, Back in Black, which they dedicated to Scott's memory. The album launched them to new heights of success and became one of the best selling albums of all time." }, "Lake Urmia-3": { "title": "Lake Urmia", "section": "Names and etymologies", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Richard Nelson Frye suggested an Urartian origin for the name while T. Burrow connected the origin of the name Urmia to Indo-Iranian urmi- \"wave\" and urmya- \"undulating, wavy\". A more likely etymology would be from Neo-Aramaic Assyrian-Chaldean spoken by the shrinking number of the ancient Christian population of the nearby city of Urmia, consisting of \"ur\" meaning city, and \"mia\" meaning water. Together, the \"water city\", what Urmia city is: a city on the waters of the eponymous lake." }, "Magazine-8": { "title": "Magazine", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The earliest example of magazines was Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen, a literary and philosophy magazine, which was launched in 1663 in Germany. The Gentleman's Magazine, first published in 1731 in London was the first general-interest magazine. Edward Cave, who edited The Gentleman's Magazine under the pen name \"Sylvanus Urban,\" was the first to use the term \"magazine,\" on the analogy of a military storehouse. Founded by Herbert Ingram in 1842, The Illustrated London News was the first illustrated magazine." }, "Chlorine-2": { "title": "Chlorine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The most common compound of chlorine, sodium chloride (common salt), has been known since ancient times. Around 1630, chlorine gas was first synthesised in a chemical reaction, but not recognised as a fundamentally important substance. Carl Wilhelm Scheele wrote a description of chlorine gas in 1774, supposing it to be an oxide of a new element. In 1809, chemists suggested that the gas might be a pure element, and this was confirmed by Sir Humphry Davy in 1810, who named it from Ancient Greek: \u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2, romanized:\u00a0khl\u00f4ros, lit.\u00a0'pale green' based on its colour." }, "Hedgehog-11": { "title": "Hedgehog", "section": "Diet", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Although traditionally classified in the now abandoned order Insectivora, hedgehogs are omnivorous. They feed on insects, snails, frogs and toads, snakes, bird eggs, carrion, mushrooms, grass roots, berries, melons and watermelons. Berries constitute a major part of an Afghan hedgehog's diet in early spring after hibernation." }, "Seismology-1": { "title": "Seismology", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Seismology ( /sa\u026az\u02c8m\u0252l\u0259d\u0292i/; from Ancient Greek \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 (seism\u00f3s) meaning \"earthquake\" and -\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 (-log\u00eda) meaning \"study of\") is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or through other planet-like bodies. The field also includes studies of earthquake environmental effects such as tsunamis as well as diverse seismic sources such as volcanic, tectonic, oceanic, atmospheric, and artificial processes such as explosions. A related field that uses geology to infer information regarding past earthquakes is paleoseismology. A recording of earth motion as a function of time is called a seismogram. A seismologist is a scientist who does research in seismology." }, "Jared Fogle-1": { "title": "Jared Fogle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jared Scott Fogle (/\u02c8fo\u028a\u0261\u0259l/; born August 23, 1977) is an American former spokesperson for Subway restaurants and convicted sex offender. After his significant weight loss attributed to eating Subway sandwiches, Fogle was made a spokesperson for the company's advertising campaigns from 2000 to 2015." }, "Jason Todd-2": { "title": "Jason Todd", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Though initially popular while he was Robin, the character as written by Jim Starlin was not well received by fans following the revamping of his origin by Max Allan Collins in Batman #408\u2013409. This negative reception led to DC Comics holding a telephone poll in 1988's \"A Death in the Family\" storyline to determine whether or not the character would die at the hands of the Joker, Batman's nemesis. The poll ended with a narrow majority of votes in favor of killing Todd, resulting in his death. Subsequent Batman stories dealt with Batman's guilt over not having been able to save him." }, "Supreme Court of the United States-73": { "title": "Supreme Court of the United States", "section": "Process", "headers": [ "Case selection" ], "para_index": 73, "content": "Nearly all cases come before the court by way of petitions for writs of certiorari, commonly referred to as \"cert\". The Court may review any case in the federal courts of appeals \"by writ of certiorari granted upon the petition of any party to any civil or criminal case\". The Court may only review \"final judgments rendered by the highest court of a state in which a decision could be had\" if those judgments involve a question of federal statutory or constitutional law. The party that appealed to the Court is the petitioner and the non-mover is the respondent. All case names before the Court are styled petitioner v. respondent, regardless of which party initiated the lawsuit in the trial court. For example, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the state and against an individual, as in State of Arizona v. Ernesto Miranda. If the defendant is convicted, and his conviction then is affirmed on appeal in the state supreme court, when he petitions for cert the name of the case becomes Miranda v. Arizona." }, "Nickel allergy-12": { "title": "Nickel allergy", "section": "Sources of Ni-ACD", "headers": [ "Foods" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Nickel is present in a wide range of foods, in varying concentrations. Adults with ongoing nickel allergic contact dermatitis that does not respond to clinical treatments are recommended to follow a low-nickel diet and avoid foods such as chocolate, granola, oatmeal, and beans. While systemic elicitation of ACD in individuals sensitized by direct skin contact is well documented for a small proportion of nickel-sensitized individuals, there exists some controversy about the ability to sensitize individuals when nickel exposure is oral, intravenous, or inhaled. Only about 1\u201310% of dietary nickel is absorbed by the body. Average daily-ingested intake of nickel is about 200 micrograms. A few studies have shown that nickel-sensitive individuals given greater than 5,000 micrograms nickel (as NiSO4) as a single oral dose had a nickel ACD response. While such exposures are in excess of those encountered in normal diets, some researchers suggest that dietary control of nickel intake may help in the ongoing treatment of nickel ACD caused by other sources. These researchers have correctly identified foods high in nickel content (e.g., nuts, chocolate, beans), but they have sometimes incorrectly advocated the avoidance of cutlery, bowls, etc. made from stainless steel, which do not release significant amounts of nickel." }, "Nicole Richie-3": { "title": "Nicole Richie", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Richie was born in Berkeley, California, and has English, Mexican and Creole African-American ancestry. Her biological father, Peter Michael Escovedo, is the brother of Sheila E, and her biological mother is Karen Moss. When she was three years old, her biological parents agreed to let her move in with Lionel Richie because they could not afford to provide for her. \"My parents were friends with Lionel,\" she told People in 2003. \"They trusted that they would be better able to provide for me.\" Initially, Lionel Richie became her guardian. His 1986 hit song \"Ballerina Girl\" was written about Nicole." }, "Boxer Rebellion-1": { "title": "Boxer Rebellion", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Boxer Rebellion (\u62f3\u4e82), Boxer Uprising, or Yihetuan Movement (\u7fa9\u548c\u5718\u904b\u52d5) was an anti-imperialist, anti-foreign, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901, toward the end of the Qing dynasty." }, "Koala-44": { "title": "Koala", "section": "Conservation issues", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "While the koala was previously classified as Least Concern on the Red List, it was uplisted to Vulnerable in 2016. Australian policy makers declined a 2009 proposal to include the koala in the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. In 2012, the Australian government listed koala populations in Queensland and New South Wales as Vulnerable, because of a 40% population decline in the former and a 33% decline in the latter. A 2017 WWF report found a 53% decline per generation in Queensland, and a 26% decline in New South Wales. Populations in Victoria and South Australia appear to be abundant; however, the Australian Koala Foundation argues that the exclusion of Victorian populations from protective measures is based on a misconception that the total koala population is 200,000, whereas they believe it is probably less than 100,000." }, "Cerebral palsy-2": { "title": "Cerebral palsy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement, balance, and posture. Most often, the problems occur during pregnancy; however, they may also occur during childbirth or shortly after birth. Often, the cause is unknown. Risk factors include preterm birth, being a twin, certain infections during pregnancy such as toxoplasmosis or rubella, exposure to methylmercury during pregnancy, a difficult delivery, and head trauma during the first few years of life, among others. About 2% of cases are believed to be due to an inherited genetic cause. A number of sub-types are classified based on the specific problems present. For example, those with stiff muscles have spastic cerebral palsy, those with poor coordination have ataxic cerebral palsy and those with writhing movements have athetoid cerebral palsy. Diagnosis is based on the child's development over time. Blood tests and medical imaging may be used to rule out other possible causes." }, "Disneyland Paris-6": { "title": "Disneyland Paris", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Seeking a location for a European resort" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Michael Eisner, Disney's CEO at the time, signed the first letter of agreement with the French government for the 20-square-kilometre (4,940-acre) site on 18 December 1985, and the first financial contracts were drawn up during the following spring. The final contract was signed by the leaders of the Walt Disney Company and the French government and territorial collectivities on 24 March 1987. Construction began in August 1988, and in December 1990, an information centre named \"Espace Euro Disney\" was opened to show the public what was being constructed. Plans for a theme park next to Euro Disneyland based on the entertainment industry, Disney-MGM Studios Europe, quickly went into development, scheduled to open in 1996 with a construction budget of US$2.3\u00a0billion. The construction manager was Bovis." }, "Japan-9": { "title": "Japan", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Prehistoric to classical history" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Japan first appears in written history in the Chinese Book of Han. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the third century was called Yamataikoku. Buddhism was introduced to Japan from Baekje, Korea and was promoted by Prince Sh\u014dtoku, but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism was primarily influenced by China. Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and gained widespread acceptance beginning in the Asuka period (592\u2013710)." }, "Third Crusade-1": { "title": "Third Crusade", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Third Crusade (1189\u20131192) was an attempt by the leaders of the three most powerful states of Western Christianity (England, France and the Holy Roman Empire) to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187." }, "Rabies-30": { "title": "Rabies", "section": "Treatment", "headers": [ "After exposure" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Treatment after exposure can prevent the disease if given within 10 days. The rabies vaccine is 100% effective if given early, and still has a chance of success if delivery is delayed. Every year, more than 15 million people get vaccination after potential exposure. While this works well, the cost is significant. In the US it is recommended people receive one dose of human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) and four doses of rabies vaccine over a 14-day period. HRIG is expensive and makes up most of the cost of post exposure treatment, ranging as high as several thousand dollars. As much as possible of this dose should be injected around the bites, with the remainder being given by deep intramuscular injection at a site distant from the vaccination site." }, "Illuminati (game)-1": { "title": "Illuminati (game)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Illuminati is a standalone card game made by Steve Jackson Games (SJG), inspired by the 1975 book, The Illuminatus! Trilogy, by Robert Anton Wilson and Robert Shea. The game has ominous secret societies competing with each other to control the world through various means, including legal, illegal, and even mystical. It was designed as a \"tongue-in-cheek rather than serious\" take on conspiracy theories. It contains groups named similarly to real world organizations, such as the Society for Creative Anachronism and the Symbionese Liberation Army. It can be played by two to eight players. Depending on the number of players, a game can take between one and six hours." }, "The Doctor (Doctor Who)-111": { "title": "The Doctor (Doctor Who)", "section": "Changing faces", "headers": [ "Regenerations", "Reprising the role" ], "para_index": 111, "content": "William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton with Jon Pertwee in The Three Doctors. Originally Hartnell's role had been intended to be more extensive, but his health had deteriorated to the extent that he could only make a limited appearance which would be his last television role. Troughton and Pertwee with Peter Davison in The Five Doctors, the twentieth anniversary special, with newly released footage of Tom Baker and another actor, Richard Hurndall, standing in for the deceased William Hartnell. Archive footage of Hartnell taken from The Dalek Invasion of Earth introduced the story. Baker declined to appear, feeling that the role came too soon after he had left the programme (a decision he later said he regretted) and the narrative was reworked to use clips from Shada, an intended six-part story from the Fourth Doctor's era that was never completed due to industrial strikes. A waxwork dummy of Baker from Madame Tussauds was used in publicity photographs. Patrick Troughton with Colin Baker in The Two Doctors. This story is notable for not being produced either to celebrate the programme's anniversary or as a Children in Need production. Sylvester McCoy was joined by Jon Pertwee, Tom Baker, Peter Davison and Colin Baker, with the first and the second Doctor being represented by rubber heads, because both actors had died by then, in Dimensions in Time, the programme's thirtieth anniversary charity special in aid of Children in Need in 1993. Except for the mannequin versions of Hartnell and Troughton, no two Doctors are shown on screen at the same time. (This story was a crossover with EastEnders). Sylvester McCoy returned to film early segments of Doctor Who, the TV film featuring the Seventh Doctor's regeneration scene. Peter Davison with David Tennant in the 2007 Children in Need special \"Time Crash\". Paul McGann returned to film the Eighth Doctor's final moments and regeneration in the 2013 mini-episode \"The Night of the Doctor\", a prelude to the 50th anniversary special \"The Day of the Doctor\". None of the other Doctors appeared in this mini-episode, although archive footage of John Hurt appears briefly in the closing scene, for which he provided original audio. David Tennant appeared in the 50th anniversary special \"The Day of the Doctor\" with Matt Smith. Also co-starring was John Hurt as a newly revealed incarnation of the Doctor. Tom Baker had a cameo appearance in the special as the curator of the National Gallery. He was implied to be a future Doctor who was \"revisiting\" an \"old favourite\" face, but the script never explicitly states this. Dialogue states that \"perhaps it doesn't matter either way\" whether the Doctor and Curator are the same individual. Archive footage of the original eight Doctors was reworked with new audio from voice actor John Guilor, and a brief appearance by future Doctor actor Peter Capaldi was inserted, to represent all thirteen incarnations of the Doctor. Matt Smith made another appearance in \"Deep Breath\", the first full episode after his regeneration. He made a telephone call to his future to reassure Clara Oswald and urge her to accept his successor, portrayed by Peter Capaldi. The scene was filmed on the set of \"The Time of the Doctor\", Smith's last story as the incumbent Doctor, for the eighth series. In addition to the above, Tom Baker, Davison, Colin Baker, McCoy, McGann, Tennant and Hurt have reprised the role on many occasions since 1999 in audio dramas from Big Finish Productions." }, "Stay-at-home order-18": { "title": "Stay-at-home order", "section": "COVID-19 pandemic", "headers": [ "United Kingdom" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "At 8:30\u00a0p.m. on 23 March 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced a stay-at-home order effective immediately. All non-essential shops and services were ordered to close, and police were given discretion to break up gatherings of more than two people. The British public was told that they must stay at home, except for exercise (such as running, walking or cycling), shopping for essential items, any medical need, providing care to a vulnerable person, or travelling to work where the work in question was vital and could not be done from home. Johnson stated that the stay-at-home order would be reviewed after three weeks." }, "Prime number-2": { "title": "Prime number", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "However, 4 is composite because it is a product (2 \u00d7 2) in which both numbers are smaller than 4. Primes are central in number theory because of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic: every natural number greater than 1 is either a prime itself or can be factorized as a product of primes that is unique up to their order." }, "Scientific racism-1": { "title": "Scientific racism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Scientific racism, sometimes termed biological racism, is a pseudoscientific belief that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racism (racial discrimination), racial inferiority, or racial superiority. Historically, scientific racism received credence throughout the scientific community, but it is no longer considered scientific." }, "Elle Fanning-1": { "title": "Elle Fanning", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mary Elle Fanning (born April 9, 1998) is an American actress. She is best known for her recent works in a number of independent films and her portrayal as Aurora in the Maleficent film series. As the younger sister of actress Dakota Fanning, she made her film debut as the younger version of her sister's character in the drama film I Am Sam (2001). As a child actress, she appeared in a string of films including Because of Winn-Dixie (2005), Babel (2006), Phoebe in Wonderland (2008), and Somewhere (2010)." }, "Toddler-5": { "title": "Toddler", "section": "Vocalization and socialization", "headers": [ "Two years" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Triple the birth weight Grow to a height of 50% over birth length Have a head circumference equal to that of the chest Have one to eight teeth Pull to stand Walk with help or alone Sit down without help Bang two blocks together Turn through the pages of a book by flipping many pages at a time Have a pincer grasp Sleep 8\u201310 hours a night and take one to two naps Follows a fast moving object Can respond to sounds Responds to his or her name Understands several words Can say mama, papa, and at least one or two other words Understands simple commands Tries to imitate animal sounds Connects names with objects Understands that objects continue to exist, even when they are not seen (object permanence) Points to objects with index finger Waves bye bye May develop attachment to a toy or object Experiences separation anxiety and may cling to parents May make brief journeys away from parents to explore in familiar settings Weight: about 11\u201313\u00a0kg Height: about 80\u201382\u00a0cm Teeth: 12 temporary Teeth: full set of 20 temporary Decreased need for naps Walks well alone with wide based gait Creeps upstairs Builds with blocks Drinks from a cup, uses spoon Enjoys throwing objects and picking them up Walks sideways and backwards, runs well, falls easily Climbs stairs or up on furniture Scribbles vigorously, attempting a straight line Drinks well from a cup, still spills with a spoon Gross motor skills are quite well refined, can walk up and down stairs on both feet with one step at a time while holding on to a rail Builds tower of five cubes Control of spoon well-developed Toilet trained during day time Can use 10-15 words Says \"no\" (see holophrasis) Indicates when diaper is wet Uses phrases composed of adjectives and nouns Begins to have temper tantrums Very ritualistic, has favorite toy or blanket Thumb sucking may be at peak Vocabulary of about 350 words Obeys simple commands Helps undress self and put on simple clothes Shows sign of increased autonomy and individuality Does not share possessions\u2014everything \"mine\" as in the \"Toddler's Creed\": \"If I want it, it's mine." }, "Popeye (film)-1": { "title": "Popeye (film)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Popeye is a 1980 American musical comedy film directed by Robert Altman and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It is based on E. C. Segar's comics character of the same name. It was written by Jules Feiffer and stars Robin Williams as Popeye the Sailor Man and Shelley Duvall as Olive Oyl. Its story follows Popeye's adventures as he arrives in the town of Sweethaven." }, "Singing-1": { "title": "Singing", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist (in jazz and popular music). Singers perform music (arias, recitatives, songs, etc.) that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists. Singers may perform as soloists or accompanied by anything from a single instrument (as in art song or some jazz styles) up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Different singing styles include art music such as opera and Chinese opera, Indian music and religious music styles such as gospel, traditional music styles, world music, jazz, blues, ghazal and popular music styles such as pop, rock and electronic dance music." }, "Lullaby-1": { "title": "Lullaby", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A lullaby, or cradle song, is a soothing song or piece of music that is usually played for (or sung to) children. The purposes of lullabies vary. In some societies they are used to pass down cultural knowledge or tradition. In addition, lullabies are often used for the developing of communication skills, indication of emotional intent, maintenance of infants' undivided attention, modulation of infants' arousal, and regulation of behavior. Perhaps one of the most important uses of lullabies is as a sleep aid for infants. As a result, the music is often simple and repetitive. Lullabies can be found in many countries, and have existed since ancient times." }, "Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan-1": { "title": "Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Charles de Batz de Castelmore (French pronunciation:\u00a0\u200b[\u0283a\u0281l d\u0259 bats d\u0259 kast\u025blm\u0254\u0281]), also known as d'Artagnan and later count d'Artagnan (c. 1611 \u2013 25 June 1673), was a French Musketeer who served Louis XIV as captain of the Musketeers of the Guard. He died at the Siege of Maastricht in the Franco-Dutch War. A fictionalized account of his life by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras formed the basis for the d'Artagnan Romances of Alexandre Dumas, p\u00e8re, most famously including The Three Musketeers (1844). The heavily fictionalized version of d'Artagnan featured in Dumas' works and their subsequent screen adaptations is now far more widely known than the real historical figure." }, "David Prowse-2": { "title": "David Prowse", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Prowse was brought up on the Southmead housing estate in Bristol, winning a scholarship to Bristol Grammar School. Prowse was tall, standing 6\u00a0ft 6\u00a0in (1.98\u00a0m), and developed an interest in bodybuilding. His early jobs included a bouncer at a dance hall, where he met his future wife, and a helper at Henleaze Swimming Pool. Following his successes from 1961 in the British heavyweight weightlifting championship, he left Bristol in 1963 to work for a London weightlifting company." }, "Crocodile-9": { "title": "Crocodile", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "Size" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Size greatly varies among species, from the dwarf crocodile to the saltwater crocodile. Species of the dwarf crocodile Osteolaemus grow to an adult size of just 1.5 to 1.9\u00a0m (4.9 to 6.2\u00a0ft), whereas the saltwater crocodile can grow to sizes over 7\u00a0m (23\u00a0ft) and weigh 1,000\u00a0kg (2,200\u00a0lb). Several other large species can reach over 5.2\u00a0m (17\u00a0ft) long and weigh over 900\u00a0kg (2,000\u00a0lb). Crocodilians show pronounced sexual dimorphism, with males growing much larger and more rapidly than females. Despite their large adult sizes, crocodiles start their lives at around 20\u00a0cm (7.9\u00a0in) long. The largest species of crocodile is the saltwater crocodile, found in eastern India, northern Australia, throughout South-east Asia, and in the surrounding waters." }, "Pound sterling-1": { "title": "Pound sterling", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pound sterling (symbol: \u00a3; ISO code: GBP), known in some contexts simply as the pound or sterling, is the official currency of the United Kingdom, Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the British Antarctic Territory, and Tristan da Cunha. It is subdivided into 100 pence (singular: penny, abbreviated: p). The Pound sterling is the oldest currency in continuous use. A number of nations that do not use sterling also have currencies called the pound." }, "Glutamic acid-22": { "title": "Glutamic acid", "section": "Function and uses", "headers": [ "Flavor enhancer" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Glutamic acid, being a constituent of protein, is present in foods that contain protein, but it can only be tasted when it is present in an unbound form. Significant amounts of free glutamic acid are present in a wide variety of foods, including cheeses and soy sauce, and glutamic acid is responsible for umami, one of the five basic tastes of the human sense of taste. Glutamic acid often is used as a food additive and flavor enhancer in the form of its sodium salt, known as monosodium glutamate (MSG)." }, "Sternum-2": { "title": "Sternum", "section": "Structure", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The sternum is a long, flat bone, forming the middle portion of the front of the chest. The top of the sternum supports the clavicles (collarbones) and its edges join with the costal cartilages of the first two pairs of ribs. The inner surface of the sternum is also the attachment of the sternopericardial ligaments. Its top is also connected to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The sternum consists of three main parts, listed from the top:" }, "Portrayal of James Bond in film-3": { "title": "Portrayal of James Bond in film", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "American actor Barry Nelson was the first to portray Bond on screen, in a 1954 television adaptation, \"Casino Royale\". In 1961, Eon Productions began work on Dr. No, an adaptation of the novel of the same name. The result was a film that spawned a series of twenty-four films produced by Eon Productions and two independent films. After considering \"refined\" English actors such as Cary Grant and David Niven, the producers cast Sean Connery as Bond in the film. Fleming was appalled at the selection of the uncouth 31-year-old Scottish actor, considering him the antithesis of his character. However, Connery's physical prowess and sexual magnetism became closely identified with the character, with Fleming ultimately changing his view on Connery and incorporating aspects of his portrayal into the books." }, "Loudspeaker-1": { "title": "Loudspeaker", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A loudspeaker is an electroacoustic transducer; a device which converts an electrical audio signal into a corresponding sound. The most widely used type of speaker in the 2010s is the dynamic speaker, invented in 1924 by Edward W. Kellogg and Chester W. Rice. The dynamic speaker operates on the same basic principle as a dynamic microphone, but in reverse, to produce sound from an electrical signal. When an alternating current electrical audio signal is applied to its voice coil, a coil of wire suspended in a circular gap between the poles of a permanent magnet, the coil is forced to move rapidly back and forth due to Faraday's law of induction, which causes a diaphragm (usually conically shaped) attached to the coil to move back and forth, pushing on the air to create sound waves. Besides this most common method, there are several alternative technologies that can be used to convert an electrical signal into sound. The sound source (e.g., a sound recording or a microphone) must be amplified or strengthened with an audio power amplifier before the signal is sent to the speaker." }, "Whistle (Blackpink song)-2": { "title": "Whistle (Blackpink song)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Blackpink's debut television performance was held on SBS's Inkigayo on August 14, 2016, where Blackpink performed \"Whistle\" alongside \"Boombayah\". The song was a commercial success, with \"Whistle\" peaking atop the Gaon Digital Chart. It was the first debut song by a group to achieve the \"perfect all-kill\" status on the South Korean charts. It was also featured in the pilot episode of the Freeform series, The Bold Type." }, "Cat-1": { "title": "Cat", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The cat (Felis catus) is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is often referred to as the domestic cat to distinguish it from the wild members of the family. A cat can either be a house cat, a farm cat or a feral cat; the latter ranges freely and avoids human contact. Domestic cats are valued by humans for companionship and their ability to hunt rodents. About 60 cat breeds are recognized by various cat registries." }, "Claude, Duke of Guise-1": { "title": "Claude, Duke of Guise", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Claude de Lorraine, duc de Guise (20 October 1496, Ch\u00e2teau de Cond\u00e9-sur-Moselle, \u2013 12 April 1550, Ch\u00e2teau de Joinville) was a French aristocrat and general. He became the first Duke of Guise in 1528." }, "Video game-42": { "title": "Video game", "section": "Emulation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Some manufacturers have released official emulators for their own consoles. For example, Nintendo's Virtual Console allows users to play games for old Nintendo consoles on the Wii, Wii U, and 3DS. Virtual Console is part of Nintendo's strategy for deterring video game piracy. In November 2015, Microsoft launched backwards compatibility of Xbox 360 games on Xbox One console via emulation. Also, Sony announced relaunching PS2 games on PS4 via emulation. According to Sony Computer Entertainment America v. Bleem, creating an emulator for a proprietary video game console is legal. However, Nintendo claims that emulators promote the distribution of illegally copied games." }, "The Powerpuff Girls-9": { "title": "The Powerpuff Girls", "section": "Characters", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Blossom (voiced by Cathy Cavadini) is the self-proclaimed leader of the Powerpuff Girls. Her personality ingredient is \"everything nice\", her signature color is pink, and she has long strawberry blonde hair with a red bow. She was named for having spoken freely and honestly to the Professor shortly after her creation as shown in The Powerpuff Girls Movie. She is often seen as the most level-headed, and composed member of the group and also strong and determined. Her unique abilities include \"Ice Breath\" (develops in \"Ice Sore\"), microscopic vision, and advanced intelligence; she is also a master strategist and apt planner. Bubbles (voiced by Tara Strong, credited as Tara Charendoff, in the series and by Kath Soucie in the What a Cartoon! episodes) is the \"softest and sweetest\" of the three. Her signature color is blue, her personality ingredient is \"sugar\", and she has blonde hair in pigtails. Bubbles is seen as kind and very sweet but she is also capable of extreme rage and can fight monsters just as well as her sisters can. Her best friend is a stuffed octopus doll she calls \"Octi\", and she also loves animals. She exhibits the ability to both understand multiple languages and communicate with various animals, and her unique power is emitting supersonic waves. Buttercup (voiced by E. G. Daily) is described as a \"tough hotheaded tomboy\". Her personality ingredient is \"spice\", her signature color is green, and she has black hair in a flip. She loves to get dirty, fights hard and plays rough; she does not plan and is all action. Buttercup is the only Powerpuff Girl without any unique superpowers (aside from being able to curl her tongue as shown in the episode \"Nuthin' Special\"). McCracken originally wanted to name the character \"Bud\" until a friend suggested the name Buttercup. Their main arch-enemies throughout the show are a villain by the name of Mojo Jojo (voiced by Roger L. Jackson), a chimpanzee who always plans to take over Townsville (the character was inspired by a character from a live-action Japanese series), and Him (voiced by Tom Kane), a mysterious, sinister, and effeminate demon who is able to manipulate events to either drive the Powerpuff Girls insane or drive wedges between them." }, "Gene therapy for color blindness-15": { "title": "Gene therapy for color blindness", "section": "Research", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Adult dichromat squirrel monkeys was converted into trichromats using gene therapy. New world monkeys such as squirrel monkeys lack the L-opsin gene and are incapable of discriminating between certain shades of red and green. Recombinant AAV vector was used to deliver a human L-opsin gene into the monkey\u2019s retina. Cones that gained the missing genes began expressing the new photopigment." }, "Morning sickness-1": { "title": "Morning sickness", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Morning sickness, also called nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP), is a symptom of pregnancy that involves nausea or vomiting. Despite the name, nausea or vomiting can occur at any time during the day. Typically the symptoms occur between the 4th and 16th week of pregnancy. About 10% of women still have symptoms after the 20th week of pregnancy. A severe form of the condition is known as hyperemesis gravidarum and results in weight loss." }, "Sternum-5": { "title": "Sternum", "section": "Structure", "headers": [ "Manubrium" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The manubrium joins with the body of the sternum, the clavicles and the cartilages of the first pair of ribs. The inferior border, oval and rough, is covered with a thin layer of cartilage for articulation with the body. The lateral borders are each marked above by a depression for the first costal cartilage, and below by a small facet, which, with a similar facet on the upper angle of the body, forms a notch for the reception of the costal cartilage of the second rib. Between the depression for the first costal cartilage and the demi-facet for the second is a narrow, curved edge, which slopes from above downward towards the middle. Also, the superior sternopericardial ligament attaches the pericardium to the posterior side of the manubrium." }, "Fast food-6": { "title": "Fast food", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "citation needed] Eating fast food has been linked to, among other things, colorectal cancer, obesity, high cholesterol, and depression. Many fast foods tend to be high in saturated fat, sugar, salt and calories." }, "Hanuman-2": { "title": "Hanuman", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The evidence of devotional worship to him is missing in the texts and archeological sites of ancient and most of the medieval period. According to Philip Lutgendorf, an American Indologist known for his studies on Hanuman, the theological significance and devotional dedication to Hanuman emerged about 1,000 years after the composition of the Ramayana, in the 2nd millennium CE, after the arrival of Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent. Bhakti movement saints such as Samarth Ramdas expressed Hanuman as a symbol of nationalism and resistance to persecution. In the modern era, his iconography and temples have been increasingly common. He is viewed as the ideal combination of \"strength, heroic initiative and assertive excellence\" and \"loving, emotional devotion to his personal god Rama\", as Shakti and Bhakti. In later literature, he has been the patron god of martial arts such as wrestling, acrobatics, as well as meditation and diligent scholarship. He symbolizes the human excellences of inner self-control, faith and service to a cause, hidden behind the first impressions of a being who looks like an Ape-Man Vanara." }, "Benjamin Franklin-135": { "title": "Benjamin Franklin", "section": "Slavery", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 135, "content": "Franklin owned as many as seven slaves, two males who worked in his household and his shop. Franklin posted paid ads for the sale of slaves and for the capture of runaway slaves and allowed the sale of slaves in his general store. Franklin profited from both the international and domestic slave trade, even criticizing slaves who had run off to join the British Army during the colonial wars of the 1740s and 1750s. Franklin, however, later became a \"cautious abolitionist\" and became an outspoken critic of landed gentry slavery. In 1758, Franklin advocated the opening of a school for the education of black slaves in Philadelphia. Franklin took two slaves to England with him, Peter and King, and King left his service there in 1756: by 1758 he was working for \"a lady in Suffolk\". Whether Franklin could have compelled King's return is open to doubt in the light of earlier English Common Law decisions and the subsequent case of Shanley v Harvey, but in any case he did not attempt to do so." }, "Artam\u00e8ne-1": { "title": "Artam\u00e8ne", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Artam\u00e8ne ou le Grand Cyrus (English: Artam\u00e8ne, or Cyrus the Great) is a novel sequence, originally published in ten volumes in the 17th century. The title pages credit the work to Georges de Scud\u00e9ry, but it is usually attributed to his sister Madeleine. At 1,954,300 words, it is considered one of the longest novels ever published." }, "Homelessness-6": { "title": "Homelessness", "section": "Definition and classification", "headers": [ "United Nations definition" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "In 2004, the United Nations sector of Economic and Social Affairs defined a homeless household as those households without a shelter that would fall within the scope of living quarters due to a lack of or a steady income. They carry their few possessions with them, sleeping in the streets, in doorways or on piers, or in another space, on a more or less random basis." }, "Marvin Gaye-36": { "title": "Marvin Gaye", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "After Gaye's funeral, his body was cremated at Forest Lawn Memorial Park at the Hollywood Hills; his ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean. Gay Sr. was initially charged with first degree murder, but the charges were reduced to voluntary manslaughter following a diagnosis of a brain tumor. He was given a suspended six-year sentence and probation. He died at a nursing home in 1998." }, "H\u00e9lio Gracie-1": { "title": "H\u00e9lio Gracie", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "H\u00e9lio Gracie (October 1, 1913 \u2013 January 29, 2009) was a Brazilian martial artist who, together with his brother Carlos Gracie, founded the martial art of Gracie jiu-jitsu, also known as Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. According to Rorion Gracie, his father H\u00e9lio is one of the first sports heroes in Brazilian history; he was named Man of the Year in 1997 by the American martial arts publication Black Belt magazine. A patriarch of the Gracie family, multiple members of his family have gone on to have successful careers in mixed martial arts (MMA) and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu." }, "Nutritional rating systems-4": { "title": "Nutritional rating systems", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Guiding Stars" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Rated foods are tagged with one, two or three stars, with three stars the best ranking. The program began at Hannaford Supermarkets in 2006, and is found in over 1,900 supermarkets in Canada and the US. Guiding Stars has expanded into public schools, colleges and hospitals." }, "Silicone rubber-2": { "title": "Silicone rubber", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Silicone rubber is generally non-reactive, stable, and resistant to extreme environments and temperatures from \u221255 to 300\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221267 to 572\u00a0\u00b0F) while still maintaining its useful properties. Due to these properties and its ease of manufacturing and shaping, silicone rubber can be found in a wide variety of products, including: voltage line insulators, automotive applications; cooking, baking, and food storage products; apparel such as undergarments, sportswear, and footwear; electronics; medical devices and implants; and in home repair and hardware with products such as silicone sealants." }, "Calvary Baptist Church (Chester, Pennsylvania)-1": { "title": "Calvary Baptist Church (Chester, Pennsylvania)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Calvary Baptist Church is a Baptist Church founded in 1879 in Chester, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. Martin Luther King Jr. attended Calvary Baptist church while he studied at the Crozer Theological Seminary from 1948 to 1951." }, "Pony Express-1": { "title": "Pony Express", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Pony Express was a mail service delivering messages, newspapers, and mail using relays of horse-mounted riders that operated from April 3, 1860 to October 24, 1861 between Missouri and California in the United States of America." }, "George Washington-1": { "title": "George Washington", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "George Washington (February 22, 1732 \u2013 December 14, 1799) was an American political leader, military general, statesman, and founding father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Previously, he led Patriot forces to victory in the nation's War for Independence. He presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which established the U.S. Constitution" }, "Swastika-1": { "title": "Swastika", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The swastika or sauwastika \u2014 as a character, \u5350 (right-facing or clockwise) or \u534d (left-facing or counterclockwise) respectively \u2014 is a geometrical figure and an ancient religious icon in the cultures of Eurasia. It is used as a symbol of divinity and spirituality in Indian religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism." }, "Osama bin Laden-1": { "title": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden /o\u028a\u02c8s\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 b\u026an \u02c8l\u0251\u02d0d\u0259n/ (Arabic: \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062f\u0646\u200e, Us\u0101mah bin Mu\u1e25ammad bin \u02bfAwa\u1e0d bin L\u0101din; March 10, 1957 \u2013 May 2, 2011), also rendered Usama bin Ladin, was a founder of the pan-Islamic militant organization al-Qaeda. He was a Saudi Arabian citizen until 1994 (stateless thereafter) and a member of the wealthy bin Laden family." }, "Deciduous-3": { "title": "Deciduous", "section": "Botany", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In botany and horticulture, deciduous plants, including trees, shrubs and herbaceous perennials, are those that lose all of their leaves for part of the year. This process is called abscission. In some cases leaf loss coincides with winter\u2014namely in temperate or polar climates. In other parts of the world, including tropical, subtropical, and arid regions, plants lose their leaves during the dry season or other seasons, depending on variations in rainfall." }, "Armageddon-18": { "title": "Armageddon", "section": "Christianity", "headers": [ "Seventh-day Adventist" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The teachings of the Seventh-day Adventist Church state that the terms \"Armageddon\", \"Day of the Lord\" and \"The Second Coming of Christ\" all describe the same event. Seventh-day Adventists further teach that the current religious movements taking place in the world are setting the stage for Armageddon, and they are concerned by an anticipated unity between spiritualism, American Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. A further significant difference in Seventh-day Adventist theology is the teaching that the events of Armageddon will leave the earth desolate for the duration of the millennium. They teach that the righteous will be taken to heaven while the rest of humanity will be destroyed, leaving Satan with no one to tempt and effectively \"bound.\" The final re-creation of a \"new heaven and a new earth.\" then follows the millennium." }, "Dem Bones-1": { "title": "Dem Bones", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"Dem Bones\" (also called \"Dry Bones\" and \"Dem Dry Bones\") is a spiritual song. The melody was composed by author and songwriter James Weldon Johnson (1871\u20131938) and his brother, J. Rosamond Johnson. First recorded by The Famous Myers Jubilee Singers in 1928. Both a long and a shortened version of the song are widely known. The lyrics are inspired by Ezekiel 37:1-14, where the prophet Ezekiel visits the \"Valley of Dry Bones\" and prophesies that they will one day be resurrected at God's command, picturing the realization of the New Jerusalem." }, "Ramen-11": { "title": "Ramen", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Noodles" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Most noodles are made from four basic ingredients: wheat flour, salt, water, and kansui (\u304b\u3093\u6c34) (from kansui (\u9e79\u6c34, salt water)) a type of alkaline mineral water, containing sodium carbonate and usually potassium carbonate, as well as sometimes a small amount of phosphoric acid. Although ramen noodles and Udon noodles are both made with wheat, they are different kinds of noodle." }, "Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution-1": { "title": "Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Twenty-third Amendment (Amendment XXIII) to the United States Constitution extends the right to vote in presidential elections to citizens residing in the District of Columbia. The amendment grants the district electors in the Electoral College as though it were a state, though the district can never have more electors than the least-populous state. The Twenty-third Amendment was proposed by the 86th Congress on June 16, 1960, and was ratified by the requisite number of states on March 29, 1961." }, "Polo Grounds-4": { "title": "Polo Grounds", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Other sporting events held at the Polo Grounds included soccer, boxing, and Gaelic football. The last sporting event at the Polo Grounds was a football game between the New York Jets and the Buffalo Bills on December 14, 1963. Shea Stadium opened in 1964 and replaced the Polo Grounds as the home of the Mets and Jets. The Polo Grounds was demolished over a period of four months that year and a public housing complex, known as the Polo Grounds Towers, was built on the site." }, "James Watson-50": { "title": "James Watson", "section": "Career and research", "headers": [ "Comments on race" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "In January 2019, following the broadcast of a television documentary made the previous year in which he repeated his views about race and genetics, CSHL revoked honorary titles that it had awarded to Watson and cut all remaining ties with him. Watson did not respond to the developments, having been ill since a car accident in October 2018." }, "Compact disc-2": { "title": "Compact disc", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres (4.7\u00a0in) and can hold up to about 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or about 700\u00a0MiB of data. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres (2.4 to 3.1\u00a0in); they are sometimes used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio, or delivering device drivers." }, "United Airlines-62": { "title": "United Airlines", "section": "Accidents and incidents", "headers": [ "United 3411" ], "para_index": 62, "content": "On the evening of April 9, 2017, a revenue passenger was forcibly removed by law enforcement from United Airlines flight 3411 at Chicago-O'Hare, bound for Louisville. United announced that it needed four seats for airline staff on the sold-out flight. When no passengers volunteered after being offered vouchers worth $800, United staff selected four passengers to leave. Three of them did so, but the fourth, a doctor named David Dao, declined as he said that he had patients to treat the following morning. He was pulled from his seat by Chicago Department of Aviation security officers and dragged by his arms down the aisle. Dao sustained a concussion, broken teeth, a broken nose, and other injuries. The incident was captured on smartphone cameras and posted on social media, triggering an angry public backlash. Afterwards, United's chief executive officer, Oscar Munoz, described Dao as \"disruptive and belligerent\", apologized for \"re-accommodating\" the paying customers, and defended and praised staff for \"following established procedures\". He was widely criticized as \"tone-deaf\". Munoz later issued a second statement calling what happened a \"truly horrific event\" and accepting \"full responsibility\" for it. After a lawsuit, Dao reached an undisclosed settlement with United and airport police. In the aftermath, United's board of directors decided that Munoz would not become its chairman and that executive compensation would be tied to customer satisfaction. Following this incident, passenger complaints increased by 70 percent." }, "Woodrow Wilson-79": { "title": "Woodrow Wilson", "section": "Race relations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 79, "content": "In terms of Reconstruction, Wilson held the common southern view that the South was demoralized by northern carpetbaggers and that overreach on the part of the Radical Republicans justified extreme measures to reassert democratic, white majority control of Southern state governments. During Wilson's presidency, D. W. Griffith's film The Birth of a Nation (1915) was the first motion picture to be screened in the White House. Wilson agreed to screen the film at the urging of Thomas Dixon Jr., a Johns Hopkins classmate who wrote the book on which The Birth of a Nation was based. The film, while revolutionary in its cinematic technique, glorified the Ku Klux Klan and portrayed blacks as uncouth and uncivilized. Wilson, and only Wilson, is quoted in the film (three times) as a scholar of American history, and made no protest over the misquotation of his words. Nonetheless, after seeing the film, Wilson felt betrayed by Dixon, as he felt that Dixon had misrepresented his views. Wilson's book did try to explain why many Southerners joined the Klan, but Wilson personally rejected the Ku Klux Klan and lynching as un-American. After the screening, Wilson issued a public statement stating that he had been \"unaware of the character of the play before it was presented and has at no time expressed his approbation of it. Its exhibition at the White House was a courtesy extended to an old acquaintance.\" Historians have generally concluded that Wilson probably said that The Birth of a Nation was like \"writing history with lightning\", but reject the allegation that Wilson also remarked, \"My only regret is that it is all so terribly true.\"" }, "Homelessness-58": { "title": "Homelessness", "section": "Assistance and resources", "headers": [ "Political action: voting" ], "para_index": 58, "content": "A model of how to overcome obstacles and encourage greater voter participation among low-income and homeless citizens was provided by the National Coalition for the Homeless and other national advocacy and grassroots social movement groups. These groups collaborated to create a manual that promotes voting access for low income and homeless persons, to ensure that those who are economically disadvantaged maintain an active role in shaping their futures. The manual is designed to cultivate ideas to help overcome the many obstacles that prevent people experiencing homelessness from becoming registered, active voters. By working together with homeless persons, low-income individuals, and advocates around the country, grassroots social movement organizations can help ensure their voices heard on Election Day." }, "Black swan-6": { "title": "Black swan", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "When swimming, black swans hold their necks arched or erect and often carry their feathers or wings raised in an aggressive display. In flight, a wedge of black swans will form as a line or a V, with the individual birds flying strongly with undulating long necks, making whistling sounds with their wings and baying, bugling or trumpeting calls." }, "Southwest Airlines fleet-1": { "title": "Southwest Airlines fleet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Since its inception Southwest Airlines has almost exclusively operated Boeing 737 aircraft (except for a brief period when it leased and flew some Boeing 727-200 aircraft). Southwest is the world's largest operator of the Boeing 737, and was the launch customer of the 737-300, 737-500, and 737-700." }, "Dungeons & Dragons-2": { "title": "Dungeons & Dragons", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "D&D departs from traditional wargaming by allowing each player to create their own character to play instead of a military formation. These characters embark upon imaginary adventures within a fantasy setting. A Dungeon Master (DM) serves as the game's referee and storyteller, while maintaining the setting in which the adventures occur, and playing the role of the inhabitants of the game world. The characters form a party and they interact with the setting's inhabitants and each other. Together they solve dilemmas, engage in battles, and gather treasure and knowledge. In the process, the characters earn experience points (XP) in order to rise in levels, and become increasingly powerful over a series of separate gaming sessions." }, "Elk-3": { "title": "Elk", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Elk are susceptible to a number of infectious diseases, some of which can be transmitted to livestock. Efforts to eliminate infectious diseases from elk populations, largely by vaccination, have had mixed success. Some cultures revere the elk as having spiritual significance. In parts of Asia, antlers and their velvet are used in traditional medicines. Elk are hunted as a game species. Their meat is leaner and higher in protein than beef or chicken. Elk were long believed to belong to a subspecies of the European red deer (Cervus elaphus), but evidence from many mitochondrial DNA genetic studies beginning in 1998 shows that the two are distinct species. Key morphological differences that distinguish C. canadensis from C. elaphus are the former's wider rump patch and paler-hued antlers." }, "Genghis Khan-17": { "title": "Genghis Khan", "section": "Wives, concubines, and children", "headers": [ "B\u00f6rte" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Soon after the marriage between them took place, the Three Merkits attacked their family camp at dawn and kidnapped B\u00f6rte. She was given to one of their warriors as a spoil of war. Tem\u00fcjin was deeply distressed by the abduction of his wife and remarked that his \"bed was made empty\" and his \"breast was torn apart\". Tem\u00fcjin rescued her several months later with the aid of his allies Wang Khan and Jamukha. Many scholars describe this event as one of the key crossroads in Tem\u00fcjin\u2019s life, which moved him along the path towards becoming a conqueror. \u201cAs the pillaging and plundering went on, Tem\u00fcjin moved among the people that were hurriedly escaping, calling, \u2018B\u00f6rte, B\u00f6rte!\u2019 And so he came upon her, for Lady B\u00f6rte was among those fleeing people. She heard the voice of Tem\u00fcjin and, recognizing it, she got off the cart and came running towards him. Although it was still night, Lady B\u00f6rte and Qo\u2019aq\u010din both recognized Tem\u00fcjin\u2019s reins and tether and grabbed them. It was moonlight; he looked at them, recognized Lady B\u00f6rte, and they fell into each other\u2019s arms.\u201d -The Secret History of the Mongols B\u00f6rte was held captive for eight months, and gave birth to Jochi soon after she was rescued. This left doubt as to who the father of the child was, because her captor took her as a \"wife\" and could have possibly impregnated her. Despite this, Tem\u00fcjin let Jochi remain in the family and claimed him as his own son. B\u00f6rte had three more sons, Chagatai (1183\u20131242), \u00d6gedei (1186\u20131241), and Tolui (1191\u20131232). Tem\u00fcjin had many other children with other wives, but they were excluded from succession, only B\u00f6rte's sons could be considered to be his heirs." }, "Charlemagne-50": { "title": "Charlemagne", "section": "Eastern campaigns", "headers": [ "Saxon Wars" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "Charlemagne was engaged in almost constant warfare throughout his reign, often at the head of his elite scara bodyguard squadrons. In the Saxon Wars, spanning thirty years and eighteen battles, he conquered Saxonia and proceeded to convert it to Christianity." }, "Bottle-1": { "title": "Bottle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A bottle is a narrow-necked container made of an impermeable material (clay, glass, plastic, aluminium etc.) in various shapes and sizes to store and transport liquids (water, milk, beer, wine, ink, cooking oil, medicine, soft drinks, shampoo, and chemicals, etc.) and whose mouth at the bottling line can be sealed with an internal stopper, an external bottle cap, a closure, or a conductive \"inner seal\" using induction sealing." }, "Boy Scouts of America-22": { "title": "Boy Scouts of America", "section": "Program", "headers": [ "Aims, methods, and ideals" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Cub Scouts wear a uniform that gives each Scout a level of identity within the den, the pack and the community. The Scouts learn teamwork by meeting and working together in a den of four to ten boys or girls under adult leadership. They learn and apply the ideals codified in the Scout Oath and the Scout Law through an advancement system using age-based ranks earned by completing required and elective adventures. Some advancement is done in the home and is intended to involve the entire family and many Cub Scout activities include family members." }, "Olive-2": { "title": "Olive", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The olive's fruit, also called the olive, is of major agricultural importance in the Mediterranean region as the source of olive oil; it is one of the core ingredients in Mediterranean cuisine. The tree and its fruit give their name to the plant family, which also includes species such as lilacs, jasmine, Forsythia, and the true ash trees (Fraxinus)." }, "Arrest-7": { "title": "Arrest", "section": "Procedure", "headers": [ "United States", "Minor crimes and infractions" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "When there exists probable cause to believe that a person has committed a minor crime, such as petty theft, driving on a suspended license, or disturbing the peace, law enforcement agents typically issue the individual a citation but do not otherwise detain them. The person must then appear in court on the date provided on the citation. Prior to the court date, the prosecution will decide whether to file formal criminal charges against the individual. When the accused appears in court, they will be advised if formal criminal charges have been filed. If charges are filed, they will be asked to plead guilty or not guilty at the initial court hearing, which is referred to as the arraignment." }, "Atacama Desert-7": { "title": "Atacama Desert", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Although the almost total lack of precipitation is the most prominent characteristic of the Atacama Desert, exceptions do occur. In July 2011, an extreme Antarctic cold front broke through the rain shadow, bringing 80\u00a0cm (31\u00a0in) of snow to the plateau, stranding residents across the region, particularly in Bolivia, where many drivers became stuck in snow drifts and emergency crews became overtaxed with a large number of rescue calls." }, "Lullaby-11": { "title": "Lullaby", "section": "Therapeutic value", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Studies conducted by Dr. Jeffery Perlman, chief of newborn medicine at New York\u2013Presbyterian Hospital's Komansky Center for Children's Health, find that gentle music therapy not only slows down the heart rate of prematurely delivered infants but also helps them feed and sleep better. This helps them gain weight and speeds their recovery. A study published in May 2013 in the Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics under the aegis of the Beth Israel Medical Center in New York City found that the type of music matters. Therapeutically designed \"live\" music \u2013 and lullabies sung in person \u2013 can influence cardiac and respiratory function. Another study published in February 2011 in Arts in Psychotherapy by Jayne M. Standley of the National Institute for Infant and Child Medical Music Therapy at Florida State University suggests that babies who receive this kind of therapy leave the hospital sooner." }, "Quarter (United States coin)-1": { "title": "Quarter (United States coin)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The quarter, short for quarter dollar, is a United States coin worth 25 cents, one-quarter of a dollar. It has a diameter of .955 inch (24.26\u00a0mm) and a thickness of .069 inch (1.75\u00a0mm). The coin sports the profile of George Washington on its obverse, and its reverse design has changed frequently. It has been produced on and off since 1796 and consistently since 1831." }, "The Boy Who Was-11": { "title": "The Boy Who Was", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Chapter 10, \"The Bandits\", tells how Nino arranges for an Italian Prince to be captured by the Carbonari and brought into sympathy with their cause." }, "Trichinosis-2": { "title": "Trichinosis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Trichinosis is mainly spread when undercooked meat containing Trichinella cysts is eaten. Most often this is pork, but infection can also occur from bear and dog meat. Several species of Trichinella can cause disease, with T. spiralis being the most common. After being eaten, the larvae are released from their cysts in the stomach. They then invade the wall of the small intestine, where they develop into adult worms. After one week, the females release new larvae that migrate to voluntarily controlled muscles, where they form cysts. The diagnosis is usually based on symptoms and confirmed by finding specific antibodies in the blood, or larvae on tissue biopsy." }, "Louis Armstrong-87": { "title": "Louis Armstrong", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 87, "content": "Against his doctor's advice, Armstrong played a two-week engagement in March 1971 at the Waldorf-Astoria's Empire Room. At the end of it, he was hospitalized for a heart attack. He was released from the hospital in May, and quickly resumed practicing his trumpet playing. Still hoping to get back on the road, Armstrong died of a heart attack in his sleep on July 6, 1971, a month before his 70th birthday. He was residing in Corona, Queens, New York City, at the time of his death. He was interred in Flushing Cemetery, Flushing, in Queens, New York City." }, "Opal Tometi-8": { "title": "Opal Tometi", "section": "Recognition and awards", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Tometi was featured as a new civil rights leader by Essence Magazine in 2014 and by the Los Angeles Times in 2013. She was listed in the Root 100 list of African American Achievers between 25 and 45. She was listed in the Cosmopolitan Top 100 list of extraordinary women. Along with Garza and Cullors, Tometi was named to the 2013 Time (magazine) 100 Women of the Year and Politico 50 2015 Guide to Thinkers, Doers, and Visionaries. In 2016, she was, alongside her co-founders, on Fortune's list of \"World's Greatest Leaders\". She was awarded the Letelier-Moffitt Human Rights Award in 2017. She is also featured in the Smithsonian's National Museum for African American History and Culture (NMAAHC). In 2018, Tometi was featured in the Guardian's list of 200 leaders who embody the work of Frederick Douglass. In 2019, along with co-authors Alicia Garza and Patrisse Khan-Cullors, Tometi received a PEN Oakland Josephine Miles Literary Award for When They Call You a Terrorist: A Black Lives Matter Memoir." }, "Christianity in the 16th century-39": { "title": "Christianity in the 16th century", "section": "Protestant Reformation", "headers": [ "Anglicanism and the English Reformation" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "The political separation of the Church of England from Rome, beginning in 1529 and completed in 1536, brought England alongside this broad Reformed movement. However, religious changes in the English national church proceeded more conservatively than elsewhere in Europe. Reformers in the Church of England alternated for centuries between sympathies for Catholic traditions and Protestantism, progressively forging a stable compromise between adherence to ancient tradition and Protestantism, which is now sometimes called the via media." }, "Audi R8 (Type 4S)-11": { "title": "Audi R8 (Type 4S)", "section": "Facelift", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Performance figures include a 0\u201397\u00a0km/h (0\u201360\u00a0mph) acceleration time of 3.5 seconds for the base model and 3.1 seconds for the V10 Performance quattro model. Top speed for the V10 Performance quattro is 330\u00a0km/h (205\u00a0mph). The facelift model went on sale in Europe in early 2019." }, "Twelver-1": { "title": "Twelver", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Twelver (Arabic: \u0671\u062b\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0639\u064e\u0634\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u200e; \u02beIthn\u0101 \u02bfA\u0161ar\u012byah Persian: \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u200e, \u0160\u012b'eh-ye Dav\u00e2zdah-Em\u00e2m\u012b), also known as Imamiyyah (Arabic: \u0625\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0645\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u200e), is the largest branch of Shia Islam. The term Twelver refers to its adherents' belief in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as the Twelve Imams, and their belief that the last Imam, Imam al-Mahdi, lives in occultation and will reappear as the promised Mahdi. According to Shia tradition, the Mahdi's tenure will coincide with the Second Coming of Jesus, who is to assist the Mahdi against the Dajjal." }, "Blood vessel-1": { "title": "Blood vessel", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The blood vessels are the components of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the human body. These vessels transport blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen to the tissues of the body. They also take waste and carbon dioxide away from the tissues. Blood vessels are needed to sustain life, because all of the body's tissues rely on their functionality." }, "Supreme Court of Alabama-10": { "title": "Supreme Court of Alabama", "section": "Chief Justices", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The Alabama Supreme Court has had an unusually high turnover in the Chief Justice position going back to October, 1995. Since then the post will have been occupied by eight different individuals for nine different time periods. Not one of these individuals has completed an entire term of six years. Perry Hooper Sr. (1995\u20132001), elected in 1994, did not assume the office until October, 1995 after a protracted election contest that prevented him from taking office until nine months into the term. He was succeeded by Roy Moore (2001\u20132003) who was elected in 2000 but removed from office due to violations of the judicial canon of ethics. He was succeeded first temporarily by Associate Justice Gorman Houston during Moore's suspension but before his actual removal from office. After Moore vacated the office, the Governor appointed Drayton Nabers Jr. (2004\u20132007). Chief Justice Nabers was defeated for re-election by Sue Bell Cobb (2007\u20132011) in 2006, and who in turn resigned for personal reasons in the middle of her term. Her replacement, Chuck Malone (2011\u20132013) was appointed on August 1, 2011 by Governor Robert Bentley but was defeated for re-nomination by former Chief Justice Roy Moore (2013\u20132017) in 2012. Moore assumed the office a second time beginning on January, 2013 and was again suspended from office in May 6, 2016 by the Court of the Judiciary. This allowed Associate Justice Lyn Stuart to then become acting Chief Justice. Lyn Stuart became Chief Justice on April 26, 2017 when Moore formally resigned from the seat from which he was already suspended. This allowed him to seek election to the U.S. Senate seat vacated by Jeff Sessions for which a special election was held in December, 2017." }, "Pancake-67": { "title": "Pancake", "section": "Regional varieties", "headers": [ "North America", "United States and Canada", "Varieties of American and Canadian pancakes" ], "para_index": 67, "content": "Yaniqueques or yanikeke are a Dominican Republic version of the johnnycake. They are a fried bread rather than a pancake, and are a popular beach food." }, "Salvator Mundi (Leonardo)-13": { "title": "Salvator Mundi (Leonardo)", "section": "Rediscovery and restoration", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "It was exhibited in Hong Kong, London, San Francisco and New York in 2017, and then sold at auction at Christie's in New York on 15 November 2017 for $450,312,500, a new record price for an artwork (hammer price $400\u00a0million plus $50.3\u00a0million in fees). The purchaser was identified as Saudi Arabian prince Badr bin Abdullah. In December 2017, the Wall Street Journal reported that Prince Badr was an intermediary for Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. However, Christie's confirmed that Prince Badr acted on behalf of Abu Dhabi's Department of Culture and Tourism for display at the Louvre Abu Dhabi. In September 2018, the exhibition was indefinitely postponed, and a January 2019 news report indicated that \"no one knows where it is, and there are grave concerns for its physical safety.\" Georgina Adam, editor at large of The Art Newspaper, dismissed these reports, stating that \"We believe it's in storage in Geneva.\" It was later reported to be on a luxury yacht belonging to bin Salman, sailing on the Red Sea as of June 2019." }, "Mount Sharp-1": { "title": "Mount Sharp", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mount Sharp, officially Aeolis Mons (IPA:\u00a0[\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l\u0268s \u02c8m\u0252nz]), is a mountain on Mars. It forms the central peak within Gale crater and is located around 5\u00b005\u2032S 137\u00b051\u2032E\ufeff / \ufeff5.08\u00b0S 137.85\u00b0E\ufeff / -5.08; 137.85, rising 5.5\u00a0km (18,000\u00a0ft) high from the valley floor. It has the ID of 15,000 in the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature from the US Geological Survey." }, "Acetylene-8": { "title": "Acetylene", "section": "Preparation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "CaC2 + 2H2O \u2192 Ca(OH)2 + C2H2 Calcium carbide production requires extremely high temperatures, ~2000\u00a0\u00b0C, necessitating the use of an electric arc furnace. In the US, this process was an important part of the late-19th century revolution in chemistry enabled by the massive hydroelectric power project at Niagara Falls." }, "Nazism-60": { "title": "Nazism", "section": "Ideology", "headers": [ "Nationalism and racialism" ], "para_index": 60, "content": "Wolfgang Bialas argues that the Nazis' sense of morality could be described as a form of procedural virtue ethics, as it demanded unconditional obedience to absolute virtues with the attitude of social engineering and replaced common sense intuitions with an ideological catalogue of virtues and commands. The ideal Nazi new man was to be race-conscious and an ideologically dedicated warrior who would commit actions for the sake of the German race while at the same time convinced he was doing the right thing and acting morally. The Nazis believed an individual could only develop their capabilities and individual characteristics within the framework of the individual's racial membership; the race on belonged to determined whether or not one was worthy of moral care. The Christian concept of self-denial was to be replaced with the idea of self-assertion towards those deemed inferior. Natural selection and the struggle for existence were declared by the Nazis to be the most divine laws; peoples and individuals deemed inferior were said to be incapable of surviving without those deemed superior, yet by doing so they imposed a burden on the superior. Natural selection was deemed to favour the strong over the weak and the Nazis deemed that protecting those declared inferior was preventing nature from taking its course; those incapable of asserting themselves were viewed as doomed to annihilation, with the right to life being granted only to those who could survive on their own." }, "Gulf of Mexico-42": { "title": "Gulf of Mexico", "section": "Pollution", "headers": [ "Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil platform, located in the Mississippi Canyon about 40 miles (64\u00a0km) off the Louisiana coast, suffered a catastrophic explosion; it sank a day and a half later. It was in the process of being sealed with cement for temporary abandonment, to avoid environmental problems. Although initial reports indicated that relatively little oil had leaked, by April 24, it was claimed by BP that approximately 1,000 barrels (160\u00a0m3) of oil per day were issuing from the wellhead, about 1-mile (1.6\u00a0km) below the surface on the ocean floor. On April 29, the U.S. government revealed that approximately 5,000 barrels (790\u00a0m3) per day, five times the original estimate, were pouring into the Gulf from the wellhead. The resulting oil slick quickly expanded to cover hundreds of square miles of ocean surface, posing a serious threat to marine life and adjacent coastal wetlands and to the livelihoods of Gulf Coast shrimpers and fishermen. Coast Guard Rear Adm. Sally Brice O'Hare stated that the US government will be \"employing booms, skimmers, chemical dispersants and controlled burns\" to combat the oil spill. By May 1, 2010, the oil spill cleanup efforts were underway, but hampered by rough seas and the \"tea like\" consistency of the oil. Cleanup operations were resumed after conditions became favorable. On May 27, 2010, The USGS had revised the estimate of the leak from 5,000 barrels per day (790\u00a0m3/d) to 12,000\u201319,000 barrels per day (3,000\u00a0m3/d) an increase from earlier estimates. On July 15, 2010, BP announced that the leak stopped for the first time in 88 days." }, "Caracal-20": { "title": "Caracal", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "In Uzbekistan, caracals were recorded only in the desert regions of the Ustyurt Plateau and Kyzylkum Desert. Between 2000 and 2017, 15 individuals were sighted alive, and at least 11 were killed by herders." }, "Robert De Niro-4": { "title": "Robert De Niro", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "He has received numerous accolades, including two Academy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, the Cecil B. DeMille Award, the Golden Lion, the AFI Life Achievement Award, and the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award. In 2009, he received the Kennedy Center Honor, and in 2016 President Barack Obama awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He has also been nominated for six BAFTA Awards, four Primetime Emmy Awards, and four Screen Actors Guild Awards. He also has Italian citizenship. In 2002, De Niro co-founded the Tribeca Film Festival, reportedly in response to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the consequent loss of vitality in the Tribeca neighborhood in Lower Manhattan." }, "Pancreatectomy-4": { "title": "Pancreatectomy", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Among common consequences of complete or nearly complete pancreatectomy are deficiencies of pancreatic endocrine or exocrine function requiring replacement of insulin or digestive enzymes. The patient immediately develops type 1 diabetes, with little hope for future type 1 diabetes treatments involving the restoration of endocrine function to a damaged pancreas, since the pancreas is either partially or completely absent. Type 1 diabetes can be treated with careful blood glucose monitoring and insulin therapy. Because the pancreas is responsible for the production of many digestive enzymes, a pancreatectomy should only be given as an option for pancreatic disease which is life-threatening, such as pancreatic cancers. It is very important to note that even after a pancreatectomy, pain still exists in most patients." }, "Doctor Who-47": { "title": "Doctor Who", "section": "Characters", "headers": [ "The Doctor", "Changes of appearance" ], "para_index": 47, "content": "In addition to those actors who have headlined the series, others have portrayed versions of the Doctor in guest roles. Notably, in 2013, John Hurt guest-starred as a hitherto unknown incarnation of the Doctor known as the War Doctor in the run-up to the show's 50th anniversary special \"The Day of the Doctor\". He is shown in mini-episode \"The Night of the Doctor\" retroactively inserted into the show's fictional chronology between McGann and Eccleston's Doctors, although his introduction was written so as not to disturb the established numerical naming of the Doctors. Another example is from the 1986 serial The Trial of a Time Lord, where Michael Jayston portrayed the Valeyard, who is described as an amalgamation of the darker sides of the Doctor's nature, somewhere between the twelfth and final incarnation." }, "Vitamin K-33": { "title": "Vitamin K", "section": "Food sources", "headers": [ "Vitamin K1" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "Vitamin K1 is found chiefly in leafy green vegetables such as spinach, swiss chard, lettuce and Brassica vegetables (such as cabbage, kale, cauliflower, broccoli, and brussels sprouts) and often the absorption is greater when accompanied by fats such as butter or oils. Some fruits, such as avocados, kiwifruit and grapes, also contain vitamin K. Some vegetable oils, notably soybean oil, contain vitamin K, but at levels that would require relatively large calorie consumption to meet the recommended amounts." }, "Eucalypt-5": { "title": "Eucalypt", "section": "Taxonomy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The extant genera Stockwellia, Allosyncarpia, Eucalyptopsis and Arillastrum comprise six known species, restricted to monsoon forests and rainforests in north-eastern Australia, the Arnhem Land plateau, New Guinea, the Moluccas and New Caledonia. These genera are recognised as having evolved from ancient lineages of the family Myrtaceae. According to genetic, fossil and morphological evidence, it is hypothesised that they evolved into separate taxa before the evolution of the more widespread and well-known genera Eucalyptus, Corymbia and Angophora, and all of their many species." }, "Bugs Bunny-37": { "title": "Bugs Bunny", "section": "Personality and catchphrases", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "Bugs' nonchalant carrot-chewing standing position, as explained by Freleng, Jones and Bob Clampett, originated in a scene from the film It Happened One Night (1934), in which Clark Gable's character Peter Warne leans against a fence, eating carrots rapidly and talking with his mouth full to Claudette Colbert's character. This scene was well known while the film was popular, and viewers at the time likely recognized Bugs Bunny's behavior as satire. Coincidentally, the film also features a minor character, Oscar Shapely, who addresses Peter Warne as \"Doc\", and Warne mentions an imaginary person named \"Bugs Dooley\" to frighten Shapely." }, "Posttraumatic stress disorder-1": { "title": "Posttraumatic stress disorder", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that can develop after a person is exposed to a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, warfare, traffic collisions, child abuse, or other threats on a person's life. Symptoms may include disturbing thoughts, feelings, or dreams related to the events, mental or physical distress to trauma-related cues, attempts to avoid trauma-related cues, alterations in how a person thinks and feels, and an increase in the fight-or-flight response. These symptoms last for more than a month after the event. Young children are less likely to show distress, but instead may express their memories through play. A person with PTSD is at a higher risk for suicide and intentional self-harm." }, "Newspeak-2": { "title": "Newspeak", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In \"The Principles of Newspeak\", the appendix to the novel, Orwell explains that Newspeak usage follows most of the English grammar, yet is a language characterised by a continually diminishing vocabulary; complete thoughts reduced to simple terms of simplistic meaning. Linguistically, the political contractions of Newspeak\u2014Ingsoc (English Socialism), Minitrue (Ministry of Truth), etc.\u2014derive from the syllabic abbreviations of Russian, which identify the government and social institutions of the Soviet Union, such as politburo (Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union), Comintern (Communist International), kolkhoz (collective farm), and Komsomol (Young Communists' League). The long-term political purpose of the new language is for every member of the Party and society, except the Proles\u2014the working-class of Oceania\u2014to exclusively communicate in Newspeak, by A.D. 2050; during those 66 years, \"the usage of Oldspeak (Standard English) shall remain interspersed among Newspeak conversations.\"" }, "Driver's license-3": { "title": "Driver's license", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The laws relating to the licensing of drivers vary between jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions, a permit is issued after the recipient has passed a driving test, while in others, a person acquires their permit before beginning to drive. Different categories of permit often exist for different types of motor vehicles, particularly large trucks and passenger vehicles. The difficulty of the driving test varies considerably between jurisdictions, as do factors such as age and the required level of competence and practice." }, "John Williams-14": { "title": "John Williams", "section": "Film and television scoring", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Williams's prominence grew in the early 1970s thanks to his work for now-film producer Irwin Allen's disaster films. He wrote the scores for 1972's The Poseidon Adventure and 1974's The Towering Inferno. He also scored Universal's 1974 film Earthquake for director Mark Robson, completing a \"trinity\" of scores for the decade's highest-grossing \"disaster films\", and the 1972 film The Cowboys, a western starring John Wayne and directed by Mark Rydell." }, "Hudud-9": { "title": "Hudud", "section": "Scriptural basis", "headers": [ "Quran" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "a punishment by way of example, from Allah, for their crime: and Allah is Exalted in power. The crime of \"robbery and civil disturbance against Islam\" inside a Muslim state, according to some Muslim scholars, is referred to in Quranic verse 5:33: The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger, and strive with might and main for mischief through the land is: execution, or crucifixion, or the cutting off of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land: that is their disgrace in this world, and a heavy punishment is theirs in the Hereafter. The crime of illicit consensual sex is referred to in several verses, including Quranic verse 24:" }, "Bee sting-8": { "title": "Bee sting", "section": "Honey bee stings", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The sting's injection of apitoxin into the victim is accompanied by the release of alarm pheromones, a process which is accelerated if the bee is fatally injured. The release of alarm pheromones near a hive may attract other bees to the location, where they will likewise exhibit defensive behaviors until there is no longer a threat, typically because the victim has either fled or been killed. (Note: A bee swarm, seen as a mass of bees flying or clumped together, is generally not hostile; it has deserted its hive and has no comb or young to defend.) These pheromones do not dissipate or wash off quickly, and if their target enters water, bees will resume their attack as soon as it leaves the water. The alarm pheromone emitted when a bee stings another animal smells like a banana." }, "Resident Evil 3: Nemesis-10": { "title": "Resident Evil 3: Nemesis", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Depending on the path taken by the player, Jill's final encounter with Nikolai will differ. In one version of the events, Nikolai will attempt to start a gunfight with Jill, only to be taken by surprise by Nemesis. In another event, Nikolai will hijack Jill's intended escape chopper, and the player must choose to either reason with Nikolai or destroy the helicopter. If Jill negotiates with Nikolai, he reveals that he has killed the other supervisors and boasts about collecting the bounty placed on Jill by Umbrella before escaping. Regardless of Nikolai's fate, Jill makes her way to the rear yard and confronts Nemesis one last time. After an intense battle, Jill defeats Nemesis with the help of a prototype railgun before meeting up with Carlos and escaping the city via a helicopter. If the previous escape chopper was stolen by Nikolai, Jill and Carlos will instead meet up with S.T.A.R.S. Alpha Team's weapons specialist Barry Burton, who helps them escape in his helicopter. The thermobaric missile vaporizes Raccoon City." }, "Stacey Castor-31": { "title": "Stacey Castor", "section": "Aftermath", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Though Castor was not officially defined as a serial killer, it is likely that she would have killed again. Knoll said that killers may have many different motivations. He described Castor as a \"black widow\" type rather than a typical serial killer. He described a \"black widow\" type as a woman who kills husbands or lovers for material gain, as opposed to the typical serial killer (men who kill consecutively for sexual or sadistic motives). He relayed that \"psychopathic traits and histories of childhood abuse have been consistently reported in these women\" and suggested that if Castor is guilty of the crimes of which she has been convicted and accused, then she would be demonstrating psychopathic traits, including regarding even her own child as an object to be used for her convenience." }, "Disciples of Jesus in Islam-1": { "title": "Disciples of Jesus in Islam", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Quranic account of the disciples (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646\u200e al-\u1e25aw\u0101riyy\u016bn) of Jesus does not include their names, numbers, or any detailed accounts of their lives. Muslim exegesis, however, more-or-less agrees with the New Testament list and says that the disciples included Peter, Philip, Thomas, Bartholomew, Matthew, Andrew, James, Jude, John and Simon the Zealot. Scholars generally draw a parallel with the disciples of Jesus and the disciples of Muhammad, who followed Muhammad during his lifetime, 600 years later." }, "Majority-1": { "title": "Majority", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A majority, also called a simple majority to distinguish it from similar terms (see the \"Related terms\" section below), is the greater part, or more than half, of the total. It is a subset of a set consisting of more than half of the set's elements. For example, if a group consists of 20 individuals, a majority would be 11 or more individuals, while having 10 or fewer individuals would not constitute a majority. \"Majority\" can be used to specify the voting requirement, as in a \"majority vote\", which means more than half of the votes cast." }, "Archipelago-1": { "title": "Archipelago", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An archipelago (/\u02cc\u0251\u02d0rk\u026a\u02c8p\u025bl\u0259\u0261o\u028a/ (listen) ARK-ih-PEL-\u0259-goh), sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster or collection of islands, or sometimes a sea containing a small number of scattered islands." }, "Brewery-1": { "title": "Brewery", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A brewery or brewing company is a business that makes and sells beer. The place at which beer is commercially made is either called a brewery or a beerhouse, where distinct sets of brewing equipment are called plant. The commercial brewing of beer has taken place since at least 2500 BC; in ancient Mesopotamia, brewers derived social sanction and divine protection from the goddess Ninkasi. Brewing was initially a cottage industry, with production taking place at home; by the ninth century monasteries and farms would produce beer on a larger scale, selling the excess; and by the eleventh and twelfth centuries larger, dedicated breweries with eight to ten workers were being built." }, "Michael Crichton-7": { "title": "Michael Crichton", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "Early life" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Crichton had always planned on becoming a writer and began his studies at Harvard College in 1960. During his undergraduate study in literature, he conducted an experiment to expose a professor who he believed was giving him abnormally low marks and criticizing his literary style. Informing another professor of his suspicions, Crichton submitted an essay by George Orwell under his own name. The paper was returned by his unwitting professor with a mark of \"B\u2212\". He later said, \"Now Orwell was a wonderful writer, and if a B-minus was all he could get, I thought I'd better drop English as my major.\" His differences with the English department led Crichton to switch his undergraduate concentration. He obtained his bachelor's degree in biological anthropology summa cum laude in 1964 and was initiated into the Phi Beta Kappa Society. He received a Henry Russell Shaw Traveling Fellowship from 1964 to 1965 and was a visiting lecturer in Anthropology at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom in 1965. Crichton later enrolled at Harvard Medical School.[page\u00a0needed] By this time, he had become exceptionally tall, by his own account, approximately 6\u00a0feet 9\u00a0inches (2.06\u00a0m) tall as of 1997. Crichton later said \"about two weeks into medical school I realized I hated it. This isn't unusual since everyone hates medical school - even happy, practicing physicians.\"" }, "Vitamin D-17": { "title": "Vitamin D", "section": "Deficiency", "headers": [ "Bone health", "Rickets" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Vitamin D deficiency remains the main cause of rickets among young infants in most countries because breast milk is low in vitamin D and social customs and climatic conditions can prevent adequate sun exposure. In sunny countries such as Nigeria, South Africa, and Bangladesh, where rickets occurs among older toddlers and children, it has been attributed to low dietary calcium intakes, which are characteristic of cereal-based diets with limited access to dairy products." }, "Carp-1": { "title": "Carp", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Carp are various species of oily freshwater fish from the family Cyprinidae, a very large group of fish native to Europe and Asia. While carp is consumed in many parts of the world, they are generally considered as invasive species in parts of Africa, Australia and most of the United States." }, "Petroleum jelly-1": { "title": "Petroleum jelly", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Petroleum jelly, petrolatum, white petrolatum, soft paraffin, or multi-hydrocarbon, CAS number 8009-03-8, is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons (with carbon numbers mainly higher than 25), originally promoted as a topical ointment for its healing properties." }, "Pride parade-1": { "title": "Pride parade", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pride parades (also known as pride marches, pride events, and pride festivals) are outdoor events celebrating lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) social and self acceptance, achievements, legal rights, and pride. The events also at times serve as demonstrations for legal rights such as same-sex marriage. Most pride events occur annually, and many take place around June to commemorate the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City, a pivotal moment in modern LGBTQ social movements. Each year new members of the LGBT community are welcomed into this long tradition as part of the education needed to better know the history of this community and the elders who helped shape it as all endured social and constitutional discriminations many of which have yet to be remedied." }, "Sailing ship-35": { "title": "Sailing ship", "section": "Features", "headers": [ "Rigging", "Running rigging" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "Halyards, used to raise and lower the yards, are the primary supporting lines. In addition, square rigs have lines that lift the sail or the yard from which it is suspended that include: brails, buntlines, lifts and leechlines. Bowlines and clew lines shape a square sail. To adjust the angle of the sail to wind braces are used to adjust the fore and aft angle of a yard of a square sail, while sheets attach to the clews (bottom corners) of a sail to control the sail's angle to the wind. Sheets run aft, whereas tacks are used to haul the clew of a square sail forward." }, "Blanching (cooking)-7": { "title": "Blanching (cooking)", "section": "Technology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Traditionally, blanching is done using either a water bath or saturated steam. In both methods, the food is heated for a short period of time and then introduced into either cold water or cold air to quickly stop the heating process. At the industrial level, foods move on a continuous conveyor belt through preheating, holding, and cooling. For hot water blanching, vegetables are immersed under pre-warmed water (70 to 100\u00a0\u00b0C) for varying amounts of time, depending on type and quantity. When the product is heated by water, greater uniformity of heating is achieved, especially when compared to hot air. This advantage allows hot water blanching at lower temperatures, but requires longer blanching times. Water is heated and cooled using heat exchangers and recirculated for continuous use, reducing costs." }, "Lord Voldemort-2": { "title": "Lord Voldemort", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Voldemort is the archenemy of Harry Potter, who according to a prophecy has \"the power to vanquish the Dark Lord\". He attempts to murder the boy, but instead kills his parents, Lily and James Potter, and leaves Harry with a scar on his head in the shape of a lightning bolt. Nearly every witch or wizard dares not utter his name and refers to him instead with such monikers as \"You-Know-Who\", \"He Who Must Not Be Named\", or \"the Dark Lord\". Voldemort's obsession with blood purity signifies his aim to rid the wizarding world of Muggle (non-magical) heritage and to conquer both worlds, Muggle and wizarding, to achieve pure-blood dominance. Through his mother's family, he is the last descendant of the wizard Salazar Slytherin, one of the four founders of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He is the leader of the Death Eaters, a group of evil wizards and witches dedicated to ridding the Wizarding World of Muggles and establishing Voldemort as its supreme ruler." }, "Soup-11": { "title": "Soup", "section": "Commercial products", "headers": [ "Canned" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Since the 1990s, the canned soup market has burgeoned, with non-condensed soups marketed as \"ready-to-eat\", so they require no additional liquid to prepare.[citation needed] Microwaveable bowls have expanded the \"ready-to-eat\" canned soup market even more, offering convenience (especially in workplaces), and making for popular lunch items. In response to concerns over the negative health effects of excessive salt intake, some soup manufacturers have introduced reduced-salt versions of popular soups." }, "Harry Houdini-60": { "title": "Harry Houdini", "section": "Debunking spiritualists", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 60, "content": "Before Houdini died, he and his wife agreed that if Houdini found it possible to communicate after death, he would communicate the message \"Rosabelle believe\", a secret code which they agreed to use. Rosabelle was their favorite song. Bess held yearly s\u00e9ances on Halloween for ten years after Houdini's death. She did claim to have contact through Arthur Ford in 1929 when Ford conveyed the secret code, but Bess later said the incident had been faked. The code seems to have been such that it could be broken by Ford or his associates using existing clues. Evidence to this effect was discovered by Ford's biographer after he died in 1971. In 1936, after a last unsuccessful s\u00e9ance on the roof of the Knickerbocker Hotel, she put out the candle that she had kept burning beside a photograph of Houdini since his death. In 1943, Bess said that \"ten years is long enough to wait for any man.\"" }, "Werner Herzog-30": { "title": "Werner Herzog", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Herzog is an atheist. In addition to his native German, Herzog can speak English, Spanish, French, and Greek." }, "Sonnet-2": { "title": "Sonnet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The term sonnet is derived from the Italian word sonetto (from Old Proven\u00e7al sonet a little poem, from son song, from Latin sonus a sound). By the thirteenth century it signified a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure. Conventions associated with the sonnet have evolved over its history. Writers of sonnets are sometimes called \"sonneteers,\" although the term can be used derisively." }, "Audible (store)-1": { "title": "Audible (store)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Audible is a seller and producer of spoken audio entertainment, information, and educational programming on the Internet. Audible sells digital audiobooks, radio and TV programs, and audio versions of magazines and newspapers. Through its production arm, Audible Studios, Audible has also become the world's largest producer of downloadable audiobooks. Audible's content is usually only accessible through special proprietary closed software, including unauthorized-playback prevention by means of an Amazon account. However, in response to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, which saw people in several countries confined to their homes, Audible made many children's and classic titles free to access via its website, with no sign-in required." }, "Portuguese language-1": { "title": "Portuguese language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Portuguese (portugu\u00eas or, in full, l\u00edngua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language originating in the Iberian Peninsula. It is the sole official language of Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Angola and S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe. It also has co-official language status in East Timor, Equatorial Guinea and Macau. A Portuguese-speaking person or nation is referred to as \"Lusophone\" (Lus\u00f3fono). As the result of expansion during colonial times, a cultural presence of Portuguese and Portuguese creole speakers are also found around the world (e.g., Cape Verdean Creole, the most widely spoken of these)." }, "Kindergarten-29": { "title": "Kindergarten", "section": "By country", "headers": [ "Egypt" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "In Egypt, children may go to kindergartens for two years (KG1 and KG2) between the ages of four and six." }, "Sandra Grant Bennett-2": { "title": "Sandra Grant Bennett", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "While filming The Oscar in 1965, Grant became involved with singer Tony Bennett. After living together for several years, the couple married quietly in New York on December 29, 1971. Grant and Bennett had two daughters, Joanna (born 1970) and Antonia (born 1974). Eight years later, in 1979, Grant and Bennett separated; they legally remained married until their divorce in 2007. She also lived with Columbia Pictures president David Begelman from 1986 to 1990." }, "Imperial units-1": { "title": "Imperial units", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The imperial system of units, imperial system or imperial units (also known as British Imperial or Exchequer Standards of 1825) is the system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act 1824 and continued to be developed through a series of Weights and Measures Acts and amendments. The imperial units replaced the Winchester Standards, which were in effect from 1588 to 1825. The system came into official use across the British Empire. By the late 20th century, most nations of the former empire had officially adopted the metric system as their main system of measurement but imperial units are still used in the United Kingdom, Canada and other countries formerly part of the British Empire. The imperial system developed from what were first known as English units, as did the related system of United States customary units." }, "Monkey chanting-1": { "title": "Monkey chanting", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Monkey chanting or monkey chants are chants or calls aimed at ridiculing or denigrating black sportspeople. The chants, in the minds of the perpetrators, are intended to imitate \"monkey\" or \"ape\" noises. They may be accompanied by \"monkey gestures\", in imitation of the scratching of the armpits commonly seen amongst ape species. The chants are expressive of the ethnic slurs \"macaca\" and \"monkey\" against people of African heritage." }, "Carrack-11": { "title": "Carrack", "section": "Popular culture", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Santa Mar\u00eda, in which Christopher Columbus made his first voyage to America in 1492. S\u00e3o Gabriel, flagship of Vasco da Gama, in the 1497 Portuguese expedition from Europe to India by circumnavigating Africa. Flor do Mar or Flor de la Mar, as it was called, served over nine years in the Indian Ocean, sinking in 1512 with Afonso de Albuquerque after the conquest of Malacca with a huge booty, making it one of the legendary lost treasures. Victoria, the first ship in history to circumnavigate the globe (1519 to 1522), and the only survivor of Magellan's expedition for Spain. La Dauphine, Verrazzano's ship to explore the Atlantic coast of North America in 1524. Grande Hermine, in which Jacques Cartier first navigated the Saint Lawrence River in 1535. The first European ship to sail on this river past the Gulf. Santo Ant\u00f3nio, or St. Anthony, the personal property of King John III of Portugal, wrecked off Gunwalloe Bay in 1527, the salvage of whose cargo almost led to a war between England and Portugal. Great Michael, a Scottish ship, at one time the largest in Europe. Mary Rose, Henri Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 Dieu and Peter Pomegranate, built during the reign of Henry VIII \u2014 English military carracks like these were often called great ships. Grace Dieu, commissioned by Henry V. One of the largest ships in the world at the time. Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai, a war ship built in India by the Portuguese Santa Anna, a particularly modern design commissioned by the Knights Hospitaller in 1522 and sometimes hailed as the first armoured ship. Jesus of L\u00fcbeck, chartered to a group of merchants in 1563 by Queen Elizabeth. Jesus of L\u00fcbeck became involved in the Atlantic slave trade under John Hawkins. Madre de Deus, which was seized by the Royal Navy off Flores Island. Built in Lisbon during 1589, she was one of the world's largest ships. She was captured by the English in 1592 with an enormously valuable cargo from the East Indies that is still considered as the second-largest treasure ever captured. Cinco Chagas presumed to have been the largest and richest ship to ever sail to and from the Indies until then, it exploded and sank at the Action of Faial in 1594. Santa Catarina, Portuguese carrack which was seized by the Dutch East India Company off Singapore in 1603. Nossa Senhora da Gra\u00e7a, Portuguese carrack sunk in a Japanese attack near Nagasaki in 1610 Peter von Danzig, ship of the Hanseatic League in 1460s-1470s. La Gran Carracca, the ship of the Order of St. John during their rule over Malta. Famous nau Frol de la Mar (launched in 1501 or 1502), in the 16th-century \"Roteiro de Malaca\" A replica of Nao Victoria, in 1522 the first ship to circumnavigate the globe and the only Magellan ship to return Columbus' Ships (G.A. Closs, 1892): The Santa Maria and Pinta are shown as carracks; the Ni\u00f1a (left), as a caravel Model of the carrack Madre de Deus, in the Maritime Museum, Lisbon. Built based on another design, later in Portugal (1589), she was the largest ship in the world in her time. She had seven decks. Portuguese carrack, as depicted in a map made in 1565 Japanese depiction of a Portuguese carrack, dubbed kurofune (black ship) The word caracca and derivative words is popularly used in reference to a cumbersome individual, to an old vessel, or to a vehicle in a very bad condition." }, "Mammalian reproduction-11": { "title": "Mammalian reproduction", "section": "Reproductive system", "headers": [ "Marsupials" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Marsupials' reproductive systems differ markedly from those of placental mammals, though it is probably the plesiomorphic condition found in viviparous mammals, including non-placental eutherians. During embryonic development, a choriovitelline placenta forms in all marsupials. In bandicoots, an additional chorioallantoic placenta forms, although it lacks the chorionic villi found in eutherian placentas." }, "Benedictines-30": { "title": "Benedictines", "section": "Benedictine vow and life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Section 17 in chapter 58 of the Rule of Saint Benedict states the solemn promise candidates for reception into a Benedictine community are required to make: a promise of stability (i.e. to remain in the same community), conversatio morum (an idiomatic Latin phrase suggesting \"conversion of manners\"; see below) and obedience to the community's superior. This solemn commitment tends to be referred to as the \"Benedictine vow\" and is the Benedictine antecedent and equivalent of the evangelical counsels professed by candidates for reception into a religious order." }, "Macbeth-2": { "title": "Macbeth", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "A brave Scottish general named Macbeth receives a prophecy from a trio of witches that one day he will become King of Scotland. Consumed by ambition and spurred to action by his wife, Macbeth murders King Duncan and takes the Scottish throne for himself. He is then wracked with guilt and paranoia. Forced to commit more and more murders to protect himself from enmity and suspicion, he soon becomes a tyrannical ruler. The bloodbath and consequent civil war swiftly take Macbeth and Lady Macbeth into the realms of madness and death." }, "Washington (state)-79": { "title": "Washington (state)", "section": "Transportation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 79, "content": "There are extensive waterways in the midst of Washington's largest cities, including Seattle, Bellevue, Tacoma and Olympia. The state highways incorporate an extensive network of bridges and the largest ferry system in the United States to serve transportation needs in the Puget Sound area. Washington's marine highway constitutes a fleet of twenty-eight ferries that navigate Puget Sound and its inland waterways to 20 different ports of call, completing close to 147,000 sailings each year. Washington is home to four of the five longest floating bridges in the world: the Evergreen Point Floating Bridge, Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge and Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge over Lake Washington, and the Hood Canal Bridge which connects the Olympic Peninsula and Kitsap Peninsula. Washington has a number of seaports on the Pacific Ocean, including Seattle, Tacoma, Kalama, Anacortes, Vancouver, Longview, Greys County, Olympia, and Port Angeles." }, "Elizabeth I of England-6": { "title": "Elizabeth I of England", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Elizabeth was born at Greenwich Palace and was named after her grandmothers, Elizabeth of York and Elizabeth Howard. She was the second child of Henry VIII of England born in wedlock to survive infancy. Her mother was Henry's second wife, Anne Boleyn. At birth, Elizabeth was the heir presumptive to the throne of England. Her older half-sister, Mary, had lost her position as a legitimate heir when Henry annulled his marriage to Mary's mother, Catherine of Aragon, to marry Anne, with the intent to sire a male heir and ensure the Tudor succession. She was baptised on 10 September 1533; Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, the Marquess of Exeter, the Duchess of Norfolk and the Dowager Marchioness of Dorset stood as her godparents. A canopy was carried at the ceremony over the three-day old child by her uncle Viscount Rochford, Lord Hussey, Lord Thomas Howard, and Lord Howard of Effingham." }, "Catholic Church-119": { "title": "Catholic Church", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation" ], "para_index": 119, "content": "In 1415, Jan Hus was burned at the stake for heresy, but his reform efforts encouraged Martin Luther, an Augustinian monk in Germany, who sent his Ninety-five Theses to several bishops in 1517. His theses protested key points of Catholic doctrine as well as the sale of indulgences, and along with the Leipzig Debate this led to his excommunication in 1521. In Switzerland, Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers further criticized Catholic teachings. These challenges developed into the Reformation, which gave birth to the great majority of Protestant denominations and also crypto-Protestantism within the Catholic Church. Meanwhile, Henry VIII petitioned the pope for a declaration of nullity concerning his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. When this was denied, he had the Acts of Supremacy passed to make him head of the Church of England, spurring the English Reformation and the eventual development of Anglicanism." }, "Space Shuttle Challenger-1": { "title": "Space Shuttle Challenger", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Space Shuttle Challenger (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-099) was the second orbiter of NASA's Space Shuttle program to be put into service, after Columbia. Challenger was built by Rockwell International's Space Transportation Systems Division, in Downey, California. Its maiden flight, STS-6, began on April 4, 1983. The orbiter was launched and landed nine times before disintegrating 73 seconds into its tenth mission, STS-51-L, on January 28, 1986, resulting in the deaths of all seven crew members including a civilian school teacher." }, "Sweet potato storage-10": { "title": "Sweet potato storage", "section": "Ideal storage conditions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "To minimize potential spoilage, precise storage conditions should be met. Sweet potatoes should be stored at between 12 and 16\u00a0\u00b0C (54 and 61\u00a0\u00b0F) with a RH of 85-90%. Proper ventilation of the storage area is a key factor in maximizing potential storage time. Respiration causes the production of CO2, which will act to increase the rate of spoilage. Sweet potatoes can convert approximately 57dm3 of oxygen/ton/day to carbon dioxide and need ventilation to compensate for this. The O2 in the storage environment should not fall below 7% and CO2 must not exceed 10%. Due to lack of proper equipment, maintaining adequate temperature conditions are the largest hurdle that farmers in a developing nation will have to face." }, "The Holocaust-1": { "title": "The Holocaust", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was a genocide of the European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, across German-occupied Europe, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through work in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz, Be\u0142\u017cec, Che\u0142mno, Majdanek, Sobib\u00f3r, and Treblinka in occupied Poland." }, "Fakir-1": { "title": "Fakir", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A fakir, faqeer or faqir (/f\u0259\u02c8k\u026a\u0259r/; Arabic: \u0641\u0642\u06cc\u0631\u200e (noun of faqr)), derived from faqr (Arabic: \u0641\u0642\u0631\u200e, \"poverty\") is a Sufi Muslim ascetic who has taken vows of poverty and worship, renouncing all relations and possessions. Faqeers are prevalent in the Middle East and South Asia. A faqeer is thought to be self-sufficient and possesses only the spiritual need for God." }, "Natural gas vehicle-2": { "title": "Natural gas vehicle", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In a natural gas powered vehicle, energy is released by combustion of essentially methane gas (CH 4) fuel with oxygen (O 2) from the air to carbon dioxide (CO 2) and water vapor (H 2O) in an internal combustion engine. Methane is the cleanest burning hydrocarbon and many contaminants present in natural gas are removed at source. Existing gasoline-powered vehicles may be converted to run on CNG or LNG, and can be dedicated (running only on natural gas) or bi-fuel (running on either gasoline or natural gas). Diesel engines for heavy trucks and busses can also be converted and can be dedicated with the addition of new heads containing spark ignition systems, or can be run on a blend of diesel and natural gas, with the primary fuel being natural gas and a small amount of diesel fuel being used as an ignition source. It is also possible to generate energy in a small gas turbine and couple the gas engine or turbine with a small electric battery to create a hybrid electric motor driven vehicle." }, "Malnutrition-3": { "title": "Malnutrition", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Efforts to improve nutrition are some of the most effective forms of development aid. Breastfeeding can reduce rates of malnutrition and death in children, and efforts to promote the practice increase the rates of breastfeeding. In young children, providing food (in addition to breastmilk) between six months and two years of age improves outcomes. There is also good evidence supporting the supplementation of a number of micronutrients to women during pregnancy and among young children in the developing world. To get food to people who need it most, both delivering food and providing money so people can buy food within local markets are effective. Simply feeding students at school is insufficient. Management of severe malnutrition within the person's home with ready-to-use therapeutic foods is possible much of the time. In those who have severe malnutrition complicated by other health problems, treatment in a hospital setting is recommended. This often involves managing low blood sugar and body temperature, addressing dehydration, and gradual feeding. Routine antibiotics are usually recommended due to the high risk of infection. Longer-term measures include: improving agricultural practices, reducing poverty, improving sanitation, and the empowerment of women." }, "Brachiosaurus-3": { "title": "Brachiosaurus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The type specimen of B. altithorax is still the most complete specimen, and only a few other specimens are thought to belong to the genus, making it one of the rarer sauropods of the Morrison Formation. It is regarded as a high browser, possibly cropping or nipping vegetation as high as 9 meters (30\u00a0ft) off the ground. Unlike other sauropods, it was unsuited for rearing on its hindlimbs. It has been used as an example of a dinosaur that was most likely ectothermic because of its large size and the corresponding need for sufficient forage, but more recent research suggests it was warm-blooded. Among the most iconic and initially thought to be one of the largest dinosaurs, Brachiosaurus has appeared in popular culture, notably in the 1993 film Jurassic Park." }, "Lake Urmia-1": { "title": "Lake Urmia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lake Urmia (Persian: \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0686\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0647\u200e, Dary\u00e2che-ye Orumiye) is an endorheic salt lake in Iran. The lake is located between the provinces of East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan in Iran, and west of the southern portion of the Caspian Sea. At its greatest extent, it was the largest lake in the Middle East and the sixth-largest saltwater lake on Earth, with a surface area of approximately 5,200\u00a0km2 (2,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), a length of 140\u00a0km (87\u00a0mi), a width of 55\u00a0km (34\u00a0mi), and a maximum depth of 16\u00a0m (52\u00a0ft). By late 2017, the lake had shrunk to 10% of its former size (and 1/60 of water volume in 1998) due to persistent general drought in Iran, but also the damming of the local rivers that flow into it, and the pumping of groundwater from the surrounding area. This dry spell was broken in 2019 and the lake is now filling up once again." }, "Order of the British Empire-12": { "title": "Order of the British Empire", "section": "Composition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry (Knight Bachelor), women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood (above Knights Bachelor). Because of this, an appointment as Dame Commander is made in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor. For example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor." }, "Size of the Roman army-7": { "title": "Size of the Roman army", "section": "Republican period (509 - 31 BC)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "At the death of Julius Caesar there were 37 legions in the whole Roman world, including 6 in Macedonia, 3 in Africa and 10 in the eastern provinces. We must not forget that these troops were extremely mobile, that their hiberna (winter quarters) were still rudimentary and little more than a \"marching camp\"." }, "Foodborne illness-31": { "title": "Foodborne illness", "section": "Epidemiology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Asymptomatic subclinical infection may help spread these diseases, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, Enterobacter, Vibrio cholerae, and Yersinia. For example, as of 1984 it was estimated that in the United States, 200,000 people were asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella." }, "Jehovah's Witnesses-3": { "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake!, and for refusing military service and blood transfusions. They consider the use of God's name vital for proper worship. They reject Trinitarianism, inherent immortality of the soul, and hellfire, which they consider to be unscriptural doctrines. They do not observe Christmas, Easter, birthdays or other holidays and customs they consider to have pagan origins incompatible with Christianity. They prefer to use their own Bible translation, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, although their literature occasionally quotes and cites other Bible translations. Adherents commonly refer to their body of beliefs as \"The Truth\" and consider themselves to be \"in the Truth\". They consider secular society to be morally corrupt and under the influence of Satan, and most limit their social interaction with non-Witnesses. Congregational disciplinary actions include disfellowshipping, their term for formal expulsion and shunning, a last resort for what they consider serious offenses. Baptized individuals who formally leave are considered disassociated and are also shunned. Disfellowshipped and disassociated individuals may eventually be reinstated if deemed repentant." }, "Neon sign-1": { "title": "Neon sign", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In the signage industry, neon signs are electric signs lighted by long luminous gas-discharge tubes that contain rarefied neon or other gases. They are the most common use for neon lighting, which was first demonstrated in a modern form in December 1910 by Georges Claude at the Paris Motor Show. While they are used worldwide, neon signs were popular in the United States from about 1920\u20131960. The installations in Times Square, many originally designed by Douglas Leigh, were famed, and there were nearly 2,000 small shops producing neon signs by 1940. In addition to signage, neon lighting is used frequently by artists and architects, and (in a modified form) in plasma display panels and televisions. The signage industry has declined in the past several decades, and cities are now concerned with preserving and restoring their antique neon signs." }, "Bengal cat-21": { "title": "Bengal cat", "section": "Temperament", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "The International Cat Association (TICA) describes the Bengal cat as an active, inquisitive cat that loves to be up high. Most Bengals enjoy playing, chasing, climbing and investigating. In general, Bengals enjoy action. Bengals are generally confident and curious." }, "Frostbite-1": { "title": "Frostbite", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Frostbite occurs when exposure to low temperatures causes freezing of the skin or other tissues. The initial symptom is typically numbness. This may be followed by clumsiness with a white or bluish color to the skin. Swelling or blistering may occur following treatment. The hands, feet, and face are most commonly affected. Complications may include hypothermia or compartment syndrome." }, "Hinduism in India-1": { "title": "Hinduism in India", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hinduism is the largest religion in India, with 79.8% of the population identifying themselves as Hindus, that accounts for 966 million Hindus as of National Census of India in 2011 making it as the world's largest Hindu populated country, while 14.2% of the population follow Islam and the remaining 6% adhere to other religions (such as Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, various indigenous ethnically-bound faiths, Atheism and Irreligion). The vast majority of Hindus in India belong to Shaivite and Vaishnavite denominations. India is one of the three countries in the world (Nepal and Mauritius being the other two) where Hinduism is the majority." }, "Conan the Barbarian-20": { "title": "Conan the Barbarian", "section": "Personality and character", "headers": [ "Appearance" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "... a tall man, mightily shouldered and deep of chest, with a massive corded neck and heavily muscled limbs. He was clad in silk and velvet, with the royal lions of Aquilonia worked in gold upon his rich jupon, and the crown of Aquilonia shone on his square-cut black mane; but the great sword at his side seemed more natural to him than the regal accoutrements. His brow was low and broad, his eyes a volcanic blue that smoldered as if with some inner fire. His dark, scarred, almost sinister face was that of a fighting-man, and his velvet garments could not conceal the hard, dangerous lines of his limbs. Howard imagined the Cimmerians as a pre-Celtic people with mostly black hair and blue or grey eyes. Ethnically, the Cimmerians to which Conan belongs are descendants of the Atlanteans, though they do not remember their ancestry. In his fictional historical essay \"The Hyborian Age\", Howard describes how the people of Atlantis\u2014the land where his character King Kull originated\u2014had to move east after a great cataclysm changed the face of the world and sank their island, settling where Ireland and Scotland would eventually be located. Thus they are (in Howard's work) the ancestors of the Irish and Scottish (the Celtic Gaels) and not the Picts, the other ancestor of modern Scots who also appear in Howard's work. In the same work, Howard also described how the Cimmerians eventually moved south and east after the age of Conan (presumably in the vicinity of the Black Sea, where the historical Cimmerians dwelt)." }, "Marvel Comics-25": { "title": "Marvel Comics", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Cadence Industries ownership" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Marvel was able to capitalize on its successful superhero comics of the previous decade by acquiring a new newsstand distributor and greatly expanding its comics line. Marvel pulled ahead of rival DC Comics in 1972, during a time when the price and format of the standard newsstand comic were in flux. Goodman increased the price and size of Marvel's November 1971 cover-dated comics from 15 cents for 36 pages total to 25 cents for 52 pages. DC followed suit, but Marvel the following month dropped its comics to 20 cents for 36 pages, offering a lower-priced product with a higher distributor discount." }, "Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)-13": { "title": "Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)", "section": "Great Mausoleum", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "The Great Mausoleum was fashioned after Campo Santo in Genoa, Italy and contains many of the most highly sought after interment places within Forest Lawn Glendale. Within the portion of the Great Mausoleum accessible to the general public is the Court of Honor where individuals are inducted as \"Immortals\" by Forest Lawn's Council of Regents. The rest of the structure is protected by cameras and is closed to the public unless they have a \"loved one\" interred here. Time magazine described it as the \"New World's Westminster Abbey\". In 2009 Forest Lawn Glendale became the focus of intense media interest surrounding the private interment of Michael Jackson in the privacy of Holly Terrace in the Great Mausoleum." }, "Meat-17": { "title": "Meat", "section": "Consumption", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Overall, diets that include meat are the most common worldwide according to the results of a 2018 Ipsos MORI study of 16\u201364 years olds in 28 different countries. Ipsos states \u201cAn omnivorous diet is the most common diet globally, with non-meat diets (which can include fish) followed by over a tenth of the global population.\u201d Approximately 87% of people include meat in their diet in some frequency. 73% of meat eaters included it in their diet regularly and 14% consumed meat only occasionally or infrequently. Estimates of the non-meat diets were also broken down. About 3% of people followed vegan diets; where consumption of meat, eggs, and dairy are abstained from. About 5% of people followed vegetarian diets; where consumption of meat is abstained from, but egg and/or dairy consumption is not strictly restricted. About 3% of people followed pescetarian diets; where consumption of the meat of land animals is abstained from, fish meat and other seafood is consumed, and egg and/or dairy consumption may or may not be strictly restricted." }, "Sahara-15": { "title": "Sahara", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The primary source of rain in the Sahara is the Intertropical Convergence Zone, a continuous belt of low-pressure systems near the equator which bring the brief, short and irregular rainy season to the Sahel and southern Sahara. Rainfall in this giant desert has to overcome the physical and atmospheric barriers that normally prevent the production of precipitation. The harsh climate of the Sahara is characterized by: extremely low, unreliable, highly erratic rainfall; extremely high sunshine duration values; high temperatures year-round; negligible rates of relative humidity; a significant diurnal temperature variation; and extremely high levels of potential evaporation which are the highest recorded worldwide." }, "Naruto-1": { "title": "Naruto", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Naruto (\u30ca\u30eb\u30c8) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Masashi Kishimoto. It tells the story of Naruto Uzumaki, a young ninja who seeks to gain recognition from his peers and also dreams of becoming the Hokage, the leader of his village. The story is in two parts, the first set in Naruto's pre-teen years, and the second in his teens. The series is based on two one-shot manga by Kishimoto: Karakuri (1995), which earned Kishimoto an honorable mention in Shueisha's monthly Hop Step Award the following year, and Naruto (1997)." }, "Number of the Beast-1": { "title": "Number of the Beast", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The number of the beast (Greek: \u1f08\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b8\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, Arithmos tou Th\u0113riou), also known as the devil's number in the Book of Revelation, of the New Testament, is associated with the Beast of Revelation in chapter 13, verse 18. In most manuscripts of the New Testament and in English translations of the Bible, the number of the beast is six hundred and sixty-six or \u03c7\u03be\u03db (in Greek numerals, \u03c7 represents 600, \u03be represents 60 and \u03db represents 6). Papyrus 115 (which is the oldest preserved manuscript of the Revelation as of 2017[update]), as well as other ancient sources like Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, give the number of the beast as \u03c7\u03b9\u03db or \u03c7\u03b9\u03f2 (transliterable in Arabic numerals as 616) (\u03c7\u03b9\u03db), not 666; critical editions of the Greek text, such as the Novum Testamentum Graece, note 616 as a variant." }, "Sacrum-4": { "title": "Sacrum", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In all other quadrupedal vertebrates, the pelvic vertebrae undergo a similar developmental process to form a sacrum in the adult, even while the bony tail (caudal) vertebrae remain unfused. The number of sacral vertebrae varies slightly. For instance, the S1\u2013S5 vertebrae of a horse will fuse, the S1\u2013S3 of a dog will fuse, and four pelvic vertebrae of a rat will fuse between the lumbar and the caudal vertebrae of its tail." }, "Shrimp and prawn as food-1": { "title": "Shrimp and prawn as food", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Shrimp and prawn are important types of seafood that are consumed worldwide. Although shrimp and prawns belong to different suborders of Decapoda, they are very similar in appearance and the terms are often used interchangeably in commercial farming and wild fisheries. A distinction is drawn in recent aquaculture literature, which increasingly uses the term \"prawn\" only for the freshwater forms of palaemonids and \"shrimp\" for the marine penaeids." }, "Latin honors-5": { "title": "Latin honors", "section": "English-speaking countries", "headers": [ "North America", "Distinctions" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "cum laude, meaning \"with praise\". This honor is typically awarded to graduates in the top 20%, top 25%, or top 30% of their class, depending on the institution. magna cum laude, meaning \"with great praise\". This honor is typically awarded to graduates in the top 10% or top 15% of their class, depending on the institution. summa cum laude, meaning \"with highest praise\". This honor is typically awarded to graduates in the top 1%, top 2%, or top 5% of their class, depending on the institution. Some institutions do not award the summa cum laude distinction or only award it in rare circumstances. Some institutions have additional distinctions, but these are uncommon. For example, at a few universities maxima cum laude, meaning \"with very great praise\", is an intermediary honor between the magna and the summa honors. It is sometimes used when the summa honor is reserved only for students with perfect academic records. A further rarely used distinction is that of egregia cum laude which means \"with outstanding praise\", and if used may be for either students achieving summa cum laude honors in a particularly difficult subject area or recipients of a non-standard bachelor's degree." }, "Subway (restaurant)-30": { "title": "Subway (restaurant)", "section": "Marketing", "headers": [ "Jared Fogle" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Jared Fogle was a national spokesman for the company in the US starting in January 2000, giving talks on healthy living and appearing in advertisements. Fogle first came to attention in his native Indiana by claiming that he lost over 200 pounds in part by eating at Subway. From 2008, he was featured less often as the company marketed with more emphasis on its \"5 dollar footlong\" campaign. Subway attributed between one-third and one-half of its growth from 1998 to 2011 to Fogle, the equivalent of a tripling in size. Subway ended its relationship with Fogle in 2015 after he was charged with possession of child pornography and illicit sexual conduct with a minor. After pleading guilty in August 2015, he was sentenced to more than 15 years in federal prison three months later." }, "Photosynthesis-1": { "title": "Photosynthesis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water \u2013 hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek ph\u014ds (\u03c6\u1ff6\u03c2), \"light\", and sunthesis (\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2), \"putting together\". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere, and supplies most of the energy necessary for life on Earth." }, "Savannah cat-21": { "title": "Savannah cat", "section": "Temperament", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "An often-noted trait of the Savannah is its jumping ability. They are known to jump on top of doors, refrigerators and high cabinets. Some Savannahs can leap about 8 feet (2.5\u00a0m) high from a standing position. Savannahs are very inquisitive. They often learn how to open doors and cupboards, and anyone buying a Savannah will likely need to take special precautions to prevent the cat from getting into trouble." }, "Honey bee-61": { "title": "Honey bee", "section": "Defense", "headers": [ "Venom" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "The sting and associated venom sac are modified so as to pull free of the body once lodged (autotomy), and the sting apparatus has its own musculature and ganglion that allow it to keep delivering venom once detached.[citation needed] The gland which produces the alarm pheromone is also associated with the sting apparatus. The embedded stinger continues to emit additional alarm pheromone after it has torn loose; other defensive workers are thereby attracted to the sting site. The worker dies after the sting becomes lodged and is subsequently torn loose from the bee's abdomen. The honey bee's venom, known as apitoxin, carries several active components, the most abundant of which is melittin, and the most biologically active are enzymes, particularly phospholipase A2." }, "Wilt Chamberlain-1": { "title": "Wilt Chamberlain", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Wilton Norman Chamberlain (/\u02c8t\u0283e\u026amb\u0259rl\u026an/; August 21, 1936 \u2013 October 12, 1999) was an American basketball player who played as a center and is considered one of the greatest players in history. He played for the Philadelphia/San Francisco Warriors, the Philadelphia 76ers, and the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the University of Kansas and also for the Harlem Globetrotters before playing in the NBA. Chamberlain stood 7\u00a0ft 1\u00a0in (2.16\u00a0m) tall, and weighed 250 pounds (110\u00a0kg) as a rookie before bulking up to 275 and eventually to over 300 pounds (140\u00a0kg) with the Lakers." }, "Metropolitan Museum of Art-61": { "title": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "section": "Management", "headers": [ "Finances" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "As of 2017, the museum's endowment as administered by the museum's new investment officer Lauren Meserve is US$3.1\u00a0billion which provides much of the income for operations while admissions account for only 13 percent of revenue as of fiscal 2016. The 2009\u201310 operating budget was $221\u00a0million. The museum admission price as of March 2018 is $25 for out-of-state and foreign visitors, while New York state residents can pay what they wish to enter. Although subject to re-assessment, a 1970 agreement between the museum and the city of New York requires New York state visitors to pay at least a nominal amount; a penny is acceptable. The Met's finance committee is led by Hamilton E. James of The Blackstone Group, who is also one of the board members at the Met. The Met is reported to have an Aaa credit rating, the highest such rating possible. This was last affirmed by Moody's in 2015." }, "Paralympic Games-42": { "title": "Paralympic Games", "section": "Classification", "headers": [ "Categories" ], "para_index": 42, "content": "Impaired muscle power \u2013 With impairments in this category, the force generated by muscles, such as the muscles of one limb, one side of the body or the lower half of the body is reduced, (e.g. spinal cord injury, spina bifida, post-polio syndrome). Impaired passive range of movement \u2013 Range of movement in one or more joints is reduced in a systematic way. Acute conditions such as arthritis are not included. Loss of limb or limb deficiency \u2013 A total or partial absence of bones or joints from partial or total loss due to illness, trauma, or congenital limb deficiency (e.g. dysmelia). Leg-length difference \u2013 Significant bone shortening occurs in one leg due to congenital deficiency or trauma. Short stature \u2013 Standing height is reduced due to shortened legs, arms and trunk, which are due to a musculoskeletal deficit of bone or cartilage structures. (e.g. achondroplasia, growth hormone deficiency, osteogenesis imperfecta) Hypertonia \u2013 Hypertonia is marked by an abnormal increase in muscle tension and reduced ability of a muscle to stretch. Hypertonia may result from injury, disease, or conditions which involve damage to the central nervous system (e.g. cerebral palsy). Ataxia \u2013 Ataxia is an impairment that consists of a lack of coordination of muscle movements (e.g., cerebral palsy, Friedreich\u2019s ataxia, multiple sclerosis). Athetosis \u2013 Athetosis is generally characterized by unbalanced, involuntary movements and a difficulty maintaining a symmetrical posture (e.g. cerebral palsy, choreoathetosis). Visual Impairment \u2013 Athletes with visual impairment ranging from partial vision, sufficient to be judged legally blind, to total blindness. This includes impairment of one or more component of the visual system (eye structure, receptors, optic nerve pathway, and visual cortex). The sighted guides for athletes with a visual impairment are such a close and essential part of the competition that the athlete with visual impairment and the guide are considered a team. Beginning in 2012, these guides (along with sighted goalkeepers in 5-a-side football became eligible to receive medals of their own." }, "Heat stroke-1": { "title": "Heat stroke", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Heat stroke, also known as sun stroke, is a type of severe heat illness that results in a body temperature greater than 40.0\u00a0\u00b0C (104.0\u00a0\u00b0F) and confusion. Other symptoms include red skin, headache, and dizziness. There is generally a lack of sweating in classic heat stroke while sweating is generally present in exertional heatstroke. Onset can be sudden or gradual. Complications may include seizures, rhabdomyolysis, or kidney failure." }, "Marco Polo (game)-2": { "title": "Marco Polo (game)", "section": "Rules", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "One player is chosen as \"It\". The \"It\" player or \"Marco\", with closed eyes, tries to find and tag any one of the other players, relying on hearing to find someone to tag. The player who is \"It\" shouts \"Marco\" and the other players must all respond by shouting \"Polo\", which \"Marco\" uses to try to find them. If a player is tagged, then that player becomes \"It.\" If \"It\" suspects that a player has left the pool, they can shout \"Fish out of water!\" and the player who is out of the pool becomes the new \"It\"." }, "Mathematician-1": { "title": "Mathematician", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems." }, "Otter-12": { "title": "Otter", "section": "Species", "headers": [ "European otter" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Genus Lutra Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) Japanese otter\u2020 (Lutra nippon) Lutra euxena\u2020 Lutra castiglionis\u2020 Lutra simplicidens\u2020 Lutra trinacriae\u2020 Genus Hydrictis Spotted-necked otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Genus Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Lutrogale robusta\u2020 Genus Lontra North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) Marine otter (Lontra felina) Genus Pteronura Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Genus Amblonyx Asian small-clawed otter (Amblonyx cinereus) Genus Aonyx African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) Genus Enhydra Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Enhydra reevei\u2020 Genus \u2020Megalenhydris Genus \u2020Sardolutra Genus \u2020Algarolutra Genus \u2020Cyrnaonyx Genus \u2020Teruelictis Genus \u2020Enhydriodon Genus \u2020Enhydritherium Genus \u2020Teruelictis Genus \u2020Limnonyx Genus \u2020Lutravus Genus \u2020Sivaonyx Genus \u2020Torolutra Genus \u2020Tyrrhenolutra Genus \u2020Vishnuonyx Genus \u2020Siamogale The European otter (Lutra lutra), also called the Eurasian otter, inhabits Europe, most of Asia and parts of North Africa. In the British Isles, they were common as recently as the 1950s, but became rare in many areas due to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, habitat loss and water pollution (they remained relatively common in parts of Scotland and Ireland). Population levels reached a low point in the 1980s, but are now recovering strongly. The UK Biodiversity Action Plan envisages the re-establishment of otters by 2010 in all the UK rivers and coastal areas they inhabited in 1960. Roadkill deaths have become one of the significant threats to the success of their re-establishment." }, "Pepin the Short-1": { "title": "Pepin the Short", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pepin the Short (German: Pippin der Kurze, French: P\u00e9pin le Bref, c. 714 \u2013 24 September 768) was the King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768. He was the first of the Carolingians to become king." }, "Bornean orangutan-2": { "title": "Bornean orangutan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Bornean orangutan is a critically endangered species, with deforestation, palm oil plantations, and hunting posing a serious threat to its continued existence." }, "Group (periodic table)-5": { "title": "Group (periodic table)", "section": "Group names", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "v t e Groups in the Periodic table a Group 1 is composed of hydrogen (H) and the alkali metals. Elements of the group have one s-electron in the outer electron shell. Hydrogen is not considered to be an alkali metal as it rarely exhibits behaviour comparable to theirs, though it is more analogous to them than any other group. This makes the group somewhat exceptional. n/a Do not have a group number b Group 3 has scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y). For the rest of the group, sources differ as either being (1) lutetium (Lu) and lawrencium (Lr), or (2) lanthanum (La) and actinium (Ac), or (3) the whole set of 15+15 lanthanides and actinides. IUPAC has initiated a project to standardize the definition as either (1) Sc, Y, Lu and Lr, or (2) Sc, Y, La and Ac. c Group 18, the noble gases, were not discovered at the time of Mendeleev's original table. Later (1902), Mendeleev accepted the evidence for their existence, and they could be placed in a new \"group 0\", consistently and without breaking the periodic table principle. r Group name as recommended by IUPAC. Some other names have been proposed and used without gaining wide acceptance: \"volatile metals\" for group 12; \"icosagens\" for group 13; \"crystallogens\", \"adamantogens\", and \"merylides\"[citation needed] for group 14; and \"aerogens\" for group 18." }, "American Civil War-7": { "title": "American Civil War", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession. Outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincoln's March 4, 1861, inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war. Speaking directly to the \"Southern States\", he attempted to calm their fears of any threats to slavery, reaffirming, \"I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.\" After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed and both sides prepared for war. The Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on \"King Cotton\" that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America." }, "Sand cat-51": { "title": "Sand cat", "section": "Behaviour and ecology", "headers": [ "Hunting and diet" ], "para_index": 51, "content": "Sand cats were collected in eastern Karakum Desert in the late 1950s. Their faeces and stomachs contained remains of small mammals, birds, small reptiles, and invertebrates." }, "Avengers (comics)-1": { "title": "Avengers (comics)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Avengers are a fictional team of superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The team made its debut in The Avengers #1 (cover-dated Sept. 1963), created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist/co-plotter Jack Kirby. The Avengers is Lee and Kirby's renovation of a previous superhero team, All-Winners Squad, who appeared in comic books series published by Marvel Comics' predecessor Timely Comics." }, "Wild Oats Markets-11": { "title": "Wild Oats Markets", "section": "Proposed sale to Whole Foods Market", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "On July 29, 2008, the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia overturned the district court's decision allowing the merger. The Court of Appeals ruled that \"premium natural, and organic supermarkets\" (\"PNOS\"), such as Whole Foods and Wild Oats, constitute a distinct submarket of all grocers. The court ruled that \"mission driven\" consumers (those with an emphasis on social and environmental responsibility) would be adversely affected by the merger because substantial evidence by the FTC showed that Whole Foods intended to raise prices after consummation of the merger. In 2009, Whole Foods agreed to sell the Wild Oats chain." }, "Margarine-2": { "title": "Margarine", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Butter is made from the butterfat of milk, whereas modern margarine is made mainly of refined vegetable oil and water. In some places in the United States, it is colloquially referred to as oleo, short for oleomargarine. In Britain and Australia, it can be referred to colloquially as marge. Margarine consists of a water-in-fat emulsion, with tiny droplets of water dispersed uniformly throughout a fat phase in a stable crystalline form. In some jurisdictions, margarine must have a minimum fat content of 80 percent (with a maximum of 16% water) to be labelled as such, the same as butter. Colloquially in the United States, the term margarine is used to describe \"non-dairy spreads\" with varying fat contents." }, "Nobel Prize-2": { "title": "Nobel Prize", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank, Sweden's central bank, established the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. The award is based on a donation received by the Nobel Foundation in 1968 from Sveriges Riksbank on the occasion of the bank's 300th anniversary. The first Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen in 1969. The Prize in Economic Sciences is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden, according to the same principles as for the Nobel Prizes that have been awarded since 1901." }, "Dustin Hoffman-81": { "title": "Dustin Hoffman", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Political Activism" ], "para_index": 81, "content": "A liberal, Hoffman has long supported the Democratic Party and Ralph Nader. In 1997 he was one of a number of Hollywood stars and executives to sign an open letter to then-German chancellor Helmut Kohl protesting the treatment of Scientologists in Germany, which was published as a newspaper advertisement in the International Herald Tribune." }, "Steve Carell-9": { "title": "Steve Carell", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "The Office" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "In 2005, Carell signed a deal with NBC to star in The Office, a remake of the British TV series of the same name. In the series, a mockumentary about life at a mid-sized paper supply company, Carell played the role of Michael Scott, the idiosyncratic regional manager of Dunder Mifflin, in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Although the first season of the adaptation suffered mediocre ratings, NBC renewed it for another season due to the anticipated success of Carell's film The 40-Year-Old Virgin, and the series subsequently became a ratings success. Carell won a Golden Globe Award and Television Critics Association Award during 2006 for his role in The Office. He received six Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his work in the series (2006\u20132011). Carell earned approximately US$175,000 per episode of the third season of The Office, twice his salary for the previous two seasons. In an Entertainment Weekly interview, he commented on his salary, saying, \"You don't want people to think you're a pampered jerk. Salaries can be ridiculous. On the other hand, a lot of people are making a lot of money off of these shows.\"" }, "Adamu (Assyrian king)-1": { "title": "Adamu (Assyrian king)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Adamu (Akkadian: \ud808\udc00\ud808\udc55\ud808\ude2c, romanized:\u00a0A-da-mu) was an early Assyrian king, and listed as the second among the, \"seventeen kings who lived in tents\" within the Mesopotamian Chronicles. The Mesopotamian Chronicles state that Adamu succeeded Tudiya. The Assyriologist Georges Roux stated that Tudiya would have lived c. 2450 BCE \u2014 c. 2400 BCE. The earliest known use of the name \u201cAdam\u201d as a genuine name in historicity is Adamu. As in his predecessor's case, virtually nothing is otherwise known about Adamu's reign or him personally; his existence remains unconfirmed archaeologically and uncorroborated by any other source." }, "Pope Alexander VI-2": { "title": "Pope Alexander VI", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Born into the prominent Borgia family in X\u00e0tiva in the Crown of Aragon (Now Spain), Rodrigo studied law at the University of Bologna. He was ordained deacon and made a cardinal in 1456 after the election of his uncle as Pope Callistus III, and a year later he became vice-chancellor of the Catholic Church. He proceeded to serve in the Curia under the next four popes, acquiring significant influence and wealth in the process. In 1492, Rodrigo was elected Pope, taking the name Alexander VI." }, "Kayak-5": { "title": "Kayak", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Kayaks (Inuktitut: qajaq (\u1583\u152d\u1585 Inuktitut pronunciation:\u00a0[q\u0251\u02c8j\u0251q]), Yup'ik: qayaq (from qai- \"surface; top\"), Aleut: Iqyax) were originally developed by the Inuit, Yup'ik, and Aleut.[citation needed] They used the boats to hunt on inland lakes, rivers and coastal waters of the Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic, Bering Sea and North Pacific oceans.[citation needed] These first kayaks were constructed from stitched seal or other animal skins stretched over a wood or whalebone-skeleton frame. (Western Alaskan Natives used wood whereas the eastern Inuit used whalebone due to the treeless landscape)[citation needed]. Kayaks are believed to be at least 4,000 years old.[citation needed] The oldest existing kayaks are exhibited in the North America department of the State Museum of Ethnology in Munich, with the oldest dating from 1577." }, "Star Wars-2": { "title": "Star Wars", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The original film, retroactively subtitled Episode IV: A New Hope, was followed by the sequels Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Episode VI: Return of the Jedi (1983), forming the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was later released, consisting of Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999), Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002), and Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005). In 2012, Lucas sold his production company to Disney, relinquishing his ownership of the franchise. The subsequently produced sequel trilogy consists of Episode VII: The Force Awakens (2015), Episode VIII: The Last Jedi (2017), and Episode IX: The Rise of Skywalker (2019). Together, the three trilogies form what has been referred to as the \"Skywalker saga\". All nine films were nominated for Academy Awards (with wins going to the first two released) and were commercially successful. Together with the theatrical spin-off films Rogue One (2016) and Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018), the combined box office revenue of the films equates to over US$10\u00a0billion, and it is currently the second-highest-grossing film franchise." }, "Christina Oiticica-2": { "title": "Christina Oiticica", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Oiticica is known for using an exotic neoconcretist technique that is reminiscent of both land art and eco art, a technique that allows nature\u2019s elements to act upon her works. Oiticica is a \"daughter\" of the experimental art movement of the 1970s arisen in Rio de Janeiro, where she was born, and has taken her paintings all around the world." }, "Muslim supporters of Israel-23": { "title": "Muslim supporters of Israel", "section": "Israeli Arab supporters of Israel", "headers": [ "Israeli Druze and Circassian Muslims", "Background" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "I am a proud Israeli \u2013 along with many other non-Jewish Israelis such as Druze, Bahai, Bedouin, Christians and Muslims, who live in one of the most culturally diversified societies and the only true democracy in the Middle East. Like America, Israeli society is far from perfect, but let us deals honestly. By any yardstick you choose \u2013 educational opportunity, economic development, women and gay's rights, freedom of speech and assembly, legislative representation \u2013 Israel's minorities fare far better than any other country in the Middle East. The Circassians in Israel are non-Arab, predominantly Sunni Muslims. The Circassians have had good relations with the Jewish community in Israel since the beginning of the Jewish settlement in the Land of Israel. The Circassian community in Israel helped the illegal immigration (Ha'apala) of Jews into Palestine during the British Mandate and fought on the Israeli side of the 1947\u20131949 Palestine war. In 1948, when Israel was created, Circassians of Palestine did not migrate to neighboring countries, but rather made the choice to stay within the borders of the new state and embrace full Israeli citizenship, according to academic Eleonore Merza. Like the Druze population, since 1958 male Circassians perform Israeli mandatory military service upon reaching the age of majority, while females do not. Many Circassians in Israel are employed in the security forces, including in the Border Guard, the Israel Defense Forces, the police and the Israel Prison Service. The percentage of army recruits among the Circassian community in Israel is particularly high. This loyalty to Israel is often considered as an act of betrayal by the Arab Muslims, who see Circassians as traitors to the Ummah." }, "Edgar Allan Poe-1": { "title": "Edgar Allan Poe", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Edgar Allan Poe (/po\u028a/; born Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 \u2013 October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and of American literature as a whole, and he was one of the country's earliest practitioners of the short story. He is also generally considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre and is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. Poe was the first well-known American writer to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career." }, "Kobe-3": { "title": "Kobe", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Kobe was one of the cities to open for trade with the West following the 1853 end of the policy of seclusion and has since been known as a cosmopolitan and nuclear-free zone port city. While the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake diminished much of Kobe's prominence as a port city, it remains Japan's fourth-busiest container port. Companies headquartered in Kobe include ASICS, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, and Kobe Steel, as well as over 100 international corporations with Asian or Japanese headquarters in the city, such as Eli Lilly and Company, Procter & Gamble, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Nestl\u00e9. The city is the point of origin and namesake of Kobe beef, as well as the site of one of Japan's most famous hot spring resorts, Arima Onsen." }, "Sphynx cat-10": { "title": "Sphynx cat", "section": "History of the cat breed", "headers": [ "Minnesota" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The first noted naturally occurring foundation Sphynx originated as hairless stray barn cats in Wadena, Minnesota, at the farm of Milt and Ethelyn Pearson. The Pearsons identified hairless kittens occurring in several litters of their domestic shorthair barn cats in the mid-1970s. Two hairless female kittens born in 1975 and 1976, Epidermis and Dermis, were sold to Oregon breeder Kim Mueske, and became an important part of the Sphynx breeding program. Also working with the Pearson line of cats was breeder Georgiana Gattenby of Brainerd, Minnesota, who outcrossed with Cornish Rex cats." }, "Snow-1": { "title": "Snow", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Snow comprises individual ice crystals that grow while suspended in the atmosphere\u2014usually within clouds\u2014and then fall, accumulating on the ground where they undergo further changes. It consists of frozen crystalline water throughout its life cycle, starting when, under suitable conditions, the ice crystals form in the atmosphere, increase to millimeter size, precipitate and accumulate on surfaces, then metamorphose in place, and ultimately melt, slide or sublimate away." }, "Robert Wadlow-1": { "title": "Robert Wadlow", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Robert Pershing Wadlow (February 22, 1918 \u2013 July 15, 1940), also known as the Alton Giant and the Giant of Illinois, was an American man who was the tallest person in recorded history for whom there is irrefutable evidence. He was born and raised in Alton, Illinois, a suburb of St. Louis, Missouri." }, "Time (magazine)-5": { "title": "Time (magazine)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "It set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades through the late 1960s, the magazine's cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated \"People of the Year\" issues which grew in popularity over the years. Notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3, 1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover; a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28, 1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazine's 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15\u00a2 (equivalent to $2.25 in 2019). On Hadden's death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time and a major figure in the history of 20th-century media. According to Time Inc.: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1972\u20132004 by Robert Elson, \"Roy Edward Larsen [...] was to play a role second only to Luce's in the development of Time Inc\". In his book, The March of Time, 1935\u20131951, Raymond Fielding also noted that Larsen was \"originally circulation manager and then general manager of Time, later publisher of Life, for many years president of Time Inc., and in the long history of the corporation the most influential and important figure after Luce\"." }, "Chrome OS-1": { "title": "Chrome OS", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Chrome OS is a Linux kernel-based operating system designed by Google. It is derived from the free software Chromium OS and uses the Google Chrome web browser as its principal user interface." }, "Bulk carrier-1": { "title": "Bulk carrier", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A bulk carrier, bulker is a merchant ship specially designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo, such as grains, coal, ore, steel coils and cement, in its cargo holds. Since the first specialized bulk carrier was built in 1852, economic forces have led to continued development of these ships, resulting in increased size and sophistication. Today's bulk carriers are specially designed to maximize capacity, safety, efficiency, and durability." }, "Rodent-73": { "title": "Rodent", "section": "Interaction with humans", "headers": [ "As pests and disease vectors" ], "para_index": 73, "content": "Because rodents are a nuisance and endanger public health, human societies often attempt to control them. Traditionally, this involved poisoning and trapping, methods that were not always safe or effective. More recently, integrated pest management attempts to improve control with a combination of surveys to determine the size and distribution of the pest population, the establishment of tolerance limits (levels of pest activity at which to intervene), interventions, and evaluation of effectiveness based on repeated surveys. Interventions may include education, making and applying laws and regulations, modifying the habitat, changing farming practices, and biological control using pathogens or predators, as well as poisoning and trapping. The use of pathogens such as Salmonella has the drawback that they can infect man and domestic animals, and rodents often become resistant. The use of predators including ferrets, mongooses and monitor lizards has been found unsatisfactory. Domestic and feral cats are able to control rodents effectively, provided the rodent population is not too large. In the UK, two species in particular, the house mouse and the brown rat, are actively controlled to limit damage in growing crops, loss and contamination of stored crops and structural damage to facilities, as well as to comply with the law." }, "President of the United States-4": { "title": "President of the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Through the Electoral College, registered voters indirectly elect the president and vice president to a four-year term. This is the only federal election in the United States which is not decided by popular vote. Nine vice presidents became president by virtue of a president's intra-term death or resignation." }, "Arrest-2": { "title": "Arrest", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Police and various other officers have powers of arrest. In some places, a citizen's arrest is permitted; for example in England and Wales, any person can arrest \"anyone whom he has reasonable grounds for suspecting to be committing, have committed or be guilty of committing an indictable offence\", although certain conditions must be met before taking such action. Similar powers exist in France, Italy, Germany, Austria and Switzerland if a person is caught in an act of crime and not willing or able to produce valid ID." }, "Cattle feeding-5": { "title": "Cattle feeding", "section": "Types of cattle feeds", "headers": [ "Grass-fed" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Grass and other forage compose most or the majority of a grass-fed diet. There is debate as to whether cattle should be raised on diets primarily composed of pasture (grass) or on a concentrated diet of grain, soy, and other supplements. The issue is often complicated by the political interests and confusion between labels such as \"free range\", \"organic\", and \"natural\". Cattle reared on a primarily forage diet are termed grass-fed or pasture-raised; meat or milk may be called \"grass-fed beef\" or \"pasture-raised dairy\". The term \"pasture-raised\" can lead to confusion with the term \"free range\" which describes where the animals reside, but not what they eat. Thus, cattle can be labelled free range but not necessarily be grass-fed, and vice versa, and organic beef can be either or none. Another term adopted by the industry is grass-finished (also, 100% grass-fed), for which cattle are said to spend 100% of their lives on grass pasture. However, this label is not regulated.[citation needed] The Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture previously had a regulated standard for certification as \"Grass Fed\" meat, but withdrew the standard in 2016. However, producers must still apply the USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service for the right to put \"grass fed\" on a label." }, "Herman Tarnower-4": { "title": "Herman Tarnower", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The Scarsdale diet's idea of reducing carbohydrates, eating plenty of oily fish and lean meat with fruit and vegetables and having a low intake of fats, salt and sweets was novel at the time and when The Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet was published in 1979, it became an immediate bestseller. However, the Scarsdale diet was dismissed by medical experts and is often listed as an example of a fad diet. The diet was criticized by Henry Buchwald and colleagues for \"serious nutritional deficiencies\". Negative effects of the diet include constipation, nausea, weakness and bad breath due to ketosis." }, "David-1": { "title": "David", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "David (Hebrew: \u05d3\u05b8\u05bc\u05d5\u05b4\u05d3) is described in the Hebrew Bible as the third king of the United Monarchy of Israel and Judah, becoming king after Ish-bosheth. In the Books of Samuel, David is a young shepherd who gains fame first as a musician and later by killing the enemy champion Goliath. He becomes a favorite of King Saul and a close friend of Saul's son Jonathan. Worried that David is trying to take his throne, Saul turns on David. After Saul and Jonathan are killed in battle, David is anointed as King. David conquers Jerusalem, taking the Ark of the Covenant into the city, and establishing the kingdom founded by Saul. As king, David commits adultery with Bathsheba, leading him to arrange the death of her husband Uriah the Hittite. Because of this sin, David's son Absalom tries to overthrow him. David flees Jerusalem during Absalom's rebellion, but after Absalom's death he returns to the city to rule Israel. Because David shed much blood, God denies David the opportunity to build the temple. Before his peaceful death, he chooses his son Solomon as successor. He is honored in the prophetic literature as an ideal king and the forefather of a future Messiah, and many psalms are ascribed to him." }, "University-1": { "title": "University", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A university (Latin: universitas, 'a whole') is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education." }, "Child labor laws in the United States-2": { "title": "Child labor laws in the United States", "section": "Federal law", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The main law regulating child labor in the United States is the Fair Labor Standards Act. For non-agricultural jobs, children under 14 may not be employed, children between 14 and 16 may be employed in allowed occupations during limited hours, and children between 16 and 17 may be employed for unlimited hours in non-hazardous occupations. A number of exceptions to these rules exist, such as for employment by parents, newspaper delivery, and child actors. The regulations for agricultural employment are generally less strict." }, "Volkswagen Jetta-1": { "title": "Volkswagen Jetta", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Volkswagen Jetta (listen\u00a0(help\u00b7info)) is a compact car/small family car manufactured and marketed by Volkswagen since 1979. Positioned to fill a sedan niche above the firm's Golf hatchback, it has been marketed over seven generations, variously as the Atlantic, Vento, Bora, City Jetta, Jetta City, GLI, Jetta, Clasico, and Sagitar (in China)." }, "Pickling-36": { "title": "Pickling", "section": "Process", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "In chemical pickling, the fruits or vegetables to be pickled are placed in a sterilized jar along with brine, vinegar, or both, as well as spices, and are then allowed to mature until the desired taste is obtained." }, "Deep sea-1": { "title": "Deep sea", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The deep sea or deep layer is the lowest layer in the ocean, existing below the thermocline and above the seabed, at a depth of 1000 fathoms (1800 m) or more. Little or no light penetrates this part of the ocean, and most of the organisms that live there rely for subsistence on falling organic matter produced in the photic zone. For this reason, scientists once assumed that life would be sparse in the deep ocean, but virtually every probe has revealed that, on the contrary, life is abundant in the deep ocean." }, "Sable-1": { "title": "Sable", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The sable (Martes zibellina) is a species of marten, a small omnivorous mammal primarily inhabiting the forest environments of Russia, from the Ural Mountains throughout Siberia, and northern Mongolia. Its habitat also borders eastern Kazakhstan, China, North Korea and Hokkaid\u014d, Japan. Its range in the wild originally extended through European Russia to Poland and Scandinavia. Historically, it has been hunted for its highly valued dark brown or black fur, which remains a luxury good to this day. While hunting is still common in Russia, most fur on the market is now commercially farmed." }, "SeaWorld San Diego-1": { "title": "SeaWorld San Diego", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "SeaWorld San Diego is an animal theme park, oceanarium, outside aquarium and marine mammal park, in San Diego, California, United States, inside Mission Bay Park." }, "Software engineering-2": { "title": "Software engineering", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "When the first digital computers appeared in the early 1940s, the instructions to make them operate were wired into the machine. Practitioners quickly realized that this design was not flexible and came up with the \"stored program architecture\" or von Neumann architecture. Thus the division between \"hardware\" and \"software\" began with abstraction being used to deal with the complexity of computing." }, "Felicity Huffman-24": { "title": "Felicity Huffman", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Involvement in the 2019 college admissions bribery scandal" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "Huffman was among dozens charged by the FBI and U.S. Attorney's Office on March 12, 2019, in a nationwide college entrance exam cheating scandal. Prosecutors alleged that Huffman's $15,000 donation to the Key Worldwide Foundation, ostensibly a charitable contribution, was in fact payment to a person who pretended to be Huffman's daughter, took the SAT for her, and received a score greatly improved from the daughter's score on the Preliminary SAT (PSAT). Huffman was arrested at her California home on March 12 and charged with conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest services fraud. She appeared on March 13 in Los Angeles Federal Court, where federal agents took her passport and the court released her on $250,000 bail. At her court appearance in Boston on April 3, she acknowledged her rights, charges, and maximum possible penalties; she waived a pretrial hearing, signed conditions of her release, and was allowed to leave. On April 8, she agreed to plead guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest services mail fraud." }, "Game (hunting)-6": { "title": "Game (hunting)", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Small game includes small animals, such as rabbits, pheasants, geese or ducks. Large game includes animals like deer, moose, and bear. Big game is a term sometimes used interchangeably with large game although in other contexts it refers to large, typically African, mammals (specifically \"big five game\" or \"dangerous game\") which are hunted mainly for trophies." }, "Saddam Hussein-4": { "title": "Saddam Hussein", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In 2003, a coalition led by the United States invaded Iraq to depose Saddam, in which U.S. President George W. Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair erroneously accused him of possessing weapons of mass destruction and having ties to al-Qaeda. Saddam's Ba'ath party was disbanded and the country's first ever set of democratic elections were held. Following his capture on 13 December 2003, the trial of Saddam took place under the Iraqi Interim Government. On 5 November 2006, Saddam was convicted by an Iraqi court of crimes against humanity related to the 1982 killing of 148 Iraqi Shi'a, and sentenced to death by hanging. He was executed on 30 December 2006." }, "Richard Nixon-46": { "title": "Richard Nixon", "section": "Presidency (1969\u20131974)", "headers": [ "Foreign policy" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "In these difficult years, America has suffered from a fever of words; from inflated rhetoric that promises more than it can deliver; from angry rhetoric that fans discontents into hatreds; from bombastic rhetoric that postures instead of persuading. We cannot learn from one another until we stop shouting at one another, until we speak quietly enough so that our words can be heard as well as our voices. The relationship between Nixon and Henry Kissinger, his National Security Advisor was unusually close. It has been compared to the relationships of Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House, or Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Hopkins. In all three cases, State Department was relegated to a backseat role in developing foreign-policy. Historian David Rothkopf has compared the personalities of Nixon and Kissinger:" }, "Gomer Pyle-7": { "title": "Gomer Pyle", "section": "Character", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "In the last episode of the fourth season, Gomer tells Andy he has joined the Marines, because he realized he would eventually be drafted into military service." }, "Morocco-51": { "title": "Morocco", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 51, "content": "In general, apart from the southeast regions (pre-Saharan and desert areas), Morocco's climate and geography are very similar to the Iberian peninsula. Thus Morocco has the following climate zones:" }, "Jack Dempsey-26": { "title": "Jack Dempsey", "section": "Early life and career", "headers": [ "Title defenses", "Jack Dempsey vs. Georges Carpentier" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "Carpentier wobbled Dempsey with a hard right in the second round. A reporter at ringside, however, counted 25 punches from Dempsey in a single 31-second exchange soon after he was supposedly injured by the right. Carpentier also broke his thumb in that round, which crippled his chances. Dempsey ended up winning the match in the fourth round." }, "Hanuman-14": { "title": "Hanuman", "section": "Historical development", "headers": [ "Late medieval and modern era" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Hanuman evolved and emerged in this era as the ideal combination of shakti and bhakti. Stories and folk traditions in and after the 17th century, began to reformulate and present Hanuman as a divine being, as a descendant of deities, and as an avatar of Shiva. He emerged as a champion of those religiously persecuted, expressing resistance, a yogi, an inspiration for martial artists and warriors, a character with less fur and increasingly human, symbolizing cherished virtues and internal values, and worthy of devotion in his own right. Hindu monks morphed into soldiers, and they named their organizations after Hanuman. This evolution of Hanuman's character, religious and cultural role as well as his iconography continued through the colonial era and in post-colonial times." }, "Dinosaur-1": { "title": "Dinosaur", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic period, between 243 and 233.23\u00a0million years ago, although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is the subject of active research. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the Triassic\u2013Jurassic extinction event 201.3\u00a0million years ago; their dominance continued through the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. The fossil record demonstrates that birds are modern feathered dinosaurs, having evolved from earlier theropods during the Late Jurassic epoch. As such, birds were the only dinosaur lineage to survive the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event approximately 66\u00a0million years ago. Dinosaurs can therefore be divided into avian dinosaurs, or birds; and non-avian dinosaurs, which are all dinosaurs other than birds." }, "Borneo-2": { "title": "Borneo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The island is politically divided among three countries: Malaysia and Brunei in the north, and Indonesia to the south. It is the only island in the world to be politically administered by three countries at a time. Approximately 73% of the island is Indonesian territory. In the north, the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak make up about 26% of the island. Additionally, the Malaysian federal territory of Labuan is situated on a small island just off the coast of Borneo. The sovereign state of Brunei, located on the north coast, comprises about 1% of Borneo's land area. A little more than half of the island is in the Northern Hemisphere including Brunei and the Malaysian portion, while the Indonesian portion spans both the Northern and Southern hemispheres." }, "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles-9": { "title": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", "section": "Comics", "headers": [ "Mirage" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Leonardo (Leo)\u00a0\u2013 The tactical, level-headed, courageous leader and devoted student of his sensei, Leonardo wears a blue mask and wields two katana. As the most conscientious of the four, he often bears the burden of responsibility for his brothers, which commonly leads to conflict with Raphael. Leonardo was named after the Italian polymath, painter, engineer, inventor, writer, anatomist, and sculptor, Leonardo da Vinci. Michelangelo (Mikey or Mike)\u00a0\u2013 The most stereotypical teenager of the team, Michelangelo is a free-spirited, relaxed, goofy, jokester known for his love of pizza. Michelangelo wears an orange mask and wields a pair of nunchaku. He provides the comic relief, though he still has an adventurous side. The least mature of the four Turtles, he shows characteristics of a \"surfer\" type and is often depicted with a Southern Californian accent. He is named after the Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer, Michelangelo. His name was originally misspelled \"Michaelangelo\" by Peter Laird and Kevin Eastman. Donatello (Donnie or Don)\u00a0\u2013 The scientist, inventor, engineer, and technological genius, Donatello wears a purple mask and wields a bo (staff). Donatello is perhaps the least violent turtle, preferring to use his knowledge to solve conflicts, but never hesitates to defend his brothers. He is named after the early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence, Donatello. Raphael (Raph)\u00a0\u2013 The team's bad boy, Raphael wears a red mask and wields a pair of sai. He has an aggressive nature, and seldom hesitates to throw the first punch. He is often depicted with a New York accent. His personality can be fierce and sarcastic, and oftentimes delivers deadpan humor. He is intensely loyal to his brothers and sensei. He is named after the Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance, Raphael. Splinter\u00a0\u2013 The Turtles' sensei and adoptive father. In the original comics, Splinter is a Japanese mutant rat that learned the ways of ninjutsu from his owner and master, Hamato Yoshi. His name and character are a parody of the Marvel Comics character, Stick, who trained Matt Murdock/Daredevil. For the 1987 TV series, Splinter's origin was changed so he is Hamato Yoshi himself mutated into a humanoid rat. In the IDW comics, he is Hamato Yoshi reincarnated as a mutated rat. Other versions usually follow one of these origins. April O'Neil\u00a0\u2013 A former lab assistant to the mad scientist Baxter Stockman, April is the plucky human companion of the Turtles. April first met the Turtles when they saved her from Baxter's Mouser robots. She embarks on many of the Turtles' adventures and aids them by doing the work in public that the Turtles cannot. In the 1987 TV series, Archie Comics series, the first three films, and the 2014 film reboot, April is a television news reporter. In the 2007 CGI film, she and Casey Jones own a shipping firm. In the 2012 series, April is a teenager who is rescued by the TMNTs and later given some \"crash courses\" in being a ninja by Splinter. Casey Jones\u00a0\u2013 A vigilante who wears a hockey mask to protect his identity, Casey Jones has become one of the Turtles' closest allies, as well as a love interest to April. Casey first encountered the Turtles after having a fight with Raphael. He fights crime with an assortment of sporting goods he carries in a golf bag, such as baseball bats, golf clubs, and hockey sticks. The Shredder\u00a0\u2013 A villainous ninjutsu master called Oroku Saki, he is the leader of the Foot Clan, an evil ninja clan. In every incarnation of the TMNT franchise, he has been the archenemy of the Turtles and Splinter as well as the main villain in most versions of the franchise. The Shredder prefers to use his armor instead of weapons in some versions. Foot Soldiers/Ninjas \u2013 The ninjas of the Foot Clan who work for the Shredder. They are probably the most common villains that the Turtles encounter. Karai\u00a0\u2013 A female high-rank member of the Foot Clan, she has appeared in several different TMNT comics, cartoons, and films, as well as in multiple video games. In her original appearance she was a commander on the same level as Shredder while in some of her later incarnations of the character, she is closely related to Shredder as his adopted daughter or biological granddaughter as well second-in-command. In most works, she shares an ambiguous rivalry with Leonardo, which occasionally even borders on romantic interest. Baxter Stockman \u2013 Baxter Stockman is a scientist and inventor who often acts as an enemy to the Turtles in various incarnations. He is known as the inventor of the mouser robots that appear in many versions, and is often depicted as allied with the Foot Clan, Krang, or going on his own. Krang \u2013 Krang is a small brain-like alien warlord who often appears as one of the main villains of the franchise alongside The Shredder. The character was originally inspired by the Utroms, an alien race from the original comics, while in later versions he is a member of the Utroms. In some incarnations Krang would often team up with Shredder while some versions have them as rivals for conquest. Bebop and Rocksteady \u2013 A criminal duo of a mutant warthog and rhinoceros, respectively, that were originally two human thugs that become the Shredder's henchmen in some versions. They are usually depicted as super-strong but not very smart. Eastman and Laird's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles premiered in May 1984, at a comic book convention held at a local *Sheraton* Hotel in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. It was published by Mirage Studios in an oversized magazine-style format using black and white artwork on cheap newsprint, limited to a print run of only 3,250 copies. Through a clever media kit that included a press release in The Comics Journal #89 and a full-page ad placed in Comic Buyer's Guide #547, the public's interest was piqued and thus began the Turtle phenomenon. The small print runs made these early comics and trade magazines instant collector items, and within months, they were trading for over 50 times their cover price. The name \"Mirage Studios\" was chosen because of Eastman and Laird's lack of a professional art studio at the start of their career, before their creation made them both multimillionaires." }, "Burning Man-37": { "title": "Burning Man", "section": "Principles", "headers": [ "Radical Self-Expression" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "Participants at the Burning Man event in the Black Rock Desert are encouraged to express themselves in a number of ways through various art forms and projects. The event is clothing-optional and public nudity is common, though not practiced by the majority." }, "Antarctica-44": { "title": "Antarctica", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "At the edge of the continent, strong katabatic winds off the polar plateau often blow at storm force. In the interior, wind speeds are typically moderate. During clear days in summer, more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than at the equator because of the 24 hours of sunlight each day at the Pole." }, "Laptop-48": { "title": "Laptop", "section": "Hardware", "headers": [ "Accessories" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "A common accessory for laptops is a laptop sleeve, laptop skin, or laptop case, which provides a degree of protection from scratches. Sleeves, which are distinguished by being relatively thin and flexible, are most commonly made of neoprene, with sturdier ones made of low-resilience polyurethane. Some laptop sleeves are wrapped in ballistic nylon to provide some measure of waterproofing. Bulkier and sturdier cases can be made of metal with polyurethane padding inside and may have locks for added security. Metal, padded cases also offer protection against impacts and drops. Another common accessory is a laptop cooler, a device which helps lower the internal temperature of the laptop either actively or passively. A common active method involves using electric fans to draw heat away from the laptop, while a passive method might involve propping the laptop up on some type of pad so it can receive more air flow. Some stores sell laptop pads which enable a reclining person on a bed to use a laptop." }, "Mahatma Gandhi-1": { "title": "Mahatma Gandhi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (/\u02c8\u0261\u0251\u02d0ndi, \u02c8\u0261\u00e6ndi/; 2 October 1869\u00a0\u2013 30 January 1948) was an Indian lawyer," }, "National Football League-1": { "title": "National Football League", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The National Football League (NFL) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC). The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world. The NFL's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December, with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week. Following the conclusion of the regular season, seven teams from each conference (four division winners and three wild card teams) advance to the playoffs, a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl, which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC." }, "Stress fracture-6": { "title": "Stress fracture", "section": "Causes", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Stress fractures commonly occur in sedentary people who suddenly undertake a burst of exercise (whose bones are not used to the task) They may also occur in athletes completing high volume, high impact training, such as running or jumping sports. Stress fractures are also commonly reported in soldiers who march long distances." }, "Shakespeare's plays-1": { "title": "Shakespeare's plays", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Shakespeare's plays are a canon of approximately 39 dramatic works written by English poet, playwright, and actor William Shakespeare. The exact number of plays\u2014as well as their classifications as tragedy, history, or comedy\u2014is a matter of scholarly debate. Shakespeare's plays are widely regarded as being among the greatest in the English language and are continually performed around the world. The plays have been translated into every major living language." }, "Chinese zodiac-18": { "title": "Chinese zodiac", "section": "Four Animal Trines", "headers": [ "Second Trine" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The second Trine consists of the Ox, Snake, and Rooster. These three signs are said to possess endurance and application, with slow accumulation of energy, meticulous at planning but tending to hold fixed opinions. The three are said to be intelligent, hard-working, modest, industrious, loyal, philosophical, patient, goodhearted and morally upright, but can also be self-righteous, egotistical, vain, judgmental, narrow-minded, and petty." }, "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor-4": { "title": "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Frederick died in 1190 in Asia Minor while leading an army in the Third Crusade." }, "Gigabyte-1": { "title": "Gigabyte", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The gigabyte (/\u02c8\u0261\u026a\u0261\u0259ba\u026at, \u02c8d\u0292\u026a\u0261\u0259-/) is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix giga means 109 in the International System of Units (SI). Therefore, one gigabyte is one billion bytes. The unit symbol for the gigabyte is GB." }, "Krishna-36": { "title": "Krishna", "section": "Life and Legends", "headers": [ "Kurukshetra War and Bhagavad Gita" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "According to the epic poem Mahabharata, Krishna becomes Arjuna's charioteer for the Kurukshetra War, but on the condition that he personally will not raise any weapon. Upon arrival at the battlefield and seeing that the enemies are his family, his grandfather and his cousins and loved ones, Arjuna is moved and says his heart will not allow him to fight and kill others. He would rather renounce the kingdom and put down his Gandiv (Arjuna's bow). Krishna then advises him about the nature of life, ethics and morality when one is faced with a war between good and evil, the impermanence of matter, the permanence of the soul and the good, duties and responsibilities, the nature of true peace and bliss and the different types of yoga to reach this state of bliss and inner liberation. This conversation between Krishna and Arjuna is presented as a discourse called the Bhagavad Gita." }, "Tick, Tick... Boom!-12": { "title": "Tick, Tick... Boom!", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "After the workshop, Jon visits Michael and tells him that he is through with music. For the first time, though, Michael tries to persuade him to stick with it. Michael says that while he enjoys how he makes a lot more money now than he did as a starving artist, he finds the job itself to be emotionally banal and unrewarding. The two argue, and Jon yells at Michael for not understanding fear or insecurity. Michael responds by telling Jon that he is HIV-positive. Shocked at this news, Jon leaves quickly." }, "History of saffron-16": { "title": "History of saffron", "section": "Middle Eastern and Persian", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "In ancient Persia, saffron (Crocus sativus 'Hausknechtii') was cultivated at Derbena and Isfahan in the 10th century BC. There, Persian saffron threads have been found interwoven into ancient Persian royal carpets and funeral shrouds. Saffron was used by ancient Persian worshippers as a ritual offering to their deities, and as a brilliant yellow dye, perfume, and a medicine. Thus, saffron threads would be scattered across beds and mixed into hot teas as a curative for bouts of melancholy. Indeed, Persian saffron threads, used to spice foods and teas, were widely suspected by foreigners of being a drugging agent and an aphrodisiac. These fears grew to forewarn travelers to abstain from eating saffron-laced Persian cuisine. In addition, Persian saffron was dissolved in water with sandalwood to use as a body wash after heavy work and perspiration under the hot Persian sun. Later, Persian saffron was heavily used by Alexander the Great and his forces during their Asian campaigns. They mixed saffron into teas and dined on saffron rice. Alexander personally used saffron sprinkled in warm bath water, taking after Cyrus the Great. Much like Cyrus, he believed it would heal his many wounds, and his faith in saffron grew with each treatment. He even recommended saffron baths for the ordinary men under him. The Greek soldiers, taken with saffron's perceived curative properties, continued the practice after they returned to Macedonia." }, "Shoreham, New York-9": { "title": "Shoreham, New York", "section": "Facilities", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant was approved for Shoreham, but it was later disapproved as the result of public protest. The builder, Long Island Lighting Company (LILCO), was partially reimbursed for money spent on construction. The municipal bonds that were floated to reimburse the builder are being paid off by a special levy on the electric bills of residents of Long Island." }, "Paralympic Games-1": { "title": "Paralympic Games", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Paralympic Games or Paralympics are a periodic series of international multi-sport events involving athletes with a range of disabilities, including impaired muscle power (e.g. paraplegia and quadriplegia, muscular dystrophy, post-polio syndrome, spina bifida), impaired passive range of movement, limb deficiency (e.g. amputation or dysmelia), leg length difference, short stature, hypertonia, ataxia, athetosis, vision impairment and intellectual impairment. There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games, which since the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, are held almost immediately following the respective Olympic Games. All Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC)." }, "Malaysian Bulk Carriers-1": { "title": "Malaysian Bulk Carriers", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Malaysian Bulk Carriers Berhad (MYX: 5077) was incorporated on 19 November 1988. In 1995, it became the vehicle for a collaboration between Kuok Group and Global Maritime Ventures Berhad, a marine venture capital investment company funded by the Malaysian Government through Bank Industri & Teknologi Malaysia Berhad." }, "Mathematics-2": { "title": "Mathematics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Mathematicians seek and use patterns to formulate new conjectures; they resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proof. When mathematical structures are good models of real phenomena, mathematical reasoning can be used to provide insight or predictions about nature. Through the use of abstraction and logic, mathematics developed from counting, calculation, measurement, and the systematic study of the shapes and motions of physical objects. Practical mathematics has been a human activity from as far back as written records exist. The research required to solve mathematical problems can take years or even centuries of sustained inquiry." }, "Carolina Reaper-2": { "title": "Carolina Reaper", "section": "Pungency", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The sensory heat or pungency detected when consuming a Carolina Reaper derives from the density of capsaicinoids, particularly capsaicin, which relates directly to intensity of chili pepper heat and Scoville scale. Bred in a Rock Hill, South Carolina greenhouse by \"Smokin\" Ed Currie, proprietor of the PuckerButt Pepper Company in Fort Mill, the Carolina Reaper was certified as the world's hottest chili pepper by the Guinness World Records on August 11, 2017. The official Guinness World Record heat level was 1,641,183 Scoville Heat Units (SHU) in 2017, according to tests conducted by Winthrop University in South Carolina. The figure is an average for the tested batch; the hottest individual pepper was measured at 2.2 million SHU." }, "Powerlifting-1": { "title": "Powerlifting", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Powerlifting is a strength sport that consists of three attempts at maximal weight on three lifts: squat, bench press, and deadlift. As in the sport of Olympic weightlifting, it involves the athlete attempting a maximal weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates. Powerlifting evolved from a sport known as \"odd lifts\", which followed the same three-attempt format but used a wider variety of events, akin to strongman competition. Eventually odd lifts became standardized to the current three." }, "Gallaudet University-1": { "title": "Gallaudet University", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Gallaudet University /\u02cc\u0261\u00e6l\u0259\u02c8d\u025bt/ is a federally chartered private university for the education of the deaf and hard of hearing. It is located in Washington, D.C., on a 99-acre (0.40\u00a0km2) campus." }, "Conroe (microprocessor)-8": { "title": "Conroe (microprocessor)", "section": "Variants", "headers": [ "Conroe" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Intel released four additional Core 2 Duo Processors on July 22, 2007. The release coincided with that of the Intel Bearlake (x3x) chipsets. The new processors are named Core 2 Duo E6540, E6550, E6750, and E6850. Processors with a number ending in \"50\" have a 1333\u00a0MHz FSB." }, "Hepatitis-1": { "title": "Hepatitis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue. Some people with hepatitis have no symptoms, whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), poor appetite, vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Hepatitis is acute if it resolves within six months, and chronic if it lasts longer than six months. Acute hepatitis can resolve on its own, progress to chronic hepatitis, or (rarely) result in acute liver failure. Chronic hepatitis may progress to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), liver failure, and liver cancer." }, "Lactobacillus brevis-8": { "title": "Lactobacillus brevis", "section": "Food Preservations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "L. brevis is found in food such as sauerkraut and pickles. It is also one of the most common causes of beer spoilage. The hop, which is an antimicrobial bitter flavoring agent in beer, fails to suppress some strains of L. brevis because they produce a transporter that pumps the active agents of hops out of the bacterial cell. L. brevis is one of the major Lactobacillus species found in tibicos grains (aka water kefir grains), and has been identified as the species responsible for the production of the polysaccharide (dextran) that forms the grains. Major metabolites of L. brevis include lactic acid and ethanol. Strains of L. brevis and L. hilgardii have been found to produce the biogenic amines tyramine, which is found by the fermentation metabolic pathway and is commonly found in spoiled or fermented foods and phenylethylamine, which is found in chocolates but can also produce a fishy odor in other foods." }, "Charles Dickens-53": { "title": "Charles Dickens", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "On 8 June 1870, Dickens suffered another stroke at his home after a full day's work on Edwin Drood. He never regained consciousness, and the next day, he died at Gads Hill Place. Biographer Claire Tomalin has suggested Dickens was actually in Peckham when he suffered the stroke, and his mistress Ellen Ternan and her maids had him taken back to Gad's Hill so the public would not know the truth about their relationship. Contrary to his wish to be buried at Rochester Cathedral \"in an inexpensive, unostentatious, and strictly private manner\", he was laid to rest in the Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey. A printed epitaph circulated at the time of the funeral reads:" }, "Assassination of William McKinley-1": { "title": "Assassination of William McKinley", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "William McKinley, the 25th President of the United States, was shot on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition at the Temple of Music in Buffalo, New York, on September 6, 1901, six months into his second term. He was shaking hands with the public when anarchist Leon Czolgosz shot him twice in the abdomen. McKinley died on September 14 of gangrene caused by the wounds. He was the third American president to be assassinated, following Abraham Lincoln in 1865 and James A. Garfield in 1881." }, "Email-1": { "title": "Email", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Electronic mail (email or e-mail) is a method of exchanging messages (\"mail\") between people using electronic devices. Email entered limited use in the 1960s, but users could only send to users of the same computer, and some early email systems required the author and the recipient to both be online simultaneously, similar to instant messaging. Ray Tomlinson is credited as the inventor of email; in 1971, he developed the first system able to send mail between users on different hosts across the ARPANET, using the @ sign to link the user name with a destination server. By the mid-1970s, this was the form recognized as email." }, "Hannah Milhous Nixon-1": { "title": "Hannah Milhous Nixon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hannah Milhous Nixon (March 7, 1885\u00a0\u2013 September 30, 1967) was the mother of President Richard Nixon." }, "Higher education-1": { "title": "Higher education", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Higher education is tertiary education leading to award of an academic degree. Higher education, also called post-secondary education, third-level or tertiary education, is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completion of secondary education. It represents levels 6, 7 and 8 of the 2011 version of the International Standard Classification of Education structure. Tertiary education at a non-degree level is sometimes referred to as further education or continuing education as distinct from higher education." }, "Horus-8": { "title": "Horus", "section": "Horus and the pharaoh", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The Pyramid Texts (c. 2400\u20132300 BC) describe the nature of the pharaoh in different characters as both Horus and Osiris. The pharaoh as Horus in life became the pharaoh as Osiris in death, where he was united with the other gods. New incarnations of Horus succeeded the deceased pharaoh on earth in the form of new pharaohs." }, "President of the United States-37": { "title": "President of the United States", "section": "Selection process", "headers": [ "Eligibility" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "Article II, Section 1, Clause 5 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for holding the presidency. To serve as president, one must:" }, "Internal fixation-1": { "title": "Internal fixation", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Internal fixation is an operation in orthopedics that involves the surgical implementation of implants for the purpose of repairing a bone, a concept that dates to the mid-nineteenth century and was made applicable for routine treatment in the mid-twentieth century.[page\u00a0needed] An internal fixator may be made of stainless steel, titanium alloy, or cobalt-chrome alloy." }, "Biographies of Mozart-1": { "title": "Biographies of Mozart", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died after a short illness on 5 December 1791, aged 35. His reputation as a composer, already strong during his lifetime, rose rapidly in the years after his death, and he became (as he has remained to this day) one of the most celebrated of all composers." }, "Chromophobia-8": { "title": "Chromophobia", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Leukophobia often takes the form of a fixation on pale skin. Those with the phobia may make implausible assumptions such as paleness necessarily representing ill health or a ghost. In other cases, leukophobia is directed more towards the symbolic meaning of whiteness, for instance in individuals who associate the color white with chastity and are opposed to or fear chastity. In Paul Beatty's novel Slumberland, leukophobia refers to racism." }, "Retail-50": { "title": "Retail", "section": "The retail marketing mix", "headers": [ "Product", "Customer service and supporting services" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "Customer service is the \"sum of acts and elements that allow consumers to receive what they need or desire from [the] retail establishment.\" Retailers must decide whether to provide a full service outlet or minimal service outlet, such as no-service in the case of vending machines; self-service with only basic sales assistance or a full service operation as in many boutiques and speciality stores. In addition, the retailer needs to make decisions about sales support such as customer delivery and after sales customer care." }, "Texas-29": { "title": "Texas", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 29, "content": "Dallas in the North Central region averages a more moderate 37 inches (940\u00a0mm) per year. Snow falls multiple times each winter in the Panhandle and mountainous areas of West Texas, once or twice a year in North Texas, and once every few years in Central and East Texas. Snow falls south of San Antonio or on the coast only in rare circumstances. Of note is the 2004 Christmas Eve snowstorm, when 6 inches (150\u00a0mm) of snow fell as far south as Kingsville, where the average high temperature in December is 65\u00a0\u00b0F." }, "Rosalind Franklin-3": { "title": "Rosalind Franklin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Franklin is best known for her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA, particularly Photo 51, while at King's College London, which led to the discovery of the DNA double helix for which James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962. Watson suggested that Franklin would have ideally been awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Wilkins, but, although there was not yet a rule against posthumous awards, the Nobel Committee generally did not make posthumous nominations." }, "Adenoviridae-10": { "title": "Adenoviridae", "section": "Virology", "headers": [ "Genome" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "The adenovirus genome is linear, non-segmented double-stranded (ds) DNA that is between 26 and 48 Kbp. This allows the virus to theoretically carry 22 to 40 genes. Although this is significantly larger than other viruses in its Baltimore group, it is still a very simple virus and is heavily reliant on the host cell for survival and replication. An interesting feature of this viral genome is that it has a terminal 55 kDa protein associated with each of the 5' ends of the linear dsDNA. These are used as primers in viral replication and ensure that the ends of the virus' linear genome are adequately replicated." }, "Ugly Betty-10": { "title": "Ugly Betty", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "With the strike over as of February 12, the possibility existed for seven new episodes to be completed by April, bringing the number of second-season episodes produced to 20, but only 18 episodes were eventually produced. As a result of the strike, creator Silvio Horta delayed plans for a musical episode and having Lindsay Lohan on board for a possible storyline until the third season. Four days later on February 16, 2008, ABC picked up Ugly Betty for the 2008\u201309 television season." }, "8-1": { "title": "8", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "8 (eight) is the natural number following 7 and preceding 9." }, "Baton Rouge Magnet High School-1": { "title": "Baton Rouge Magnet High School", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Baton Rouge Magnet High School (BRMHS or Baton Rouge High) is a public magnet school in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, founded in 1880. It is part of the East Baton Rouge Parish School System with a student body of approximately 1500 students. The current building was built in 1926, and, as Baton Rouge High School, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. The campus underwent a two-year renovation and expansion starting in 2010, resulting in the addition of two new wings to the main building. This renovation was completed and the school reopened in fall 2012. Baton Rouge High is also one of the highest-ranked schools in the state, and consistently wins state-level academic competitions. The school requires students to pass enrollment standards and exceed graduation standards. As a result, nearly all graduating students attend college." }, "Buoyancy-2": { "title": "Buoyancy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "For this reason, an object whose average density is greater than that of the fluid in which it is submerged tends to sink. If the object is less dense than the liquid, the force can keep the object afloat. This can occur only in a non-inertial reference frame, which either has a gravitational field or is accelerating due to a force other than gravity defining a \"downward\" direction." }, "Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)-4": { "title": "Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Prior to the official opening of the Burbank lot in 1940, the Walt Disney Studios was situated at several different locations in Los Angeles. During summer 1923, Walt Disney created \"The Disney Bros. Cartoon Studio\" in his uncle Robert Disney's garage, which was located at 4406 Kingswell Avenue, in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles (just east of Hollywood). This garage has been on display at the Stanley Ranch Museum in Garden Grove since the 1980s, several blocks away from Disneyland. His brother Roy O. Disney was also in Los Angeles at the time. During October 1923, the brothers leased office space on the rear side of a real estate agency's office at 4651 Kingswell Avenue. On October 16, 1923, Walt Disney accepted an offer from Margaret Winkler of Universal Studios to distribute the new Alice Comedies starring Virginia Davis. It was also at this site where on January 14, 1924, Walt Disney met his future wife Lillian Bounds, an \"ink and paint\" girl whom he personally hired. In February 1924, the studio moved next door to an office of its own at 4649 Kingswell Avenue. The late Robert Disney's residence and the small office building that is home to 4649 and 4651 Kingswell Avenue have survived to the present and are still in use." }, "The Jackson 5-1": { "title": "The Jackson 5", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Jackson 5 (stylized as the Jackson 5ive), later known as the Jacksons, is an American pop band composed of members of the Jackson family. The group was founded in 1965 in Gary, Indiana, by brothers Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine, with younger brothers Marlon and Michael joining soon after." }, "Burundi-87": { "title": "Burundi", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 87, "content": "The official languages of Burundi are Kirundi, French and, since 2014, English. Swahili can be found spoken along the Tanzanian border and it has some official recognition by law as a language \"spoken and taught\" in the country." }, "Egg as food-11": { "title": "Egg as food", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "In 2017, world production of chicken eggs was 80.1 million tonnes. The largest producers were China with 31.3 million of this total, the United States with 6.3 million, India at 4.8 million, Mexico at 2.8 million, Japan at 2.6 million, and Brazil and Russia with 2.5 million each. A typical large egg factory ships a million dozen eggs per week." }, "Guitar picking-14": { "title": "Guitar picking", "section": "Plectrum techniques", "headers": [ "Lead", "Sweep picking" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Sweep picking involves a continuous 'sweep' with the pick across two or more strings (using down-strokes when moving down, and up-strokes when moving up), and is commonly associated with playing arpeggios. To produce a series of distinct notes requires that each note be fretted individually with the fretting hand, rather than held together as a chord." }, "Duck-15": { "title": "Duck", "section": "Behaviour", "headers": [ "Breeding" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Ducks generally only have one partner at a time, although the partnership usually only lasts one year. Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years. Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions (spring/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a nest before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed courtyard) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water." }, "Dysphoria-1": { "title": "Dysphoria", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dysphoria (from Greek: \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (dysphoros), \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3-, difficult, and \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, to bear) is a profound state of unease or dissatisfaction. In a psychiatric context, dysphoria may accompany depression, anxiety, or agitation. The term is often used to refer to gender dysphoria, experienced by people whose gender identity does not align with their assigned sex. Common reactions to dysphoria include emotional distress; in some cases, even physical distress. The opposite state of mind is known as euphoria." }, "Stomach-3": { "title": "Stomach", "section": "Structure", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In humans, the stomach lies between the oesophagus and the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It is in the left upper part of the abdominal cavity. The top of the stomach lies against the diaphragm. Lying behind the stomach is the pancreas. A large double fold of visceral peritoneum called the greater omentum hangs down from the greater curvature of the stomach. Two sphincters keep the contents of the stomach contained; the lower oesophageal sphincter (found in the cardiac region), at the junction of the oesophagus and stomach, and the pyloric sphincter at the junction of the stomach with the duodenum." }, "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film)-4": { "title": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "As a crime wave rises in New York City, reporter April O'Neil correctly theorizes that the mysterious ninja Foot Clan may be behind the rising chaos. The Shredder, the Foot leader, orders April silenced. She is attacked by the Foot in a subway and knocked unconscious. Raphael, one of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, emerges from the shadows, defeats the Foot, and carries her to the turtles' hideout, unaware that one of the Foot is following him. Splinter, their rat master, explains to April that he and the turtles were once ordinary animals, but were mutated into intelligent creatures by toxic waste, and trained by Splinter in the art of ninjitsu. After the turtles escort April home, they find their hideout ransacked and Splinter kidnapped. They return to April's apartment and spend the night there." }, "Santa Mar\u00eda (ship)-1": { "title": "Santa Mar\u00eda (ship)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "La Santa Mar\u00eda (The Saint Mary), alternatively La Gallega, was the largest of the three ships used by Christopher Columbus in his first voyage across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492, the others being the Ni\u00f1a and the Pinta. Her master and owner was Juan de la Cosa, a man of Basque ethnicity from Santo\u00f1a, Cantabria (at the time of his birth part of Biscay), operating in south Spanish waters. Requisitioned by order of Queen Isabella and by contract with Christopher Columbus, whom de la Cosa knew previously, the Santa Maria became Columbus' flagship on the voyage as long as it was afloat. Having gone aground on Christmas Day, 1492, on the shores of Haiti, through inexperience of the helmsman, it was partially dismantled to obtain timbers for Fort Navidad, \"Christmas Fort,\" placed in a native Ta\u00edno village. The fort was the first Spanish settlement in the New World, which Columbus had claimed for Spain. He thus regarded the wreck as providential. The hull remained where it was, the subject of much modern wreck-hunting without successful conclusion." }, "Ophthalmology-41": { "title": "Ophthalmology", "section": "Professional requirements", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "In the United States, ophthalmologists must complete four years of undergraduate studies, four years of medical school, one year medical or general surgical residency, three years of ophthalmology residency and optional one to two years of speciality training. Ophthalmologists are Doctors of Medicine that specialize in the eye and related structures. They perform medical and surgical eye care and can also write prescriptions for corrective lenses (glasses and contacts). They often deal with advanced forms of eye disease in patients with significant systemic illness." }, "Garlic-35": { "title": "Garlic", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Culinary" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "Garlic may be applied to different kinds of bread, usually in a medium of butter or oil, to create a variety of classic dishes, such as garlic bread, garlic toast, bruschetta, crostini, and canap\u00e9. The flavor varies in intensity and aroma with the different cooking methods. It is often paired with onion, tomato, or ginger." }, "America's Funniest Home Videos-23": { "title": "America's Funniest Home Videos", "section": "Reruns/syndication", "headers": [ "Tom Bergeron episodes" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "The Bergeron episodes began airing in off-network syndication on September 14, 2009; WGN America also aired the off-network syndicated episodes in late night until September 2011. UPtv has aired reruns of the Tom Bergeron-era episodes of AFV since 2016. Since 2014, re-edits of this episode run before the show's HD conversion premiered to fill a 16:9 frame and to remove outdated content and contest plugs. The 2009\u20132015 Tom Bergeron episodes began airing on TBS on September 15, 2014, with earlier episodes eventually becoming a part of the package until TBS stopped carrying the show in 2017. Disney's streaming service Disney+ began offering selected seasons of Bergeron-hosted shows in April 2020." }, "Dog-61": { "title": "Dog", "section": "Roles with humans", "headers": [ "As pets" ], "para_index": 61, "content": "A vast range of commodity forms aim to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity has operated since the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high-profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued." }, "Ulaanbaatar-39": { "title": "Ulaanbaatar", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "citation needed] Owing to its high elevation, its relatively high latitude, its location hundreds of kilometres from any coast, and the effects of the Siberian anticyclone, Ulaanbaatar is the coldest national capital in the world, with a monsoon-influenced, cold semi-arid climate (K\u00f6ppen BSk, USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 3b) that closely borders a subarctic climate (Dwc) and a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dwb)." }, "Menstruation-1": { "title": "Menstruation", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Menstruation, also known as a period or monthly, is the regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue (known as menses) from the inner lining of the uterus through the vagina. The first period usually begins between twelve and fifteen years of age, a point in time known as menarche. However, periods may occasionally start as young as eight years old and still be considered normal. The average age of the first period is generally later in the developing world, and earlier in the developed world. The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women, and 21 to 31 days in adults (an average of 28 days). Bleeding usually lasts around 2 to 7 days. Menstruation stops occurring after menopause, which usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age. Periods also stop during pregnancy and typically do not resume during the initial months of breastfeeding." }, "Military in Vatican City-14": { "title": "Military in Vatican City", "section": "Pontifical Swiss Guard", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Since the early twentieth century the Guard has returned to its original practice of recruiting only Swiss nationals. As of 2005, the Guard had 134 members. All recruits complete basic military training with the Swiss Army before transferring to the Vatican, and must be Catholics and at least 174\u00a0cm (5\u00a0ft 8.5 in) in height. Members are armed with small arms for practical purposes, and for cerimomial functions the ranks carry the traditional Halberd (also called the Swiss voulge), the Corporals and Vice-corporals either Patisans polearms or Flammenschwert two-handed swords, while officers do not carry weapons, but command batons only." }, "Violence-1": { "title": "Violence", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Violence is \"the use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or destroy.\" Less conventional definitions are also used, such as the World Health Organization's definition of violence as \"the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation.\"" }, "Week-1": { "title": "Week", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A week is a time unit equal to seven days. It is the standard time period used for cycles of rest days in most parts of the world, mostly alongside\u2014although not strictly part of\u2014the Gregorian calendar." }, "Abraham Lincoln-113": { "title": "Abraham Lincoln", "section": "Presidency", "headers": [ "Assassination" ], "para_index": 113, "content": "At 10:14\u00a0pm, Booth entered the back of Lincoln's theater box, crept up from behind, and fired at the back of Lincoln's head, mortally wounding him. Lincoln's guest Major Henry Rathbone momentarily grappled with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped. Lincoln was taken across the street to Petersen House. After remaining in a coma for eight hours, Lincoln died at 7:22\u00a0am on April 15. Stanton saluted and said, \"Now he belongs to the ages.\" Lincoln's flag-enfolded body was then escorted in the rain to the White House by bareheaded Union officers, while the city's church bells rang.[citation needed] President Johnson was sworn in the next morning." }, "Super Mario 64-1": { "title": "Super Mario 64", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Super Mario 64 is a 1996 platform video game for the Nintendo 64 and the first in the Super Mario series to feature three-dimensional (3D) gameplay. As Mario, the player explores Princess Peach's castle and must rescue her from Bowser. Super Mario 64 features open-world playability, degrees of freedom through all three axes in space, and relatively large areas which are composed primarily of true 3D polygons as opposed to only two-dimensional (2D) sprites. It emphasizes exploration within vast worlds, which require the player to complete various missions in addition to the occasional linear obstacle courses (as in traditional platform games). It preserves many gameplay elements and characters of earlier Mario games as well as the visual style." }, "Asian black bear-41": { "title": "Asian black bear", "section": "Threats", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "The main habitat threat to Chinese black bears is overcutting of forests, largely due to human populations increasing to over 430,000 in regions where bears are distributed, in the Shaanxi, Ganshu, and Sichuan provinces. 27 forestry enterprises were built in these areas between 1950 and 1985 (excluding the lumbering units belonging to the county). By the early 1990s, the Asian black bear distribution area was reduced to only one-fifth of the area that existed before the 1940s. Isolated bear populations face environmental and genetic stress in these circumstances. However, one of the most important reasons for their decrease involves overhunting, as Asian black bear paws, gall bladders and cubs have great economic value. Asian black bear harvests are maintained at a high level due to the harm they cause to crops, orchards and bee farms. During the 1950s and 1960s, 1,000 Asian black bears were harvested annually in the Heilongjiang Province. However, purchased furs were reduced by 4/5, even by 9/10 yearly in the late 1970s to the early 1980s. Asian black bears have also been declining annually in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Nations Autonomous Prefecture and the Yunnan Province." }, "Chives-6": { "title": "Chives", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Chives are a bulb-forming herbaceous perennial plant, growing to 30\u201350\u00a0cm (12\u201320\u00a0in) tall. The bulbs are slender, conical, 2\u20133\u00a0cm (3\u20444\u20131\u00a01\u20444\u00a0in) long and 1\u00a0cm (1\u20442\u00a0in) broad, and grow in dense clusters from the roots. The scapes (or stems) are hollow and tubular, up to 50\u00a0cm (20\u00a0in) long and 2\u20133\u00a0mm (1\u204416\u20131\u20448\u00a0in) across, with a soft texture, although, prior to the emergence of a flower, they may appear stiffer than usual. The grass-like leaves, which are shorter than the scapes, are also hollow and tubular, or terete, (round in cross-section) which distinguishes it at a glance from garlic chives (Allium tuberosum). The flowers are pale purple, and star-shaped with six petals, 1\u20132\u00a0cm (1\u20442\u20133\u20444\u00a0in) wide, and produced in a dense inflorescence of 10-30 together; before opening, the inflorescence is surrounded by a papery bract. The seeds are produced in a small, three-valved capsule, maturing in summer. The herb flowers from April to May in the southern parts of its habitat zones and in June in the northern parts." }, "Peppermint-2": { "title": "Peppermint", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Although the genus Mentha comprises more than 25 species, the most common one used is peppermint. While Western peppermint is derived from Mentha piperita, Chinese peppermint, or \u201cBohe\u201d is derived from the fresh leaves of Mentha haplocalyx. Mentha piperita and Mentha haplocalyx are both recognized as plant sources of menthol and menthone and are among the oldest herbs used for both culinary and medicinal products." }, "Formula One car-60": { "title": "Formula One car", "section": "Performance", "headers": [ "Top speeds" ], "para_index": 60, "content": "Away from the track, the BAR Honda team used a modified BAR 007 car, which they claim complied with FIA Formula One regulations, to set an unofficial speed record of 413\u00a0km/h (257\u00a0mph) on a one way straight line run on 6 November 2005 during a shakedown ahead of their Bonneville 400 record attempt. The car was optimised for top speed with only enough downforce to prevent it from leaving the ground. The car, badged as a Honda following their takeover of BAR at the end of 2005, set an FIA ratified record of 400\u00a0km/h (249\u00a0mph) on a one way run on 21 July 2006 at Bonneville Speedway. On this occasion the car did not fully meet FIA Formula One regulations, as it used a moveable aerodynamic rudder for stability control, breaching article 3.15 of the 2006 Formula One technical regulations which states that any specific part of the car influencing its aerodynamic performance must be rigidly secured." }, "Orchard-7": { "title": "Orchard", "section": "Orchards by region", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The most extensive orchards in the United States are apple and orange orchards, although citrus orchards are more commonly called groves. The most extensive apple orchard area is in eastern Washington state, with a lesser but significant apple orchard area in most of Upstate New York. Extensive orange orchards are found in Florida and southern California, where they are more widely known as 'groves'. In eastern North America, many orchards are along the shores of Lake Michigan (such as the Fruit Ridge Region), Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario." }, "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner-13": { "title": "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner", "section": "Synopsis", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "He prayeth best, who loveth best All things both great and small; For the dear God who loveth us, He made and loveth all. \u2014\u2009lines 614-617 After finishing his story, the mariner leaves, and the wedding-guest returns home, waking the next morning \"a sadder and a wiser man\"." }, "Curling-15": { "title": "Curling", "section": "Equipment", "headers": [ "Curling sheet" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The playing surface or curling sheet is defined by the World Curling Federation Rules of Curling. It is a rectangular area of ice, carefully prepared to be as flat and level as possible, 146 to 150 feet (45 to 46\u00a0m) in length by 14.5 to 16.5 feet (4.4 to 5.0\u00a0m) in width. The shorter borders of the sheet are called the backboards. Because of the elongated shape, several sheets may be laid out side by side in the same arena, allowing multiple games to be played simultaneously." }, "Killing of animals-28": { "title": "Killing of animals", "section": "Alternatives and reactions", "headers": [ "People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is an animal rights group founded in America and is based in Norfolk, Virginia. It is led by Ingrid Newkirk. It claims to have 3\u00a0million members and supporters, which would make it the largest animal rights group in the world. Its slogan is \"animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment on, use for entertainment, or abuse in any other way.\"" }, "Numerical digit-1": { "title": "Numerical digit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A numerical digit is a single symbol (such as \"2\" or \"5\") used alone, or in combinations (such as \"25\"), to represent numbers (such as the number 25) according to some positional numeral systems. The single digits (as one-digit-numerals) and their combinations (such as \"25\") are the numerals of the numeral system they belong to. The name \"digit\" comes from the fact that the ten digits (Latin digiti meaning fingers) of the hands correspond to the ten symbols of the common base\u00a010 numeral system, i.e. the decimal (ancient Latin adjective decem meaning ten) digits." }, "Turtle-5": { "title": "Turtle", "section": "Naming and etymology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "In North America, all chelonians are commonly called turtles. Tortoise is used only in reference to fully terrestrial turtles or, more narrowly, only those members of Testudinidae, the family of modern land tortoises. Terrapin may refer to small semi-aquatic turtles that live in fresh and brackish water, in particular the diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin). Although the members of the genus Terrapene dwell mostly on land, they are referred to as box turtles rather than tortoises. The American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists uses \"turtle\" to describe all species of the order Testudines, regardless of whether they are land-dwelling or sea-dwelling, and uses \"tortoise\" as a more specific term for slow-moving terrestrial species." }, "Monza-1": { "title": "Monza", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Monza (US: /\u02c8m\u0252nz\u0259, \u02c8mo\u028anz\u0259, \u02c8mo\u028ants\u0251\u02d0/, Italian:\u00a0[\u02c8montsa] (listen); Monzese: Monscia [\u02c8m\u0169\u02d0\u0283a]; Latin: Modoetia) is a city and comune on the River Lambro, a tributary of the Po in the Lombardy region of Italy, about 15 kilometres (9 miles) north-northeast of Milan. It is the capital of the Province of Monza and Brianza. Monza is best known for its Grand Prix motor racing circuit, the Autodromo Nazionale Monza, which hosts the Formula One Italian Grand Prix with a massive Italian support tifosi for the Ferrari team." }, "Dog-18": { "title": "Dog", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "Health" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat), which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, mites, hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms (roundworm species that lives in the heart of dogs)." }, "Counterculture of the 1960s-28": { "title": "Counterculture of the 1960s", "section": "Background", "headers": [ "In Eastern Europe" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "M\u00e1ni\u010dka is a Czech term used for young people with long hair, usually males, in Czechoslovakia through the 1960s and 1970s. Long hair for males during this time was considered an expression of political and social attitudes in communist Czechoslovakia. From the mid-1960s, the long-haired and \"untidy\" persons (so called m\u00e1ni\u010dky or vlasatci (in English: Mops) were banned from entering pubs, cinema halls, theatres and using public transportation in several Czech cities and towns. In 1964, the public transportation regulations in Most and Litv\u00ednov excluded long-haired m\u00e1ni\u010dky as displeasure-evoking persons. Two years later, the municipal council in Pod\u011bbrady banned m\u00e1ni\u010dky from entering cultural institutions in the town. In August 1966, Rud\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo informed that m\u00e1ni\u010dky in Prague were banned from visiting restaurants of the I. and II. price category." }, "Amazon River-75": { "title": "Amazon River", "section": "Flora and fauna", "headers": [ "Fauna", "Fish" ], "para_index": 75, "content": "The Amazonian fish fauna is the centre of diversity for neotropical fishes. 5,600 species are currently known, and approximately fifty new species are discovered each year. The arapaima, known in Brazil as the pirarucu, is a South American tropical freshwater fish, one of the largest freshwater fish in the world, with a length of up to 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m). Another Amazonian freshwater fish is the arowana (or aruan\u00e3 in Portuguese), such as the silver arowana (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum), which is a predator and very similar to the arapaima, but only reaches a length of 120 centimetres (47\u00a0in). Also present in large numbers is the notorious piranha, an omnivorous fish that congregates in large schools and may attack livestock and even humans. There are approximately 30 to 60 species of piranha. However, only a few of its species are known to attack humans, most notably Pygocentrus nattereri, the red-bellied piranha. The candir\u00fa, native to the Amazon River, is a species of parasitic fresh water catfish in the family Trichomycteridae, just one of more than 1200 species of catfish in the Amazon basin. Other catfish 'walk' overland on their ventral fins, while the kumakuma (Brachyplatystoma filamentosum), aka piraiba or \"goliath catfish\", can reach 3.6 metres (12\u00a0ft) in length and 200 kilograms (440\u00a0lb) in weight." }, "Transmission medium-2": { "title": "Transmission medium", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Signals are typically imposed on a wave of some kind suitable for the chosen medium. For example, data can modulate sound and a transmission medium for sounds may be air, but solids and liquids may also act as the transmission medium. Vacuum or air constitutes a good transmission medium for electromagnetic waves such as light and radio waves. While material substance is not required for electromagnetic waves to propagate, such waves are usually affected by the transmission media they pass through, for instance by absorption or by reflection or refraction at the interfaces between media. Technical devices can therefore be employed to transmit or guide waves. Thus, an optical fiber or a copper cable are used as transmission media." }, "Long-distance swimming-1": { "title": "Long-distance swimming", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Long-distance swimming is distinguished from ordinary swimming in that the distances involved are longer than are typically swum in pool competitions. When a given swim calls more on endurance than on outright speed, it is the more likely to be considered a long-distance swim. Long-distance swims, however, may take place in pools, such as the 1st official 24 hours World Championship in 1976 won by Peppo Biscarini with a record of 83.7\u00a0km (24 hour swims in a 50 m-long pool) or the current 25 meter pool world record of 2008 Olympic gold medalist Maarten van der Weijden Some of the better-known long-distance swims are crossings of the English Channel, Catalina Channel, Fehmarn Belt and Cook Strait." }, "Panth\u00e9on-2": { "title": "Panth\u00e9on", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "By the time the construction was finished, the French Revolution had started, and the National Constituent Assembly voted in 1791 to transform the Church of Saint Genevieve into a mausoleum for the remains of distinguished French citizens, modelled on the Pantheon in Rome which had been used in this way since the 16th century. The first panth\u00e9onis\u00e9 was Honor\u00e9 Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, although his remains were removed from the place a few years later. The building was twice restored to church usage in the course of the 19th century\u2014although Soufflot's remains were transferred inside it in 1829\u2014until the French Third Republic finally decreed its exclusive use as a mausoleum in 1881; the placement of Victor Hugo's remains in the crypt in 1885 was the first one in over fifty years." }, "Voting age-4": { "title": "Voting age", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Before the Second World War of 1939\u20131945, the voting age in almost all countries was 21 years or higher. In 1946 Czechoslovakia became the first state to reduce the voting age to 20 years, and by 1968 a total of 17 countries had lowered their voting age. Many countries, particularly in Western Europe, reduced their voting ages to 18 years during the 1960s and 1970s, starting with the United Kingdom (1969), with the United States (26th Amendment) (1971), Canada, West Germany (1972), Australia (1974), France (1974), and others following soon afterwards. By the end of the 20th century, 18 had become by far the most common voting age. However, a few countries maintain a voting age of 20 years or higher, and a few countries have a lower voting age of 16 or 17. It was argued[by whom?] that young men could be drafted to go to war at 18, and many[quantify] people felt they should be able to vote at the age of 18." }, "Pacific Time Zone-1": { "title": "Pacific Time Zone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Pacific Time Zone (PT) is a time zone encompassing parts of western Canada, the western United States, and western Mexico. Places in this zone observe standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC\u221208:00). During daylight saving time, a time offset of UTC\u221207:00 is used." }, "Department store-2": { "title": "Department store", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Today, departments often include the following: clothing, furniture, home appliances, toys, cosmetics, houseware, gardening, toiletries, sporting goods, do it yourself, paint, and hardware. Additionally, other lines of products such as food, books, jewelry, electronics, stationery, photographic equipment, baby products, and products for pets are sometimes included. Customers generally check out near the front of the store, although some stores include sales counters within each department. Some stores are one of many within a larger retail chain, while others are independent retailers. In the 1970s, they came under heavy pressure from discounters, and have come under even heavier pressure from e-commerce sites since 2010. Big-box stores, hypermarkets, and discount stores are comparable to historical department stores." }, "Albanian Civil War-1": { "title": "Albanian Civil War", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Albanian Civil Unrest of 1997, also known as the Albanian rebellion, Albanian unrest or the Pyramid crisis, was a period of civil disorder in Albania in 1997, sparked by Pyramid scheme failures. The government was toppled and more than 2,000 people were killed. It is considered to be either a rebellion, a civil war, or a rebellion that escalated into a civil war." }, "Jenny Shipley-1": { "title": "Jenny Shipley", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Dame Jennifer Mary Shipley DNZM PC (n\u00e9e Robson; born 4 February 1952) is a New Zealand former politician who served as the 36th Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1997 to 1999. She was the first female prime minister of New Zealand, and is the only woman to have led the National Party." }, "Thalassophobia-1": { "title": "Thalassophobia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Thalassophobia (Greek: \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1, thalassa, \"sea\" and \u03c6\u03cc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2, phobos, \"fear\") is an intense and persistent fear of the sea. Thalassophobia can include fear of being in deep bodies of water, fear of the vast emptiness of the sea, of sea waves, sea creatures, and fear of distance from land." }, "Jean-Paul Sartre-62": { "title": "Jean-Paul Sartre", "section": "Literature", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 62, "content": "Sartre wrote successfully in a number of literary modes and made major contributions to literary criticism and literary biography. His plays are richly symbolic and serve as a means of conveying his philosophy. The best-known, Huis-clos (No Exit), contains the famous line \"L'enfer, c'est les autres\", usually translated as \"Hell is other people.\" Aside from the impact of Nausea, Sartre's major work of fiction was The Roads to Freedom trilogy which charts the progression of how World War II affected Sartre's ideas. In this way, Roads to Freedom presents a less theoretical and more practical approach to existentialism." }, "Equestrianism-6": { "title": "Equestrianism", "section": "History of horse use", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Though there is controversy over the exact date horses were domesticated and when they were first ridden, the best estimate is that horses first were ridden approximately 3500 BC. Indirect evidence suggests that horses were ridden long before they were driven. There is some evidence that about 3,000 BC, near the Dnieper River and the Don River, people were using bits on horses, as a stallion that was buried there shows teeth wear consistent with using a bit. However, the most unequivocal early archaeological evidence of equines put to working use was of horses being driven. Chariot burials about 2500 BC present the most direct hard evidence of horses used as working animals. In ancient times chariot warfare was followed by the use of war horses as light and heavy cavalry. The horse played an important role throughout human history all over the world, both in warfare and in peaceful pursuits such as transportation, trade and agriculture. Horses lived in North America, but died out at the end of the Ice Age. Horses were brought back to North America by European explorers, beginning with the second voyage of Columbus in 1493. Equestrianism was introduced in the 1900 Summer Olympics as an Olympic sport with jumping events." }, "Taxicab-1": { "title": "Taxicab", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A taxicab, also known as a taxi or a cab, is a type of vehicle for hire with a driver, used by a single passenger or small group of passengers, often for a non-shared ride. A taxicab conveys passengers between locations of their choice. This differs from public transport where the pick-up and drop-off locations are decided by the service provider, not by the customers, although demand responsive transport and share taxis provide a hybrid bus/taxi mode." }, "Piracy-87": { "title": "Piracy", "section": "Culture and social structure", "headers": [ "Rewards" ], "para_index": 87, "content": "There was a great deal of money to be made in this way. The record breaker was the capture of the Spanish frigate Hermione, which was carrying treasure in 1762. The value of this was so great that each individual seaman netted \u00a3485 ($1.4\u00a0million in 2008 dollars). The two captains responsible, Evans and Pownall, received \u00a365,000 each ($188.4\u00a0million). In January 1807 the frigate Caroline took the Spanish San Rafael, which brought in \u00a352,000 for her captain, Peter Rainier (who had been only a midshipman some thirteen months before). All through the wars there are examples of this kind of luck falling on captains. Another famous 'capture' was that of the Spanish frigates Thetis and Santa Brigada, which were loaded with gold specie. They were taken by four British frigates who shared the money, each captain receiving \u00a340,730. Each lieutenant got \u00a35,091, the Warrant Officer group, \u00a32,468, the midshipmen \u00a3791 and the individual seamen \u00a3182." }, "Chinchilla-10": { "title": "Chinchilla", "section": "Roles with humans", "headers": [ "As pets" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Chinchillas are popular pets, though they require extensive exercise and dental care, due to their teeth continually growing throughout their life span, and since they lack the ability to sweat, they require a temperature-controlled environment." }, "Spreadsheet-1": { "title": "Spreadsheet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A spreadsheet is a computer application for organization, analysis and storage of data in tabular form. Spreadsheets were developed as computerized analogs of paper accounting worksheets. The program operates on data entered in cells of a table. Each cell may contain either numeric or text data, or the results of formulas that automatically calculate and display a value based on the contents of other cells. A spreadsheet may also refer to one such electronic document." }, "Snowdon-9": { "title": "Snowdon", "section": "Environment", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The English name \"Snowdon\" comes from the Old English snaw dun, meaning \"snow hill\", as Snowdon often has a covering of snow. Although the amount of snow on Snowdon in winter varies significantly, 55% less snow fell in 2004 than in 1994. The slopes of Snowdon have one of the wettest climates in Great Britain, receiving an annual average of more than 200 inches (5,100\u00a0mm) of precipitation." }, "Vegemite-18": { "title": "Vegemite", "section": "Nutritional information", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "The main ingredient of Vegemite is yeast extract, which contains a high concentration of glutamic acid, the source of Vegemite's rich umami flavour. Vegemite does not contain any fat, added sugar or animal content. It contains gluten (a composite of storage proteins)." }, "Eastern United States-8": { "title": "Eastern United States", "section": "New England", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "New England is a region of the United States located in the northeastern corner of the country, bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, Canada and the state of New York, consisting of the modern states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut." }, "Bulk carrier-2": { "title": "Bulk carrier", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Today, bulk carriers make up 21% of the world's merchant fleets and range in size from single-hold mini-bulk carriers to mammoth ore ships able to carry 400,000\u00a0metric tons of deadweight (DWT). A number of specialized designs exist: some can unload their own cargo, some depend on port facilities for unloading, and some even package the cargo as it is loaded. Over half of all bulk carriers have Greek, Japanese, or Chinese owners and more than a quarter are registered in Panama. South Korea is the largest single builder of bulk carriers, and 82% of these ships were built in Asia." }, "NASCAR Cup Series-11": { "title": "NASCAR Cup Series", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Winston Cup" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The changes that resulted from RJR's involvement in the series as well as from the reduction in schedule from 48 to 31 races per year established 1972 as the beginning of NASCAR's \"modern era\". The season was made shorter, and the points system was modified several times during the next four years. Races on dirt tracks and on oval tracks shorter than 250 miles (400 kilometres) were removed from the schedule and transferred to the short-lived NASCAR Grand National East Series, and the remaining races had a minimum prize money of $30,000. NASCAR's founder, Bill France Sr., turned over control of NASCAR to his oldest son, Bill France Jr. In August 1974, France Jr. asked series publicist Bob Latford to design a points system with equal points being awarded for all races regardless of length or prize money. This system ensured that the top drivers would have to compete in all the races in order to become the series champion. This system remained unchanged from 1975 until the Chase for the Championship was instituted in 2004." }, "Anthony Quinn-32": { "title": "Anthony Quinn", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "citation needed] In the 1970s, during his marriage to Addolori, Quinn also had two children with an event producer in Los Angeles named Friedel Dunbar: Sean Quinn (born February 7, 1973) and Alexander Anthony Quinn (born December 30, 1976)." }, "Arabian Desert-8": { "title": "Arabian Desert", "section": "Climate", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The Arabian Desert has a subtropical, hot desert climate, similar to the climate of the Sahara Desert; the world's largest hot desert. The Arabian Desert is actually an extension of the Sahara Desert over the Arabian peninsula. The climate is mainly hot and dry with plenty of sunshine throughout the year. The rainfall amount is generally around 100\u00a0mm (3.9\u00a0in), and the driest areas can receive between 30 and 40\u00a0mm (1.6\u00a0in) of annual rain. Such dryness remains rare throughout the desert, however. There are few hyperarid areas in the Arabian Desert, in contrast with the Sahara Desert, where more than half of the area is hyperarid (annual rainfall below 50\u00a0mm (2.0\u00a0in)). The sunshine duration in the Arabian Desert is very high by global standards, between 2,900 hours (66.2% of daylight hours) and 3,600 hours (82.1% of daylight hours), but it is typically around 3,400 hours (77.6% of daylight hours), thus clear-sky conditions prevail over the region and cloudy periods are intermittent. Even though the sun and moon are bright, dust and humidity cause lower visibility at ground level. The temperatures remain high all year round. Average high temperatures in summer are generally over 40\u00a0\u00b0C (104\u00a0\u00b0F) at low elevations, and can even soar to 48\u00a0\u00b0C (118\u00a0\u00b0F) at extremely low elevations, especially along the Persian Gulf near sea level. Average low temperatures in summer remain high, over 20\u00a0\u00b0C (68\u00a0\u00b0F) and sometimes over 30\u00a0\u00b0C (86\u00a0\u00b0F) in the southernmost regions. Record high temperatures are above 50\u00a0\u00b0C (122\u00a0\u00b0F) in much of the desert, due in part to very low elevation." }, "Pancake-12": { "title": "Pancake", "section": "Regional varieties", "headers": [ "Africa", "South Africa" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Plaatkoekies (\"flapjacks\", or lit. \"plate cookies\") are American-style \"silver dollar\" pancakes." }, "Vampire-16": { "title": "Vampire", "section": "Folk beliefs", "headers": [ "Description and common attributes", "Protection" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Apotropaics\u2014items able to ward off revenants\u2014are common in vampire folklore. Garlic is a common example, a branch of wild rose and hawthorn are said to harm vampires, and in Europe, sprinkling mustard seeds on the roof of a house was said to keep them away. Other apotropaics include sacred items, for example a crucifix, rosary, or holy water. Vampires are said to be unable to walk on consecrated ground, such as that of churches or temples, or cross running water." }, "Scholar's mate-2": { "title": "Scholar's mate", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Nc6 3. Qh5 Nf6?? 4. Qxf7# The same mating pattern may be reached by various move orders. For example, White might play 2.Qh5, or Black might play 2...Bc5. In all variations, the basic idea is the same: the queen and bishop combine in a simple mating attack on f7 (or f2 if Black is performing the mate)." }, "Linus Torvalds-21": { "title": "Linus Torvalds", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Torvalds has described himself as \"completely a-religious\u2014atheist\", adding that \"I find that people seem to think religion brings morals and appreciation of nature. I actually think it detracts from both. It gives people the excuse to say, 'Oh, nature was just created,' and so the act of creation is seen to be something miraculous. I appreciate the fact that, 'Wow, it's incredible that something like this could have happened in the first place.'\" He later added that while in Europe religion is mostly a personal issue, in the United States it has become very politicized. When discussing the issue of church and state separation, Torvalds also said, \"Yeah, it's kind of ironic that in many European countries, there is actually a kind of legal binding between the state and the state religion.\" However, in a story about the March LinuxWorld Conference titled \"Linus the Liberator\", Torvalds is quoted as saying \"There are like two golden rules in life. One is 'Do unto others as you would want them to do unto you.' For some reason, people associate this with Christianity. I'm not a Christian. I'm agnostic. The other rule is 'Be proud of what you do." }, "Pacific Time Zone-3": { "title": "Pacific Time Zone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The largest city in the Pacific Time Zone is Los Angeles; the Los Angeles metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in the zone. The next largest city and metro area are Tijuana and the Tijuana Metropolitan Area, respectively." }, "The Police-8": { "title": "The Police", "section": "Career", "headers": [ "1977: Formation" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The Police's power trio line-up of Copeland, Sting, and Summers performed for the first time on 18 August 1977 at Rebecca's club in the English city of Birmingham in the West Midlands. A trio was unusual for the time, and this line-up endured for the rest of the band's history. Few punk bands were three-pieces, while contemporary bands pursuing progressive rock, symphonic rock and other sound trends usually expanded their line-ups with support players. The musical background of all three players may have made them suspect to punk purists, with music critic Christopher Gable stating," }, "Snake-1": { "title": "Snake", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Snakes are elongated, legless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes. Like all other squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales. Many species of snakes have skulls with several more joints than their lizard ancestors, enabling them to swallow prey much larger than their heads with their highly mobile jaws. To accommodate their narrow bodies, snakes' paired organs (such as kidneys) appear one in front of the other instead of side by side, and most have only one functional lung. Some species retain a pelvic girdle with a pair of vestigial claws on either side of the cloaca. Lizards have evolved elongate bodies without limbs or with greatly reduced limbs about twenty-five times independently via convergent evolution, leading to many lineages of legless lizards. Legless lizards resemble snakes, but several common groups of legless lizards have eyelids and external ears, which snakes lack, although this rule is not universal (see Amphisbaenia, Dibamidae, and Pygopodidae)." }, "Lanugo-1": { "title": "Lanugo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lanugo is very thin, soft, usually unpigmented, downy hair that is sometimes found on the body of a fetal or new-born human. It is the first hair to be produced by the fetal hair follicles, and it usually appears around sixteen weeks of gestation and is abundant by week twenty. It is normally shed before birth, around seven or eight months of gestation, but is sometimes present at birth. It disappears on its own within a few weeks." }, "Trichinosis-1": { "title": "Trichinosis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Trichinosis, also known as trichinellosis, is a parasitic disease caused by roundworms of the Trichinella type. During the initial infection, invasion of the intestines can result in diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. Migration of larvae to muscle, which occurs about a week after being infected, can cause swelling of the face, inflammation of the whites of the eyes, fever, muscle pains, and a rash. Minor infection may be without symptoms. Complications may include inflammation of heart muscle, central nervous system involvement, and inflammation of the lungs." }, "Human-46": { "title": "Human", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "Anatomy and physiology" ], "para_index": 46, "content": "It is estimated that the worldwide average height for an adult human male is about 172\u00a0cm (5\u00a0ft 7\u00a01\u20442\u00a0in),[citation needed] while the worldwide average height for adult human females is about 158\u00a0cm (5\u00a0ft 2\u00a0in).[citation needed] Shrinkage of stature may begin in middle age in some individuals, but tends to be typical in the extremely aged. Through history human populations have universally become taller, probably as a consequence of better nutrition, healthcare, and living conditions. The average mass of an adult human is 54\u201364\u00a0kg (119\u2013141\u00a0lb) for females and 70\u201383\u00a0kg (154\u2013183\u00a0lb) for males. Like many other conditions, body weight and body type is influenced by both genetic susceptibility and environment and varies greatly among individuals. (see obesity)" }, "Organ (anatomy)-1": { "title": "Organ (anatomy)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "An organ is a group of tissues with similar functions. Plant life and animal life rely on many organs that coexist in organ systems." }, "Gulf of Finland-28": { "title": "Gulf of Finland", "section": "Archaeology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 28, "content": "The bottom of the gulf is one of the world's largest ship cemeteries. Because of the low salinity and cold waters, and no shipworms, the ships are relatively well preserved. Since the 6th century, major waterways were running through the gulf, and from the 8th to the 10th century, about 3,000 tonnes of silver was transported there. Later, the gulf was actively used by Sweden and Russia for transport of goods. Every year saw dozens of lost ships. In the fall of 1743, 17 Russian warships returning from Finland sank in just 7 hours, and in the summer of 1747, 26 merchant vessels sank within 4 hours near Narva. A record was set in 1721 when during the evacuation of Russian troops from Finland, more than 100 vessels were lost within 3 months, including 64 in a single night." }, "Lasagne-4": { "title": "Lasagne", "section": "Origins and history", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The traditional lasagne of Naples, lasagne di carnevale, are layered with local sausage, small fried meatballs, hard-boiled eggs, ricotta and mozzarella cheeses, and sauced with a Neapolitan rag\u00f9, a meat sauce. Lasagne al forno, layered with a thicker rag\u00f9 and B\u00e9chamel sauce, and corresponding to the most common version of the dish outside Italy, are traditionally associated with the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. In other regions, lasagne can be made with various combinations of ricotta or mozzarella cheese, tomato sauce, meats (e.g., ground beef, pork or chicken), and vegetables (e.g., spinach, zucchini, olives, mushrooms), and the dish is typically flavoured with wine, garlic, onion, and oregano. In all cases, the lasagne are oven-baked (al forno)." }, "Black pepper-1": { "title": "Black pepper", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, known as a peppercorn, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. When fresh and fully mature, the fruit is about 5\u00a0mm (0.20\u00a0in) in diameter and dark red, and contains a single seed, like all drupes. Peppercorns and the ground pepper derived from them may be described simply as pepper, or more precisely as black pepper (cooked and dried unripe fruit), green pepper (dried unripe fruit), or white pepper (ripe fruit seeds)." }, "Sodium-35": { "title": "Sodium", "section": "Biological role", "headers": [ "Biological role in humans", "Nutrition", "Dietary recommendations" ], "para_index": 35, "content": "The U.S. Institute of Medicine set its Tolerable Upper Intake Level for sodium at 2.3\u00a0grams per day, but the average person in the United States consumes 3.4\u00a0grams per day." }, "Basic Military Qualification-3": { "title": "Basic Military Qualification", "section": "The Course", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Basic training provides the knowledge that is common to all trades and fields of the Canadian Forces, and \"develops a military state of mind and behaviour, the mental and physical endurance and the combat skills necessary for the profession of arms.\" The training is considered physically, mentally and morally demanding and founded on the fundamental values of the Canadian Armed Forces: Duty, Loyalty, Integrity and Courage. BMQ is common to all non-commissioned recruits of the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Air Force and the Royal Canadian Navy - regardless of trade." }, "Japanese anchovy-1": { "title": "Japanese anchovy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) is a schooling fish of the family Engraulidae. It is common in the Pacific Ocean south from the Sea of Okhotsk, widespread in the Sea of Japan, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea, and near the coasts of Japan. They live up to 2\u20133 years, similar to European anchovy. They spawn from Taiwan to southern Sakhalin." }, "Christopher Hitchens-32": { "title": "Christopher Hitchens", "section": "Criticism of religion", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 32, "content": "Hitchens was an antitheist, and said that a person \"could be an atheist and wish that belief in God were correct\", but that \"an antitheist, a term I'm trying to get into circulation, is someone who is relieved that there's no evidence for such an assertion.\" He often spoke against the Abrahamic religions. In a 2010 interview at New York Public Library, Hitchens stated that he was against infant circumcision. When asked by readers of The Independent (London) what he considered to be the \"axis of evil\", Hitchens replied \"Christianity, Judaism, Islam \u2013 the three leading monotheisms.\" In debates, Hitchens often posed what has become known as \"Hitchens' Challenge\": to name at least one moral action that a person without a faith (e.g., an atheist or antitheist) could not possibly perform, and, conversely, to name one immoral action that a person with a faith could perform or has performed in the past." }, "Santa Claus-2": { "title": "Santa Claus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Santa Claus is generally depicted as a portly, jolly, white-bearded man\u2014sometimes with spectacles\u2014wearing a red coat with white fur collar and cuffs, white-fur-cuffed red trousers, red hat with white fur, and black leather belt and boots and carrying a bag full of gifts for children. This image became popular in the United States and Canada in the 19th century due to the significant influence of the 1823 poem \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\" and caricaturist and political cartoonist Thomas Nast. This image has been maintained and reinforced through song, radio, television, children's books, films, and advertising." }, "Minimum wage-87": { "title": "Minimum wage", "section": "US movement", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 87, "content": "In January 2014, seven Nobel economists\u2014Kenneth Arrow, Peter Diamond, Eric Maskin, Thomas Schelling, Robert Solow, Michael Spence, and Joseph Stiglitz\u2014and 600 other economists wrote a letter to the US Congress and the US President urging that, by 2016, the US government should raise the minimum wage to $10.10. They endorsed the Minimum Wage Fairness Act which was introduced by US Senator Tom Harkin in 2013. U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders introduced a bill in 2015 that would raise the minimum wage to $15, and in his 2016 campaign for president ran on a platform of increasing it. Although Sanders did not become the nominee, the Democratic National Committee adopted his $15 minimum wage push in their 2016 party platform." }, "Pig Latin-1": { "title": "Pig Latin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pig Latin is a language game or argot in which words in English are altered, usually by adding a fabricated suffix or by moving the onset or initial consonant or consonant cluster of a word to the end of the word and adding a vocalic syllable to create such a suffix. For example, \"Wikipedia\" would become \"Ikipediaway\" (the \"W\" is moved from the beginning and has \"ay\" appended to create a suffix). The objective is to conceal the words from others not familiar with the rules. The reference to Latin is a deliberate misnomer; Pig Latin is simply a form of argot or jargon unrelated to Latin, and the name is used for its English connotations as a strange and foreign-sounding language. It is most often used by young children as a fun way to confuse people unfamiliar with Pig Latin." }, "Jesus-22": { "title": "Jesus", "section": "Life and teachings in the New Testament", "headers": [ "Genealogy and nativity" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Matthew and Luke each describe Jesus' birth, especially that Jesus was born to a virgin named Mary in Bethlehem in fulfillment of prophecy. Luke's account emphasizes events before the birth of Jesus and centers on Mary, while Matthew's mostly covers those after the birth and centers on Joseph. Both accounts state that Jesus was born to Joseph and Mary, his betrothed, in Bethlehem, and both support the doctrine of the virgin birth of Jesus, according to which Jesus was miraculously conceived by the Holy Spirit in Mary's womb when she was still a virgin. At the same time, there is evidence, at least in the Lukan Acts of the Apostles, that Jesus was thought to have had, like many figures in antiquity, a dual paternity, since there it is stated he descended from the seed or loins of David. By taking him as his own, Joseph will give him the necessary Davidic descent." }, "Manuel I of Portugal-5": { "title": "Manuel I of Portugal", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Manuel grew up amidst conspiracies of the Portuguese upper nobility against King John II. He was aware of many people being killed and exiled. His older brother Diogo, Duke of Viseu, was stabbed to death in 1484 by the king himself." }, "Landaulet (car)-7": { "title": "Landaulet (car)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "20th century" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "1898 Panhard-Levassor Landaulet type AL 1898 1908 De Dion-Bouton 1908 Matheson landaulet Since WWII, use has been largely restricted to formal processions to assure the dignitary's security. Pope John XXIII, Pope Paul VI, and Pope Benedict XVI used landaulettes based on Mercedes-Benz automobiles." }, "Water-95": { "title": "Water", "section": "Effects on human civilization", "headers": [ "Human uses", "Food processing" ], "para_index": 95, "content": "Solutes such as salts and sugars found in water affect the physical properties of water. The boiling and freezing points of water are affected by solutes, as well as air pressure, which is in turn affected by altitude. Water boils at lower temperatures with the lower air pressure that occurs at higher elevations. One mole of sucrose (sugar) per kilogram of water raises the boiling point of water by 0.51\u00a0\u00b0C (0.918\u00a0\u00b0F), and one mole of salt per kg raises the boiling point by 1.02\u00a0\u00b0C (1.836\u00a0\u00b0F); similarly, increasing the number of dissolved particles lowers water's freezing point." }, "Lorenzo de' Medici-1": { "title": "Lorenzo de' Medici", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lorenzo de' Medici (Italian pronunciation:\u00a0[lo\u02c8r\u025bntso de \u02c8m\u025b\u02d0dit\u0283i], 1 January 1449 \u2013 8 April 1492) was an Italian statesman, de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic and the most powerful and enthusiastic patron of Renaissance culture in Italy. Also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent (Lorenzo il Magnifico [lo\u02c8r\u025bntso il ma\u0272\u02c8\u0272i\u02d0fiko]) by contemporary Florentines, he was a magnate, diplomat, politician and patron of scholars, artists, and poets. As a patron, he is best known for his sponsorship of artists such as Botticelli and Michelangelo. He held the balance of power within the Italic League, an alliance of states that stabilized political conditions on the Italian peninsula for decades, and his life coincided with the mature phase of the Italian Renaissance and the Golden Age of Florence. On the foreign policy front, instead, Lorenzo manifested a clear plan to stem the territorial ambitions of pope Sixtus IV, in the name of the balance of the Italian League of 1454. For these reasons, Lorenzo was the subject of the Pazzi conspiracy (1478), in which his brother Giuliano was assassinated. The Peace of Lodi of 1454 that he helped maintain among the various Italian states collapsed with his death. He is buried in the Medici Chapel in Florence." }, "Gomer Pyle-4": { "title": "Gomer Pyle", "section": "Character", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Gomer is a naive (merely due to his pure, uncorrupted, and non-degenerate mind), extremely moral auto mechanic turned United States Marine Corps PFC, from Mayberry, North Carolina. The only apparent employee at Wally's Filling Station, he initially lived there in a back room; and, according to Andy, was \"saving up for college\" and wanted to be a doctor. Wide-eyed and slack jawed, he usually wore a service station uniform and a baseball cap with an upturned bill; a handkerchief dangled from his back pocket. He initially displayed scant knowledge of automotive mechanics: in \"The Great Filling Station Robbery\", for example, he thought a carburetor was a hood ornament. In the same episode, he admitted all he knew how to do was fill cars with gas, oil, water and air. However, he learned over time, and in other episodes, he was able to diagnose mechanical problems for the average layperson. In his first appearance, in an episode called \"The Bank Job\", Gomer is shown operating a blow torch to cut through a bank's vault. In another episode, Gomer diagnoses a problem with a car belonging to a visitor from out of town who is delayed by a mechanical breakdown. In \"Barney's First Car\", Andy calls Gomer to tow Barney's disabled car, implying that Gomer knows how to operate Wally's tow truck." }, "Flag of Azerbaijan-1": { "title": "Flag of Azerbaijan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The national flag of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Az\u0259rbaycan bayra\u011f\u0131) is a horizontal tricolour featuring three equally sized fesses of blue, red, and green, with a white crescent and an eight-pointed star in the center. The tricolour replaced an earlier design used by the Azerbaijan SSR. The blue symbolizes Azerbaijan's Turkic heritage, the red stands for progress, and the green represents Islam, the religion of majority of Azerbaijanis. The official colors and size were adopted on 5 February 1991. This flag was used from 9 November 1918 to 1920, when Azerbaijan was independent, and it was revived with slight variations on 5 February 1991. The nickname for the flag is \u00dc\u00e7r\u0259ngli Bayraq, which means The Tricolour Flag." }, "House of Commons of the United Kingdom-17": { "title": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "The British parliament of today largely descends, in practice, from the Parliament of England, although the 1706 Treaty of Union, and the Acts of Union that ratified the Treaty, created a new Parliament of Great Britain to replace the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland, with the addition of 45 MPs and sixteen Peers to represent Scotland. Later still the Acts of Union 1800 brought about the abolition of the Parliament of Ireland and enlarged the Commons at Westminster with 100 Irish members, creating the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland." }, "Amish-1": { "title": "Amish", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Amish (/\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026a\u0283/; Pennsylvania German: Amisch; German: Amische) are a group of traditionalist Christian church fellowships with Swiss German Anabaptist origins. They are closely related to, but a distinct branch off from, Mennonite churches. The Amish are known for simple living, plain dress, and are slower to adopt many conveniences of modern technology, with a view to not interrupting family time, nor replacing face-to-face conversations whenever possible." }, "Salt-2": { "title": "Salt", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Salt is essential for life in general, and saltiness is one of the basic human tastes. Salt is one of the oldest and most ubiquitous food seasonings, and salting is an important method of food preservation." }, "Witchcraft-5": { "title": "Witchcraft", "section": "Concept", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Historically, the predominant concept of witchcraft in the Western world derives from Old Testament laws against witchcraft, and entered the mainstream when belief in witchcraft gained Church approval in the Early Modern Period. It posits a theosophical conflict between good and evil, where witchcraft was generally evil and often associated with the Devil and Devil worship. This culminated in deaths, torture and scapegoating (casting blame for misfortune), and many years of large scale witch-trials and witch hunts, especially in Protestant Europe, before largely ceasing during the European Age of Enlightenment. Christian views in the modern day are diverse and cover the gamut of views from intense belief and opposition (especially by Christian fundamentalists) to non-belief, and even approval in some churches. From the mid-20th century, witchcraft \u2013 sometimes called contemporary witchcraft to clearly distinguish it from older beliefs \u2013 became the name of a branch of modern paganism. It is most notably practiced in the Wiccan and modern witchcraft traditions, and it is no longer practiced in secrecy." }, "Tuvalu-105": { "title": "Tuvalu", "section": "Economy and government services", "headers": [ "Tourism" ], "para_index": 105, "content": "Due to the country's remoteness, tourism is not significant. Visitors totalled 1,684 in 2010: 65% were on business, development officials or technical consultants, 20% were tourists (360 people), and 11% were expatriates returning to visit family. In 2016, the number of visitors had increased to 2,000." }, "Slingshot-8": { "title": "Slingshot", "section": "Use and history", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The early production of the Wrist-Rocket slingshot was a joint effort between Saunders Archery Co., who came up with the trademark and developed the automated forming machinery, and Mark Ellenburg who came up with the basic design. A few years later Mark Ellenburg split away forming his own company called Tru-mark Manufacturing Company. Today Saunders Archery is still a major innovator in the slingshot industry with its line of flatband slingshots which use locking clips for band attachment and\u00a0 tuning." }, "Prince Andrew, Duke of York-6": { "title": "Prince Andrew, Duke of York", "section": "Military service", "headers": [ "Royal Navy" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "The Royal Household announced in November 1978 that Prince Andrew would join the Royal Navy the following year. In December he underwent various sporting tests and examinations at the Aircrew Selection Centre, at RAF Biggin Hill, along with further tests and interviews at HMS Daedalus, and interviews at the Admiralty Interview Board, HMS Sultan. During March and April 1979, the prince was enrolled at the Royal Naval College Flight, undergoing pilot training, until he was accepted as a trainee helicopter pilot and signed on for 12 years from 11 May 1979. On 1 September of the same year, Prince Andrew was appointed as a midshipman, and entered Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. During 1979 he also completed the Royal Marines All Arms Commando Course for which he received his Green Beret. He was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant on 1 September 1981 and appointed to the Trained Strength on 22 October." }, "Mount Everest-122": { "title": "Mount Everest", "section": "Climbing", "headers": [ "Summit" ], "para_index": 122, "content": "The summit of Everest has been described as \"the size of a dining room table\". The summit is capped with snow over ice over rock, and the layer of snow varies from year to year. The rock summit is made of Ordovician limestone and is a low-grade metamorphic rock according to Montana State University. (see survey section for more on its height and about the Everest rock summit)" }, "Papaya-30": { "title": "Papaya", "section": "Phytochemicals", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Papaya skin, pulp and seeds contain a variety of phytochemicals, including carotenoids and polyphenols, as well as benzyl isothiocyanates and benzyl glucosinates, with skin and pulp levels that increase during ripening. Papaya seeds also contain the cyanogenic substance prunasin." }, "Racket (sports equipment)-5": { "title": "Racket (sports equipment)", "section": "Etymology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The origin of the term \"racket\" is unclear. According to a popular belief first published by tennis player Malcolm Whitman in 1932, the expression comes from the Arabic term rahat al-yad, meaning \"palm of hand\". Modern research however, holds this thesis in a highly questionable light. Instead, the term is more likely to be derived from the Flemish word \"raketsen\" which is itself derived from Middle French \"rachasser\", meaning \"to strike (the ball) back\"." }, "Multiple birth-6": { "title": "Multiple birth", "section": "Terminology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "two offspring \u2013 twins three offspring \u2013 triplets four offspring \u2013 quadruplets five offspring \u2013 quintuplets six offspring \u2013 sextuplets seven offspring \u2013 septuplets eight offspring \u2013 octuplets nine offspring \u2013 nonuplets ten offspring \u2013 decuplets Terms used for multiple births or the genetic relationships of their offspring:" }, "Lecture-1": { "title": "Lecture", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A lecture (from the French lecture, meaning reading) is an oral presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject, for example by a university or college teacher. Lectures are used to convey critical information, history, background, theories, and equations. A politician's speech, a minister's sermon, or even a businessman's sales presentation may be similar in form to a lecture. Usually the lecturer will stand at the front of the room and recite information relevant to the lecture's content." }, "Minor League Baseball-40": { "title": "Minor League Baseball", "section": "Reorganization of 1963", "headers": [ "Pre-1963 classifications", "Class A1" ], "para_index": 40, "content": "The forerunner to the modern Double-A classification, the A1 level existed from 1936 through 1945. In 1936, two Class A circuits, the Texas League and the Southern Association, were upgraded to Class A1 to signify their continued status as one step below the highest classification, then Double-A, yet a notch above their former Class A peers, the New York\u2013Pennsylvania League and Western League. Ten years later, after World War II, with the minor leagues poised for unprecedented growth, classification terminology was changed. Beginning in 1946, the three Double-A leagues of 1912\u20131945, the American Association and International and Pacific Coast leagues, joined a new classification, Triple-A, and the Class A1 level became known as Double-A." }, "Ocean-11": { "title": "Ocean", "section": "Earth's global ocean", "headers": [ "Physical properties" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The total mass of the hydrosphere is about 1.4 quintillion tonnes (1.4\u00d71018 long tons or 1.5\u00d71018 short tons), which is about 0.023% of Earth's total mass. Less than 3% is freshwater; the rest is saltwater, almost all of which is in the ocean. The area of the World Ocean is about 361.9 million square kilometers (139.7 million square miles), which covers about 70.9% of Earth's surface, and its volume is approximately 1.335 billion cubic kilometers (320.3 million cubic miles). This can be thought of as a cube of water with an edge length of 1,101 kilometers (684\u00a0mi). Its average depth is about 3,688 meters (12,100\u00a0ft), and its maximum depth is 10,994 meters (6.831\u00a0mi) at the Mariana Trench. Nearly half of the world's marine waters are over 3,000 meters (9,800\u00a0ft) deep. The vast expanses of deep ocean (anything below 200 meters or 660 feet) cover about 66% of Earth's surface. This does not include seas not connected to the World Ocean, such as the Caspian Sea." }, "School prayer in the United States-1": { "title": "School prayer in the United States", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "School prayer in the United States if organized by the school is largely banned from public elementary, middle and high schools by a series of Supreme Court decisions since 1962. Students may pray privately, and join religious clubs in after-school hours. Public schools are those operated by government agencies, such as local school districts. They are banned from conducting religious observances such as prayer. Private and parochial schools are not covered by these rulings, nor are colleges and universities. Elementary and secondary schools are covered because students are required to attend, and are considered more at risk from official pressure than are older students and adults. The Constitutional basis for this prohibition is the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which requires that" }, "History of The Simpsons-4": { "title": "History of The Simpsons", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The Simpsons eventually became the longest-running American sitcom, the longest-running American animated program, and in 2009 it surpassed Gunsmoke as the longest-running American primetime, scripted television series. Since its debut on December 17, 1989, the show has broadcast 683 episodes and its 30th season started airing on September 30, 2018." }, "Nancy Pelosi-1": { "title": "Nancy Pelosi", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Nancy Patricia Pelosi (/p\u0259\u02c8lo\u028asi/; n\u00e9e\u00a0D'Alesandro; born March 26, 1940) is an American politician serving as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives since 2019, and previously from 2007 to 2011. She is the only woman in U.S. history to hold this position and is the highest-ranking female elected official in United States history. As House Speaker, Pelosi is second in the presidential line of succession, immediately after the vice president." }, "Death by burning-18": { "title": "Death by burning", "section": "Historical use", "headers": [ "Christian states", "Medieval Inquisition and the burning of heretics" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Civil authorities burned persons judged to be heretics under the medieval Inquisition. Burning heretics had become customary practice in the latter half of the twelfth century in continental Europe, and death by burning became statutory punishment from the early 13th century. Death by burning for heretics was made positive law by Pedro II of Aragon in 1197. In 1224, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, made burning a legal alternative, and in 1238, it became the principal punishment in the Empire. In Sicily, the punishment was made law in 1231, whereas in France, Louis IX made it binding law in 1270." }, "Hershey's Kisses-11": { "title": "Hershey's Kisses", "section": "Wrapper history & varieties", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "In 1968, pastel blue, pink, and green wrappers were introduced for Easter, and in 1986, Valentine's Day-themed wrappers of red and silver were introduced. Xs and Os have also appeared on pink and red wrappers as well as little red hearts on silver wrappers for Valentine's Day. \"Fall Harvest\" colors were introduced in 1991. Independence Day has silver with red stripes and blue-starred wrappers. Pink wrappers with \"ribbons\" on them to support breast cancer research have also appeared. Camouflage wrappers are also available, primarily on military bases. Kisses Dark Chocolates come in a deep purple wrapper. The Halloween themed Kisses Candy Corn candies come in a wrapper whose colors imitate the color of a candy corn with yellow, white and orange stripes swirling around the candy." }, "Rand Paul-85": { "title": "Rand Paul", "section": "Political positions", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 85, "content": "Unlike his more stridently \"non-interventionist\" father, Paul concedes a role for American armed forces abroad, including permanent foreign military bases. He has said that he blames supporters of the Iraq War and not President Obama for the growth in violence that occurred in 2014, and that the Iraq War \"emboldened\" Iran. Dick Cheney, John McCain and Rick Perry responded by calling Paul an isolationist, but Paul has pointed to opinion polls of likely GOP primary voters as support for his position. Paul stated, referring to ISIS: \"I personally believe that this group would not be in Iraq and would not be as powerful had we not been supplying their allies in the war [against Syrian Bashar al-Assad's government].\"" }, "Osama bin Laden-16": { "title": "Osama bin Laden", "section": "Beliefs and ideology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Bin Laden believed that the Islamic world was in crisis and that the complete restoration of Sharia law would be the only way to \"set things right\" in the Muslim world. He opposed such alternatives as secular government, as well as \"pan-Arabism, socialism, communism, democracy.\" He subscribed to the Athari (literalist) school of Islamic theology." }, "Post Malone-27": { "title": "Post Malone", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "Tattoos" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Post has a number of tattoos that he inked himself and has also inked tattoos on several friends and acquaintances. His first tattoo was of the Playboy Bunny. He has tattoos on his hands and fingers of artists who have influenced him. In recognition of the Second Amendment, he has a tattoo on his triceps of a snake coiled around a rifle. The face of deceased rapper Lil Peep is tattooed on his arm." }, "The Queen (2006 film)-4": { "title": "The Queen (2006 film)", "section": "Plot", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Immediately, her death presents problems for her ex-husband, Prince Charles, and Blair, to accord the mother of a future king that is no longer a member of the royal family. Queen Elizabeth II wonders if Blair will turn his modernisation pledge on to the royal family since he attempts to have her reconsider her views on the funeral plans. Diana's family, the Spencers, called for the funeral to be private." }, "Winter-5": { "title": "Winter", "section": "Cause", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The manifestation of the meteorological winter (freezing temperatures) in the northerly snow\u2013prone latitudes is highly variable depending on elevation, position versus marine winds and the amount of precipitation. For instance, within Canada (a country of cold winters), Winnipeg on the Great Plains, a long way from the ocean, has a January high of \u221211.3\u00a0\u00b0C (11.7\u00a0\u00b0F) and a low of \u221221.4\u00a0\u00b0C (\u22126.5\u00a0\u00b0F). In comparison, Vancouver on the west coast with a marine influence from moderating Pacific winds has a January low of 1.4\u00a0\u00b0C (34.5\u00a0\u00b0F) with days well above freezing at 6.9\u00a0\u00b0C (44.4\u00a0\u00b0F). Both places are at 49\u00b0N latitude, and in the same western half of the continent. A similar but less extreme effect is found in Europe: in spite of their northerly latitude, the British Isles have not a single non-mountain weather station with a below-freezing mean January temperature." }, "Star-91": { "title": "Star", "section": "Characteristics", "headers": [ "Temperature" ], "para_index": 91, "content": "Massive main sequence stars can have surface temperatures of 50,000\u00a0K. Smaller stars such as the Sun have surface temperatures of a few thousand K. Red giants have relatively low surface temperatures of about 3,600\u00a0K; but they also have a high luminosity due to their large exterior surface area." }, "Zorro-1": { "title": "Zorro", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Zorro (Spanish for 'Fox') is a fictional character created in 1919 by American pulp writer Johnston McCulley, and appearing in works set in the Pueblo of Los Angeles during the era of Spanish California (1769\u20131821). He is typically portrayed as a dashing masked vigilante who defends the commoners and indigenous peoples of California against corrupt and tyrannical officials and other villains. His signature all-black costume includes a cape, a hat known as a sombrero cordob\u00e9s, and a mask covering the upper half of his face." }, "Swastika-9": { "title": "Swastika", "section": "Etymology and nomenclature", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The earliest known use of the word swastika is in Panini's Ashtadhyayi which uses it to explain one of the Sanskrit grammar rules, in the context of a type of identifying mark on a cow's ear. Most scholarship suggests that Panini lived in or before the 4th-century BCE, possibly in 6th or 5th century BCE." }, "Sail-1": { "title": "Sail", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sail rigs A sail is a tensile structure\u2014made from fabric or other membrane materials\u2014that uses wind power to propel sailing craft, including sailing ships, sailboats, windsurfers, ice boats, and even sail-powered land vehicles. Sails may be made from a combination of woven materials\u2014including canvas or polyester cloth, laminated membranes or bonded filaments\u2014usually in a three- or four-sided shape." }, "Ariana Grande-22": { "title": "Ariana Grande", "section": "Life and career", "headers": [ "2016\u20132017: Dangerous Woman" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "On May 22, 2017, her concert at the Manchester Arena was the target of a suicide bombing - a shrapnel-laden homemade bomb detonated by an Islamic extremist as people were leaving the arena. The Manchester Arena bombing caused 23 deaths and injured hundreds more. Grande suspended the remainder of the tour and held a televised benefit concert One Love Manchester on June 4, helping to raise $23 million to aid the bombing victims and affected families. The concert featured performances from Grande, as well as Liam Gallagher, Justin Bieber, Katy Perry, Miley Cyrus and other artists. To recognize her efforts, the City Council named Grande the first honorary citizen of Manchester. The tour resumed on June 7 in Paris and ended in September 2017. In August 2017, she appeared in an Apple Music Carpool Karaoke episode, singing musical theatre songs with Seth MacFarlane. In December 2017, Billboard magazine named her \"Female Artist of the Year\"." }, "DJ mix-1": { "title": "DJ mix", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A DJ mix or DJ mixset is a sequence of musical tracks typically mixed together to appear as one continuous track. DJ mixes are usually performed using a DJ mixer and multiple sounds sources, such as turntables, CD players, digital audio players or computer sound cards, sometimes with the addition of samplers and effects units, although it is possible to create one using sound editing software." }, "Shadow-1": { "title": "Shadow", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A shadow is a dark (real image) area where light from a light source is blocked by an opaque object. It occupies all of the three-dimensional volume behind an object with light in front of it. The cross section of a shadow is a two-dimensional silhouette, or a reverse projection of the object blocking the light." }, "Elton John-3": { "title": "Elton John", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "John has received five Grammy Awards, five Brit Awards, two Academy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, a Tony Award, a Disney Legends award, and the Kennedy Center Honor. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked him 49th on its list of 100 influential musicians of the rock and roll era. In 2013, Billboard ranked him the most successful male solo artist on the Billboard Hot 100 Top All-Time Artists, and third overall, behind the Beatles and Madonna. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994 and the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1992, and is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors. He was knighted by Elizabeth II for \"services to music and charitable services\" in 1998. John has performed at a number of royal events, such as the funeral of Princess Diana at Westminster Abbey in 1997, the Party at the Palace in 2002 and the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Concert outside Buckingham Palace in 2012." }, "New Brunswick-36": { "title": "New Brunswick", "section": "Demographics", "headers": [ "Ethnicity and language" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "For education, English-language and French-language systems serve the two linguistic communities at all levels." }, "Joint Photographic Experts Group-1": { "title": "Joint Photographic Experts Group", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) is the joint committee between ISO/IEC JTC 1 and ITU-T (formerly CCITT) that created and maintains the JPEG, JPEG 2000, and JPEG XR standards. It is one of two sub-groups of ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 29, Working Group 1 (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1)\u00a0\u2013 titled as Coding of still pictures. In the ITU-T, its work falls in the domain of the ITU-T Visual Coding Experts Group (VCEG). ISO/IEC JTC1 SC29 Working Group 1 (working together with ITU-T Study Group 16\u00a0\u2013 SG16 and previously also with Study Group 8\u00a0\u2013 SG8) is responsible for the JPEG and JBIG standards. The scope of the organization includes the work of both the Joint Photographic Experts Group and Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group." }, "Tooth enamel-26": { "title": "Tooth enamel", "section": "Enamel loss", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "In addition to bacterial invasion, enamel is also susceptible to other destructive forces. Bruxism, also known as clenching of or grinding on teeth, destroys enamel very quickly. The wear rate of enamel, called attrition, is 8\u00a0micrometers a year from normal factors.[citation needed] A common misconception is that enamel wears away mostly from chewing, but actually teeth rarely touch during chewing. Furthermore, normal tooth contact is compensated physiologically by the periodontal ligaments (pdl) and the arrangement of dental occlusion. The truly destructive forces are the parafunctional movements, as found in bruxism, which can cause irreversible damage to the enamel." }, "Parent-1": { "title": "Parent", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A parent is a caregiver of the offspring in their own species. In humans, a parent is the caretaker of a child (where \"child\" refers to offspring, not necessarily age). A biological parent is a person whose gamete resulted in a child, a male through the sperm, and a female through the ovum. Biological parents are first-degree relatives and have 50% genetic meet. A female can also become a parent through surrogacy. Some parents may be adoptive parents, who nurture and raise an offspring, but are not biologically related to the child. Orphans without adoptive parents can be raised by their grandparents or other family members." }, "One-child policy-1": { "title": "One-child policy", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The one-child policy was part of a birth planning program designed to control the size of the rapidly growing population of the People's Republic of China. Distinct from the family planning policies of most other countries, which focus on providing contraceptive options to help women have the number of children they want, it set a limit on the number of births parents could have, making it the world's most extreme example of population planning. It was introduced in 1979 (after a decade-long two-child policy), modified beginning in the mid 1980s to allow rural parents a second child if the first was a daughter, and then lasted three more decades before the government announced in late 2015 a reversion to a two-child limit. The policy also allowed exceptions for some other groups, including ethnic minorities. Thus, the term \"one-child policy\" has been called a \"misnomer\", because for nearly 30 of the 36 years that it existed (1979\u20132015), about half of all parents in China were allowed to have a second child." }, "Ramsay MacDonald-1": { "title": "Ramsay MacDonald", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "James Ramsay MacDonald FRS (n\u00e9 James McDonald Ramsay; 12 October 1866\u00a0\u2013 9 November 1937) was a British statesman who was the first Labour Party politician to become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, leading minority Labour governments for nine months in 1924 and then in 1929\u201331. From 1931 to 1935, he headed a National Government dominated by the Conservative Party and supported by only a few Labour members. MacDonald was later vehemently denounced by and expelled from the party he had helped to found." }, "Diol-4": { "title": "Diol", "section": "Synthesis of classes of diols", "headers": [ "Vicinal diols" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "In a vicinal diol, the two hydroxyl groups occupy vicinal positions, that is, they are attached to adjacent atoms. These compounds are called glycols. Examples include 1,2-ethanediol or ethylene glycol HO\u2212(CH2)2\u2212OH, a common ingredient of antifreeze products. Another example is propane-1,2-diol, or alpha propylene glycol, HO\u2212CH2\u2212CH(OH)\u2212CH3, used in the food and medicine industry, as well as a relatively non-poisonous antifreeze product." }, "Economy of Iceland-1": { "title": "Economy of Iceland", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The economy of Iceland is small and subject to high volatility. In 2011, gross domestic product was US$12bn, but by 2018 it had increased to a nominal GDP of US$27bn. With a population of 350,000, this is $55,000 per capita, based on purchasing power parity (PPP) estimates. The financial crisis of 2007\u20132010 produced a decline in GDP and employment that has since been reversed entirely by a recovery aided by a tourism boom starting in 2010. Tourism accounted for more than 10% of Iceland's GDP in 2017. After a period of robust growth, Iceland's economy is slowing down according to an economic outlook for the years 2018\u20132020 published by Arion Research in April 2018." }, "Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex-1": { "title": "Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, KCVO ADC (Henry Charles Albert David; 15 September 1984) is the younger son of Charles, Prince of Wales and Diana, Princess of Wales and is sixth in the line of succession to the British throne." }, "Charlemagne-15": { "title": "Charlemagne", "section": "Rise to power", "headers": [ "Ancestry" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Charlemagne was the eldest child of Pepin the Short (714\u00a0\u2013\u00a024 September\u00a0768, reigned from 751) and his wife Bertrada of Laon (720\u00a0\u2013\u00a012 July\u00a0783), daughter of Caribert of Laon. Many historians consider Charlemagne (Charles) to have been illegitimate, although some state that this is arguable, because Pepin did not marry Bertrada until 744, which was after Charles' birth; this status did not exclude him from the succession." }, "Frost-20": { "title": "Frost", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "White frost" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "White frost forms when there is a relative humidity above 90% and a temperature below \u22128\u00a0\u00b0C (18\u00a0\u00b0F) and it grows against the wind direction, since air arriving from windward has a higher humidity than leeward air, but the wind must not be strong or it damages the delicate icy structures as they begin to form. White frost resembles a heavy coating of hoar frost with big, interlocking crystals, usually needle-shaped." }, "Picnic at Hanging Rock (film)-11": { "title": "Picnic at Hanging Rock (film)", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Screenwriter David Williamson was originally chosen to adapt the film, but was unavailable and recommended noted TV writer Cliff Green. Joan Lindsay had approval over who did the adaptation and she gave it to Green, whose first draft Lovell says was \"excellent\"." }, "Liberalism-8": { "title": "Liberalism", "section": "Etymology and definition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Unlike Europe and Latin America, the word liberalism in North America almost exclusively refers to social liberalism. The dominant Canadian party is the Liberal Party and the United States' Democratic Party is usually considered liberal." }, "Drummer-2": { "title": "Drummer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Most contemporary western bands that play rock, pop, jazz, or R&B music include a drummer for purposes including timekeeping and embellishing the musical timbre. The drummer's equipment includes a drum kit (or \"drum set\" or \"trap set\") which includes various drums, cymbals and an assortment of accessory hardware such as pedals, standing support mechanisms, and drum sticks." }, "Fly-14": { "title": "Fly", "section": "Anatomy and morphology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "Flies have a mobile head with a pair of large compound eyes on the sides of the head, and in most species, three small ocelli on the top. The compound eyes may be close together or widely separated, and in some instances are divided into a dorsal region and a ventral region, perhaps to assist in swarming behaviour. The antennae are well-developed but variable, being thread-like, feathery or comb-like in the different families. The mouthparts are adapted for piercing and sucking, as in the black flies, mosquitoes and robber flies, and for lapping and sucking as in many other groups. Female horse-flies use knife-like mandibles and maxillae to make a cross-shaped incision in the host's skin and then lap up the blood that flows. The gut includes large diverticulae, allowing the insect to store small quantities of liquid after a meal." }, "BBC World Service-15": { "title": "BBC World Service", "section": "Operation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "The Service broadcasts from Broadcasting House in London, which is also headquarters of the Corporation. It is located in the newer parts of the building, which contains radio and television studios for use by the various language services. The building also contains an integrated newsroom used by the international World Service, the international television channel BBC World News, the domestic television and radio BBC News bulletins, the BBC News Channel and BBC Online." }, "Life on Mars-9": { "title": "Life on Mars", "section": "Early speculation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Spectroscopic analysis of Mars' atmosphere began in earnest in 1894, when U.S. astronomer William Wallace Campbell showed that neither water nor oxygen were present in the Martian atmosphere." }, "Political parties in the United States-4": { "title": "Political parties in the United States", "section": "Overview", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The modern two-party system consists of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. Several third parties also operate in the U.S., and from time to time elect someone to local office. The largest third party since the 1980s has been the Libertarian Party." }, "James Watson-1": { "title": "James Watson", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "James Dewey Watson KBE (born April 6, 1928) is an American molecular biologist, geneticist and zoologist. In 1953, he co-authored with Francis Crick the academic paper proposing the double helix structure of the DNA molecule. Watson, Crick and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine \"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material\"." }, "William Howard Taft-107": { "title": "William Howard Taft", "section": "Declining health and death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 107, "content": "Taft is remembered as the heaviest president; he was 5\u00a0feet 11\u00a0inches (1.80\u00a0m) tall and his weight peaked at 335\u2013340 pounds (152\u2013154\u00a0kg) toward the end of his presidency, although this later decreased, and by 1929 he weighed just 244 pounds (111\u00a0kg). By the time Taft became chief justice, his health was starting to decline, and he carefully planned a fitness regimen, walking 3 miles (4.8\u00a0km) from his home to the Capitol each day. When he walked home after work, he would usually go by way of Connecticut Avenue and use a particular crossing over Rock Creek. After his death, the crossing was named the Taft Bridge." }, "Cuneiform-49": { "title": "Cuneiform", "section": "Transliteration", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 49, "content": "Since the Sumerian language has only been widely known and studied by scholars for approximately a century, changes in the accepted reading of Sumerian names have occurred from time to time. Thus the name of a king of Ur, read Ur-Bau at one time, was later read as Ur-Engur, and is now read as Ur-Nammu or Ur-Namma; for Lugal-zage-si, a king of Uruk, some scholars continued to read Ungal-zaggisi; and so forth. Also, with some names of the older period, there was often uncertainty whether their bearers were Sumerians or Semites. If the former, then their names could be assumed to be read as Sumerian, while, if they were Semites, the signs for writing their names were probably to be read according to their Semitic equivalents, though occasionally Semites might be encountered bearing genuine Sumerian names. There was also doubt whether the signs composing a Semite's name represented a phonetic reading or a logographic compound. Thus, e.g. when inscriptions of a Semitic ruler of Kish, whose name was written Uru-mu-ush, were first deciphered, that name was first taken to be logographic because uru mu-ush could be read as \"he founded a city\" in Sumerian, and scholars accordingly retranslated it back to the original Semitic as Alu-usharshid. It was later recognized that the URU sign can also be read as r\u00ed and that the name is that of the Akkadian king Rimush." }, "Eiffel Tower-33": { "title": "Eiffel Tower", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Subsequent events" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "Many innovations took place at the Eiffel Tower in the early 20th century. In 1910, Father Theodor Wulf measured radiant energy at the top and bottom of the tower. He found more at the top than expected, incidentally discovering what are known today as cosmic rays. Just two years later, on 4 February 1912, Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping from the first level of the tower (a height of 57 metres) to demonstrate his parachute design. In 1914, at the outbreak of World War\u00a0I, a radio transmitter located in the tower jammed German radio communications, seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne. From 1925 to 1934, illuminated signs for Citro\u00ebn adorned three of the tower's sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time. In April 1935, the tower was used to make experimental low-resolution television transmissions, using a shortwave transmitter of 200 watts power. On 17 November, an improved 180-line transmitter was installed." }, "Allium-1": { "title": "Allium", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Allium is a genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants that includes hundreds of species, including the cultivated onion, garlic, scallion, shallot, leek, and chives. The generic name Allium is the Latin word for garlic, and the type species for the genus is Allium sativum which means \"cultivated garlic\"." }, "Central Park Zoo-1": { "title": "Central Park Zoo", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Central Park Zoo is a 6.5-acre (2.6\u00a0ha) zoo located at the southeast corner of Central Park in New York City. It is part of an integrated system of four zoos and one aquarium managed by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). In conjunction with the Central Park Zoo's operations, the WCS offers children's educational programs, is engaged in restoration of endangered species populations, and reaches out to the local community through volunteer programs." }, "Bullet-1": { "title": "Bullet", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Play media A bullet is a kinetic projectile and the component of firearm ammunition that is expelled from the gun barrel during shooting. The term is from Middle French and originated as the diminutive of the word boulle (boullet), which means \"small ball\". Bullets are made of a variety of materials such as copper, lead, steel, polymer, rubber and even wax. They are available either singly as in muzzleloading and cap and ball firearms or as a component of paper cartridges, but much more commonly in the form of metallic cartridges. Bullets are made in varied shapes and constructions depending on the intended applications, including specialized functions such as hunting, target shooting, training and combat." }, "Crane (machine)-43": { "title": "Crane (machine)", "section": "Types", "headers": [ "Mobile", "Truck-mounted" ], "para_index": 43, "content": "Truck cranes range in lifting capacity from about 14.5 short tons (12.9 long tons; 13.2\u00a0t) to about 2,240 short tons (2,000 long tons; 2,032\u00a0t). Although most only rotate about 180 degrees, the more expensive truck mounted cranes can turn a full 360 degrees." }, "Pedophilia-1": { "title": "Pedophilia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pedophilia (alternatively spelt paedophilia) is a psychiatric disorder in which an adult or older adolescent experiences a primary or exclusive sexual attraction to prepubescent children. Although girls typically begin the process of puberty at age 10 or 11, and boys at age 11 or 12, criteria for pedophilia extend the cut-off point for prepubescence to age 13. A person must be at least 16 years old, and at least five years older than the prepubescent child, for the attraction to be diagnosed as pedophilia." }, "Portfolio (finance)-1": { "title": "Portfolio (finance)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In finance, a portfolio is a collection of investments held by an investment company, hedge fund, financial institution or individual." }, "F\u00e9lix Potvin-1": { "title": "F\u00e9lix Potvin", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "F\u00e9lix \"The Cat\" Potvin (born June 23, 1971) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL)." }, "Metric units-2": { "title": "Metric units", "section": "Metric units that are part of the SI", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "International System of Electrical and Magnetic Units Metre\u2013tonne\u2013second (MTS) system of units MKS system of units The International System of Units (SI, abbreviated from the French Syst\u00e8me international (d'unit\u00e9s)) is a coherent system of units of measurement built on seven base units, which are the second, metre, kilogram, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela, and a set of twenty prefixes to the unit names and unit symbols that may be used when specifying multiples and fractions of the units. The system also specifies names for 22 derived units, such as lumen and watt, for other common physical quantities." }, "Quincea\u00f1era-1": { "title": "Quincea\u00f1era", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The fiesta de quince a\u00f1os (also fiesta de quincea\u00f1era, quince a\u00f1os, quincea\u00f1era and quinces) is a celebration of a girl's 15th birthday. It has its cultural roots in Mesoamerica and is widely celebrated today throughout the Americas. The girl celebrating her 15th birthday is a quincea\u00f1era (Spanish pronunciation:\u00a0[kinsea\u02c8\u0272e\u027ea]; feminine form of \"15-year-old\"). In Spanish, and in Latin countries, the term quincea\u00f1era is reserved solely for the honoree; in English, primarily in the United States, the term is used to refer to the celebrations and honors surrounding the occasion." }, "Goldfish-15": { "title": "Goldfish", "section": "Biology", "headers": [ "Behavior" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "citation needed] Goldfish have learned behaviors, both as groups and as individuals, that stem from native carp behavior. They are a generalist species with varied feeding, breeding, and predator avoidance behaviors that contribute to their success. As fish, they can be described as \"friendly\" towards each other. Very rarely does a goldfish harm another goldfish, nor do the males harm the females during breeding. The only real threat that goldfish present to each other is competing for food. Commons, comets, and other faster varieties can easily eat all the food during a feeding before fancy varieties can reach it. This can lead to stunted growth or possible starvation of fancier varieties when they are kept in a pond with their single-tailed brethren. As a result, care should be taken to combine only breeds with similar body type and swim characteristics." }, "Scarecrow (Oz)-1": { "title": "Scarecrow (Oz)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Scarecrow is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum and illustrator W.W. Denslow. In his first appearance, the Scarecrow reveals that he lacks a brain and desires above all else to have one. In reality, he is only two days old and merely na\u00efve. Throughout the course of the novel, he proves to have the brains he seeks and is later recognized as \"the wisest man in all of Oz,\" although he continues to credit the Wizard for them. He is, however, wise enough to know his own limitations and all too happy to hand the rulership of Oz, passed to him by the Wizard, to Princess Ozma, and become one of her trusted advisors, though he typically spends more time having fun than advising." }, "Medieval warfare-25": { "title": "Medieval warfare", "section": "Supplies and logistics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 25, "content": "Medieval Warfare largely predated the use of supply trains- which meant that armies had to acquire food supplies from whatever territory they were passing through, this meant that large scale looting by soldiers was unavoidable, and was actively encouraged by the 14th century with its emphasis on \"Chevaunche\" tactics, or use of units of light cavalry who would loot and pillage hostile territory in order to distract and demoralize the enemy while denying them their supplies." }, "French Defence-3": { "title": "French Defence", "section": "Basics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Following the opening moves 1.e4 e6, the game usually continues 2.d4 d5 (see below for alternatives). White makes a claim to the centre, while Black immediately challenges the pawn on e4." }, "Seafood-1": { "title": "Seafood", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans, prominently including fish and shellfish. Shellfish include various species of molluscs (e.g. bivalve molluscs such as clams, oysters, and mussels and cephalopods such as octopus and squid), crustaceans (e.g. shrimp, crabs, and lobster), and echinoderms (e.g. sea cucumbers and sea urchins). Historically, marine mammals such as cetaceans (whales and dolphins) as well as seals have been eaten as food, though that happens to a lesser extent in modern times. Edible sea plants such as some seaweeds and microalgae are widely eaten as sea vegetables around the world, especially in Asia. In the United States, although not generally in the United Kingdom, the term \"seafood\" is extended to fresh water organisms eaten by humans, so all edible aquatic life may be referred to as \"seafood\"." }, "Planned Parenthood-36": { "title": "Planned Parenthood", "section": "Other court cases", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "In 2006, Kansas Attorney General Phill Kline, a Republican, released some sealed patient records obtained from Planned Parenthood to the public. His actions were described as \"troubling\" by the state Supreme Court, but Planned Parenthood was compelled to turn over the medical records, albeit with more stringent court-mandated privacy safeguards for the patients involved. In 2007 Kline's successor, Paul J. Morrison, a Democrat, notified the clinic that no criminal charges would be filed after a three-year investigation, as \"an objective, unbiased and thorough examination\" showed no wrongdoing. Morrison stated that he believed Kline had politicized the Attorney General's office. In 2012, a Kansas district attorney found that the practices of the Kansas City-area Planned Parenthood clinic were \"within accepted practices in the medical community\" and dropped all of the remaining criminal charges. In all, the Planned Parenthood clinic had faced 107 criminal charges from Kline and other Kansas prosecutors, all of which were ultimately dismissed." }, "Christopher Columbus-56": { "title": "Christopher Columbus", "section": "Voyages", "headers": [ "Third voyage" ], "para_index": 56, "content": "In poor health, Columbus returned to Hispaniola on 19 August, only to find that many of the Spanish settlers of the new colony were in rebellion against his rule, claiming that Columbus had misled them about the supposedly bountiful riches of the New World. A number of returning settlers and sailors lobbied against Columbus at the Spanish court, accusing him and his brothers of gross mismanagement. Columbus had some of his crew hanged for disobedience. He had an economic interest in the enslavement of the Hispaniola natives and for that reason was not eager to baptize them, which attracted criticism from some churchmen. An entry in his journal from September 1498 reads: \"From here one might send, in the name of the Holy Trinity, as many slaves as could be sold\u00a0...\"" }, "Pizza in the United States-3": { "title": "Pizza in the United States", "section": "Ingredients", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "American pizza often has vegetable oil or shortening mixed into the dough; this is not as common in Italian recipes (for example, the pizza dough recipe in the influential Italian cookbook Il cucchiaio d'argento does not use oil). This can range from a small amount in relatively lean doughs, such as New York style, to a very large amount in some recipes for Chicago-style deep-dish dough. In addition, American pizza (at least thin-crust) is often made with a very high-gluten flour (often 13\u201314% protein content) of the type also used to make bagels; this type of flour allows the dough to be stretched rather thinly without tearing, similar to strudel or phyllo." }, "Passover-23": { "title": "Passover", "section": "Passover sacrifice", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "The main entity in Passover according to Judaism is the sacrificial lamb. During the existence of the Tabernacle and later the Temple in Jerusalem, the focus of the Passover festival was the Passover sacrifice (Hebrew: korban Pesach), also known as the Paschal lamb, eaten during the Passover Seder on the 15th of Nisan. Every family large enough to completely consume a young lamb or wild goat was required to offer one for sacrifice at the Jewish Temple on the afternoon of the 14th day of Nisan (Numbers 9:11), and eat it that night, which was the 15th of Nisan (Exodus 12:6)." }, "World Trade Center (1973\u20132001)-1": { "title": "World Trade Center (1973\u20132001)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The original World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. It opened on April 4, 1973, and was destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. At the time of their completion, the Twin Towers\u2014the original 1 World Trade Center, at 1,368 feet (417\u00a0m); and 2 World Trade Center, at 1,362 feet (415.1\u00a0m)\u2014were the tallest buildings in the world. Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC), 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. The complex contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000\u00a0m2) of office space." }, "United States Senate-16": { "title": "United States Senate", "section": "Membership", "headers": [ "Elections and term", "Term" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Senators serve terms of six years each; the terms are staggered so that approximately one-third of the seats are up for election every two years. This was achieved by dividing the senators of the 1st Congress into thirds (called classes), where the terms of one-third expired after two years, the terms of another third expired after four, and the terms of the last third expired after six years. This arrangement was also followed after the admission of new states into the union. The staggering of terms has been arranged such that both seats from a given state are not contested in the same general election, except when a vacancy is being filled. Current senators whose six-year terms are set to expire on January 3, 2021, belong to Class II. There is no constitutional limit to the number of terms a senator may serve." }, "Bloodstain pattern analysis-4": { "title": "Bloodstain pattern analysis", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Early history" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Bloodstain pattern analysis has been used informally for centuries, but the first modern study of blood stains was in 1895. Dr. Eduard Piotrowski of the University of Krak\u00f3w published a paper titled \"On the formation, form, direction, and spreading of blood stains after blunt trauma to the head.\" A number of publications describing various aspects of blood stains were published, but his publication did not lead to a systematic analysis. LeMoyne Snyder's widely used book Homicide Investigation (first published in 1941 and updated occasionally through at least the 1970s) also briefly mentioned details that later bloodstain experts would expand upon (e.g., that blood dries at a relatively predictable rate; that arterial blood is a brighter red color than other blood; that bloodstains tend to fall in certain patterns based on the motion of an attacker and victim). A 1952 episode of the police procedural radio series Dragnet made reference to bloodstain pattern analysis to reconstruct a shooting incident." }, "William Howard Taft-3": { "title": "William Howard Taft", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "With Roosevelt's help, Taft had little opposition for the Republican nomination for president in 1908 and easily defeated William Jennings Bryan for the presidency in that November's election. In the White House, he focused on East Asia more than European affairs and repeatedly intervened to prop up or remove Latin American governments. Taft sought reductions to trade tariffs, then a major source of governmental income, but the resulting bill was heavily influenced by special interests. His administration was filled with conflict between the conservative wing of the Republican Party, with which Taft often sympathized, and the progressive wing, toward which Roosevelt moved more and more. Controversies over conservation and antitrust cases filed by the Taft administration served to further separate the two men. Roosevelt challenged Taft for renomination in 1912. Taft used his control of the party machinery to gain a bare majority of delegates and Roosevelt bolted the party. The split left Taft with little chance of re-election and he took only Utah and Vermont in Wilson's victory." }, "Health care in the United States-14": { "title": "Health care in the United States", "section": "Statistics", "headers": [ "Health insurance and accessibility" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "A 2009 study in five states found that medical debt contributed to 46.2% of all personal bankruptcies, and 62.1% of bankruptcy filers claimed high medical expenses in 2007. Since then, health costs and the numbers of uninsured and underinsured have increased. A 2013 study found that about 25% of all senior citizens declare bankruptcy due to medical expenses." }, "Amazon (company)-65": { "title": "Amazon (company)", "section": "Finances", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 65, "content": "Amazon's market capitalization went over US$1 trillion again in early February 2020 after the announcement of the fourth quarter 2019 results. Amazon's total employees now number 798,000." }, "Secretariat (horse)-1": { "title": "Secretariat (horse)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Secretariat (March 30, 1970 \u2013 October 4, 1989) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who, in 1973, became the first Triple Crown winner in 25 years. His record-breaking victory in the Belmont Stakes, which he won by 31 lengths, is widely regarded as one of the greatest races in history. During his racing career, he won five Eclipse Awards, including Horse of the Year honors at ages two and three. He was nominated to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1974. In the List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century, Secretariat is second only to Man o' War (racing career 1919\u20131920), who also was a large chestnut colt given the nickname \"Big Red\"." }, "HMS Ocean (L12)-2": { "title": "HMS Ocean (L12)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In December 2017, the Brazilian Navy confirmed the purchase of the ship for \u00a384.6\u00a0million. Following her decommissioning from Royal Navy service on 27 March 2018, she arrived in Rio de Janeiro on 25 August 2018, with the intention of being commissioned as Atl\u00e2ntico and fully operational by 2020." }, "Helen Clark-1": { "title": "Helen Clark", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Helen Elizabeth Clark ONZ SSI PC (born 26 February 1950) is a New Zealand politician who served as the 37th Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1999 to 2008, and was the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme from 2009 to 2017. She was New Zealand's fifth-longest-serving prime minister, and the second woman to hold that office." }, "Beef-1": { "title": "Beef", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Beef is the culinary name for meat from cattle, particularly skeletal muscle. Humans have been eating beef since prehistoric times. Beef is a source of high-quality protein and nutrients." }, "Oregon Trail-1": { "title": "Oregon Trail", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Oregon Trail is a 2,170-mile (3,490\u00a0km) historic east-west, large-wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail in the United States that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon. The eastern part of the Oregon Trail spanned part of the future state of Kansas, and nearly all of what are now the states of Nebraska and Wyoming. The western half of the trail spanned most of the future states of Idaho and Oregon." }, "Mail carrier-8": { "title": "Mail carrier", "section": "United States", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Rural carriers typically work routes that have a lower density and higher mileage than those of letter carriers. They all work mounted routes, leaving their vehicles only to deliver to group mailboxes or to deliver an article that must be taken to a customer's door. However, now that former rural areas are being urbanized, their routes are growing very similar to mounted \"city routes\". Rural carriers often use their own vehicles and are not required to wear a uniform. Because of urbanization around cities and because rural carriers deliver mail at less cost to the Postal Service, the rural carrier craft is the only craft in the Postal Service which is growing." }, "YMCA-53": { "title": "YMCA", "section": "North America", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 53, "content": "In the United States YMCA is more commonly known as 'The Y' with its national office headquartered in Chicago. It has 2,700 separate organisational entities affiliated to its national office, based in 10,000 locations, working with 21\u00a0million people, to \"strengthen communities through youth development, healthy living and social responsibility.\" It has about 19,000 staff and 600,000 volunteers." }, "Hand-3": { "title": "Hand", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The human hand normally has five digits: four fingers plus one thumb; these are often referred to collectively as five fingers, however, whereby the thumb is included as one of the fingers. It has 27 bones, not including the sesamoid bone, the number of which varies between people, 14 of which are the phalanges (proximal, intermediate and distal) of the fingers and thumb. The metacarpal bones connect the fingers and the carpal bones of the wrist. Each human hand has five metacarpals and eight carpal bones." }, "Harry Houdini-68": { "title": "Harry Houdini", "section": "Death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 68, "content": "Harry Houdini died of peritonitis, secondary to a ruptured appendix, at 1:26\u00a0p.m. on October 31, 1926, in Room 401 at Detroit's Grace Hospital, aged 52. In his final days, he believed that he would recover, but his last words before dying were reportedly, \"I'm tired of fighting... I do not want to fight anymore...\"" }, "Hidden camera-1": { "title": "Hidden camera", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A hidden camera or spy camera or security camera is a still or video camera used to record people without their knowledge. The term \u201chidden camera\u201d is commonly used in reality TV shows, sometimes when subjects are unaware that they are being recorded, and sometimes with their knowledge and consent. The term \u201cspy camera\u201d is generally used when the subject would normally be expected to object to being recorded as an invasion of their privacy. The term \u201csecurity camera\u201d is commonly used to provide a justification for a surreptitious recording, and can be contrasted with CCTV, which is visible and which sometimes is accompanied with a warning notice of its presence." }, "Jack Kerouac-41": { "title": "Jack Kerouac", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Death" ], "para_index": 41, "content": "On the morning of October 20, 1969, in St. Petersburg, Florida, Kerouac was working on a book about his father's print shop. He suddenly felt nauseated and went to the bathroom, where he began to vomit blood. Kerouac was taken to St. Anthony's Hospital, suffering from an esophageal hemorrhage. He received several transfusions in an attempt to make up for the loss of blood, and doctors subsequently attempted surgery, but a damaged liver prevented his blood from clotting. He never regained consciousness after the operation, and died at the hospital at 5:15 the following morning, at the age of 47. His cause of death was listed as an internal hemorrhage (bleeding esophageal varices) caused by cirrhosis, the result of longtime alcohol abuse. A possible contributing factor was an untreated hernia he suffered in a bar fight several weeks earlier. He is buried at Edson Cemetery in Lowell, Massachusetts." }, "Ocean-2": { "title": "Ocean", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Saline seawater covers approximately 361,000,000\u00a0km2 (139,000,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface and 90% of the Earth's biosphere. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that less than 20% of the World Ocean has been mapped. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100\u00a0ft)." }, "Cream-1": { "title": "Cream", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cream is a dairy product composed of the higher-fat layer skimmed from the top of milk before homogenization. In un-homogenized milk, the fat, which is less dense, eventually rises to the top. In the industrial production of cream, this process is accelerated by using centrifuges called \"separators\". In many countries, it is sold in several grades depending on the total butterfat content. It can be dried to a powder for shipment to distant markets, and contains high levels of saturated fat." }, "Cochineal-1": { "title": "Cochineal", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The cochineal (/\u02cck\u0252t\u0283\u026a\u02c8ni\u02d0l/ KOTCH-ih-NEEL, /\u02c8k\u0252t\u0283\u026ani\u02d0l/ KOTCH-ih-neel; Dactylopius coccus) is a scale insect in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, from which the natural dye carmine is derived. A primarily sessile parasite native to tropical and subtropical South America through North America (Mexico and the Southwest United States), this insect lives on cacti in the genus Opuntia, feeding on plant moisture and nutrients. The insects are found on the pads of prickly pear cacti, collected by brushing them off the plants, and dried." }, "Sea level-1": { "title": "Sea level", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mean sea level (MSL) (often shortened to sea level) is an average level of the surface of one or more of Earth's bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured. The global MSL is a type of vertical datum\u00a0\u2013 a standardised geodetic datum\u00a0\u2013 that is used, for example, as a chart datum in cartography and marine navigation, or, in aviation, as the standard sea level at which atmospheric pressure is measured to calibrate altitude and, consequently, aircraft flight levels. A common and relatively straightforward mean sea-level standard is instead the midpoint between a mean low and mean high tide at a particular location." }, "Amtrak-3": { "title": "Amtrak", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Amtrak serves more than 500 destinations in 46 states and three Canadian provinces, operating more than 300 trains daily over 21,400 miles (34,000\u00a0km) of track. Amtrak owns approximately 623 miles of this track and operates an additional 132 miles of track. Some track sections allow trains to run as fast as 150\u00a0mph (240\u00a0km/h)." }, "Ottawa-16": { "title": "Ottawa", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Located within the major, yet mostly dormant Western Quebec Seismic Zone, Ottawa is occasionally struck by earthquakes. Examples include the 2000 Kipawa earthquake, a magnitude-4.5 earthquake on 24 February 2006, the 2010 Central Canada earthquake, and a magnitude-5.2 earthquake on 17 May 2013." }, "Cannabis edible-2": { "title": "Cannabis edible", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Most edibles contain a significant amount of THC, which can induce a wide range of effects, including relaxation, euphoria, increased appetite, fatigue, and anxiety. THC-dominant edibles are consumed for recreational and medical purposes. Some edibles contain a negligible amount of THC and are instead dominant in other cannabinoids, most commonly cannabidiol (CBD). These edibles are primarily used for medical purposes only." }, "Pelvic fracture-20": { "title": "Pelvic fracture", "section": "Prevention", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "As the human body ages, the bones become more weak and brittle and are therefore more susceptible to fractures. Certain precautions are crucial in order to lower the risk of getting pelvic fractures. The most damaging is one from a car accident, cycling accident, or falling from a high building which can result in a high energy injury. This can be very dangerous because the pelvis supports many internal organs and can damage these organs. Falling is one of the most common causes of a pelvic fracture. Therefore, proper precautions should be taken to prevent this from happening." }, "Awareness ribbon-3": { "title": "Awareness ribbon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Of the uses of ribbons to draw awareness to health issues, perhaps the best-known is the pink ribbon for support of those with breast cancer. Other health and social concerns which have adopted coloured ribbons include Alzheimer's disease, pancreatic cancer (purple), HIV/AIDS (red), bipolar disorder (green), and brain disorder or disability (silver)." }, "Llama-23": { "title": "Llama", "section": "Reproduction", "headers": [ "Gestation" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "They mate for an extended time (20\u201345 minutes), also unusual in a large animal. The gestation period of a llama is 11.5 months (350 days). Dams (female llamas) do not lick off their babies, as they have an attached tongue that does not reach outside of the mouth more than half an inch (1.3\u00a0cm). Rather, they will nuzzle and hum to their newborns." }, "Skid Row (American band)-1": { "title": "Skid Row (American band)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Skid Row is an American heavy metal band, formed in 1986 in Toms River, New Jersey. Their current lineup comprises bassist Rachel Bolan, guitarists Dave Sabo and Scotti Hill, drummer Rob Hammersmith and vocalist ZP Theart. The group achieved commercial success in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with its first two albums Skid Row (1989) and Slave to the Grind (1991) certified multi-platinum, the latter of which reached number one on the Billboard 200. The band's third album Subhuman Race (1995) was also critically acclaimed, but failed to repeat the success of its predecessors. During this period, the band consisted of Bolan, Sabo, Hill, drummer Rob Affuso, and frontman Sebastian Bach. The band had sold 20 million albums worldwide by the end of 1996." }, "Lunar phase-16": { "title": "Lunar phase", "section": "Calendar", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Similarly, on a calendar listing moonrise or moonset times, some days will appear to be skipped. When moonrise precedes midnight one night, the next moonrise will follow midnight on the next night (so too with moonset). The \"skipped day\" is just a feature of the Moon's eastward movement in relation to the Sun, which at most latitudes, causes the Moon to rise later each day. The Moon follows a predictable orbit every month." }, "Snoop Dogg-2": { "title": "Snoop Dogg", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Snoop's debut album, Doggystyle, produced by Dr. Dre, was released in 1993 by Death Row Records. Bolstered by excitement driven by Snoop's featuring on The Chronic, the album debuted at number one on both the Billboard 200 and Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts. Selling almost a million copies in the first week of its release, Doggystyle became certified quadruple platinum in 1994 and spawned several hit singles, including \"What's My Name?\" and \"Gin & Juice\". In 1994 Snoop released a soundtrack on Death Row Records for the short film Murder Was the Case, starring himself. His second album, Tha Doggfather (1996), also debuted at number one on both charts, with \"Snoop's Upside Ya Head\" as the lead single. The album was certified double platinum in 1997." }, "Demographics of Quebec-21": { "title": "Demographics of Quebec", "section": "Religion", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Quebec is unique among the provinces in its overwhelmingly Roman Catholic population, though now has a low church attendance. This is a legacy of colonial times when only Roman Catholics were permitted to settle in New France." }, "Blue Lives Matter-1": { "title": "Blue Lives Matter", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Blue Lives Matter is a countermovement in the United States advocating that those who are prosecuted and convicted of killing law enforcement officers should be sentenced under hate crime statutes. It was started in response to Black Lives Matter after the homicides of NYPD officers Rafael Ramos and Wenjian Liu in Brooklyn, New York on December 20, 2014." }, "Egg-10": { "title": "Egg", "section": "Eggs of different animal groups", "headers": [ "Bird eggs" ], "para_index": 10, "content": "Bird eggs are laid by females and incubated for a time that varies according to the species; a single young hatches from each egg. Average clutch sizes range from one (as in condors) to about 17 (the grey partridge). Some birds lay eggs even when not fertilized (e.g. hens); it is not uncommon for pet owners to find their lone bird nesting on a clutch of unfertilized eggs, which are sometimes called wind-eggs." }, "Stone Cold Steve Austin-15": { "title": "Stone Cold Steve Austin", "section": "Professional wrestling career", "headers": [ "Extreme Championship Wrestling (1995)" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Whipwreck, who was the ECW World Heavyweight Champion at the time, defeated Austin for the title at November to Remember on November 18. During this time, Austin learned Whipwreck's finishing move (the Whipper-Snapper) and would adopt it and popularize it in his later career as the Stone Cold Stunner. The Sandman defeated Austin and Whipwreck in a triple threat match at December to Dismember on December 9 for the ECW World Heavyweight Championship. Heyman would later state that he had wanted Austin to win the title, but Austin had refused because he felt he was more effective \"as the hunter, rather than the hunted\"." }, "Korean pronouns-20": { "title": "Korean pronouns", "section": "Second person reference", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Leaving out the subject of the sentence if it can be implied by the context. In English, sentences need explicit subjects, but this is not so in conversational Korean. Using the person's name when talking to someone younger. With older people, it is custom to use either a title or kinship term (see next point). Using a kinship term: \uc5b8\ub2c8 (eonni, \"older sister\" if speaker is female), \ub204\ub098 (nuna, \"older sister\" if speaker is male), \uc624\ube60 (oppa, \"older brother\" if speaker is female), \ud615 (hyeong, \"older brother\" if speaker is male), \uc544\uc90c\ub9c8 (ajumma, \"middle-aged woman\"), \uc544\uc8fc\uba38\ub2c8 (ajumeoni, also \"middle aged woman\" but more polite), \uc544\uc800\uc528 (ajeossi, \"middle-aged man\"), \ud560\uba38\ub2c8 (halmeoni, \"grandmother\") of \ud560\uc544\ubc84\uc9c0 (harabeoji, \"grandfather\"). In Korea, it is common to use kinship terms for people who are not family at all. The term \uc544\uac00\uc528 (agassi, \"young lady\") is preferable when addressing a young girl of unknown age. It is seen mostly used in public places like restaurants, but it will also sometimes be used by men in pick-up lines. By definition, the actual difference between \uc544\uac00\uc528 and \uc544\uc90c\ub9c8 reside in marriage status and not age. Using the appropriate title, usually ending in -nim: seonsaengnim ( \uc120\uc0dd\ub2d8, \"teacher\" although it is also often used as a general honorific term for other professions like managers) or gwajangnim (\uacfc\uc7a5\ub2d8 \"director\"), etc. Using the plural yeoreobun (\uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84, \"ladies and gentlemen\") where applicable. If none of the above is possible, an honorific common noun, such as dangsin (\ub2f9\uc2e0, \"said body\") or jane (\uc790\ub124, \"oneself\") (used for \"you\" in the familiar speech level). The pseudo-pronoun dangsin is actually a noun, from the Sino-Korean loanword \u7576\u8eab \"the aforementioned body\". There are many such pseudo-pronouns in Korean." }, "Hammer-3": { "title": "Hammer", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The claw hammer has a \"claw\" to pull nails out of wood, and is commonly found in an inventory of household tools in North America. Other types of hammer vary in shape, size, and structure, depending on their purposes. Hammers used in many trades include sledgehammers, mallets, and ball-peen hammers. Although most hammers are hand tools, powered hammers, such as steam hammers and trip hammers, are used to deliver forces beyond the capacity of the human arm. There are over 40 different types of hammers that have many different types of uses." }, "Orientalism-1": { "title": "Orientalism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In art history, literature and cultural studies, Orientalism is the imitation or depiction of aspects in the Eastern world. These depictions are usually done by writers, designers, and artists from the West. In particular, Orientalist painting, depicting more specifically \"the Middle East\", was one of the many specialisms of 19th-century academic art, and the literature of Western countries took a similar interest in Oriental themes." }, "Passover-87": { "title": "Passover", "section": "Sermons, liturgy, and song", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 87, "content": "Ashkenazi foods Matzah brei \u2013 Matzo softened in milk or water and fried with egg and fat; served either savory or sweet Matzo kugel \u2013 A kugel made with matzo instead of noodles Charoset \u2013 A sweet mixture of fruit, fresh, dried or both; nuts; spices; honey; and sometimes wine. The charoset is a symbol of the mortar the Israelites used for building while enslaved in Egypt (See Passover seder) Chrain \u2013 Horseradish and beet relish Gefilte fish \u2013 Poached fish patties or fish balls made from a mixture of ground, de-boned fish, mostly carp or pike Chicken soup with matzah balls (kneydlach) \u2013 Chicken soup served with matzo-meal dumplings Passover noodles \u2013 Noodles prepared from potato flour and eggs, served in soup. Batter is fried like thin crepes, which are stacked, rolled up and sliced into ribbons. Sephardi foods Kafteikas di prasa \u2013 Fried balls made of leeks, meat, and matzo meal Lamb or chicken leg \u2013 A symbol of God's strong hand, and korban pesach Mina (pastel di pesach) \u2013 a meat pie made with matzos Spring green vegetables \u2013 artichoke, fava beans, peas The story of Passover, with its message that slaves can go free, and that the future can be better than the present, has inspired a number of religious sermons, prayers, and songs\u00a0\u2013 including spirituals (what used to be called \"Negro Spirituals\"), within the African-American community." }, "Des Moines, Iowa-106": { "title": "Des Moines, Iowa", "section": "Sports and recreation", "headers": [ "Parks and recreation" ], "para_index": 106, "content": "Gray's Lake, part of the 167 acres (68\u00a0ha) of Gray's Lake Park, features a boat rental facility, fishing pier, floating boardwalks, and a park resource center. Located just south of the downtown, the centerpiece of the park is a lighted 1.9-mile (3.1\u00a0km) Kruidenier Trail, encircling it entirely." }, "Ontario-2": { "title": "Ontario", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west, Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north, and Quebec to the east and northeast, and to the south by the U.S. states of (from west to east) Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Almost all of Ontario's 2,700\u00a0km (1,678\u00a0mi) border with the United States follows inland waterways: from the westerly Lake of the Woods, eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system. These include Rainy River, Pigeon River, Lake Superior, St. Marys River, Lake Huron, St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, Detroit River, Lake Erie, Niagara River, Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston, Ontario, to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall, Ontario. There is only about 1\u00a0km (0.6\u00a0mi) of land border, made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border." }, "Baby boomers-1": { "title": "Baby boomers", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Baby boomers are the demographic cohort following the Silent Generation and preceding Generation X. The generation is most often defined as individuals born between 1946 and 1964, during the post\u2013World War II baby boom. The baby boom has been described variously as a \"shockwave\" and as \"the pig in the python\"; in particular, 76 million Americans were born during this timeframe." }, "Lapidary-12": { "title": "Lapidary", "section": "Techniques", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "citation needed] Another specialized form of lapidary work is the inlaying of marble and gemstones into a marble matrix. This technique is known in English as pietra dura, for the hardstones that are used, like onyx, Jasper and carnelian. In Florence and Naples, where the technique was developed in the 16th century, it is called opere di commessi. The Medici Chapel at San Lorenzo in Florence is completely veneered with inlaid hard stones. The specialty of micromosaics, which developed in the late-18th century in Naples and Rome, is sometimes covered under the umbrella term of lapidary work. In this technique, minute slivers of glass are assembled to create still life, cityscape views, and other images. In China, lapidary work specializing in jade carving has been continuous since at least the Shang dynasty." }, "Candy cane-1": { "title": "Candy cane", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A candy cane is a cane-shaped stick candy often associated with Christmastide, as well as Saint Nicholas Day. It is traditionally white with red stripes and flavored with peppermint, but they also come in a variety of other flavors and colors." }, "John, King of England-67": { "title": "John, King of England", "section": "Failure in France and the First Barons' War (1215\u20131216)", "headers": [ "War with the barons" ], "para_index": 67, "content": "Prince Louis intended to land in the south of England in May 1216, and John assembled a naval force to intercept him. Unfortunately for John, his fleet was dispersed by bad storms and Louis landed unopposed in Kent. John hesitated and decided not to attack Louis immediately, either due to the risks of open battle or over concerns about the loyalty of his own men. Louis and the rebel barons advanced west and John retreated, spending the summer reorganising his defences across the rest of the kingdom. John saw several of his military household desert to the rebels, including his half-brother, William Longesp\u00e9e. By the end of the summer the rebels had regained the south-east of England and parts of the north." }, "Pickling-3": { "title": "Pickling", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "When both salt concentration and temperature are low, Leuconostoc mesenteroides dominates, producing a mix of acids, alcohol, and aroma compounds. At higher temperatures Lactobacillus plantarum dominates, which produces primarily lactic acid. Many pickles start with Leuconostoc, and change to Lactobacillus with higher acidity." }, "Olympiastadion (Berlin)-1": { "title": "Olympiastadion (Berlin)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Olympiastadion (German pronunciation: [\u0294o\u02c8l\u028fmpi\u032fa\u02d0\u02cc\u0283ta\u02d0di\u032f\u0254n]) is a sports stadium at Olympiapark Berlin in Berlin, Germany. It was originally built by Werner March for the 1936 Summer Olympics. During the Olympics, the record attendance was thought to be over 100,000. Today the stadium is part of the Olympiapark Berlin." }, "Woodlouse-2": { "title": "Woodlouse", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The first woodlice were marine isopods which are presumed to have colonised land in the Carboniferous. They have many common names and although often referred to as 'terrestrial Isopods' some species live semiterrestrially or have recolonised aquatic environments. Woodlice in the families Armadillidae, Armadillidiidae, Eubelidae, Tylidae and some other genera can roll up into a roughly spherical shape as a defensive mechanism; others have partial rolling ability but most cannot conglobate at all." }, "Milk-59": { "title": "Milk", "section": "Processing", "headers": [ "Creaming and homogenization" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "Upon standing for 12 to 24 hours, fresh milk has a tendency to separate into a high-fat cream layer on top of a larger, low-fat milk layer. The cream often is sold as a separate product with its own uses. Today the separation of the cream from the milk usually is accomplished rapidly in centrifugal cream separators. The fat globules rise to the top of a container of milk because fat is less dense than water." }, "Joe Alaskey-2": { "title": "Joe Alaskey", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Alaskey was one of Mel Blanc's successors at the Warner Bros. Animation studio until his death. He alternated with Jeff Bergman and Greg Burson (and occasionally Billy West) in voicing Warner Bros. cartoon characters such as Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Sylvester, Tweety, Elmer Fudd, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Pep\u00e9 Le Pew, Marvin the Martian, Speedy Gonzales, Wile E. Coyote and Taz, among many others. He also voiced Plucky Duck on Tiny Toon Adventures from 1990 to 1995. Alaskey was the second actor to voice Grandpa Lou Pickles on the Nickelodeon cartoon Rugrats (inheriting the role after David Doyle's death in 1997). He voiced Lou again in the Rugrats spin-off series All Grown Up!, as well as the Rugrats film trilogy. He also voiced Uncle Stinkie in Casper, as well as the film's 1996 animated spin-off The Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper." }, "Capsaicin-2": { "title": "Capsaicin", "section": "Natural function", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Capsaicin is present in large quantities in the placental tissue (which holds the seeds), the internal membranes and, to a lesser extent, the other fleshy parts of the fruits of plants in the genus Capsicum. The seeds themselves do not produce any capsaicin, although the highest concentration of capsaicin can be found in the white pith of the inner wall, where the seeds are attached." }, "Hippopotamus-13": { "title": "Hippopotamus", "section": "Taxonomy and origins", "headers": [ "Evolution" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Hippopotamidae are believed to have evolved in Africa; the oldest known hippopotamid is the genus Kenyapotamus, which lived in Africa from 16 to 8 million years ago. While hippopotamid species spread across Asia and Europe, no hippos have ever been discovered in the Americas, although various anthracothere genera emigrated into North America during the early Oligocene. From 7.5 to 1.8 million years ago, an ancestor to the modern hippo, Archaeopotamus, lived in Africa and the Middle East." }, "Katharine Hepburn-1": { "title": "Katharine Hepburn", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Katharine Houghton Hepburn (May 12, 1907\u00a0\u2013 June 29, 2003) was an American actress who was a leading lady in Hollywood for more than 60 years. She appeared in a range of genres, from screwball comedy to literary drama, and she received a record (for any gender) four Academy Awards for Lead Acting Performances, plus eight further nominations. In 1999, Hepburn was named by the American Film Institute the greatest female star of Classic Hollywood Cinema. She was known for her fierce independence and spirited personality." }, "Origin of speech-14": { "title": "Origin of speech", "section": "Evolution of the speech organs", "headers": [ "Larynx" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "The larynx or voice box is an organ in the neck housing the vocal folds, which are responsible for phonation. In humans, the larynx is descended, it is positioned lower than in other primates.This is because the evolution of humans to an upright position shifted the head directly above the spinal cord, forcing everything else downward. The repositioning of the larynx resulted in a longer cavity called the pharynx, which is responsible for increasing the range and clarity of the sound being produced. Other primates have almost no pharynx; therefore, their vocal power is significantly lower. Our species is not unique in this respect: goats, dogs, pigs and tamarins lower the larynx temporarily, to emit loud calls. Several deer species have a permanently lowered larynx, which may be lowered still further by males during their roaring displays. Lions, jaguars, cheetahs and domestic cats also do this. However, laryngeal descent in nonhumans (according to Philip Lieberman) is not accompanied by descent of the hyoid; hence the tongue remains horizontal in the oral cavity, preventing it from acting as a pharyngeal articulator." }, "Miami-20": { "title": "Miami", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Miami has a tropical monsoon climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification Am) with a marked drier season in the winter. Although it is much colder than other tropical places in the winter, and does get occasional 40 degree Fahrenheit lows, it still meets the minimum requirements to be a transitional tropical climate. The city's sea-level elevation, coastal location, position just above the Tropic of Cancer, and proximity to the Gulf Stream shape its climate. Average winter high temperatures, from December to March, range from 76.4\u201380.3\u00a0\u00b0F (24.7\u201326.8\u00a0\u00b0C). January is the coolest month with an average daily temperature of 68.2\u00a0\u00b0F (20.1\u00a0\u00b0C). Low temperatures fall below 50\u00a0\u00b0F (10\u00a0\u00b0C) about 10\u201315 nights during the winter season,[citation needed] after the passage of cold fronts that produce much of the winter rainfall." }, "International 9000-6": { "title": "International 9000", "section": "First generation (Transtar; 1971-1985)", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "At its launch, the Transtar 4200/4300 was offered with a range of diesel engines, with the 4200 offered with V8 engines and inline-engines for the longer-hood 4300. A Detroit Diesel 260 hp 8V71 V8 was standard on the 4270, with a 230 hp Cummins NH inline-6 standard on the 4370; the latter model was offered with a 434 hp Detroit Diesel 12V71 V12. The engines were paired with manual transmissions, ranging from 5 to 16 speeds (along with optional 4-speed auxiliary transmission). At the end of the 1970s, the 4300 was fitted with the largest diesel engines ever fitted in a road-going vehicle, including the 450 hp Cummins KT inline-6 (1150 cubic inches) and the Caterpillar 3408 V8 (1099 cubic inches)." }, "Blood cell-9": { "title": "Blood cell", "section": "White blood cells", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The condition of having too few white blood cells is leukopenia, while having too many is leukocytosis. There are individual terms for the lack or overabundance of specific types of white blood cells. The number of white blood cells in circulation is commonly increased in the incidence of infection. Many hematological cancers are based on the inappropriate production of white blood cells." }, "Luck-24": { "title": "Luck", "section": "Interpretations", "headers": [ "As a self-fulfilling prophecy" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "In personality psychology, people reliably differ from each other depending on four key aspects: beliefs in luck, rejection of luck, being lucky, and being unlucky. People who believe in good luck are more optimistic, more satisfied with their lives, and have better moods. People who believe they are personally unlucky experience more anxiety, and less likely to take advantage of unexpected opportunities. One 2010 study found that golfers who were told they were using a \"lucky ball\" performed better than those who were not." }, "Maize-4": { "title": "Maize", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Pre-Columbian development" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Most historians believe maize was domesticated in the Tehuac\u00e1n Valley of Mexico. Recent research in the early 21st century has modified this view somewhat; scholars now indicate the adjacent Balsas River Valley of south-central Mexico as the center of domestication." }, "Brown Eyed Girl-7": { "title": "Brown Eyed Girl", "section": "Legacy", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Morrison's original recording of \"Brown Eyed Girl\" remains widely familiar today, as the uncensored version is regularly played by many \"oldies\" and \"classic rock\" radio stations. In 2005, Morrison received a Million-Air certificate by BMI as a \"Top European Writer\" for reaching 7 million US radio and television airplays for \"Brown Eyed Girl\" and again in 2007, Morrison was awarded another Million-Air certificate by BMI for 8 million air plays of \"Brown Eyed Girl\". In 2009, \"Brown Eyed Girl\" was at the top of the list for most played songs at the BMI London awards winning a Million-Air certificate for 9 million air plays. In 2011, \"Brown Eyed Girl\" joined an elite group of songs as it was honoured for having 10 million US radio air plays and therefore becoming one of the ten songs that have been registered with BMI that have received that number of radio plays. As of 2015, \"Brown Eyed Girl\" remains the most downloaded and most played song of the entire 1960s decade." }, "Family Guy-9": { "title": "Family Guy", "section": "Premise", "headers": [ "Setting" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The primary setting of Family Guy is Quahog (/\u02c8ko\u028ah\u0252\u0261/ [pron. ko-hog or kwo-hog]), a fictional district of Providence, Rhode Island that was founded by Peter's ancestor, Griffin Peterson. MacFarlane resided in Providence during his time as a student at Rhode Island School of Design, and the show contains distinct Rhode Island landmarks similar to real-world locations. MacFarlane often borrows the names of Rhode Island locations and icons such as Pawtucket and Buddy Cianci for use in the show. MacFarlane, in an interview with a news program on WNAC-TV, Channel 64 in Providence, stated that the town is modeled after Cranston, Rhode Island." }, "Darth Vader-16": { "title": "Darth Vader", "section": "Creation and development", "headers": [ "Design" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Darth Vader designers Working from McQuarrie's designs, the costume designer John Mollo devised a costume that could be worn by an actor on-screen using a combination of clerical robes, a motorcycle suit, a German military helmet and a gas mask. The prop sculptor Brian Muir created the helmet and armour used in the film." }, "Spam (food)-3": { "title": "Spam (food)", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Spam was introduced by Hormel on July 5, 1937. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America states that the product was intended to increase the sale of pork shoulder which was not a very popular cut. Ken Daigneau, brother of a company executive, won a $100 prize that year in a competition to name the new item. Hormel claims that the meaning of the name \"is known by only a small circle of former Hormel Foods executives\", but popular beliefs are that the name is an abbreviation of \"spiced ham\"." }, "Social distancing-9": { "title": "Social distancing", "section": "Definition", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, the CDC revised the definition of social distancing as \"remaining out of congregrate settings, avoiding mass gatherings, and maintaining distance (approximately six feet or two meters) from others when possible\". It is not clear why six feet was chosen. Recent studies have suggested that droplets from a sneeze or forceful breathing during exercise can travel over six meters. Some have suggested the required distance is based on debunked research from the 1930s and 1940s or confusion regarding units of measurement. Researchers and science writers have recommended that larger social distances and/or both mask wearing and social distancing be required." }, "Nikola Tesla-2": { "title": "Nikola Tesla", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Born and raised in the Austrian Empire, Tesla studied engineering and physics in the 1870s without receiving a degree, and gained practical experience in the early 1880s working in telephony and at Continental Edison in the new electric power industry. In 1884 he emigrated to the United States, where he became a naturalized citizen. He worked for a short time at the Edison Machine Works in New York City before he struck out on his own. With the help of partners to finance and market his ideas, Tesla set up laboratories and companies in New York to develop a range of electrical and mechanical devices. His alternating current (AC) induction motor and related polyphase AC patents, licensed by Westinghouse Electric in 1888, earned him a considerable amount of money and became the cornerstone of the polyphase system which that company eventually marketed." }, "Coffee-5": { "title": "Coffee", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "The two most commonly grown are C. arabica and C. robusta. Coffee plants are now cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in the equatorial regions of the Americas, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and Africa. As of 2018[update], Brazil was the leading grower of coffee beans, producing one-third of the world total. Coffee is a major export commodity, being the top legal agricultural export for numerous countries.[failed verification] It is one of the most valuable commodities exported by developing countries. Green, unroasted coffee is one of the most traded agricultural commodities in the world. The way developed countries trade coffee with developing nations has been criticised, as well as the impact on the environment with regards to the clearing of land for coffee-growing and water use. Consequently, the markets for fair trade and organic coffee are expanding." }, "Bell pepper-1": { "title": "Bell pepper", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The bell pepper (also known as sweet pepper, pepper or capsicum /\u02c8k\u00e6ps\u026ak\u0259m/) is the fruit of plants in the Grossum cultivar group of the species Capsicum annuum. Cultivars of the plant produce fruits in different colours, including red, yellow, orange, green, white, and purple. Bell peppers are sometimes grouped with less pungent pepper varieties as \"sweet peppers\". While they are fruits\u2014botanically classified as berries\u2014they are commonly used as a vegetable ingredient or side dish." }, "Bagel-31": { "title": "Bagel", "section": "Non-traditional doughs and types", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "A flat bagel, known as a 'flagel', can be found in a few locations in and around New York City, Long Island, and Toronto. According to a review attributed to New York's Village Voice food critic Robert Seitsema, the flagel was first created by Brooklyn's 'Tasty Bagels' deli in the early 1990s." }, "Yankee Candle-14": { "title": "Yankee Candle", "section": "Products", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 14, "content": "citation needed] Yankee Candle Company markets an array of products, including candles of various scents and sizes, scented wax tarts, candle accessories, votive candles (samplers), votive candle holders, tart warmers, jar toppers (for use with the Housewarmer line of candles), reed diffusers, Electric Home Fragrance units (scented wall plug-ins), car scents, room sprays, Good Air products, and more. They also periodically release a range of limited edition candles such as 'Chocolate Layer Cake'." }, "Petroleum jelly-15": { "title": "Petroleum jelly", "section": "Uses", "headers": [ "Skin and hair care", "Preventing moisture loss" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "This property is exploited to provide heat insulation: petroleum jelly can be used to keep swimmers warm in water when training or during channel crossings or long ocean swims. It can prevent chilling of the face due to evaporation of skin moisture during cold weather outdoor sports." }, "Indiana Jones-8": { "title": "Indiana Jones", "section": "Appearances", "headers": [ "Films" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "In the 1984 prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, set in 1935, Jones travels to India and attempts to free enslaved children and the three Sankara stones from the bloodthirsty Thuggee cult. He is aided by Short Round, a boy played by Jonathan Ke quan, and is accompanied by singer Willie Scott (Kate Capshaw). The prequel is not as centered on archaeology as Raiders of the Lost Ark and is considerably darker." }, "Mason bee-11": { "title": "Mason bee", "section": "Management", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Solitary bees produce neither honey nor beeswax. They are immune from acarine and Varroa mites, but have their own unique parasites, pests, and diseases. The nesting habits of many Osmia lend themselves to easy cultivation, and a number of Osmia are commercially propagated in different parts of the world to improve pollination in fruit and nut production. Commercial pollinators include O. lignaria, O. bicornis, O. cornuta, O. cornifrons, O. ribifloris, and O. californica. They are used both as an alternative to and as an augmentation for European honey bees. Mason bees used for orchard and other agricultural applications are all readily attracted to nesting holes \u2013 reeds, paper tubes, nesting trays, or drilled blocks of wood; in their dormant season they can be transported as intact nests (tubes, blocks, etc.), or as loose cocoons. As is characteristic of solitary bees, Osmia are very docile and rarely sting when handled (only under distress such as when wet or squeezed), their sting is small and not painful, and their stinger is unbarbed." }, "Brown rockfish-2": { "title": "Brown rockfish", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The brown rockfish has a body colored in various shades of brown. In this species, the background color is overlaid with dark-brown, red-brown, or blackish mottling. The rear area of the gill cover has a prominent dark patch which probably inspired its Latin name auriculatus, meaning \"eared\". This blotch may become faint in larger specimens. Stripes of red-brown, brown, or orange radiate back from the upper jaw and eyes. Brown rockfish in Puget Sound and off central California commonly have coronal spines, while in southern California waters, these spine are generally absent. The brown rockfish often resembles the copper rockfish, but the latter lack the dark patch on their gill cover and have lighter areas along their lateral line. The brown rockfish may also be confused with the vermillion rockfish in deep water, and the grass rockfish in shallow water. Along the Pacific coast of the United States, more than one population of these fish may exist. The brown rockfish can grow to about 56\u00a0cm (22.0\u00a0in) in length, with the females being potentially larger than the males. Both sexes have similar growth rates and life spans, and are known to live to at least 34 years of age." }, "Reddit-2": { "title": "Reddit", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "As of July 2019, Reddit ranks as the No.\u00a05 most visited website in the U.S. and No.\u00a013 in the world, according to Alexa Internet, with 55% of its user base coming from the United States, followed by the United Kingdom at 7.4% and Canada at 5.8%." }, "Sloth moth-4": { "title": "Sloth moth", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Sloth moths are thought to get nutrients from the secretions of the sloths' skin and the algae present on the fur, as well as protection from avian predators." }, "Moulin Rouge-2": { "title": "Moulin Rouge", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The original house, which burned down in 1915, was co-founded in 1889 by Charles Zidler and Joseph Oller, who also owned the Paris Olympia. Close to Montmartre in the Paris district of Pigalle on Boulevard de Clichy in the 18th arrondissement, it is marked by the red windmill on its roof. The closest m\u00e9tro station is Blanche." }, "Jesus-3": { "title": "Jesus", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Christian doctrines include the beliefs that Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit, was born of a virgin named Mary, performed miracles, founded the Christian Church, died by crucifixion as a sacrifice to achieve atonement for sin, rose from the dead, and ascended into Heaven, from where he will return. Most Christians believe Jesus enables people to be reconciled to God. The Nicene Creed asserts that Jesus will judge the living and the dead either before or after their bodily resurrection, an event tied to the Second Coming of Jesus in Christian eschatology. The great majority of Christians worship Jesus as the incarnation of God the Son, the second of three persons of the Trinity. A minority of Christian denominations reject Trinitarianism, wholly or partly, as non-scriptural. The birth of Jesus is celebrated annually on December 25 (on the Julian Calendar in some Eastern Churches) as Christmas. His crucifixion is honored on Good Friday and his resurrection on Easter Sunday. The widely used calendar era \"AD\", from the Latin anno Domini (\"year of the Lord\"), and the equivalent alternative \"CE\", are based on the approximate birthdate of Jesus." }, "Friday-3": { "title": "Friday", "section": "Etymology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The name Friday comes from the Old English Fr\u012b\u0121ed\u00e6\u0121, meaning the \"day of Frige\", a result of an old convention associating the Germanic goddess Frigg with the Roman goddess Venus, with whom the day is associated in many different cultures. The same holds for Fr\u012batag in Old High German, Freitag in Modern German, and vrijdag in Dutch." }, "Haram-13": { "title": "Haram", "section": "Forbidden categories of action", "headers": [ "Food and intoxicants" ], "para_index": 13, "content": "Regarding haram meat, Muslims are prohibited from consuming flowing blood. Meats that are considered haram, such as pork, dog, cat, monkey, or any other haram animals, can only be considered lawful in emergencies when a person is facing starvation and his life has to be saved through the consumption of this meat. However, necessity does not exist if the society possesses excess food. Haram foods do not become permissible when a person is in a society with excess food because the Islamic community is like a single body supporting its members, and should offer halal foods to the fellow Muslim." }, "Appalachian Power Park-1": { "title": "Appalachian Power Park", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Appalachian Power Park is the current home field for the West Virginia Power, a minor league baseball team in the South Atlantic League. The Power are a Class-A affiliate of the Seattle Mariners. It also has been used by the baseball programs of West Virginia University, Marshall University, and the University of Charleston. The stadium, which opened in April 2005, is located in the East End of Charleston, West Virginia. It seats 4,500 fans and cost $25 million to build. The dimensions of the field are as follows: left field - 330 feet, center field - 400 feet, right field - 320 feet." }, "Multiculturalism-1": { "title": "Multiculturalism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The term multiculturalism has a range of meanings within the contexts of sociology, of political philosophy, and of colloquial use. In sociology and in everyday usage, it is a synonym for \"ethnic pluralism\", with the two terms often used interchangeably, for example, a cultural pluralism in which various ethnic groups collaborate and enter into a dialogue with one another without having to sacrifice their particular identities. It can describe a mixed ethnic community area where multiple cultural traditions exist (such as New York City) or a single country within which they do (such as Switzerland, Belgium or Russia). Groups associated with an indigenous or autochthonous ethnic group and foreigner ethnic groups are often the focus." }, "Intel-44": { "title": "Intel", "section": "Corporate history", "headers": [ "Acquisitions and investments (2010\u2013present)", "Expansions (2008\u20132011)" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "In April 2011, Intel began a pilot project with ZTE Corporation to produce smartphones using the Intel Atom processor for China's domestic market." }, "Eucharist in the Catholic Church-76": { "title": "Eucharist in the Catholic Church", "section": "Eucharist in the Mass", "headers": [ "Matter for the Sacrament" ], "para_index": 76, "content": "\"\u00a71. Catholic ministers administer the sacraments licitly to Catholic members of the Christian faithful alone, who likewise receive them licitly from Catholic ministers alone, without prejudice to the prescripts of \u00a7\u00a72, 3, and 4 of this canon, and can. 861, \u00a72. \u00a72. Whenever necessity requires it or true spiritual advantage suggests it, and provided that danger of error or of indifferentism is avoided, the Christian faithful for whom it is physically or morally impossible to approach a Catholic minister are permitted to receive the sacraments of penance, Eucharist, and anointing of the sick from non-Catholic ministers in whose Churches these sacraments are valid. \u00a73. Catholic ministers administer the sacraments of penance, Eucharist, and anointing of the sick licitly to members of Eastern Churches which do not have full communion with the Catholic Church if they seek such on their own accord and are properly disposed. This is also valid for members of other Churches which in the judgment of the Apostolic See are in the same condition in regard to the sacraments as these Eastern Churches. \u00a74. If the danger of death is present or if, in the judgment of the diocesan bishop or conference of bishops, some other grave necessity urges it, Catholic ministers administer these same sacraments licitly also to other Christians not having full communion with the Catholic Church, who cannot approach a minister of their own community and who seek such on their own accord, provided that they manifest Catholic faith in respect to these sacraments and are properly disposed. \u00a75. For the cases mentioned in \u00a7\u00a72, 3, and 4, the diocesan bishop or conference of bishops is not to issue general norms except after consultation at least with the local competent authority of the interested non-Catholic Church or community.\" (Code of Canon Law, Canon 844) The bread used for the Eucharist must be wheaten only, and recently made, and the wine must be natural, made from grapes, and not corrupt. The bread is unleavened in the Latin, Armenian and Ethiopic Rites, but is leavened in most Eastern Catholic churches. A small quantity of water is added to the wine." }, "Harold Macmillan-1": { "title": "Harold Macmillan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC, FRS (10\u00a0February 1894\u00a0\u2013 29 December 1986) was a British Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963. Dubbed \"Supermac\", he was known for his pragmatism, wit and unflappability." }, "Protestant Bible-15": { "title": "Protestant Bible", "section": "Books", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Protestant Bibles comprise 39 books of the Old Testament (according to the Jewish Hebrew Bible canon, known especially to non-Protestants as the protocanonical books) and the 27 books of the New Testament for a total of 66 books. Some Protestant Bibles, such as the original King James Version, include 14 additional books known as the Apocrypha, though these are not considered canonical. With the Old Testament, Apocrypha, and New Testament, the total number of books in the Protestant Bible becomes 80. Many modern Protestant Bibles print only the Old Testament and New Testament; there is a 400-year intertestamental period in the chronology of the Christian scriptures between the Old and New Testaments. This period is also known as the \"400 Silent Years\" because it is believed to have been a span where God made no additional canonical revelations to his people." }, "Human digestive system-36": { "title": "Human digestive system", "section": "Components", "headers": [ "Stomach" ], "para_index": 36, "content": "The stomach is a distensible organ and can normally expand to hold about one litre of food. This expansion is enabled by a series of gastric folds in the inner walls of the stomach. The stomach of a newborn baby will only be able to expand to retain about 30 ml." }, "Mario-1": { "title": "Mario", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mario (Japanese: \u30de\u30ea\u30aa, Hepburn: Mario, pronounced\u00a0[ma\u027ei.o]; English: /\u02c8m\u0251\u02d0rio\u028a, \u02c8m\u00e6r-/, Italian:\u00a0[\u02c8ma\u02d0rjo]) is a fictional character in the Mario video game franchise, owned by Nintendo and created by Japanese video game designer Shigeru Miyamoto. Acting as the company's mascot, as well as being the eponymous protagonist of the series, Mario has appeared in over 200 video games since his creation. Depicted as a short, pudgy, Italian plumber who resides in the Mushroom Kingdom, his adventures generally center upon rescuing Princess Peach from the Koopa villain Bowser. His fraternal twin brother and sidekick is Luigi." }, "Official language-39": { "title": "Official language", "section": "In specific countries/territories", "headers": [ "United States" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "English is the de facto national language of the United States. While there is no official language at the federal level, 32 of the 50 U.S. states and all six inhabited U.S. territories have designated English as one, or the only, official language, while courts have found that residents in the 50 states do not have a right to government services in their preferred language. Public debate in the last few decades has focused on whether Spanish should be recognized by the government, or whether all business should be done in English." }, "Jacinda Ardern-1": { "title": "Jacinda Ardern", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Jacinda Kate Laurell Ardern (/d\u0292\u0259\u02c8s\u026and\u0259 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0rd\u025c\u02d0rn/; born 26 July 1980) is a New Zealand politician who has served as the 40th Prime Minister of New Zealand and Leader of the Labour Party since 2017. She has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Mount Albert since March 2017, having first been elected to the House of Representatives as a list MP in 2008." }, "Statue of Freedom-2": { "title": "Statue of Freedom", "section": "Description", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Statue of Freedom is a colossal bronze standing figure 19\u00a01\u20442 feet (5.9\u00a0m) tall and weighing approximately 15,000 pounds (6,800\u00a0kg). Her crest peaks at 288 feet (88 m) above the east front plaza of the U.S. Capitol. She is an allegorical figure whose right hand holds the hilt of a sheathed sword, while a laurel wreath of victory and the Shield of the United States are clasped in her left hand. Her chiton is secured by a brooch inscribed \"U.S.\" and is partially covered by a heavy, Native American\u2013style fringed blanket thrown over her left shoulder. She faces east towards the main entrance of the building and the rising Sun. She wears a military helmet adorned with stars and an eagle's head which is itself crowned by an umbrella-like crest of feathers. Although not actually called \"Columbia\", she shares many of her iconic characteristics. Freedom stands atop a cast-iron globe encircled with one of the national mottoes, E pluribus unum. The lower part of the base is decorated with fasces and wreaths. Ten bronze points tipped with platinum are attached to her headdress, shoulders, and shield for protection from lightning." }, "United Airlines Flight 93-1": { "title": "United Airlines Flight 93", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "United Airlines Flight 93 was a domestic scheduled passenger flight that was hijacked by four al-Qaeda terrorists on board, as part of the September 11 attacks. It crashed into a field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, during an attempt by the passengers and crew to regain control. All 44 people on board were killed, including the four hijackers, but no one on the ground was injured. The aircraft involved, a Boeing 757\u2013222, was flying United Airlines' daily scheduled morning flight from Newark International Airport in New Jersey to San Francisco International Airport in California." }, "Bluetooth-1": { "title": "Bluetooth", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard used for exchanging data between fixed and mobile devices over short distances using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the industrial, scientific and medical radio bands, from 2.402 GHz to 2.480\u00a0GHz, and building personal area networks (PANs). It was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables." }, "Durian-21": { "title": "Durian", "section": "Cultivation and availability", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "The durian is cultivated in tropical regions, and stops growing when mean daily temperatures drop below 22\u00a0\u00b0C (72\u00a0\u00b0F). The centre of ecological diversity for durians is the island of Borneo, where the fruits of the edible species of Durio including D.\u00a0zibethinus, D.\u00a0dulcis, D.\u00a0graveolens, D.\u00a0kutejensis, D.\u00a0oxleyanus, and D.\u00a0testudinarius are sold in local markets." }, "Physics-2": { "title": "Physics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over much of the past two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy." }, "Outline of Denmark-2": { "title": "Outline of Denmark", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Denmark \u2013 country located in Scandinavia of Northern Europe. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries. The mainland is bordered to the south by Germany; Denmark is southwest of Sweden and south of Norway. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland (Jylland) and many islands, most notably Zealand (Sj\u00e6lland), Funen (Fyn), Lolland, Falster and Bornholm as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago. Denmark has long controlled the approach to the Baltic Sea (in a concept known as dominium maris baltici), and these waters are also known as the Danish straits." }, "Crocodylidae-1": { "title": "Crocodylidae", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The crocodylian family Crocodylidae includes the true crocodiles, which are the members of the subfamily Crocodylinae, as well as potentially the false gharial, the only extant member of the subfamily Tomistominae. The latter is a subject of controversy as to whether it is a crocodile or actually belongs in the family Gavialidae. Further genetic analysis has to be done to come to a final conclusion." }, "Darth Vader-33": { "title": "Darth Vader", "section": "Appearances", "headers": [ "Skywalker saga", "Prequel trilogy" ], "para_index": 33, "content": "On Palpatine's orders, Vader leads the 501st Legion to kill everyone in the Jedi Temple, including the children, and then goes to the volcanic planet Mustafar to assassinate the Separatist Council. A distraught Padm\u00e9 goes to Mustafar and begs Vader to return to the light side. Vader refuses and asks her to help him overthrow Palpatine so they can rule the galaxy together. Seeing Obi-Wan on Padm\u00e9's ship, Vader accuses Padm\u00e9 of betraying him and uses the Force to choke her into unconsciousness. Obi-Wan engages Vader in a lightsaber duel that ends with Obi-Wan severing Vader's limbs and leaving him for dead on the banks of a lava flow, severely burned. Palpatine finds Vader and brings him to Coruscant, where his apprentice is resuscitated and his mutilated body rebuilt with the black armor first depicted in the original trilogy. When Vader asks for Padm\u00e9, Palpatine tells Vader that he killed Padm\u00e9 in his rage, and Vader screams in agony. At the end of the film, Vader supervises the construction of the first Death Star alongside Palpatine and Tarkin (Wayne Pygram)." }, "Body water-3": { "title": "Body water", "section": "Location", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Most of animal body water is contained in various body fluids. These include intracellular fluid; extracellular fluid; plasma; interstitial fluid; and transcellular fluid. Water is also contained inside organs, in gastrointestinal, cerebrospinal, peritoneal, and ocular fluids. Adipose tissue contains about 10% of water, while muscle tissue contains about 75%." }, "Television-12": { "title": "Television", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Mechanical" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "citation needed] An American inventor, Charles Francis Jenkins, also pioneered the television. He published an article on \"Motion Pictures by Wireless\" in 1913, but it was not until December 1923 that he transmitted moving silhouette images for witnesses; and it was on 13 June 1925, that he publicly demonstrated synchronized transmission of silhouette pictures. In 1925 Jenkins used the Nipkow disk and transmitted the silhouette image of a toy windmill in motion, over a distance of 5 miles (8\u00a0km), from a naval radio station in Maryland to his laboratory in Washington, D.C., using a lensed disk scanner with a 48-line resolution. He was granted U.S. Patent No. 1,544,156 (Transmitting Pictures over Wireless) on 30 June 1925 (filed 13 March 1922)." }, "CD-ROM-4": { "title": "CD-ROM", "section": "CD-ROM discs", "headers": [ "Media" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "CD-ROMs are identical in appearance to audio CDs, and data are stored and retrieved in a very similar manner (only differing from audio CDs in the standards used to store the data). Discs are made from a 1.2\u00a0mm thick disc of polycarbonate plastic, with a thin layer of aluminium to make a reflective surface. The most common size of CD-ROM is 120\u00a0mm in diameter, though the smaller Mini CD standard with an 80\u00a0mm diameter, as well as shaped compact discs in numerous non-standard sizes and molds (e.g., business card-sized media), are also available." }, "Pearl hunting-2": { "title": "Pearl hunting", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "In most cases the pearl-bearing molluscs live at depths where they are not manually accessible from the surface, and diving or the use of some form of tool is needed to reach them. Historically the molluscs were retrieved by freediving, a technique where the diver descends to the bottom, collects what they can, and surfaces on a single breath. The diving mask improved the ability of the diver to see while underwater. When the surface-supplied diving helmet became available for underwater work, it was also applied to the task of pearl hunting, and the associated activity of collecting pearl shell as a raw material for the manufacture of buttons, inlays and other decorative work. The surface supplied diving helmet greatly extended the time the diver could stay at depth, and introduced the previously unfamiliar hazards of barotrauma of ascent and decompression sickness." }, "Monarchy-16": { "title": "Monarchy", "section": "Characteristics and role", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "A self-proclaimed monarchy is established when a person claims the monarchy without any historical ties to a previous dynasty. There are examples of republican leaders who have proclaimed themselves monarchs: Napoleon I of France declared himself Emperor of the French and ruled the First French Empire after having held the title of First Consul of the French Republic for five years from his seizing power in the coup of 18 Brumaire. President Jean-B\u00e9del Bokassa of the Central African Republic declared himself Emperor of the Central African Empire in 1976. Yuan Shikai, the first formal President of the Republic of China, crowned himself Emperor of the short-lived \"Empire of China\" a few years after the Republic of China was founded." }, "Magma-6": { "title": "Magma", "section": "Physical and chemical properties of magma", "headers": [ "Temperature" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Ultramafic (picritic) SiO2 < 45% Fe\u2013Mg > 8% up to 32%MgO Temperature: up to 1500\u00b0C Viscosity: Very Low Eruptive behavior: gentle or very explosive (kimberilites) Distribution: divergent plate boundaries, hot spots, convergent plate boundaries; komatiite and other ultramafic lavas are mostly Archean and were formed from a higher geothermal gradient and are unknown in the present Mafic (basaltic) SiO2 < 50% FeO and MgO typically < 10 wt% Temperature: up to ~1300\u00b0C Viscosity: Low Eruptive behavior: gentle Distribution: divergent plate boundaries, hot spots, convergent plate boundaries Intermediate (andesitic) SiO2 ~ 60% Fe\u2013Mg: ~ 3%th Temperature: ~1000\u00b0C Viscosity: Intermediate Eruptive behavior: explosive or effusive Distribution: convergent plate boundaries, island arcs Felsic (rhyolitic) SiO2 > 70% Fe\u2013Mg: ~ 2% Temperature: < 900\u00b0C Viscosity: High Eruptive behavior: explosive or effusive Distribution: common in hot spots in continental crust (Yellowstone National Park) and in continental rifts Temperatures of most magmas are in the range 700\u00a0\u00b0C to 1300\u00a0\u00b0C (or 1300\u00a0\u00b0F to 2400\u00a0\u00b0F), but very rare carbonatite magmas may be as cool as 490\u00a0\u00b0C, and komatiite magmas may have been as hot as 1600\u00a0\u00b0C. At any given pressure and for any given composition of rock, a rise in temperature past the solidus will cause melting. Within the solid earth, the temperature of a rock is controlled by the geothermal gradient and the radioactive decay within the rock. The geothermal gradient averages about 25\u00a0\u00b0C/km with a wide range from a low of 5\u201310\u00a0\u00b0C/km within oceanic trenches and subduction zones to 30\u201380\u00a0\u00b0C/km under mid-ocean ridges and volcanic arc environments." }, "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.-12": { "title": "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.", "section": "Characters", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Gomer's personality might best be summed up by the words \"Aw, shucks.\" The Andy Griffith Show Book Gomer Pyle (played by Jim Nabors), from Mayberry, North Carolina, is a good-natured and innocent private whose na\u00efvete constantly annoys his drill instructor, Sergeant Carter. Eventually, however, his \"unquestioning love and trust of the world\" lead those in his platoon to befriend him. His good nature attracts the friendship of women; meanwhile, in so far as Carter's abrasiveness repels women, Gomer is in the position of salvaging numerous social occasions by charming the women whose opinions are important to officers at the Marine base. Gomer was created as a stereotype of a rural American; according to Time, he \"wears a gee-whiz expression, spouts homilies out of a lopsided mouth and lopes around uncertainly like a plowboy stepping through a field of cow dung. He is a walking disaster area.\" Though never promoted beyond private first class during the show's run, Jim Nabors (who played Gomer) was given an honorary promotion to lance corporal in 2001, to corporal in 2007, and then to sergeant in 2013 by the Marines." }, "Pan (god)-19": { "title": "Pan (god)", "section": "Mythology", "headers": [ "Erotic aspects" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Pan's greatest conquest was that of the moon goddess Selene. He accomplished this by wrapping himself in a sheepskin to hide his hairy black goat form, and drew her down from the sky into the forest where he seduced her." }, "Benjamin Franklin-136": { "title": "Benjamin Franklin", "section": "Slavery", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 136, "content": "After returning from England in 1762, Franklin became more anti-slavery. By 1770, Franklin had freed his slaves and attacked the system of slavery and the international slave trade. Franklin, however, refused to publicly debate the issue of slavery at the 1787 Constitutional Convention. Franklin tended to take both sides of the issue of slavery, never fully divesting himself from the institution." }, "Alligator-8": { "title": "Alligator", "section": "Habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "American alligators live in freshwater environments, such as ponds, marshes, wetlands, rivers, lakes, and swamps, as well as in brackish water. When they construct alligator holes in the wetlands, they increase plant diversity and provide habitat for other animals during droughts. They are, therefore, considered an important species for maintaining ecological diversity in wetlands. Farther west, in Louisiana, heavy grazing by coypu and muskrat are causing severe damage to coastal wetlands. Large alligators feed extensively on coypu, and provide a vital ecological service by reducing coypu numbers." }, "Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula-1": { "title": "Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula (/\u02ccju\u02d0k\u0259\u02c8t\u0251\u02d0n/, also UK: /\u02ccj\u028ak-/, US: /-\u02c8t\u00e6n, \u02ccju\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0\u02c8t\u0251\u02d0n/; Spanish: Pen\u00ednsula de Yucat\u00e1n), in southeastern Mexico, separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico, with the northern coastline on the Yucat\u00e1n Channel. The peninsula lies east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a northeastern geographic partition separating the region of Central America from the rest of North America. It is approximately 181,000\u00a0km2 (70,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) in area, and is almost entirely composed of limestone." }, "Musket-1": { "title": "Musket", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A musket is a muzzle-loaded long gun that appeared as a smoothbore weapon in the early 16th century, at first as a heavier variant of the arquebus, capable of penetrating heavy armor. By the mid-16th century, this type of musket went out of use as heavy armor declined, but as the matchlock became standard, the term musket continued as the name given for any long gun with a flintlock, and then its successors, all the way through the mid-1800s. This style of musket was retired in the 19th century when rifled muskets (simply called rifles in modern terminology) became common as a result of cartridged breech-loading firearms introduced by Casimir Lefaucheux in 1835, the invention of the Mini\u00e9 ball by Claude-\u00c9tienne Mini\u00e9 in 1849, and the first reliable repeating rifle produced by Volcanic Repeating Arms in 1854. By the time that repeating rifles became common, they were known as simply \"rifles\", ending the era of the musket." }, "Blanching (cooking)-9": { "title": "Blanching (cooking)", "section": "Technology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Directly following the heat treatment, vegetables/fruits are quickly chilled by cold water. A common alternative to cooling with cold water is cooling with cold air. This method of cooling prevents the leaching of water-soluble nutrients; however, the air causes evaporation and lowers the mass of the vegetable\u2014a monetary disadvantage for industry." }, "Lord Voldemort-12": { "title": "Lord Voldemort", "section": "Appearances", "headers": [ "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Rowling uses several chapters as exposition to establish Voldemort's backstory. In a series of flashbacks, using the pensieve as a plot device, she reveals that Voldemort was the son of the witch Merope Gaunt and a Muggle called Tom Riddle. Riddle abandoned Merope before their child's birth, soon after which Merope died. After living in an orphanage, young Riddle met Dumbledore, who told him he was a wizard and arranged for him to attend Hogwarts. Riddle was outwardly a model student, but was in reality a psychopath who took sadistic pleasure in using his powers to harm and control people. He eventually murdered his father and grandparents as revenge for abandoning him. The book also discusses Riddle's hatred of \"Muggles\", his obsession with Horcruxes, and his desire to split his soul to achieve immortality. Rowling stated Voldemort's conception under the influence of a love potion symbolises the prejudicial circumstances under which he was brought into the world." }, "1980 United States presidential election-1": { "title": "1980 United States presidential election", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The 1980 United States presidential election was the 49th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 4, 1980. Republican nominee Ronald Reagan defeated incumbent Democrat Jimmy Carter. Carter was the first incumbent president to be denied a second term since Herbert Hoover in 1932. Due to the rise of conservatism following Reagan's victory, some historians consider the election to be a realigning election that marked the start of the Reagan Era." }, "Cantonese-11": { "title": "Cantonese", "section": "Geographic distribution", "headers": [ "Mainland China" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Cantonese first developed around the port city of Guangzhou in the Pearl River Delta region of southeastern China. Due to the city's long standing as an important cultural center, Cantonese emerged as the prestige dialect of the Yue varieties of Chinese in the Southern Song dynasty and its usage spread around most of what is now the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi." }, "Peach-38": { "title": "Peach", "section": "Cultivation", "headers": [ "Storage" ], "para_index": 38, "content": "Peaches and nectarines are best stored at temperatures of 0\u00a0\u00b0C (32\u00a0\u00b0F) and high humidity. They are highly perishable, and typically consumed or canned within two weeks of harvest." }, "Huma Abedin-5": { "title": "Huma Abedin", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Both of her parents were educators. Her father, born in New Delhi (India) on April 2, 1928, was an Islamic and Middle Eastern scholar of Indian descent, who received his PhD from the University of Pennsylvania, and then in 1978 founded the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, an organization devoted to the study of Muslim communities in non-Muslim societies around the world. In 1979, he founded the Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, which his wife took over after his death; Huma was listed as an associate editor from 1996\u20132008. Her mother, also born in colonial India (now Pakistan after the 1947 British Partition), also received her PhD from the University of Pennsylvania, and is currently an associate professor of sociology and dean at Dar Al-Hekma College in Jeddah." }, "Traffic collision-1": { "title": "Traffic collision", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A traffic collision, also called a motor vehicle collision (MVC) among other terms, occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other stationary obstruction, such as a tree, pole or building. Traffic collisions often result in injury, disability, death, and property damage as well as financial costs to both society and the individuals involved." }, "Jehovah's Witnesses practices-27": { "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses practices", "section": "Discipline", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 27, "content": "Disfellowshipping is the most severe form of discipline administered. Before taking this step, the judicial committee must determine that the individual has committed a \"serious sin\" and that there is no evidence of true repentance. To judge that repentance is genuine, members of the judicial committee ask questions and review the actions of the accused member. Baptized members who spread teachings contrary to the doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses can be disfellowshipped for apostasy, and a 1981 letter to overseers\u2014reproduced in a book by former Governing Body member Raymond Franz\u2014directed that a member who \"persists in believing other doctrine\", even without promoting such beliefs, may also be subject to disfellowshipping. Once the decision to disfellowship has been made, a person has seven days to appeal, after which, if the person has not appealed, the disfellowshipping will be announced to the congregation; disfellowshipping does not take effect until the announcement is made to the congregation. After a person is disfellowshipped, the person is shunned by all baptized members. Exceptions include cases where a member is forced to have commercial dealings with a member who is disfellowshipped, or if the disfellowshipped member is living with family members who are baptized. In these cases, the Witness is not permitted to speak about religious matters, except in the case of parents conducting a Bible study with a disfellowshipped minor. The extent to which disfellowshipped or disassociated relatives living in the same household are included in family life is left to the discretion of the family. Family members living outside the home who are disfellowshipped have minimal contact." }, "Middle class-37": { "title": "Middle class", "section": "Middle-class shares by income and wealth", "headers": [ "Rising inequality from 1970-2000" ], "para_index": 37, "content": "^ *1: (Middle class and above) \u2013 (Middle class) ^ *2: 100 \u2013 (Middle class and above) During the height of the American Middle Class, in the 1950's and 60's low income workers reaped the benefits of a growing economy. The jobs created were ideal blue collar positions that paid well and strengthened the backbone of the American economy. Jordan Weismann at The Atlantic writes, \u201cThe poorest fifth of all households, in fact, fared best. Then, in the 1970s, amid two oil crises and awful inflation, things ground to a halt. The country backed off the postwar, center-left consensus -- captured by Richard Nixon's comment that \"we're all Keynesians now\" -- and tried Reaganism instead. We cut taxes. Technology and competition from abroad started whittling away at blue collar jobs and pay. The financial markets took off.\u201d Based on a 2012 study by Pew Research Center that looked at the average annual change in mean family income between 1950 and 2010, the middle class peaked in the 1970\u2019s. By the start of the 1980\u2019s the poorest fifth of all households was no longer receiving the lion\u2019s share of the spoils and in fact saw their mean family income decline between 1980-1990. In that same time frame the upper most quintile saw their mean income increase by just over 2% and the top 5% of earners by over 3%. Those numbers grew to 3% and 4% respectively in the 1990\u2019s, while middle and lower class income growth lagged behind with a mild 1% growth." }, "Terence Tao-11": { "title": "Terence Tao", "section": "Research and awards", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "He is a Fellow of the Royal Society, the Australian Academy of Science (Corresponding Member), the National Academy of Sciences (Foreign member), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Mathematical Society. In 2006 he received the Fields Medal \"for his contributions to partial differential equations, combinatorics, harmonic analysis and additive number theory\", and was also awarded the MacArthur Fellowship. He has been featured in The New York Times, CNN, USA Today, Popular Science, and many other media outlets." }, "Sleep apnea-1": { "title": "Sleep apnea", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Sleep apnea, also spelled sleep apnoea, is a sleep disorder where a person has pauses in breathing or periods of shallow breathing during sleep. Each pause can last for a few seconds to a few minutes and they happen many times a night. In the most common form, this follows loud snoring. There may be a choking or snorting sound as breathing resumes. Because the disorder disrupts normal sleep, those affected may experience sleepiness or feel tired during the day. In children it may cause hyperactivity or problems in school." }, "Political views of American academics-1": { "title": "Political views of American academics", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The political views of American academics began to receive attention in the 1930s, and investigation into faculty political views expanded rapidly after the rise of McCarthyism. Demographic surveys of faculty that began in the 1950s and continue to the present have found higher percentages of liberals than of conservatives, particularly among those who work in the humanities and social sciences. Researchers and pundits disagree about survey methodology and about the interpretations of the findings." }, "Capsaicin-17": { "title": "Capsaicin", "section": "Toxicity", "headers": [ "Acute health effects" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "Painful exposures to capsaicin-containing peppers are among the most common plant-related exposures presented to poison centers. They cause burning or stinging pain to the skin and, if ingested in large amounts by adults or small amounts by children, can produce nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and burning diarrhea. Eye exposure produces intense tearing, pain, conjunctivitis, and blepharospasm." }, "Retail-6": { "title": "Retail", "section": "Definition and explanation", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Retail refers to the activity of selling goods or services directly to consumers or end-users. Some retailers may sell to business customers, and such sales are termed non-retail activity. In some jurisdictions or regions, legal definitions of retail specify that at least 80 percent of sales activity must be to end-users." }, "Egg as food-34": { "title": "Egg as food", "section": "Culinary properties", "headers": [ "Storage" ], "para_index": 34, "content": "Careful storage of edible eggs is extremely important, as an improperly handled egg may contain elevated levels of Salmonella bacteria that may cause severe food poisoning. In the US, eggs are washed. This cleans the shell, but erodes its cuticle. The USDA thus recommends refrigerating eggs to prevent the growth of Salmonella." }, "Neon-3": { "title": "Neon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Neon gives a distinct reddish-orange glow when used in low-voltage neon glow lamps, high-voltage discharge tubes and neon advertising signs. The red emission line from neon also causes the well known red light of helium\u2013neon lasers. Neon is used in some plasma tube and refrigerant applications but has few other commercial uses. It is commercially extracted by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Since air is the only source, it is considerably more expensive than helium." }, "Ada Lovelace-20": { "title": "Ada Lovelace", "section": "Biography", "headers": [ "Death" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Lovelace died at the age of 36 on 27 November 1852, from uterine cancer probably exacerbated by bloodletting by her physicians. The illness lasted several months, in which time Annabella took command over whom Ada saw, and excluded all of her friends and confidants. Under her mother's influence, she had a religious transformation and was coaxed into repenting of her previous conduct and making Annabella her executor. She lost contact with her husband after confessing something to him on 30 August which caused him to abandon her bedside. It is not known what she told him. She was buried, at her request, next to her father at the Church of St. Mary Magdalene in Hucknall, Nottinghamshire. A memorial plaque in Latin to her and her father is in the chapel attached to Horsley Towers." }, "Cannabis (drug)-1": { "title": "Cannabis (drug)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Cannabis, also known as marijuana among other names, is a psychoactive drug from the Cannabis plant used primarily for medical or recreational purposes. The main psychoactive component of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is one of the 483 known compounds in the plant, including at least 65 other cannabinoids. Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporizing, within food, or as an extract." }, "Neutral country-1": { "title": "Neutral country", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A neutral country is a state which is neutral towards belligerents in a specific war, or holds itself as permanently neutral in all future conflicts (including avoiding entering into military alliances such as NATO). As a type of non-combatant status, neutral nationals enjoy protection under the law of war from belligerent actions, to a greater extent than other non-combatants such as enemy civilians and prisoners of war." }, "Muhammad-63": { "title": "Muhammad", "section": "Life", "headers": [ "Final years", "Death and tomb" ], "para_index": 63, "content": "A few months after the farewell pilgrimage, Muhammad fell ill and suffered for several days with fever, head pain, and weakness. He died on Monday, 8 June 632, in Medina, at the age of 62 or 63, in the house of his wife Aisha. With his head resting on Aisha's lap, he asked her to dispose of his last worldly goods (seven coins), then spoke his final words:" }, "Henry Ford-1": { "title": "Henry Ford", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 \u2013 April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist and business magnate, founder of the Ford Motor Company and chief developer of the assembly line technique of mass production. By creating the first automobile that middle-class Americans could afford, he converted the automobile from an expensive curiosity into an accessible conveyance that would profoundly impact the landscape of the 20th century." }, "Polo Grounds-1": { "title": "Polo Grounds", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Polo Grounds was the name of three stadiums in Upper Manhattan, New York City, used mainly for professional baseball and American football from 1880 through 1963. The original Polo Grounds, opened in 1876 and demolished in 1889, was built for the sport of polo. Bound on the south and north by 110th and 112th Streets and on the east and west by Fifth and Sixth (Lenox) Avenues, just north of Central Park, it was converted to a baseball stadium when leased by the New York Metropolitans in 1880. The third Polo Grounds, built in 1890 and renovated after a fire in 1911, is the one generally indicated when the Polo Grounds is referenced. It was located in Coogan's Hollow and was noted for its distinctive bathtub shape; very short distances to the left and right field walls, and an unusually deep center field." }, "Laurentia-3": { "title": "Laurentia", "section": "Interior platform", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In eastern and central Canada, much of the stable craton is exposed at the surface as the Canadian Shield; when subsurface extensions are considered, the wider term Laurentian Shield is more common, not least because large parts of the structure extend outside Canada. In the United States, the craton bedrock is covered with sedimentary rocks on the broad interior platform in the Midwest and Great Plains regions and is exposed only in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, the New York Adirondacks, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The sequence of rocks varies from about 1,000 m to in excess of 6,100 m (3,500\u201320,000\u00a0ft) in thickness. The cratonic rocks are metamorphic or igneous with the overlying sedimentary layers composed mostly of limestones, sandstones, and shales. These sedimentary rocks were largely deposited from 650 to 290 million years ago." }, "Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations-8": { "title": "Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations", "section": "States parties to the convention", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "Concerning acquisition of nationality. The head of the mission, the staff of the mission, and their families, shall not acquire the nationality of the receiving country. Concerning compulsory settlement of disputes. Disputes arising from the interpretation of this treaty may be brought before the International Court of Justice. As of October 2018, there are 192 state parties to the convention including all UN member states except Palau, the Solomon Islands, and South Sudan. Included as state parties are the Holy See and State of Palestine, the two UN observer states. The Republic of China signed and ratified the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations on 18 April 1961 and 19 December 1969 respectively prior to the UN granting China's seat to The People's Republic of China. There are no states that have signed the treaty but have not ratified it." }, "Bob Marley-26": { "title": "Bob Marley", "section": "Illness and death", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "In July 1977, Marley was found to have a type of malignant melanoma under the nail of a toe. Contrary to urban legend, this lesion was not primarily caused by an injury during a football match that year but was instead a symptom of already-existing cancer. Marley turned down his doctors' advice to have his toe amputated (which would have hindered his performing career), citing his religious beliefs, and instead, the nail and nail bed were removed and a skin graft was taken from his thigh to cover the area. Despite his illness, he continued touring and was in the process of scheduling a world tour in 1980." }, "The Rush Limbaugh Show-1": { "title": "The Rush Limbaugh Show", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Rush Limbaugh Show is a conservative American talk radio show hosted by Rush Limbaugh on Premiere Networks. Since its nationally syndicated premiere in 1988, The Rush Limbaugh Show has become the highest-rated talk radio show in the United States. The show airs on almost 600 radio stations nationwide." }, "New York City-62": { "title": "New York City", "section": "Geography", "headers": [ "Climate" ], "para_index": 62, "content": "Nighttime temperatures are often enhanced due to the urban heat island effect. Daytime temperatures exceed 90\u00a0\u00b0F (32\u00a0\u00b0C) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100\u00a0\u00b0F (38\u00a0\u00b0C), although this is a rare achievement, last occurring on July 23, 2011. Similarly, readings of 0\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221218\u00a0\u00b0C) are also extremely rare, last occurring on February 14, 2016. Extreme temperatures have ranged from \u221215\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221226\u00a0\u00b0C), recorded on February 9, 1934, up to 106\u00a0\u00b0F (41\u00a0\u00b0C) on July 9, 1936; the coldest recorded wind chill was \u221237\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221238\u00a0\u00b0C) on the same day as the all-time record low. The record cold daily maximum was 2\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221217\u00a0\u00b0C) on December 30, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum was 84\u00a0\u00b0F (29\u00a0\u00b0C), last recorded on July 22, 2011. The average water temperature of the nearby Atlantic Ocean ranges from 39.7\u00a0\u00b0F (4.3\u00a0\u00b0C) in February to 74.1\u00a0\u00b0F (23.4\u00a0\u00b0C) in August." }, "Sesame Street-21": { "title": "Sesame Street", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Research" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "In 1967, when Cooney and her team began to plan the show's development, combining research with television production was, as she put it, \"positively heretical\". Shortly after creating Sesame Street, its producers began to develop what came to be called \"the CTW model\", a system of planning, production, and evaluation that did not fully emerge until the end of the show's first season. According to Morrow, the CTW model consisted of four parts: \"the interaction of receptive television producers and child science experts, the creation of a specific and age-appropriate curriculum, research to shape the program directly, and independent measurement of viewers' learning\"." }, "Organism-1": { "title": "Organism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In biology, an organism (from Greek: \u1f40\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2, organismos) is any individual entity that embodies the properties of life. It is a synonym for \"life form\"." }, "James Webb Space Telescope-1": { "title": "James Webb Space Telescope", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST or \"Webb\") is a space telescope that is planned to be one of the successors to the Hubble Space Telescope. The JWST will provide improved infrared resolution and sensitivity over Hubble, and will enable a broad range of investigations across the fields of astronomy and cosmology, including observing some of the most distant events and objects in the universe, such as the formation of the first galaxies." }, "Abitur-1": { "title": "Abitur", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Abitur (German: [abi\u02c8tu\u02d0\u0250\u032f]) is a qualification granted by university-preparatory schools in Germany, Lithuania, and Estonia. It is conferred on students who pass their final exams at the end of their secondary education, usually after twelve or thirteen years of schooling (see also for Germany Abitur after twelve years). In German, the term Abitur has roots in the archaic word Abiturium, which in turn was derived from the Latin abiturus (future active participle of abire, thus \"someone who is going to leave\")." }, "War in Vietnam (1945\u20131946)-3": { "title": "War in Vietnam (1945\u20131946)", "section": "", "headers": [ "Background" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In July 1945 at Potsdam, Germany, the Allied leaders made the decision to divide Indochina in half\u2014at the 16th parallel\u2014to allow Chiang Kai-shek to receive the Japanese surrender in the North, while Lord Louis Mountbatten would receive the surrender in the South. The Allies agreed that France was the rightful owner of French Indochina, but because France was critically weakened as a result of the German occupation, a British-Indian force was installed in order to help the French Provisional Government in re-establishing control over their former colonial possession." }, "The Last of Us-1": { "title": "The Last of Us", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Last of Us is a 2013 action-adventure game developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. Players control Joel, a smuggler tasked with escorting a teenage girl, Ellie, across a post-apocalyptic United States. The Last of Us is played from a third-person perspective. Players use firearms and improvised weapons, and can use stealth to defend against hostile humans and cannibalistic creatures infected by a mutated strain of the Cordyceps fungus. In the online multiplayer mode, up to eight players engage in cooperative and competitive gameplay." }, "House of Tudor-1": { "title": "House of Tudor", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The House of Tudor was an English royal house of Welsh origin, descended from the Tudors of Penmynydd. Tudor monarchs ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms, including their ancestral Wales and the Lordship of Ireland (later the Kingdom of Ireland) from 1485 until 1603, with five monarchs in that period: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I. The Tudors succeeded the House of Plantagenet as rulers of the Kingdom of England, and were succeeded by the House of Stuart. The first Tudor monarch, Henry VII of England, descended through his mother from a legitimised branch of the English royal House of Lancaster. The Tudor family rose to power in the wake of the Wars of the Roses (1455\u20131487), which left the House of Lancaster, with which the Tudors were aligned, extinct in the male line." }, "Martin Luther-1": { "title": "Martin Luther", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Martin Luther, O.S.A. (/\u02c8lu\u02d0\u03b8\u0259r/; German: [\u02c8ma\u0281ti\u02d0n \u02c8l\u028at\u0250]; 10 November 1483\u00a0\u2013 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, Augustinian monk, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther was ordained to the priesthood in 1507. He came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church; in particular, he disputed the view on indulgences. Luther proposed an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his Ninety-five Theses of 1517. His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo\u00a0X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles\u00a0V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Holy Roman Emperor." }, "Iwo Jima-3": { "title": "Iwo Jima", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The island was the location of the Battle of Iwo Jima between February 1945\u2013March 1945. The island became globally recognized when Joe Rosenthal, who worked for the Associated Press at the time, published his photograph Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, which was photographed on Mount Suribachi. The US military occupied Iwo Jima until 1968, when it was returned to Japan." }, "Tooth enamel-21": { "title": "Tooth enamel", "section": "Enamel loss", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "The high mineral content of enamel, which makes this tissue the hardest in the human body, also makes it susceptible to a demineralization process that often occurs as dental caries, otherwise known as cavities. Demineralization occurs for several reasons, but the most important cause of tooth decay is the ingestion of fermentable carbohydrates." }, "Sandal Castle-9": { "title": "Sandal Castle", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Richard III" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "The castle's last brush with royalty came in 1483 when Richard's eighth son (and twelfth child) Richard III chose it as a northern base and ordered some significant investments. This hope was short lived however as Richard was killed in the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. After this the castle was maintained a little, but gradually declined, with the building of Wakefield Prison in the 1590s leaving it even less useful." }, "Taproot-1": { "title": "Taproot", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A taproot is a large, central, and dominant root from which other roots sprout laterally. Typically a taproot is somewhat straight and very thick, is tapering in shape, and grows directly downward. In some plants, such as the carrot, the taproot is a storage organ so well developed that it has been cultivated as a vegetable." }, "Andre the Giant Has a Posse-2": { "title": "Andre the Giant Has a Posse", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Fairey and fellow Rhode Island School of Design student Ryan Lesser, along with Blaize Blouin, Alfred Hawkins and Mike Mongo created paper and vinyl stickers and posters with an image of the wrestler Andr\u00e9 the Giant and the text \"ANDRE THE GIANT HAS A POSSE 7' 4\", 520\u00a0lb\", (\"7'4\", 520\u00a0lbs\"\u20142.24 m, 236\u00a0kg\u2014famously being Andre the Giant's billed height and weight) as an in-joke directed at hip hop and skater subculture, and then began clandestinely and aggressively propagating and posting them in Providence, Rhode Island, and over the rest of the Eastern United States." }, "Bone-3": { "title": "Bone", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "In the human body at birth, there are approximately 270 bones present; many of these fuse together during development, leaving a total of 212 separate bones in the adult, not counting numerous small sesamoid bones. The largest bone in the body is the femur or thigh-bone, and the smallest is the stapes in the middle ear." }, "The Jungle Book-1": { "title": "The Jungle Book", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Jungle Book (1894) is a collection of stories by the English author Rudyard Kipling. Most of the characters are animals such as Shere Khan the tiger and Baloo the bear, though a principal character is the boy or \"man-cub\" Mowgli, who is raised in the jungle by wolves. The stories are set in a forest in India; one place mentioned repeatedly is \"Seonee\" (Seoni), in the central" }, "Knight-1": { "title": "Knight", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state (including the pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church or the country, especially in a military capacity." }, "Training wheels-1": { "title": "Training wheels", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Play media Training wheels (or stabilisers in British English) are an additional wheel or wheels mounted parallel to the rear wheel of a bicycle that assist learners until they have developed a usable sense of balance on the bicycle. Typically they are used in teaching very young children to ride a bike, although versions for adults exist." }, "Apollo-155": { "title": "Apollo", "section": "Mythology", "headers": [ "Female lovers" ], "para_index": 155, "content": "Coronis, was daughter of Phlegyas, King of the Lapiths. While pregnant with Asclepius, Coronis fell in love with Ischys, son of Elatus and slept with him. When Apollo found out about her infidelity through his prophetic powers, he sent his sister, Artemis, to kill Coronis. Apollo rescued the baby by cutting open Koronis' belly and gave it to the centaur Chiron to raise." }, "Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis-1": { "title": "Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis (/\u02ccnju\u02d0m\u0259no\u028a\u02cc\u028cltr\u0259\u02ccma\u026akr\u0259\u02c8sk\u0252p\u026ak\u02ccs\u026al\u026ako\u028av\u0252l\u02ccke\u026ano\u028a\u02ccko\u028ani\u02c8o\u028as\u026as/ (listen)) is a word coined by the president of the National Puzzlers' League as a synonym for the disease known as silicosis. It is the longest word in the English language published in a dictionary, the Oxford English Dictionary, which defines it as \"an artificial long word said to mean a lung disease caused by inhaling very fine ash and sand dust\"." }, "Aesop's Fables-65": { "title": "Aesop's Fables", "section": "Musical treatments", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 65, "content": "The commonest approach in building a musical bridge to children has involved using a narrator with musical backing. Following the example of Sergei Prokoviev in \"Peter and the Wolf\" (1936), Vincent Persichetti set six for narrator and orchestra in his Fables (Op. 23 1943). Richard Maltz also composed his Aesop's Fables (1993) to introduce the instruments of the orchestra to elementary students and to teach them about the elements of music, and Daniel Dorff's widely performed 3 Fun Fables (1996) has contrasting instruments interpreting characters: in \"The Fox and the Crow\" it is trumpet and contrabass; in \"The Dog and Its Reflection\" it is trombone and violin, harp and percussion; in \"The Tortoise and the Hare\" it is contrabassoon and clarinet. Others simply adapt the narrator's voice to a musical backing. They include Scott Watson's Aesop's Fables and Anthony Plog's set of five for narrator, horn and piano (1989)." }, "Giza pyramid complex-17": { "title": "Giza pyramid complex", "section": "Construction", "headers": [ "Purpose" ], "para_index": 17, "content": "The pyramids of Giza and others are thought to have been constructed to house the remains of the deceased pharaohs who ruled over Ancient Egypt. A portion of the pharaoh's spirit called his ka was believed to remain with his corpse. Proper care of the remains was necessary in order for the \"former Pharaoh to perform his new duties as king of the dead.\" It's theorized the pyramid not only served as a tomb for the pharaoh, but also as a storage pit for various items he would need in the afterlife. \"The people of Ancient Egypt believed that death on Earth was the start of a journey to the next world.\" The embalmed body of the King was entombed underneath or within the pyramid to protect it and allow his transformation and ascension to the afterlife." }, "Hot potato-1": { "title": "Hot potato", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hot potato is a party game that involves players gathering in a circle and tossing a small object such as a beanbag or even a real potato to each other while music plays. The player who is holding the object when the music stops is eliminated." }, "Veganism-31": { "title": "Veganism", "section": "Vegan diet", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "Vegan cuisine at Wikibook Cookbooks Vegan diets are based on grains and other seeds, legumes (particularly beans), fruits, vegetables, edible mushrooms, and nuts." }, "Nobel Prize-21": { "title": "Nobel Prize", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Prize in Economic Sciences" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "In 1968, Sweden's central bank Sveriges Riksbank celebrated its 300th anniversary by donating a large sum of money to the Nobel Foundation to be used to set up a prize in honour of Alfred Nobel. The following year, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was awarded for the first time. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences became responsible for selecting laureates. The first laureates for the Economics Prize were Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch \"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes\". The Board of the Nobel Foundation decided that after this addition, it would allow no further new prizes." }, "Compass-19": { "title": "Compass", "section": "Modern compasses", "headers": [ "Solid state compasses" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "Small compasses found in clocks, mobile phones, and other electronic devices are solid-state microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) compasses, usually built out of two or three magnetic field sensors that provide data for a microprocessor. Often, the device is a discrete component which outputs either a digital or analog signal proportional to its orientation. This signal is interpreted by a controller or microprocessor and either used internally, or sent to a display unit. The sensor uses highly calibrated internal electronics to measure the response of the device to the Earth's magnetic field." }, "Harry Potter (film series)-30": { "title": "Harry Potter (film series)", "section": "Production", "headers": [ "Cast and crew" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "Aside from the three lead actors, other notable cast members include Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid, Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy, Alan Rickman as Severus Snape, and Dame Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall. Richard Harris, who played the role of Professor Albus Dumbledore, died on 25 October 2002 causing the role to be re-cast for the third instalment, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. David Heyman and director Alfonso Cuar\u00f3n chose Michael Gambon to portray the character of Dumbledore, which he did for all succeeding films. Notable recurring cast members include Helena Bonham Carter as Bellatrix Lestrange, Warwick Davis as Filius Flitwick, Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort, Brendan Gleeson as Alastor Moody, Richard Griffiths as Vernon Dursley, Jason Isaacs as Lucius Malfoy, Gary Oldman as Sirius Black, Fiona Shaw as Petunia Dursley, Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew, David Thewlis as Remus Lupin, Emma Thompson as Sybill Trelawney, Mark Williams as Arthur Weasley, and Julie Walters as Molly Weasley." }, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow-1": { "title": "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "\"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" is a gothic story by American author Washington Irving, contained in his collection of 34 essays and short stories entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.. Written while Irving was living abroad in Birmingham, England, \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" was first published in 1820. Along with Irving's companion piece \"Rip Van Winkle\", \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" is among the earliest examples of American fiction with enduring popularity, especially during Halloween because of a character known as the Headless Horseman believed to be a Hessian soldier who was decapitated by a cannonball in battle." }, "Libra (astrology)-1": { "title": "Libra (astrology)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Libra (\u264e\ufe0e) is the seventh astrological sign in the Zodiac. It spans 180\u00b0\u2013210\u00b0 celestial longitude. The Sun transits this sign on average between (northern autumnal equinox) September 23 and October 22. Under the sidereal zodiac, the Sun currently transits the constellation of Libra from approximately October 31 to November 22. The symbol of the scales is based on the Scales of Justice held by Themis, the Greek personification of divine law and custom. She became the inspiration for modern depictions of Lady Justice. The ruling planet of Libra is Venus. Libra is the only zodiac constellation in the sky represented by an inanimate object. The other eleven signs are represented either as an animal or mythological characters throughout history." }, "Guitarist-3": { "title": "Guitarist", "section": "Techniques", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The guitarist may also employ various methods for selecting notes and chords, including fingering, thumbing, the barre (a finger lying across many or all strings at a particular fret), and 'bottleneck' or steel-guitar slides, usually made of glass or metal. These left- and right-hand techniques may be intermixed in performance." }, "Harry S. Truman-99": { "title": "Harry S. Truman", "section": "Presidency (1945\u20131953)", "headers": [ "1952 election" ], "para_index": 99, "content": "In 1951, the United States ratified the 22nd Amendment, making a president ineligible for election to a third term or for election to a second full term after serving more than two remaining years of a term of a previously elected president. The latter clause would have applied to Truman's situation in 1952 were it not for a grandfather clause excluding the amendment's application to the incumbent president." }, "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution-30": { "title": "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "section": "Cruel and unusual punishments", "headers": [ "Punishments forbidden for certain crimes" ], "para_index": 30, "content": "In Thompson v. Oklahoma, 487 U.S. 815 (1988), the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty constituted cruel and unusual punishment if the defendant is under age 16 when the crime was committed. Furthermore, in Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005), the Court barred the executing of people who were under age 18 when the crime was committed. In Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002), the Court declared that executing people who are mentally handicapped constituted cruel and unusual punishment. The case of Weems v. United States, 217 U.S. 349 (1910), marked the first time that the Supreme Court exercised judicial review to overturn a criminal sentence as cruel and unusual. The Court overturned a punishment called cadena temporal, which mandated \"hard and painful labor,\" shackling for the duration of incarceration, and permanent civil disabilities. This case is often viewed as establishing a principle of proportionality under the Eighth Amendment. However, others have written that \"it is hard to view Weems as announcing a constitutional requirement of proportionality.\"" }, "Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand-1": { "title": "Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Fran\u00e7ois Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 1916 \u2013 8 January 1996) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1981 to 1995, the longest time in office in the history of France. As First Secretary of the Socialist Party, he was the first left-wing politician to assume the presidency under the Fifth Republic." }, "Alfa Romeo Giulietta (940)-1": { "title": "Alfa Romeo Giulietta (940)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Alfa Romeo Giulietta (Type 940) is a small family car (C-segment) produced by the Italian automaker Alfa Romeo. Giulietta production started towards the end of 2009 and the model was introduced at the March 2010 Geneva Motor Show. In a viability plan forwarded to the US Government in February 2009, Chrysler (a partner of Alfa Romeo parent company Fiat) reported that the 147 replacement would come to market as the Milano and that it could be built in the USA. However, as of early 2010 Fiat was instead planning to concentrate on bringing larger models to the US, such as the Giulia. The Giulietta came in second place in the 2011 European Car of the Year awards. Between 2010 and 2019 over 400,000 Giuliettas were built. It is current top Alfa sales with about 32,000 cars per year (2017)." }, "Nominal number-1": { "title": "Nominal number", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Nominal numbers are categorical, which means that these are numerals used as labels to identify items uniquely. Importantly, the actual values of the numbers which these numerals represent are less relevant, as they do not indicate quantity, rank, or any other measurement." }, "Paul Sass-6": { "title": "Paul Sass", "section": "Mixed martial arts career", "headers": [ "Ultimate Fighting Championship" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Sass faced Michael Johnson on 1 October 2011 at UFC on Versus 6. Sass defeated Johnson in the first round via heel hook submission." }, "Game (hunting)-7": { "title": "Game (hunting)", "section": "By continent and region", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The type and range of animals hunted for food varies in different parts of the world. This is influenced by climate, animal diversity, local taste and locally accepted views about what can or cannot be legitimately hunted. Sometimes a distinction is also made between varieties and species of a particular animal, such as wild turkey and domestic turkey. Fish caught for sport are referred to as game fish. The flesh of the animal, when butchered for consumption is often described as having a \"gamey\" flavour. This difference in taste can be attributed to the wild diet of the animal, which usually results in a lower fat content compared to domestic farm raised animals." }, "Leg-6": { "title": "Leg", "section": "Components", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Sometimes the end of the leg, or foot, is considered part of the leg; other times it is considered separate. Similarly, the hip joint or other place where the leg attaches to the main body may be considered separate or part of the leg." }, "Cruel and unusual punishment-6": { "title": "Cruel and unusual punishment", "section": "Capital punishment", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "There is great discussion as to whether capital punishment is considered cruel and unusual. Common arguments are that capital punishment is more expensive when factoring in appeals versus life in prison, and that the government has been wrong before on death penalty cases (therefore, the government could be wrong again, and the government ought not have the authority to end a life). These two arguments alone may or may not qualify under the tests the government puts forth, which could also be considered arbitrary itself, especially if society is not informed enough on these considerable facts. For most of recorded history, capital punishments were often deliberately cruel and painful. Severe historical execution methods include the breaking wheel, hanged, drawn and quartered, mazzatello, boiling to death, death by burning, execution by drowning, death by starvation, immurement, flaying, disembowelment, crucifixion, impalement, crushing, execution by elephant, keelhauling, stoning, dismemberment, sawing, scaphism, slow slicing, blood eagle, bamboo torture and necklacing." }, "Swastika-3": { "title": "Swastika", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The word swastika comes from Sanskrit: \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915, romanized:\u00a0sv\u00e1stika, meaning 'conducive to well being' or 'auspicious'. In Hinduism, the symbol with arms pointing clockwise (\u5350) is called swastika, symbolizing surya ('sun'), prosperity and good luck, while the counterclockwise symbol (\u534d) is called sauvastika, symbolizing night or tantric aspects of Kali. In Jainism, a swastika is the symbol for Suparshvanatha \u2013 the seventh of 24 Tirthankaras (spiritual teachers and saviours), while in Buddhism it symbolizes the auspicious footprints of the Buddha. In several major Indo-European religions, the swastika symbolizes lightning bolts, representing the thunder god and the king of the gods, such as Indra in Vedic Hinduism, Zeus in the ancient Greek religion, Jupiter in the ancient Roman religion, and Thor in the ancient Germanic religion." }, "Pope Francis-1": { "title": "Pope Francis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Pope Francis (Latin: Franciscus; Italian: Francesco; Spanish: Francisco; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio; 17 December 1936) is the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State. Francis is the first Jesuit pope, the first from the Americas, the first from the Southern Hemisphere, and the first pope from outside Europe since the Syrian Gregory III, who reigned in the 8th century." }, "Johnny Cash-1": { "title": "Johnny Cash", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "John R. Cash (born J. R. Cash; February 26, 1932\u00a0\u2013 September 12, 2003) was an American singer, songwriter, musician, actor, and author. He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 90 million records worldwide. His genre-spanning songs and sound embraced country, rock and roll, rockabilly, blues, folk, and gospel. This crossover appeal won Cash the rare honor of being inducted into the Country Music, Rock and Roll, and Gospel Music Halls of Fame." }, "Mini-1": { "title": "Mini", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Mini is a small economy car produced by the English-based British Motor Corporation (BMC) and its successors from 1959 until 2000. The original is considered an icon of 1960s British popular culture. Its space-saving transverse engine and front-wheel drive layout\u00a0\u2013 allowing 80% of the area of the car's floorpan to be used for passengers and luggage\u00a0\u2013 influenced a generation of car makers. In 1999, the Mini was voted the second-most influential car of the 20th century, behind the Ford Model T, and ahead of the Citro\u00ebn DS and Volkswagen Beetle. The front-wheel-drive, transverse-engine layout of the Mini was copied for other \"supermini\" designs including the Honda N360 (1967), Nissan Cherry (1970), and Fiat 127 (1971). The layout was also adapted for larger subcompact designs." }, "Guitar Hero-44": { "title": "Guitar Hero", "section": "Gameplay", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 44, "content": "While playing the game, an extended guitar neck is shown vertically on the screen (the frets horizontal), often called the \"note highway\", and as the song progresses, colored markers or \"gems\" indicating notes travel down the screen in time with the music; the note colors and positions match those of the five fret keys on the guitar controller. Once the note(s) reach the bottom, the player must play the indicated note(s) by holding down the correct fret button(s) and hitting the strumming bar in order to score points. Success or failure will cause the on-screen Rock Meter to change, showing how well the player is playing (denoted by red, yellow, and green sections). Should the Rock Meter drop below the red section, the song will automatically end, with the player booed off the stage by the audience. Successful note hits will add to the player's score, and by hitting a long series of consecutive successful note hits, the player can increase their score multiplier. There is a window of time for hitting each note, similar to other rhythm games such as Dance Dance Revolution, but unlike these games, scoring in Guitar Hero is not affected by accuracy; as long as the note is hit within that window, the player receives the same number of points." }, "Orphans in the Soviet Union-6": { "title": "Orphans in the Soviet Union", "section": "Abandoned children, 1918\u20131930", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Following the October Revolution the new Bolshevik government proposed that the state should take on the task of raising not just orphans but all the nation's children. Communist pedagogy aimed to create a \"vast communistic movement among minors.\" Narkompros (People's Commissariat of Education) was tasked with providing for homeless children and managing orphanages. Children were provided with necessities, received education (including in communist doctrine), and were expected to help with chores and decision making. The orphanages were inaugurated in a spirit of revolutionary idealism, but were soon overwhelmed by the need to feed and house millions of homeless children." }, "System of measurement-8": { "title": "System of measurement", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Current practice" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "A number of other jurisdictions have laws mandating or permitting other systems of measurement in some or all contexts, such as the United Kingdom \u2013 whose road signage legislation, for instance, only allows distance signs displaying imperial units (miles or yards) \u2013 or Hong Kong." }, "New Year's Eve-1": { "title": "New Year's Eve", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In the Gregorian calendar, New Year's Eve (also known as Old Year's Day or Saint Sylvester's Day in many countries), the last day of the year, is on 31 December. In many countries, New Year's Eve is celebrated at evening parties, where many people dance, eat, drink, and watch or light fireworks. Some Christians attend a watchnight service. The celebrations generally go on past midnight into New Year's Day, 1 January." }, "Heavy metal music-1": { "title": "Heavy metal music", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Heavy metal (or simply metal) is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and the United States. With roots in blues rock, psychedelic rock, and acid rock, the bands that created heavy metal developed a thick, massive sound, characterized by highly amplified distortion, extended guitar solos, emphatic beats, and overall loudness. The genre's lyrics and performance styles are sometimes associated with aggression and machismo." }, "Stoning-65": { "title": "Stoning", "section": "Contemporary legal status and use", "headers": [ "Somalia" ], "para_index": 65, "content": "citation needed] In October 2008, a girl, Aisha Ibrahim Duhulow, was buried up to her neck at a Somalian football stadium, then stoned to death in front of more than 1,000 people. The stoning occurred after she had allegedly pleaded guilty to adultery in a sharia court in Kismayo, a city that was controlled by Islamist insurgents. According to the insurgents she had stated that she wanted sharia law to apply. However, other sources state that the victim had been crying, had begged for mercy and had to be forced into the hole before being buried up to her neck in the ground. Amnesty International later learned that the girl was in fact 13 years old and had been arrested by al-Shabab militia after she had reported being gang-raped by three men." }, "Brown bear-21": { "title": "Brown bear", "section": "Distribution and habitat", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "Unfortunately, these populations are isolated from each other, inhibiting any genetic flow between ecosystems. This poses one of the greatest threats to the future survival of the grizzly bear in the contiguous United States. In Asia, brown bears are found primarily throughout Russia, thence more spottily southwest to parts of the Middle East, to as far south as southwestern Iran, and to the southeast in a small area of Northeast China, Western China, and parts of North Korea, Pakistan, Afghanistan and India. They can also be found on the Japanese island of Hokkaid\u014d, which holds the largest number of non-Russian brown bears in eastern Asia with about 2,000\u20133,000 animals." }, "The Puzzle Place-1": { "title": "The Puzzle Place", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Puzzle Place is an American children's television series produced by KCET in Los Angeles and Lancit Media in New York City. Although production was dated and premiered on two Los Angeles PBS stations, KCET and KLCS, on September 15, 1994, it did not officially premiere on all PBS stations nationwide until January 16, 1995, with its final episode airing on December 4, 1998, and reruns airing until March 31, 2000. It became one of PBS Kids' most popular series on the line-up since Barney & Friends and Sesame Street. It follows a multi-ethnic group of kids (puppets) from different parts of the United States who hang out at \"the Puzzle Place\", which is a teen hangout themed around jigsaw puzzle pieces. In each episode the characters are confronted with an everyday conflict usually encountered in childhood and even teenage years, such as making moral decisions, sharing, racism, and sexism. On April 3, 2000, Between the Lions replaced it on the schedule." }, "Casio-1": { "title": "Casio", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Casio Computer Co., Ltd. (\u30ab\u30b7\u30aa\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u682a\u5f0f\u4f1a\u793e, Kashio Keisanki Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and commercial electronics manufacturing company headquartered in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan. Its products include calculators, mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic musical instruments, and analogue and digital watches. It was founded in 1946, and in 1957 introduced the world's first entirely electric compact calculator. It was an early digital camera innovator, and during the 1980s and 1990s, the company developed numerous affordable home electronic keyboards for musicians along with introducing the world's first mass-produced digital watches." }, "Carlos Ghosn-4": { "title": "Carlos Ghosn", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Ghosn stepped down as CEO of Nissan on 1 April 2017, while remaining chairman of the company. He was arrested at Haneda Airport on 19 November 2018, on allegations of under-reporting his earnings and misuse of company assets. On 22 November 2018, Nissan's board made a unanimous decision to dismiss Ghosn as Nissan's chairman. It was followed by Mitsubishi Motors' board on 26 November 2018. Renault and the French government continued to support him at first, presuming him innocent until proven guilty. However, they ultimately found the situation untenable and Ghosn was made to retire as chairman and CEO of Renault on 24 January 2019. While out on bail granted in early March, Ghosn was re-arrested in Tokyo on 4 April 2019 over new charges of misappropriations of Nissan funds. On 8 April 2019, Nissan shareholders voted to oust Ghosn from the company's board. He was released again on bail on 25 April. In June, Renault uncovered 11 million euros in questionable expenses by him, leading to a French investigation and raids. With help from an American private-security contractor, Ghosn fled from Japan to Lebanon on 30 December, breaking his bail conditions. On 2 January 2020, Interpol issued a red notice to Lebanon seeking Ghosn's arrest." }, "Hydrogen-1": { "title": "Hydrogen", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number\u00a01. With a standard atomic weight of 1.008, hydrogen is the lightest element in the periodic table. Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass. Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in the plasma state. The most common isotope of hydrogen, termed protium (name rarely used, symbol 1H), has one proton and no neutrons." }, "Fish-92": { "title": "Fish", "section": "Importance to humans", "headers": [ "Economic importance" ], "para_index": 92, "content": "Catching fish for the purpose of food or sport is known as fishing, while the organized effort by humans to catch fish is called a fishery. Fisheries are a huge global business and provide income for millions of people. The annual yield from all fisheries worldwide is about 154 million tons, with popular species including herring, cod, anchovy, tuna, flounder, and salmon. However, the term fishery is broadly applied, and includes more organisms than just fish, such as mollusks and crustaceans, which are often called \"fish\" when used as food." }, "Lock and key-7": { "title": "Lock and key", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Antiquity" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "Affluent Romans often kept their valuables in secure locked boxes within their households, and wore the keys as rings on their fingers. The practice had two benefits: It kept the key handy at all times, while signaling that the wearer was wealthy and important enough to have money and jewellery worth securing." }, "Molloy Deep-2": { "title": "Molloy Deep", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The outer rim of the trench is at a depth of 2,700\u00a0m (8,900\u00a0ft) and contains about 600 km2 inside the rim, descending to approximately 5,550\u00a0m (18,210\u00a0ft) at its greatest depth. The basin floor measures about 220 km2, and is the deepest point in the Arctic Ocean. The first and only person to have reached the bottom of the Molloy Deep is American explorer Victor Vescovo, as part of his Five Deeps Expedition." }, "France-1": { "title": "France", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "France (French:\u00a0[f\u0281\u0251\u0303s] (listen)), officially the French Republic (French: R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise, pronounced\u00a0[\u0281epyblik f\u0281\u0251\u0303s\u025b\u02d0z] (listen)), is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is bordered by Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast, Switzerland, Monaco, and Italy to the east, and Andorra and Spain to the south. The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. The country's 18 integral regions (five of which are situated overseas) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres (248,573\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) and a total population of 67.08\u00a0million (as of March\u00a02020[update]). France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban areas include Lyon, Marseille, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Lille and Nice. France, including its overseas territories, has the most number of time zones of any country, with a total of 12." }, "Wasp-1": { "title": "Wasp", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A wasp is any narrow-waisted insect of the order of ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies (Hymenoptera) that is neither a bee nor an ant; some of them can sting their insect prey. The wasp-waisted insects are a complete natural group with a single ancestor; wasps are not such a group, as they do not include the bees and the ants." }, "Compact disc-59": { "title": "Compact disc", "section": "Copy protection", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 59, "content": "The Red Book audio specification, except for a simple \"anti-copy\" statement in the subcode, does not include any copy protection mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001, attempts were made by record companies to market \"copy-protected\" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be ripped, or copied, to hard drives or easily converted to other formats (like FLAC, MP3 or Vorbis). One major drawback to these copy-protected discs is that most will not play on either computer CD-ROM drives or some standalone CD players that use CD-ROM mechanisms. Philips has stated that such discs are not permitted to bear the trademarked Compact Disc Digital Audio logo because they violate the Red Book specifications. Numerous copy-protection systems have been countered by readily available, often free, software, or even by simply turning off automatic AutoPlay to prevent the running of the DRM executable program." }, "Pouch (marsupial)-2": { "title": "Pouch (marsupial)", "section": "Variations", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Pouches are different amongst different marsupials, two kinds distinguishable (on the front or belly): opening towards the head and extending the cavity under the skin towards the tail (forward, or up) or opening towards the tail and extending towards the front legs (to the rear, backward or down). For example for quolls and Tasmanian devils, the pouch opens to the rear and the joey only has to travel a short distance to get to the opening (resting place) of the pouch. While in the pouch they are permanently attached to the teat and once the young have developed they leave the pouch. The kangaroo's pouch opens horizontally on the front of the body, and the joey must climb a relatively long way to reach it. Kangaroos and wallabies allow their young to live in the pouch well after they are physically capable of leaving, often keeping two different joeys in the pouch, one tiny and one fully developed. In kangaroos, wallabies and opossums, the pouch opens forward or up." }, "Chlorophyll-6": { "title": "Chlorophyll", "section": "Photosynthesis", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Chlorophyll is vital for photosynthesis, which allows plants to absorb energy from light." }, "Antipope-4": { "title": "Antipope", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "Hippolytus of Rome (d.\u00a0235) is commonly considered to be the earliest antipope, as he headed a separate group within the Church in Rome against Pope Callixtus I. Hippolytus was reconciled to Callixtus's second successor, Pope Pontian, and both he and Pontian are honoured as saints by the Catholic Church with a shared feast day on 13 August. Whether two or more persons have been confused in this account of Hippolytus and whether Hippolytus actually declared himself to be the Bishop of Rome, remains unclear, since no such claim by Hippolytus has been cited in the writings attributed to him." }, "Squidward Tentacles-5": { "title": "Squidward Tentacles", "section": "Role in SpongeBob SquarePants", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Squidward lives in a constant state of self-pity and misery; he is unhappy with his humdrum lifestyle and yearns for celebrity status, wealth, hair, and a glamorous and distinguished career as a musician or painter with a passion for art and playing the clarinet. However, he is left to endure the lowly status as a fast-food cashier at the Krusty Krab restaurant. Squidward resents his job and is irritated by his greedy employer Mr. Krabs and by having his own resented neighbor SpongeBob as a colleague." }, "The Hobbit-26": { "title": "The Hobbit", "section": "Concept and creation", "headers": [ "Influences" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "The representation of the dwarves in The Hobbit was influenced by his own selective reading of medieval texts regarding the Jewish people and their history. The dwarves' characteristics of being dispossessed of their ancient homeland at the Lonely Mountain, and living among other groups whilst retaining their own culture are all derived from the medieval image of Jews, whilst their warlike nature stems from accounts in the Hebrew Bible. The Dwarvish calendar invented for The Hobbit reflects the Jewish calendar in beginning in late autumn. And although Tolkien denied allegory, the dwarves taking Bilbo out of his complacent existence has been seen as an eloquent metaphor for the \"impoverishment of Western society without Jews.\"" }, "Scholarly peer review-2": { "title": "Scholarly peer review", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Peer review requires a community of experts in a given (and often narrowly defined) field, who are qualified and able to perform reasonably impartial review. Impartial review, especially of work in less narrowly defined or inter-disciplinary fields, may be difficult to accomplish, and the significance (good or bad) of an idea may never be widely appreciated among its contemporaries. Peer review is generally considered necessary to academic quality and is used in most major scholarly journals, but it by no means prevents publication of invalid research. Meta-research has identified weaknesses in common peer review practices, leading critics to argue for reform. Researchers within the fields of metascience and journalology work to produce such reform." }, "Brad Peyton-1": { "title": "Brad Peyton", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Brad Peyton (born May 27, 1978) is a Canadian film director, writer, and producer, best known for directing the Dwayne Johnson star vehicles Journey 2: The Mysterious Island (2012), San Andreas (2015), and Rampage (2018) as well as the Netflix series Daybreak (2019)." }, "Brazilian jiu-jitsu-39": { "title": "Brazilian jiu-jitsu", "section": "Submissions", "headers": [ "Joint locks" ], "para_index": 39, "content": "While many joint locks are permitted in BJJ, most competitions ban or restrict some or all joint locks that involve the knees, ankles, and spine. The reason for this is that the angles of manipulation required to cause pain are nearly the same as those that would cause serious injury. Joint locks that require a twisting motion of the knee (such as heel hooks or knee bars) are usually banned in competitions because successfully completing the move can frequently result in permanent damage, often requiring surgery. Similarly, joint manipulations of the spine are typically barred due to the inherent danger of crushing or misaligning cervical vertebrae. Leglocks are allowed in varying degrees depending on skill level, with the most prominent BJJ tournaments typically allowing only the straight ankle lock and muscle stretching submissions such as the \"banana split\" from white through purple belt, with the kneebar, toehold, and calf slicer submissions being permitted at brown and black belt. Most competitions do not allow heel hooks, which are considered to be exceptionally dangerous. However, most joint locks involving the wrist, elbow, shoulder or ankle are permitted as there is a great deal more flexibility in those joints and those locks are usually safe." }, "Ice trade-2": { "title": "Ice trade", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The trade was started by the New England businessman Frederic Tudor in 1806. Tudor shipped ice to the Caribbean island of Martinique, hoping to sell it to wealthy members of the European elite there, using an ice house he had built specially for the purpose. Over the coming years the trade widened to Cuba and Southern United States, with other merchants joining Tudor in harvesting and shipping ice from New England. During the 1830s and 1840s the ice trade expanded further, with shipments reaching England, India, South America, China and Australia. Tudor made a fortune from the India trade, while brand names such as Wenham Ice became famous in London." }, "Tumulus-6": { "title": "Tumulus", "section": "Tumulus burial accounts", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Beowulf's body is taken to Hronesness, where it is burned on a funeral pyre. During cremation, the Geats lament the death of their lord, a widow's lament being mentioned in particular, singing dirges as they circumambulate the barrow." }, "Scrimshaw-1": { "title": "Scrimshaw", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Scrimshaw is scrollwork, engravings, and carvings done in bone or ivory. Typically it refers to the artwork created by whalers, engraved on the byproducts of whales, such as bones or cartilage. It is most commonly made out of the bones and teeth of sperm whales, the baleen of other whales, and the tusks of walruses. It takes the form of elaborate engravings in the form of pictures and lettering on the surface of the bone or tooth, with the engraving highlighted using a pigment, or, less often, small sculptures made from the same material. However the latter really fall into the categories of ivory carving, for all carved teeth and tusks, or bone carving. The making of scrimshaw probably began on whaling ships in the late 18th century and survived until the ban on commercial whaling. The practice survives as a hobby and as a trade for commercial artisans. A maker of scrimshaw is known as a scrimshander. The word first appeared in print in the early 19th century, but the etymology is uncertain." }, "Banana-50": { "title": "Banana", "section": "Pests, diseases, and natural disasters", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 50, "content": "While in no danger of outright extinction, the most common edible banana cultivar Cavendish (extremely popular in Europe and the Americas) could become unviable for large-scale cultivation in the next 10\u201320 years. Its predecessor 'Gros Michel', discovered in the 1820s, suffered this fate. Like almost all bananas, Cavendish lacks genetic diversity, which makes it vulnerable to diseases, threatening both commercial cultivation and small-scale subsistence farming. Some commentators remarked that those variants which could replace what much of the world considers a \"typical banana\" are so different that most people would not consider them the same fruit, and blame the decline of the banana on monogenetic cultivation driven by short-term commercial motives." }, "Location, Location, Location-3": { "title": "Location, Location, Location", "section": "Title of the show", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "A clich\u00e9 used by property experts is that the three most important factors in determining the desirability of a property are \"location, location, location\". This tricolon appears in print as early as 1926, though it is often incorrectly attributed to the real estate magnate Harold Samuel." }, "Spider wasp-18": { "title": "Spider wasp", "section": "Sting", "headers": [ "Schmidt pain index" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "In 1984, Justin O. Schmidt developed a hymenopteran sting pain scale, now known as the Schmidt sting pain index. In this index, a 0 is given to a sting from an insect that cannot break through human skin, a 2 is given for intermediate pain, and a 4 is given for intense pain. The scale rates stings from 78 different species in 42 different genera. Spider wasps of the genus Pepsis, also known as tarantula hawks, have a sting rating of 4. The sting is described as \"blinding, fierce, and shockingly electric. A running hair dryer has been dropped into your bubble bath.\" Only the sting of the bullet ant, Paraponera clavata, is ranked higher, with a 4+ rating." }, "Carpentry-1": { "title": "Carpentry", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc. Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood and did the rougher work such as framing, but today many other materials are also used and sometimes the finer trades of cabinetmaking and furniture building are considered carpentry. In the United States, 98.5% of carpenters are male, and it was the fourth most male-dominated occupation in the country in 1999. In 2006 in the United States, there were about 1.5 million carpentry positions. Carpenters are usually the first tradesmen on a job and the last to leave. Carpenters normally framed post-and-beam buildings until the end of the 19th century; now this old fashioned carpentry is called timber framing. Carpenters learn this trade by being employed through an apprenticeship training\u2014normally 4 years\u2014and qualify by successfully completing that country's competence test in places such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and South Africa. It is also common that the skill can be learned by gaining work experience other than a formal training program, which may be the case in many places." }, "Alan Greenspan-1": { "title": "Alan Greenspan", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Alan Greenspan KBE (/\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259n \u02c8\u0261ri\u02d0nsp\u00e6n/; born March 6, 1926) is an American economist who served as Chair of the Federal Reserve of the United States from 1987 to 2006. He currently works as a private adviser and provides consulting for firms through his company, Greenspan Associates LLC. First appointed Federal Reserve chairman by President Ronald Reagan in August 1987, he was reappointed at successive four-year intervals until retiring on January 31, 2006, after the second-longest tenure in the position (behind William McChesney Martin)." }, "Electric eel-18": { "title": "Electric eel", "section": "Ecology and life history", "headers": [ "Feeding ecology" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Electric eels feed on invertebrates, although adult eels may also consume fish and small mammals, such as rats. First-born hatchlings eat other eggs and embryos from later clutches. The juveniles eat invertebrates, such as shrimp and crabs." }, "Cigarette-19": { "title": "Cigarette", "section": "Legislation", "headers": [ "Smoking age" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "In the United States, the age to buy tobacco products is 21 in all states as of 2020." }, "2011 T\u014dhoku earthquake and tsunami-93": { "title": "2011 T\u014dhoku earthquake and tsunami", "section": "Damage and effects", "headers": [ "Nuclear power plants", "Incidents elsewhere" ], "para_index": 93, "content": "On 13 March the lowest-level state of emergency was declared regarding the Onagawa plant as radioactivity readings temporarily exceeded allowed levels in the area of the plant. T\u014dhoku Electric Power Co. stated this may have been due to radiation from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accidents but was not from the Onagawa plant itself." }, "Carlos Gracie-12": { "title": "Carlos Gracie", "section": "Personal life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 12, "content": "Gracie fathered 21 children, 13 of whom earned the rank of black belt in Brazilian Jiu-jitsu. At the time of his death, Gracie had twenty-one children, one hundred and six grandchildren, and one hundred and twenty-eight great-grandchildren." }, "Dentist-1": { "title": "Dentist", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A dentist, also known as a dental surgeon, is a surgeon who specializes in dentistry, the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases and conditions of the oral cavity. The dentist's supporting team aids in providing oral health services. The dental team includes dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental technicians, and sometimes dental therapists." }, "Rand Paul-9": { "title": "Rand Paul", "section": "Early life", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Paul attended Baylor University from fall 1981\u00a0to summer 1984 and was enrolled in the honors program. During the time he spent at Baylor, he was involved in the swim team and the Young Conservatives of Texas and was a member of a secret organization known as The NoZe Brotherhood. He regularly contributed to The Baylor Lariat student newspaper. Paul dropped out of Baylor without completing his baccalaureate degree, when he was accepted into his father's alma mater, the Duke University School of Medicine, which, at the time, did not require an undergraduate degree for admission to its graduate school. He earned an M.D. degree in 1988 and completed his residency in 1993." }, "Gorilla-1": { "title": "Gorilla", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Gorillas are ground-dwelling, predominantly herbivorous apes that inhabit the forest of central Sub-Saharan Africa. The genus Gorilla is divided into two species: the eastern gorillas and the western gorillas (both critically endangered), and either four or five subspecies. They are the largest living primates. The DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of humans, from 95 to 99% depending on what is included, and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after the chimpanzees and bonobos." }, "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports-23": { "title": "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports", "section": "Association football", "headers": [ "Europe" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "In Europe, various knockout matches in the Champions League and Europa League were played behind closed doors in February and March 2020. On 12 March 2020, UEFA announced that the elite qualification round of the men and women's under-17 and under-19 youth international tournaments had been postponed. The following day, UEFA postponed all fixtures for the following week in the Champions League, Europa League and Youth League." }, "Amygdalin-5": { "title": "Amygdalin", "section": "Chemistry", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 5, "content": "Amygdalin is contained in stone fruit kernels, such as almonds, apricot (14\u00a0g/kg), peach (6.8\u00a0g/kg), and plum (4\u201317.5\u00a0g/kg depending on variety), and also in the seeds of the apple (3\u00a0g/kg) . Benzaldehyde released from amygdalin provides a bitter flavor. Because of a difference in a recessive gene called Sweet kernal [Sk], less amygdalin is present in nonbitter (or sweet) almond than bitter almond. In one study, bitter almond amygdalin concentrations ranged from 33\u201354\u00a0g/kg depending on variety; semibitter varieties averaged 1\u00a0g/kg and sweet varieties averaged 0.063\u00a0g/kg with significant variability based on variety and growing region." }, "Catholic Church-66": { "title": "Catholic Church", "section": "Sacraments", "headers": [ "Sacraments at the service of communion", "Matrimony" ], "para_index": 66, "content": "The Catholic Church teaches that marriage is a social and spiritual bond between a man and a woman, ordered towards the good of the spouses and procreation of children; according to Catholic teachings on sexual morality, it is the only appropriate context for sexual activity. A Catholic marriage, or any marriage between baptised individuals of any Christian denomination, is viewed as a sacrament. A sacramental marriage, once consummated, cannot be dissolved except by death. The church recognises certain conditions, such as freedom of consent, as required for any marriage to be valid; In addition, the church sets specific rules and norms, known as canonical form, that Catholics must follow." }, "Vegan Outreach-3": { "title": "Vegan Outreach", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Following this event, Ball and Norris formed Animal Liberation Action (ALA) and started a campaign of holding \"Stop Eating Animals\" banners on street corners. In 1994, ALA developed a booklet called And Justice For All. It focused on the reasons to adopt a vegan diet, focusing on the abuse of the animals involved. The following year, ALA's name was officially changed to Vegan Outreach." }, "Malcolm X-1": { "title": "Malcolm X", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Arabic: \u0671\u0644\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0651 \u0645\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0643 \u0671\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0632\u0651\u200e, romanized:\u00a0al-\u1e24\u0101jj M\u0101lik ash-Shab\u0101zz; born Malcolm Little; May 19, 1925 \u2013 February 21, 1965), better known as Malcolm X, was an American Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a popular figure during the civil rights movement. He is best known for his staunch and controversial black racial advocacy, and for his time spent as the vocal spokesperson of the Nation of Islam." }, "Rammstein-45": { "title": "Rammstein", "section": "Musical style and lyrics", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 45, "content": "\"By comparison, American heavy metal bands seem clumsy, childish, and anemi.\" \u2014Claire Berlinksi on Rammstein Rammstein's sound has primarily been described as Neue Deutsche H\u00e4rte, industrial metal, hard rock, and gothic metal, while also being described as nu metal, alternative metal, symphonic metal, progressive metal, and \"techno-metal\". Rammstein's style has received positive feedback from critics. New Zealand's Southland Times (17 December 1999) suggested that Till Lindemann's \"booming, sub-sonic voice\" would send \"the peasants fleeing into their barns and bolting their doors\", while The New York Times (9 January 2005) commented that on the stage, \"Mr. Lindemann gave off an air of such brute masculinity and barely contained violence that it seemed that he could have reached into the crowd, snatched up a fan, and bitten off his head\". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic commented that \"their blend of industrial noise, grinding metal guitars, and operatic vocals is staggeringly powerful\". \"We just push boundaries\", said Till Lindemann in an interview with rock magazine Kerrang!, \"We cannot help it if people don't like those boundaries being pushed\"." }, "Iwo Jima-19": { "title": "Iwo Jima", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Battle of Iwo Jima" ], "para_index": 19, "content": "The American invasion of Iwo Jima began on February 19, 1945, and continued to March 26, 1945. The battle was a major initiative of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. The Marine invasion, known as \"Operation Detachment\", was charged with the mission of capturing the airfields on the island for use by P-51 fighters, and rescue of damaged heavy bombers that were not able to reach their main bases at Guam and Saipan; until then Japanese warplanes from there had harried U.S. bombing missions to Tokyo." }, "Chevrolet Monza (China)-1": { "title": "Chevrolet Monza (China)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Chevrolet Monza is a compact sedan produced by SAIC-GM under the Chevrolet brand." }, "Commencement speech-2": { "title": "Commencement speech", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The \"commencement\" is a ceremony in which degrees or diplomas are conferred upon graduating students. A commencement speech is typically given by a notable figure in the community, during the commencement exercise. The person giving such a speech is known as a commencement speaker. Very commonly, colleges or universities will invite politicians, important citizens, or other noted speakers to come and address the graduating class." }, "Shiodome-7": { "title": "Shiodome", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 7, "content": "The Japanese government and Tokyo Metropolitan Government held various review sessions between 1984 and 1995 before settling on a redevelopment plan. Under this plan, thirteen skyscrapers were built in Shiodome, as well as a number of smaller buildings, resulting in a new urban center. The old Shimbashi Station has also been rebuilt as a monument, although it is not operational." }, "Red states and blue states-1": { "title": "Red states and blue states", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Since the 2000 United States presidential election, red states and blue states have referred to states of the United States whose voters predominantly choose either the Republican Party (red) or Democratic Party (blue) presidential candidates. Since then, the use of the term has been expanded to differentiate between states being perceived as liberal and those perceived as conservative.[not verified in body] Examining patterns within states reveals that the reversal of the two parties' geographic bases has happened at the state level, but it is more complicated locally, with urban/rural divides associated with many of the largest changes." }, "Spaghetti and meatballs-3": { "title": "Spaghetti and meatballs", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "Italian writers and chefs often mock the dish as pseudo-Italian or non-Italian because, in Italy, meatballs are smaller and only served with egg-based, baked pasta." }, "James VI and I-1": { "title": "James VI and I", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566\u00a0\u2013 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union." }, "General Zod-11": { "title": "General Zod", "section": "Publication history", "headers": [ "Modern Age", "General Zod returns: 2006\u20132011" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "General Zod appeared in the Superman: Last Son storyline (written by Geoff Johns and Richard Donner, the director of Superman: The Movie and most of Superman II). In a similar story to that of Superman II, Zod, Ursa, and Non escape from the Phantom Zone and come to Earth to try to turn it into a \"New Krypton\". This incarnation is the first Post-Crisis Zod who came from Superman's Krypton, and not from an alternate reality." }, "John Williams-11": { "title": "John Williams", "section": "Film and television scoring", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "Williams was also a studio pianist, performing on film scores by composers such as Jerry Goldsmith, Elmer Bernstein, and Henry Mancini. With Mancini he recorded the scores of 1959's Peter Gunn, 1962's Days of Wine and Roses, and 1963's Charade. (Williams actually played the well-known opening riff of Mancini's Peter Gunn theme.)" }, "Elephantidae-1": { "title": "Elephantidae", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Elephantidae are a family of large, herbivorous mammals collectively called elephants and mammoths. These are terrestrial large mammals with a snout modified into a trunk and teeth modified into tusks. Most genera and species in the family are extinct. Only two genera, Loxodonta (African elephants) and Elephas (Asiatic elephants), are living." }, "M\u00e9tis-1": { "title": "M\u00e9tis", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The M\u00e9tis (/me\u026a\u02c8ti\u02d0/) are a multiancestral Indigenous group whose homeland is in Canada and parts of the United States between the Great Lakes region and the Rocky Mountains. The M\u00e9tis trace their descent to both Indigenous North Americans and European settlers. Not all people of mixed Indigenous and Settler descent are M\u00e9tis, as the M\u00e9tis is a distinct group of people with a distinct culture and language. Since the late 20th century, the M\u00e9tis in Canada have been recognized as a distinct Indigenous peoples under the Constitution Act of 1982; and have a population of 587,545 as of 2016. Smaller communities self-identifying as M\u00e9tis exist in the United States, such as the Little Shell Tribe of Montana. The M\u00e9tis ethnogenesis began in the fur trade, and they have been an important group in the history of Canada, as well as the foundation of the province of Manitoba. The M\u00e9tis have homelands and communities in the U.S., as well as in Canada, that have been separated by the drawing of the U.S.-Canada border at the 49th parallel North." }, "Israel-23": { "title": "Israel", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Zionism and British Mandate" ], "para_index": 23, "content": "Since the existence of the earliest Jewish diaspora, many Jews have aspired to return to \"Zion\" and the \"Land of Israel\", though the amount of effort that should be spent towards such an aim was a matter of dispute. The hopes and yearnings of Jews living in exile are an important theme of the Jewish belief system. After the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, some communities settled in Palestine. During the 16th century, Jewish communities struck roots in the Four Holy Cities\u2014Jerusalem, Tiberias, Hebron, and Safed\u2014and in 1697, Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of 1,500 Jews to Jerusalem. In the second half of the 18th century, Eastern European opponents of Hasidism, known as the Perushim, settled in Palestine." }, "Latino (demonym)-18": { "title": "Latino (demonym)", "section": "Usage", "headers": [ "In the United States", "Contrast with Hispanic" ], "para_index": 18, "content": "Though often used interchangeably in American English, Hispanic and Latino are not identical terms, and in certain contexts the choice between them can be significant. Hispanic, from the Latin word for \"Spain,\" has the broader reference, potentially encompassing all Spanish-speaking peoples in both hemispheres and emphasizing the common denominator of language among communities that sometimes have little else in common. Latino\u2014which in Spanish and Portuguese means \"Latin\" but which as an English word is probably a shortening of the Spanish word latinoamericano\u2014refers more exclusively to persons or communities of Latin American origin. Of the two, only Hispanic can be used in referring to Spain and its history and culture; a native of Spain residing in the United States is a Hispanic, not a Latino, and one cannot substitute Latino in the phrase the Hispanic influence on native Mexican cultures without garbling the meaning. In practice, however, this distinction is of little significance when referring to residents of the United States, most of whom are of Latin American origin and can theoretically be called by either word." }, "United States Marine Corps-2": { "title": "United States Marine Corps", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces. The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world. Additionally, several of the Marines' tactical aviation squadrons, primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons, are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers." }, "Friday the 13th-1": { "title": "Friday the 13th", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Friday the 13th is considered an unlucky day in Western superstition. It occurs when the 13th day of the month in the Gregorian calendar falls on a Friday, which happens at least once every year but can occur up to three times in the same year\u2014for example, in 2015, Friday the 13th occurred in February, March, and November. 2017 through 2020 will all have two Friday the 13ths each, and the years 2021 and 2022 will both have just one occurrence each." }, "Antichrist-1": { "title": "Antichrist", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "In Christian eschatology, the Antichrist, or anti-Christ, is a person prophesied by the Bible to oppose Christ and substitute himself in Christ's place before the Second Coming. The term (including one plural form) is found five times in the New Testament, solely in the First and Second Epistle of John. The Antichrist is announced as the one \"who denies the Father and the Son.\"" }, "Vitamin C-69": { "title": "Vitamin C", "section": "History", "headers": [ "Scurvy at sea" ], "para_index": 69, "content": "The name antiscorbutic was used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries for foods known to prevent scurvy. These foods included lemons, limes, oranges, sauerkraut, cabbage, malt, and portable soup. In 1928, the Canadian Arctic anthropologist Vilhjalmur Stefansson showed that the Inuit avoid scurvy on a diet of largely raw meat. Later studies on traditional food diets of the Yukon First Nations, Dene, Inuit, and M\u00e9tis of Northern Canada showed that their daily intake of vitamin C averaged between 52 and 62\u00a0mg/day, comparable with the Estimated Average Requirement." }, "Cheek pouch-6": { "title": "Cheek pouch", "section": "Examples", "headers": [ "Chipmunks" ], "para_index": 6, "content": "Chipmunks (Tamias) have large cheek pouches that allow them to transport food. These pouches can reach the size of their body when they are full." }, "November-2": { "title": "November", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "November is a month of late spring in the Southern Hemisphere and late autumn in the Northern Hemisphere. Therefore, November in the Southern Hemisphere is the seasonal equivalent of May in the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa. In Ancient Rome, Ludi Plebeii was held from November 4\u201317, Epulum Jovis was held on November 13 and Brumalia celebrations began on November 24. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar." }, "Toledo, Ohio-1": { "title": "Toledo, Ohio", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Toledo (/t\u0259\u02c8li\u02d0do\u028a/) is a city in and the county seat of Lucas County, Ohio, United States. A major Midwestern United States port city, Toledo is the fourth-most-populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio, after Columbus, Cleveland, and Cincinnati, and according to the 2010 census, the 71st-largest city in the United States. With a population of 274,975, it serves as a major trade center for the North Central United States; its port is the fifth busiest in the Great Lakes and 54th biggest in the United States. The city was founded in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River, and originally incorporated as part of Monroe County, Michigan Territory. It was re-founded in 1837, after the conclusion of the Toledo War, when it was incorporated in Ohio." }, "Piphilology-65": { "title": "Piphilology", "section": "Memorization record holders", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 65, "content": "Even before computers calculated \u03c0, memorizing a record number of digits became an obsession for some people[who?]. The record for memorizing digits of \u03c0, certified by Guinness World Records, is 70,000 digits, recited in India by Rajveer Meena in 9 hours and 27 minutes on 21 March 2015. On October 3, 2006, Akira Haraguchi, a retired Japanese engineer, claimed to have recited 100,000 decimal places, but the claim was not verified by Guinness World Records." }, "Intensive crop farming-11": { "title": "Intensive crop farming", "section": "Crops", "headers": [ "Examples", "Wheat (modern management techniques)" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "While winter wheat lies dormant during a winter freeze, wheat normally requires between 110 and 130 days between planting and harvest, depending upon climate, seed type, and soil conditions. Crop management decisions require the knowledge of stage of development of the crop. In particular, spring fertilizers applications, herbicides, fungicides, growth regulators are typically applied at specific stages of plant development. For example, current recommendations often indicate the second application of nitrogen be done when the ear (not visible at this stage) is about 1\u00a0cm in size (Z31 on Zadoks scale)." }, "John Muir-1": { "title": "John Muir", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "John Muir (/mj\u028a\u0259r/ MEWR; April 21, 1838\u00a0\u2013 December 24, 1914) also known as \"John of the Mountains\" and \"Father of the National Parks\", was an influential Scottish-American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, glaciologist, and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States of America." }, "Black Lives Matter-9": { "title": "Black Lives Matter", "section": "Founding", "headers": [ "Inclusivity of the movement" ], "para_index": 9, "content": "Black Lives Matter incorporates those traditionally on the margins of black freedom movements. The organization's website, for instance, states that Black Lives Matter is \"a unique contribution that goes beyond extrajudicial killings of Black people by police and vigilantes\" and, embracing intersectionality, that \"Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of Black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, black-undocumented folks, folks with records, women, and all Black lives along the gender spectrum.\" All three founders of the Black Lives Matter movement are women, and Garza and Cullors identify as queer. Additionally, Elle Hearns, one of the founding organizers of the global network, is a transgender woman. The founders believe that their backgrounds have paved the way for Black Lives Matter to be an intersectional movement. Several hashtags such as #BlackWomenMatter, #BlackGirlsMatter, #BlackQueerLivesMatter, and #BlackTransLivesMatter have surfaced on the BLM website and throughout social media networks. Marcia Chatelain, associate professor of history at Georgetown University, has praised BLM for allowing \"young, queer women [to] play a central role\" in the movement." }, "Dopamine-15": { "title": "Dopamine", "section": "Functions", "headers": [ "Cellular effects" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Dopamine exerts its effects by binding to and activating cell surface receptors. In humans, dopamine has a high binding affinity at dopamine receptors and human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (hTAAR1). In mammals, five subtypes of dopamine receptors have been identified, labeled from D1 to D5. All of them function as metabotropic, G protein-coupled receptors, meaning that they exert their effects via a complex second messenger system. These receptors can be divided into two families, known as D1-like and D2-like. For receptors located on neurons in the nervous system, the ultimate effect of D1-like activation (D1 and D5) can be excitation (via opening of sodium channels) or inhibition (via opening of potassium channels); the ultimate effect of D2-like activation (D2, D3, and D4) is usually inhibition of the target neuron. Consequently, it is incorrect to describe dopamine itself as either excitatory or inhibitory: its effect on a target neuron depends on which types of receptors are present on the membrane of that neuron and on the internal responses of that neuron to the second messenger cAMP. D1 receptors are the most numerous dopamine receptors in the human nervous system; D2 receptors are next; D3, D4, and D5 receptors are present at significantly lower levels." }, "String instrument-1": { "title": "String instrument", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "String instruments, stringed instruments, or chordophones are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings when the performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner." }, "YouTube-3": { "title": "YouTube", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "YouTube and selected creators earn advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. The vast majority of its videos are free to view, but there are exceptions, including subscription-based premium channels, film rentals, as well as YouTube Music and YouTube Premium, subscription services respectively offering premium and ad-free music streaming, and ad-free access to all content, including exclusive content commissioned from notable personalities. As of February\u00a02017[update], there were more than 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube each minute, and one billion hours of content being watched on YouTube every day. As of August\u00a02018[update], the website is ranked as the second-most popular site in the world, according to Alexa Internet, just behind Google. As of May\u00a02019[update], more than 500 hours of video content are uploaded to YouTube every minute. Based on reported quarterly advertising revenue, YouTube is estimated to have US$15 billion in annual revenues." }, "Elsa (Frozen)-3": { "title": "Elsa (Frozen)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Snow Queen character, neutral but cold-hearted in the original fairytale and villain in numerous adaptations of the character, proved difficult to adapt to film due to her transparent depiction. Several film executives, including Walt Disney, attempted to build on the character, and a number of scheduled film adaptions were shelved when they could not work out the character. Buck and his co-director, Jennifer Lee, were ultimately able to solve the dilemma by depicting Elsa and Anna as sisters. As much as Anna's struggle is external, Elsa's is internal. This led to Elsa being gradually rewritten as a sympathetic, misunderstood character." }, "Anglo-Saxon paganism-1": { "title": "Anglo-Saxon paganism", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Anglo-Saxon paganism, sometimes termed Anglo-Saxon heathenism (Old English: h\u01e3\u00feend\u014dm, \"heathen practice or belief, heathenism\", although not used as a self-denomination by adherents), Anglo-Saxon pre-Christian religion, or Anglo-Saxon traditional religion, refers to the religious beliefs and practices followed by the Anglo-Saxons between the 5th and 8th centuries AD, during the initial period of Early Medieval England. A variant of Germanic paganism found across much of north-western Europe, it encompassed a heterogeneous variety of beliefs and cultic practices, with much regional variation." }, "Diana, Princess of Wales-26": { "title": "Diana, Princess of Wales", "section": "Marriage", "headers": [ "Divorce" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "The divorce was finalised on 28 August 1996. Diana received a lump sum settlement of \u00a317\u00a0million as well as \u00a3400,000 per year. The couple signed a confidentiality agreement that prohibited them from discussing the details of the divorce or of their married life. Days before, letters patent were issued with general rules to regulate royal titles after divorce. Diana lost the style \"Her Royal Highness\" and instead was styled Diana, Princess of Wales. As the mother of the prince expected to one day ascend to the throne, she continued to be regarded as a member of the royal family and was accorded the same precedence she enjoyed during her marriage. The Queen reportedly wanted to let Diana continue to use the style of Royal Highness after her divorce, but Charles had insisted on removing it. Prince William was reported to have reassured his mother: \"Don't worry, Mummy, I will give it back to you one day when I am King.\" Almost a year before, according to Tina Brown, the Duke of Edinburgh had warned the Princess of Wales: \"If you don't behave, my girl, we'll take your title away.\" She is said to have replied: \"My title is a lot older than yours, Philip.\" By the time of Diana's death in 1997, she had not spoken to her mother in four months. By contrast, Diana's relationship with her estranged stepmother had reportedly improved." }, "Boy (album)-1": { "title": "Boy (album)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Boy is the debut studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was released on 20 October 1980 by Island Records and was produced by Steve Lillywhite. Boy contains many songs from the band's 40-song catalogue at the time, including two tracks that were re-recorded from their original versions on their debut release, the EP Three." }, "Pony Express-31": { "title": "Pony Express", "section": "Attacks", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 31, "content": "During the following weeks, other isolated incidents occurred when whites in the Paiute country were ambushed and killed. The Pony Express was a special target. Seven other express stations were also attacked; 16 employees were killed, and approximately 150 express horses were either stolen or driven off. The Paiute war cost the Pony Express company about $75,000 in livestock and station equipment, not to mention the loss of life. In June of that year, the Paiute uprising had been ended through the intervention of U.S. government troops, after which four delayed mail shipments from the East were finally brought to San Francisco on June" }, "Mars-20": { "title": "Mars", "section": "Physical characteristics", "headers": [ "Hydrology" ], "para_index": 20, "content": "Liquid water cannot exist on the surface of Mars due to low atmospheric pressure, which is less than 1% that of Earth's, except at the lowest elevations for short periods. The two polar ice caps appear to be made largely of water. The volume of water ice in the south polar ice cap, if melted, would be sufficient to cover the entire planetary surface to a depth of 11 meters (36\u00a0ft). A permafrost mantle stretches from the pole to latitudes of about 60\u00b0. Large quantities of ice are thought to be trapped within the thick cryosphere of Mars. Radar data from Mars Express and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter show large quantities of ice at both poles (July 2005) and at middle latitudes (November 2008). The Phoenix lander directly sampled water ice in shallow Martian soil on July 31, 2008." }, "Clouded leopard-24": { "title": "Clouded leopard", "section": "Behaviour and ecology", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 24, "content": "The clouded leopard is a solitary cat. Early accounts depict it as a rare, secretive, arboreal, and nocturnal inhabitant of dense primary forest." }, "Western Asia-1": { "title": "Western Asia", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Western Asia, West Asia, Southwestern Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost subregion of Asia. It includes Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, the Levant, Mesopotamia, the Sinai Peninsula and Transcaucasia. The region is considered to be separated from Africa by the Isthmus of Suez adjacent to Israel and separated from Europe by the waterways of the Turkish Straits and the drainage divide of the Caucasus Mountains. Central Asia lies to the northeast of Western Asia while South Asia lies to the east." }, "Mammography-1": { "title": "Mammography", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Mammography (also called mastography) is the process of using low-energy X-rays (usually around 30 kVp) to examine the human breast for diagnosis and screening. The goal of mammography is the early detection of breast cancer, typically through detection of characteristic masses or microcalcifications." }, "Lactose intolerance-1": { "title": "Lactose intolerance", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Lactose intolerance is when a person has symptoms due to a decreased ability to digest lactose, a sugar found in dairy products. Those affected vary in the amount of lactose they can tolerate before symptoms develop. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, gas, and nausea. These symptoms typically start thirty minutes to two hours after eating or drinking milk-based food. Their severity typically depends on the amount a person eats or drinks. Lactose intolerance does not cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract." }, "Airport security-2": { "title": "Airport security", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Aviation security is a combination of human and material resources to safeguard civil aviation against unlawful interference. Unlawful interference could be acts of terrorism, sabotage, threat to life and property, communication of false threat, bombing, etc." }, "Silver Sable-1": { "title": "Silver Sable", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Silver Sable (Silver Sablinova) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is a mercenary, hunter of war criminals, leader of the Wild Pack, and owner of Silver Sable International. Although sometimes a legitimate mercenary, her methods and motives have sometimes brought her into conflict with other superheroes. Occasionally, she is seen as an ally of Spider-Man and other heroes." }, "German language-1": { "title": "German language", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "German (Deutsch, pronounced [d\u0254\u028ft\u0283] (listen)) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol in Italy, the German-speaking Community of Belgium, and Liechtenstein. It is one of the three official languages of Luxembourg and a co-official language in the Opole Voivodeship in Poland. The languages that are most similar to German are the other members of the West Germanic language branch, including Afrikaans, Dutch, English, the Frisian languages, Low German/Low Saxon, Luxembourgish, and Yiddish. There are also strong similarities in vocabulary with Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, although those belong to the North Germanic group. German is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English." }, "Ark (river boat)-4": { "title": "Ark (river boat)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 4, "content": "The boats used during the early years on the Lehigh consisted of square boxes, or arks, from sixteen to eighteen feet wide, and about twenty-five feet long. At first two of these were joined together by means of hinges, to permit of the undulations produced in passing the dams and sluices. As the men became more expert in their work and as the channel was straightened and improved, the number of sections was increased till, finally, their whole length reached one hundred and eighty feet. They were steered with long oars, like a raft. Boats of this description were used on the Lehigh to the end of the year 1831. During that year more than forty thousand tons of coal passed down the river, which required the building of so many boats that, had they all been joined in one length, they would have extended over a distance of more than thirteen miles. \u2014\u2009Fred Brenckman, Official Historian of Pennsylvania, History of Carbon County (1884) Upon arrival, the cargo was sold, the ark was dismantled and its lumber was also sold, and the ark pilots returned home on foot or horseback." }, "Sudoku-11": { "title": "Sudoku", "section": "History of Sudoku", "headers": [ "Spread outside Japan" ], "para_index": 11, "content": "The rapid rise of Sudoku in Britain from relative obscurity to a front-page feature in national newspapers attracted commentary in the media and parody (such as when The Guardian's G2 section advertised itself as the first newspaper supplement with a Sudoku grid on every page). Recognizing the different psychological appeals of easy and difficult puzzles, The Times introduced both, side by side, on June 20, 2005. From July 2005, Channel 4 included a daily Sudoku game in their teletext service. On August 2, the BBC's program guide Radio Times featured a weekly Super Sudoku with a 16\u00d716 grid." }, "Masaharu Morimoto-1": { "title": "Masaharu Morimoto", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Masaharu Morimoto (\u68ee\u672c \u6b63\u6cbb, Morimoto Masaharu, born May 26, 1955, in Hiroshima, Japan) is a Japanese chef, best known as an Iron Chef on the Japanese TV cooking show Iron Chef and its spinoff Iron Chef America. He is also known for his unique style of presenting food." }, "Hundred Years' War (1415\u20131453)-1": { "title": "Hundred Years' War (1415\u20131453)", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Lancastrian War was the third and final phase of the Anglo-French Hundred Years' War. It lasted from 1415, when King Henry V of England invaded Normandy, to 1453, when the English lost Bordeaux. It followed a long period of peace from the end of the Caroline War in 1389. The phase was named after the House of Lancaster, the ruling house of the Kingdom of England, to which Henry V belonged." }, "Watermelon-2": { "title": "Watermelon", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "Watermelon is a scrambling and trailing vine in the flowering plant family Cucurbitaceae. There is evidence from seeds in Pharaoh tombs of watermelon cultivation in Ancient Egypt. Watermelon is grown in favorable climates from tropical to temperate regions worldwide for its large edible fruit, which is a berry with a hard rind and no internal divisions, and is botanically called a pepo. The sweet, juicy flesh is usually deep red to pink, with many black seeds, although seedless varieties exist. The fruit can be eaten raw or pickled, and the rind is edible after cooking. It is commonly consumed as a juice or as an ingredient in mixed beverages." }, "Binding of Isaac-1": { "title": "Binding of Isaac", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Binding of Isaac (Hebrew: \u05e2\u05b2\u05e7\u05b5\u05d9\u05d3\u05b7\u05ea \u05d9\u05b4\u05e6\u05b0\u05d7\u05b7\u05e7) Aqedat Yitzhaq, in Hebrew also simply \"The Binding\", \u05d4\u05b8\u05e2\u05b2\u05e7\u05b5\u05d9\u05d3\u05b8\u05d4 Ha-Aqedah, -Aqeidah) is a story from the Hebrew Bible found in Genesis 22. In the biblical narrative, God tells Abraham to sacrifice his son, Isaac, on Moriah. Abraham begins to comply, when a messenger from God interrupts him. Abraham then sees a ram and sacrifices it instead." }, "Gender dysphoria-16": { "title": "Gender dysphoria", "section": "Management", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 16, "content": "Treatment for a person diagnosed with GD may include psychotherapy or to support the individual's preferred gender through hormone therapy, gender expression and role, or surgery. This may include psychological counseling, resulting in lifestyle changes, or physical changes, resulting from medical interventions such as hormonal treatment, genital surgery, electrolysis or laser hair removal, chest/breast surgery, or other reconstructive surgeries. The goal of treatment may simply be to reduce problems resulting from the person's transgender status, for example, counseling the patient in order to reduce guilt associated with cross-dressing, or counseling a spouse to help them adjust to the patient's situation." }, "Hot dog-21": { "title": "Hot dog", "section": "Health risks", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 21, "content": "An American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) report found that consuming one daily 50-gram serving of processed meat \u2014 about one hot dog \u2014 increases long-term risk of colorectal cancer by 20 percent. Thus, eating a hot dog every day would increase the probability of contracting colorectal cancer from 5.8 percent to 7 percent. The AICR's warning campaign has been criticised as being \"attack ads\". The Cancer Project group filed a class-action lawsuit demanding warning labels on packages and at sporting events." }, "Bing (search engine)-26": { "title": "Bing (search engine)", "section": "Features", "headers": [ "Bing Predicts" ], "para_index": 26, "content": "The idea for a prediction engine was first suggested by Walter Sun, Development Manager for the Core Ranking team at Bing, when he noticed that school districts were more frequently searched before a major weather event in the area was forecasted, because searchers wanted to find out if a closing or delay was caused. He concluded that the time and location of major weather events could accurately be predicted without referring to a weather forecast by observing major increases in search frequency of school districts in the area. This inspired Bing to use its search data to infer outcomes of certain events, such as winners of reality shows. Bing Predicts launched on April 21, 2014. The first reality shows to be featured on Bing Predicts were The Voice, American Idol, and Dancing with the Stars." }, "Supreme Court of the United States-8": { "title": "Supreme Court of the United States", "section": "History", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 8, "content": "The Supreme Court held its inaugural session from February 2 through February 10, 1790, at the Royal Exchange in New York City, then the U.S. capital. A second session was held there in August 1790. The earliest sessions of the court were devoted to organizational proceedings, as the first cases did not reach it until 1791. When the national capital moved to Philadelphia in 1790, the Supreme Court did so as well. After initially meeting at Independence Hall, the Court established its chambers at City Hall." }, "Osiris myth-3": { "title": "Osiris myth", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 3, "content": "The Osiris myth reached its basic form in or before the 24th century BCE. Many of its elements originated in religious ideas, but the struggle between Horus and Set may have been partly inspired by a regional conflict in Egypt's Early Dynastic or Prehistoric Egypt. Scholars have tried to discern the exact nature of the events that gave rise to the story, but they have reached no definitive conclusions." }, "Atlantic Ocean-1": { "title": "Atlantic Ocean", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Play media The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans, with an area of about 106,460,000 square kilometers (41,100,000 square miles). It covers approximately 20 percent of Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the \"Old World\" from the \"New World\"." }, "Coronavirus disease 2019-1": { "title": "Coronavirus disease 2019", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has since spread globally, resulting in an ongoing pandemic. As of 12 May 2020, more than 4.17 million cases have been reported across 187 countries and territories, resulting in more than 286,000 deaths. More than 1.45 million people have recovered." }, "Silicon Valley-2": { "title": "Silicon Valley", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 2, "content": "The word \"silicon\" in the name originally referred to the large number of innovators and manufacturers in the region specializing in silicon-based MOS transistors and integrated circuit chips. The area is now home to many of the world's largest high-tech corporations, including the headquarters of more than 30 businesses in the Fortune 1000, and thousands of startup companies. Silicon Valley also accounts for one-third of all of the venture capital investment in the United States, which has helped it to become a leading hub and startup ecosystem for high-tech innovation and scientific development. It was in Silicon Valley that the silicon-based integrated circuit, the microprocessor, and the microcomputer, among other technologies, were developed. As of 2013, the region employed about a quarter of a million information technology workers." }, "Wound-15": { "title": "Wound", "section": "Management", "headers": [ "Cleaning" ], "para_index": 15, "content": "Evidence to support the cleaning of wounds before closure is scant. For simple lacerations, cleaning can be accomplished using a number of different solutions, including tap water and sterile saline solution. Infection rates may be lower with the use of tap water in regions where water quality is high. Cleaning of a wound is also known as 'wound toilet'." }, "Astana Arena-1": { "title": "Astana Arena", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The Astana Arena (Kazakh: \u0410\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430) is a football stadium in Nur-Sultan (formerly Astana), Kazakhstan. The stadium holds 30,000 and has a retractable roof. It serves as the national stadium for the Kazakhstan national football team. Astana Arena is the second largest stadium in the country and it was built from 2006 to 2009 at a cost of $185\u00a0million, and was officially opened on 3 July 2009. It is also a home ground for FC Astana of the Kazakhstan Premier League and FC Bayterek of the Kazakhstan First Division. The stadium hosted the opening ceremony of the 7th Asian Winter Games on 31 January 2011. Astana Arena was one of the venues to bid to host UEFA Euro 2020 matches." }, "United States Capitol-1": { "title": "United States Capitol", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "The United States Capitol, often called the Capitol Building, is the home of the United States Congress and the seat of the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government. It is located on Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.. Though no longer at the geographic center of the Federal District, the Capitol forms the origin point for the District's street-numbering system and the District's four quadrants." }, "Glossary of meteorology-1": { "title": "Glossary of meteorology", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "This glossary of meteorology is a list of terms and concepts relevant to meteorology and atmospheric science, their sub-disciplines, and related fields." }, "Bleach-22": { "title": "Bleach", "section": "Classes of bleaches", "headers": [ "Peroxide-based bleaches" ], "para_index": 22, "content": "Hydrogen peroxide itself (H 2O 2). It is used, for example, to bleach wood pulp and hair or to prepare other bleaching agents like the perborates, percarbonates, peracids, etc. Sodium percarbonate (Na 2H 3CO 6), an adduct of hydrogen peroxide and sodium carbonate (\"soda ash\" or \"washing soda\", Na 2CO 3). Dissolved in water, it yields a solution of the two products, that combines the degreasing action of the carbonate with the bleaching action of the peroxide. Sodium perborate (Na 2H 4B 2O 8). Dissolved in water it forms some hydrogen peroxide, but also the perborate anion (B(OOH)(OH)\u2212 3) which can perform nucleophilic oxidation. Peracetic (peroxoacetic) acid (H 3CC(O)OOH). Generated in situ by some laundry detergents, and also marketed for use as industrial and agricultural disinfection and water treatment. benzoyl peroxide ((C 6H 5COO) 2). It is used in topical medications for acne and to bleach flour. Ozone (O 3). While not properly a peroxide, its mechanism of action is similar. It is used in the manufacture of paper products, especially newsprint and white Kraft paper. Potassium persulfate (K2 S2O8) and other persulfate salts. It, alongside ammonium and sodium persulfate, are common in hair lightening products. Permanganate salts such as Potassium permanganate (KMnO4). In the food industry, other oxidizing products like bromates are used as flour bleaching and maturing agents." }, "James Watson-48": { "title": "James Watson", "section": "Career and research", "headers": [ "Comments on race" ], "para_index": 48, "content": "Watson has repeatedly asserted that differences in average measured IQ between blacks and whites are due to genetics. In early October 2007, he was interviewed by Charlotte Hunt-Grubbe at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL). He discussed his view that Africans are less intelligent than Westerners. Watson said his intention was to promote science, not racism, but some UK venues canceled his appearances, and he canceled the rest of his tour. An editorial in Nature said that his remarks were \"beyond the pale\" but expressed a wish that the tour had not been canceled so that Watson would have had to face his critics in person, encouraging scientific discussion on the matter. Because of the controversy, the Board of Trustees at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory suspended Watson's administrative responsibilities. Watson issued an apology, then retired at the age of 79 from CSHL from what the lab called \"nearly 40 years of distinguished service\". Watson attributed his retirement to his age and to circumstances that he could never have anticipated or desired." }, "Jockstrap-1": { "title": "Jockstrap", "section": "", "headers": [ "" ], "para_index": 1, "content": "A jockstrap (also known as a jock, strap, cup, supporter, or athletic supporter) is an undergarment for protecting the testes and penis during cycling, contact sports or other vigorous physical activity. A jockstrap consists of a waistband (usually elastic) with a support pouch for the genitalia and two elastic straps affixed to the base of the pouch and to the left and right sides of the waistband at the hip. The pouch, in some varieties, may be fitted with a pocket to hold an abdominal guard (impact resistant cup, box) to protect the testicles and the penis from injury." } }